Publications of the Georgia State Department of Agriculture for the year 1885. Part I.-crop reports, etc. [vol. 11 (1885)]

PUBLICATIONS
GEORGIA STATE
FOE THE YEAR 1885.
VOLUME XI.
PART I-CROP REPORTS, ETC.
J. T. HENDER'JON, COMMISSIONER. ATLANTA, GEORGIA: 1885.
Jis. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, Atlanta, Ga.
a

It is

PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
GEORGIA STATE
DEPARTMENT OF ffllMI,
FOE THE YEAR 1885.
Volume Xl-Part I.
J. T. HENDERSON, COMMISSIONER.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: 1S85.
Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, Atlanta, Ga.
243596

\
INTRODUCTION TO VOL. XI.
This, and the ten preceding volumes, as the title imports, embraces the publications of the Department of Agriculture of every character issued during the year. In accordance with a system adopted at the inauguration of the Department, a definite number of each publication is filed in the office for binding at the end of the year, which together constitute the annual volume.
The present volume, in size, exceeds the publications of any previous year by about four hundred pages, and it is deemed expedient, both for convenience in size and on account of difference in the subject-matter, to bind the volume in two separate parts.
PART I. is made up of the series of crop and fertilizer circulars, together with a pamphlet on the agricultural productions of the State and the proceedings of the Georgia State Horticultural Society.
PART II. is the Commonwealth of Georgia. In this publication is incorporated, along with much new matter, the two pamphlets formerly issued as Parts First and Second under this title.
ft I
V)

CONTENTS OF VOLUME XI.

PART I.--CIRCULARS.

Circular No. 63--Analysis and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers

admitted to sale to January 6

Commonwealth of Georgia, Part II, Field Crops, etc

23

Circular No. 64--Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers Admitted to Sale to Feb-

ruary 7

61

Circular No. 65--Analysis of commercial fertilizers admitted to sale to 20th of

April



75

Circular No. 66--Crop Report for the Month of May

87

Circular No. 67--Crop Report for the Month of June

121

Circular No. 68--Analysis and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers Admitted to

Circular No. 69--Crop Report for Month of July

183

Circular No. 70--Crop Report for the Month of August

209

Circular No. 71--Crop Report for the Month of September

233

Circular No. 72--Rules, Regulations and Special Instructions to Inspectors of

Fertilizers

265

Circular No. 73--Crop Report for the Month of October

267

Proceedings of the Ninth and Tenth Annual Meetings of the Georgia State

Horticultural Society

291

Circular No.74--Supplemental Report Containing Report of Experiments at the

University Farm,etc

365

Sale in Georgia During the Season of 1884-5

161

Special Circular No. 46--Questions for May Crop Report

71

Special Circular No. 47--Questions for June Crop Report...

115

Special Circular No. 48- Questions for July Crop Report

157

Special Circular No. 49--Questions for August Crop Report

108

Special C ircular No. 50--Questions for September Crop Report

231

Special Circular No. 51--Questions for October Crop Report

263

Special Circular No. 52--Questions for Supplemental Report

361

PART II.-COMMONWEALTH OF GEORGIA.

NOTE --This portion of the annual volume, being bound separately, has its appropriate table of contents and alphabetical index.

I

GENERAL INDEX.
NOTE.--The consecutive paging of the volume to which the index refers will be found in brackets at the upper inside margin of the pages.

Acreage in principal crops Agricultural experiments at the University Farm Agricultural productions, lectures on by Prof. Ville Ammonia, value of per pound Ammoniated and non-ammoniated Fertilizers Analyses of Fertilizers Apples Apple, Insects affecting the Available Phosphoric Acid, value of per pound

,89-91 401^17 105, 141, 201, 227, 252, 288
3, 77 173
4, 78, 162 301 330
3, 77

B
Bacon, cash and credit prices for Beet Beetles Injurious to fruit trees Beggar Lice Berckmaus', P. J., Address to State Horticultural Society Bermuda Grass Blue Grass Broom Sedge

369

47

303

.'

36

293, 319

35

42

41

C
Cabbage Capacity of Georgia Soil under High Culture Catalogue of Fruits Suited to Georgia
Discussion of the Caterpillar, Directions for Destroying the Chemist, Report of for Season 1884-5 Cherry, The
Insects Infesting the Commercial Fertilizers, Analysis of
Amount of, Inspected Commercial Values of Fertilizers Complete Fertilizer Composition of Vegetation

47 53 349-359 344-347 186, 212 177
32 43 162-171 172 3 148 107, 288

VIII

GENERAL INDEX.

Condition and Prospect of Crop?. May 1st

89_91

Junelst
July lst August lst

"......121-123 184-186 211-213

September lst

235-237

October lst

QRQ o7n

^^*l^!lzz.

^^sr'ii"ij;"3rs

Total production of in 1885

,.""J

JJ1

Cash and credit price for.

Cotton

369

Acreage in

Total production of 1885

-90

Cow Pea....

367

Crab Grass

38

37

Diseasesof Hogs, Remedies for.
E
Elements in the Composition of Plants Entomology, Reports of Committee on......!! Eperiment with Corn
with Cotton "... with Oats

378, 379, 383, 384, 385, 386
7'" 10"
303, 330
416-417 m-ili 414-416

Farms, One Hundred Georgia

Farming that Pays

'_

. 58

Fertilizer, a Complete

. 57

Fertilizers, Amount Inspected and Analyzed1884-5

9

172

innalysnesIoIfSPeCted ^ ADalyZed '" the P***iTM*^nZZZZ. 173

Chemical Comparative Trade in
Dealers and Consumers of, Notice to. Formula for and Laws of Application.!..!.... Relative Commercial Values of Field Peas

3 162 8-21 173 178 8 161

Field Productions

38

Fig, The

".............

Forces, Use and Effect of the, in Agriculture

FForurmit ula for Fertilizers and Laws of Application.'.':

49 33 .201, 227 252 8

In Georgia

186

Packing and Shipping

25

Fruit Culture and what may make it aSuccess

335

Fruits and Vegetables, a Hygienic Necessity ZZZZZZ.

301

308

GENEUAL INDEX.

IX

Garden Peas. Garden Products
Georgia Soil, Capacity of under High Culture Georgia State Horticultural Society, Proceedings of
Officers and Members of the Gossypiurn, Contests for premium with Grapes
Eeport of Horticultural Committee on Grasses in Georgia

47 44
53 291-338
315 58 ,a
306 01

H

High Culture, Capacity of Georgia Foil under Hog Cholera, Remedy for Horticultural Society, Proceedings of the
Officers and Members of the

53 378, 379| 383, 334, 385, 386
291-359 315

Indian Corn

51

Insects Infesting Fruit Trees

330

Inspection of Fertilizers, Receipts and Expenditures Incident to....

181

Rules and Regulations for

261

Inspections, Special

176

Inspectors of Fertilizers, Special Instructions to

264

Inspectors, Names of and amount of fertilizers inspected by each.

172

Irish Potato, by prof. Ville

418

LeConte Pear

29

London Purple, Directions for use of in destroying caterpillars..

186

M

Minerals in ashes of plants..

288

Mulberry, The

33

Nectarine Notes of Correspondents

N 32
101, 128, 192, 215, 239, 273, 376

0

Oats, Acreage of

369

Total production in 1885.

368

Orange, The

33

Insects Injurious to...

334

GENERAL INDEX.

Orchard Grass

42

Orchard Scholytus.,

303

Paris Green, to destroy caterpillars Pea, The

,sfi '^ZZZZ^'.'Z."Z''Z 38

Pear, Insects Infesting the Pears, Varieties suited to Georgia

" 331 29 354

Reportof State Horticultural Committee on Peach, Insects infesting the

.' 307 " 009

Peaches, Varieties suited to Georgia

"97' 351

Reportof Horticultural Society on

' 3og

Phosphoric Acid, Relative value per pound

3 77

Pork, Amount produced compared to 1884 Potash, Relative value per pound Potato, Lecture of Ville on the .P_,otato ,,Rot,. P.reventive of Plum, Varieties suited to Georgia
Insects infesting the

'3gg 3 77 '418
4,,,2c5 39 ob5 ""'331

Q
Question, a new Quinces, Varieties Suited to Georgia

20 33' 359

Rag Weed

Report of State Chemist 1884-5..

Rice

,

Acreage in

37 177 50 91

Per cent of to al production.

368

Sheep, Number of compared to 1884 Sorghum, Acreage of

370 91

Product Compared to an Average State Horticultural Society, Proceedings of

368 29 359

Special Inspections Sugar Cane, Acreage of

Officers and Members of the

315 176 91

Products compared to an average Sugar Production

368 50

Summary of Weather Reports !lZlZZ!lZ!.^"if,"'m.'^m.m, 375

Tabulated Crop Report for May..

94

June.

124

July..

188

GENERAL INDEX.

XI

Tabulated crop report for August

213

September

237

October

271

Supplemental

370

Temperature and Eainfall in the SpringSeason

92

For month of May

123

September

271

Vegetation, Composition of

107, 288

Origin of

288

Ville, M. Geo., Lectures of, Agricultural Productions 105, 140, 201, 227, 252, 288

Irish Potato

418

The use of Forces and their Effects

201

W

Weather of September

Weather Reports, Summary of January 1st to April 30

May

June

July August

Sept-mber

Wheat, Acreage of

October 1st to December 31st

Total Production 1885

Wheat, Straw and Grain, Composition of

White, Prof. H. 0., Agricultural Experiments of Winter Grass

Wire-grass

Wool Clip

271
99 127 191 214 238 272
375 90, 368
368 289 401-417 42 38 123

Yield of Principal Crop 1885

367 368

Circular No. 63, > NEW SERIES. [
SEASON OF 1884-5:
ANALYSES
COMMERCIAL VALUES
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS,
INSPECTED, ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO THE 6TH OF JANUARY, 1885.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA.
1885. James P. Harrison & Co., Prime's, Atlanta, Ga.

Circular No. 63. { NEW SERIES, j
ANALYSES AND COMMEKGIAL VALUES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS.
Inspected, Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia to January 6, Season of 1884-5.

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, GA., January 10, 1885.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES.
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale, to January 10, 1885.
In addition to the chemioal determinations and commercial values, a column has been added which shows the numbers of tons represented by the samples whose analyses are given. This information may sometimes be important to farmers and other purchasers. Analyses of samples from subsequent or future inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given; and it is well to preserve copies of the circulars, as issued from time to time, and note any such variations.

RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES.

After the usual correspondence and careful consideration, it has been

thought proper to preserve the same valuations of elements that were adopted

last season, the commercial price of the materials which supply such elements

being about the same. The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre"

dients or elements of plant-food found in the fertilizers by analysis, are a prac-

tical approximation to their true value at Savannah, viz :

Available Phosphoric Acid

10 cents per pound.

Ammonia

18 cents per pound.

Potash

5 cents per pound.

It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the

several valuable ingredients in a ton of fertilizers. The following is a simple

rule: Multiply the per centage of ammonia, as given in the tables, by 3.6, that

of available phosphoric aoid by 2, and that of potash by 1, and the respective

results will show the value, in dollars and cents, of each ingredient in a ton.

Thus: Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows :

Available Phosphoric Acid

9.27 per cent.

Ammonia

2.15 per cent.

Potash

1.85 per cent.

Then:

9.27 multiplied by 2

$18 54

2.15 "

" 3.6

7 74

1.85 "

" 1

1 85

Total

$28 13

TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers, Chemicals, etc., inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 1884-85, to January 5, 1885.

TABLE 1.--AMMONIATKD SUPERPHOSPHATES OF LIME.

o
M

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

>

NAME OF BRAND.

FOR WHOM INSPECTED. BY WHOM AND WHKKE MAN- H UFACTURED.
z

M

o

3^

Ammonlate-1 DibooiVeU Dune

11.26 2 bS,

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

12.25 3.55

uAdams' Standard

12.00 0.55!

/(Ammoniated Alkaline Guano

11.60 2.15.

Ashley Soluble Guano

12.15 1.20

Atlantic Fertilizer

12.00 0.50

Ashepoo Fertilizer

11.00 s 00

Ammoniated Bone

11.0U 2.3".

Bradlcjr'B Uround Bone wiih Potash

6.10

Baldwin &Co.'s Ammoniated Di-sulved Bone.. 18.50 2,(Ji

Baker's standard Guaao

14.25 2.25:

Maker's Prepared Chemicals

00 6.50

Bradley'B patent Superphosphate

18.75 2.'10

Cumberland Bone Co.'s SuperPhos. of I.I me .. Chesapeake Gnano

15.76 18.50

1.90, 2.91.

cCole'f Georgia Cotton Fertilizer,

IS. 75 2.00

ChathamGuano

12.75 2.35

Cotton Fertilizer

15.10 l.lo

Cotton Food Guano

11.75 l.Ti

(Diamond Brand Cotton Food

12.IKJ I1 511

I >eLeon's Complete Cotton Fertilizer

10.51 2.5H

dEddyatoneGnano

16.60 3 nil

</Ecllp*e Guano

16 r() 8.00

K. Frank Coe's A. B. Superphosphate .

11.60 2.15

Etiwan Guano

- 14.60 2.00

aExcelsior Guano

12.00 0.55

Gossypium Phospbo, the cotton and com Fert T.ixi 1.90

oGeni Animoniatod Soluble PhoBphate

11.50 2.15

rGood Luck Guano

12.50 3.00

Georgia State Grange Fertilizer

11.50 2.35

7.61 8.65 8.45 6.80 7.60 7 15 6.85
8,00 4.115 8.35 7.15
8.60 9.50 7.35 4.'5 6.25 5.35 7.00 9.10 8.511
5.80 7.45 7.4.r 6.15
6 an 8.45 7.10 6.3(1 6.50 10.15

2.56 10.20
2.21]10.86 1.55 10 00 4.SO 10.60 3.65 11.25 8.80 10.95 2.65 9.50
1.10; 9.10 6.25110.30 2.10 10.45
2.90 10.05
5.05! 8 55 2.3D 11.80 3.14110.49
5, 10.16 3.: 10 0.15
6.20 10 55 4.80 11.80 2 11 9.
1.80 III.IK)
5 26 10 2.15 9 tin 2.15 9.60 4.20 10.85
8.80 in.in 1.55 10.01 3.30 10.411 4 80 10.60 4.15 10.65 1.05 11.20

2.57
2.011 2.25
2.35 2.26
2.35 2.65 2.15 2.45 2.35 2.25 1.25 2.40
2.15 2.41 2.65
2.45 2.10
2.15 2.20 2.81) 2 40 2.411 254 2.60 2.25 8.06
2.J5 2.80 2.10

1.25 30.911 100 .1 .Merryman & Co., Bal'm'e Md. J. Merry man A Co., Ban en Is., IN . Y

145 30 37 10 Patapsco Guano Co., Bal'm'e Md Patapsco Guano Co,, Baltimore Md

1.56 29.60 20 Savannah G. Co., Savannah, Ga. Savannah Gu. Co., Savannah Ga.

1.60 31.26 200 Chesapeake G.Co.. Bal'm're Md Chesapeake G. Co., Baltimore Md.

1 50 32.10 50 Ashley Phos.Co., Clia'ston, S.C Ashley Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C.

1.75 32.11 100 AtlanticPhos.Co.,Cha'ston,S.C AtlanticPhos. Co., Charleston. S.C.

1.78 30.29 1' AshepooPhos.Co.,Cha'ston S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C.

1.60 27.54 1.8' 81.21

20 50

Symington Bros.& Co., Bal'm're N A .ifaidee, Son, A Co., Sav'h.

Symington Bradley !'.

Bros. & Co.,N.

Co., Bal'm'e, Md \Veymouih,Mass

3.00 32.3' 1,000 Baldwin & Co.. Savannah

Baldwin & Co., Port Royal, 8. O

1.6U 29.80 5 Chem'l Co. of Canton, Baltimore Chem'l Co. of Canion, Bal'm'e, Md.

1.6C 28.20 12 Chem'l Co. of Canton. Baltimore chem'l Co. of Canton, Raltim'e.Md.

1.00 83.21 400 Langston & Crane, Atlanta. Ga. BradleyFcrti'zerCo., Boston, Mass.

2.75 H2.58 106 Charles Ellis, Savannah, Ga Cumberland Bo. Co., Portland, Me.

1.8* 30.35 21) Chesapeake tin. Co , Baltimore Chesapeake G. Co., Baltimore, Md.

1.20 31.04 300 W.T.l.ole. Griffin. Ga. .

ClarksCove G. Co., N. Bedf'd, Mass.

1.2' SI.12 50 Periy M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga Perry M. DeLeon. Baltimore, Md.

1.S0 31.41 16 Jordan A Pope, Augusta, Ga... Navasea Guano Co., Wilmiug'nN.C

1.25 32.79 60S. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga .. S. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga.

1 29.4 100 Savannah Gnano Co., Savannah Savamiah il'no Co., SavaiiDah. Ga.

1 20 32.38 100 Perry M. DeLeon. savannah .. Perry M Del. on, Savannah, Ga.

400 Jno. M . Greene, Atlanta, Ga. . Chirks Cove G. Co., X. Bedf'd, Mass.

1.5H29.34 220 Jno. M. Greene, Atlanta, Ga... ' larks Cove G.Co., X. Bfdf'd. Mass.

1.10180.94 100 Jno. Merryman & Co.. Baltimore E. Frank Coe, Barren-Island. N. Y.

1.28180.81 80, Eli wan Phoa. Co., Charleston S. Etiwan Phos. Co., charlesiou. S. C. 1.60 29.60 Km Savannah G.Co., Savannah, t.a Savannari Guano (Jo., Savannah, Ga.

2.0088.82 200 Geo. W. Scoit & Co., Atlanta, Ga G. W. Scott A Co., Atlanta, Ha.

1.60 81.26 1'11 Chesapeake Qu. Co., Baltimore Chesapeake Gnano Co., Baltimore.

1.00 :;2.3k 14 G. W. Miles* Co., Milford, Conn Geo. W. Miles* Co., Milford, Conn. 2.00 31.90 50o'Baldwin & Co., Savannah Ga Baldwin A- Co., Port Koyal, S. C.

a > rcr.
H C
I w c - a ~

f Georgia State Standard

13.10

Georgia Test Guano

12.50

Georgia Fertilizer

13.60

cHardee's Cotion Boll Am'd Superphosphate'. .5.75

Hope's Am'J Diss'd Bone

8.75

Harle's Raw Bone Superphosphate

20.75

Lowe's Georgia Formula

10.10

</L. & R. Atnmoniated Guano

10.75

r Mies' I. X. L. Bone Superphosphate Mastodon Guano

18.50 10.50

Navassa Guano

...!!!! 11.10

Ober's Sol. Ammoniated

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

2.40 2.40 2.20 V.Ob 1.65 1.75 3.50 3.20
3.00 2.45
2.00

9.25 7.FC 6.15
6.2'. 8,0C 5.2(1 6.5C 7.0(1
6.50 6.S3 5.45

1.3F 10.60
3.35 10.85 4.4C 10.05
3 MC 10.16
3.25 11.25 5.05 10.25
4.32 10.82 3.28 10.23 4.15 10.65 b.2(i 10.53 6.21 11.66

2.40 2.8C 2 35 2.65
2.00 2.50 2?,0
2(0 2 80 2.7fi 2.60

SW KM 1 00 3? 78 1.5(1 81 06 1 20 3. 04 1.60 81 30
1.H 30 60 1.65 31 21
1.50 29.16 1.01 3? 38 1,85 32 S>5
1.00 33.66

100 Hammond, Hull & Co, S'vnh.Ga Hammond, Hull *Co, Pt Royal.S.C

100 Jno. Merryuian & Co, Bait, Md Jno.Merryman A Co, B'rn Is'd.N.Y

100 Cbas. C. Hardwiek, Sava'h, Ga Chas. C. Hardwiek, Baltimore, Md

50 N. A. Hardee's Son <S Co. S 'h.Ga Clark's Cove G. Co, N. Bd'fd, Mass

100 R.V.Bowen, Hawkinsville, Ga R. V. Bowen, Hawklnsville, Ga.

200 J. W. Harle & Co, Atlanta. Ga J. W. Harle & Co, N. Y.

500 M. A. Stovail. Augusta 100 Lorentz .4Bitter, Baltimore... 250 Langstcn 4 Crane, Atlanta, Ga

Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta. Lorentz & Bitter Baltimore. Md. Geo. W. Miles & Co., Milford, Con.

5(0 M. A. Stovail, Augusta, Ga... Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta

lo Navassa Go. Co, Wilmgt'n, N.C JSfavassa Go. Co, Wilmington, H.C.

Old Putnam

Superphosphate of Lime 9.00 15.00

aOur Own

' 12.0(1

/Oglethorpe Ammoniated Piss'd Bcne ....... 13J0

Flow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate

Il.no

PatapBeo Soluble Amm'd Sup* i phosphate

11.76

Pomona Guano

10.50

</Powhattan Raw Bono Amm'd Superphosphate 10.75

/Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer

' 13 10

Beliance Ammoniated Superphosphate Rialto Guano

11.00 10 5u

Stono Soluble Guano

10 5(i

Sterns' Ammoniated Raw Bone Superphos

6.2(1

Sea Fowl Guano

12.50

Seldner's Champion Cotton Grower... .'.

10.60

Soluble Ptciflc Guano

11.10

frSeal's Ammoniated Alkaline Guano .'. " 11.50

Wando Fertilizer

Id 75

Wilcox, Gibbs & Co., Manipulated Guano

8 75

2.50
1.(0 U.f5 2 41. 2.1(1 3.11 3.20 3.20
2.10 2.75
3.4b 3.16 1.15 2.60 3.50
2.75
2.15 2.80 2.001

B.16 8.00 8.45 9.25
6 75 7.20 6.85 7.110 9.25
5.65 6.45
5.85 8.10 7.45 6.45
7 55
6.30 5.40 3.50

4.61 10.76 2.50 10.50 1.55 10.no
1.85 0.60 4.30 11.05 8 22 10.42 3.15 10.00 3.28 II .28 1.35 10 60
4.63 10.28
3.85 10.80 5.40 11.25 8.3(1 11.40 2.80 10.23 3 80 10.25 2.60 10.15
4.30 10.60 6.0( 11.40 6.45 9.95

2 61 2 15
2.25 2 40 3 16
2 14 2 45 2 00
2.40 2 88
2.15 2.88 2.88
2,f0 2 18 2.85
2.85 2.30
2.75

2.25 33 17 1 55 30.29 1 5( 211.6 3 00 3'.84 2 911 35.67 1 60 o(1.14 1 ?6 30,07 1 50 29.16 3 00 32.84 1 70 30 S3
1,4') 29.74 T.50 31 9 . 2 65 35,8?
0 <l( 80,40 f.flfi 29.60 1 25 31 SI
1 60 31 56 1 05 32 13
2.50 32.80

20 G. O. & Sons Co, Baltimore... G. Ober & Sons Co, Baltimore.

5'. Savannah Go. Co, Savannah .. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga

100 100 20 10

Savannah Go. Co, Savannah . Hammond Hull A Co, Sav'nah Walton, Whsnn&Co M'con Ga PatapBCO Gu. Co., Baltimore.

Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga Hammond. Hull A. Co, Pt Royal, SC Waltou,Whann<fcCo,Wl'mgton,Del Patapsco Gu. Co, Baltimore, Md.

100 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannan . Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

20 100

Lorentz A Kittler. Baltimore Hammond. Hull & Co.Sav'uh

. .

Loienlziij Kittli-r, Baltimore Hammond,Hull & Co, Pt Royal.S.C

3o Walton, Whann&Co, M'con.Ga Walton, Whann & Co,Wlin'gt.m,Del

2o 25 15

Rialto Guano Co, Ailanta. Ga.. Stono Phosphate Co, Charlosl'u Winters <t Legg, Marietta. G.n.

Kulto Guano Co Baltimore, Md. Stono Phos. Co, Charleston, B.C. Sterne's Fer. <* Chem. Mfg Co, N.O

5o N. A. Hatdees Son & Co, Sv'nh 20,Rialto Gu. Co, Baltimore, 1 d.

Bradley Fer Co. N. Weymouth Mass Rialto Guano Co, Baltimore, Md

300 Woods * Co.. Savannah, Ga... P..ciflc Gu. Co, Woods Hole., Mass

100 Chesapeake Gu. Co, Baltlmoie. Chesapeake Guano Co, Baltimore

501 Wando Phos. Co.Char.est'n.S-C Wando Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C...

1001 Wilcox, Gibbs Gu.Co, Savannah WilooxGibbsGu. Co, Savannah,Ga

> > f <w<
Pi in
O
o o 3 .^
M PO O
>

w 71

N
m
70

O
TABLE II--Acid Phosphates, Dissolved Bones, Natural Guanos, Chemicals, etc

NAME OF BRAND.

PhoephoricAcid

o
t-B.
O as

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

o

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACT1RE1).

W
1>3

7.

Ashley Acid Pnosph-tte ....

12.60 1.50 8.86

Ashepoo Acid Phosphate

13.00 2.65 10.55

A. T. Heath." Soluble Bone

7.50 2.05 6.76

Acid Phosphite.

14.25 2.15 12.26

Acid Phosphate

12.50 4.00 7.56

Ashley Dissolved Bone

in. so 1.50 '0.60

Acid Phosphate a Acid Phosphate

13.75 1.86 5.85 12.111 1.85 11.75

Ammoniated Acid Phosphate

2.75 0.5(1 8.35

/Atlantic Acid Phosphate.

18.26 1.26 10.05

oAtlanlic Dissolved 13 me.

13.25 1.28 10.05

Ashepoo Diss'd Bone with Am & Potash 10.'0 3.25 8.3o

Ashepoo Bone Ash

11.05! 3 25 9.25

Chatham Acid phosphate

11.7V 2.00 6.40

oCherokee Dissolved Bone

13.25 1.25 lo.Oo

Ezell's Diss'ed Boms ....

13.(0 2.00 10.60

Eutaw Acid Pho phate. ..

13.00 2.40 S) 85

Etewan Dissolved Bones........

IJ.60 2.00 8.20

Edisto Animoniated Acid Phos

12.50 '.00 8.50

Etewan Acid Phosphate --

16.25 1.25 10.05

tFine Raw Bone Farmer's A=id Phosphite.

21.60
li'.'iL i. ;-.6 11^75

Geo. W. Scott & Co, Ch'st'n Acid Phos 12.75 1.75 8.80

Georgia State Grange Acid Phos

10.25 2.75 10.50

Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos.. 12.50 0.2.1 11.10

'(eorgia State Standard Acid Phos... 12.10 1.35 11.76

ilarle <a Co's Dissolved Bone

11.5H 1.50 9.88

Jno. Merryman & Co., High Grade A,P 17.10 0.05 11.10

Kainit

Kainit

.

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit. Kainit

Kaiait

H
4^29 18.15 3.20 13.76 5.90 12.65 1.85 M.10 3.70 11.25 3.50 14.10 7.45 13.30 1.06 13.70 3 80 12.16 3.00 13.65 3.60 13.65 3.00 11.30 4.00 13.25 7.50 12.90 3.60 13.65 3.17 13.77 3.55 13.40 5.35 13.45 1.75 10.25 2.65 12.70
l!?5 is! 70 3.05 11.8! 3.70 14.20 3.55 14.65
1.95 18.70 3.42 IS. 30 1.38 12.48

1.2o 1^25

1.20 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.65 0.20
1.0 0.00
I.LO

1.40 1.05 1.00
4.16

1.50
i!io

1.26

18.40 12.10 12.60 11.65 12.50
12.40
11.80

vO. T3

H s

w 1<A> Ashley Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. Ashley Puosphate Co, Charleston, S.C z 108 ABhepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co. Charleston. S. C.

10 TheGa. Chemical Mfg Co, Atlanta The Ga. Chemical Mfg Co, Atlanta,Ga H

100 Savannah Guano Co, Savannah .. . In ported.

1P0 Chesapeake Guano Co, Baltimore... Chesapeake Guano Co, Baltimore.

O

60 Ashley Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C. Ashley Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C.

10 Lawson, Ki ssler & I o, Baltimore.. Lawson, Ketler & Co, Baltimore
> 100 Hammond, Hnll & Co, ;-'avannaa.. Hammond. Hull 4 Co, Pt.Royal, S.C. o ioo Atlanta Phos. Co, Chsrleslon, S.C. Atlanta Phosphate Co, Charleston, S.C

300 Atlanta Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. Atlanta Phosphate Co, Charleston, S.C

20 Atlanta Phos. Co, Charleston S. C. Atlanta Phosphate Co, Charleston, S.C 10 Ashepoo Phos. Co. Charleston, S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co. Charleston, S.C. 50 Ashepoo Phos Co,Charleston. S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. 60 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga . Perry M . DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.
li 0 Atlanta Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. Atlanta Phosphate Co.Charleston. S.C Go Ashepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. 5' Ashepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C. Ashepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C.
50 Etewan Phos. Co, Charleston, S. U. Etewan Phos. Co, Charleston,S. C. 10 Edisto Phos Co, Charleston, S.C. Edisto Phosphate Co. Charleston, S. C

n c
f H G
50 W
I

ioo Etewan Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C. Etewan Phos. Co, Charleston, 8. C. 12 A. A. Fletcher & Co, Marietta, Ga. Northwest'n Fertl'zer Co, Chicago, 111 Hammond, Hull & Co, Savannah Hammond, Hull & Co, Pt Royal, S. C.

O w o

150 Geo. W, ScottACo. Atlanta, Ga.., Geo. W. t'cott &Oo, Atlanta, Ga....

600 Baldwin & Co, Savannah, Ga 500 M. A. Stovall, Augusta, Ga

Baldwin & Co, Port Royal, S. C.

o

Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

Hammond,Hull & Co.Savannah, Ga Hammond, Hull* <-o. Ft Royal, S.C.

10 J. W. Harle&Co, Atlanta, Ga . J. W. Harle & Co, Atlanta, Ga. j

300 John Merrvman & Co, Baltimore Imported.

100 John Merryman & Co., Baltimore Imported, 30 Weld& Hartshorn, Savannah, Ga Imported.

25 Stono Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C Imported.

59 Ashepoo Phos. Co,Charleston, S.C Imported.

30 Wando Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. Imported.

10 Edisto Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. Imported.

ON

50 savannah Gu. Co, Savannah, Ga... Imported.

Kainit

lo.ro 10.70 100 Wilcox & Gibbs G. Co.. Savannah. imported.

Kainjt

11.50 11.50 500 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga

Imported.

Kainit

11.50 11.50 100 AtlanticPhos. Co.,Charleston, S.C. Imported.

Kainit

11.65 11.65 50 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Imported.

Magnolia Acid Phosphate

12.25

10.45 2.75 13.20

1.35 27.75 100 M. A. Stovall, Augusta, Ga

Georgia Chemical Works. Augusta, Ga.

Navassa Acid Phosphate

14.00

8.50 3.70 12 20

1.25 25.65 10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta, Ga

Navassa Guano Co., 'Wilmington, N. C.

<'Orchilla Guano cOglethorpe Acid Phosphate.

10.'20 11.75

10.50 2.40

> 150 Travers, Snead & Co.,Richm'd, Va. Natural Guano.
25i80 50 nammond, Hull &Co., Savannah.. Hammond, Hull 4 Co.,Ft. Royal, S.C.

cOglethorpe Dissolved Bone + Pure Ground Bone

11.75

10.50 2.40 12.90 4.OS

25.80 50 Hammond, Hull A Co., Savannah.. Hammond. Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S.C.

12 Winters & Legg, Marietta, Ga

> Sterns F'z. & C. Co., New Orleans, La.

Patapsco Acid Phosphate Pamona Acid Phosphate

11.00 13.60

10.70 2.80 13'50 11.60 2.55 14.15

1.15 28J5 10 Patausco Guano Co., Baltimore

Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

f

1.25 29.55 50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

cPort Royal Acid Phosphate

11.75

10.50 2.40 12.90

25.81 150 Hammond, Hull &Co., Savannah.. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S.C.

Potash Acid Phosphate *Pure Ground Tankage

10.50 8.t,0

7.S5 2.60 10.45

2.50 23.40 loo Lorentz & Kittler, Baltimore

LoreutB & Rlttler, Baltimore, Md.

5.35 0.35

15 J. O. Jelks S Co., Hawkinsville, Ga A. B. Mayer & Son, St. Louis, Mo.

M in

Pure Dissolved S. C. Bone

13.75

Phosphate Floats

cPort R'>yal Dissolved Bone Phosphate. ll!7S

C.2. 4.90 11.15 10.50 2.4(1 12.90

22.30 25.80

5 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. 100 .Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 50 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah.. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, B. C.

O >*1

Siono Dissolved Bone

14.25

10.15 4.02 14.17

28.34 25 Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C Stono Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C. O

Stono Acid Phosphate

14.65

10.10 3.30 13.40

1.10 27.9(1 225 Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.. Stono Phosphate Co.. Charleston, S. i . o

Wando Dissolved Bone Wando Acid Phosphate Wando am'd Dissolved Bone oWeston's Dissolved Bone

11.215 11.50
11.50 I1.'.HI

10 00 3.75 13.75 8.35 4.65 13.00 8.05 3.00 11.OS 11.75 1.05 13.70

iiio

27 5(1 27.20

SO.38

27.40

100 Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Wando Phosphate Co., Charleston, S.C. 100 Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Wando Phosphate Co., Charleston, S.C. 20 Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S C. Wando Phosphate Co., Charleston, S.C.
Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal. S C.

t Rawbone or done meal contains no reverted acid proper, as it has not been acidulated. The whole of the phosphoric acid is, therefore, reported as ''insolub e,"

3 % a o*)

> though, practically, it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from other sources. A good, fine;y-ground bone meal is worth about $10 00.
DUPLICATE BRANDS.--In some instances, fertilizers manufactured by the same formula, and actually sacked from the same balk--being in every respect identical --

are sold under different names. Such brands arc indicated in the foregoing tables by letters a, b, c, etc., prefixed to the same, those having the same letter the same

table being identical, or sacked and shipped from the same bulk.

Baker's Prepared Chemicals asgiven in Table No. I, is below the grade and the sale of the same has been prohibited according to the requirements of law. Lee's Agricultural Lime: Sand 7.00; Lime 36.40; Potash 3.35. For whom inspected: Anderson & Fuller, Augusta; Manufactured by A. S. Lee, Richmond, Va. Sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime. Prof. H. C. White says: "This is a very interior specimen of Agricultural Lime." ^Insoluble phosphoric acid is not immediately available as plant food. If derived from natural guanos, (as Peruvian, Orchilla, etc.) it speedily becomes'available;

M
7> H

if from animal bone ,it becomes available within two or three years ; if from phosphate rock, it remains unavailable for a considerable length of time. Natural

guanos and bones have, therefore, value in this connection if immediate results are not desired--.

N

en

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[81

LECTURE BY M. GEORGE VILLE.

FORMUL.E FOR FERTILIZERS, AND LAWS OF APPLICATION.

[Translated from the French by Miss E. L. Howard.]

We have learned three practical lessons from our preceding meetings. First,,

that by the help of four substances, with which you are now familiar, we can not

only prevent the exhaustion of the soil, no matter how large the crops grown, but

can also give it rapidly the maximum fertility consistent with climate and local

conditions.

The second lesson deduced is not less important than the first. Culture, based on

the exclusive use of barnyard manure, is never remunerative. Analyze the expen-

ditures of any farm you may, either on a large or small scale, and nine out of ten

times you will find that the profit is really nothing above the price of the manual labor expended, or the rent which the owner has the r:ght to demand, and which,

is not counted in the general expenses. It is impossible to deny this. Lavoisier,

Dombasle, Bella and Boussingault are unanimous on this point.

With manure alone, which the farm produces there is no profit, because it orig-

inates mainly from the meadow which has not been manured, whose crops are va-

riable, making the cost of the manure too high. Intensive culture with manure is

a chimera. Intensive culture, to be profitable, requires maximum crops, both of

forages and cereals. This is only practicable through an importation of fertilizers.

There must be a progressive parallel between the cereals and forage plants. This

law is absolute, and must not be infringed. It was first formulated by the doctrine

of chemical fertilizers.

Finally, the third lesson we have learned, which is not less important than the

foregoing ones, relates entirely to the laws to be observed in manuring the ground.

The law of the past was: To give the soil back, weight for weight and matter for

matter, what you took from it. This is an error. The doctrine of chemical fertil-

izers replies: Give the soil back only the acid phosphate, potash, lime, and half

the nitrogen you took from it. Under this treatment it will support maximum

crops and not become exhausted.

What! with four substances, representing hardly one-tenth of the weight of the

crops taken from it, you can increase the fertility of the soil? Yes, because the in-

exhaustible resources of the air and rain give back what the fertilizer does not

contain, and the earth itse'f is chlorine, sulphur, iron, suica,

provided in inexhaustible quantities with magnesia, etc., which the chemical fertilizers help to turn into



plant food.

By the light of these three lessons, everything clears before us. We see the im-

potence of the old methods and the superiority of the new. But to draw all pos-

sible advantages from the new methods, we must know not only the exact sub-

stances which command fertility of soil, but the practical laws governing their

use. Here everything is simple, and carries irresistible evidence.

You know, gentlemen, that the four substances, acid phosphate, potash, lime

and nitrogenous matter, are sufficient to the wants of plants in all soils and in all

climates. You also know that one of these substances exercises a greater influence

than the others, according to the nature of the plant. I say a greater and prepon-

derant influence, because it is the substances which essentially determine the-

quantity of the harvest. This fact gives it the name of the dominant.

You also know there is nothing absolute in this functional predominance ; on the

contrary, it is essentially relative and dependent on the nature of the plant to

such a degree that the same agents, phosphate, potash-, or nitrogen, become the

dominant or subordinate agents with equal facility, according to the nature of

the plants to which they are applied.

Lime, which is necessary to all plants, is never the dominant of any.

From this you see the evident necessity, when we wish to obtain a maximum

crop at the least cost, of varying the composition of the fertilizer to suit it to the-

[9]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

9

wants of each plant. To do this we must first know the nature of the soil and it* degree of fertility. The practical means of teaching or learning this, is by experimental plats or fields, a subject we have already carefully studied. It is a sort of exterior part of the subject. Having nothing to add to what I have already said, I pass it over in silence. In the following remarks I shall consider but the want* of the plants as to food, without reference to their surroundings.
The subject thus simplified, the composition of the fertilizer is deduced from two important rules:

To know the dominant of each plant; to fix, by experience, the quantity necessary to grow at will either medium or maximum crops.
On the first point--the dominant--there is no difficulty. Plants are divided inta three classes: Those whose dominant is nitrogenous matter, such as the ceTeals rape, beets and garden vegetables.
The second group, whose dominant is acid phosphate, consists of corn, sugar cane sorghum, the artichoke and the turnip.
Lastly, the legumes, clover, sainfoin, lucern.the Irish potato and the vine, whose dominant is potash.

This point once established, the second is to fix the quantity and relative pro-
portions both of the dominant and the subordinate elements. This double determination has been the object of the most exhaustive study on my part since 1860. It is only by thousands of experiments carried on under the most exact and best
defined conditions, that I have succeeded in bringing all the fertilizers into live very distinct groups.

Complete Fertilizers. Homogeneous Fertilizers. Intense Fertilizers. Incomplete Fertilizers. Fertilizers with specific functions. We will first see what is the character and bearing of this division :' Complete Fertilizers. --They contain acid phosphate, potash, lime and nitrogenoua maftter, and differ only in the respective quantities of these four substances Thus graduating either the phosphate, pota?h or nitrogen, we apply the principle of the dominants, and respond to all the necessities and requirements of culture The complete fertilizers, six in number, are distinguished by proper numbers :

n Comp,lete

,, ....
Fertilizer

-NTo.

1

Complete Fertilizer No. 2

Complete Fertilizers No. 3

Complete Fertilizer No. 4

Complete Fertilizer No. 5

Complete Fertilizer No. 6

Dominants.
Nitrogen Nitrogen.
Potash. Potash. Acid Phosphate. No Dominant.

Cultures.
Cereals Beets
Irish Potatoes The Vine Sugar Cane Flax.

Immediately after the complete fertilizers come homogeneous, or similar fer tilizers, forming two parallel series, one marked by the symbol', the other by the sign p placed at the right of the characteristic numbers. Thus Complete Fertiliser No. 1' ; Complete Fertilizer No. lp.
What are these fertilizers and the meaning of their signs? The sign ' means that instead of nitrate of potash, the fertilizer contains a mixture of potash and sulphate of ammonia. The richness is the same in both cases. Ibe form of the potash and part of the nitrogen, alone are different Example:

COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 1

Ak~ci'dj phl.ospth. atie

Pounds3p9r1aere.

Nitrate of potash

......'.'....'.'.'.'..".'".'.".'.'"".".""".'.""

195

Sulphate of ammonia

.,'

" 944

Sulphate of lime

'.'.".'.'/............!/.'.'.!!'.""' 342

COMPLETE FERTILIZER HO.

Acid phosphate Chloride of potassium 80 Sulphate of ammonia
Sulphate of lime

......'..'

" ]

1172
^391'
,Q5
381
205

1172

16

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[IO]

We now come to similar fertilizers with the sign p. These differ from the cor-

responding complete fertilizers bv the form of phosphorus instead of acid phos-

phate of lime, PbO,CsO-(- Ag, they contain phosphate of lime in two equiva-

lent bases--Ph0,2 CaO 4-Aq., called precipitated phosphate. Tb*y are identical in richness. The difference is only in the form of the phos-

phate.

Example:

COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 1.

t

founds per acre.

Acid phosphate

391

Nitrate of potash

195

Sulphate of ammonia

244

Snlphate of lime

342

COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. lp.
Precipitated phosphate Nitrate of potash Sulphate of ammonia Sulphate of lime

1172
Pounds. 175 195 244 361

975

If we wish to associate chloride of potassium with precipitated phosphate, we

use ty"p^e No. Vp

Pounds.

Precipitated phosphate

175

Oloride of potassium 80 [50 p. c. K. O ]

195

Sulphate of ammonia

381

Sulphate of lime

224

975*

The lime being in excess everywhere, we are not obliged to be rigorously exact in its amount. We only wish to give the formula the amount of fertilizer to the
acre, a weight varying from 975 lbs to 1172 lbs. The homogeneous fertilizers are thus of the same composition and the same
richness as the complete fertilizers I had two objects in making them, one was some times to make a marked saving in expenditure, and the other to give a greater efficacy to the fertilizer. In the nitrate of potash there are in round numbers: Nitrogen, 14 per cent; Potash, 47 tier cent.
For seveml years tins salt has been worth $7 27 per 100 lbs. Now. with sulphate of ammonia at $4 54 per 100 lbs., and chloride of potassium at $2.27 per 100 lbs.,
for $5.37 we get the equivalent of 100 lbs of nitrate of potash.

68 lbs. snlphate amn'onia 100 lbs chloride of potassium 80

$3 10 2 27

$5 37
And the remarkable part is that this last fertilizer is generally more efficacious
than the first for the cereals and meadow. At first I used nitrate of potash ior sainfoin, clover, lucerne and the legumes.
Now, experience has proved that these plants have no need of nitiogen ; chloride of potassium alone, without the addition of sulphate of ammonia, is quite as efficacious, making this fertilizer still cheaper.
Nitrate ot potash is now worth $5 90 and chloride of potassium hardly $5.00. Tbe same facts hold good with acid phosphate. On new lands, superphosphate, which in the generality of cases is the most efficacious form o( phosphate, is too soluble. In this case it is better to use precipitated phosphate, which besides bting more certain in action, is much lower in price. In the superphosphate the phosphoric acid is worth $9.00 the 100 lbs. and in precipitated phosphate only $5.45. After the complete lertilizers, which
are the originals, and the homogeneous fertilizers, their equivalents and derivatives, eome the intense fertilizers. What do we mean by this expression ? The complete fertilizers, with an increased amount of tbe dominant to grow a maximum crop when the season admits of it. As an example, I take the complete fertilizer No. 2 and intense complete fertilizer No. 2.

["]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

II

A, ci.d, p,hosp,hat. e Nitrate of potash Nitrate of soda
Sulphate of lime

COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 2
Founds p3egr^acre. 195
""..'.............^.....'.. 293 ........!..."....!!"!!!!! 393

Acid phosphate Nitrate of potash Nitrate of soda Sulphate of lime

1172
INTENSE COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 2.
39] ......!.^.. 195 ........'."....'..."! 440 .!.!"""!!.""!!!!""]!! 244

1270 Nitrogen is the dominant of the beet. By increasing the quantity you get increase of crop if the seas >n is sufficiently moist. The quantity of nitrogen in the complete fertilizer is 70 in the intense fertilizer it is 84 lbs. Finally, there are cases where the earth is exceptionally rich in phosphates, potash and nitrogen by its geological origin, or from washings from other soils. It is not necessary to use complete fertilizers on such soils. We may suppress any, one of the four terms with which we find the soil sufficiency provided. The incomplete fertilizers, also derived from the complete fertilizers, are for these cases and are made by the suppression of on of the two terms, nitrogen or potash. Here I will again call your attention to the contrast existing between cereals and legumes in relation to nitrogen. The cereals must have a great deal of nitrogen, the legumes can do without it.
At first, when I did not know the full value of chloride of potassium, I used nitrate of potash containing 14 per cent of nitrogen, for legumes. Since then, finding chloride of potassium equal to the nitrate of potash for peas, beans, clover, sainfoin and lucern, I do not hesitate to give it the preference over nitrate of potab, saving $7.00 per acre. We have thus four series of fertilizers, each one responding to an etpecial want. At one time the natural richness of the soil determines our choice ; at another time we are guided by economy, but whatever motive determines us, the crop is always assured because our compounds are all deduced from the formula of the complete fertilizer, which is founded upon the necessities of the plants themselves.
There is still another class of unpublished fertilizers, fertilizers with especial functions, which act not only upon the quantity, but also upon the quality of the crop.
Suppose it was possible to produce effects of two orders : to act upon the amount of the crop, the proportion of grain in the crop and the richness of the grain in gluten. Suppose further, that it was possible to act at one time upon both the amount of the beet crop and the richness of the roots in saccharine matter. These effects obtained by the use df especial fertilizer will lead us to three types of new fertilizers: Graniferous fertilizers, glutenous fertilizers, saccharine fertilizers.
What do we hope from these suppositions? The legitimate belief that in the future, and the near future, we will succeed in producing effects of this kind.
Look at the photographs of two cultures of corn in burnt land. In one the corn has grown SlA feet high and bears no shoots ; in the other the stalk is arrested in growth at 55 inches and bears an ear.
The contrast is striking. What is tae cause of it ? In the first case the fertilizer contained potash in the form of chloride of potassium, and in the second as sulphate of potash. In 1873 two experiments, made at Vincennes, under the same conditions, gave the sanin results :

Fertilizer with

Chloride of potassium. Pounds per acre.

Stalks

6453

Ears

1466

Grain

4106

Leaves

3081

Stalks Ears Grain leaves

Fertilizer with Sulphate of potash.
Pounds per acre. 5866 2053 5573 2933

Total.

.15106,

Total.

.16424

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[12]

Looking at these results, my first thought was that sulphate of potash exercised a specific action on the formation of the grain. Bat, I since found that by slightly increasing the amount of nitrogen, I got as much grain with chloride of potassium as with sulphate of poUsh.
There is here a first indication which ought to be noticed. It has long been known that fertilizers rich in nitrogen, increase the proportion of gluten in cereals. Hermbstaedt, Tessier and Bonssingault fixed this variation from 12 to 33 percent. I have proved this myself but not with such contrasts.
If there is one plant with which I have made many and varied experiments to increase saccharine richness, it is the beet. Well, other things being equal as to choice of seed and preparation of soil, three times in five, I have obtained richer roots with chloride of potassium associated with sulphate of ammonia than from nitrate of potash.

Without giving these indications more importance than they merit, they still justify my hope of one day seeing fertilizers with specific functions become one of the facts of assured practice.
You see, gentlemen, what twenty years of assiduous effort and experience have enabled me to prove for chemical fertilizers. But if generalities are the soul of science, I know full well that science is not embodied, established and organized but by the reality of detail and the obstinate work of practical application.
We will then pass from the general classification of fertilizers and ttieir reciprocal formation to the rules upon which they must be founded to fix formulae suitable to the particular nature of eacb plant. Theserules cannot be much else than a repetition of the rules already given, viz: to know the dominant of a plant, the quantity of this to be used, as well as the proportions of the subordinate elements.

We first take up plants whose dominant is nitrogen, and beein with Rape.

How much nitrogen does it need ? From 73 to 78 pounds per acre.

And what quantities of the subordinate elements ?

Acid phosphate

Pounds5.s*

Potash

88 to 08

Lime

98 to 195

With such a fertilizer, and by following such rules as I will presently give, you are sure, if the season is favorable, of from 44 to 57 bnshels of grain per acre, the weight of the whole being about 11,844 pounds. These rules require the following formulae:

COMPLETE FERTILIZER. NO. 1.

Acid phosphate

Nitr*te of potash

Sulphate of ammonia

Sulphate of lime

i

Pounds per acre. 391 195
244 342

COMPLETE FERTILIZER, NO. J'.

Acid phosphate

391

Chloride of potassium, 80

195

Sulphate of ammonia

381

Sulphate of lime

205

The following ore the two crops grown at the Eiperimental Firm with complete fertilizers, No. 1 and No. 1'.

MPLETE FERTILIZER, NO. 1.

COMPLETE FERTILIZER, NO. 1'.

_ ,

Pounds per acre.

Pounds per acre.

Stalks

4,590 Stalks

4,204

Husks

2,151 Husks

1,856

Grain

1,955 Graio

1 906

Total

8,696 Total

7,966

In both cases the fertilizer contained 73 pounds of nitrogen per acre. In the fall No. 1' was the finer, but the winter injured it more than the othr.
We will carry this experiment further, and make two parallel experiments: One with the mineral fertilizer, composed of acid phosphate, potash ai.d lime, nitrogen excluded ; the other with the complete fertilizer, containing both nitro-

['3]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

13

gen and the minerals. You can draw your own conclusions from a comparison

of the two crops.

Grain per acre.

With the complete fertilizer

56 bushels.

With mineral fertilizer (no nitrogen)

:....21 "

Under the conditions, otherwise the same, the nitrogen increased the return from 2L to 56 hushels.
We make another experiment: Instead of using 78 pounds of nitrogen, we will use but 39 pounds; the crop falls from 56 to 36 bushels; an increase of only 15
bushels instead of 35 bushels. We examine now the financial side of the question. What was (he nitrogen
worth ? What was the value in each experiment, of the increase of 15 bushels in one, and 35 bushels in the other, both due to the quantities of nitrogen ?
First. When the increase of crop was 15 bushels :

IS bushels of rape worth 36 pounds nitrogen, worth

$50 00 20 00

Profit

Ssc.nnd cise, where the increase of crop is 35 bushels:

35 bushels rape, worth

78 pounds nitrogen, worth

.'

$30 00
$120 00 40 00

Profit

$80 00

But this is not all; to obtain such remarkable effects, one precaution is abso-

lutely necessary. The nitrogen must be divided into two parts; the first given in

the fall, and the last in the spring. If all the nitrogen is given at once, in the

fall, the plant develops too rapidly, the leaves are larger and thicker, but they all

fall at the first cold, and the nitrogenous matter which had produced their growth

is lost to the plant.

Here is a remarkable example from a culture in 1874 :

Urain per acre.

78 pounds nitrogen, in two parts

56 bushels.

78 pounds nitrogen at one application

44 bushels.

Eleven bushels increase for having better managed the dominant.

What can I add to these proofs ? In the face of such facts who can deny the

value and importance of the ideas now under consideration ?

We will now speak of wheat, the most valued product of all nations. Nitrogn

is still the dominant here, but this time it must be used with more caution than

for rape, 58 pounds per acre being generally sufficient. Above this quantity

makes the plant too succulent, and lodging is almost certain. A not less essential

precaution is to divide the nitrogen in two parts, applying 29 pounds in the fall

and 29 pounds in the spring. These rules lead us to the two following formulae :

In the fall, Complete fertilizsr, No 1', 584 pounds, as follows:. Pounds per acre.

Acid phosphate

195

Chloride of potassium

97

Sulphate of ammonia

190

Sulphate of lime

102

584
Broad-cast in spring. Sulphate of ammonia from 45 to 146 pounds. I might here show that the benefit was produced by the dominant, but this question will come up again, with sugar cane and the beet. We begin with the beet. This time nitrogen is again the dominant. If beets are grown for forage or cattle feed, sulphate of ammonia must be substituted for nitrate of soda. It i' more efficacious. If the beets are for sugar, both nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia must be used; this grows a superior quality of roots. There is no fear of lodging with the beet as with wheat, so the quantity of nitrogen may be brought up to 78 and even 98 pounds per acre, by successive applications of sulphate of ammonia, if tne summer is warm and moist. We will
again show that the progress of the crop and the profit from it are essentially dependent on the dominant:

M

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[14]

TM.r.ineral,,fert.i.l.i.zer
Complete fertilizer, with 78 pounds nitrogen Complete fertilizer, with 08 pounds nitrogen Complete fertilizer, with 120 pounds nitrogen

Crop per acre.
........"].7.!.ll........35.884 45 955
["..49 866

The profit alwavs follows the increase of nitrogen. This is a fixed fact with

fertilizers whose dominant is nitrogen. Here is a recapitulative tahle of the amounts of nitrogen to be used :

K,, ape and, ,hemp

Pounds pe7r gacre.

Wheat

..".'//.!"""'." "!.'.'.'.'.'.,,.'.".'.'. ....... .58

Barley, rye and oats Beets

'.!!'.""'.'.1.".'.'.'.'.V..'.'".'.7.'.'.!!'.'. '.

39 .78

We now come k> fertilizers whose dominant is potash. Take the Irish potato

as an example. This culture is not inferior to wheat in importance, and ii par-

ticularly interesting bv the accidents it is liable to from insufficient and ill-pro-

Portioned fertilizers. You will see from the following table to what degree the Irish potato is influenced by potash :

Crop per acre.

,, , , . ,.,, Complete fertilizer

1865.

1867

Pounds.

27,330 24,053

Complete fertilizer without lime

22,831 20.044

Complete fertilizer without phosphate

17,391 20J144

Complete fertilizer without nitrogen

16377 20 386

Complete fertilizer without potash

10,306 10,266

Soil, without fertilizer

7;528 7,333

In 1865 the fertilizer contained 114 pounds of nitrogen, and in 1867, only 78 pounds nitrogen per acre. The suppression of potash brought the crop down from 24^53 pounds to 10,266 pounds. The soil without fertilizer brought 7,333 pounds.
But this is not all. You can see from the above table thRt by diminishing the amount of nitrogen, 114 pounds in 1865, to 74 pounds in 1867, per acre, there was a difference.

,,w..i,t,h 1,,1,4 pound.s ni.t,rogen With 74 pounds nitrogen

Tubers per aero. P2o7un3d3s0.
.........24|053

Now, suppress the potash in the two fertilizers, and the returns are the same. The excess of nitrogen, at one time so efficacious, now has no action, it becomes neutral, is inert.

Fertilizer without potash:

,W,..i,t,h 1,,14. pound.s ni.trogen

Tubers per acre. P10ou3n0d6s.

With 74 pounds nitrogen

.........10 266

Following this idea, I give another example not less remarkable than the pre-

ceding. You have just seen that the suppression of phosphate brought the crop

irom 27,330 pounds to 17,391 pounds. Well we now make another experiment:

Suppress the phosphate and double the amount of potash, and the crop is 27 330.

/> , , . ..,. . Complete fertilizer with 114 pounds nitrogen

Pounds. 27,327

Complete fertilizer without phosphate

..17891

Complete fertilizer without phosphate, but double amount of potasb..27,377

Is not tbis a proof of the remarkable action of the dominant ?

The practical conclusion from this, is that the Irish potato requires 146 pounds

of potash per acre instead of 58 pounds, which is enough for wheat. Tnis brings us to complete fertilizer, No. 3:

A.c.id..phosp,hat, e

Pounds p3e9r1acre.

Nitrate of potash

.'....'."!"'..'.'"!.293

Sulphate of lime

293

But this is not all, I told you J would bring forward a new class of ideas; they

are as follows:

1 ~'1

[l5]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

15

You know that plants, as well as animals, and man, himself, are exposd to real

ep.demios; sometimes parasites and sometimes gangrenes. her the terrible effect, in Ireland from thediseasfof the

Who Irish

dpooetsatnootwrehmTMnemn

first appeared ? I shall not enter upon the explanations assigned as the cause of

this formidable scourge. Whether the parasites are the can4 or the effect of the

disease, whether they originated from microscopic germs floating in the air or

the result of the evolution of certain cellular tissues which, grownindependent

of the superior organ, of which they were apart, lived a life of their own for

whatever explanation is given of their origin, the disease showed itself wUhcer'

snof l,nht,,ePlvvnVeyW e a^ndnfT1?hVaT e'ebmleenctsn"deictlesTMsa,ryvizto:

that the absence or even the poverty the plant, increased if it didnot a

solutely determine the diseaea. For six years, here at Vincennes, the phenomena

have not varied. Where the soil received no potash, or where it received nn r

tilizer, the plants were poor and stunted, the^r foliage blackened wilhered and

drifd up during the month of June, while all the other plants were in luxa-

rianrty active growth. The roots were small, rough and almost impossible to

The vine showed the same effects. Although less extensive, mv exDeriments

17teT After

thnTM e mon;tTh oerf

/he July

leaves did they were

not red,

develop fully where p^^^^g with bUck spots, then became so dry fa

You see fr >ni taese examples, of what practical importance it is to understand

You will please notice that there is no guesswork in this; that our iudee and
o^tt^Tur^rrrm.6^6"1116111' *"* *" We m 9^^ ^ tE&ffiS
I cm only say to all, don't spend your time in talking and arguing but exDerX whSetL heTM r va1luSaablenosrcanlot.f0rA70sumrsaelllf;exthpeercimoenatsatls foieflydoius raenxpinedriimspeuntasblwe ilalnpsrPwovlre to all fault finders. For all argument, the practical man has only-to reply "Z coSns.'* P "*" S"8nd"S; the Plants Srow aQd ^rive undir sucS-such
Among fertilizers whose dominant is potash, those suited to the legumes deserve special no ice. Nitrogenous compounds have hardly an appreciable influ-

"TArt f1irWst ?I*us"e*d"&the*JfoPlnlaoCwtinCgalfffearCtitfli:zerNfoornitthresgeenplfa<n"ts'B: arnes; use *p>ota""s"t.

Acid phosphate
Nitrate of potash
Sulphate of lime

Pounds per acre. TM*

"V.V.V.V.V.'.V.V.r.V.V.V.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.*

38a

inTprlflrence2t PUnaS f Ditrgen in the aD0Ye- * n0W nse the lowing formula

Acid phosphate

Pounds per acre.

Chloride of potassium, 80 per cent. .

Sulphate of lime

.,,

../1VTM.".""!""'.".'.'.'.*.'.;.'"

TQK
391

This gives a saving of $7.10 per acre, and is equally efficacious with the first

When clover or lucern are planted on poo? soils there is an advantage n in-

creasing the amount of potassium to 293 pounds. This fertilize!Icall compete

p6/. gen

iannTd rthhN e n0eaw

f!e'r/?ti,l.izetrr,anwshitiicohn isfearbtislo.zlfurt,elbyetwwietehnoutht onsietrotghehnt

are

ricMn

nitro^

oAiZ^Zi^ZX^ ' fertUiZerS' TM' Ti>OM ^i& dminant is V**^

Wi1h complete fertilizer, Kc. 6 :

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[16]

Acid phosphate Nitrate of potash Sulphate of lime

Pounds per acre.
391 195 39L

977
Mr. Jaybrun, at Gaudaloupe, grew 44,000 pounds of stript sugar cane per acre. By adding 195 pounds more of acid phosnhate the crop went np to 78 222 pounds, increasing the cane by 84,222 pounds. This increase of weieht was worth $160, and hardly increased the cost $8 00. This is hardly credible, but the experiment is a faithful one.
In order to regulate the composition of the fertilizer with certainty, two ideas must be well understood :
First, The dominants, then the amount to be used, to obtain the maximum good effect; and, secondly, the proportions of the subordinate elements, which these same dominants require to show their full action. This can only be done by actual experiment.
Let us now examine the incomplete fertilizers. They include those without nitrogen, or without potash. Apart from the legumes, of which I have just spoken, they cannot be used except when the soil is naturally provided with potash and nitrogen.' This can only be ascertained by the practical tests of the
experimental plat, already described In the previous lecture. Thus, by the aid of three series of fertilizers, complete fertilizers, intense ferti-
lizers, and incomplete fertilizers, we can supply all the practical wants of agriculture
Until now we have spoken of the relation of fertilizers to plants as if each plant was grown alone for a succession of years. Practically, we seldom do this; a plant is seldom made an isolated culture, but alternately, or in a rotation of cultures.
In this case must we use the complete fertilizer for each plant, as in the preceding cases ? No.
The complete fertilizer need only be used one ypar in two. After the complete fertilizer the dominant alone is sufficient. A sufficient quantity of the subordinate elements remain in the soil to assure the success of tne second crop.
I give an example of a rotation of four years :

1st year--beets 2d year--wheat 3d year--Irish potatoes 4th year--Wheat

Complete fertilizer, No. 2, or No. 2'. Sulphate of Aniinomn.
Complete fertilizer, No. 3. Sulphate of ammonia.

If clover is cultivated the third year instead of Irish potatoes, the clover having no need of nitrogen, complete fertilizer No. 3, replaced by the new incomplete fertilizer No. 6, containing no nitrogen, and the rotation changes.

1st year--beets 2d year--wheat
3d year--clover
4th year--wheat

Complete fertilizer No. 2. or No. 2'.

Sulphate of Ammon a

Fertilizer without nitrogen, incomplete, No. u.

,

Sulphate of Ammonia.

That is to say--

FIRST YEAR.
Beets.

Complete fertilizer No. 2' Composed of 1 ;
Acid phosphate Chloride of potassium, 80 Sulphate of Ammonia Nitrate of soda Sulphate of lime

Per Acre.

Quantity.

Cost.

1172

Pounds. 391 195 137 293 156

$ 4 25 3 91 5 60 8 53 30

$22 59

[17]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

1/

,, , ,

.

bulpnate of ammonia

SECOND YEAR.
Wheat.

Pounds, 293

$12 00

ITncompi'et.e F-,,ertilizer No. 6 Composed of
Acid phosphate
Chlorideof potassium Sulphate of lime

THIRD YEAK.
CTot'er.

Po9u7n7ds
391 195 391

$12 00
$4 25 3 91 1 05

FOURTH YEAR.
Wheat. Sulphate of ammonia from 193 to 293 pounds Costs for four years Year'y average

$9 21
$12 00 55 80 13 95

When alternating plants we alternate fertilizers. In the first year, the beets, with complete fertilizer No. 2, or its derivative No. 2'pt absorb all nitrogen, but the leaves left to rot on the ground, give minerals enough for a crop of wheat. So only sulphate of ammonia is needed the second year. The same reasons hold good for the two cultures following, clover and wheat. The clover draws its nitrogen from the air. The incomplete fertilizer No. 6, is then sufficient to its wants.
The wheat which suceeeds it only requires nitrogenous matter. The clover has left so much of this, that the amount given the wheat may be small.
In the first volume of my lectures you will find all the combinations of fertilizers best suited to the principal rotations. It is useless to repeat them here, since all these series are based upon the same ru'es.
We now speak of the best method of using chemical fertilizers. This will lead to some repetition, but it is necessary. At first I used them at one application as is customary with barnyard manure. I soon found the inconvenience of this system. It requires a considerable advance of capital, for the fertilizers should be cash down. The fertilizers for a rotation of four years is often above the means of many farmers. Besides this, in a dry season, large quantities of fertilizer have more disadvantages than advantages. What is the use of giving the soil a larger quantity of fertilizer than the first crop needs? Another disadvantage is that with certain plants like wheat, too much fertilizerof a moist season, is certain to cause lodging.
To escape this double annoyance, I first used alternate fertilizers and then gradual J progressive fertilizers. I will show the difference between these three methods. First method, manuring at one time for two years :

FIRST YEAR--IN THE FALL.
A.c.id.p.hosp,hat,e Chlorideof potassium, 80 Sulphate of Ammonia Sulphate of lime

Pounds per39a1cre.
195 674 "..,, 205

SECOND YEAR--NOTHIKG.
Second method : Alternate manuring. _ . , , .... ,, ,, Complete fertilizer No. 1 Composed of

1465 Pounds per acre.
1173

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[IS]

FIRST YEAR--IN THE FALL.

Acid phosphate

391

Chloiide of potassium, 80

193

Sulphate of ammonia

382

Sulphate of lime

205

SECOND YEAR--IN THE FALL.
Sulphate of ammonia Third method : Manuring gradually and progressively.
FIRST YEAB--IN THE FALL.
Complete fertilizer No. 1' Composed of
Acid phosphate Chloride of potassium Sulphate of ammonia Sulphate of lime

1172 Pounds.
293
Pounds per tore. 586
Pounds. 195 98 190 103

586 The same year, in the spring, sulphate of ammonia 98 to 193 pounds. You see for yourself the superiority of the third method. In the first, where excessive fertilizer is given at once, the outlay is considerable and the accidents frequent. The second method has also the fault of requiring more outlay than is needed, for there is more mineral matter than the first crop can make use of. By the third method we escape these inconveniences. The quantity of minerals is only what is absolutely necessary. The nitrogen is graduated according to the character of the season, and care must be taken to keep a proper relation between exterior conditions and the amount of fertilizer used. As an invariable rule, the fertilizer for the cereals should be broadcasted in the fall and spring, and the nitrogen divided into two parts, one part in the fall, three weeks after the grain is town, and the other part in the spring. By this means the ammonia is supplied according to the wants of the plant--giving more in the spots where the plants are weakly and less where they are strong. If once tried, this method will always be used.
We will now return to the homogenous fertilizers. Equally rich, are they also equally efficacious with the complete fertilizers?
I must remind you that in the homogeneous fertilizers of type' the nitrate of potash is replaced by a mixture of chloride of potassium and sulphate of ammonia.
The first advantage of these fertilizers is that they are much the least expensive.

69 lbs sulphate of ammonia 88 98 lbs chloride of potassium

$2 80 1 95

$4 75 to take the place of 98 lbs of nitrate of potash worth $5.30.
But let us return to the first question. Aside from the difference in price are the homogeneous fertilizers as efficacious as the complete fertilizers?
Four successive years of experiment on wheat and beets give the homogeneous
fertilizers the advantage ; chloride of potassium without sulphate of ammonia was equally efficacious for peas and beaus as was nitrate of potash.
Comparison between typical fertilizers and homogeneous fertilizers :

Homogeneous Fertilizer, No. V,

New Formula, Pounds per acre.

1870 Straw

4335

Chaff'

665

Grain

2665--44 bu.

Total

760.-,

Complete Fertilizer. No 1.

Old Formula.

Pounds per acre.

Straw

3490

Chaff

534

Grain

2917--48 bu.

Total

6941

1'9]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

1871 S:raw Chaff Grain
Total.

6168 583
2794--85M bu.
.9545

Straw Chaff Grain
Total

6131 607
2728--85X bu.
9460

1872 Straw Chaff Grain
Total

6370 513
4419- 74 bu
11,302

Straw Cnaft Grain
Total

5604 661
3842- -64 bu.
10,107

1873 Straw Chaff Grain

4374 830 2525--42 bu.

Straw Chaff Grain

3811 723
2200--37 bu.

Total.
Who'e crop Grain

.7729

Total

Average of Four Yean.

9058 lbs 67 bu

Whole crop Grain

6734
8462 lbs. 63 bu.

The advantage is always on the side of the homogeneous fertilizers. It is not necessary to add that the crop of oats included in the four years considerably increased the value of the wheat.

IiBETS.

Homogeneous Fertilizer No. 2'.

New Formula.

1867 Roots

52,211

1868 Roots

31.611

1869 Roots

37,854

1870 Roots

40,333

Roots Roots Roots Roots

Complete Fertilizer No. 2. Old Formula.

45,368 28,647 33,855 39,111

Total Average
Incomnplete Fertilizer No. 6', with chloride of potassium.
1873. Vines Peas

162,019 40,505

Total Average

146,981 36,745

P3AS.

Complete Fertilizer No. 6 with nitrate of potash.

Pounds 3324.

Pounds. 3911

Pounds. 3324

2737--49 bu. 2933--53 bu. 2543--46 bu.

6061

6844

5887

Fertilizer with carbmate of potash.
1873. Straw Beans

BEANS.

4171 1839--31 bu.

Fertiiliz ;r win chloride Fertilizer with ni-

of potasium

trate of potash.

Straw 4293 Beans 1910-31 ba.

Straw 3523 Beans 1597--27 bu.

Straw Beans

6010

6204

Soil without Fertilizer.

5120
1421 845--14 bu

2260
I remind you that the homogeneous fertilizers, with chloride of potassium and sulphate of ammonia generally make the beet roots richer in sugar than does the

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[20]

fertilizer with nitrate of potash. This fact has been proved by Mr. Corinweider,

near Lille, and Mr. Pagnoul, at Arras It may then be considered a fixed fact.

Yon have seen that chloride of potassium is as efficacious for peas and beans as

nitrate of potash. I condense the table because the advantage of the new form-

ula is marked. It is a saving of $7.00 to $8.00 per acre.

Peas per acre.

Fertilizer with chloride of potassium

49 Pounds.

Fertilizer with nitrate of potash

46 Pounds.

The new formula is equally superior for rape to the old formula.

A NEW QUESTION.

You perhaps will tell me, gentlemen, that what I have said is very well; we
know the formula of fertilizer best suited to the nature of each plant; we know how to vary the app'ication for iso'ated cultures or for rotations, but we are entirely ignorant of the right way of associating fertilizers with barnyard manure.
What are the rules to be followed in this case ? All farmers have barnyard manure. They are derived from the rules already given. What did I tell you in my third lecture ? That barnyard manure owed its value to the same agents with the chemical fertilizer, and it is therefore very easy to use them together. The rules to be followed are the simplest kind ; they depend upon the amount of manure at your disposal. If you have as much as5,800 pounds per acre yearly, give the manure half the quantity of chemical fertilizer you would use if the fertilizer was employed alone. The crop will be a maximum one.
If the quantity of manure is larger, and as much as 11,700 pounds, give successively the dominant of each plant in the rotation, as an addition to the manure. If the rotation begins with rape, use 195 pounds of sulphate of ammonia. For beets use 195 to 293 pounds of nitrate of soda, and so on for all the other plants. You will find full details for this in the appendix to my lectures for 1867.
You see cases change, formula- are modified, but the rules are always the same, though admirably simple, they are sufficient to all circumstances. And how can it be otherwise since the rules are formulated by the plants themselves?
The objection to the doctrine of chemical fertilizers that they prohibit the use of barnyard manure, is ill founded. If the new agricultural method was begun by the artificial production of plants from simple chemical compounds, and in defiance of all the teachings of the past, the moment this doctrine came in practical use, so far from proscribing the use of manure, it calls on the farmers to bet-
ter the imperfect condition of manure by supplementing it with chemical fertilizets. Suppose the farmer h s a well-manured field of rape or wheat, the winter has been severe, the spring late and the plants suffering. What can he do with barnyard manure? Nothing--the crop will be poor. You cannot spread barnyard manure as a supplement in spring, and if you could, there is no use in it. You are then a passive and helpless spectator of an inevitable evil. But if, on the contrary, you associate chemical fertilizers with manure, everything changes. One hundred and ninety-five pounds of sulphate of ammonia per acre is enough to give a sudden impetus to wheat or rape and the crop is saved. What do you find hostile in this either to the teachings of the pastor to the use of barnyard manure ? The last question is purely a financial one: The price of manure and the price of chemical fertilizers. There is no question easier than this of solution. The price of chemical fertilizers is always known in the open market.

Sulphate of ammonia Nitrate of soda Nitrate of potash
Chloride of potassium, 80 per cent Acid phosphate, at 12 per cent Precipitated phosphate at 36 per cent

$ 4 08 for 100 pounds. 2 77 for 100 pounds. 5 45 for 100 pounds.
1 86 for 100 pounds. 0 95 for 100 pounds. 1 43 for 100 pounds.

The price of chemical fertilizers is easily found from the price of chemicals themselves. But to make these ideas of avail, we must find what is the cost of chemical fertilizers compared to the value of a ton of manure. This question is happily as easy of solution as the first. In one ton of manure there are :

{21]

ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

21

Nitrogen.. Phosphoric acid
Potash
Llme

9 pounds. 5 pounds.
9 pounds. 17 pounds.

This, "at the price above given for chemical products, is worth $2.60. This price is, however, subject to much fluctuation.

EQUIVALENT OF A TON OF MANURE.

1867
J868 1869 1870 1872, new formula; 1875, old formula; 1875, new formula1

$2 80 '285 2 91 3,,0 ._ 3 20 ]..!..................! ... 2 70 2 60

The equivalent of a ton of manure in chemical fertilizers can be bought for $2 60. There is another question. What is the cost of a ton tf manure? This time the answer is not so simple or easy. It cannot be calculated from fixed elements like the chemicals of the fertilizer, but must be found among the first principles of agricultural economy. This will lead us to calculations of rural economy made by
minds of real genius and honesty, who had no desire to mislead others or themselves. But this important discussion requires more time.

m

Circular No. 64, j NEW SERIES, j
SEASON OF 1884-5.
ANALYSES
COMMERCIAL VALUES
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS,
INSPECTED, ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO THE 7TH OF FEBRUARY, 1885.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.
ATLANTA GEORGIA.
1885.
1 MS . V. W kHUVSOU L CO . - VftUVt tRS. M \>U1 P>

Circular No. 64.\_ NEW SERIES. J
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS.
Inspected, Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia to February 7, Season of 188^-5.

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, GA., February 20, 1885.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES.
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale, to February 20, 1885.
In addition to the chemical determinations and commercial values, a column has been added which shows the number of tons represented by the samples whose analyses are given. This information may sometimes be important to farmers and other purchasers. Analyses of samples from subsequent or future inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given; and it is well to preserve copies of the circulars, as issued from time to time, and note any such variations.

RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES.

After the usual correspondence and careful consideration, it has been

thought proper to preserve the same valuation of elements that were adopted

last season, the commercial price of the materials which supply such elements

being about the same. The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre-

dients or elements of plant food found in the fertilizers by analyses, are a

practical approximation to their true value at Savannah, viz :

Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia

10 cents per pound. 18 cents per pound.

Potash

5 cents per pound.

It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the

several valuable ingredients in a ton of fertilizers. The following is a simple

rule: Multiply the per centage of ammonia, as given in the tables, by 3.6, that

of available phosphoric acid by 2, and that of potash by 1, and the respective

results will show the value, in dollars and cents, of each ingredient in a ton.

Thus : Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows:

Available Phosphoric Acid

9.27 per cent.

Ammonia

2.15 per cent.

Potash

1.85 per cent.

Then:

9.27 multiplied by 2

.$18.54

2.15 "

" 3.6

7.74

1.85 "

" 1

1.85

Total

,

,,,

$3843

TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilisers, Chemicals, etc., Inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 1884-85, to February 7st, 1885.

TABLE 1--AMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATES OF LIME.

O

PHOSPHORIC ACID

W



>

NAME OF BRAND.

o 1

W FOR WMOM INSPECTED. BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU-

"o S

g
h0i

o
CO

CD
M

I
H

o i
<

i> OQ
3 fc IZi

Auim'd Dtss'd Rone, Horse Shoe Biand... 10.75 2. tO 6.60: 5.40 11.9i 2.8C 1.2.

15iRounsaville & Bro, Rome, Ga

FACTURED.
w

H

Northwestern Fertz'r. Co, Chicago

o

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

11.26 1.50 7.7ft 1.40 9.15 2.00 1.25

5o Rawls & Perry, Arlington, Ga.. Rawls & Pery, Arlington, Ga.

Ammoniated Rone * Ammoniated Bone * Ammoniated Dissolved Eone Atlantic Fertilizer

n.oo 3.20 7.30 1.7C 9.00 2.5ft 1.00
11.0" 2 8.00 1.10 9.10 2.1n 1.60 10.50 2.50 6.85 ft. 25 12.10 2 7ft l.r.i 2.(0 0.51. 7.1 3.81. 10.95 2. S6 1 . 7ft

45J.-ymington Rro's & Co, Baltimore Symington Bro's & Co, Baltimore 20. Symington Bro's & Co, Baltimore Symington Bro's & Co, Baltimore 1 V. A, Fletcher & Co, Marietta, Ga, Northwestern F rtilizer, Chicago. 10' Atlantic 1 hos. Co, Charleston, S.C Atlantic Phos. Co, Charleston,S. C,

o >
fa

/frlii poo Fertilizer.. Ashley Soluble Guano

11.00 3.00 6.8; 2.05 9 2.65 1.75 12.15 1.20 7.60 3.65 11.25 2.2ft 1..'0

10 Ashepoo Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C, Ash. poo Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. 50 shleyPhos. Co, Charleston, S.C. Ashley Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C.

o
G

Ammoniated Alka ine Gui.no Ammoniated Diss. Rone Ammoniated Dus'd Bone

11.50 2.15 6.30 4.30 10.60 2.35 1.60 11.26 2.85 7.64 2.56 10.50 2.57 1.25 12.25 3.5ft 8.65 2.2! 10.86 2.00 1.4ft

200 Cbesaprake Guano Co, Baltimore.. Chesapeake Guano Go, Baltimore. 10" Jno. Mcrryman & Co, Ba timore .. Jno. Merryman & Co. Barren Isl'nd
10 Patapsco Guano Co, Baltimore. .. Patapsco Guai o Co, Baltimore, Md.

f H

c Adams standard

12.00 0.55 8.4 1.5ft 10.00 2.2: 1.50

25 Savannah Guano Co, Savanuah, Ga. Savannah Guano Co, Savannah, Ga

Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 11 00 2.3.". 7 75 2.95 10.70 2 25 1.5"

2"0 Pollard* Boberson, Augusta, Ga . Pradiev Fertilizer Co, Boston, Mass

oli. & H. Guano

11.50 2.1ft

4. SO 10.60 2 eft 1.60

100 ChcsapeakeGo. Co., Baltimore, Md. Chesapeake Go. Co., Baltimore, Md.

Bowser's Cotton Fertilizer.

14.50 2.25 8.0. 2.60 10 2.20 1.00

300 Bowker Fertilizer Co, Eliza bethport Bowker Fertilizer Co, Elizahethport

Baker's Prepared Chemicals

8.00 6.50 3.50 5.05 8.ftft 1.25 1.60

12 ( hemical Co, of Canton, Baltimore. Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore

O

Bradley's Patent Superphosphate

13."5 2.00 9..50 2.30 11.80 2.40 1.00

400 Langston & Crane, Atlanta, Ga .. Bradley Fertilizer Co, Boston, Mass

M

Baker's Standard Guano

14.25 2.2.', 7.15 2.90 10.05 2.25 1 60

5 i hemica Co. of Canton, Baltimore Chemical Co. of Canton, BUtimore.

O

Baldwin & C'a Ammoniated Diss'd Bone 13.CO 2.05 8.35 2.10 10.45 2.31, .00 32 10d Baldwin & Co, Savannah, Ga ... Baldwin & Co, Port Royal, S.C

Bradley's Grcnnd Bone ai.d Potash-- e Buffalo Bone Guano

6.10 2.00 4.05 6.26 10.30 2. 15

31

10.75 2.75 7.65 1.85 9.50 2.20 2.0"

50 N . A. Hardee's Son & Co, Sav'h.Ga Bradley'sFtz'r Co,N.Weym'th,Mass loo Fttrman Farm ImpVnt Co, Atlauta Furman Form Imp't Co, East Point

o

( ran&ton's Excelsior Cotton Food

11.51. 2 00 9. CO 1.20 in.80 2.21 1.96

50 R. P. Siblcy, Augusta, Ga

11. P. Sibley, Port Royal, B.C.

Cranston's Ammoniated Diss'd Bone... 11.00 2.20 9.60 1 20 10.to .'.2(i 1

100| B. P. Sibley, Augusta, Ga

R. P. Sibley, Port Royal, S. C.

Cotton Maker b Cano Fe:tilizer

13. "(i 11.00

1. 15
4U

5..2S
ft.'ft

6.2ft 11.50 3.25 9.10

2.30 2.'0

5,22ja 50 Chesapeake Go. Co, Baltimore

Chesapeake GuanoC , Baltimore.

61 Raisin Fertilizer Co, Baltimore, Md Raisin Fertilizer Co, Baltimore. ...

Cotton States Kertil'zer

13.00 Oo 7.81' 3.40 11.21 2 25

100 John it. Long, Baltimore

John R. Long, Baltimore.

Colgate Manure

13.CO 3.00 6.00 4.25 10.2S 2.10

10 Clemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore.. Chemical Co. of Cacton, Baltimore.

Cotton Food Guano Cotton Fertilizer
Chatham Guano

11.75 1.75 9.10 2.80 11.90 2.15 1.25 15.60 1 16 7.f0 4.30 11.30 2.10 1.80 -- 12.75 2.R.r) 5.3^ 5.20 10.56 2.45 1.21

(0 S. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga

A.Wetzler, Savannah.

10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta, -Ga .. NavassaGo. Co, Wilmington, N. C. 5i Perry M. Del eon, Savannah, Ga... Perry M. DeLcon, Baltimore.

4-

Cumberland Bone Co, Superphos. of Lime 15.76 1.90 7.35 3.14 10.49 8.46 2.76

ICC Charles Ellis. Savannah, Ga

Cumberland Bone Co,Portl'nd,Mc.

Chesapeake Gnano

..

12.B0

jCole's Georgia Cotton Fertilizer .

15.75

Dissolved Ammoniated Bone

10.50

c Diamond Brand Cotton Food. ...

12.00

Diamond Braid Cotton Food

12.00

DcLeon's Complete Cotton Fertilizer

10.50

Eutaw Fertilizer

10.00

Bdisto Ammoniated Fertilizer

13.25

tExeelstor Guano

la. 00

Excelsior Gnano

12.10

Etiwan Gttano

.." "......."!!!... 14.50

E. Frank (oes Amni'd Bone'supernhos 11.50

6Empire Gnano

' ._

14.00

rfKddystone Guano

".'.'.

16.80

dEclipse Guano

..".".'".!!

IB.60

i Fnrman's Formula Ammoniated .

10.75

> Farmers' Favorite
jtFrankiin's Ainm'd Dissolved Bone V

h14..5g0s

> Farmers' Friend Guano

15.00

r Fnrman's High Grade Fertilizer

11.00

Georgia Planters' Favorite

13-00

Grange Mixture

" "

10.75

Georgia Fertilizer

...'.'.'.

.50

Georgia State Grange Fertilizer.

11.50

o o Good Luck Guano

12.50

^iGGeeooirggiiaa

State Test

Standard. Guano

...'.

13.10 12.50

Gossypium Phospho

7.00

a Gem Am'd Soluble Phosphate..'

11.50

Harles Raw Bone Superphosphate

20.75

Hope's Amm'd Diss'd Bone..

8.76

Mjirdee's Cotton Boll Am'diuperphos 15.75

J Hood's Cotton Grower

12.35

J. S. Wood & Bro's Am'd Diss'd Bone Kramer s Patent King Guano

11.50 14.0-t 14.00

Langston ,fc Crane's Dis. B. with Am. * Pot 12.50

Lockwood Cotton Grower

11.00

k L. & K. Ammoniated Guano ......

10.75

Lowe's Georgia Formula.

11.10

Maihls Chemicals

13.25

Matchless Cotton Grower ...!!""" Mastodon Guano ,,

10.00 10.50

& Miles I. X. L. Bone Superphosphate"'. 12.5"

onpareil Am'd Dies'd Bone.... Savassa Guano

11.25 11.10

Owl Brand Guano.. ..'....'.

14.50

Ocmolgee Guano vUfttDn

" Ill"""-

11.75 15.00

2.95 4.55 2.05 6.25 4.20 5.25 0.50 8.P0 0.48 8.50
2.5' 6.30 8.00 6.85 1.00 8.85 0.55 8.45
0.4' 8.50 2.00 6.30
2.15 6.15 3.15 5.85 3.00 7.45 3.0) 7.45
2.75 7.65 2.75 7.50 2.80 8.76
1.51 8.2' 1.10 S.50 l.Si 7.80 1.00 8.50
2. a 6.15 2.35 1U..15
3.00 6.60
2.40 9.25
2.40 7.50 1.90 7.10 2.15 6.30
1.75 5.20
1.65 8.00 2.05 6.25
2.80 8.75 2.80 6.15 3.00 7.90 2.20 6.00
2.25 7.60
2.50 6.75 3.21 7.00 S.50 6.50 3'20 6.15
3.10 7.10 2.45 5.33
3.00 6.50
2.00 9.65 2.00 5.46
8.75 7.85 3.50 6.60 1.00' 8,00

5.61 10.16 8.90 10.15 4.20 9.45
1.50 10.00
1.50 10 00 5.26 10.5" 2.55 9.40 2.36 '1.20 1.5ft 10.00
1.60 10.10 3.80 10.10 4.20 10.35 3.25 9.10 2.15 9.6" 2.15 9.60 1.85 9.50
2.75 10.25 1.H0 10.85 2.16 10.36
3.0 11.5)' 3.36 11.IB 1.9i 10 45
4.40 10 55 1.06 11.20 4.16 in 1.35 10.60 3.35 10.8! 3.30 10.40 4.3' 10.60 5.06 10 3.25 11.26 3.90 lO.l.ft 1.60 10.8ft 4 10 10.25 3.05 10.9 3.35 9.85 3.15 0.75 3.85 10.10 3.23 10.23 4.32 10.82 3.25 9.40 4.00 11.-1(1 5.20 10.53 4.15 10.65 1.20 10.85 6.2" 11.65 2.15 10.00 3.15 9.75 2u50 10.60

2.41
2.65 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.80 8.10
2.35 2.26 2.20 2.60 2.51 2.10 2.40 2.40 2.20 2.45 2.55
2.15 3.00 2 30 3.30
2.35 2 10 2.80 2.40 2.80
3.06 2.3ft
2.5'
2.10 2.65 2.65 2.10 2.05 2.05 2.20 2.3D
2.10 2.20 2.10
2.60 2
2.80 2.2' 2.60 2.00 2.10
2.15

1.35 30.35 1.20 31.04 2.00 28.64 1.56 29.47
1.60 29.70 1.20 32.3S
1.30 31.26 2.00 32
1.50 29.60 1.60 29.62 1.25 10.81 1.10 0.94
1.00 26.76 1.50 29.34 1.59 29.34
2.00 28.92 0.76 30.07 1.51 81.8S 2.20 30.6) 2.20 36.00
30.5b l!35 34.18
1.50 31 06 2 00 31.9' 1.00 32.88 3.0 32.84 1.00 32.78 2.00 31.82 1.60 31.
l.K 30.60 1.60 31.80 1.20 81.04 1.5( 31.8S 1.25 29.31 1.25 SO. 53 1.16 28.23 1.25 -0.6J 1.05 29.53
1.50 29.16 1 65 31.21
1.75 28.11 1.50 83.06 1.25 32.25 1.00 32.38 1.90 31.70 1.00 33.66
1.40 28.60 1.80 28.86
1.55 30.29

200 Chesapeake Go. Co, Baltimore, Md Chesapeake Go. Co, Baltimore. Md.

S3i0n0n W w. TT. Cra]iae, G/',.rwiffi;i,,n, Gr*na...

Clark's Cove Go.Co, New Bdfd.Mass

3d Chemical Co. of Canton, Balt.Md. Chemical Co. of Canton. Bait., Md.

100 Savannah Guano Co, Savannah. Ga Savannah Guano Co, Savannah

Savannah Guano Co, Savannah.Ga. Savannah Guano Co, Savannah.

100 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga... Perry M. Dei eon Savannah, Ga

10 shepoo Phos. Co. Charleston. S.C. Af-hepoo Phos. Co,.Charleston, S.C. 1( EdistoPhos. Co, Charleston, S.C. Edisto Phos. Co, Charleston, 8. C.

100 -Savannah Guano Co, Savannah, Ga Savannah Guano Co, Savannah. Ga.

Savannah Guano Cn, Savannah.Ga. Savannah Guano Co, Savannah, Ga.

"'50 Etiwan Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C .. Etiwan Phos. Co, Charleston,s.C. 15224521552121111l25041655050121J0635105210000505510664(20000000050U0'100J07.':.00'400010''01i0000('00SOJCLMLNTMCDJRLCBJJNJGF0'HCRsRJFJFNJRiR.a.o.ntahoh.herlaaoeo.a..n.a.erhuenav.airnahoeFvoeaarenvSW olhhCaoAaeVmrrArAaCedigsimdiA.n..&.g.ealmdsnmns.t.enant.w.s..o..Rnmasit.RW oW iW pW &tnnttHGa&M cspScaMHSBHo&M HiGzaoMeH.oaananeGen.ttoni.raaonhFuhlnao.oeGaCusLaW 'ae&.a'oCksrMwAuscSeirrrevndvk*anoG&rroddnoreGClGado&arrcadna,,etehngyeniwFRFytter.ncololluoCreCouGgei,F&miNHgleelomGr.eoetCiolit,,e,,enaC.sNotter,eitceruC'rnuo.tl'soraAnzuaB,nsmHrmBklenC&rASaCA.<neloSf&n,eneoaatYS,5,l,rn,uewo,ciaaoerronnuSCtoW Ala&CogCc,.&lhwSICA,.PeioSSngCAo,ItAv,m 'auzSYeoti.aoom BnouAeikCavltmaonACCS'nts,,Clv&a.alrsntvso,ipln,.moAattasteovoapn,aanCM o.totoaAa,rlSln&CS',n,alr,vanntasttCt,'kBri.onnaBSstaail,*anottvenaGinSnBt,mCBannb.laholGvvaaaC,.,nginaatafCauGatau,loa.,,aavalaoBnoltaaBaonhlSMvBtthGo,lrtonnaeGalr,aahGir,ttig,aaat.,adm ,nnaiennaAmadh,.iSaGlvmn,la.lmAa.,GantGt,CtG.taaonioiVhahiNalom'mtanvmao.oaG.ralrl.har.aaaeeGnarhnnooe.o..ane....n..aCn..t.r...r..a.r.....at...h.'e.e.e.....ha...,CJNDGGGCGTJRULGCCRLJJRCGHKBCBRRCIRF.REhn'ohahaeaoao.a.ieheliaeaau.ierm Fliea.aoo.vnahee.caaaorvieaaaoVW ClmaFnslis.mer.k.gaddrln.Csdirst.Cmdia.iCktk.nRutoswrksW awienmW.oM lopiW hnW 'hsa&ttepahcfHs'<*aalozosHeiasGeeotnlyFiGa.ueeenihneG.oFaou..mamsnlCakmC&euaW Cen'dkM CtiuwC.FesuM FCkdI*Sn'Craiaioi&oyoedairooCcleace,tooeaon&ctichv,FvtRemonzii.anavlroF,nrniGaooovleeieGo.htolClllN.eeoitn,lgei&NesatM 'niiPW ttorGrsolout,czGC,rW ,tW lmnriGC.W oHa&ele&.fkez&tocIColwo&BeoSCBnw,zoroCm lr,e.Co,Coarr.oCto&e,ao*S'.aCIark.rCrw,oCiPoCYCCl,rH,vrRSm pkaYklosiCSo,k,CrotBeoonCoCo,knaCBassn'NoA ioea.asot,ot.B,,pomt.,,,Bntivooa,N,nilyevo,,W oaoenSi,Atk'l,taNarACM Pr,AM lkaataicowNBetnA,slataB.lmsnIilnktloiraiwBrCetvP,um,vsuhbBltlame,iiineu,nowainmcilillmYoglaawgu,S,maflfaBagasRotnoEBr,NtlnuloouirthirhnGeooutMe'rtrmoanooBRgarnsd,EriisaB,ee,Cdrisdemdlantgysrtfakde.,e,otoataMGnaeGe,.td.Y,aatGi.hdV.CosryodG,mMN.Ml,aCeaP,ftdM M I,raafnoaoSMa.GGeso.oo.d'tdP'nr..iaarir.da.aCyd''nn'dssed't.ss.t

r-- ~ _
<
IT. ^1
M to H w N
S70 *
^

TABLE I.--CONTINUED.
C\
PHOSPHORIC ACID.

NAME OF BRAND.

& 6

S 3

w

BY WHOM AND WHERE MAN-

FOR WHOM IXSPECTFD.

UFACTURED.

D

3 ~
3 "

M

M

>

73

i'.io Old Putnam

12.00 0.50 8.20 1.85 io.o: 2.25 1.45 29.65

Ober's Soluble Am'd Super Phos. of Lime 9.00 2.50 6.15 4.61 10.76 2.61 2.25 13.17

OurOwn

12.CO 0.55 8.45 1.55 10.00 2.25 1.50 29.60

lOglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 13 10 2.40 9.25 1.35 10.61 2.40 3.00 32.84

Pomona Guano



10.50 3.20 6

3.15 10.00 2.4; 1.25 30.07

Patapsco Soluble Amra'd Super-phos

11.75 3.10 7.20 3.22 10.42 2.14 1.60 30.14

^low Brand Raw Bone Super-phosphate... 11.00 2.10 6.71 4.30 11.05 3.16 2.20 35.67

'(Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer

13.10 2.40 9.2 1.35 10.60 2.40 3.00 32.84

/Powhattan Raw Bone Am'd Super-phos.. 10.75 3.20 7.00 3.23 10.23 2.00 1.50 29.16

Potent Pacific

12.00 3.50 8.00 3.2: 11.25 2.40 1.20 82.34

Rnss'll Coes Am'd Bone Super-phos

in.75 2.20 5.50 4.60 10.10 1.70 1.30 27.62

Royal Super-phosphate

15.''0 2.70 9.20 1.60 10.80 2.30

29.8s

Russell Coe Fertilizer

13.00 2.60 5 00 6.45 10.45 2.85

31.46

RialtoGuano

10.50 3.45 6.45 3.85 10.30 2.15 1.40 29.74

Reliance Amm'd Super-phos..

11.(0 2.7.", 5.05 4 10.28 2.38 1.70 30.83

/Reed's Cotton Food

12.35 2.80 8.75 1.60 10.35 2.55 1.50 31 .38

Sea Fowl B. D. Guano

13.00 2.30 8.80 2.25 11.05 2.60 0.75 :-2.31

Soluble Pacific Guano ...

I].10 2.7'3 7.55 2.60 10.15 2.85 1.25 31.81

ireldner's Champion Cotton Grower

10.60 3.50 6.45 3.SO 10.25 2.18 1.25 29.60

Stern's Amm'd Raw Bone Super-phos ... 6.20 1.15 8.10 8.80 11.40 2.88 2.65 35.82

Sea Fowl Guano

12.50 2.00 7.45 2.80 10.25 2.50 0.90 30.40

Stono Soluble Ouano

10.50 3.1G 5.85 5.40 11.25 2.88 1.50 34

oSoluble Sea Island

14.00 3.16 5.8: 3.25 9.10 2.10 1.00 26.76

iStokely & Mctoahan's, Amm'd Bone

12.50 2.4" 7.50 3.35 10, 2.80 1.00 82.78

Soluble Pacific Guano ...

11.26 3.00 7.85 2.15 10.0) 2. 1.15 29.61

/Seldner's Amm'd Bone Phos

12.35 2.80 8.75 1.60 10.35 2.55 1.50 31.38

Star Brand Guano

9.25 2.50 8.50 1.15 9.65 2.05 0.85 27.53

Sterling Guano

10..80 2.00 7.25 2.95 O.'JO 2.25 1.10 29.60

Walker's Gold Dust

13.00 1.50 7.15 3.10 10.2: 2.15 1.10 29.34

Wright's Solid Guano

15.00 1.00 7.50 3.0(1 10.50 2.45 1.2" 31.02

Wando Fertilizer

10.76 2.80 5.40 6.oa II.4') 2.30 1.05 32.13

Wilcox & Gibbs Manipulated Gunno. | 8.75 2.00 3 501 5.45 05 2.7 2.50 32.30

Savannah Guano Co., Savannah. Ga Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga

20 G. Ober <teSons Co , Baltimore, Md G. Ober&Sons Co., Baltimore.

100 Savannah Guano Co..Savannah,Ga Savannah Guano Co., SavanDah Ga

100 Hammond. Hull & Co., Sa*au'h, Ga Hammond, Hull &Co., Ft. Roy'l.SO

100 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

10 Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore.

20 Walton, Whann & Co., Macon. Ga. Walton, Whann & Co., Wllm'n, Del

100 Hammond. Hull &Co., Savannah.. Hammond. Hullo; Co., Pt. Roy'l.SC

20 Lorentz & Rittler, Baltimore

Lorentz & Rittler, Baltimore, Md.

100 Perry M. DeLeon. Savannah ... Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

66 R. E. Mason, Westminster, S. C... Russell Coe, Linden, N. J.

150 H. M. Comer & Co.. Savannah, Ga. Bradley Fert'z. Co., Kos'on, Mass.

400 J. F. Wheaton, Savannah, Ga

Russell Coe, Linden, N. J.

20 Rialto Guano Co., Savonnah, Ga... Rialto Guano Co., Savannah. Ga.

30 Walton, Whann & Co., Macon, Ga. Walton, Whann & Co., Wilm'n, Del

20 Rialto Guano Co., Savannah.

Rialto Guano Co., Savannah.

50 Pollard & Roberson, Angus'a, Ga.. Bradley Fert'z. Co.. Boston, Mass.

300 Woods & Co., Savannah, Ga

Pacific Gu. Co., Woods Hole, Mass.

20 F. c. Grange. Atlanta, Ga

Rialto Guano Co.. Baltimore, Md.

15|Winteis & Leag, Marietta, Ga.. .. sterns Fe. & Ch. M'l'g Co., New Or.

50 N. A.Hardees,Son<fcCo.. Savannah Bradley F't'z, N. Weymouth, Mass.

25 Stono Phosphate Co., Chariest'n, S.C Stono Phos'e Co., Charleston, S. C.

50 Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md

75 Jno. Merryman & Co., Balt'ore, Md Jno. Merryman & Co., Bar'n Is.,NY

2000 Pacific Guano Co., Charleston, S. C. Pacific Guano Co., Charleston, S. C.

36 F. C. Grange, Sec'y, Savannah

Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga

20 Cozart, Burns & Co., Washi'ton, Ga. Allison * Addison, Richmond, Va.

78 Clarence Anger, Atlanta, Ga

Manhattan & Chemical Co., N. Y.

200 Stono Phos'e Co.. Charleston. S. C. tono Phos'e Co . Charleston, S. C.

25 Read & Co., N. Y

Read & Co., N. Y.

50 Wando Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

lOOIThe Wilcox & Gibbs Go Co., Sav'nlTho Wilcox & Gibbs Gu. Co , Siv'h'.

H g
K
H O
> O
73 l-H
arO a
73 PI
o w o a73

n ,, 7 'o amS.?'thls ''.rand' aB h?'c ?ve?',s ''"'"" MJ* aPPe rs in tne usu"1 formal "Keqaests for lusptctlon" which is autographed, in both cases by Symiii"toii

.,3 ?TMp.?8 w.e[e tak,e" ln fte u.1Uill *ay,_' by 8W0TM 90or8la Inspectors, from two distinct lots and ou different occasions, and were separately analyzed

* by the State Chemist, without knowledge that they each represented the same brand.'
in Commercial Value and fairly represents Symington's "Ammoniated Bone.

The analyses are, without doubt, substantially correct, differing only 61 cents CoMMISSIONEK.

TABLE II.--Acid Phosphates, Dissolved Bones, Natural Guanos, Chemicals, etc.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.

NAME OF BRAND.

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED.

3>

run Atlanta Soluble Bone

10.50

Acid Phosphate and Potash

8.78

Acid Phosphate

12.00

aAcid Phosphate

12.11)

6Atlantic Acid Phosphate

18.25

6Athens Dissolved Bone

13.25

oAtlantic Dissolved Bone

18.25

Ashepoo Dis'd Bone with Am'a and Potash 10.50

Ashepoo Bone Ash.

lLOo

Ammonlated Acid Phosphate

12.75

Ashley Dissolved Bone

10.50

Acid Phosphate

,

13.75

Acid Phosphate

,,]

14.25

Acid Phospnate

12.50

A. T. Heath's Soluble Bone

...'.'. 7.50

Ashley Acid Phosphate

12.50

Asbepoo Acid Phosphate

13.00

Cranston Acid Phosphate

8.75

(Charleston Acid Phosphate

14.65

Chatham Acid Phosphate

11.75

oCherokee Dissolved Bone

13.25

Dissolved Bone Phos. So. Ca

8.50

Dissolved So. Ca. Bone

13.25

Dissolved So. Ca. Bone

' 10.00

Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime

11.60

Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime ...

13.00

Del.eon's Dissolved Bone Phosphate .. 11.00

Diamond Soluble Bone

10.50

Eutau Bone Ash

.......'! 10.00

Eaisto Acidulated Rock...'..'.'.'...'..'.".. 13.00

EdistoAcid Phosphate ...

15.70

Etiwan Acid Phosphate

15.25

Etiwan Dissolved Bone

14.50

Edisto Ammoniated Acid Phosphate!.'. 12.50'

8.70 12.15 2.50 7.60 2.00 11.10 1.35 11 1.25 10.05 1.25 10 0.' 1.25 10.05 3.25 8.30 3.25 9.25 0.50 8.35 1.50 10.60 1 5.85 2.15 12.25 4.0O 7.55 2.05 6,75 1.50 8.86 2.6 i 10.55 2.25 11.10 1.40 19.10 2.00 5.40 1.25 10.05 2.80 10.00 3.25 10-30 8.00 40 4.00 11.05 4.50 10.00 1.60 9.90 1 7.25 S,( 0 8-20 i.ee 14.'5 1.00 11,05
1.25 10.05 2.0H 8.20,
2.00| .50l

1,05
4.80 12.40 2.10 13.20 1.95 13.70
8.60 18.66 3.6' 13.65
8.60 13 65 3.01 11.30
4.00 13.25 3.S0 12.15 3,50 14.10
7.45 13.30 1.85 14.10
3.70 11.25 5.90 12.65 4.29 t3.!5 3.20 13.
3.20 14.80 3.30 13.40
7.50 12.90 3.60 13.65
8.50 13.60 1.80 12.10 4.1" .50 1.20 12.25
4.10. 14.10 3.35 13.25 6.22 13.47 4.00 12.20 2.00 10.15 2.05 li.10 2.65 12.70
5.25 13.45
1.75 10.25

1.25 1.20
1.40

21.40 1.40 26.20
26.40
27.40 1.00 28.30 1.00 28.30 1.00 23.30 1.00 28.10 1.65 28.15 1.20 29.82
28.20 26.60 28.20 22.50 1.20 26.50 0.90 27.20
27.50 28.60 1.10 27.90 0.20 26.00 1.00 28.30 27.00 24.20 25.00
24.60 28.20 1.20 27.70 2K.94 2,85 26.75 32.20
1.E0 27.70 1.00 26.40
29.90 105 26.59

100 Gco. MoKenzie, Scc'y, Atlanta.. The Atlanta Guano Co., At'anta. Ga.

50 Peodleton Quano Co.. Atlanta.... 12 National Fe>'z. Co., Nashv'e, Tenn 100 Hammond, Hull & Co., Sav'ah Ga

Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga.
National Fert'zer Co., Nashville, Tenn. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. C.

300 Atlantic Phos. Co.. Char'ston, S. C Atlantic Phos'eCo., Charleston, S. C.

50 Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. O 2n0 Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. C

Atlantic Phos'e Co., Charleston, S. C. Atlantic Phos'e Co., Charleston, S. C.

lOAshepoo Ph's. Co., Char'ston, S.C Ashepoo Phos'e Co., Ohar'cston, S. C.

50, Ashepoo Ph's. Co., Char'ton, S. C. Ashepoo Phos'e Co., Charleston, 8. C.

100. Atlantic Phos. c0., Char'ston, S. C Atlantic Phos'e Co., Charleston, S. C.

50|Ashley Phos. Co.. Char'ston, S. C. Ashley Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.

lOLawson, Kessler&Co., Bal're. Md Lawson, Kessler & Co., Baltimore, Md.

100 Savannah Go. Co., Savannah, 6a. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

100 Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co., altimore.

10|Ga. Chem'l & Mining Co., Atlanta Georgia < hem'l & Mining Co., Atlanta,

100 Ashley Phos Co., char'ston, S. C Ashl'-y Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.

100! Asbepoo Ph's. Co.,Cha'ston, S. C. Ashepoo Phos. Co.,' harleston, S. C.

50 R. P. sibley, Augusta, Ga.. .. R. P. Sibley, Augusta, Ga.

500 Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Stono Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. .

50 100 30 40
5 5()o

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga. Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S.C. G. Obev & Sons o.. Baltimore, Md P. S. Chappell <fe Son, Balt'ore, Md Chem'l Co. of Canton, Balt'ore, Md Pacific Go. Co., Charleston, S. C..

Peny M. DeLeon, Savannah.
Atlantic Phos. Co , Charleston, S. C. ft. Ober&Sons Co., Ba'timore, Md. P. S. Chappell & Son, Baltimore, Md. Chemical Co. ot Canton. Baltim'e. Md. Pacific Guano Co., Charleston, S. C.

150'J. O. Mathewson & Co., Augusta... Pacific Guano Co., Wood's Hole, Mass

50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

50 5c"0 10 10 101 150 10

Walton, Whann & Co., Macon, Ga Ashepoo Ph's. Co.,Cha'ston, S. C.
Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston. Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston! Etiwan Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. C. Etiwan Phos.Co., Char'ston, S. C. Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

Walton, Whann & Co., Wilming'n, Del. Ashepoo Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C.
Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C. Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C. Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, 8. C
Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.

>
< > r
C/J
M
CO
O *3
*u M SO H

TABLE II--CONTINUED.

PHOSPHORIC ACID. 6

NAME OP BRAND.

u 0 m
g

6
3
0
1
3

aJ 35 0

6
V
8 >
W

>
8)

'o3
< S i

JBzell'e Dissolved Bone

13.00

jtatau Acid Phosphate

18.0

Franklin's Acid Phosphate

13.75

Parish Furman's Formula

10.00

rFioe Baw Bone

^Farmer's Acid Phosphate

12.10

Ga. Cnem'l Works A. P. without Potash.. 9.50

Grange Acid Phosphate

13.50

Geo. W. Scott Charleston Acid Phosphate. 12.75

Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphaie.... 10.2^

^Georgia Chem'l Works Acid Phosphate.. 12.60

oGeorgia State Standard A. P

12.10

High Grade Acid Phosphate

13.50

High Grade Acid Phosphate

17.00

Hardee's Acid Phosphate

11.00

Uordee's Phosphate and Potash

10.30

Ilarle & Co. Dissolved Bone

11.50

Kainit

10.60 3.17 13.7' 9.85 3.55 13.40 10.20 3.85 14.05 6.50 3.85 10.3'
it.'76 1.95 13.70
15.65 1.16 16.8') 9.40 2.26 11.65 8.80 3.05 11.85 10.50 3.70 14.20 11.10 8.65 14.65 11,75 1.95 13.70 11.50 2.25 13.75 11.10 1.88 12.48 9.50 3.50 18.00 8.50 8.7" 12.20 9.88 3.42 13.30

Kinit

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit Kainit Kainit

Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit

Kinit

Katnlt

Kainit ^Magnolia Acid Phosphate
Navassa Acid Phosphate dOglethorpe Acid Phosphate OrchilhiGua.no

12.25 0.55 10.46 2.75 13.20 14.00 2.15 8.50 3.70 12.20 11.75 0.1 10.50 2.40 12.90 10.20 17.68

1 u 0 0g r

o3 * .5
to "O
J3 > 3
& ."23 >5 a)

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU- O

FACTURED.

M

*>rj

H

27.64 60 Ashepoo Phos Co., Cha'ston, s. C Ashepoo Phos'e < o., harleston, s. C. 27.80 50 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Cha'ston S. C. Asbcpoo Phos'e Co., Charlpston, S. C.

M

28.10 25.05

5" F. U. Grange. Sec'y, Savannah, Ga Rialto <iuano Co., Savannah, Ga. 60 Furman's Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta Furman's Farm Imp't Co., East p't, Ga.

!?!
H

IS A. A. Fletcher* Co., Marietta, Ga North Western Fertilizer, Chicago, 111. 27.40 100 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal. ?3.H0 150 Ga. Chenrcal Works, Augusta Get rgia Chemical Works, Augusta.

O "1

23.30 25.20
28.40
30.40 27.40 27.50

10 Kialto Guano Co., Savarnab, Ga . Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. 150 Geo W Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ga Geo W. i-cott & Co.. Atlanta. Ga. 600 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga Baldwin & Co . Port Royal, b. C. 500 Georgia Chemi'l Works, Augusta. Georgia Chemical W rks, Augusta, Ga. .. . Hammond, Hull &. Co.. Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal.
100 Jno. Merryman A Co., Baltimore.. Imported.

> o
50
o c

24.96 800 Jno. Merryman & Co.. Baltimore.. Imported.

t-1

27.12 1(1 Ashepoo Phos. Co , Ch'ston, S. C. Ashepoo Phos'e Co., Charleston, 8. C. H

26 02 10 \ehepor> Phos. Co., Cha'ston, S.C. Ashepoo Phos'e Co., Charleston, S. C. G

27.85 10 J. W. Haite & Co., Atlanta,Ga ... J. W. Harle & Co., Atlanta.

50

9.50 10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta. Ga

Imported.

9.00 100 Walton, Whann* Co., Wil'n.Del. Imported.

10.00 10 Geo. W. Crane, Augusta, Ga ... Imported.

M
I

1.60 20 Webster. Davis & Co., Atlanta. Ga Imported.

O

11.60 100 Atlantic Phrs. Co., Cha'ston, s. C Imported.

M

11.65 60 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Ini ported.

O

11.50 500 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga. .. Im pot ted.

50

10.70 100 The Wilcox Gibbs G. Co , Sav'nah Imported.

O

11.80 50 Savannah Guano Co, Savannah... Imported. 12.60 SO Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C Imported,

>

12.40 10 Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Imported.

18.40 100 Jno. Merryman* Co.,Bait're, Md. Imported.

12.10 30 Weld & Hartshorne, Savannah, Ga Imported.

12.C0 26 Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Imported.

11.6=1 60 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Cha'ston, S. C. Imported.

27.75 10 M. A. Stovall, Augusta, Ga

Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta.

25.65 10 Jordan & Pope. Augusta, Ga

Navassa Guano Co., Wilmington, N. C.

-3 26.80 50 Hammond, Hull A Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., P't Royal, 8. C. 160 Trovers, Spead & Co., Ri'ni'd, Va. Natural Guano,

^=

<ZOglethorpe Dissolved Bone Pendleton's Phosphate for Composting., Phos) hate Floats
rotash Acid Phosphate *Pure Ground Tankage .. .. Pure Dissolved So. Ca. Bone Pomona Acid Phosphate
dPort Royal Acid Phosphate dPort Royal Dissolved Bone Phosphate... Piitapsco Acid Phosphate tPure Ground Bone Russell Coe's Bone Superphosphate Stono Dissolved Bone e t* tono Acid Phosphate. b Soluble Bone Acid Phosphate /^Soluble Bone Dust Wetzler Acid Phosphate Wando Dissolved Bone, .. Wando Acid Phosphate Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone a W eston's Dissolved Bone XX A cid Phosphate

0.85 10.50 2.40 12.90

-|25.f0 50 Hammond, Hullo: Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal.

3.15 8.40 4.50 12.90 2n.80

27.15 50 Pcndleton Guano Co., At'anta, Ga Pendleton's Guano Co., Atlanta. 10(1 Atlantic Phos. Co., Cha'ston, S. C. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

^1

2.75 7.S5 2 60 10.45

2.50 23.40 100 Lorentz & Ritiler, Baltimore, Md. Lorentz it Rittler, Baltimore, Md.

13.48

5.3i 0.35

16 J. O. Jelks & Co., Hawkins'le, Ga A. B. Mayer & Son, St. Loui", Mo.

4.10 6.W 4.90 i'.'lS

22.30 5 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore hemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore, Md

0.90 11.60 2.55 14.16

1.25 '29.55 51 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

0 85 .0 50 2.4n 12.90 0.85 10.50 2.40 12.90

25.8 150 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. C.
26.80 to Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Hammcnd, Hull & Co., Port Royal.

1.25 10.70 2. 13.50

l'.li 28.16 1( Paiapsco Guano Co., Baltimore... Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore.

i'.m 22 00

4.08

2.15 '5.50 5.60 li.'io

12 Winters A Legg, Marietta, Ga .. Stein's F'z. & Chem. Co., 3ST. Orl's, La. 23.70 100 R. E. Mason, Westminster, S. C. Russell Coe, Linden. N. J.

1.45 10.15 4.02 14.17

2<.34 25 Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

1.40 10.10 3. 13.40 1.25 10.05 3.60 13.65 0.20 11.10 3.55 14.05

i.K 27. CO 22: Stono Phos. Co. Charleston, S. C. Stono Phosphate Co , Charleston, S. C.

1.00 28.3d :o Atlantic Phos. Co, Charleston,S.C Atlanta Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C.

>

1.1(1 30.4C 1110 M. A. Stovall, Augusta, Ga

Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

2.00 9.50 2.15 11.65 2.10 10.01 g.75 13.76 1.8 8.35 4.65 13.00

23.30 25 A. Wetzler, Atlanta, Ga

S. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga.

27.5(' 100 Wando Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. Wando, Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C.

1.2(1 27.20 HO Wando Phos. Co, Charleston, S. O Wando Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C.

>
f

2.2" 8.0 3.00 1105 2.30

30.38 20 Wando Phos. Co, Charleston, S.C. Wando Phosphate Co, Charleston, S, C.

w

1.86 11,7 1 1'5 13.70

27.40

Hammond, Hull & Co, Savannah Hammond Hull & Co, Savannah, Ga.

W

1.8B 8.00 6.10 14.10

.. .28.20

Walton.Whan & Co, Wilm'gt'n.Del Walton, Whann & Co, Wilmington, Del.

f Rawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper, as it has not been acidulated. The whole of the phosphoric acid is, therefore, reported as '' insoluble,'

O

though, p: aclically, it is much more available as plant food than phosphoric acia from other sources. A good, finely ground bone meal is worth about $40 (0.

DUPLICATE BKANDS--In some instances, fertilizers manufactured by the same formula, and actually sacked from the same bulk--being in every respect identi-

cal--are sold under different names. Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables by letters a, 6, e, etc., preHxed to the same, those having the same letter the

W

same (able being identical, or sacked and shipped from the same bulk.

"Insoluble phosphoric acid is not immediately available as plant rood. If derived from natural guanos (as Peruvian, Orchilla, etc.) it speedily btcomes available ;

H

if frum animal bone, it becomes available within two or three y<ars; if from phosphate rock, it remains unavailable for a considerable length of time. Natural

gnanos and bones have, therefore, value in this connection if immediate resu'ts are not desired.

Thcse goods are ammoniated, in whole or in part, with a material known as " Piep: red Hoof and Horn," The e is some difference of opinion as to the exact agricultural value of this preparation, as a source of ammonia. It is invariably conceded, however, that the nitrogen it contains is much less available than in Raw

N w

Bone, Dried Blood and other animal substances. Laboratory experiments made upon the special material used in these specific cases, show that about 74 per cent,

of its total Nitrogen is available. In Dried Blood (Red), 99 per cent, in Fish Scrap, 88 per cent, and in Cotton Seed Meal, 84 per cent, is available.

in

NOTICE-Baker's prepared chemicals, as given in Table No. 1, is not in conformity with the laws of Georgia, and the sale of the same is accordingly prohibited.

Lee's agiicultural lime: sand 7.10; lime, 36.50 ; potash, 3.35. Sulphate of lime carbonate of lime. Inspected for Anderson & Fuller, Augusta, Ga., manufactured by A. 8. Lee, Richmond, Va.

VO

THE COMMONWEALTH
--OF-
GEORGIA.
PART II.
FIELD CROPS, FRUITS, GRASSES, GARDEN AND TRUCK PRODUCTS.
BY J. T. HENDERSON, COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: JAS. P. HAKKJSON & Co., STATE PKIKTEKS.
1865.

THE
COMMONWEALTH OF GEORGIA,
PART II.
FRUIT IN GEORGIA.
Under the sanction and approval of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, sixty-four varieties of apples are scattered over the State in orchard and garden culture, fifty-five varieties of peaches, thirty of pears, thirty-three of grapes, thirteen of nectarines, twelve of apricots, eighteen of plums, sixteen of cherries, twelve of figg, five of quinces, and three of mulberries. This is the sifted and expurgated list of the Society. The character of the individuals who compose this distinguished body, and the success and reputation achieved by many of them, give to their judgment on fruits the very highest authority. The catalogue that is given here, for most of the fruits named, might be easily duplicated--perhaps quadrupled if less stringent rules of testing were adopted than such as have obtained in that Society. But it is meant to be understood that every fruit mentioned in the list published by authority of the State Horticultural Society, is one entitled to rank in the choicest collections.
To the enumeration given above of standard fruits of very general culture throughout the State, and popularity, the almond, Japan persimmon, orange, lemon,pomegranate,olive and banana might be added. There are many square miles of territory in Georgia where each of these last named fruits might be easily made profit, able. It will have a strange sound to many who are enthusisatic in horticultural pursuits, to hear that the entire orchard product of the State is under eight hundred thousand dollars in value, as appears from the last census. While few citizens of the State will be ready

DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE.

(26]

to concede these figures as a true representation of onr yearly orchard production, still it must be admitted that the great advantages offered to the fruit growers in Georgia in point of climate, soil and general adaptedness, have not been availed of as they should have been. King Cotton will have this reproach to bear among the multitude of others. The remarkable fitness of the State for producing a wide range of varieties of the most luscious fruit, it would seem should long ago have attracted to the pursnit a very reat degree of interest and a large amount of capital, both domestic and external. With the exceptions of the States of South Carolina and Alabama, if indeed these be exceptions, is there another State in the Union that can match Georgia's list of valuable fruits that attain on her soil the highest perfection? Let us begin with the apple, and speak of the encouragement in natural advantages offered to those who would wish to invest extensively in its culture
in this State. If we commence our survey at the northern line of the State, we
will find in the western half of that section a blue limestone formation which obtains extensively in the valleys and lower hillsides. The mean temperature for the year is about 60 degrees. With a choice of the richest land for pears and apples, in the vail \ys, or of lands less fertile on the hills and table lands, it would seem that nothing more was needed in physical conditions to make upper Georgia the Paradise of the apple. Frost and insect enemies in most localities throughout the Union seem to make the worst drawbacks to apple culture as well as the successful raising of most other fruits. In upper Georgia there is enjoyed on the high table lands, ranging in elevation from 1,500 to 2,000 feet above the sea level, an exemption from spring frosts that makes a very noticeable fact. While in the lower valleys most destructive frosts are experienced in the late spring, on the highest peaks or table lands, where clearings have been invited, we notice a very singular exemption from this dreaded enemy of the orchardist. The reason of this is perhaps the more equable temperature and slighter dews on the table lands. The mean temperature of Lookout Mountain is about 57 degrees, while that of Rome, 1,600 feet lower, is 62. There are apple trees standing in many places in that part of the State we are

[2/]

FRUIT IN GEORGIA

5

discussing which were planted by the Cherokee Indians, and from their growth and venerable appearance, must be the better part of a century old. .
Some of the popular varieties of apples grown by the orahardists of Northern Georgia are of high flavor and remarkable keeping qualities. Shockleys have been kept in perfect condition as to soundness fourteen months.
As we drop below the Chattahoochee River, we enter the true fruit domain of the State. Here we find the apple very extensively cultivated, and with most satisfactory results. The longevity of the tree may not be as great as we find it in "Cherokee Georgia," but in many other respects the inducements to engage in the raising of apples exceed those in the higher lands.
In the upper portion of Lower Georgia great success has been attained in the cultivation of both the Shockley and Horse apple. It is believed by some that the very sightliest apple orchard in the state is one of the Shockley apple as low down as the county of Emanuel. In the sea coast and Florida tier of counties,the exception to general fruit culture is.found in the partial success that has been attained in the raising of apples.
To the amateur, the orchardist or the capitalist who would engage in canning or drying, there cannot be found a more inviting field for apple culture than a very broad extent of country in this State offers.
THE PEACH.

Fifty five varieties of peaches are vouched for by that high authority, :the "Georgia State Horticultural Society." And such peaches! It is true that much of late has been done by haste and carelessness in the handling and shipping of Georgia peaches, to bring discredit upon the peerless character of this fruit. Peaches plucked green and sent off to market by the 25th of May, it would seem, could not be very popular outside the walls of a female high school. Still the fact stand* and will stand, that taking a belt of country, beginning at the Chattahoochee, in the county of Muscogee, and following a line drawn on that parallel to the Savannah river, we will find more surface adapted to perfect peach production than any other similar extent pn the earth/a surfaq^r Tiiis is a bold,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[28]

assertion, but let it be tested ever so severely and we will find the

proofs to thicken.

The enemies to peach culture are none of them very formidable.

The borer, which, like the curcnlio, seems to have a roaming com-

mission for the entire surface of the United States, very generally

attacks the young tree. While this is the fact it is to be doubted

if any fatal effects to the tree often follow the attacks of this ene-

my. Late spring frosts and rot have more to do with miscarriage

and loss in the year's operations of our orchards than all other cau-

ses together. When the question of transportation shall have been

settled, there is to be a splendid field of enterprise opened up to our

fruit growers, and tens of thousands of acres of land will be devo-

ted to the growing of peaches, the Queen of fruits, where we now

have only hundreds. The advantages possessed by the peach grow-

er of Georgia far exceed those enjoyed by the orchardist of any

other State in the Union. Florida can never compete in the pro-

duction of very early peaches. The sorts that are to supersede

those of this State which are earliest in the markets of the North,

are yet to be introduced. The peach grower of this State will, in

all likelihood, for an indefinite period, enjoy the profits of a first

market, at least three weeks sooner than any other section in the

United States ; and while the day of $40 per crate for first peaches,

and a shilling apiece for Susquehannas has passed away forever,

the call for the highest priced peaches at the opening of the year's

fruit trade, must inevitably be with this State. It is, then, only a

question of skill, capital and transportation, in settling the great fu-

ture of fruit culture, especially peach culture, in Georgia. If a

reasonable proportion of the capital which present prospects of gain

in fruit production is enticing into the business, could only be

diverted towards the erection of great canning and drying establish-

ments for the encouragement of those now producing fruit, we would

find that all who handled it would flourish and paying profits be

secured, and the present crushing handicap of transportation be tri-

umphantly evaded.

PEARS,

There are thirty standard varieties of pears cultivated in Georgia which have received the approving indorsement of the Pomo*

[*>]

FRUIT IN GEORGIA.

logical Society of the State. The most ot these are the best known to the amateur's list. We could easily designate names on that list which might successfully challenge comparison with any specimens of this fruit coming from any quarter of the earth. It would be impossible to show better Bartletts, Seckels or Beurre Boscs raised anywhere than can be exhibited in any section in the pear-producing districts of the State. We name these varieties, not because they are solitary or singular in the pefection they attain, but for their remarkable excellence. The introduction of that now very distinguished specimen known as the LeConte, has marked the pear culture of the State with some very striking peculiarities. The interest taken in its culture amounts to enthusiasm and excitement. The parent tree is still extant, standing, as one might say, in the very breath of the sea air. It has furnished the cuttings from which hundreds of thousands of trees have been propagated, and the promise and profits from its culture have been so great that in one instance an investment of as large a capital as one hundred thousand dollars has been made for the purpose of propagating the tree and shipping its fruit. The facts of its growth from cuttings, its almost perfect exemption from blight, its immense yield in sure crops, the size, sightliness and forwardness of its fruit have attracted to it a degree of interest which has distinguished very few specimens of the pear in its history in the United States. The sea coast country, while in a great degree shut out from the apple and peach culture, proves its adaptednesa for pears in a very striking degree. It '8 questionable if any other section of Georgia can exhibit orchards of this fruit which make such a display of a perfect development as do those of the low country. The certainty and perfection of the crop, and the ease with which they may be sent to market in merchantable condition, gives a very flattering outlook for those who have invested in producing this luscious fruit.

GRAPES,

Thirty-three popular names are enrolled on Georgia's list of grapes. The once famous Oatawba is no longer found on it. In the first two years of its introduction the promise of that particular

8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[3o]

grape made an era in truit cnltnre in the South. Hundreds of acres of land were trenched two feet deep for vineyards of the Catawba, and the reports of the crops were flatly denied by Mr. Longworth as impossible, who at that day was the leading authority on Catawba cultivation.
Single canes with forty pounds of perfect grapes have been exhibited at the State Fair, and the hopes and expectations of the friends of the Catawba were excited to the highest point. But, strange to say, in a short season the soil of Georgia had no hospitable spot left for its growth and every vineyard in the State was pitilessly extirpated. Now, however, it has been discovered that the table lands of our mountains will grow this particular grape to perfection, and we may expect to .see a new reign given to this almost peerless fruit.
The Concord grape, like the Bartlett pear, has secured a popularity in Georgia which has made it ubiquitous and also conspicuously the choice of the million.
The Delaware, at the present, heads the list as our most merchantable and valuable table grape. How long this lead will be maintained cannot be predicted with any degree of assurance, as new and taking varieties are constantly offered to experimenters.
The Diana, the Pocklington, the Duchess, are coming into most favorable notice and formidable competition with the old favorites mentioned above. A good, sound and most palatable wine can be had for everyday domestic use from a mixture of Clinton, Concord and Hartford must. All that is needed to secure this addition to the list of our table comforts is a little care, some skill, and a desire to be advanced a little beyond the pristine formula of "hog and hominy." The catalogue of most desirable grapes is long enough, as enjoyed by all amateurs and vintners in Georgia, to satisfy the most exacting.
It is needless to recount these varieties at length, as the thirtythree sorts already alluded to are every one vouched for by our State Horticultural Society whose authority ranks with the highest in the land.
The State of Georgia enjoys, with almost every other Southern State, the rare felicity of being a possessor of that superior grape

L30

FRUIT IN GEORGIA.

icnown as the Scuppernong. 'i'he highest latitude tor this grape id the State of North Carolina, and we believe the more temperate localities there are required for its fall maturity. But from the mountains in Georgia to her sea-coast line this grape is brought to perfection. Like asparagus, however, it seems to delight most in the salt air of our sea-coast lands. This grape is "sui generis," its class, as all know, is the Eotnndifolia, bears transportation well, makes several distinct types of wine, all highly perfumed and of delicious bouquet, and a brandy of unequaled excellence. If we were to be restricted to a single vine, it is likely the Scuppernong would receive a larger vote for a survivorship than any other single name in the catalogue of favorite grapes. It is a most reasonable thing to expect in the not remote future, that an important and lucrative industry will grow out of the production and handling of this very noted and striking type of the grape family.
Without too much minuteness of detail in speaking of the adaptedness of soils and climate as regards grape culture in Georgia, it may be said with great confidence in the facts as experience has recorded them, that no State in the Union is better provided in natural conditions for a successful growing and manufacture of the grape than Georgia, and in some sections, the mountain and sea coast sections notably, advantages are at command which make these localities exceptionally fitted for the business. In the middle portion of the State, however, for a district included in one and a half or two degrees of latitude, is the coming great vineyard industry of Georgia. The impulse tending to this result is now strong and well established, and one thing only is wanting to it to accelerate, the consummation to be wished. The small producer should be left to the single effort of raising perfect fruit. It is doubtful if harvesting itself should be the business of this man, but after the vintage is made, the time, manner and labor of gathering should be the business of the manufacturer or shipper. The expense of machinery, buildings and cellars, as well as the costliness of the skill needful to the production of good wine, place it out of the power of the ordinary vintner to reach encouraging success. Organized capital will be required to bring grape culture to that degree of development and permanence that will enroll it among tb,e,

IO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[32]

great material interests of the State and the South. One large es-

tablishment that would purchase and manufacture the fruit of a

wide scope of country would give such encouragement to the small

growers of grapes as would make this culture among the most de-

lightful and profitable known. Nature has done her part, and

most bounteously, but it is work just half accomplished, as our part

is left undone.

OTHER FRUJTS.

The Nectarine does well in most of the localities where the peach succeeds. The excellence of the fruit is universally admitted, and yet the amount produced is singularly disproportioned to the facility and perfection of its growth. The losses by that perverse missreant among insects the "little Turk," may have much to do with the limited production of the Nectarine, really one of our finest fruits. The Apricot, when the early spring frosts are escaped, does well in the upper and middle portions of this State.
There has been of late an introduction of a plum into the orchards of this State, which in many respects makes it one of the most gratifying contributions to our fruit list. The " Wild Goose " plum is taking the country, and the certainty, abundance and quality of its crop deservedly places it high on our list of fruits. We have many other plums, some of them of the same type as the " Wild Goose," which are quite worthy of culture. But the improved sorts as they are popularly known, such as the Green Gage, Coe'a Golden Drop, Jefferson, etc., etc., so seldom escape the ravages of the cuvculio as to make attention to these varieties usually disappointing. To those, however, who have much interest in this type of fruits, it may be of some consequence to say that on the St. Mary's River, in this State, the curculio has not yet made its appearance, and on our high table lands the "Little Turk's" usual destructiveness is not felt.
The Cherry is extensively raised, and 16 varieties of the most approved sorts go to make up the list. The Morello, however, has stood the test of trial better than any other, and although it has never ri;en lrgh in the popular esteem in comparison with other fruits, it has been a question with many if the Morello cherry extensively cultivated in its proper habitat, would not prove as a market fruit really more profitable than any other in the catalogue.

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The Quince is attracting much attention, and as it can be raised throughout a very wide expanse of the State and has to encounter fewer ailments and accidents than either the peach, pear or apple, it is to be expected that in the case of such a desirable fruit for preserving, canning and domestic use, it will become very popular and profitable.
The " ever bearing " Mulberries must not be overlooked. It has been asserted of late years with great earnestness by those most experienced in this specialty, that with Bermuda grass, red clover and an orchard of Hicks or Downing Mulberries, the raising of pork can be reduced to the merest trifle. One hundred yearling hogs to twenty-five matured trees of the ever bearing mulberry have been kept in first-rate condition from April till August without a morsel of other food, or even water. This fruit, so utilized, is one of the coming events of progress and enlarged domestic resources. This tree flourishes throughout the State, and the sandy lands of lower Georgia are especially adapted to it.
The Fig comes last upon the list of fruits, the enumeration of which is here given, but it by no means ranks as least. It has been a curious fact that while this fruit, having such a fixed place and large value in commerce, was of such easy and sure culture, no available method of curing it has as yet been introduced. There seems to be no sort of difficulty in realizing immense crops of figs in all the Southern portions of Georgia; and the quality of the fruit is probably as good as any we import from Smyrna. But to prepare the fig as we find it in the market, in drums and box packages, has exceeded our skill and the surplus of the crop after family use and the distribution to poultry and stock, brings no revenue. This cannot continue ; the loss is too great and the solution of the hidden mystery, why fis will sour in drying, must be achieved. When it is, and large crops can be put on the market in merchantable condition, many thousands will be added to the resources of that part of our population whose location enables them to produce this fruit.
In concluding what we have to say on "Fruit Baising in Geor. gia," the sweet and sour orange must not be overlooked.

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The sweet orange; and of finest size and flavor, may be easily raised for family use in any of the lower counties in the State and in paying quantity on any of the sea islands on the coast. Groves of the sour orange anywhere in the same localities are found, and for the manufacture of preserves and a delicious dessert wine, very similar to the famous Chateau Y'quem; this fruit will no doubt prove to be greatly more profitable than many of a more pretentious sort.
The outlook for the fruit-raiser in Georgia is most flattering. By consulting the last census it will be seen that while fruit production has signally declined in some of the old States noted for their large crops, in the South, on the other hand, the yields have largely increased. We are sanguine that we will see in a very few years our production of fruit in Georgia greatly augmented, and our present very moderate annual oichard valuation of three-quarters of a million dollars carried to a figure that will attract wide attention.
The impulse towards this result has been extensively felt, and we have orchards in Georgia of 70,000 peach trees,pear orchards of 8,000 trees, and vineyards of 10,000 vines. Let us have the aid and encouragement that large preserving and canning and wine making establishments would surely supply to this great and pleasing interest of fruit growing, and in one decade we might reasonably expect to see the annual profits for the State counted by millions.
CHAPTER XII.

GRASSES IN GEORGIA.
The number or varieties of native grasses is very large, and the recently awakened interest on.the subject of grass production and culture is constantly adding to the list. At short intervals, specimens of new grasses are sent in to the Department of Agriculture for name and identification, and it is probable that most valuable additions will be made to our already long catalogue from our own swamps and fields.
Now the production of grasses, and not their destruction, has become an object of prime importance with our farmers, we are,

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GRASSES Itt GEORGIA.

H

sangnine ot very large results, so tar as our profits ire concerned, and the impulse that will be given to such rural pursuit as will not depend entirely on tillage and the laborious and expensive use of the plow and hoe. The 3,000,00u live stock which Georgia must care for principally with the grass and hay resources of her own soil, will compel a due degree of attention to so obvious and valuable a department of our agriculture. The most prejudiced minds, as well as those most stubbornly attached to old processes and cultures, are beginning to understand how it is that wealth and comfort, as well as comparative ease, can be secured by the farmer without the help of those leading staples that we have been taught to believe constituted the whole of a sensible agriculture.
No State in all our wide domain, for the same area, can offer to the stock-raiser or dairyman larger or better-founded inducements than Georgia. Beginning at the sea coast, we have the tender salt marsh as early as January, which makes HO insignificant reliance in that season of the year that in so many sections is one of pinching and precarious existence for stock. By the first of March the open woods grasses appear. These consist of the piney woods sedge, the celebrated wire grass, with innumerable patches and bodies of switch cane, which keep cattle fat even during the most inclement winter months. Besides these, the Spanish long moss, such a striking peculiarity of the low coast latitudes, all through the winter continues succulent and nourishing, and is eaten greedily by all stock, and upon which oxen will do good work in the absence of other forage. But better, far, than any or all of these is that world-renowned grass Cynodon Dactolon, known in India as the "Daub" or sacred grass, and throughout the Southern States as Bermuda grass. This grass is not propagated by its seeds, and indeed it is not thought to mature its seeds in the United States, at least by very few having any experience of its habits. It takes deep hold in the soil with its mass of roots, besides covering the surface with a superficial network of twine-like runners which make one of the most compact swards of which we have any experience. While this grass requires some nursing to giveit the necessary height for mowing when it is grown on uplands of moderate fertility, it invariably attains a growth on low lands, or high

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OT

lands in good heart, that makes the mowing by machinery au easy

matter. A peculiar advantage in growing Bermuda grass is found

in the fact that in the lower portion of the State the vetch grows

luxuriantly in the midst of the very thickest of the sward, while in

the upper sections the white clover will also put up through the

interstices of the runners and give a good nip for the sheep or

Jerseys during the winter months. The farmer of experience, who

knows to his cost what it is to feed a herd of cattle during the cold

weather of winter, will know how to estimate the value of a grass

that men say can never be got rid of: that ties the most washing

soil together; that catches and holds every particle of manure that

is dropped on it; that in the lower sections of the State will give a

pasture every day in the year, and in other sections will afford it

for nine months in the year; that restores a worn soil in a greater

degree than the far-famed Blue grass, and that on rich land will

yield 20,000 pounds of hay that by a strict and most authentic an-

alysis shows as high as 14 per cent, of albnmenoids. This, upon as

high an authority as the late Dr. St. Julian Eavenel, makes the hay

of Bermuda more valuable than that of the celebrated timothy.

It would be an injustice to this most remarkable and valuable grass

not to mention its peculiar adaptedness to sheep raising. It'seems,

in its fattening qualities as well as its healthfulness, to be beyond

comparison the very best pasturage for sheep. Its capacity per

acre for supporting a flock is well known--no one placing the fig-

ures at less than five head to the acre, and some of the best judges

and most experienced flock masters giving the number as highjas

fifteen to the acre. Everything considered, that people who have

the possession of such an invaluable product of the soil as Bermuda

grass is most fortunate indeed, and it would seem to be an inex-

cusable want of thrift wherever it will grow not to have an un-

failing supply of the very best forage that is produced in any

quarter of the earth. There cannot be a question of its superiority

as a grass and hay producer over anything known, in Europe or the United States.

*here is a forage plant now rapidly coming into notice and pop-

ularity, in the lower part of the State, and known as Beggars Lice.

It belongs to the genus Desmodium, and on good land grows to the

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GRASSES IN GEORGIA,

*s

height of six or eight feet. The crop comes od after a corn crop generally, and spontaneously furnishes, in the shape of a most acceptable forage, an amazing amount of rough food for stock. Every hay eating auimal seems to devour it not only with relish, but greedily. It is not, known how far above the tier of counties coterminous with Florida this valuable forage plant will thrive, but certainly all those who are located in its habitat are most fortunate in their possession of this invaluable resource.
In addition to the forage and hay plants already named, the crab grass and crow foot should not be forgotten. While the crow foot is, in a great measure, confined to the lower belt of counties in the State and seems to delight in a light, saudy soil,'the crab grass, on the contrary, seems to be at home on every square inch of soil within the boundaries of Georgia. It is one of the unsolved mysteries of nature, that anywhere, and everywhere in all the millions of broad acres of Georgia and of the South, the seeds of this grass are reposing in a dormant state, it may be, but only waiting the call of certain conditions to bring them into active life.
If there is one solitary grass or vegetable product in all the long catalogue of those common to the Southern States that can, with strict exactness, be called native, it certainly is that plant called "Crab Grass." It comes unbidden and a3 a most unwelcome visitor in our tilled crops. But if our fields are left unbroken after a harvest, that other universal crop known as "Rag Weed" usurps the ground and leaves no chance for the growth of grass. It has, however, been often noticed that fields sown in wheat in November will invariably bring on an after-crop of the Rag weed--those sowed in spring oats will produce crab grass as an aftercrop. The reason given is^that the weed seed which are exposed by the plow in the spring, have begun to germinate and are destroyed by exposure, leaving the later sprouting grass to take their pla.;e. If our lands that have been laid down in small grain are broken up after harvest, a crop of hay from crab.grass may be mowed that, in a majority of instances, would no doubt be greatly more valuable and bring larger money returns than the crop of grain that preceded. While there may be grasses more nutritious and we place the great Bermuda in this class, we doubt if, in all the grand catalogue of forage

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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hay plants, there can be found a more delightfully scented grass, than the crab grass, or one that would be as soon selected by stock if left to their choice. Its milk producing qualities are all that a dairyman would ask. It is not deemed exactly germane to a description of grasses and forage plants at the command of the Georgia farmer to embrace in that enumeration such as Millo Maize, the numberless sorghums now in use, or the Indian corn. The supply of the very best provender for all stock which this family of plants can furnish is simply without limit. But the object of this tract is more directly to point out to those not so familiar with the locality or our husbandry, those plants that are most available and more restricted to the State of Georgia and correlated sections. Then let us pay our respects to the Cow Pea--Dolichos, as named in the books. Surely here is a Prophet without due honor in its own country. It was a favorite saying of an enthusiastic writer on the South and its products that, "that country which possesses the Cow Pea, Sweet Potato and Bermuda Grass, must be better than any other land that does not possess them. It is a remarkable fact that this plant should, to the present honr, be so moderately rated, and while it silently has had accorded to it by all those who are most dependent on it and the most profited by it, the praise it deserves, still its reputation is far more restricted than seems reasonable.
A plant that will thrive luxuriantly in poor land with less help than any other known ; whose roots thoroughly subsoil the land ; whose leaves and vines will rapidly renovate the most wasted soil, and whose fruit furnishes the most strengthening food for man and beast, and whose forage product is not excelled by even the world-renowned red clover itself, it would seem, should be prized as among the most beneficent gifts to that land that has been blessed with it.
As we ascend from the coast and lower Georgia we come into the region of "' piney woods," the true habitat of the well-known " Wire-grass." For a large portion of the State, fully one-fourth of it, this peculiar growth spreads itself everywhere. Its habit is to grow in clumps, very much as the Orchard grass does, and it is a perennial. To look at it as it covers the ground in winter, a stranger would not wonder at its perennial form, but could easily

[39]

GRASSES IN GEORGIA.

* 7

believe that it was indestructible. Harsh and repulsive it would no doubt seem to the man of the North or West who was accustomed to the tender and succulent growths of his section. But, little as this individual might at first be disposed to regard this ugly customer, he will find on inquiry that the real beef range section of Georgia was found exactly in this home of the wire grass, and that the only flock of sheep worthy of the name in the State roam over the sea-like expanse of this growth in the forests of our pine timber. There are flock masters in this region that number their sheep by the thousand, and on an expense of fourteen cents a year per head, or no expense at all, winter or summer. They derive large incomes with as nearly no labor or care as could be said of any gains whatever. When the old stubble is burned off in the early part of the year, and the tender grass shoots up, all animals running on it for pasturage seem" to thrive and be well satisfied. The part of the tussock that stands all winter will, in all ases, conceal under its covering a portion of tender growth that sustains the stock that range over it during the hard times of the winter months.
It is proper to state, in dismissing the subject, that it has been often remarked by judges well qualified to decide in the case, that, everything considered, health, water, clemency of climate, cleanliness in the fleece, proximity to a good market, that the " wiregrass" section of Georgia made altogether a better sheep walk than either Texas or New Mexico. Sheep husbandry is one of the eoming great industrial interests that is to magnify the Empire State of the South beyond all present conceivable limits. It would seem that a business that paid 63 per cent, while left literally to run itself, should invite immigration and capital with irresistible eloquence and logic. In the near future we will see, no doubt, as many sheep in a single county of the wire-grass country as are counted now for the entire State.
As we ascend from the low country we reach a section bounded by the 32d and 34th parallels, that possess in a rare degree an assemblage of physical advantages and comprehensive range of production that very few portions of our country can justly claim. Here will be

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[40j

found the Paradise of pear, peach, apple and grape culture, associated with the invaluable clovers and lucern. The success which has followed every intelligent effort in the culture of red clover in the red clay sections of Geoia;ia,has indeed proved to be a revelation as well an a surprise. For the last 50 years we were deterred by the turpentine fanners of North Caroling, from attempting the utilization of our pine forests in competition with them, and we were a* effectually scared away from clover raising by the warning of our Kentucky friends, who were absolutely sure that red clover could not be made to grow in Georgia. By stealth, we might say, we have made the venture--in spite of our misgivings and slack experimenting. The fact has forced its way, that red clover will not only do well in Georgia, but that in almost every section of the State where you can get out of a "blowing sand'' you may have fine crops of this great product. It is simply a question of proper fertilizing, and not a question of soil or climate, whether yon may have clover or not. So far from not being able to succeed in makirg its growth advantageous here, we challenge the United States to match the crop of Col. G. W. Scott, of Decatur, in Delvalb county, in this State, who, on one measured acre of land, housed nearly 17,000 pounds of well cured clover. A Northern gentleman, interested in fuch matters, reported a crop raised in the same neighborhood, on a very ordinary plat of soil, to the New York Sim, which made upwards of 4,000 pounds of well dried hay the first cutting, and at an expense of just seven dollars. Counting the second cutting, this it would seem should be satisfactory. No doubt, in a great number of experiments, as good results are occurring every year. The crop in Georgia will pay for four years from first sowing, and we have known in the city of Atlanta eleven crops raised from one sowing. Our friends in Kentucky who for so long kept us out of the danger and folly of clover husbandry, we believe, do not count on more than two crops from one sowing.
In all the clover raising localities we may count securely on having a good nip for almost any grazing stock during the late and early spring, as the time of rest for the plant is during the months of July and August. As the companion of red clover, we are singularly blest in the possession of the Queen of all forage plants--

[4i]

GRASSES IN GEORGIA.

19

lucern. In the latitude of Atlanta (about 33f degrees) this plant is high enough for a fine cutting by the loth of February, and four more may be had if the seasons are at all favorable during the year. This herbaceous plant is perhaps at the very head of the list of all known varieties adapted to similar uses. By experiment, it
has been tested and proved to be the most nutritions of all green food for stock, and that one ration of grain a day will take a horse or mule well through his day's work if it is supplemented with lucern hay. The preparation of the land that is to support this crop must be thorough, and it is not extravagant to apply as much as 35 dollars of outlay for a single acre. But when it is remembered that a crop of five tons of hay per acre is not at all remarkable, and that properly cured is worth 30 dollars per ton, it will be seen how mnch better these profits are than those from cotton, corn, wheat or tobacco.
In Georgia, we may count on twenty years' service from a plat of lucern, and that every well set acre of it will keep five head of horses or mules for a twelve mouths. The objection to it and about the only one is, that it will not bear the hoof, and it is strictly speaking a soiling crop. We have omitted to mention the fact that lucern, unlike the red clover, will do well, in fact, yield abundantly, on the sandy lands of our coast counties, and it is likely, with proper manuring, will afford good cutting for every month in the year.
In concluding mention of summer grasses native to Georgia the "Broom Sedge" should not be forgotten. This native to our soil is of almost universal prevalence on all turned out or worn lands, and although it has become fashionable to regard it as the synonym of a poverty-stricken soil, it has merits that make it no contemptible resource to the stock keeper. It is early in starting, is highly relished by all stock and has a most unquestionable suitableness to young stock. It is a common saying, that with broom sedge pasturage one may raise a mule on what it costs to keep a calf. The trouble with this grass is that when grazed it is soon overtaxed and will not reproduce its stand or extend it, and dies out unless protected every two years from the tramping and bite of stock.

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WINTER GRASSES.
Among the chief of these well known in Georgia husbandry is the "Tall Meadow-Oat Grass." This grass, on well manured land, will grow often six feet high, and on lighter lands than any other grass in popular favor. The yield is very heavy when the crop has been well cared for, and is just the grass for our cotton belt, supplementing the Bermuda grass while at rest during the winter. The seed of this most excellent grass ripen before the stalk and may be saved by the cradle before the bulk of the crop is ready for harvesting. Like the wire grass, the meadow-oat hides in its tussocks, during the winter, a very large proportion of nutritive green stems, which are highly relished at that time by all stock.

ORCHARD GRASS.
This is among our very earliest grasses--keeping green all winter, aud at the first breath of spring attaining a height that makes it available for pasturing. It comes in directly after the first cuttings of lucern, and from its tenacity in keeping its stand wherever sown--its nutritious quality and the facility with which it takes possession of orchards or woodlands, it is most deservedly becoming a favorite among grasses in Georgia. A mixture of tall oat and orchard grass, red and white clover make the perfection of a sward for either pasture or a hay crop.

BLUE GRASS.
While it is not a fact that the true blue grass will not do well in Georgia, we yet have so many other varieties of pasture grass that are more easily set and matured, that very few have attempted its
culture on a large scale. It is, however, a widely known fact that no one has ever yet at-
tempted in the northern and middle portions of the State to grow this grass who has not done so with very satisfactory results. With the proper manure, one having the elements of lime and phosphoric acid in it, no one may feel the least doubt in their effort to establish as perfect a blue grass sward as could be asked for anywhere. Our blue limestone lands in the mountain counties, and our rich coves will produce this grass to the heart's content, if its culture from habit or choice should be a desirable object.

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GRASSES IN GEORGIA.

21

One peculiarity tbis grass has developed in this State, its stubborn hold on the soil where once set, exceeds that of all known grasses. Spots once set in this grass by the feeding of cavalry horses during the war are to this day occupied by it in spite of bad usage and the incursions of broom-sedge, which bas heretofore been considered as having the mastery over all other grasses.
The list of grasses which may be, and are produced in this State with profit, may be concluded with Red top and Herds grass. Both of these well known and popular grasses are easily raised in any suitable soil in the State. They both require a rich and moist bed to develop the best results. Their use has not spread to any great extent among our farmers, for the reason that other varieties have proved to be of easier and more remunerative culture. It is due to the people of Georgia engaged in the business of agriculture to state a fact which will explain to some extent what may seem to be a very inconsistent thing, when the capacity of our soil for the production of grass and forage plants is considered. By the last census the hay production of Georgia is placed at a little over 14,000 tons; in comparison with the five million tons of New York, or the three and a half million tons of Illinois, or the larger yield of Iowa, this return seems to be a most insignificant and beggarly one. But it must not be overlooked that our shucks and fodder from the blades of our crops of corn, used by us in substitution of hay, must amount to many thousands of tons. The mass of this offal, which it may be called, derived from a crop of 30,000,000 bushels of corn, must be very great. Its substitution for so many tons of hay as provant for stock, is not by very far so great a mistake as the economic one, when we come to consider the comparative cost of production, with provender raised from mowed grasses.
In concluding what is to be said on grass husbandry in Georgia, it would be an inexcusable neglect to rmit mention of our mountain ranges, and the valuable grasses and herbage which abound in all that section of the State. High as the elevation of that portion of Georgia is, as to both altitude and latitude, stock of the lighter sort, as young neat cattle, goats and sheep, are able to subsist during the winter almost entirely on the natural growth of the range. All through the spring, summer and fall months stock not only live, but do well on our mountain tops and valleys. The abundance of grazing and browsing which these localities supply for a

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[44]

large portion of the year, makes the mountain region of Georgia one of the most desirable for stock in all the State. It is not an uncommon thing for young cattle to be bought up at low prices in the neighboring valleys, then moved into the mountain walks, fattened, and in the fall sold in the larger markets at a great advance on first cost. Experiments in the raising and keeping of the Angora goat in these mountain pastures are making a very favorable impression. It is thought, with much reason, that this particular branch of stock raising may be easily carried to a very large and important development in our mountain counties. The adaptedness of this locality to the raising and support of the Angora has been so marked that those accustomed to the care of this valuable animal are sanguine that we shall see in the near future a very important source of profit in this branch of industry. If mills could be made accessible for the manufacture of mohair, there can be no doubt that a stimulus would be given to the production of this material, which would raise it to a high rank in the list of industries in Georgia. It is hardly possible that the native, habitat of the Angora is bet.ter adapted to its keep and development than are the mountain counties of this State.

GARDEN PRODUCTS.
Under this head the entire range of production as adopted by the truckers of the State may be considered.
It is demonstrable that when all advantages are considered which are needed by the gardener to insure success, the southern portion of Georgia presents inducements superior to those of any other portion of the United States. This fortunately located section embraces fully 20,000 square miles of the State's surface. While the State of Florida, as regards high temperature during the colder winter months, may give some superiority over the truckers and gardeners of Georgia, still the balance of advantage is decidedly with the latter when all the conditions to success are considered. The Florida producer must come in competition with the trucker of Bermuda, in the earlier crops sent to market, and at a disadvantage, while it, is notorious, that in the most important item of

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23

melon production, the soil and climate of Florida cannot compare with those of Georgia.
This may also be said of the Irish potato and cabbage crops, both ranking in importance in the list of the trucker's products next to the melon crop.
The great question of transportation is one that is not only important in all discu sions of this topic, but it is vital. The bulkiwess and weight, as well as the perishable quality of most garden products, make it of the very greatest consequence that the facilities for moving the crops, when made, should be at hand. The seacoast section possesses a rare advantage of water carriage, not only to the side of the outgoing ship whieh takes its great bulk of freight to the Northern market, but in very many cases permits the small lighters to receive their loads from the very spots where they were produced. All who have any experience of the loss that results from the violent jolting and careless handling of fruits and vegetables will see at a glance what an advantage it must be to be able to move tender garden products to the point of final shipment without the often necessary lo'ss from bruising and crushing in the handling. It is the opinion of many of large experience in the tm.-iness that no localities in all the broad limits of the Union include in their claims of advantages for the gardener and trucker as many as the sea coast of Georgia. Advancing from the coast line towards the counties in close proximity we have the same benignant climate and suitable soil that one may have anywhere on the immediate cast, with convenient and well organized railroad transportation. The Savannah, Florida and Western, the Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia, and the Central Railroads, all first class in their accommodations and management, furnish the amplest means of transportation for thousands jf square miles of the most admirably adapted soil for the business of the truckerand gardener. Then there are other connecting lines that penetrate this section of the State, which leave very little more to be desired in the way of convenient transportation. The interests involved in even the present development of die trucking business in the State of Georgia are so important that they will force such terms on the lines of transportation as will make this pursuit one of the most remunerative, both

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to the producer and transporter. It may be said to be Just in the dawn of its success. Already, in certain favored localities, real estate has been enhanced one hundred and fifty percent, on the prices of a few years past. From the port of Savannah alone the shipments of watermelons in one season amounted to one hundred and seventy five thousand, and of vegetables there were sent off one hundred and eighty five thousand crates and forty-nine thousand barrels. The statistics of the melon trade are not full enough togive exact figures as to the extent of the annual production in the State, but it must be very large. By rail thousands of tons are shipped North as far as Chicago and St. Louis which, when added to the shipments by steamers, illustrate the growing promise of the trade. The lands which are so peculiarly adapted to this promising industry can be bought for prices ranging from two to twenty dollars an acre. The climate and water may be said, in a vast number of localities, to be unexceptionable, and the population for the most part compares favorably, in all the externals of hcalthfulness, with that of any other portion of the State, or of the South.
It may not be out of place here to enumerate some of the most important staple products which engage the attention of our truckers and gardeners. By many asparagus is regarded as the chief among the vegetables of commerce. If its cultivation is considered in reference to the advantages of its peculiar habitat, the lands of the coast district, as also its adaptedness in its handling and marketable qualities, it will no doubt be found to justly occupy the rank it holds in the list of valuable garden products. The stock sent to market for all preceding years has proved to be entirely inadequate to the demand. The earliness and rare delicacy of this vegetable, its wonderful productiveness, and the fine condition in which it reaches market, all give it first rank in the list of marketable vegetables. The profits, at the price often obtained of from nine to twelve dollars per dozen bunches in the New York market, it would seem ought to make asparagus very desirable as a staple market vegetable.
Snap beans are very extensively cultivated, and a crop cf one hundred and fifty crates an acre is common. The price obtained in. the northern markets is from one to four dollars a crate.

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2

The beet is one of the staple market vegetables, yielding heavily, and bringing from two dollars per barrel and upward.
The cabbage is perhaps the most extensively cultivated and marketed vegetable in all the list grown by our truckers. The yield at times is enormous, and in the mild season, during which this crop is brought to maturity in the coast country, admits of very close planting. It is not unusual to have a plant on every two feet square of a field, giving upwards of ten thousand heads an acre. Two hundred barrels an acre on a patch of eight acres have been secured in the neighborhood of Savannah, which brought four dollars per barrel in New York market. Freights from Savannah by steamer can be had for fifty cents per barrel. Commissions on sales are about eight per cent.
The cauliflower finds in the sea coast region its most favorable locality. Shipments can be made by the 25th of March, bringing for a crate of twenty-two heads nearly eight dollars, and as much as twenty-five dollars per barrel. Ten thousand plants may be raised on an acre.
The cucumber is regarded as ranking very high as a vegetable of market value. Perhaps the very largest market return from a single acre of any vegetable yet made has been derived from this vegetable, the sum, as reported, reaching eighteen hundred dollars. This crop was grown near the city of Savannah.
Egg plants do well, and bring six dollars per barrel. No portion of this continent certainly can exceed the production of onions which the garden section of Georgia can show. One thousand busheb can be gathered from a single acre. Garden peas make a very important item in the shipments of garden stuff to Northern markets. They grow to great perfection, producing from 150 to 200 crates per acre, and bring from one dollar and fifty cents to five dollars and fifty cents per bushel. With the exception possibly of cabbage, the largest shipments of
our truckers in vegetable products is in the Irish potato. It is very questionable if when soil, the resources of local manures, early maturity and transportation are considered, there can be named a more advantageous region of earth for the profitable culture of the Irish potato than the sea coast lands of Georgia. With the drift of salt marsh, oyster shell, shell-lime, and the marsh mud, for a com-

26

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[48]

post, no section of the Union can excel the land we speak of, in large and fine crops of Irish potatoes. The quality is as striking as the production. One hundred barrels is a result easily attained, and the crop will realize from three to six dollars per barrel.
The sweet potato, it is hardly necessary to say, finds its true home in this section. If people out of the Southern States eould ever be induced to give a sweet potato a livii.g chance in the kitchen, the profits of its culture might be made to reach wonderful figures. All the best varieties of this vegetable, which might well be classed in the family of rare fruits for its excellence, can be, and are, grown in Georgia. From three to five hundred bushels per acre can be easily raised, and the spring prices even in the home markets are very often extravagantly high and always remunerative.
Watermelons, which are to be included in the trucker's list, make the grand show in the wide enumeration of his year's crops. Thousands of acres of the best adapted lands in the world are devoted in Georgia to tne cultivation of this glorious fruit. All the world knows that on Georgia's soil it has attained its highest perfection, and when the rates of transportation shall have been adjusted to a sensible and basinets ratio, the watermelon trade will reach a figure that will be of vast consequence to the State. One thousand melons for an acre properly cultivated, is a reasonable yield, and these bring in Boston and BJtimore from 25 to 50 cents if reaching maikct before the later crops produce a sjlut.
Strawberry culture is beginning to assume large proportions. Fields of twenty acres or more in the southern part of the State are heard of, and although the crops are not as large as some that are reported for localities higher north, still a yield of six thousand quarts for an acie is attainable, and three thousand quarts are by no means uncommon. Reaching Northern markets, as this fruit does from Georgia, late in March or early in April, the price ought to be quite satisfactory, as it ranges from 35 to 50 cents a quart.
Fruits and vegetables are the familiar products of every home in the State. It is very hard to name a single State in the Union that offers to the gardener or horticulturist a wider or more eligible range of productions in his specialties, than can be found in the State of Georgia. But when the man of small or large capital is invited to

[49]

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE.

27

invest in the particular industry here discussed, wo mean to designate the sea coast and the southern portion of this State, as not only peculiarly adapted to the business ot the market gardener, but pre-eminently suited to it.

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE.
There may be States in the Union which, in proportion to area, claim a larger number of acres of very rich lands than Georgia. There are, no doubt, certain sister commonwealths which, in their adaptedness to certain special products, largely exceed the capacity of Georgia production. But for the superficial extent of Georgia, it is questionable if there is another State in the Union that is more generally adapted to the production of those necessaries and comforts of life that constitute the resources of a prosperous and happy community.
There is hardly a section of the State that is not able by the natural resources of its soil and productions to sustain a population in great comfort, and for her number of square miles it is doubtful if there is a State in the Union that can count in its limits a greater number of healthful localities. Cereals do well, from the mountains to the seaboard, with probably the single exception of wheat, which has been neglected in the past history of the agriculture of the State on the sea-board, from the idea that it could not be prof itably raised there. The few instances where this culture has been" attempted, have developed some very remarkable results in its favor. As large a yield as forty bushels of good wheat on an acre has been produced on the sea-coast of South Carolina in a "biscuit's toss" of the salt water. In the northern and middle belts of the State, grain production, with clover and the grasses, offers every encouragement. On lands naturally rich from the peculiarities of their location, large yields of grain are very common, rising as high as 35 and 40 bushels of wheat and 70 bushels of oats per acre.
On lands of inferior grade of fertility the product of small grain and Indian corn is a question of fertilization only, and not one of soil or climate. The annual crop of cereals for the State will

28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[SO]

amount to fully fifty millions of bushels. This production could be vastly increased, if the strange fascination of cotton culture could be dispelled and wiser counsels prevail. The tendency of the popular judgment is towards this reform, and when it shall be materialized and its full influences felt, the provision that will follow for the support of "man and beast" will be ample, if not superabund-
ant. The rice crop, once such a material item in the annual census of
Georgia's production, is at present reduced to less than forty m llions of pounds. The wet culture of this grain has. since the war, been greatly circumscribed bv the repugnance felt towards it by negro laborers, and it is now being substituted by the upland crop. Gradually this industry is increasing and acquiring very considerable importance, and it is not at all improbable that rice production will be so generally diffused throughout the State as to make this grain one of the staple articles of domestic use on our farms.
Sugar production in Georgia might easily and most profitably be carried to a high figure. Every county in the extreme southern tier of the State bordering on Florida, could make the sugar crop a most advantageous one, and if their capacity was supplemented by the yield of cane that the counties adjacent to these are well adapted to produce, a sugar supply for the whole State, would be a matter of easy achievement. Very partial returns of sugar made inGeorgia, place the figures as low as 600 hogsheads, but there is good reason for believing that this return does not, by any means, give the proper amount raised and consumed on the farms in the caneproducing section. The average yield of syrup from sugar-cane is 200 gallons per acre, though as much as 600 gallons an acre is by no means uncommon. This average yield would give at usual prices ($76.SO) seventy-six dollars and eighty cents an acre--a result far better than the ordinary profits on an acre of cotton. Sorghum, both for forage and syrup, is now one of the fixed and popular crops in Georgia and it is a historical fact that the people of this Union are greatly indebted to this State for the first dissemination of this most valuable agricultural resource. The profits from sorghum may be placed at from thirty to fifty dollars per acre.
The adaptability of the climate and soil of Georgia to the produc-

[5i]

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE.

29

tion of Indian corn is as extended as the limits of the State. The northern and middle portions of Georgia may be said to be preeminently suited to this crop, now regarded by the whole world as of cardinal importance to the well-being of man. But while these portions of Georgia may be said to possess pre-eminent a lvantages for the production of this staple grain, as perfect corn as can be grown anywhere may be seen in the fields and barns on our immediate sea coast. It may be said to have its habitat on every acre of arable land in Georgia. The crop is between twenty-five and thirty million bushels, and costs in producing it one cent a pound. Oats are becoming more and more a favorite with the most intelligent and thrifty of the farmers of this State. As a feeding crop for work stock it has assumed the first importance and rank, and the annual product which is now about seven millions of bushels, will be augmented steadily until it will, in all probability, supersede the old favorite Indian corn as a grain for work stock. The cost o oat production is about the same as corn, about one cent per pound. The striking advantage in an oat crop in Georgia, is the fact that it may be either a fall or spring crop. Should the better plan of fall sowing fail, from the unusual severity of the winter, the farmer has the chance of the spring sowing, which often proves very remunerative. There is a great future for the oat, in the prominence which this crop must assume in our farm economy.
COTTON.--The whole world knows the rank which Georgia holds as a cotton-producing State. She now stands third among the States of the Union in her number of bales. Her crop may be set down at about 800,000 bales; and as to quality, no State produces a better article. She almost makes a monopoly of the sea-island or long-staple crop. With the exception of a very restricted area in South Carolina and Florida, Georgia may be said to be the exclusive producer of this valuable and eagerly-sought variety. By large odds, it is probable that Georgia exceeds any other State in the extent of area she possesses which is well adapted to the production of the black-seed cotton. In all the counties of the State coterminous with the extreme southern tier adjoining Florida, we have a surface of about ten thousand square miles well adapted to the production of the long-jtaple cotton, and of a high grade. The

30

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[52]

yield, where proper skill and care are exercised, is about equal to the crop of short staple. Now, the roller gins, which heretofore, by their slow performance, added so much to the care and cost called for in the preparation of this crop, are about to be superseded by better machines and of speedier movement, we may reasonably expect a strong impulse to be given to the cultivation of long-staple cotton. The price of this desirable fibre is about double that of short cottons, and often even more than double. On the coast lands short cotton may be raised to great advantage, and the tendency of the growth seems to be towards a longer and improved fibre. From the coast to a line drawn across the State just below the mountain range, cotton is cultivated, and some fear te such a point of success as to draw off the attention of the farmers of that section of the State from a culture of such staples as would contribute a greater sum to the comfort and prosperity of the community. We refrain from giving the cost of cotton production, as that depends so largely on conditions which constantly vary. In a vast number of instances cotton culture may be said to result in a most encouraging net profit in most of the sections of the State producing that staple where the question of labor does not intervene under its more unfavorable aspects. Where the farmer in Georgia owns his land and he and his family supply the labor that produces the crop, it is highly probable that more clear money is now realized from cotton at present prices and the improved culture practiced, than at any previous time in the history of our agriculture. Loss comes only to the man who depends on hireling labor, badly organized and controlled, and supported by purchased supplies.
The yield per acre is from 140 pounds of lint to 450. One bale to the acre, under present improved methods, is not at all an unusual crop, and as high as five bales to a single acre have been produced on upland, and sixteen bales on a patch of four acres. It is not an empty boast to claim for Georgia that her farmers and planters are pushing with unusual vigor and intelligence, methods and inquiries which promise to make her a leading authority in all matters pertaining to cotton production.
We subjoin some well-authenticated returns, n.ade chiefly to the

[5.3]

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE.

31

Department of Agriculture of the State, which give a possible result in the capacity of the soil of Georgia in the production of our leading staples. These examples of good culture, while they are certainly better than the successes of the ordinary and slipshod tillage of the State, are at the same time not of abnormal or difficult achievement. These instances of fine and satisfactory yields illustrate the important fact that Georgia soil and climate respond to the farmers' outlay of money and care, and that a very high per centage may be realized by the man who liberally and intelligently expends money in the yearly operations of his farm. The world is beginning to discover that this is the true secret of success in agricultural ventures. After making reasonable allowance for the miscarriage that follows unfavorable seasons, if the farmer secures a good interest on the money he loans his farm for the year, he should be satisfied. This is business, on business principles, and will always sustain the man who so conducts it.
CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH CULTURE.
The various agricultural products common to Georgia having been given with minuteness in the chapter on Soils and Productions, we proceed to give the results of a number of experiments in the cultivation of those products, in each of those divisions, conducted with proper preparation and fertilization--such as an; given in the more densely settled portions of the world. As but little is accomplished by inadequate means in any department of human industry, the actual producing capacity of a country can only be tested by the results of judicious culture. The crops, to which we shall refer, were reported to the various State and county fairs within the past few years, and both the culture and its results were verified by the affidavits of disinterested parties.
In 1873, Mr. R. II. Hardaway produced on upland, in Thomas count}' (Lower Georgia), 119 bushels of Indian corn on one acre, which yielded a net profit of $77.17.
In the same county, the same year, Mr. E. T. Davis produced 96 bushels of rust-proof oats per acre. After the oats were harvested he planted the same land in cotton, and in the fall gathered 800 pounds of seed cotton.

32

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

[54]

Mr. John J. Parker, of the same county, produced, in 1874, on one acre, 694| gallons of cane syrup, at a cost of $77.50. The syrup, at 75 cents per gallon, the market price, brought $520.87--

net profit from one acre, $443.37. I j 1S74, Mr. Wiley W. Groover, of Brooks county (Lower
Georgia), produced, with two horse?, on a farm of 126 acres, without the aid of commercial fertilizers, cotton, corn, oats, peas, sugar cane and potatoes to the value of $3,258.25. The total cost of production was $1,045.00, leaving net proceeds of crop $2,213.25.

The stock raised on the farm was not counted. Joseph Hodges, of the same county, produced, on one acre, 2,-
700 pounds of seed cotton; Wm. Borden, 600 gallons of syrup; J. Bower, 500 bushels of sweet potatoes ; J. O. Morton, 75 bushels oats; Mr. T. W. Jones made 12 barrels, or 480 gallons of syrup on one acre, and saved enough cane for seed.
In Bulloch county (Lower Georgia), 3,500 pound of seed cotton were produced by Samuel Groover ; and in the same county, 21 barrels of sugar at one time, and 700 gallons of syrup at another

per acre. In Clay county, Mr.

Hodge produced from one acre, a few

years ago, 4,500 pounds of seed cotton.

Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county, gathered the present year

(1878) a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from five acres.

Mr. J. R. Respass, of Schley county (Lower Georgia), in 1877,

by the use of fertilizers, grew on five acres of naturally poor land,

15,000 pounds of seed cotton, which netted him when sold, $66.02

per acre. Mr. H. T. Peeples, of Berrien county, reports to this Department
a crop of 800 bushels of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine

land. In 1876, Mr. G. J. Drake, of Spalding county (Middle Georgia),
produced 74 bushels of com on one acre of land. Mr. John Bonner, of Carroll county, made three bales of cotton
(500 pounds each) on one acre. Mr. R. H. Springer, of the same county, produced nine bales from five acres, without manures, and ninety-four bales from 100 acres by the use of fertilizers.
In 1873 Mr. S. W. Leak, of the same county produced on one

[55]

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE.

a

sine 40} bushels of wheat, worth $80.50^ eost $14.50--net pro .it

$66.00. In Wilkes county 123 bushels of corn were produced on one acre
of bottom land; also 42 bushels of Irish potatoes on one-tenth of
an acre, the second crop same year on same land, the second crop

very tine, but not so good. Mr. J. F. Madden, of the same county, produced in 1876, on one

acre, 137 bushels of oats. Mr. T. C. Warthen, of Washington county (on the line of Mid-
dle and Lower Georgia), produced in 1873, on 1.1125 acres, 6,917 pounds of seed cotton, equivalent to five bales of 461 pounds each, worth, at 17-fc cents per pound--the average price of that year--$403.37. The cost of culture was $148.58; net profit $254.79 for a very small fraction over one acre.
Dr. Win. Jones, of Burke county, produced 480 gallons of syrnp on one acre. Wesley Jones, of the same county, produced three bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, per acre. Jae. J. Davis, in the same county, made, in 1877, with two mules, thirty-four bales of cotton, 500 pounds each, 600 bushels of corn, and 300 bushels of oats. Win. C. Palmer, of same county, made in 1877, with one mule, twenty-five bales of cotton, 50u pounds each, and a fair crop of corn. Henry Miller, of same county, produced, in 1877, sixtyfive bushels of corn per acre, first year, on reclaimed swamp, with-

out manure. Mr. R. M. Brooks, of Pike county (Middle Georgia), produced,
in 1873, on five acres of bottom land, 500 bushels of rice. The
total cost was $75--net profit $300. Mr. R. B. Baxter, of Hancock county (Middle Georgia), in 1872,
harvested at the first cutting, first year's crop, 4,862 pounds of dry
clover hay per acre. Mr. A. J. Preston, of Crawford county, gathered from one acre
of Flint River bottom, 4,000 pounds of seed cottop. and from another on same place 115 bushels of corn.
Dr. T. P. Janes, of Greene county (Middle Georgia), produced, in 1871, five tons of clover hay per acre, in one season, at two
cuttings. Mr. Patrick Long, of Bibb county (on the line of Middle and

34

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IS&J

Lower Georgia), harvested from one acre of land, from which he had gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year, 8,616 pounds of native crab grass hay.
Mr. S. W. Leak, in Spalding county (Middle Georgia), gathered in the fall of 1873, from one acre, from which he had harvested forty bushels of wheat in June, 10,720 pounds of pea-vine hay. Net profit from wheat, $>6Q; from pea-vine hay, $233.u8, making in one year, from a single acre, a net profit of $299.08.
Mr. William Smith, of Coweta county (Middle Georgia), produced 2,200 pounds of seed cotton per acre on ten acres.
Mr. Edward Camp, of the same county, produced 1,000 bushels of oat6 from ten acres.
Mr. J. T. Manley, of Spalding county (Middle Georgia), produced 115 bushels of oats from one acre.
Mr. S. W Blood worth, of the same county, gathered, in 1870, 137 bushels of corn from one acre.
Mr. L. B. Willis, in Greene county (Middle Georgia), in June, 1873, from one acre and a third, harvested twenty bushels of wheat, and the following October 27,130 pounds of corn forage. From the forage alone he received a profit of $159.22 per acre.
Dr. W. Moody, of the same county, harvested at one cutting, from one acre of river bottom, in 1874, 13,953 pounds of Bermuda grass hay; cost $12.87, value of hay $209.29, net profit $196.42.
Mr. J. E. Winters, of Cobb county (Upper Georgia), produced, in 1873, from 1.15 acres, 6,575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first cutting of the second year's crop.
Mr. T. H. Moore, of the same county, produced on one acre, 105 bushels of corn, while Mr. Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels.
Mr. R. Peters, Jr., of Gordon county (Upper Georgia), harvested in 1874, from three acres of lucern, four years old, fourteen tons and 200 pounds of hay, or 9,400 pounds per acre.
Capt. C. W. Howard produced, on Lookout Mountain, in Walker county (Upper Georgia), in 1874, on one acre of unmanured land, which cost him twenty-five cents per acre, with one hoeing aad plowing, 108i bushels of Irish potatoes, which he sold in Atlanta

[57]

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STAT8L

35

a,, a net profit of $97.'25. On land manured, and better prepared and worked, double that quantity could be produced.
Mr. Thomas Smith, of Cherokee county, produced 101 bushels

of corn from one acre. Mr. John Dyer, of Bibb county, produced in 1873, from one
acre, at a cost of $8, 398.7 bushels of sweet potatoes, which he sold

at a net profit of $'290.92. Mr. Haddon P. Redding, of Fulton county, in 1877, produced
from one acre 400 bushels of St. Domingo yam potatoes, which he readily sold in Atlanta at an average of $1 per bushel.
"We add the award made upon the returns of a number of contestants for the crop of 18S4, which it is seen presents Georgia Agriculture in a most favorable light. The summary is taken from the Atlanta Constitution, Dee. 13,1884, and is attested by names of the

highest authority :

(From The Atlanta Constitution.!
FARMING THAT PATS.
What one hundred Georgia Farmers have done, '''our Bales of Cotton and 116 1-2 Bushels of Com to the Acre-A Roll of Honor--The Contestants for the Premiums of George W. Scott <& Co.--Some Anti-Texas Arguments.
We print herewith a list that should make every Georgian proud of Georgia.
Messrs. George W. Scott & Co., of this city, manufacturers of Gossypium-Phospho, the Cotton and Corn Fertilizer, offered prizes for the best acres of corn and cotton grown with their fertilizer. The result was an astonishing one. Over 100 farmers in different sections of the State contested, and sent in their returns properly sworn to and attested.
There were 75 farmers who planted cotton. They averaged 774 .pounds of Hnt cotton to the acre, with $15 an acre spent for fertilizer. The highest yield was 1,545 pounds to the acre, or practically 4 bales to the acre of 400 pounds each. There were 16 corn planters, who made an average of 81 bushels to the acre--the highest yield being 116 1-2 bushels.

36

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

[58].

These results cannot be beaten anywhere. A sturdy old farmer came into Mr. Scott's office yesterday, and said :
"Well, Mr. Scott, I have read about your premiums. I read it to my boys, and it 'hoped them up' mightily. They had been get ting restless on the old farm, and had talked about going off. But when they saw that a hundred Georgia farmers had made nearly two bales to the acre, scattered all about the State, they made up their minds to stay with me on the old farm, and to make it themselves. ''
Every farmer in the South ought to read this list, and make up his mind to do as the old farmer's boys have done. Here is the list:
The five successful contestants made an average of 1,355 2-5 pounds of lint cotton per acre, and used an average of 987 pounds of Gossypium.
The corn premiums show just as gratifying results. There were sixteen contestants and the average yield was eighty-one bushels to the acre. The first premium was taken with 1L6J bushels and the last premium withl03 bushels. These results are gratifying. Taken with the cotton yield they show that the farmers of Georgia are making rapid progress. We doubt if ever before a hundred farmers in the State could have made up such an average. It shows that they are rapidly coming to the intensive system in farming.' It shows that they are abandoning the loose, old plantation methods, and are beginning to see the profit and comfort in small farms well tilled.

[From The Atlanta Constitution.]

ONE HUNDRED GEORGIA FARMERS.

The most encouraging news we have printed for many a day was the record of the contests for the gossypium phospho premiums, which appeared yesterday. A home company manufactures a fertilizer It offers $800 in gold for the best yield made on ground enriched with that fertilizer, and four Jersey bulls for the best yield made by clubs. So that the competition has the effect of a fair.
There were seventy-five farmers who contested for the cotton premium according to the rules. The highest yield was 1,545 pounds of lint cotton to the acre, or 3 1-2 bales of 450 pounds each.

[59]

FIELD PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE.

37

The lowest yield wss 430 pounds, or a bale to the acre. The average of the seventy-five farmers was 774 pounds, or nearly two bales to the acre. To secure this yield he used an average of 888 pounds of gossypium, which cost at his depot, $15 54. At nine cents his ci tton brought $69.66. Deduct from this the cost of the fertilizer and we have $54.12 net profit to the acre. The fifty bushels of cotton seed from each acre will about pay for the cultivation. At a bale to the acre above the cost of the fertilizer, any farmer can get rich. Here are seventy-five farmers who have more than made that average. The returns show that throughout the entire State, 850 000 bales of cotton were raised on 3,100 000 acres, or less than one bale to 3J acres. So that the average farmer of Georgia prepares, plants and cultivates seven acres and gets from that large surface just what these seventy-five farmers average from one acre.
The committee say : We have carefully examined all the papers submitted in each case, and were governed by the rules prescribed in your published circular. We regret to say that several contestants were ruled out for non-compliance with the rules, and who would otherwise have been entitled to premiums. We note especially that the contestant reporting the greatest yield on a single acre was ruled out for non-compliance. You have the reports of all the contestants in your hands, and, of course, will make such use of them as you think proper. Very respectfully,
J. T. HENDERSON, Chairman, WM. M. PHIILIPS, L. F. LIVINGSTON, E. L. THOMAS, R. J. REDDING,
Committee of Awardt. Atlanta, Ga, December 13, 1884-5.

m

Special Circular No. 46.
NEW SERIES.
QUESTIONS FOR MAY CROP REPORT, 1885.
RETURNABLE MAY 1st, 1885.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, GA., APRIL 15, 1885.
DEAR Sin--Please answer the following questions on the first day of May, or as early as possible after that date, and mail promptly. Answer every question, that will admit of it, in numbers indicating per cent.
AN AVERAGE CROP, or AVERAGE CONDITION, or anything with which comparison is inade, is always taken as IOO. Thus, it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent, better than last year or 10 per cent, better than an average, it should be reported as 110 in each case; and if 10 per cent, below these standards, it should be 90. Never report "IO per cent, better,"- or "IO per cent, worse," bnt 110, or 90, as the case may be. Avoid vague comparisons, snch as "some better," "hardly so good," "above an average," etc.
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside, or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend, not simply to your own farm.
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county, use the character X. If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate, leave the space blank.
Very respectfully, J. T. HENDERSON,
Commissioner of Agriculture,

I. For what county do you report? II. Your name?.....TM III. Your post-office

County.

2

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

CORN.

1. Acreage compared to an average'.'

[7'_'J percent.

2. Date of planting compared to last year? [State how many days earlier or later. |

3. Stand compared to a good stand'.'

percent.

4. What casualties have affected the crop--such as storms, insects, etc., and to what

extent injured by each?

,

percent-

5. Acreage compared to an average?

OATS.

percent.

6. What per cent of the crop was sown last fall

percent,

7. What per cent, of the crop is sown with rust-proof varieties ?

per cent.

M. Condition and prospectof fall sown compared to aoaverage?

per cent.

'.>. Condition and prospect of spring sown compared to an average'.'

.per cent.

10. Condition and prospect of whole crop compared to an average ?

percent.

, WHEAT.

11. Acreage compared to an average

percent.

32. To what extent injured by freezing or other casualties?

per cent.

13. Condition and prospects compared to an average?

--

per cent.

COTTON.

14. Acreage compared to an average



percent.

15. State timeof planting, whether earlier or later than an average

_,, days.

16. Condition aud prospect compared to an average

-

per cent.

L73]

QUESTIONS FOE MAY CROP REPORT.

17. Wliat per cent, ol the cropr is upF?

IS. Where up, what is the stand compared to a good stand 1

19. Condition of plants compared to an average ?

SUGAR CANE.
20. Area compared to an average. 21. Stand compared to an average ?
RICE.
22. Area in low land rice compared to an average? -23. Area in upland rice compared to an average?

24. Area compared to last year?

SORGHUM

CLOVER AND GRASSES.

25. Aiea ,n clover and cultivated grasses compared to an average"

'.

26. Condition and prospects compared to an average?

FRUIT.

27. What per cent, of a full crop of peaches has escaped frost?

28. What per cent of a full crop of apples have "set" ?

_

29. What per cent, of a full crop of pears have ' set"'.'

SO. What is the grape prospect compared to an average?

3 percent. per cent. percent
percent
ner eent
percent
percent. per oent
per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent.

^

4

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

STOCK.

31. Condition of sheep compared to an average ?

32. Condition of work stock compared to an average at this season?

33. Stock of hogs, of all ages, compared to an average?

34. What diseases, if any, have affected stock this spring?

[~4j
percent. per cent. per cent. per cent.

SUPPLIES.
35. What is the cash price per bushel for corn May 1st? 36. What is the credit price per bushel at the same date? 37. Supply of corn on hand compared to an average supply 38. Supply of hay on hand compared to an average supply



..cents.

. per cent. Pcr cent

Circular No. 65,1 NEW SERIES. I
SEASON" OF 1884-5:
ANALYSES
COMMERCIAL VALUES

Commercial Fertilizers

CHEMICALS,
INSPECTED, ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO THE 20TH OF APRIL, 1885.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.

us v WMMUS

ATLANTA GEORGIA. 1885.
.m'i

Circular No. 65.) NEW SERIES. )
ANALYSES AND COMMERCIAL VALUES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS.
Inspected, Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia to April %0, Season of 1884-5.

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, GA., April 28, 1885.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES.

The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale, to April 20, 1885.
In addition to the chemical determinations and commercial values, a column has been added which shows the number of tons represented by the samples whose analyses are given. This information may sometimes be important to farmers and other purchasers. Analyses of samples from subsequent or future inspections of a given brand may vary materially from those here given; and it is well to preserve copies of the circulars, as issued from time to time, and note any such variations.

RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES.

After the usual correspondence and careful consideration, it has been thought proper to preserve the same valuation of elements that were adopted

last season, the commercial price of the materials which supply such elements being about the same. The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre-

dients or elements of plant food found in the fertilizers by analyses, are a

practical approximation to their true value at Savannah, viz:

Available Phosphoric Acid

10 cents per pound.

Ammonia

18 cents per pound.

Potash

5 cents per pound.

It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a farmer for the

several valuable ingredients in a ton of fertilizers. The following is a simple

rule: Multiply the per centage of ammonia, as given in the tables, by 3.6, that

of available phosphoric acid by 2, and that of potash by 1, and the respective results will show the value, in dollars and cents, of each ingredient in a ton.

Thus: Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows: Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potash
Then: 9.27 multiplied by 2

9.27 per cent. 2.15 per cent. 1.85 per cent
$18.54

2.15 "

" 3.6

7.74

1.85 "

" 1

1.85

Total.........,.,,,

,

$28.13

TABLES of Analyse and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers, Chemicals, etc, inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia.during the season of188%-85, to April 20th, 1885.

NAME OF BRAND.

TABLE I.--AMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATES OF LIME.

3 IS
>

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU-

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

FACTURED.

awz

m

K I*

Ammoniated Dis. Pone, Horse Shoe Bi'nd 10.75 2.00 6.50 5.40 11.90 2.80 1.25 36.13 15 Rounsa -ille & Bro.. Rome, Oa.. . Vorth Western Fer. Co., Chicago, III.

o

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Ammoniated Dissolved Bon"
Atlantic Fertilizer Ashepoo Fertiliz r Ashley Soluble Guano aAmmoniated Alkaline Guano

10.50 2.50 6.8.= 5.25 12.10 2.75 1.50 35.60 15 A. A. Fletcher & Co., Marietta.Ga. North Western Fer Co., Chicago, 111. 11.25 1.50 7.75 1.40 9.15 2.01 1.25 26.75 50 Rawls & Perry, Arlington. Ga.. . Rawls & Perry, Arlington, Ga.

o M

12.00 0.0 7.15 3.80 10.95 2. 1.75 <2.11 100 Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, s.C. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. O.

11.00 3.00 6.85 2 65 9 60 2.05 1.75 8".29

12.15 1 20

8.88 11.25 2.25 1.50 32.10

10 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C. Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 50 Ashley Phos. Co., Charleston, 5. C. Ashley Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

11.50 2.15

4.80 10 60 2.35 1.60 31.26 2t0 Chesapeake Guano Co. Baltimore . Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

H d g

Amuioniatid Dissolved Bone

11.25

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

12.2:

cAdams Standard

12.00

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

10.CO

mAtlanta Ammoniatid Superphosphate... 12.00

I Americus Guano

11.50

Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone... 11.On

Brighton's Ammoniated Bone Superphos. 13.25

2.85 3.55 0.55 2 9 3.20
2.05 2.35
2.30

7.64 2.56 10.20
8.65 2.81 10.86
8.451 l.ffi 10.00 6.15 4.10 10.25
8.05 2.05 10.10 4.60 4 95 9 55 7 75 2.95 10.70 7.60 2.90 10.50

2.57
2.00 2.25
2 2.4" 2.15 2 25
2 00

1.25 30.90
1.45 30 37 1.50 29.60 2.05 30.04 1.50 30.34
1.0( 27.84
1.50 31.(0 3.2' 3H.45

100 Jno. Merryman & Co.. Baltimore.. Ino. Merryman & Co., Barren Is., N. J. 10 Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore ... Patapsco GUMIO Co., Baltimore, Md 25 Savannah Guano Co., Savannah,Ga Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. l^OO Peudleton Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga.. Peudleton Guano Co., Atlanta. Ga. 50' The AilantaGuanoCo.. Atlanla.Ga The Atlanta Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga. 50 Williams, Clark & Co., New York . Williams, Clark & Co., New York. 200 Pollard & Roberson, Augusta, Ga.. Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass.
3" Dambman Bros. & Co., I'.altimore.. DambmanBros. & Co., Baltimore, Md.

n o w w o

aB. & H. Guano

11.50

Bowker's Cotton Fertilizer

14.50

Bradley's Patent Superphosphate

18.75

Brannon's Soluble Guano

14.5"

Baker's Standard Guano

14.25

Ba din & Co's. Ammoni ted Dis. Bone.. 13.50

Bradley"s Ground Bone and Potash

6.10

eBuflalo Bone Guano

10.75

Cranston's Excelsior Cotton Food Cranston's Ammonia ted Dis. Bone

11 50 11.0"

-Cotton Maker

13.0!

2.15 2.25 2.00 0.S5 2.25
2 05 2.00 -.75 5.00 2.20
1.16

8.00
9.50 8.30
7.15 8.3ft
4t5 7.65 9.6'
9.80 5.25

4.30 10.60
2.60 10.60 2 30 11.80
2.00 10.30 2 90 10.05 2.L0 10. t' 6 25 10.3'' 1.85 9.50
1.20 tO.80 1.20 10.80
6.25 11.50

2.35 1.60 31.26 2.20 1.0 30 12 2.10 1.0 S3.24 2.00 1 2> 29 05
2.25 1.60 29.80 2.35 3.0' 32.36 2.45 1.80 31.22 2.20 2..00 28.92
2.20 1.96 31.17
2.70 1.85 31.37 if.3 ,! 1.65 32.93

100 Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore. Chesapeake Guano Co.. Baltimore, Md.

800 Bowker Fer. Co,, Elizabethport ... Bowker Fer. Co., Elizabethport, N. J.

400|Langston & Crane, Atlanta, Ga .. Bradley Fertilizer Co., BostoD, Mass.

20 J. F. Brannon & Co., Atlanta, Ga.. J. F. Brannon & Co , Atlanta, Ga.

5 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore, Md.

iOOO.Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga .. . Baldwin & Co., Port Royal, S. C.

50|N A. Hardee's Son & Co., Savan'h. Bradley Fer Co., North Weymoth,Ma6S

100 Furman Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta... Fmman Farm Imp. Co , East Point, Ga.

50|R. P. Sibiey, Augusta, Ga

R. P. Sibiey, Port Royal, S C.

100 B. P. Sib'ey, Augusta, Ga.

R P. Sibiey. Port Royal, S. C.

5GlChesapeakc Guano Co., Faltlnv re Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

oCano Fertilizer

14.00 3.15 5.85 3:25 9:10 2.10 i:oo 26.76 50 Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore... Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.

Cotton and Grain Fertilizer

11.75 1.0(1 9.00 2.85 11.85 2.10 1.60 32.86 10 Dambman Bros. & Co., Baltimore.. Dambman Bros. & Co., Baltimore, Md..

Cotton states Fertilizer

13.CO f.lrti 7.0 3.40 11.20 2:25

30.60 100 Jno. R. Long, Baltimore

Jno. R. Long, Baltimore, Md.

Colgate Manure..".

13.00 3.00 6.011 4.25 10.25 2.10

28.06 10 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore, Md.

Chattahoochee Guano

9.00 1.00 7.20 3.80 11.00 2.15 1.15 80.89 80 LaGrange Oil Mfg Co., LaGrange.. LaGrange Oil Mfg Co., LaGrange, Ga.

Cotton Food Guano

11.75 1.7.1 9.10 2.8(1 11.90 2.15 1 25 32.79 60 S. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga

S. A. Wetzler. Savannah. Ga.

Cotton Bloom Fertilizer

9.10 2.60 8.35 2.75 11.10 2.10 1.00 31.76 10 Jno. C. Printup &Co., Home, Ga... Jno. C. Printup & Co., Rome, Ga.

Cotton Fertilizer

15.60 1.15 7.00 4.80 11.80 2.10 1 30 31.46 10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta, Ga

Navaesa G. Co., Wilmington, N. C.

Cotton Seed Compound

10.00 1.70 6.60 3.05 9.65 2.10 1.50 28.36 50 Elbert Co. Fer. Co., Elberton, Ga.. Elbert Co. Fer. Co., Elberton, Ga.

Chatham Guano

12.75 2.35 5.85 6.21) 10.86 2.45 1.20 31.12 50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Baltimore, Md.

Cumberland Bone Co., Superphos. of Lime 15.75 l.ao 7.35 3.14 10.49 2.45 2.75 32.56 100 Charles Ellis, Savannah, Ga

Cumberland Bone Co., Portland, Me.

Chesapeake Guano

13.50 2.95 4.55 5.61 10.16 2.41 1 .85 30.36 2'0 Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore.. Chesapeake Guano Co ,Baltimore. Md.

j'Coles' Georgia Cotton Fertilizer. ...

15.15 2.05 H.25 8.90 10.15 2.65 1.20 81.04 300 W. T. Cole, Griffin, Ga

Clark's Cove G. Co., New Bedford,Mass

Chappell's High Grade Am. Superphos 16.00 2.80 7.75 a. 70 10.45 2.90 2.20 33.54 10 P. S. Chappell & Son, Baltimore.... P. S. Chappell & Son, Baltimore, Md.

Cham [-ion Am. Superphosphate Dissolved Ammoniated Bone Dobbs' Am. Cotton Fertilizer

11.50 2.40 7.611 2.12 9.72 2.49 1.35 29.72 10.50 4.20 5.25 4.20 9.45 2.15 2.00 ?S 64 13.75 2.15 6.50 3.75 10.25 2,25 1.50 80.10

60 P. S. Chappell & Son, Bahimore.... P. S. Chappell & Son, Baltimore, Md.

SO Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore, Md.

60 S. C. Dobbs, Athens, Ga

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.

o
S|

cDiamond Brand Cotton Food

12.00 0.50 8.Ml 1.50 10.00 2.20 1 55 29.47 100 Savannah Guano Co., Savannah Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

o

Diamond Brand Cotton Pood

18.00 0.48 8.50 1.50 10.00 2.26 1.60 29.70 ... Savannah Guano Co., Savannah

DeLeon's Soluble Raw Bone Fertilizer.... 7.00 2.00 4.515 5.50 y.75 3.15 1.85 32.19 20 Perry M. DeLeon, Savaunah

Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. Perry M DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

c
8

DeLeon's Complete Cotton Fertilizer DeLeon's Complete Cotton Fertilizer Dixie Am. Bone Superphosphate Eutaw Fertilizer

10.50 2.50 5.30 5.25 10.55 2.80 1.20 32 38 14.00 2.25 6.50 8.50 10.00 V. 15 1 50 29.24 8.15 2.00 8.25 1.40 9.65 2 20 0 50 97 72 10.00 3.00 6.85 2.55 9.40 3.10 1.30 31.26

100 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

400 Langston & Crane, Atlanta

Michigan Carbon W'ks, Detroit, Mich.

10 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C Ahsepbo Phos. Co , Charleston, 8. C.

wzo>
i-t

Edisto Ammoniated Fertilizer cExcelsior Guano

13.25 1.00 8.8I1 2.35 11.20 2.35 2 (III 32 86 10 Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, 8. C. Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 12.00 0.5b 8.4!) 1.55 10.00 2 25 1.50 29.60 100 Savanrah Gnano Co., Savannah,Ga. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

t->

Excelsior Guano

12.10 0.45 8.60 1.60 10.10 2.20 1.50 29.62

Savannah Guano Co., Savannah,Ga. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

Etiwan Guano

14.50 2.00 6.311 3.80 10.10 2.60 1 25 30.81 60 Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

E. Frank Goes' Am. Bone Superphos

11.50 2.15 6.15 4.20 10.35 2 64 i.ie 30.91 100 Jno. Merryman & Co., Baltimore... E. Frank Coe, Barren Island, N. Y.

oKmpire Guano

14.00 3.11) 5.85 3 25 9.10 2 10 l.OC 26.76 50 Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.

crEddystone Guano

16.50 3.00 7.45 2.15 9.60 2.40 1 ,5(1 29.84 400 Jno. M. Green, Atlanta, Ga

Clark Cove G. Co., New Bedford, Mass.

dfcclipse Guano
f Furman's Formula Ammoniated Farmer's Favorite

16.50 3.00 7.45 2.15 9.60 2.40 1,50 29.34 220 Jno. M. Green, Atlanta, Ga

Clark Cove G. Co., New Bedford, Mass.

10.75 2.76 7.65 1.85 9.50 2.20 2,0') 28.92 100 Furman's Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta.. Furman Farm Imp. Co., East Point, Ga.

.... 14.50 2.75 7. Si 2.75 10.25 2.45 0,75 30,07 50 N. A. Hardee's Son & Co., Savannah Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass.

m
SO

/Franklin's Am. Dissolved Boneg

12.35 2.80 8.75 1.60 10.35 2.55 1,50 31,38 44 Rialto Guano Co., Savannah

Rialto Guano Co , Savannah, Ga.

Franklin's Am. Dissolved Bone

14.50 2.80 7.60 2.61) 10.10 2.08 0 80 28.49 50 Rialto Guano Co., Savannah....

Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

Farmer's Friend Guano Furman's High Grade Fertilizer

15.00 1.50 8.20 2.15 10.35 2.16 2 20 30,64
11.00 Lie 8.60 3.00 11.50 3.00 2 20 36,00

5" Read & Co., New York

Read & Co .New York.

60 Furman's Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta.. Furman's Farm Imp. Co, East Point,Ga

OO 00

Grange Compound

*.,, 10.00 2.25 6.55 3.45 10.00 2.10 1.50 fSl 06 100 Elbert Co. Fer. Co., Elberton, Ga.. Elbert Co. Fer. Co., Elberton, Ga.

Georgia Planters' Favorite

13.00 1.25 7.80 3.35 11.15 ?, 30

30 58 50 Jno. R Long, Baltimore

Jno. R. Long, Baltimore, Md.

Georgia Planters' Favorite

'.

10.80 2.85 7.35 2.80 9.65 2.20 0 25 27.47 65 Jno. R. Long, Baltimore

Jno. R. Long, Baltimore, Md.

Grange Mixtureg

10.75 l.OO 8.60 1.95 10.46 3.30 1 85 34 13 60 F. C. Grange, Secy, Savannah, Ga,. Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

Georgia Fertilizer

13.50 2.20 6.15 4.40 10.55 2.35 1 50 31 OR 100 C. C. Haidwick, Savannah, Ga

0. C. Hardwick, Baltimore, Md.

Georgia State Grange Fertilizer

11.50 2.35 10.15 1.05 11.20 2.10 2.00 31 90 600 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga

Baldwin & Co,, Port Royal, 8. C.

IjGood Luck Guano

12.50 3.0(1 6.50 4.15 10.65 2 80 1 00 3? 88 14 Geo. W. Miles* Co., Milford, Conn. Geo. W. Miles & Co., Milford, Conn.

AGeorgia State Standard

18.10 2.40 9. SB 1.35 10.60 2.40 3,00 32.84 100 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah.. Hammand, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. C.

^Georgia Test Guano

12.50 2.40 V.50 8.35 10.85 2.80 1.00 32.78 100 Jno. Merryman & Co., Baltimore . Jno. Merryman & Co., Barren Is., N. Y.

Gossypiuin Phospho

7.00 1.90 7.10 3.30 10.40 3.06 2. CO 33.82 200 Geo. W. Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ga . Geo. W. Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ua.

TABLE I--CONTINUED.

C5

5

6
J3

9

g a

S p-

NAMK OF BRAND.

*6 >

O

FOH WHOM INSPECTED.

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED.

tCD

a

5

DO

O

o H

< B

>
0u 03

zo^s-

"em Am. soluble Phosphate

Harle's Raw Bone Superphosphate

Hope's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

.//H'Hoaordde'se'sCCototottnonGrBoowllerA? m. Superphos...

Homestead Guano

J. S. Wood & Bros. Am. Dis. Bone..

J. S. Wood & Bros. Am. Dis. Bone Kramer's Patent

King Guano.,

Largston A Crane Dis. B. with Am. &Pot.

Lister's Standard Pure Bone

Lockwood Cotton Grower

TcU. & It. Ammoniated Guano

Lowe's Georgia Formula

^Monarch Guano

.,..!!!!!!

Mathis Chemicals

....!."!..!!

Matchless Cotton Grower Mastodon Guano

[[]'

//Miles' I X L Bone Superphosphate.... " Nonpareil Am Dissolved Bone

Norton & Vandiver's Standard Guano

Navassa Guano

,

Nassau Guano

!'.!."."!'

Owl Brand Guano

.........!

Ocmulgce Guano Old Putnam

,,,.";

Old Putnim

Ober's Soluble Am. Superphos. of Lime!] cOur Own

/tOglefhorpe Am. Dissolved Bone.'. ...!!!!!

<>nole High Grade

Oriole High Grade

...."'

Oriole High Grade Pomona Guano

Pomona Guano

11.SO 20.75 8.76 15.75 12.35 6.f0 11.50 lo.C(i 14.00 14.00 12.50 8.00 11.00 10.75 11.10 11.50 13.25 10.00 10.50 12:60 11.35 9.40 11.10 15.00 14.50 il.75
12.00 9.00 12.00 13.10 9.20 8.75 8.75
lo.ro
10.50

2.1
1.75 1.65 2.05 2.80 2.25
2.80 1.75 3.00 2.2" 2.2s 0.25 2.50 3.20 3.50 2 95 3.20 3.10
2.45 3;0O 2.00 1.50 2.0D
2.50 3.75 3.50 1.00
0.50 2.50 0.55 2.40 4.(0 3.75
4.50 3.20 1.25

6.3UJ 4.30110.60

5.20 5.0j|l0.25

8.00! 3.25 11.25

6.25! 3.9>1CJ5

8.75 1.60 10.35

8.25 1.38 9.63

6.15 4.10 10.25

3.75 6.25 10.00 7.90 3.05 10.95

6.00 3.85 9.85

7.60 3.15 10.75 9.15 1.75 10.90

6.75 3.S5 10.10

7.00 2S 10.23

6.50 4 ?,2 10.82

4.6" 4.95 9.55

6.. 15 3.25 9.40

7 10 4.00 11.10

5 3?, 5.20 10.53

6.50 4.16 10.65

9.65 1.20 10.85

8.85 1.S0 10.15

5.45 6.20111.65

7.25

10.55

7.85 2.15 10.00

6.60 3.15 9.75

8.00 2.50 10.50

8 20 1.85 10.05

6.15 4.61 10.76

8.45 1.55 10.00

9.25 1.35 10.60

7.15 2.30 9.45

7.50 2.50 10.00

7:00 2 20 9.20

6.85 3.15 10.00

8.50 2.45110.95

2.3) 2.50 2.00
2.C5 2.55 2.08 2.10 2.11 2.05 2.06
2.20 2 65 2.30 2.00 2.20 2.15 2.10
2.60 2.76 2.80 2.25 2.18 2.60 2. is
2.00 2.10 2.15 2.25 2.61 2.25 2.40
2.45 2.40 2.55 2 45
2.00

1 6Ui31.26
1.10|.0.60 1.60 31.80 1.20 31.10 1.50 31.38 0.50 27.25 1.25 29.31 0.80 28.40 1.25 30.53
1.15 28.23 1.25 3H.67 1.40 32.74 1.05 29.53 1.50 29.16 1.65 31.21 1.00 27.84 1.75 28.11 1.50 33.06 1.25 32.25 1.00 32.38 1.90 31..70 0 25 28.40 1.00 33.66 1.20 30.04 1:40 28. CO
1.80 28.86 1.55 30.29 1.45 29.65 2.25 33.17 1.50 29.60 3.00 32.84 2.20 29.92 0.75 2S.3S 1.75 29.33 1.25 30.07 2.50 31.60

100 Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore.. Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore, Md

200 J. W. Harle&Co., Atlanta, Ga.... J. W. Harle & Co., New York.

10" R. V. Bowen, Hawkinsville, Ga.... B. V. Bowen, Hawkinsville, Ga.

(0 N. A. Hardee's Son & Co., Savan'h Clark's Cove G.Co.,New Bedford.Mass.

20 Rialto Guano Co.. Savannah

Rialto Gnano Co., Savannah, Ga.

100 M. F. McLanrin, Rome, Ga

Michigan Carbon W'ks, Detroit, Mich.

537 J. S. Wood & Bro., Savannah

Raisin Fertilizer Co , Baltimore, Md.

163 J. S. Wood & Bro.. Savannah

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.

50 Read A Co.. New York-

Read* Co., New York.

lO.Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore ... Raisin Fertilizer Co. Baltimore, Md.

400|Langston & Crane, Atlanta

Langston & Crane, Atlanta, Ga.

40.W. P. Anderson * Son, Marietta... Lister Bros., Newark, N J.

50iCIarence Aueicr, Atlanta

Lockwood & McClintock, New York.

1C0 Lorentz & Rittler, Baltimore

Lorentz & Rittler. Baltimore. Md.

500|M. A. Stovall, Augusta

Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

200,Williams, Clark & Co., New York. Williams, Clark & Co., New York.

20 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore, Md.

250;Orr & Hunter, Athens. Ga

Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

500 M. A Stovall, Augusta, Ga 250 Langfton & Crane. Atlanta
50 J. F. Wheaton & Son, Savannah... 30 Norton & Vandiver. Rome, Ga

Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta. Ga. Geo W. Miles & Co., Milford, Conn. J. V. Wheaton & Son, Pt. Royal, 8. C. Michigan Carbon W'ks, Detroit, Mich.

10 Navassa Go. Co., Wilmington,N. C. Navassa Guano Co.. Wilmington, N. C.

200 J. D. Weld, Savannah, Ga 250 Davie & Whittle, Petersburg,

Va..

BowkerFer. Co., Elizabcthport, N. Davie & Whittle, Petersburg, Va.

J.

1(0 Chefapeake Guano Co., Baltimore.. 50 Savannah Guano Co., Savannah....

Chesapeake G^ano Co., Baltimore.Md.. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

Savannah Guano Co.. Savtnnah... 20 G. Ober & Sons Co., Baltimore 100 Savannah Guano Co., Savannah .

Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. Q. Ober & Son's Co., Baltimore, Md. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

100 6

Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Symington Bros. & Co., Baltimore..

Hammond, Hull Symington Bros.

& Co., Pt. Royal, S C A Co., Baltimore, Md

18 Symington Bros. & Co., Baltimore. Symington Bros. & Co., Raliimore, Md.

35 Symington Bros. & Co., Baltimore.. 100 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga... 100 Perry M. DLeon, Savannah, Ga...

Symington Bros. & Co., Baltimore, Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga. Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

Md,

w 3

O
2 o a
tHr
So W
I
Q
o W 9a )
CoO

m Patapsco Soluble Am. Superphosphate ..

I low Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate..

/(Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer JPowhattan Haw Bone Am. Superphos '' Potent Pacific

Pendleton's Am. Superphosphate Ramspeck's Am. Bone Phosphate Rock City Superphosphate.

Russell Coe's Am. Bone Superphos!

Royal Superphosphate... . Russell toe's Fertilizer

Rialto Guanog

'

Reliance Am. SuDerphosphate' V.''' /'Reed's Cotton Food?.

Ra* Bone Alkaline superpliosl

^Symington's Ammoniated Bono.. hymina ton's Ammoniated Bone 'Symington's Ammoniated Bone " '

hchaefer's Raw Bone Superphos." wiSunbeam Soluble Guano

Sea Fowl B. D. Guano

Soluble Pacific Guano.....'.

Seldner's Champion Cotton Grower "

Sterns Am. Raw Bone Superphos. SeaFowl Guano

Siono Soluble Guano '

'(Soluble Sea Island ..]

/Stokely & McMahon's Am. Bone""

Soluble Pacific Guano....

foeldner's Am. Bone PhosS...'

Star Brand Guano

Sterling Guano....

Truck Farmers' Special Guano

The Georgia Cotton Grower

(/Universal Am. Dissolved Bone"" (/Victor Am. Dissolved Bone

Walker's Gold Dust..

Wright's Solid G uauo...."

Wando Fertilizer

Wilcox & Gibb's Manipulated Guano" gZell's A. B. Superphosphate

Zeil's A.B. Phosphate.....

pZell's Calvert Guano

pZeWs Economizer.. ..

pZeWs Kloctric.

*Thls bra d

. .

11.75 3.10 7.20 3.22 10.42

11.00 2.10 6.75 4.3, 11-05

13.10 2.40 9.25 1.35 10.CO

10-75 3.20 7.00 3 0.23

18.00 3.50 8.00 3 11.25

13.10 2.20 7.60 2.45 10.05

10.CO 1.50 7.75 2.40 10.15

7.50 2.55 7.35 3.10 10.4-

6.75 2.20 5.50 4.60 10.10

15.00 2.70 9.20 1.60 to. SO

IS. 00 2.60 6.00 5.45 10.45

10.50 3.45 6.45 3.85 10.30

11.00 2 5.65 4.63 10.28

12.85 2.80 8.75 1.60 10.3

12.25 1.90 8.00 2.10 0.10

11.00 3.20 7.30 1.70 9.(0

11.00 2.35 8.00 1.10 9.10

13.50 2.15 9.15 1.20 10.35

13.00 1 8.00 2.05 10.05

12.00 3.20 8.05 2.05 10 10

13.00 2

8.8K 2.25 11.05

11.10 2 7.55 2.60 10.15

10.60 3.50 6.45 3.80 10.25

6.20 1.15 8.10 3.30 11.40

12 2.60 7.45 2.8.1 10.25

10.50 3.16 5.85 5.40 11.25

14.00 12.50

3.15 2.401

6.851 3.25 9.10 7.50 3.35 10.8o

11.25 3.61 7.85 2.15 10 00

12.35 2.80 8.751 1.60 10.35

9.2) 2.50 S.50 1.15 9.651

10.80 2.00 7.26 2.9i 10.20

10.50 1.50 6.25 3.80 10.03

9.25 1 7.00 3.75 10.75

15.50 1.75 7.00 3.40 10.40

15.50 1.75 7.00 3.40 10.40

13.00 1.50 7.15 3.10 10.25

15.00 1.00 7.50 3.00 10.60

10.75 2.80 5.40 6.00 11.40

8.75 2.00 3.50 6.45 9.95

13.75 4.00 8.50 1.95 10.45

13.60

7.75 2.45 10.20

2.14 3.16 2.40 2.01 2.40 3.0 2.0 2. If 1.70 2.30 3.36 2. IP 2.38 2.55 2.46 2.55 2.15 2.2( 2.40 2.40 2.61 2.8. 2.18 2.88 2.50 2.88 2.10 2.8 2.S6
2.55 2.05 2.25 3.80 2.52 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.45 2.30 2.75 2.05 2.05

1.60 30.14 2.2( 35.67 3.00 32 84
1.50 29 16
1.20 32.34 2.01 32.91 1.00 28.50
1.40 29. S6
1.30 27.62
29.88 2.10 31.46
1.40 29.74
1.70 1.50 31.38 1.95 30.97 1.01 28.1s
1.60 27.51 1.35 29.97
2.(0 30 74 1.50 80.34
0.76 32.31 1..25 31.81 1.25 29.60 2.65 35.82
0.90 30.40 1.50 34.36 1.00 16.76
1.00 32.78 1.16 29.61 1.51 31.38 0.85 27.53 1.10 29.60 3.00 36.78 1.65 32.22
28.54
28 54 1.10 29.34 1.20 31.02 1.05 32.13 2.50 80 2.00 30.28 1.58 29.36

13.75 13.751
13. n

8.50 1.95 10.45 2 05 2.00 30.28 8.50 1.95 10.45 2.05 2.00 30.28
.50 1.95 10.45 2.051.2,.,,0,,0 ,3,,0..2^8

10 Patapsco Guano Co.. Baltimore.... Patapsco Guano Co.. Baltimore. Md. 21211110312lj4122250122i0521270301267;-o52602C142100006002S20o46555051020008600v50500005500lO05600600005000T/TTTTW TSTTBW W CCJFRP'SNSFW TSGPSW GxRRJW hTNPHtnhhhPKhhHLhhe.aW oly.toaoy.i.hya.iie.aeeeii.oeeo.aceeiee.ioozalmilnCalaanmameCrcnFOnAlidlsrO,lnaatEroReomllfMZilZZZid.W aZr^iGi.tdettiW .altraiiAodi.nbnyM .obe.rooontoece&enteGnnemlmmPGodas,eW cPrenliIellMnnglgtlBtigl.FMlllsnrlGeherlPGCGrlltlzBsahrs&c,otCtaaatco&,roahao,eGaoCGh,Gol&ooG&oou.nG&uuAnrronuo&W nmnssrennW oCnxdynCmClauFdsuaaguDxott..uRrugains,SSani.maennse,aGLeleoannalhBatBReale.C&gBehaopa&onneonooo,roi.n,nNaeHsurn,GCaLui,rrz.rroabCcitrnoonenognoo*koo,kW tnSoaGm s&SCeoCCcneceuGu,rtCoS'sg'nsn,sserlsk.or.weCaCCnlo.Cao.SCio.,&,&CSe.ai&sleoC.ocCocb,nn.onb.&Co.ooro(Covo.&syaC,.Ayo,A&b'&&d,oh.Y,CoCb,M D.nC..tn,oaov,'Co,,NC.,,,CsS,m.Shas,CStB.,n,.hooaCC.W M&CeoCSA o,BCC,rolBaaai.BaahBGann.aaoil.jcGaoA.oSB.rar,rvovsonBo,oeai,v,iaarB.aannCiaaBlla..ki.tvhl,.a..a.srAale.,seat,lulallhl,,lta,a,tselBNNiaatvotln..tva'tttntuslaaM CnemB'hgloih,.BBitesititM lnSoli.tnaCtnmn.armmmsleeaAitnt,nt'nluor,oiGnaga,miaano.aaoi,tlaiawwm,loa..m,as,nmoeoSlntoatllotto,hvcnnGrhGa.htGcttltooi,anr.heSoaSortir.-aiaia,aoSm ,SoooYaamearne.mme,Ve.TA.v,a.rnSnhnrGern.aa.SG.e.ea.o,eSoO,nt.eoGCooov,v..t.aan.a.G.rlrnaCrr'rr''G."G.alih'ec.k'keeehtChn..iaa"."a..a.a......TTT'TTTSRW W JTW SRRPAPRSM 1SBSSTGaBRTRW RLPPNHBRnhhhthW hhtehhaatiy.yaoylihrroa..iieeieeoeeioeauauelaceraeceaaalialamnamametinOanrrllans.idlssrOliRilsdmdllloZZitZfrinZW GftdeidW ZiossltdohttiaoiaiilyoblnoiM .toAeboeonnseeoennl*ceemecmlnoeaamteelnPni'ileelRlgltiyyggG.hlltM FntlllGlelrlylzGGGP,lartotshcGlCFst&'cttCoa,oraseaoC,ulGCoo,GGFoonGhu&W .oruuGue&&moW nFusnrnnhaxynon?daoACoeFFxarCaau.tuupuaDenteu,.emshin.er,nsSnn&aRSahBGeneaa<lahlrdmloB&Bp,ta,apoNefaoiCaooon&.rnnHnciaoroadraneiznuLrGLlrrh.CrL..noontooGonCeGniokCoociCt,oeukCCnatCaCez'iCss&ewnhiuCk'ls.ssorlnniosion.CCotoCN,eoC&oeol...&eo&baC4bh,e.ooCd..idnCr.Cnr.,.m&Co.,nM oo,tYCbob&,eo,&.,&oD-,,eC,eC,',o.CCooCC..ms.osSCBrSo.h.,nGCS,,n,oSBi,W ..SeotoR.NCoC.onaoCo,,aGCa,Goh,o,.BCa,rCBaBochB...Baa.v..r.voki,o,,.CaovsB,oNv,oaB..,N.oaM lv,olcaaaBa,a.CW ta.aW s..eC.taBatoN,N.r,hoh.l,ala,W CleniCalA.h,nlu,sltnBtantfomdttlhnanPmwaleiBienBivetiBeingoroiJtNlAnntm.mstmolrmora,nmwsii,wttay,ii...olamaalrolamaai.,,lmtrnsaeCaJhteAmM meHhomoGllorolollhhontlnw,etehStisete,RnSYooaYo,rrronirinr,,itdoaio,trtoa,,esemeaSmenmnelr.anorG.oaGgsol,o,tstIaGG,,,erv,e,.M Y,vteGhgon,eyssTtooerrona,aNa',VSo,M'M M .aaOM ,hM M.tknk,yah,rora.r..Gte,od.Mn..eM e.a..,e.NMla...rMnM,d.nSd,dadCd,,aG,,,.kSdnsG....d...OS.aG..aM GMDdDaMs..s..CYs..aCr.asaees.ddOd....l..l......

f
o*(
o o a
o m w
t-t
>
m W
OO oo

ton

TABLE II--Acid Phosphate, Dissolved Bones, Natural Guanos, Chemicals, etc.

;L,

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

n

H

a

Q.CJ

K p,

BY WHOM AND WHERR MANU-

NAME OF BRAND. Atlanta Soluble Bono

.2

o

B

ui

~~

< H

10.00 3.70 12.15 1.05 13.20

> > oa.2

3

S5

s* s> u
0-

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

FACTURED.

26.40 100 The Atlanta Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga The Atlama Guano Go.. Atlanta, Ga...

O w
5 i

Acid Phosphate and Potash

8.75 3.5U 7.60 4.8. 12.41

1.40 26 2< 50 Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta .... Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga.

H

Acid Phosphate nAcid Phosphate

12.00 3.CO 11.10 2.10 13.21 12.10 1.35 11.75 1.95 13.70

26.40 12 Nafn'al Fert'zer Co.,Nashv'e Tenn National Fert'zer Co, Nashville, Tenn.

Z

'7.4C 100 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savn'h, Ga. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal,S.C.

H

6Atlantic -citl Phosphate

13.25 1.25 10.05 3.60 1

oAtheiis Dissolved Bone

13.25 1.25 10.05 3.6' '3.65

Ashepoo Dis'd Bone with Am'aand Potash 10. SO 3.25 8.30 3.ii( 11.30

1 CO 28.30 80" Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S.C.. Atlantic Phos. Co, Charleston, S. C. 1.00 28.30 50 Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S.C. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 1.0' 38.1( 10 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charl'ston, 8.0 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

O

Ashepoo Bone Ash Aramoniated Acid Phosphate Ashley Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate

11.05 8.35 9.25 4.00 13.28 13.76 0.50 8.35 3.80 12.15
10.50 1.50 L0.6' 3.5i '.4.11' 13.75 1.85 5.85 7.41. 13.3'' 14.25 2.15 12 25 1 85 14.10

1.65 28.15 1.21 29.82
33.20 36.60 li.10

60 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charl'ston, S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 100 Atlantic Phos. Co., Chars'ton, S.O. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. CO Ashley Phos. Co., Char'ston. S. C. Ashley Phosphate Co., Charleston, S.C.
10 Lawson, Kcsler & Co., Bal're, Md Lawscn, KesslerCo., Baltimore, Md, 100 Savannah Go. Co., Savannah, Ga. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

o H o M a

Acid Phosphate

,

A. T. Heath's Soluble Bone

Ashley Acid Phosphate

Ashepoo Acid Phosphate

Bale's Phosphate Guano

Bale's Acid Phosphate

Barlavento Island Guano

Cole's Cotton Acid Phosphate

Cranston Acid Phosphate

1-3.50 4.00 7.55 3.70 11.25

22.50

7.50 3.05 6.75 5.91. 12.65

1.2(1 26.50

12.50 1.50 8.86 4.29 13.15

O.'JO 37.20

13.00 2.65 10.55 3.20 13.75

27.50

10.00 1.00 8.65 5.10 13.75 0.00 0 75 38.26

100 Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore.

10 Ga. Cnem'l & Mining Co,, Atlanta Ga. ( hem'l & Mining Co., Atlanta.

100 Ashley Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C. Ashley Phosphate Co., Charleston, S.C.

100 Ashepoo Phos. Co.. Chas'ton, S Ashepoo Phos. Co , Chaileston, S. C.

50 J. A. Bale, Rome. Ga

J. A. Bale, Ki.me, Ga.

H a w
w
I

10.0' 2.60 9.15 2.30 11.45 14.00| 3.70 6.50 4.45 10
11.10 1.85 8.20 3.95 12.16 .75 2.25 11.10 3.20 14.3!

0.25 23 15 21.90
1.25 25.55 28.60

80 J. A. Bale, Borne, Ga

.1. A. Bale, Rome, Ga.

3 i Lorentz & RHler, Baltimore

Lorentz & Ritler, Baltimore.

100 Ga. Chem'l & Mining Co., Atlanta Ga. Chem'l & Mining Co., Atlanta.

50 R. P. Sibley, Augusta, Ga

K. P. Sibley, Augusta, Ga.

o o w W
Q

^Charleston Acid Phosphate Chatham Acid Phosphate.

14.35 1.40 10.10 3.30 13.40 11.75 2.00 5.40 7.50 12.90

1.10 27.80 500 Slono Phos, Co., Charleston, S.C .. Stono Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C. 0.20 26.00 50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga... Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

oCherokee Dissolved Bone

13 25 1.25 in. 06 3.60 13.65

1.C0 28 30 1C0 Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

Dissolved Bone Phos. So. Ca

8.50 2.8l 10.00 3.50 13.50

27.CO 30 G. Ober & Son Co., Baltimore, Md. G. Ober & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md.

Dissolved So. Ca.Bona Dissolved So. Ca. Bone

13.25 3.26 10.30 1.80 12.10 10.00 3.00 8.40 4.10 12.50

24.20 40 P. S. Chappell & Son, Balt'ore, Md. P. S Chappell &Son, Baltimore Md. 25.00 5 Chem'l Co. of Canton. Balt'cro, Md hemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore,Md.

Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime

11.60 4.00 11.(5 1.20 12.26

24.50 500 Pacific Go. Co., Charleston, S. C.. Pacific Guano Co., Charleston, S. C.

Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime

13.0' 4.50 10.00 4.11 14.10

28.20 150 J.O. Mathewson & Co., Angusta... Pacitic Guano Co., Wood's Hole, Mass.

DeLeon's Dissolved Bone Phosphate

11.00 1.50 9.90 3.35 13.25

1.20 J7.70 50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

Diamond Soluble Bone

in.50 1 75 7 25 6.22 13.47

26.94 50 Walton, Whann k Co., Macon, Ga . Wa'ton, Whann .t Co', Wilming'n, Del.

Dobb's Chemical for Composting Eutau Bone A sh Edisto Acidulated Rock

8.60 5.10 5.15 6.25 11.40 10.00 3.00 8.20 4.00 12.20 13.00 1.65 14.16 2.00 16.15

1.00 23.80 2.35 26.75
32.20

50 S. C. Dobbs, Athens, Ga'

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore.

50 Ashepoo Phos. Co . Char'ston, S.C. Ashepoo Phos Co., Charleston, S. C.

lOiEdisto Phosphate Co., Charleston Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S.C.

00 to

Udisto Acid Phosphate ..

Etiwan .\ cid Phosphate .

Etiwan Dissolved Bone.

Edisto Ammoniated Acid Pho phate

Ezell's Dissolved Bone

Euinu Acid Phosphate

Franklin's Acid Phosphate,

Parish Furman's Formula,

1 Fine Raw Bone

aFarmer's Acid Pho pliate

G. Ober & Sons Co., .icid Phosphate

Ga. Chem'l Works A. P. without Pota

Grange A cid Phosphate

Geo. W. Scott Charleston Acid Phosphite

Georgia State Grange Acid Phospha'e ..

eGcoigia Chem'l Woiks Acid Phosphate.

aGeorgia State Standard A. P..

High Grade Acid Phosphate

High Grade Acid Phosphate ...

TIardee's Acid Phosphate

Hardee's Phosphate and Potash

Harle & Co. Diss Ived Bone ..

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit.

Kainit

Kainit

..

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit

Ka'nit

Kimet

Kainit

Kaii.it

Kainit

Kainit

L. and C. Dissolved Bone

"0

Magnolia Acid Phosphate

National Dissolved tone

Navassa Acid Phosphate ....

dOglethorpe Acid Pin sphate .

*0.chilla Guano

dOglethorpe Dissolved Bone

PendUton's Phosphate for Composting.

Phosphate Floats

Potash Acid Phosphate Pure Ground Tankage. ...

Pure Dissolved So. Ca. Bone

-Pomona Acid Phosphate....

11.05 2.05(13.10 10.IT. 2.65 12.70 8.2 5.25 13. 4 8.50 1.75 10.25 10.60 3.17 13.77
9.85 3.55 13.10 10.20 3.85 14.05
6.50 3.?5 0.35

11.75 i'' 13! Til

12.75 5.6^

1.35 14.10 1.15 16.8O

11.40 2.25 11 65

8.80 3.C5 11.85

10.50 3.70 14.20

11.10 3.55 14.65

il 1.95 13.70

11. 0 2.25 13.15

11.10 1.38 12.48

9.60 3.50 13.00

8.50 3.7. 12 20

9.t8 3.-1 :3.30

10.75 0.50 11.25 10.45 2.7- 13.20 9.'5 1.3' io.i 8.50 3.70 12.20 10.50 2.40 12.9
W.'bi) 2^6 12.90
8.40 4.50 12.90
1.8$ 2.00
''25 4*90 11.15 11.6(1 2.55 14.15

l.'0'27.70

Edisio Phos. Co., Charleston

Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C. rT~

1.00*26.40 100 Riiwan Pi.os. Co., Chai'ston, S.C Etiwan Phos. Co., Charlesjm, S. C.

Jg

J9.90 150 Etiwan Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. C Etiwan Dhos. Co 1 harleston, S. C.

1 t

1.00 20.59 10 Edisto Phos. Co, Charleston, SC. Edisto Phos Co., Charleston, S. C.

0.00 27.54 5'J Asbep o Phos. Co., Charleston S.C. Ashcpoo Phos. Co , Charleston, S. C.

10. 27.80 50 Ashcpoo Phos Co., Charleston, S.C Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston S. C.

5 28.10 50 F. C. Grange, Sc'y. Savannah, Ga. Rialto Guano Co , Savnnah, Ga.

4.35 25.05 50 Furnian's Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta Furman'sFarm. Imp Co., East Pt. Ga.

27.4l'

12
no

A. A. Fletcher A Co , Marietta, Ga. Hammond, Hull & Co., Savat nah .

Northwestern Ferti izer, Chicago, 111 Hammond, Hull & Co.. Port Royal.

^

_20 700 Ober & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md G. Ober & Sons Co.. Baltimore.

>

I33.60 150 Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta. . Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta.

r^

23

10 Rialto Gu no Co., Savannah, Ga... Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

*!

25.20 2S.40

15

W. Scott & o., Atlanta. Ga.. Geo. W. Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ga.

5 0 Baldwin & Co.. Savannah, Ga

Baldwin* Co , Port Rojal.S. C.

22

1.10 SO. 10 SOU Georgia Chem'l Works, Augu-ti. Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta,Ga.

27.40

Hammond, Hull A Co., Savannah . Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal.

O

27.50 1(0.,no. Merryman&Co, Raltimo''e.. Imported.

24.96 3(,o John Mcrryman & Co.. Raltimorc. . Imported. 1.12 27 12 10 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Ch'ston, S. 0... Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

o o

1.62 6.0.' H >shepoo Phos. Co., Cha'slon, S. C. Ashepo 1 l'hos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

1.2= 27.8." "< J W. Harle & Co. Atlanta, Ga

J. W. Harle &, Co., Atlanta.

9.00 9 50 10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta, Ga.. ... Imported.

E

9.00 9.00 100 Walton, Whann & Co., W'lm'n, De Imported.

'n0..e0o0 'n10.e.0o

10 Geo. W. Crane, Align-ta. Ga

Imported.

20 Webster, Davis & Co., Ulanta, Ga. Imported.

.1.50 11.50 110 Atlantic Phos. Co . Chas'ion, S.C... Imported.

c

'11.65 11.6 50 Harrmond, Hull & Co , Savannah. Imported.

11.50 11.50 500 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga

Imported.

T;

10.70 10.70 HO The Wile x Gibb- G. Co., Sav'nah Imported.

11.80 11.80 50 Savannah Guano Co , Vavannah... Impoited.

12.50 i2.60 30iWando ' hos. Co., Charleston, S. C Imported.

12.40 12.40 10|Edisto Phos. Co., Charbson, S C Imported

3.40 13.40 100 jno. Merrjman & Co. Balt're, Md. Importid,

2.'0 12.10 30 Weld & Hanshoie,Savannah, Ga.. Imported.

W.6 12.60 2s|stono Thos. Co., Chi rleston, S. C. . Imported.

11.6 11.6, '0,Ashopoo Phos. Co. Char'ston, S.C. Imiortcd

1.21 26.1.19 2C0 Langs'on & Wood on, Atlanta . Cleveland, Dryer & Co., Cleveland, O.

1.8 27.7n 10 \*. A. Stovatl, Augusta, Ga

Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta,

GO CO

1.5' 25.64 15|McGlue & Co., Pome. Ga

National Fertilizer Co , Nashville,Tenn,

1.25 25.65 lOjJurdan & Pope, Augusta

Nev,.ssa Guano Co., Wilmington, N. C,

.'25.80 50[Hammond, Hull & Co..Savannah Hammond. Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. C,

150 Traverse, Snead & Co , Richm'd.Va Natural Guano.

25

10 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah Hammond, Hull & Co.. Port Royal.

27.15 50|Pendieton Guano Co., Atlanta .. Pendleton's Guano Co.. Atlanta.

2 5(1 23.4 0.35
. . 22.30

100(A.tlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. C. Atlantic Phos. Co.. Charleston S. C. 100iLorentz<& Ritthr, Baltimore, Md. Lorentz & Kit ler, Baltimore, Md.
16 .1. O. Jelks & Co., Hawkinsville, Ga A. B. May. r & Son, St. Louis, Mo. 5(hem:cal Co. of Canton, Baltimore Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore.

1 2529.55 50|Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

TABLE II--CONTINUED.

NAME OF BRAND.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

p ^

a =

FOR WHOM 1NSPECTFD.

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED.

as g*

c H

dPcrt Royal Acid Phosphate

11.75 0.85 10.50 2.40 19.90

25.c0 150 Hammond, Hu.l & Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. C.

>

dPort Rojal Dissolved Bone Phosphate. Patapsco Acid Phosphate tPuie Ground Bone Russell Coe's Bone Superphosphate

11.75 0.85 10.50 11.00 1 .25 10.70
23.ro 14.7 5 2 15 5.5"

2.40 12.90 2.80 13.50
5.60 11. tl'

25.80 5(1 Hammond, Hnll &Co., Savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal

1 15 98.15 10 Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore... Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore.

K

12 Winters & Legg, Marietta, Ga . ... Stern's F'zer. & Chem. Co., N. O., La. 1.50 2V70 100 H. K. Mason. Westminster, S. C Russell Coe, Linden, N. J.

M a

Stor.'O Dissolved Bone eStono Acid Phosphate

14.25 1 45 10.15 4.02 14.17 14.65 1.40 10. 0 3.30 13.40

28.34 26 Stono Phos Co., Charleston. S. C. Slono Phos. Co., Charleston. S. C. 1 JO 7.90 2! Stono Phos. Co., Charleston S. C. StoDo ?bo-phate Co., Charleston, S. C.

o

oSoIuble Bone Acid Phosphate
cSoluble Bone D :et Wetzler Acid Phosphate Wando Dissolved Bone

13.25 1.25M0.'5 3. 13.6 12.51 0.20 11.10 3.55 14.6

1.00 28.30 ](.}() AtlaUic Pho=. Co., Charleston, S.C Atlantic Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C. 1.10 30.40 100 Rogers. Woisham & Co. Mac^n, Ga. Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

>

13 75' 2.00 9.50 2.15 11.65 11.25 2.'0 10.0 3.75 18.78

23.3" 25 8. A. Wetzler, Atlanta, Ga

S. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga.

27.?0 100 Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

i

Wando Acid Phosphate

I/O 1 85 8.3 4.65 13.0

27.20 lOff Wandu Phos Co., Charleston, S. C. Wando fhos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

a

"Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone-- 11 50' 2.25 8.05 3.00 11.05 2.30

30.38 2(i Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, 8. C.

<3

oWcston's Dissolved Bone XX Acid Pi osphate

U.lrt| 1.35 11.75 1 .95 13 70 0 50 1.85 8.JI 6.10 14 10

-'7.40

Hammond, Hull & ( o.. Savannah . Hammond, Hull & Co.. Savanna,h, Ga.

28.20 '30 Walton,WhanniCo, Wilm'gton Del Walton.Whann A Co..Wilmington,Del.

-.
a

t Rawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper, as it has not been acidulated. The whole of the phosphoric acid is, therefore, rep Tied as "insoluble,"

thoueh practically it is much more available as plant food lhan phosphoric acid from o her sources. A good, flu-ly ground none meal i-worth about {4'.91.

DUPLICATE BRANDS.--In some instances, feitiliz rs manufactured by the same formula, and actuilly sa :ked fro n the gam] bulk-bjing In every respect identi-

cal-are sold under differeit names. Such brands arc indicated in the foregoing tables by letters a, b, c, etc., prefix ,-d to the same, those having the same letter the same table being identical, or sneked and .hipped from the same bulk.

^Insoluble pnospboric acid is not immediately available as plant food. If derived from natural guanos (as Peruvian. Orchilla, etc.) it speedily becomes available :

If from animal bone it becomes available within two or guanos and bores have, therefore, value in this connection if

three years; if from phosphate rock, it remains immediate results are not desired

unavailable

for a co.n,, sid,er.a.ble length of

time.

Natural

Lee's agricultural lime: sand, 7.00, lime, 36.50; | otash, 3.35. Sulph te of time, cabonate of lime. Inspected for Anlerson & Fuller, Augusta, Ga., manufactured

The'following'brand has been found below the standard and the sale has accordingly prohibited: Baker's Prepared Chemicals, moisture, 8 00; insoluble, 6.5"; solu-

ble 3 !0- reverted 5.05 total availab.e, 8,55: ammonia, 1,25 ; potash. 1,6'; relative commercial va'ue, 23,20. No. of tons represented by this in pection, 12. For

wh o* m.ins* pected*, CTMhemi 'ca_ il Cy-.o_ . o.f iCi aniton, T Bta.llitlimore. UA_ f>hi>nJ V,.r I 'lisimistnl Cn nf fa Tiffin H-j I f 1 (JJOfQ M(5

The mmaannnu?faaMctuurree7rs"ave"rrreedd'tthefircc^oonnvvi:ction tha't this brand would not be subject to the standard requirement of the law, but would be classed

Chemical,"

and be admitted lto sale as such without regard to its co._n.tent of availablephosphoric acid. This pr bibition of^ salejshouM, uot be co.ist.'ued as a reflection on other

biands made by the same company, which are shown, by analysis, to be f.il'y up to the standard required by law, and to their guaranteed analyses

co 4-

TABLE III-- This table repre <>ents analyses of special samples officially drawn from lots in the hand of oo or Retail Dealers and Farmers.

PHOsruoKic ACID.

V

0

cj

a



o .

BY WHOM AVD WHERE MANU-

<

NAME OF BRAND.

U
CO *



a
CO

OJ
>0J

>03

88

'

1 o

O a < s

s

>> 1

ao. M

IN THE HANDS OF

FACTURED.

CO W

CO

O

1

I4.0(i 1.7-1 8.75 2.10 li\8. 9.00 1.20".l(l

Mf'dforB.T. Rawlins, Sandersville,Ga.

Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate

11.50 3.10 6.65 3.151 9.fc0 2.1(1 1.40 28 '6 JohnF. Lewis & Son, Motezuma... Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore.

Americus Amui'd Bone Superphosphate.. 9.20 3.00 4.00 6.0010.00 2.30 1.30 29.58 Harold, Johnson & Co., Americus,Ga Williams, Clark & Co.. New York.

12.15 3.10 7.45 1 SO. 9.25 2.101 2 00 2*.0G White, Davis & Co., Albany, Ga

Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore.

Q O K
S("

Brannon's So). Guano

13.50 1.00 7.8. 1.70 9.65 2.10 1.30 27.9H J. D, Snellgore, Smithville, Ga. . J. F. Branuon & Co., Baltimore, Md.

Q

BCahldawmipni'fonACmo'dttoDnisGs'droBwoenre

13.25 3.10 9.0 1.15 10.15 2.15 2.00 30.04 12.50 2.C0 8.25 1.90 10.15 2 90 165 32.39 J. M. Cody. Warrenton

Baldwin & Co., Savanuah, Ga. S. A. Wetzler, Atlanta, Ga.

12.55 0.80 7.25 3.40 1065 2.05

28.68 (Council & Williford, Americus

Chappell's Champion Am'd Superphos. 12.1H 2.85 7.00 2.70 9.70 2.30 1.60 29 2- O. B. Stevens, Dawson, Ga

John R Long, Baltimore. Md. P. S. Chappell & Son., Baltimore, Md.

3

DeLeon's Complete Cotton Fertilizer..

131..0900

1.85 4 0"

9.15 7.5"

2.10 11.26 2.15 9.65

2.15 2.20

1.85 32.0 B, L Joiner, Andersonville, Ga 1.2' 28.42 Milton Bros. & Dozier, Dawson,

S. A. Wetzler, Atlanta, Ga. Ga. Perry M. DeLeou, Savanah, Ga.

E. Fraik Coe's Am'd Bone Superphosphate 11.10 3.On 8.75 1.25 10.00 2.26 1.60 29.70 A. J. Singleton & Co., Blakely, Ga E Frank Coe, Burlmgslip, N. Y.

10.25 l.'O 7.50 8.15 10.65 2.6r' 1.30 31 96 12 50 2.5 8.61 1.05 9 65 2.00 1.55 28/5 J. W. Calhoun, Ailington, Ga

Clark's Cove Go. Co., N.Bedford,Mass. Savannah Gmno Co., Savannah, Ga.

l-H
1

1U0 13.50

2.7-5 K85

7.25 6/0

1.90 2.60

9.1! 9.00

2.00
>/o

3.50 29.00 2 00 27.20 Geo.

Edisto Phos. Co , Charleston, S. C. ?. Swift A Sons. Columbus, Ga. Furman Farm Imp't Co., E. Point, Ga.

CO

Gem A m'd Sol. Bone

11.75 3.85 7.15 2.76 9.90 2:00 2.20 29.20 John Stuart, LaCross, Ga

W. B. Seal. Baltimore, Md.

18'. 7.25 3.15 10.40 2 45 1.10 30 72

Clark's Cove Go. Co., N. Bedford, Mass.

M-

Georgia S*ate Grange Fertilizer

I .00 3.2 10.15 1.30 11.45 2.86 1/0 34.66

13.70 3.50 6.75 3.60 10 35 2 10 125 29.51 H. ('. Fryer S Son, Blakely, Ga

Gtorgla State Standard Superphosphate 13.00 3 2-' 9.26 1 90 11.15 2.45 2.60 33 72 T. S. Burton, Smithville, Ga

Baldwin ii Co.,Savannah, Ga. C. C. Haidwick, Savannah, Ga.

00
O*O-

Hammond, Hull & Co , Pt. Royal. S. C.

10.0 1.00 9.50 2.85 1185 2.60 2.10 35.16

G. ObeiJt ?ons C->., Baltiaioc, Md.

12.80 2.50 6.'0 4.70 10.7n 2.45 1 75 31.97 T. H. Frierson, Butler, Ga

G. W. Scott & Co., Ailanta, Ga.

9.60 2.75 8.00 2.65 10 65 2.75 1.25 32.45 D. G. Avcra, Sm'thville, Ga

Columbus Fertilizer Co, Columbus.

Hunt & Bro's Am'd Diss. Bone.

12.50 2.75 9/0 2.16 1'.15 2.25 2.50 12.90

Tort Royal Fer. Co., Port Royal, S. C.

John Merryman & Co.'s A. D. Bone

9.80 3."i 8.5' 1.55 10.05 2.55 1.75 31.05 Gray Bro's, Fott Valley, Ga

John Merryman & Co., Baltimore, Md.

J, J. Sparks' A. B. Superphosphate

15.00 1.75 6.25 3.10 9.35 2.31 1.35 28.37

Raisin Fer. Co., Baltimore, Md.

J. E. DeVaughn's A. B. Superphosphate.... 14.00 2.75 8.50 1.95 10.45 2.15 2.00 30.61

Port. Royal Fertz. C )., Pt. Royal, S. C.

Lockwood's Cotton Grower

8.50 3.50 6.75 1 40 8.16 2.40 1.5'' 26.41 W. J. Collins, Oglethorpe, Ga

Lockwood & McCiintock, N. Y.

12.00 3.75 7.01 3.20 10.20 200 2.00 29.6' Toole, MiGarrat &Tondee,Americus Ga. Chem'l Works, Augusta, Ga.

Mastodon Am'd Sol. Phosphate

12.00 3.50 7.00 3.25 10.25 200 2.10 29.80 Toole, McGarrat & Tondee, Ameiicus Ga. Chem'l Woiks, Augusta, Ga.

h->-

NAME OP BRAND.

TABLE III.--CONTINUED.
PHOSPHORIC ACID.
IS THE HANDS OF.

BY WH >M A D WHERE MANUFACTURED.

c/j M



Nassau Guano

13.75

Oglcthorpe Am'd Diss'd Bone

'5.0'

Our Own Am'd Bone Pomona Guano Pomona Guano

IMC 12.80]
-- 1?.50

Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate... 9.f0

Patapsco Am'd Sol. Phosphate .. . IS.Sd

Russell Coe's Am'd Boue Superphosphate 15.80

Sunny South Guano Soluble Pacific Guano

19.00 12.50

Sea Fowl Guano Soluble Sea Island Guano

11.50 10.90

Standard Am'd Bone Ferl ilizer

15.00

Symington's Ammoniated Bone

11,20

Tift & Go's. A. B. i-uperphos

12.50

0.85
2.75 2.50 3.00
3.25 2.50
2.75 2.15 3.45 8.15 2.25 250 1.7r> 2.50 2.35

8.25 'J.'O
8. If 8.00 8.00
7.15
e.'O 4.50 5 10 6.80 8.35
6 45 7.10 7. 7.75

1 85 10.10 2.10 11.10 2.10 10,25 1.S0 9. 2 H> 10.10
3-85 10-50 4.30 12.30 4 60 9.10 2.95 8.05 2.7.' 9.55 2.25 10.60 2 30 8.75 2.40 9.50
1.0) 8 2.50 10.25

2.40
2.40 2.30 2.25
2.B5 260
2.00 2.25
2.10 2.35
2.50 2.30 2.10
2.20 2.10

2.25 31.09 M. T. Heath, Warrenton 2.5033.34 A. J. Siuglcton &. Co., Blakeiy, Ga. J .30 30.0-1 C. D. Anderson, Fort Vail y, Ga ... 1.20 28 90 U,D. Watts, Americus, Ga 1.00129.66 Wm. Collins, Wist Point, Ga 1.70 32.06 C. D. Hunt, Columbus, Ga --:
1.25 33.05.1. R. Mercer, Dawson, G a 1.70 28 00 W. W. Farnnm, Dawson, Ga .. I.15'24 81 M. T. He.th, Warrenton.
1 0 ' 28.56 J. E. DcVaugn, Monlezuma 2.15 31.05 0. B.Stevens, Dawson, Ga .... 1 00 2R.7S T. A. Cantrell, Columbus, Ga..
1.12 27.65 C. D. Anderson, Foit Valley . . 1.25 26.87 Gray Bro's, F.irt Valley. Ga... ,
1 65'29 7i'N. * - . F. Tift & Co., Albany.

Bowker Fertilizer Co , New York.
Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. O. Savauoah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga. Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga. Walton Whann ACo . Wilmington,Del. Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.
Russell Cos, Linden, N. J. T. R. Bams, eck, Deca'ur Ga. Pacific Guano Co., Wood's Hole, Mass. Wm. L. Bradley, Boston, Mass.
Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore. Savannah Gaano Co., Savannah, Ga. Symington Bro's & Co., Baltimore, Md. Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga.

s
H 2i
4
O Tt
>
w a
cj ft

;'Prof. White says : I find in this sample a large quantity of undoubted Horn and Hoof p ep iratioii."
TABLE lY--This table represents analyses of special samples officially drawn from lots in the hands of


fel

Retail Dealers and Farmers.

o

St

AshepooDiss. Bone with Am. and Potash 9.80

Ashepoo Acid Phosphate

12.00

Atlantic Acid Phosphate

13 00

Acid Phosphate for Composting

13.30

Acid Phosphate

11.00

Acid Phosphate.

14.00

liradley's Acid Phosphate ....

10 50

Baldwin & Co's Acid t'hosphate

10.00

DeLeon's Dis. Bone Phos...
Dis'd Bone Phos. So. Ca Diamond Soluble Bone.

10.00 12.50
11.80

Etiw.vn Acid Phosphate

14.00

Imported Diss'd Bone

12.20

Pomona Acid Phosphate

10.O

South Sea Acid Phosphate..

11.50

Soluble Bone Dust

14.00

8.20 8.0'l 2.8" 7.50
1 50 0.25 2.U 8,60 2.50 10.50 1.50 9.00 3.00 7.75 1.20 10.25 1.85 5.50 2.85 12.15
2.80 7.50 2.35 6.50
2 85 12.20
1.75 5.50
3.0 10.00 2.00 10.15

2.60 10.50 4 10 11.60
2.95 18.20
2.95 11.65 2.95 13.45 2.15,11.15
4(0 1175 3.55 13.80
6.75 12.25 2.45 14.60
6.05 13.55
1.65 11.1 2.45 14 65 6.70 12.20 2.10 12.10
2.95 j 13.10

1.20

1.10 26.420. B. Stevens, Dawson, Ga

Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charles!on. 8. C.

0.95 24.05lCcuncil & Willifcrd, Americus .

Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

0.80 27.20 P. E. McDaniel, Reynolds 1.00 24.30 Grier & 'healey, Oglcthorpe, Ga.

Atlantic Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C. Geogia Chemical Work', Augusta, Ga.

26.90 B. L Joiner, Andcisonville

S. A. Welzlei, Atlanta, Ga.

L20 23.60 J. E. DeVaughn, Monlezuma 1.(5 24.55 Webb & llightower, Damascus
27.C0C. L. Peacock, Ellaville, Ga

Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga. Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Baldwin & Co., Port Royal, S. C.

24.50 W.J. Collins, Oglcthorpe, Ga

Terry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

29.20 s, H. Jenkins, Jones Xing

G. Ober 4 Sons Co., Baltimore.

27.10 D. R. Brown, Ilowaid, Ga

:. Walton. Whann & Co., Wil ington, Del.

1.15 28.46 29.30

Z. T. Stevenson, Tasihal P. O Harrold, Johnson & Co, Americus.Ua

Etiwan Plfsphate Co., Charleston, S. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

C.

o.'oo 24.40 II. D. Watts, Americus, Ga

Pony M. DiLeon, Savainah.Ga.

0.fi: 24.85 T. H. Frierson, Butler, Ga

,Jas. W. Harle & Co., Atlanta, Ga.

1.50 27.70 T. T. Morgan Montczuma

& Wm.

Summirford, M'f d for Rodgers. Worsham & Co., Maeon.

o
c.
OS

CIRCULAR No. 66. ;

New Series.

L!

CROP REPORT

For the Month of Mav, 1885

SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED, CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF MAY, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA.
T. T. IZEISriDE^lSOljT,
Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA : Jas P Harrison & Co. Printers, Binders and Klectrotypers.
; 1885.

Circular No. 66.
NEW SERIES.
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY,* 1885.

RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MAY 1, 1885-

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ) ATLANTA, GA., May 12, 1885.$.

CORN.

The acreage in North Georgia is 102, in Middle, Southwest and East;

Georgia 100, in Southwest Georgia 88, and the average for the State 98.

The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 93, in Middle Georgia

95, in Southwest Georgia 90, in East Georgia 93, in Southeast Georgia 88,-

and the average for the State 92.

The planting, owing to the continued cold weather, is nine days later

than an average for the State. In Njrth Georgia the time is reported

4 days later, in middle Georgia 5, in Southwest Georgia 9, in East Geor-

gia 11, and in Southeast Georgia 15.

The dry spring has favored the preparation of the lands, and the con-

dition in this respect is much belter than average in all sections of the

State.

OATS.

The acreage in North Georgia is 90, Middle Georgia 88, Southwest Georga 96, East Georgia 94, Southeast Georgia 95, and the average for
the State 92. In North Georgia 25 per cent, of the crop was sown in the fall, in Mid-
dle Georgia 39 per cent., in Southwest Georgia 33 per cent., in East

* The Crop Reports represent the condition of tb.3 crops on the first day of the months in which they are issued, and heretofore have borne in the title the name of the preceding month. In the succeeding numbers, as in this issue, the title will be changed to that of the month with which begin the represented conditions of the crops, and in which the reports are publi-hed.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[90]

Georgia 46 per cen'., and in Southeast Georgia 68 per cent. Ninety per cent, of the whole crop of the State was sown with rust proof varieties.
The condition and prospect of the fall sowing compared to an average in North Georgia is 23, in Middle Georgia 60, in Southwest Georgia 86, in East Georgia 90, in Southeast Georgia 95, and the average for the State 71. The condition and prospect of the spring sowing in the respective sections is 91, 82, 85, 82. 92, and for tbe State 86.
The poriion of the crop that was sown in the fall vvas seriously injured by freezes in all the northern part of the State. In many localities the ground was reeown in the spring or planted in other crops.
The condition and prospect of the whole crop in North and Middle Georgia is 78, in Southwest and East Georgia 80, in Southeast Georgia 96, and the average for the State 84.
WHEAT.
The acreage in North Georgia 95, in Middle Georgia 88, in Southwest Georgia 73, in East Georgia 85 and in Southeast Georgia 100.
The condition and prospect in North Georgia 70, in Middle Georgia 86, in Southwest and Ea*t Georgia 90, and in Southeast Georgia 100.
The acreage for the State, not. including Southeast Georgia, where little is sown, is 85, and the condition and prospect 84.
The injury by freezing and other casualties is reported in North Georgia at 31 per cent., in Mid-lie Georgia 17 per cent., in Southwes-t Georgia. 7 per cent., in East Georgia 11 per cent., in Southeast Georgia 10 per cent., and the average for the S;ate 15 per cent.
COTTON.
The acreage in North Georgia is 101, Middle Georgia 102, Southwest Georgia 99, East Georgia 102, Southeast Georgia 105, and the average for the State 102.
The planting is about eight days later than tbe average time of planting for the State. This varies very mmh in the sections. In North Georgia the time is reported as average, in Middle Ge jrgia three days later, in Southwest Georgia eight days later, in East Georgia eleven days later, and in Southeast Georgia sixteen days later.
The dry spring favored the preparation of the land in the northern part of the State, where wet weather is a common cause of delay in starting this crop, so that the planting in the northern and southern portion of the Stale comes much nearer together than is usual with cotton planting.

[9']

MAY CROP KEPORT--1885.

In North Georgia 16 per cent, of the crop is up, iu Middle Georgia 39 per cent., in Southwest Georgia 63 per ce-it., in Exst Georgia46 percent, and in Southwest Georgia 72 per cent.
The stand when up compared to an average in North Georgia is 98, in Middle Georgia 94, Southwest Georgia 95, East Georgia 89, and Southeast Georgia 93, and the condition of the plant cjmpared to an average in the respective sections 97, 96, 96, 93 and 95.
The condition and prospect of the c:op in North and Middle^Georgia is, 97, in Southwest Georgia 94, in East Gecrgia 83, in Southeast Georgia^,. and average for the State 94.
EICE.
The acreage in lowland rice, compared to an average, in Middle Georgia 100, in Southwest Georgia 95, in East and Southeast Georgia 96, and the average f^r the State 97.
The aecrage ir. upland rice in Middle Georgia is 100, in Southwest Georgia 95, in East and Southeast Georgia 96, and the average for the State 97.
SUGAR CANE.
The acreage compared to an average in Middle Georgia is 91, in Southwest Georgia 96, in East Georgia 83, in Southeast Georgia 89, and the average for the State 72.
The stand compared to an average in Middle Georgia is 87, in Southwest Georgia 92, in East Georgia 85, in Southeast Georgia 93, aad the average for the State 89.
SORGHUM.
The acreage in North Georgia is 106, in Middle and Southeast Georgia 100, in Southwest Georgia 94, in East Georgia 98, and the average for the the State 99.
CLOVER AND GRASSES.
The acreage in clover and cultivated grasses in comparison with a average in North Georgia 101, in Middle Georgia 98, in Southwest Georgia 105, and in the whole State 101.
The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 97, in Middle Georgia 95, in Southwest Georgia 80, and in the whole State 91.
ERUIT.
The prospect is favorable for a peach crop in all sections of the State. In North Georgia the per cent, of a full crop that has escaped frost is reported 90, in Middle Georgia and Southwest Georgia 102, in East Geor-

248596

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[92]

gia 88, and in Southeast Georgia 99. A failure of the crop is not reported
in any county in the State. The prospect of the apple crop is 88, the pear 90, and the grape
the section agreeing very 1early with the average for the State.
STOCK.
Stock of all kinds are generally reported in healthy condition. Cholera among hogs and some exceptional cases of diseases with other stock are mentioned as existing in some sections.
The condition of sheep compared to an average in North Georgia is 87, in Middle Georgia 91, in Sauthwest and Southeast Georgia 88, in East Georgia 89, and the average for the State 89.
The condition of work stcck in North Georgia is 91, in Middle Georgia 94,in Southwest Georgia 96, in East Georgia 95, in Southeast Georgia 97, and the average for the State 97.
The stock of hogs of all ages, cjmpared to an average in North Georgia, is 92, in Middle, Southwest and East Georgia 88, in Southeast Georgia 99, and the average for the State 87.
CORN, BACON, ETC.
The average cash price for corn, May 1, is 74 cents, and the average time price 98 cents. The cash and time price for the sections are as follows: North Georgia 75 and 101, Middle Georgia 77 and 98. Southwest Georgia 78 and 103, East Georgia 75 and 105, and Southeast Georgia 62
and 85. The supply of corn on hand, compared to an average supply, in North
Georgia 75, in Middle Georgia 84, in Southwest Georgia 95, in East Georgia 94, in Southeast Georgia 81, and for the State 86.
The supply of hay for the respective sections is 63, 74, 95, 85, 66, and the average for the State 77.
TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL.
The Spring season has been exceptional in the general low temperalur and in the small rainfall in the months of March and April. The temperature for February was nearly nine degrees below the average cf the dast ten years, and that of March seven and April one degree below the average. Notwithstanding the general low temperature of the season, there have been no destructive frosts reported in any of the counties.
The amount of rainfall for the month of Marches been unusually uniform throughout the State, not varying far in any of the sections from

[93]

MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

three and a half inches This falls about three inches below the average of the last ten years for this month in North and Middle Georgia,Tbut i very near the average for the more southern sections. The rainfall of April is remarkably small, being three inches less than the average of ten years for the State. That of North Georgia has been 2.26 inches, Middle Georgia 1.62, Southwest Georgia 2.03, East Georgia 1.11, and Southeast Gorgia 1.74. The averages of the last ten years for the sections in the o er here given are 5.38, 4.83, 5 37, 3.96 and 4.19.
The dryness of the season has favored the preparation of the lands, pa.licularly the clay lands of the more northern portions of the State, where wet weather in the spring is a common cause of delay in starting crops that require a long season. Owing to the peculiarities of the season, the times of planting in the northern and southern parts o the State, and especially with the cotton crop, have been brought much nearer together than is usual


00
TABLE No. I--Consolidation of Crop Reports for the month of May, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

COUNTIES.

Corn.

-5 -cotao

a
o

> o

33 33

03 33

3o3

a S o

cas3

8 3a3 S o

V <u bi) o

_s5
o

T3

o
0) tt

<

33 M C 03

Oats.

Wheat. Cotton Suaar

. i Rice.

Clover &

Fruit.

Is, _ is a-Ilt "s. a _. r * s. _ a
Z _ f i. 2* S
is a
lg 5 y
i| u
3 11 < a<.u

o--> "S3 35

03 03 03 t-

a^j

ao
T3 03

s

1 -* .

s2i z\ be'

.3o0^S^*0 S>033

_a aO-. c_B !!

0 - * _e^> a c ll



oj

a si



0

oj br
-3

a a

si
Pa .

z > ""a

dU

-3S1 03

31 3

ft*>
a

0

^? 03

s 0

0 . Oi

5O sai

0
" a> 03 bx bog

O c3

*a -

1. T~

0 .

a

-a5 0

0 a

_ >
a

' Cane.

v. ^

a=s
3

aa s
S

fl) atc u Sc ! CJ
- > ^O aM; O

g- oa p 5 d 0EO)



" 0. 3c: -J
cy &D O bjt

P a <u

tog g fiog-

S2 a0 2a03

rj * 33 ~

-5 75

_____ O O 0 5"
O

p CUOJ ^_; ^

aa3
0

T_5 p C
P*o o__

^~
--

0

O 03

1; bl

be-

s>
-tj

| 0

B & SS <

u a0.3

S M

'jrpae prospect compared to an average *
Condition of sheep comp'd to an average.
Condition of work stock comp'd to an average.

Stock.

Supplies.

431 0a3 13 33

5 .

43 > g

aa

i '" _ 11 25 * a
/. _. 33
0 0

a^
0 0 a

0 0
^",33! . Pi

a0 a a" S0*o3.

8!"-

II 03

a-- O 03 _j--'

w O
>TH
f>a
g

a

_?S _ a,"_& a

H

3 JS 33 O

2- aO a g2
0 03

0

Catooea Chattooga
Fannin Floyd Franklin

25 1(10 ion 90 80
101 105 93 10 Hi io-> 100 30 100 10J 100 35
100 90 100 05 118 100 95 20
102 100 80 40

20 95 62 9 91 Q

3

10 80 xn 80 20 111'

15 90 88 90 87 110 IMS 25
05 loO no 75 95 100 100 15

25

100 100

m8o3

88 100

63 100 100 80 ion

26

y> S8 88 84 66 100

50 90 70 100 75 100

100 80 "95 "36 '"25 '"92 '"85 '95 '(& 'io'i 100 40

102 88 90 40

95 90 102 95 98 100 5

106 75 85 30 30 105 92 98 95 102 95 in

105 100 75 95 9< 82 100: 100 85 98 75 106

100 90 75 90 75

70 100

60 80 75 100

_,

130 103 95 87 95 IOO 100 82 "95 "90 75 105

76 65

g

115 95 105 100 100 100 100 95 85 90 80 100

75 50

2

125 125 100 100 100 75 75 100 111) 125 75 100

50 25

O

...

110 100 100

100

llll) 105

150 100 100 100 ioo 100 100 9T 78 115 "78 "90

"so 55

G
f1

100 105 100 80

90 85

cH ;

85 80 80 95 95 98 100 90 98 88 75 90

85 80

Jrj

110 120 110 100 95 95 100 HO 98 lllJi 75 100

65 85

R

100 100 100 30 66 66 9S 75 84 8> 72 100

85

Habcrsham Hall Haralson
Hart

100 100 85 25 100 100 65 35

20

85 75

75 50

9) 88

75 78

1n0o5

100 100

2 6

105 90 100

90 90 10O 75 95

1)0 90 100 40 75 110 60 20

25

75

.... 50 100 75 9"' 100 20
60 80 60 100 80 20

105 112 101 100

89 93 80 90 90 1C0 90 100

85

85 80

90 76

75 103
80 no

93 82 75 90

O m O

fa

KM 100 100 ion

100

75 "75

110 ""80 75 0

100 100 75 100

75 75

t;

67 40 2>

20 50 60 80 112

60

Milton
Pickens Polk

ion 70 75 50

105 90 90 10

110 107 101 15

102 90 95 15

105 100 90 2i 1

100 100 60 05

105

ion 50

55 75 10 78
;o 100
70 98 15 90
100 80 100

60 100 11 85 95 90 90 97 75 105
50 100 60 112

75 101 700 "30 88 105 78 18 50 112 105 25 78 98 100 15 75 95 90 10 75 100 100 50
66

100 ino 100 "50 50 "75 mo 100 'iiii 105 "75 "95 '"56 25

100 100 100 IOO 100 inn 10) 8> 7^

85 on 100 100 50 ino 95 78

85 80

75 112 75 100

85 70 60 5i

75
105 125

100 ion
ioo l'6'l

100
110 100

1n0o0
100

100 100 100

100 j'60

95
95 100

92 100 100 100
1001 80

75 105
80 100 75 100

75 88 92
5<'

100 100 100

90 1001 100 76 100 100

I II
Towns Unioa Walker White Whitfield

100

150

110

90

" 100 ' 9: 105

'.'.. 100 90 "85

Average

102 UV 9

Baldwin

Bibb

Butts

Campbell

Carroll

Clarke

Clayton

Columbia

Coweia

IleKalb

Douglas

Mbert

Fayette

Fulton

Greene

Hancock

Harris

Heard

Henry

Jasper

Jones

Lincoln

McDnffle

Meriwether

Monroe

Morgan

Newton

Oconee

Oglethorpe !

Pike...

Putnam

Rockdals ...

Spalding ....

Taliaferro ... '

Talbot

Troup

"'

Upson

Walton

"

Warren... Wilkes

"'

Avrage I 100J 96 8*

TABLE NO. I--CoumXTJieo--Consolidation of Crop Reports for the month of Mai/, 1885.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

COUNTIES.
Baker Berrien BrookB Calhoun Chattahoochee. Clay Colqnitt Crawford Decatur Dooly Dougherty... Early Houston Irwin Lee Lowndes Macon Marion Miller Mitchell Muscogee Quitman Randolph Schley Stewart Sumter Taylor Tenell

Oats.
o S o 4

WTira(.

. = Cotton. Hugar

Rice.

Cane.

Clover & Grass.

SB.

--?&

ea

6 S

M E

2-

O O V
-- ill ^

eg

^ o

-d c

SB r3 P a * =: c

lwa3

g >

10,11 n IX) 60

100 92 110 60
9P 92 107 en

80 90 110 9ft

100 85 90 2ft

100 82 inn 15

nm
100

90 inn
90 100

%10,

65 ' 75
115 110 100 102
100 100
75 95 87 87
100 ion
OS 65

*10R "0 "92 'i0
105 9ft 90 20
97 82 100 so 100 100 sn 65

97 "lOG
9C 80 95 80
87 85

'ioo "80 "90 "40 '' 90 100

'inn 92 87 2n 70 90 ion lot 100 75 7-1 90 inn 9f 8(1 100 77 81) 103 95 ion 40 85 75

110 "0i '9ft 8
in/ 9( 82 8C ioo 100 75 30

80 75

7:

85

78 100

'ioo "95 "90 '75 8C 60

ino 9(1 85 40

8."

85

ion 95 100 60 81 80

7u 112 101 100 87 87 ion 66 80
"95 85 77 9n 10(1
"95

1(151 1001
85 90

7H
180 75 82 25 "75 9i 60
SO 50 '65 40 HO

110 105

100 100 1(H)

100 80

80 02

Fruit.

Stocfc.

2

2 o. oft

5

0 c

9 I 90 90 100

100
100 100 87 90
I 80 100
91 100 ion .. 1.. 9n 95 100 97
75 97

3

<=T3 sr

ta)

a
o S-

>

H

J3 60

m z

-si an

H O

1 110

>

95 95

a

95 95

90 ino 80 90 "95 sn

o1--( c r
H

C

'ico

?o
w

100 ino

o I

75

K o

"77 100
no ioo

o50

inn 100

100 90

100 100 100

110 110 8ft 87

.ON

Webster Wit ox
Average

105 87 105 15 100 101 99 102 21 77 95 60 8) 2) 100 100 90 100 75 90
100 9' 96 38 86

87 102

., 105 95 55 85 100

87 82 80 100 103 too 85 45 80

125

90 100 87 100 75 90 6? 100 100 98 92 95 100 80

85 110 87 100
77 102 ioa 100

VO

75 80

, 110 100 75 8> 100

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 125 100 80

75 85

.... 100 ioo 50 75 100

100 100 100 110 100 100 75 75 100 100 100

85 85 73 90 99 94 63 76 92 95 95 94 105 80 102 91 90 99 88 96 88 78 103 95 95

EAST GEORGIA.

100 95 100 75 100 78 100

110 90 75 76 90 80 100 100

100 100 103 40 105 100 103

100 80 20 90 95

100

100 90 100 40 90 90 86

100 100 50 80 100

100 95 100 75 100 100 luo 100 100 100 100 50 75 100 100 100

100 95 90 42 87 SO 75 100 95 100 90 20 90 90

ioo

95 92 87 50 78 6S 70 75 80 101 80 50 62 87

70

100 90 85 25 80 85

70 75 10 5 100 50 90 100

100 100

110 80 105 30 80 80 70 90 100 110 90 50 90 90

105

Montgomery . 100 100 100 50 100 75 90

100 100 23

125

Screven

105 90 85 55 75 70 75 75 80 95 85 62 80 75

75

100 95 87 65 95 85 90 75 100 100 75 35 85 75 100 85 110

Telfair

95 90 80 20 100 90 95

100 70 45 85 105 100 100

ioo 90 95 35 70

75 100 95 110 100 65 75 100

100

95 100 100 40 90 70 80 80 90 102 80 50 110 100 100 100 102

Average

100 93 91 46 90 82 85 85 90 102 88 46 S3 85 96 97 98

100 100 ioo 100 90 100 105 90 125 105 50

75

60 100 105 103 100 76 100 103 102

75 "f.6

100 80 100 9U 80 110 100 100

100 50 "50 100 100 100 100 75 100 75 75

115 100 100 100 95 87 100 75 100 90 100

90 100 75 100 75 90 85 72 100 87 87

80

60 60 90 85 85 125 80

>

90 80 85 90

80 90 75 100

75 50 75 100 100 75

o

75 80

110 100 IOO 75 100 85 87

75 85 80 100 80 85 85

65 105 95 IOO

o

100 100 100 100 70 100 70 90 100 110 80

.... 110 85 75 95 100 100 95 100 100 75 95 95 100 100

80 105 100 75 75 100 90 100

w>ov

88 85 80 95 89 95 88 77 105 94 85

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

!

00 00

100 90 90 50 100 90 95

110 100 80 '85 90 100 lOu

100 50 80

100

100 SO 100 74 So 90 90

100 100 1U0 100 100

10c

100 90 85 75 90 100 25

Liberty

105 95 90 60 ioo 95 101 100 100 J02 95 70 95 100 85 95 100

100 80 100 55 95 95 93

100 100 25 85 80 100 100

110 95 90 95 95

100 100 100 90 90 85 100 100

105 95 98 85 95 85 95

97 95 75 62 100

100 100

100 85 100 60 100 100 100

135 100 . 98 100 85

100

98 80 95 100 85 IOO 85

100 100< 100 95 80 ICO 100

100

100 100 90 100 80

100 "96 95 100 85 98 65

100

100 100 100

95 100 100 87
72 80 100 90 85 100 52. 95 110 105 85
90 120 90

88 88 95 68 95 92 96 100 100 10* 96 72 89 93

92 100

99- 90 97 99 88 97 79 62 St 81 66

RECAPITULATION.

Corn.

Oats.

Wheat- Cotton, Sugar Jiice.

Clover &

Fruit.

Stock.

Supplies.

SECTIONS.

oS
si" oO&aoaJ "o-S O O

-u em
Q.83
2 > ca*

o <-< . a o

a 3

_ fc

be a

a" . S3 O-o

* o

Is

s3 o 53 OOSc

80 r2

a

Cog

o ^ a> o 9 2 OJ

o ^a

<

= 32

O -~ 03
o

a

Cane,
Sgtbfle o bf
*' 2 --2
- & si rt
--i c
<=.S
= = bf -
!

Grass
p ~ a E
5 o _'o.
St, s> gMoO o & O 1.

J* s a!
fill s o >

"s o>"

a
o

s 3

s a

is5 30
1.

ao aQ a
u O

CO

II e3-oo** O D O M

a
M

Is * OS

>

o-o

>.
a;
a a ,,

H s
w

D0__W

>-3

North Georgia.,., 102 93 90 25 Middle Georgia. 1(10 9ft 88 89

23 60

91 82

78 95 70 101 97 16

106 10! 97 90 91 87 95 87 91 92 7ft 101

78 88 SB 102 97 29 91 87 100 100 100 98 9ft 102 82 96 98 91 94 88 77 98

75 68 84 74

O

Southwest Ga . 1110 9U 9ti 38 86 85 85 78 9i 99 91 BH 9B 92 95 9ft 94 105 80 10? 91 90 99 88 9fi 8S 78 103 95 95

East Georgia.... 100 98 94 46 90 82 85 86 90 102 84 46 83 85 96 97 9S

Southeast Georgli 88 8S 95 68 95 93 96

105 9B 72 89 93 96 92 100

88 8!> 80 95 89 95 88 77 10ft

91 85

>

99 90 97 99 88 97 79 62 85

81 68

O

93 92 92 4S

71

86 81 85 84 191 91 48 92 89 97 96 99 101 91 96 88 90 97 89 97 87 74 98

86

oc1r--

a o m

00


STATIONS.
Mossy Creek
Atlanta Carrollton LaGrange Milledgeville., Oxford Thomson
Means.,

Summary of Weather Reports from January 1 to April 30, 1885.

g

NORTH GEORGIA.

JANUARY. Temperature. Rainfall.

FEBRUARY. Temperature. I Rainfall.

MARCH. Temperature. Rainfall.

APRIL. Temperature. Rainfall.

a a*

IaP aa
H 'S

a a

a03 a a

m35

w>,
05
P

i
a a

a a p

n

o a M

d |Zi

'M
a03

'H
a

03 3
a

tn

t>>

m

03

,ua a

P d

M

i _a

a a a

a03 a.3

a
03 (Li
a

m 0)
o a

to
t>>
03
R
d

0
P
a a03

a
a
a '3 a

OS.
aoj

Name of Observer.
G>O ,

83

03

P

o a

d

>

60 15 38.3 10.13 9 66 2 36.6 5.6; 5

55 5 37.0 12.78 10 65 5 34.0 3.00 2

61 18 38.5 9.25 15 60 4 37.0 6.20 10

62 12 38.4

7 68 6 39.2 4.45 7

66 16 40.0 8.6* 21 60 4 36.1 5.18 10

58 12 35.5 9.00 7 63 1 32.4 4.40 7

60 16 38.0 7.20 10 65 11 38.0 4.50 6

70 58 65

21 44.7 2.80
22 37.0 5.00 21 45.8 4.15

6 3 11

85 69 83

36 58.9 1.94 8 B. P. Gaillard.

"u 42 55.0
32 59.6 1.55

Mrs. J W. Bryan. C. B. LaHatte.

73 20 47.5 6.91 62 20 44.0 2.77 65 12 40.0 1.90

7
9 72 51 60.6 1.20 6

H. N. Starnes. 7 Jno. M. Dorsey.
Ew'd Sitton.

68 .24 46.0 3.35 5 83 34 60.0 1.60 8 R. S. Norton.

o
50 O
50 K)
o

60 13 37 1 9 50 11 64 5 36 2 4 77 7 66 20 43.6 3.84 7 78 39 58.8 2.26 8

50 H

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

40.0 7.57 39.0 10.45 43.6 6.35 44 0 8.37 43.0 2.55 42.0 8.50

69

39.4 3.79

os 21 46.5 4.38

70 22 44.9 2.75

42.4 2 33

78 27 50.3 3 31

48.9 3.39

75 24 49.8 3.32

43.0 2.85

72 25 50.0 2 60

40 9 3.50 10 6S 25 46.3 2.05

oo

36 60.8 1.34

R- J. Redding.

oo

36 60.2 2.20

S. J. Brown.

36 60.2 2.81

H. H. Cary.

32 63.2 0.98

S. A. Cook.

44 65.0 0.80

Miss E. Stewart.

32 58.2 1.60

A. E. Sturgis.

88 18 41.9 7.30

42.9 3.17

71 24 48.0 3.07

86 61.8 1.62

Summary of Weather Reports from January 1 to April 30,1885.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

STATIONS.
Americus... Cuthbert Columbus.... Fort Valley. Nashville Quitnian
Means..

JANUARY.

FEBRUAKY.

MARCH.

APRIL.

Temperature. Rainfall. Temperature. Rainfall. Temperature. Rainfall. Temperature. Rainfall.

a w

sa n

03

SS d

Name of Observer. >
H a

as s

S s s<P

fc

w 2 H

70 24 48.0 10.75 77 22 48.0 11.60

70

48.0 2.65

74

470 4.35

32 51.0 3.15 2!) 52.0 4.95

43 65.0 1.60

J. E. Bivins.

40 66.5 2.65

B. T. Hunter.

O

75 23 47.4 8.19 71 21 46.0 8.60 70 28 51.7 7.73 76 27 52.0 8.70

78

46.0 4 20

73

45 0 4.50

6S

49.0 4.05

70

50.8 5.20

31 52.5 3.44 29 53.0 2.70
73 34 57.7

45 66.1 1.85

Geo. M. Dews.

Mrs. W. J.Anderson H. T. Peeples. W. T. Gaulden.

a > w

o

73 2077 4A.8H 8S 9.26 11 72 21 47.7 4.16

61 31 53.2 3.56

85 43 65.9 2.03

a
t-

EAST GEORGIA.

a H

74 25 46.0 7.80 64 24 44.9 7.60

9 66 16 44.0 3.00 69 18 45.4 3.20
9 70 14 43.7 3.00

9 67 25 48.8 2.05 8 72 28 50.3 3.55 6 72 28 51.6 3.90

6 85 32 65.01 1.42 9 85 42 65.5 0.80 5

7 W. K. Nelson. 4 R. C. Sanders.
G. W. H. Whitaker

f

69 24 45.4 7.70 9 68 16 44.4 3.07 8 70 27 50.2 3.17 7 85 37 65.21 1.11 5

o o w

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

o

67 36 52.0

6

S. T. Summerall.

75 29 53.3 7.75 8 70 29 51.0 2.20

3.15

84 48 67.0 1.45 2 H. A. Kenrick.

77 32 54.3 7.36 15 70 30 50.0 4.10 8 82 36 59.0 3.95 8 83 46 64.5 2.45 4 E. A. McWhorter.

76 27 51.3 7.10 11 66 28 55.7 2.80 5 78 37 53.8 1.60 4 90 50 66.4 1.15 2 Jno. L. Harden.

74 31 52.7 7.40 10 69 29 52.2 3.03 6 80 36 56.4 2.90 6 86 48 66.0 1.68 3

Means for the State. 69 22 45.3 8.23 10 69 17 44.7 3.64 7 72 28 50.3 3.31 7 84 41 63.5 1.74 5

.8.

* Dillon P.O.

[101]

MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

15

NOTES OF COERESPONDENTS.

NORTH GKORGIA.

CATOOSA.--Farmers up with their work; crops in good condition, needing rain
badly; will be a poor atand of cotton as well as corn, where the roller has not been used, if it don't ra;n in ten days; cut worms playing havoc with many corn fields.
J. B. HENDERSON.

CHATTOOGA.--No disease amoug stock ; work stock thin, owing to the shortness of

roughness.

The best prospects for a good crop that I have seen in ten years ; the land broke

up fine and nice, and corn and cotton come up all right; the farmers in good spir-

its, a smile on their faces ; I love to meet them now; they are anxious to talk about

the crops, and inclined to brag a little. If the ssasans continue there will be a good

crop in 1885.

W. F. TAPP.

COBB.--A species of "moulting fever" has affected horses to a remarkable ex-

tent this spricg, in some instances preventing work for a week or more--have heard

of none dying.

WM. ALSTON, JR.

DADE.--S'ock as a general thing have been unusually healthy; a few old cows died w!th what is called hollow ham; hogs and sheep thrifty; winter dr. pped

lambs, to some extent, froze.

There was a full supply of both corn and hay raised last year, bat the winter,

unusually long and severe, made bo!h scarce, and but few people have corn to sell,

and none hay.

J. A. R. BIBB.

GORDON.--The long cold winter has ciused the consumption of nearly all r jugta-

ness to bring the catlle through. Corn that was planted early is up to a stand.

There is about one-th'rdof the land designed for corn not yet planted. Cotton

planting is nearly completed. Seasons have be*n favorable for work during the

month.

N. B. HALL.

GWINNETT.--Mi st of our farmers, and nearly every one else that keeps a ho'seor a cow, are tlanfng "Millo Maize" for green forage. I have planted it for two ypars--think it unexcelled by anything as a green forage, or butter-producing food.
J. T. BAXTER.

JACKSON.--The prosp-ct is very flattering for a crop this yrar ; the farmers all

seem <o be putting in the"r best licks. With favorable seasons there will be a heavy

corn and cotton crop.

JOHN G. WIER.

RABUN --The spring has been backward, at least ten days later than an average; very little corn up yet, and farmers as a whole are not more than half done planting. The fruit crop has been unusually late in blooming; had no peach blooms until April. The apple crop is now in full bloom; have had no fruit killed by freezjs, except a few peaches in the early localities. We are having fine spring weather now, and prcpects fine for a good corn crop. Our wheat crop was injured more from drouth in the early fall than from freezing in winter.
F. A. BLECKLET.

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[102]

WALKER.--Perhaps 25 per cent, of the land sown in wheat has been plowed up

and sown in oats or put in corn and cotton. What wheat is left looks unusually

"wel1,

J. A. CLEMENTS.

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

BIBB--The average condition of all crops is low on account of drouth ; no mate-

rial damage up to this time, however, has been done. With rain, the grain crop has

plenty of time to recover and make yet. But little cotton up yet, and that is small

and sickly'

W. D. H. JOHNSON.

COLUMBIA.--We have been quite dry, but have within the last few days had ge-

nial showers. I hear great complaint of cut-worms in the gardens. Gardens are

backward; we usually have new potatoes first Sunday in May--we will not have

them this year.

J.A.WALTON.

DEKALB.--Farmers are well up with their work; lands in fine condition for pro-

duction. We are too dry at present; but little rain has fallen during the month of

April; all crops are needing rain at this time, May 2; good seasons from now on

and good work will insure good crops this year.

G. W. MORRIS.

The spring, though backward, has been dry and favorable for farm work, and farmers are somewhat in advance with their spring work. Corn that was planted early did not come up well, but later planted corn, both on bottom lands and up-lands, has come up beautifully. The weather has been too dry for cottonseed to come up quickly, but the indications are that we will get a stand.

T. J. FLAKE. FULTON.--The crop prospect since the opening of the late spring is good but ten days later. We are suffering for want of rain: the market gardens are suffering

W. L. MANGUM.

HENRY-NO sheep in the county. The dogs have killed them so often that farmers regard sheep-raising as very risky and unprofitable.
CHAS. M. SPEER.
NEWTON.-Some cholera among hogs. The majority of my sheep (Merino) clipped 6pounds of wool each. The prospect for fruit has never been equaled up to this time, in my recollection.
J. E. MCCONNELL. 0GLETH0RPE.-The stock law has now become thoroughly inaugurated in the county. The people are discussing plans to prevent our lands from washing Terracing is much practiced. Prohibition and the saving of Bsrmuda grass hav are prominent questions.
C. A. STEVENS. T ^.Kf--Tlle fruit crP is vel-y nattering at this date. The prospect for a good crop I think, is very flattering. The farmers have got their land in better condition than I have seen in years. Cotton that is up never looked better. We are dry at this time, and if it continues so, the late cotton can't come up.
C R. WILSON. TALBOT.-The winter.has been severe, which damaged fall oats to a large extent thinning out the stand ; yet they have spread considerably, and a fair crop will be gathered. Wheat did not suffer so badly. The spring has been cold and backward but since the warm days have set in, the shock seems no longer felt and the pros'

[103]

MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

1J

pects in all crops seem flattering. The seasons are good, with no high winds or
beating rains. The land was never in better condition, and I think we have every reason to feel thankful.
S. A. FREEMAN.

WALTON.--As to fall-sown oats I know of but one field that has stood the hard freezes of the past season, and they were sown with a drill, the land being first well turned with two horse plows and heavily fertilized. Nearly all sown in the usual way during the dry season and badly put in, are a total loss. Until we learn to do better work in preparing, and then use the drill in seeding our land with plenty of fertilizer, we had better abandon sowing in the fall.
J. E. NUNNALLY.

--It is true, through the fall and winter we had a financial crash ; still I feel en-
couraged. The vigilance of our merchants last fall brought some of our people out of debt, and some of them to the wall. This has given a check to trade. Farmers now are trying to keep out of debt and make all they can. Laborers are
doing well, and planters are taking fresh courage. S. C. BUESON.
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BEKKIEN.--Cows died all over the woods; don't know of what disease. Sheep also. Where stock were housed and cared for, no disease at all.
If farmers would sell, or shoot down in the wood, all their stock, except what they could take good care of, thev would do the best day's work of their life. I have tried it, and know how it is myself, i. e. I sold them and fed the balance.
J. E. WILLIAMS.

The long winter has dealt very severely with all out stock, cattle, hogs, sheep.

The loss from starvation is about 20 per cent.

Early oats are now being used, and a very full crop is anticipated.

We are now dry. Cotton crop, last planting, not coming up; present indica-

tions, fruit prospect better than for years.

H. T. PEEPLES.

Fifty per cent, of hogs have died with what is called cholera. No remedy to cure as yet after the hog is sick; but where tar and spirits turpentine is applied

externally, they have escaped. (Coal tar preferred.)

W. W. GROOVER.

DOUGHERTY --Cholera has killed 85 per cent, of hogs since January 10th. S. P.

Salter, out of a stock of 200 head, has only 7 or 8 left; out of 150 head I have on'y

10 left. That is about the average through the county.

April was a dry month. As most of the cotton was planted from the 10th to

May 1st, a great deal of cotton is not up, and thin stands on a good deal of that that

is up. The heavy rains that fell on May 1st and 2d, with heavy wind and hail, have

damaged crops very much, and washed and packed the land badly. So much so

that I am fearful late planted cotton can't come through.

J. L. DOZIER.

MITCHELL.--A cyclone passed through our county on the 28th of March, going a southeast direction, contrary to their usual course. It was about four hundred yards wide, and was quite destructive in its course. No persons killed, and but little stock. Perhaps not more than a dozen plantations seriously damaged.

J. B. TWITTY.

SCMTER.--Cholera in some places, and skin disease; white hogs have a kind of

red, rusty color. I think it is caused by vermin.

CHAS. C. SHEPPARD.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[104]'

WEBSTER.--The weather has been very favorable for farm work for some time,

and farmers are at work with a will that is commendable, and from piesent appear-

ances it looks as if they are to be liberally rewarded for their labor. The crops are

healthy and growing vigorously. There seems to be a sufficiency of labor in our

county, and that which is reliable. Cotton chopping is now the order of the day.

A good rain May 1st.

EAST GEORGIA.

REASON A. BELL.

JEFFERSON.--Many hogs have died from cho!era. Mine had been running on

river swamp, and one by one came home with every symptom of cholera--running

oft from the bowels and eyes festered ; appetite gone. I put them on green oats a

few days, fed on peas boiled with rusty meat scraps from tha meat-house, with a

small piece of copperas and a heaping tea'poonf ul of sulphur to the I103. I did not

lose one, though some were so reduced as scarcely to be able to walk, arjd would not

eat more than a gill of peas at first.

THOS. HAEDEMAN.

TELFAIR.--Cattle have died out: nearly one-ha!f of the entire stock have died,

mo3tly from poveriy. Some seemed to be affected with what is called yellow mur-

rain-

WM. F. WILLIAMS,

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

CAMDEN.--At least fifty per cent, of hogs, especially of pigs, have died from

cholera. Many of the grown hogs have gotten well, but almost invariably it killed

the pigs.

E. A. MCWHORTER.

COFFEE.--Cholera has prevailed among hogs, killing abjut forty per cent. Cattle

have died from want of feed and shelter to the 1st of March twenty per cent.

Owing to the late and wet spring farmers are at least fifteen days later than they

usually are, but they all seem cheerful, and have put in in eirnest, and appear

determined (o make up the fifteen days lost by the iate spring by using a grsater

amount of fertilizers.

JOSEPH BAILEY.

BRYAN.--Hogs have had a disease very fatal, bearing much resemblance to pneumonia. Many have lost 75 to 90 per cent, of their hogs. Generally fatal among large hogs, it has been specially so with young pigs. Poor or fat, it spares none. Bears no resemblance to cholera, though many call it so, and has now nearly abated.
PHILIP D. CORY.

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MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

19

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.
BY M. GEO. V1LLE.
[TRANSLATED BY MISS E. L. HOWARD. )
In the latter part of December, 1883, Professor Geo.' Ville delivered the following lectures in the hall of the Academy .in Brussels, by request of the Royal and Central Agricultural Societies of Belgium, on " Agricultural Production."
The object of the lectures was to help the farmers of the Old World to cheaper food production. The principles of the agricultural laws Prof. Ville here explains are, in the main, as applicable to the New as to the Old World.
Can we of the New World produce too cheaply ?
LECTURE FIRST.
GENTLEMEN-There are serious times in the lives of all. For the general it is the hour before the battle. My situation is the same. I come among you to-day to wage not only one, but perhaps two or three battles. The conquering armies of the past do not count up more than hundreds of thousands of men ; my army counts by the hundreds of millions if not by billions. It is represented by the sun, water, earth, magnetism and electricity, of which latter thunder is an expression. These are the powers of nature which animate the universe, and which preside at the evolution of all its creations. Left to themselves and limited to the vegetable kingdom, these powers produce virgin forests, and bring forth magnificence out of chaos. Working partly with human intervention, they produce our fields, our luxuriant harvests and our rich meadows, where numberless cattle graze. I have come now to explain to you the part which each one of these forces takes in our agricultural problem. My object is to define the play of these forces while separating them from the empirical precepts of the pas*, which we blindly followed, not being able to give a reason for them.
This army does not bring desolation with it; it does not leave orphans and widows to their fate ; it makes human labor fruitful. In other words, it is intelligence going forth to conquer the forces of nature, and substitute the work of the brain for that of the arm. This is the end to which we are working, or, if you prefer, gentlemen, the first battle we must gain.
How was I led to give the agricultural problem this breadth of character? For thirty years my steady aim has been practically to define the value of each of the elements entering into the composition of vegetation, and to produce a plant from inert matter by the aid of these elements.
Ten years ago, in this very hall, I spoke on these same problems, which are grow-

20

DEPARTMEM OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[106]

ing more pressing by increase of population; and I may say, without boasting, thaj the universal practice of the agricultural world has proved the truth of what I then said.
The economic situation of old Europe is graver now than it was ten years ago. Every year she loses by emigration a million of her children from among the best of her population, who go to fertilize the lands of the New World, and form the backbone of a union which oppresses us, and which we cannot overcome. What a spectac'e is presented us by our markets and our fields! Wheat is sold at a ruinous price, and farms are reduced by half.
Every one knows that Belgium, for example, loses near two hundred millions on her farms--a loss corresponding in value to all actually produced by the farms: equal to a loss of four hundred millions annually ; and France, a country intended for prosperity and abundance, sees her farms deserted.
Under such threatening surroundings, it seems to me the scientist has no right to shut himself in his laboratory--his duty calls him to the field of honor. He must sacrifice personal interest in order to discern the causes of the misfortunes which threaten us. I believed it my duty to undertake, at my own risk, the management of a large farm, if it was but to find out if, by the new methods of culture, one could work by delegation as in industries, provided sufficient capital was furnished, and thus give our agriculture a strong enough constitution to fight against the foreigner.
But what has been my surprise in this new attfmpt from the very first ? The methods used were so simple and so well adjusted to practical experience that I foresaw no obstacles. I had not counted on the hostility of the rural classes, whose harsh and insatiable cupidity Balzac has so truthfully painted. I was met in my first attempts by unexpected opposition, by secret coalition, by culpable if not criminal deceit--universal hostility, ended by paralyzing my means of action. Would you believe I could not economically produce the crops that practical agriculture of all countries has realized for twenty years from my own teachings, and that finally all my efforts towards the solution of a sc:entiffc and practical agricultural problem were turned into a dull, merciless struggle against the obstinate ignorance and malevolence which surround me on all sides.
Anger succeeded surprise. This is a bad counselor even when legitimate, as in this instance, for I was attacked and wounded in my deepest feelings and most disinterested efforts. But by a happy compensation the final result was superior to the cause of the trouble; I have continued my work, and the last word will be with me.
At first I tried to overcome obstacles with money--it was Darius chaining the ocean. The obstacle was strong-r than f. I am no longer irritated. I feel no resentment against any one. I was ignorant. I knew the agricultural problem under one aspect only; the other was unknown to me. As soon as I was convinced of this I resolved so to work as not only to avoid many of the evils just mentioned, but actually to make my work pay in spite of them. I then considered my farm but as a means of experimenting. I applied all my energies to take the practical problem p-ece by piece-to define it in all its terms-to leave nothing unknown without fixing its importance. Have I succeeded? 1 believe so. I make you the judge.
_ I repeat, the end I wished to gain was to show the farmer, who is forced to farm in spite of himself, how he can fight to advantage, by what means he can find a

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MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

21

farmer, and by what development of the same means the farmer can make money, so exact and certain are the results of the new method.
"What, gentlemen, is the pivotal point of agriculture ? There is no hesitation pos-

sible on this point. It is the p'ant. The animal is derived from the plant. Agricultural industries are themselves
derived from either the animal or the vegetable kingdom. We must then begin with the plant. If you ask of what a plant is formed, and what constitutes a plant, the past has a ready answer to all such questions. It says to you, ihe plant is derived from manure. We must have manure to make good crops ; to get manure we most have meadows and stock. Unfortunately, it adds, stock is a necessary evil to which we must submit. What progress, if we could rid ourselves of stock and meadow, and had some other means of getting manure. This is not the way we look at the problem. We simply say science ha? succeeded in artificially producing the minerals forming rocks. Why can we not do the same thing for plants? Why admit there is an insoluble mystery in their formation ? In what does a mineral differ from a plant? In this, that the plant has for the point of departure a seed, and that in this seed there is an embryo ; that this embryo is the seat of a special force in a latent condition, which is capable of manifesting its activity under certain favorable conditions. Why can we not succeed in producing a plant in burnt sand if we add to the sand the substance which analysis shows in plants

grown in good soil. Let us examine the problem in another way. All plants without distinction,
trees, moss, vegetables, gather their substance from fourteen elements, which are
always the same. These elements are :

Organic. Carbon. Hydrogen. Oxygen. Nitrogen.

Mineral. Phosphorous Sulphur. Chlorine. Silica. Iron. Magnesia. Lime. Mangan;ze. Soda. Potash.

But a question here presents itself. You ask how both poisonous and food plants owe their formation to the same elements ? This is, however, the exact truth; fourteen elements, and always fourteen, produce poisonous plants and food plants, perfume, tinctorial matter, etc.; in fact, all vegHal products. How is this result possible? A dictionary will explain how it is possible.
A language is composed of several thousands of words. How do we form these words? In our language they are made by the combination of twenty-four different letters. Well, the vegetable kingdom is a language of which each p'ant is a different word, and the above fourteen elements are the alphabet. The difference in plants is not madeby different elements, but by different combinations of the same elements. This fact makes a wide gulf between the mineral and vegetable kingdoms. Seventy different elements are necessary to produce the five or six thousand known minerals, grouped together by four, five or six at a time; only fourteen elments are needed, however, to give life to the two or three thousand

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[108]

plants of which the vegetable kingdom is composed, but the fourteen elements are

never separated ; they are found in all plants. The peculiarity of a mineral is in

the changeableness of its elements, while in plants it is the different grouping.

But there is still another difference between plants and minerals ; the elements of

a mineral are movable. "We can displace them at will.

Here is a solution of bichloride of mercury, a combination of chlorine and mer-

cury. We wish to displace the chlorine. It is easily done. Throw a little nitrate

of silver into the solution. The chlorine combines with the silver, forming a white

precipitate which clouds the liquid, and finally falls to the bottom of the glass ; this

is chloride of silver. Perhaps, on the contrary, we wish to displace the mercury.

WJ have only to substitute iodide of potash for nitrate of silver. The iodine com-

bines with the mercury and gives birth to a beautiful red precipitate, which is

formed under our eyes. The mercury is thus displaced at your will and forms

biodide of mercury. Now try to displace the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, a nitrogen

of a vegetable tissue, it is impossib'e; a vegetable tissue once formed is irreducible.

You can isolate its different elements by analysis, but then you destroy the plant

absolutely and entirely. You can define the essence of the plant, but you cannot

displace its elements and preserve its form.

This is what distinguishes vegetables from minerals. Our power over minerals is

unlimited. The power which produces organic life, has stamped it with an indel-

ible seal. The plant says to us, I am more powerful than you ; you can analyze

and decompose me, but you cannot change my texture.

We have said there are fourteen constant and invariable elements in all vegeta-

tion ; but these elements have very different properties. On account of this differ-

ence we divide them into two categories-organic elements and mineral elements.

The organic elements are represented by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

The mineral elements are ten in number. We have only to burn the plant if we

wish to separate the organic from the mineral elements; combustion dissipates the

organic elements in the form of smoke, vapor and gas. On the contrary, it leaves

the mineral elemen'.s in the form of ashes. If left to run its natural life, the plant

will decompose, and the texture of its tissues will gradually disappear. In place of

the plant is left a mass of black matter, without organization, whose weight con-

tinually decreases. This work of decomposition slowly produces the same effect

which combustion rapidly produces. The organic elements disengage in the form

of gas, and the mineral elements are the final residue.

We have now come to three or four fundamental propositions. I pray you, gen-

tlemen, to have patience. Practical results are only clear on condition we explore

] m

elation theoretically to its full extent. If I suppressed its theo-

retic form, science would no longer exist; you could not seize its laws, and we

would still work under empiric precepts we did not understand. An agriculture

founded on empiricism and precepts does not supply our wants.

We come now to a new order of considerations. We now ask from whence

come the organic and mineral elements of plant life ? Science answers that the

mineral elements come from the soil, and the organic elements from air and water.

Take wheat as an example. Here is its recognized composition :

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen That is, 93.55, which comes from air and rain.

47.66 5.54
40.82

109]

MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

23

Soda

0.09

Magnesia



0.20

Sulphuric acid Chlorine Oxide of iron

0.31 03
0.006

Silica

2.75

Manganese



'

That is, 3.386 with which the soil is abundantly provided, and which we need not

give it.

Nitrogen

I-60

Phosphoric acid

0.45

Potash

0-66

Lime

0.29

Total

99-93

That is, 3.00 with which the soil is but scantily furnished, and which we must give it in fertilizers.
Of 100 parts there are 93 which the soil has not given. Since the soil has not furnished them you need not return them to it; these 93 parts are der.ved from inexhaustible natural sources, opan always to your means of action and always at your disposition. What industry has such resources? Choose any one you may--metallurgy, plating, weaving, spinning and you are compelled to acknowledge that the product representsbuta part of the raw material which the machinery takes up. There is always a waste. In this instance things are different. You get more than you supply. There is a marked contrast. Agriculture gives more--industry gives
less. Let us follow the consequences of this contrast: Among the ten mineral elements found in a plant, there are seven which need
not be given to the soil. The earth holds them as the ocean does water. It is not worth while to give the soil what it already possesses in superabundance.
Thus, by elimination after elimination, you arrive at this fact, viz: That all vegetation is formed of fourtetn elements invariably united, but by returning to the soil only the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash and lime the plant has taken up, the soil is never exhausted. The land continues to return you fourteen while you give it only four. This is the realization of the miracle of the three small
loaves. Agriculture is the sole creative industry. Properly speaking, industry transforms--agriculture creates by drawing on the
open sources of nature in return for the four bodies which it gives the soil. When the earth has received them they command the air and the rain. They force the carbonic acid of the air and water which the soil absorbs to fix themse'.ves in the plant. There is no vegetation without thes? four bodies; to know them is to possess the actual conditions of vegetation. These four bodies are, in reality, the f quivalent of vegetal life. They hold the living force which rules vegetation, and this force has been conquered by intelligence, spurred on by the sufferings and necessities which force man to elevate his conditions of existence.
The practical consequences are superb. Here there is no theory, but indisputable fact3--with four we can make 100. Any one can grow a plant in burnt sand. The manufactories of chemical fertilizers are increasing in number, and practical agriculture is ready to testify to the truth of the theoretic ideas which gave birth to this industry. The period of fruitless discussion is past. We stop at this affir-

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[no}

mation, that practically with four we can make 100, and with the help of four bodies we can produce vegetation which contains fourteen Indies
A double affirmation of which we now fix the economic beating If ,e cue carbon at the price of o 1 in Pari), viz: $8.00per ton, andni rogen at the va'uegiven it in chemical fertilizers, viz: 9 ceits per pound, we find that in proportion to the agricultural territory of Prance, the amount vegetation draws from the air is n it less than five thousand million yearly, represented by sixty millions of carbon and eighteen hundred thousand tons of nitrogen, divided as follows :

-ivr j

Cultivated Surface. Acres-

Carbon Absorbed. Nitrogen Absorbed

Tons-

Tons

GhStnUtS

1,816 588.]

18,320 000.

350,000.

So far everything is simple and convincing. But there is another order of ideis i i the agricultural problem more difficult to penetrate and seize, and which sem at first mpossible of application. This is what I call the potential part ia opposition to the substantial pirt with which we have until now been occupied
All acts of production require for their accomplishment two things, or necessary

1 li, Vnm?r'termd a frCe r ener^> tlle matter, which receives the W wK JrC<! r t glV6S thB frm- NW hl agricultu^, from whence comes the force winch makes the crop? Is it from the workman? When he ploughs
harrows and hoes, does he make the crop ? No. He prepares the soil for theV-
velopmentof the plant. But there his action ceases; the real instrument of pro-
duction is the plant. How and in what way is the plant animated? A very rimpie experiment will show:

Here is a concave mirror, in the center of which we place a small steam engine.

Enlarge the proportions of the machinery; make one ofJour or five horse-power

The sun is hot. The machine begins to move, and useful work can be done. In

Egypt a-d Algiers, wherever the sky is always serene ; in Chiii and Per., particu-

larly in the lar0e deposits of nitrate of soda, where fuel is worth f,om $40 to $60 per ton, these machines are used. What lesson does this teach us? It is (hat in

this sys.em the sun is the heat, the mirror the receptacle which concentrates its

effects and the boiler the intermediary which utilizes ^effects, from whenceVe

conclude that the rays of the sun are here changed into mechanical force. Substi-

tute a plant for the solar machine; the effect produced is quite different. When

the rays of the sun fall upon a leaf, this leaf absorbs the heat and light just now

reflected by the mirror; it extinguishes them-we may say destroys them. ~The

heat and light are mtngled with the substances which the leaf has drawn from the

air and the roots from the soil, and this mingling makes heat andlight change into

a state of chemical affinity. What was air, water and.dead matter becomesOrgan-

ized nature. Dead matter is thus brought into the kingdom of the living I where

by successive transformations, the vegetal substances consumed by the animal re-

generates by destroying heat and movement, and from gradation to gradation ends

by animating us ourselves.

aunnenoa

What is then the amount of live force borrowed from light by solar radiation

S ferSit

4J0o,0S00

ddalySs

CT7S ? At work of a man.

leaSt 8n 32 Here we see

hth-ePa<g>rwicuerltuprearl ap'crroeb, loermif;nyoau'lpriets-

magnificence. What will most astonish you is, that from these ideas will be drawn

I II]

M..Y CROP REPORT--1885.

25

in my third lecture new methods of culture of the most practical and economical * character. These methods, in fact, yield an economy of from five to six dollars per acre in the preparation of the soi', and ten dollars per acre on the price of the fertilizer that is to maintain its fertility. Let us strive clearly to understand and define these ideas. They are unexpected. We are progressing. Every year, almost every day, brings i'.s contingent of useful discoveries, conquered by sorrow, for progress, as history proves, is bought by suffering.
If these discoveries are to make a grand future for us, it will be because, thanis to them, we can produce more abundantly and economically those food materials which are to became a part of our own bodies, thu; assuring the conditions essential to the prosperity of the people, and so guaranteeing the existence of each one of us. No matter what difflcu'. ties we may encounter on the way, let us continue straight to the end. Instead of going blindfold, let us walk by the lightof the sun, of whom we ask not only ths means of producing vegetation at less cost, but also with less labor.
The result to which we are led is, as we have said, most unexpected. That the production of a crop of 10,000 pounds per acre requires a quantity of live force equal to 3300 days horse-power. Now this r. ower is equal to five men. Consequently the live force which acre requires to make its cr?pis equivalent to 16,000 days of a man; 10 acrS 160,000 days; 100 acres 1,600,000; 200 acres 32,000,000 days work of a man.
When I told you my army defied the armies of all the conquerors of the world, was I not right? Generalize these results and you will see where you are led. Putting the population of the world at 1,200,000,000 inhabitants, 72,355 acres (hardly the half of a d'partment), requires for its crop the concentrated force represented by a day's work of the whole human race. But this is not all; the quantity of live force which the sun sends us in the course of a year corresponds to 888,883 days work of an engine of one horse power per acre. If then, we u'.e but 3,200, we lose 885,685 per acre You thus arrive at the final and unexpected conclusion that 337 acres, hardly the size of a private park, after using what is needed for its crop, loses an amount of live force by radiation, equivalent to a days work of the whole human race.
But I feel gentlemen, you do not fol'.ow me entirely. You do not fully see the consequences of these ideas. We have already defined the amount of live force needed I o make a crop; we have also shown how much of this force is lost, and you instan ly feel as if you were compelled to find a means of capturing part of this last force. To put it practically, why should we not seek to produce two plants simultaneously, and get two crops from the same ground? And this will not be the only inquiry into which we will be led.
If you ask why it is now become an axiom that it is almost impossible to cultivate the soil unless you direct the cultivation yourself, the answer is evident; it is easily deduced from the facts just stated. When the production of a crop requ'res the equivalent of 3,200 days' work of a man from natural forces, as the same surface requires in human and animal labor the equivalent of seven days' work of steam power, it follows that human labor is to the forces of nature as one to fivehundred; but, with this difference, human labor is but a power of direction to utilize or hinder the work of nature. It is the effort of the pilot who guides to thfr harbor or to destruction. The slightest deviation, and you are lost, for a 3,200 steam pov. er per r.cre works against you.

26

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[112]

The agricultural laborer produces nothing; he simply directs the forces of nature. This is the season he is so difficult to manage, and can become so dangerous a help. For this reason we should reduce, as far as possible, human intervention in favor of natural forces. These last have no prejudices, no ignorance and no conflict of interest to oppose us.
When he knows the laws which rule the forces of nature, man is supreme. It is by beginning with these ideas--these ideas which explain agricultural progress in its essence--that I have been Jed to inaugurate a method of farming by which human labor and intervention is reduced both in the use of fertilizers and in preparation of the soil to the least possible amount, thus giving certainty of result with greater liberty of action.
You see now how difficult it is to direct a farm from a distance, and hew easy, on the contrary, to direct a factory. In the factory there is a direct relation between the workman and the product of his hands. On the firm this relation is very far off. The laborer's work is to prepare for the intervention of exterior forces. The slightest oversight is multiplied by the immensity of these forces. If a part of the machinery of a factory is broken, it is immediately repaired. This is impossible in farming. The plant, which is the machine, cannot be repaired. If it is not sowed at the proper time, its work is fatally injured ; the forces of nature are against you. If the soil has not been properly prepared, weeds spr'ng up-they take the fertilizer to the injury of the crop. The weeds must be cut at harvest with the useful plants, reducing the value of the crop. These are losses without compensation. In other words, there is no repairing a fault in agriculture; in a factory it is easily done. The intervention of human labor in agricu'ture is but an infinitesimal fraction, and acts so'ely in directing the forces of nature, which alone are the real sources of useful products.
If laborers are careless, ma'ic'ous or disobedient, how can a farmer succeed when a 3,200 power engine per acre works against him ? All the agricultural ventures on a large scale end in loss for those who adhere to the methods familiar to them. If you tell them success requires constant watchfulness, they reply, with a smile, they have the newest and most perfect machines, forgetting that machines cannot vork at all seasons, nor surmount all obstacle?, while the natural forces never rest.
The arable surface of an acre is 3.911,111 lbs.; of ten acres, 39,111,110 lbs.; of 100 acres, 391,111,100 lbs. Now, does any one believe they can act quickly on such a mass as that? No. The processes of agricu'ture are the inverse of the processes of an industry. We must move slowly in cultivation. We must see, not only what we can begin, but also what we can go through with. Our efforts must be directed to one point concentrated there, and slowly applied. Fruitful labor is the result of a succession of uninterrupted efforts, not of quick and sudden changes. Rapid concentration is ruinous. Concentration, slowly and successively applied, is success, as experience proves. But practice is often unable to explain the traditions to whicn she is forced to c'ing. To give real laws instead of precepts, we must analyze the agricultural problem in all its depth, and learn to distinguish the work of natural forces, which alone is productive, from the intervention of the hand of man, which directs and commands.
There is another point, the capital. You will recoUect thereare three terms in the agricultural problem: The substance which makes the crop, the force which transforms this substance, and the capital which puts them both to work.
Here is a new contrast between aericulture and the industries.

[H3]

MAY CROP REPORT--1885.

27

We repeat, that 9-10ths of the substance of the crop is the product of natural sources, air and water, the atmosphers and rain. The live force, which makes the crop, comes almost entirely from the sun -the sun in fact gives 500 while man gives
hardly one. The contrast with capital is as great.
The first rule of success in commerce and the industries is to turn over the capital as often as possible. In a well conducted industry capital is disengaged or freed two or three times in a year. It is seldom the half of the capital employed in farm-
ing is disengaged in the same length of time. We have a striking example of this in the establishment directed by Mr. Decau-
ville (the founder of narrow gauge railroads), who will, if he has not already done so, acquire aposition among the first manufacturers of France. Before becoming a manufacturer, Mr. Decauville was a farmer. He directed a farm of 990 acres, where, by his own acknowledgment, he lost heavily. S:nce then he has built a factory for railroad iron, and is realizing 'arge proS;s from it. It is by his consent I am making him a living proof of the contrast presented between capital engaged in agriculture and an industry. As a manufacturer he invested about $150,000$50,000 in material, $50,000 in preparation, and $50,000 as floating capital. With the $150,000 he la4 year produced $8,000,000 in railroad material, and this year expects to make $12,000,000. Last year he turned over his capital three times. Tins year he expects to turn it over four times. Every revolution of capital is a profit.
The processes of agriculture are quite different. At PetitBourg, with an investment of $30,000, there was only $1,500 of marketable crops. And the annual profit
had to come from the sale of the crops. There is thus a radical difference between agriculture and the industries. But if
the contrast is financially disadvantageous to agriculture, there is aredeeming point. Nine-tenths of the first material upon which agriculture works comes from the infinite and inexhaustible sourefs of nature, which cost U3 nothing, and the forces which set the machinery to work also cost nothing fjr they come almcst enti-ely from the sun. The more I study ami examine into the agricultural problem, the more I strive to disengage my personal experiences, which have been burdensome, and the experience of others, who know no better than I how to avoid them, the more I am led to the conclusion that agriculture is the most fruitful of industries, the one which should give us the most remunerative results.
But you reply, succe?s in farming is eas?, and the best known agriculturists have
not made fortunes rapidly. I acknowledge this. But professional agriculturists do not know the laws of na-
ture. They ara guideJ by pr.'cepts which they cannot explain ; this in itself reduces their profits. It is different with men of science ; they know better how to employ fertilizers and forces, but cannot control laborers as well as the professional
farmer--this takes away their advantage. A laborer who has 3,200 horse-power rea'Iy at his command is well equipped for
evil. Success attends oily on the union of practice and theory, and perhaps it also requires that the laborer has a sha-e in the profits.
I assert, and the future will justify my assertion, that as soon as agriculture possesses a better cla=s of laborers it will be the most fru:tful and remunerative^ in' dustrie ; and I a "d, this must V.e d )r3 if we expect the Old World to resist the New
World. Gentlemen, we must exaggerate in nothing, but we must have the courage to face
the sit a'ion in al' it' gravity. You have against you a country where the land

28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEOIGIA.

["4]

costs almost nothing, and where each year a million emigrants carry, with their intelligence and strength, enough of their earnings to represent five or six millions. The Old World thus loses the best of her children, and in them the most
perfect ins'runients of production. But besides this the emigrant says to the country of his adoption, I cast my lot with you. And what is the result of this rivalry ? What can be produced in the Unite:: States at sixty cents per bushel, and in the Indies at thirty cen's. Now, you know what it costs to grow wheat in the Old World, with Ian.1 at $80 to 100 and $200 per acre, laborers at 60 to 70 cents per day, and the antagonism which exists between the upper and lower classes, not to speak of the crushing bur 'en of our military system. We talk of a crisis, but really there is no crisis; fiere is a new order of things beginning which will continue--it is to. be a long and permanent struggle with a new world more favored than our own. The true crisis will be in those years when crops are abundant both in Europe and the United States. You will then realize the extent of the effort you must make to defend yourselves. We cannot now he'p ourselves by uttering childish compkints. We must fight with new methods, we must ask science to give us the secret of application of all the potential and substantial elements that nature will yield us, and equip ourse'.ves anew to increase the means of production.
What greater and more beautiful cause than this? The cause of the earth is the cause of humanity. The soil nourishes us, helps us through the term of 'ife, and receives us when we die. The earth is the emblem of economy conquered by labor. The soil is the living expression of our country. To make the earth fruitful is to give prosperity to the present, security to the futur, and to h-.man labor its freedom and its fullest recompense.

Special Circular No. 47.
NEW SERIES.
REPORT OF GROWING CROP, ETC., FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1885.
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st, 1885.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE^
ATLANTA, GA., May 16, 1885.
DEAB SIR--Please answer the following questions on the first day of June, and mail promptly so that your report may reach this office by the 3d day of June, if possible.
If your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on the 1st of the month will not reach his office by the 3d, please make out your report as long before the end of the month as will benecessary to have it reach this office by the 3i.
Answer every question that will admit of it, in numbers indicating per cent. In making up your answers, let them apply to the whole county in which you reside, or as far in each direction as your knowledge may extend, not simply to your own farm. In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county, use the character X. I' you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate, leave the place blank. Any matter not intended for publication, if sent with this circular, should be enclosed on a separate sheet of paper with name and post-office address.
Very respectfully, J. T. HENDERSON,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
I. For what county do you report?
II. Your name?
HI. Your post office?

2

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGI4.

CORN.

1. Condition compared to this time last year?

OATS.

2. Yield (or prospective yield if not harvested) compared to average? ,, 3. To what extent injured by rust?
WHEAT.

4. Yield, (or prospective yield if nit harvested,) compared to average?

[H6] per cent. percent. per cent_ percent.

5. To what extent injured by rust? COTTON.
. Stand (1st June) compared to average? 7. Condition compared to average?
SORGHUM. 8. Condition compared to average?
SUGAR CANE. 9. Stand compared to a good stand? 10. Condition compared to an average?
POTATOES. ective yield of Irish potatoes compared to average? 12. Acreage in sweet potatoes compared to an averaage? 13. Condition of sw^et potatoes compared to average?

per cent.
per ceat percent.
per cent. percent. .....percent. percent. percent.

MISCELLANEOUS. 14. Rice, condition compared to an average?

percent.

[117]

QUESTIONS FOE JUNE OEOP REPOET.

3

15. Ground peas, condition compared to an average?

16. Melons, condition compared to an average?^

,,

ORCHARDS.

17. Peach prospect compared to average? -

18. Apple prospect compared to average?

19. Pear prospect compared to average?

20. Grape prospect as compared to average?

percent. percent.

,,

percent.

percent.

-- percent.

percent,

STOCK. 21. Clip of wool compared to average?

percent.

NOTES OF CORRESPONDENTS.
NOTE.--Give as consisely as possible under this heading any information of special importance to the farmers of the State; such as improved methods in the cultivation of crops; plants best suited to your section; results of important experiments; comparative merits of new varieties of cultivated plants; valuable remedies for diseases among stock, etc.
Put the name of your county, at the upper left-hand corner of your "notes" as it appears in the printed reports, and your signature at the bottom.

..County.

1

CIRCULAR No. 67.

New Series.

}

CROP REPORT

FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1885.

SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED, CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF JUNE, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA.
Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, Binders and Eleetrotypers.
1885.

Circular No. 67.
NEW SERIES.
CROP

REPORT

FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE, 1885.

RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JUNE 1, 1885.
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, ) ATLANTA, GA., June 8, 1885.)
CORN.
The corn crop of the State has improved seven points in general condition since the report of last month.
The condition and prospect first of Jane in North Georgia is 100, in Middle Georgia 100, in Southwest Georgia 97, in East Georgia 95, in Southeast Georgia 105, and the average for the whole State 99.
OATS.
This crop is reported four points higher than last month. Rust had been observed in eight counties only before the first of the month. Of these, Ohattooga in North Georgia reports a damage to the crop of 16 per cent. Greene, Talbot and Ooonee in Middle Georgia, and Calhoun and Randolph in Southwest Georgia, a damage from five to ten per cent., and Burke and Washington in East Georgia, from two to five per cent.
The prospective yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 82, in Middle Georgia 75, in Southwest GeorgU 88, in East Georgia 79, in Southeast Georgia 96, and in the whole State 84.
WHEAT.
The prospective yield compared to an average in North Georgia is 71, in Middle Georgia 83, in Southwest Georgia 92, in East Georgia 91, ?. d in the whole State 84.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[122]

The appearance of lust before (lie first of June is reported in sixteen counties in the State. Wbitfield, Twiggs and Washington report slight damage to the crop from this causp. Gwinnett, Webster, Greene and Talbot a damage from three to five per cent. ClaytoD, Taliaferro, Terrell and Clay from seven to ten per cent. And Oconee, Fulton, Warren and Pulaski from fifteen to twenty per cent.

COTTON.

The stand June first compared to an average in North Georgia is 99, in Middle Georgia 101, in Southwest Georgia 99, in East Georgia 99, in Southeast Georgia 98, and the average for the whole State 99.
The condition and prospect compared to an average in North Georgia is 94, in Middle Georgia 97, in Southwest Georgia 96, in East Georgia 93, in Southeast Georgia 98, and in the whole State 96--two points better than on the first of May.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.

SUGAR CANE.--The stand compared to a gjod stand in Middle Georgia 3, in Southwest Georgia 99, in East Georgia 97 and in Southeast Georgia 01.
The condition compared to an average in Middle Georgia 95, in Southwest Georgia 98, in East Georgia 97 and in Southeast Georgia 103.
SORGHUM.--The condition compared to an average in North Georgia is 97, in Middle Georgia 98, in Southwest Georgia 97 and in East Georgia 95.
POTATOES.--The acreage in sweet potatoes is 97 and the condition 98 compared to an'average. The prospective yield of Irish potatoes is 94.
RICE.--Condition in Middle Georgia 97, Southwest Georgia 94, East Georgia 95 and in Southeast Georgia 99.
GROUND PEAS.--Condition in North and Middle Georgia 95, Southwest Georgia 92, East Georgia 93 and in Southeast Georgia 100.
MELONS.--Condition in North Georgia 81, in Middle and Southwest Georgia 91, in East Georgia 95 and in Southeast Georgia 94.
FRUIT.

The reports from all sections of the State indicate an abundant crop of nearly all kinds of fruit.
The peach crop escaped injury from frosts with unusual uniformity throughout the State. The .correspondent?, almost without an exception,

[123]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

5

have reported a good supply of peaches now on the trees, and if the season is suited to the growth and maturity of the fruit a larger and more gen>ralcrop than has been had in many years is insured.
AprLE.--The prospect compared to an average in North Georgia is 99, Middle Georgia 95, S juthwest Georgia 94, East Georgia 77 and in Southeast Georgia 100.
PEAES.~The prospect in North Georgia and Southwest Georgia 92, in Middle Georgia 86, in East Georgia 89 and in Southeast Georgia 85.
GRAPES.--The prospect compared to an average in North Georgia 97, in Middle Georgia 100, in Southwest Georgia 94 and in East and Southwest Georgia 99.

WOOL CLIP.

The yield of wool compared to an average in North and Southeast Georgia is 90, in Middle Georgia 96, in East Georgia 88, in Southeast Georgia 90 and in the whole State 89.

THE WEATHER FOR MAY.

temperature of the month of May has been four degrees below the average general temperature for this month, as deduced from me-

teorological observations of ten years, while the rainfall has been nearly

twice the usual amount, approaching closely to the average for the month of April.

The n urn

rainy days in the different sections has varied from five

to twenty-three--the greatest number occurring in North Georgia, while

the heaviest precipitation and largest total rainfall, contrary to what is

usual at this season of the year, has occurred in the more southerly portions of the State.

The low temperature has retarded the growth of plants and furthered

the destructive work of the cut-worm, of which there has been much gen-

eral complaint. But the weather conditions have been by no means as

unfavorable to most crops as that of the preceding month. The reports

of correspondents show an improved condtion for all crops except that

of wheat, which is one point below the estimates of last month in the average for the whole State.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[124]

COUNTIES.
Cobb
Madison
"Walker White Whitfield Baldwin .. Bibb Butts Campbell. Carroll ... Clarke Clayton Columbia Coweta DeKalb . Douglas .. Elbert Fayette .. Fulton ..., 3reen .... aancock Harris I eard lenry -- Jasper

Tabulated Crop Reports for the month of June.

NORTH GEORGIA.

?s'it t*l i"sI s1\*f I |sli 5s II IMs SIsi I11S g-> 3as s a. a sg - -- i =3 a? ft < ag g. * -- a a 0
OO brN,
0 d
H a a O 3
1 a Sa o>
s 5 '2 - - O-

0 0
oS-e
1 a---<
2

Cotton.
O OS
a
a >
O 3S 3 rQ OS
R O O-
si O

a 0

Or-

> OS

o

Sugar Cane.
0 -3

Potatoes.

a a

0
0

ba 5

rZ 5?

1 o>

0 g O (H 0 i)

T3 Sao.-saai
E

2 a) Ocj Wcs

U AS 7-5

a s

$B

,

a=j 0

TM 0 c"cs> * CO

TM 0 -

0 tMo

*a * 5O cS3j

nra

g1 oca

"-o*?ex 30~.su

O ID

O a

S3
= 2 a

Fruit.

S

H 5C MSB

a- 0M
O

U fV 0

O

"u 2M

"J

9 O

0 s

03.

.0.3
a

100 56 56 100 100 75 50 100 80 60 50 75 10 ) 100 100 103

9? 100

90

70 91

'ioo

100 88 7S 102 "98 '90

101 1.00 75 100 100 100

'ioo 90 100 105 100 100
100 100 40 90 75 80 106 "90 8^

110 105 90 105 105 90

95 62 65 100 75 85

95 100 75

100

100 68 so 166 ioi 100

no 107 75 65 100 97 92

105 100 65

10)

100 100
90 110

97 90 80
103

95 100
90 100

100

100 100

100 90 90 100 100
20 50 40 103 125 125

90 85 9390 IOO
75
iio 125 "166

100 ioo 101
105 90 100
100 85 10(' 100 100 100 100 120 100

100 "98 102 ioo 70 60 ioo-

100 90 110 105 105 100 85

80 100 100 76 75 80 110 125

90

81 80100

100 85 100 50 50 100 100

100 90 100 75 75 65
100 90 90 101 85 100

90 105 100 100

78 85 85

85 40

100 100 100 10j 100 75

90 125 100 75 104 95

... ioo no 85 103 95
110 100 95

70 103 75 95 95

90 126 105

9tt

100 75 75 100 160 100 115 85 90 100 110 100 100 50 100 100 75 100
iio 93 100 100 105 ioo
105 93 70 100 100 100

105 100 100 60
90 50

65 95 95 100

80 100 100 1C0

86

100

ioo 112 100 38
98 9f 66

95 92 100

98 85 38 80 78 100

110 100 ioo
90 SO 95 10i) 100 1 0
'iio ioo 100
100 100 105
90 ios 85
100 110 100 lu2 90 100
95 100 IOO 104 KiO 97
105 80 95

100 82 71 99 9-1 97

99 9) 100

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

"ioo

90 95

100 100

ico

iio

90

100 100

100

ioo 113 "95 '80 "72 '90

110 10. 100

100

60 110 110 100 100

100 110 80 100 10l

no 112 88

100 '85

ios 125
100 85 105 105

i02 90

100 60 108 98 100 105

95 81 104 99 92 97 0

80
67 95 95
100

76 100 92

100. 100;

105, 100

95

ioo

90 100 95 101 98

100 90

100l 100

100 100 103 96 100 87 971 95 107] 98 90 105
HOl 120

100 100 100
IOO
100 80

[125]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

Tabulated Crop Reports for the month of June--Continv^ed.
MIDDLE GEORGIA--Continued.

COUNTIES. Jones Oglethorpe

= - 2*s ^ > <3 is I." Iss a ^ ^-( ^ SS g S 32 88 22 8a5g > >

O 4) 3 2

y & E

a>

S.0

op 0 0. 0 a

is i l g s 3S SS 1 9>

32

is 11 s a S
a 2 s" So-

a >> a1?.

* < 0 O

Cotton.

Sugar

i 3 O

V to a

a
a

SE P
B P
2 3
'B 03

0 c

08 bo

Cane.
B V .
a M
0 a

01

Qy

3 H

a a

2 S

a



"S3
B0 a>
53 B

Ba a 0 0 60 3 a a a 0

c

QQ

O

Potatoes.

P a.

6
a

-- O

060 a

a
0

0 >

ua. a ao (- 'B

O O

2 60 510 S03

Ho
t 3 *~

3 *"

flj 0

1* B

bo

v a i 0

1 a T3 a 3S 00

73

C5

1
Fruit.

0 9

a) ta

a

to

'Bfl
0 0

*60
a

P a

3 0 .

O 0>

^ be

a s B.B

V 0 go 0 c

00*0 a 0

ft,B B a ^

a, 0 aaaa

01
S-a a 0

S

a

B * 50 Ma a
a
0 0 ,

AC

X 55 0

00 aSf

[*
0 * c a a"Ba (il O

i25 '57 87 iio no "97 166 120 105 105 107

97 120 97 95 115 67

85 88 85 85 95 95 98 98 105 105 110 90 98 100 110 90 80 105 t>

97 67 85 S6 101 90 90 96 95 94 92

82 91 99 100 90 90 97

93 7' 107 ion 10a 97

102 95 105

100 100 118 103 97 103 105

95 70 8^ no

100

10' 100 100

100 90 100 100 80 100 100

110 sn R5 91 100 100 100 93 90 105 100

10" 83 100 56 78 85 100

e inn 79 84 100

101

.. .1 94 101 107

or, 166 9fi 77 83 100 9!

90 93 100 92 100

92 87 10V 98 96 100 9b 9!> 100 100 97 83 1UU; 87

100 75 50 ion 100 100 75 50 75 100 100

IOU 8U 110 110 50 110 100

97 57 82 KH> 97 100 100 100 97 82 95

100 100 100 75 90 100 100

115 83 72 108 101 100 10(1 10a 101 103 107

U2i 98 117 100 100 100 90

108 70 87 105 9h 97 95 10(1 108 92 107

100 98 103 96 105 110 87

ioo 108 85 97 ion 10 100 97 100 100 103 96 100 9o 107 98 100 101 97

100 105 76 in. 10s 125 100 95' 105 100 90

50 100 75 85 100

90 fil 70 100 101 10 80 70'..

125 60 50

100

TO 98

51 S3

70 Kill 7n 104

9S!
95

95 10( 100| 95 93 93 98 83 87 103 106 101
.... 80 ion inn

100 91 110 80 li 108 9a

9b 10 110 91 8b 100 92

ion mi 110 1011

100

1O0 I 7S| 88 101 97] 93 93| 95 98 99 100 97 9Sl 91 105 95 86 100 90

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

Brooks Calhoun Clay
Early
Lowndes Miller

'13 on
107 108 88 80
100 102 100 87 101 100 102 87
95 6' 100 95

lOO 88

98 85 67 100 75 80 10. IOU 106 HO 9U lOo H

103 117

100 103 97 10 103 100 97 100 110 97 100 103 93

97 9-1

100 104 85 100 99 100 102 90 1(0 93 65 IOO 95

105 95

100 97 87 70 78

95 75 105 95

100 75

e>' 100 100 100 90 100 100 105 105

90 95 90 87

100 75

80' 100 100 100 100 100 90 90 89 ion 100 81 115 100 105 89 78

102 97

102 102 10" 100 100 100 102 92 95 105 100 80 87

85 100 95 90 100 10'1 97 105 101

100 100 100 82 50 100

95 100

100 105 85 110 100 "90 10'J 110 115 100 120 105 100

1C0 90

97 90 89 110 96 90 87 90 93 92 100 102 75 80 95 75

97 85 98 100 95 100 "88 '97 87 100 103

97 85 95 100 95 100

97 100

102 102

10; 100

103 102 '95

90 105 10il

102

"I::::

100 "f. ioo 100 100 90 125 l6'l 100 no 100

75 8" 120 100 100 100

'85 95 85 100 106 95 100 90 95 100 95 95
110 91 90 100 95 100 10' IOO 100 90 85

95 90 107 107 100 102 90 85 90 100 100 60 90 100

Stewart Terrell
Average

IOO 65 97 98 96

88 88 95 91 78

92 80 99 76 75 95 100

'9C 80 iio 90 90

100 95 60 100 100

75 105 80 70

80

r 100 80 97 100

100 100 'lOO 95 90 "is iio 100 100 90 100 90 85

92 100

100 100 ioo 100 10' 7o 75 ' 87

50 75 87 100 112 100 100

1011 W 10c 100 96 105 98 100 102 100 96

89

100 10( 98 93 75

1 lOOl 1211 . 1 10"> 1 93

100 IOC 95 105 IOO 1CK 100 90 105 105 105 45 80

1 9- 1 971 ssl 92l 991 9(

99 9S 1 90 07 94 9- 92 91 102 94 92 94 88

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[26]

Tabulated Crop Reports for the month of Jane--Continued.
EAST GEORGIA.

COUNTIES.

Bulloch. Burke
Dodge... Em a nu el Glaecock Jeff> rson Johnson
Lauren? Montgomery Pulasli
Richmond Screven
Tattnall Telfair. Twiggs.

Charlton Clinch Coffee
Echols
Liberty Pierce

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA,

100 95

10(i 1O0

"90 "so

140 98

100 101

ion

102 98

105 100

J10 90 95 11(|

90 90 100 95

95 100 100 100 "90 ioo

95 110 99

95 120 102

8S 100
100

98 IO11 11-

100
mo
95

95 110
85

100

100 100
100 100 'ioo so 102 99

55 100 80

ioo
95

95 75 100

100 iro ICO UO 'ioo iio ioi iio ioo
108 102 75 90 100 85 10C 80 112

"90 ioo 1(0 ion "90

Average

105 96 ~< 98 9S

101 1113 93 101 99 99 100 94 103 100 85 99 90

RECAPITULATION.

North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia. East Georgia Southeast Georgia.
Average for State

71; 99 83' 101 92 99 91 99 ... 9S
841 99

93 99

95
98

99
98 90

95 ino .. I
99 100 971 97 91 94

95 95
92

81 91 91

li'4 105
iW,

99 95 94

9? 86 92

90 96

97 97 ts9 94 9t> 101 103 93 101 99
*TM ----

98 98 99 HO

95 94 94 10s 1(0

89 85

90

97 9S 9i 97 9K 96 96 90 101 93 R9

[127]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

Summary of Weather Reports for May, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

Temperature. Rainfall

STATIONS.

OBSERVER.

Dahlonega Ellerslie Gainesville... Marietta Mossy Creek Rabun Gap... Rome
Means
Atlanta Carrollton LaGrange Milledgeville., Oxford Thomson
Means.
Americus.... Cuthbert Columbus.... Fort Valley., Nashville Quitman
Means..
Augusta Cochran. Sandersville..
Means..
Baxley Brunswick St. Mary's Walthourville.
Means Means for State

87 47 60.4 5.08 15 B. P. Gaillard.

Mrs. J. W. Bryan. 87 43 66.6 6 25 17 <'. B. LiHaite.

63 C 6.30 56 1 4.30

H. N S arnes. J. M. Dorsey. Edward Sitton.

66.6 5.90 R. S. Norton.

86 42 62.5! 5.56 16

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

84 45: 66.5 5.75 11|R J. Redding. 48 66.3 5.70 ll'S. J. Brown. 54 70 5 3.98 H. H. Cary. 44 69.9 6 69 Miss E. Stewa-t. 40 .64.3 5.00 11 A. E. Sturgis. 16 67 5 5 42 11
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

88 501 71.0 5.74 10 J. E Bivins.

90 54l 72.7 3.90 8 B. T. Hunter

87 56| 71.0 7.21 1" G. M. Dews

90 87 88

52l 71.3 8 10 541 71.0 5.80 55 71.7 4.30

10 Mrs. W. J. Anderson. 8 FT. T. Peeples. 5 Wm. T. Gaulden.

88 54' 71.4 5.84 9

EA.ST GEORGIA.

61 0 4 10 70.1 4 45 69.6 7.45 18 66 9 5 33

W. K. Nelson. R. O. Sanders. G. W. H. Whitaker.

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

72.3 7.29 11 H. A.Kenrick. 72.5 7.50 12E. A. McWhorter. 73.8 2.95 8 John L. Harden. 91 58 72.9 5.91 50 68.2 5.61

10

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[128]

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS.

NORTH GEORGIA.

BANKS.--The late rains have retarded the operations on the farm ; farmers were

well up with their work when the rain commenced ; cotton failed to come up until

the rain set in. I never saw a better stand, though it is three weeks late. The late

rains have redeemed the oat crop. The fall sowing was nearly all frozen out. With

fair weather farmers will soon clean out the grass and weeds, and put their crops

in trim.

WILLIAM M. ASH.

BAETOW.--Two weeks' wet weather has thrown every one in the grass more or
less, but all are busy now, an 1 if good weather continues, will get out of the grass. Never have seen oats improve as they have since the rain began. If dry weather
had continued twj weeks longer oats would have b;en worthl ss. I. 0. MCDAKIEL.

CATOOSA.--Farmers up with their work to the 21st inst. Heavy and continued rains since; bottoms damaged, and weeds a_e growing rapidly. We are having the

almost unfailing May freshet.

A. I. LEET.

CHATTOOGA.--Fifteen days' rain. Oat*, corn and cotton looking well, but continu-

ous rain% with no corn, and small amount of men to do a great deal of work

makes everything look blue, and will ever be so until we get out upon the sea of

grain. Grass clover and hay are blooming. Oh, that we could get back on the

old iine going to market to sell something, instead of going to buy everything, and

depending on that misleading crop, cotton.

K. R. FOSTER.

--It has been raining for eleven days. Cotton and corn look fine, but grassy.

If we can have two weeks clear weather the farmers will get up with their crops,

and if a good season continu. s, I thiuk jou will be able to number Chattooga as

one of your leading counties in your agricultural reports this fall.

J. J. T. HENRY.

COBB--Wheat was badly injured by the winter cold; not so much in "stand," as

in vitality of plant. 'While Southern farmers cannot compete with the West in

growing wheat, I believe it ia one of the most important crops. Land that will

make 1,000 pounds of cotton will make generally 10 bushels wheat worth $9.00;

straw for feeding is worth $3.00; three months' pasturage for /our sheep, $1.00--

$13.00. Expense: eeed, 90 cents, sowing. $1.00; harvesting and threshing, $1.75;

--$4 65; profit $8 35, to which add not less than $2.00 as improvement to land,

making $10.35 ; and furthermore, it is impossible to grow cotton vroiitably without

rotation.

WM. ALSTON, JR.

--We have been quite dry, but have within the last few days had heavy, washing rains. Farme'S are behind with work. The peach crop is quite flattering at pres-

ent.

L. M. POWER.

--Will be very little wheat made; badly killed out; great many farmers have none; where there is plenty on the ground, it will make an average crop. Oats sown in January nearly all killed; those sown in March good. Two much cotton

[129]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

ir

planted, and not enough corn. Farmers in a bad fix financially ; no disease among

stock; all plants do well in this section.

P. T. TIKSLEY.

--Very little rain in April and May up to the 16th; now too much to do well. Farmers in this section were doing fine till this spell set in ; now they are getting 'behind badly. T.<ere will be a good crop of corn, cotton and potatoes this year.

JOSEPH MARTIN.

DADE.--Crops of all kinds never looked more prosperous. There has been

Tain almost every day for two weeks. Lookout; creek was higher last night (May

29 and 30) by 6 inches than any time since last year--1884. Hogs are dying with

cholera; also chickens. What wheat there is, looks well, and, apparently, there

will be an abundant yield per head.

G. A. R. BIBB.

FRANKLIN.--Owing to the continuous dry weather in April and May, the wheat crop is very 1. w. Some of the wheat will not get large enough to cut.

J. B. S. MCWHOETER.

--We have had a drought of five weeks, which ended on the 19th inst., and which

:greatly injured both wheat and o its, the growth of which has been so retarded that it will be hard to save in harvesting. It has rained every day since the 19th, except

the 29th, which has brought up cotton, which had failed to come up more than half

* stand, up to that time. Unless it soon ceases tj rain, farmers will get badly in the grass. Never saw more of it or it grow so fast. The fruit prospect, I find after

I

a very careful investigation, to be much better than I thought one month back.

There will be plenty for domestic purposes and a good supply to dry.

J. W. SEWELL.

GILMER.--Very dry, cool spring up to the 20th of May; very wets nee then. Corn is the main staple of this county--a good stand obtained. My opinion is, corn should be worked either w.th ha row sweep or plow every two weeks, instead

of the old three weeki method. Wheat is very spotted on the land The farmer

who gives his stock plenty of ashes once a week will rarely have disease among

them.

N. L. OSBORN.

GORDON.--It is now, and has been, raining for some diys, and everything is changing rapidly. Oats, ten days ago too low to cut, are now well up. Hay is improving. Wheat must be short, but the grain will be good.

AARON ROFF.

--The first two weeks of May were unusually dry an I cool; light frost, but no

injury. Rain commenced the 18th and has continued almost daily to the 30th.

'Crops are now suffering. Wheat and oats in danger of rust. Work on farms sus-

pended.

0. H. DAVIS.

--The first twenty days of May were dry and cool; some frost. Clover and oats

made but little growth. Since then, too wet to plow. Sweet potatoes rotted in

the bed; consequently great scarcity of plants, wh.ch must materially diminish

the crop.

N. B. HALL.

GWINNETT.--Excessive moisture for two weeks has put the farms in the grass.

Rolling lands badly injured from washing. Apple crop cut short by disease in the

terminal twigs to die back ten to twenty inches. Many of our farmers are giving

some attention to improved bee culture. For the last three years, pisciculture,

horticulture, the apiary and the raising of grasses have received more attention

tthan the preceding twenty-five years.

J. T. BAXTER.

--The general o itlook for an abundant crop year was never more flattering.

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I30J

Corn looks well; cotton, good stands and unusually healtby. Recent abundant

rains insure a good oat crop ; and the fruit crop of all varieties, especially apples

and peaches, most abundant.

R. D. WINN.

HABEBSHAM.--Crops are generally three or four weeks late in this section, but look,

well. The corn and cott >n prospects are fine.

YOUNG DAVIS.

HABT.--We have tine seasons now. Farmers somewhat behind at present, on account of continued rains; but, upon the whole, the outlook is very encouraging.
B. B. PABKEB, JR.

JACKSON.--Toe finest corn lands of the county were drowned out last year; conseqnenily, tnere has been more western corn bought than any previous year. Crops-
generally are in fine condition, and farmeis are making a mighty effort. THOS. S. JOHNSON.

PICKENS.--The prospects for the farmers so far are bright. The late, wet sea'OD-

of ten days has, to some extent, thrown the farmers behind, but ciops were in the

best of conuition when it commenced, and have not suffered much. A mixture that

will make horses have a good appetite as follows: One tab espoonful powdered:

home-made tobacco, one of sulphur, one of soda, one of salt, in half gallon of meal -y

make into dry or hard dough.

.

E. R. ALLRED

POLK.--The oat crop is almost an entire fa'lure; wheat was injured by the fly-

Dry April ana early May prevenied late-planted corn from coming up; the rains-

beginning 19th May brought up a gooa stand, but, of coursp, it is late. All crops--

corn, cotton and potatoes--are in good condition. Much complaint is he ard of cut-

worms, though they nave not troubled me. Ashes broadcast on gardens in the fall

will go far in preventing them.

JOHN 0. WADDELL.

RABUN.--While the stand of wheat is not more than fifty per cent., the prospect-

ive yield is fully up to an average, but is not far enough advanced not to be injured

by rust or smut; the growth is fine; the average crops are now in full bloom.

We had a very dry April and May up to the 18th, and farmers were well up wi'h.

their work. Since that time have had fine rains, too wet to plough most of the

time, which has put us a litt.e behind, but ttis morning, June 1, the sky is clear

and prospects good for fair weather. We have a good s and of corn, and it is grow-

ing finely.

F- A- BLECKLEY.

WALKER.--The sulphuric acid solution (one ounce to one gallon water) will

prevent or stop chicken cholera, if sprinkled thoroughly over roosts, walks and fre-

quented p aceo of fowls. Isolate sick ones.

J. J. BROYLES.

Too much rain at this time. Never a better stand of corn and cotton in this

county. V\ Leut and oats have come out wonderfully since the ja'r"? commenced.

Land in fine condition for a big crop, and there i- a general disposition among the

workiDg class to rise with it. Corn scarce and high.

F. M. YOUXG.

WHITFIELD.--Farmers were well up with work till rains set in ten days ago;,

since then have done but little. Corn looks well. Cotton stand good; plant in-

jured by fiea bug. Sweet potatoes and melons also hurt by bugs. Clover and

grasses badly winter killed; have been much improved by recent rains. Wheat

a failure. 1 am adopting a system ot level cultivation, so as to retain rain and

prevent washing. Will report success in the future.

J. F. GROVES.

For twelve days past we have had excessive rains. Uplands badly washed,.

bottoms orowned. It is now clear and cool, and the exfnt of drainage to crop*

cannot be determined for a week or ten days.

W. C. RICHARDSON.

([131]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

13

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

BIBB.--All crops are ten days late and quite small for the season. The daily

Tains for the past twelve days have given them renewed vitality. Harvesting,

which is usually finished by this date, has not yet commenced. Some damage has

been done by heavy washing rain", and in small localities by hail. Scarcely any

work has been done in ten days, the land being too wet.

W. D. H. JOHNSON.

BUTTS.--Crops of all kinds are in splendid condition and are growing rapidly.

We were dry from the 11th of March to the 19th of May, since which titre we have

had an abundance of rain. Early fruit slightly damaged by it. Oats are much

better than we once thought they could be. No wheat or oats harvested. I believe

the Multiheaded wheat will prove to be a valuable variety.

W. S. HENLEY.

CAMPBELL.--Crop prospect never better. Land well prepared. Every effort is

Tjeing made to keep land from washing, more work being done. Farms in better

condition than I ever saw before. Agricultural clubs are being organized. Farm-

ers generally more enthusiastic. Use cow-pen manure in place of stable manure,

if you do not wish to be troubled with cut-worms. Western corn and hay don't

seem to be as healthy for stock as Georgia raised, as the Western fed are often get-

ting sick and don't look fat and sleek. The longer we have the stock law the

better we like it. There are a great many rich spots brought into cultivation, with

1ittle work, that would be growing up in bushes and weeds, have better milch cows,

finer hogs, less disease, and the satisfaction of not being troubled with other peo-

ple's stock. The stock law is truly a blessing.

J. D. SMITH.

CARKOLL.--The crop prospect was never more flattering if we can conquer the

grass. We have had two weeks rain every day. Our plows stood from the 18th of

May until June 1st. Oats came out beyond all expectation. With a week or two

fair weather we will be up with our crops. Wheat ten days late.

M. R. RUSSELL. CLARKE.--All crops here are later in starting to grow than usual, but we have had an abundance of rain lately, and if the seasons continue good we may reasonably expect to raise full crop3 of corn, cotton, and other fall crops.

JEFFERSON JENNINGS.
--The rains have wrought wondei-3 in the spring oats. It will bring the average up to 75 or 80 per cent, of a full crop. It is fortunate that so few were sown in the iall. The fall sown will not be over 50 per cent, of an average crop.

JOHN S. LINTON.

--Stock remarkably free from disease, except cows; some in this section have

"had an unknown disease, which proved fatal in a few days. Cannot give symptoms

or treatment. Wheat will be better than the most sanguine expected. At this

writing (June 1st), all crops are in the grass, and the lands badly washed from a

twelve days' rain. Our people are bending to their tasks, and will, if the sunshines,

catoh UP-

'

R. T. PITTARD.

CLAYTON.--We have had fine rains for the last two weeks, and everything looks

very promising. The wheat and oats have come out and will make a pretty fair

crop. Our land is in better condition for a crop than I ever saw it. More ditching

and terracing this spring than usual, and it is saving the land from washing.

W. P. JONES. --Farmers were well up with their work when the recent rains began, but upwards of a week's wet weather has set them back some. The oat crop was greatly injured

M

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[132?

by the dry weather through the spring, but the late rains have increased the pros-

pect ; though the crop will fall short of an average.

A. P. ADAMSOH.

COWETA.--I would insist upon the farmers planting less and preparing better, so

that itmay be evident that the farms are improving each'succeeding year and the

soil made so much better that we may confidently look for remunerative crops,

showing plainly to every passer-by that we are doing everything that ought to be

done at the proper time and in the right way. We have had abundar. t rains; bot-

tom lands have been slightly injured in low places. Cattle generally healthy;

few hogs have died with thumps.

W. A. SMITH.

--"A laborer who has 3,200 horse power really at his command is well equippedJ

for evil." So says Geo. Ville in your last report. If he had to deal with our labor-

ers, he would imagine that he works or runs a larger power, for no laborer is more"

inefficient than our "brother in black." Prof. Vi'le, with nine-tenths of his mate-

rial free and inexhaustible (air and water) but not controllable, sometimes an excess

of both; rarified air, high and constant winds, causing the ground to crust; then

floods, having the same effect, making poor stands of cotton, and then mixing in

grass, with laborers operating a 3,200 horse power for evil, would find it a forlorn

hope raisin? cotton, even if he had but one tenth of his fertilizing material to purchase. Trust you may continue to publish his lectures ; they are instructive, and1

will cause farmers to think. The last two weeks of wet weather will cause all plenty

of work ; the grass will be killed and hay will be purchased.

J. B. GOODWYN.

--The drought has cut off the oat crop very materially, as many fields will not

get high enough to cut. The flea-bug ha been unusually destructive to the cotton'

plant in many localities, and many fields had to be replanted. A. W. STOKES.

DEKALB.--The spring was very dry up to the 19th of May ; at that time the stand

of cotton was very poor, but by the 1st of June there were fine stands everywhere.

Ten days of rainy weather has caused the grass to come up over the farms and much

trouble, and possibly much harm to the young cotton will result before it can be extermin-tcd. There has been too much rain for bottom corn and in some places

the crops have been greatly damaged.

T. J. FLAKE.

--Two weeks rain last of May. All the cotton seed came up that was planted;

fine stands; p'ant looks healthy. Too much rain for low-bottom land corn. Fine

weather for farming at present (June 2d). Good work and fine crops will follow

this year.

G. W. MORRIS.

GREENE --If parties who suffer so much from hog cholera, will put their hogs

where they cannot sleep under old houses, I think their losses will be seventy five

per cent. less.

C. M. SANDERS.

--The seasons for the last two weeks have been unusually fine. Weather

fair and warm now. No wheat or oats harvested yet. The yield of wheat will be-

good if no rust appears in next six or eight days. The bud worm is still killing

corn in low places. Crops looking well, but we will have to move up lively for a

few weeks now, or grass will dispute the realm with us.

J. M. GRIFFIN.

HANCOCK.--We have too much rain for the present, and the prospect is that it will continue for some time. Cut worms are very destructive to bottom corn.
J. W. CAROTHERS.

HARRIS.--We are having too much rain now for cotton. We have as good stands of cotton now as I ever saw. Stiff, cloddy lands; did not come up until about the 20th of May. Bud worms have been very destructive to corn.

JAMES PATTILLO.

[133]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

15

--We have had four or five days continuous rain and farmers are badly in the

grass. The crops, however, are looking well. The late rains have been very bene-

ficial to spring oats. Taken altogether farmers are hopeful of a good crop year.

The "Bob" cotton seed which you sent me have given entire satisfaction. The

yield was good, and the lint of a superior quality.

FLYNN HARGETT, JR.

--Cotton in some sections is dying with something like sore shin. I think it is

from having so much rain. It has been raining for two weeks. I think that is the

cause of cotton dying. It rots off under ground.

W. D. COOK.

HEARD.--Crops look well. Some of the farmers are beginning to get in the grass

with their crops. Stock has been unusually healthy this season. Have heard of

but few dying. I think that if we would arrange salt where stock could use it as

they wanted it, there would be less disease among them and more easy to keep in

good order. I think that some of the deaths of plow stock are caused from irregu-

lar watering, and then they call it disease among stock.

J. B. WARE.

--Our crops are in a 'fine condition, but we are having a great deal of rain, and

if it continues much longer the farmers will get in the grass.

J. C. BREWER.

JASPER--As this is the season for colic in mules and horses, I give my remedy as

a preventive of twenty years practice . Keep the troughs that you feed and water

in well saturated with common tar.

W. C. SASNETT.

LINCOLN.--The salad peas sent nr.e have turned out well. After trying them I
have concluded to leave all on the vines for seed next year. They come in before
beans and are better to my taste than beans or the common pea. N. A. CRAWFORD.

--We are having an abundance of rain at this date, which is causing the crops
to get very grassy, and which is also likely to produce rust in wheat. J. M. DILL.

MCDUFFIE --While the spring has been the coldest for years, the rains are the

gentlest and all gone in the earth.

A. E. STURGISS.

MERIWETHER --The condition of crops at this time, I think, are very good. I am

very well pleased with my carp. Caught four last week twe've months old that

would have weighed one pound apiece. The cultivators of carp in this neighbor-

hood advise the building of small ponds, but I advise differently, although I have

just been in the business eight months.

JOHN M. INGRAM, JR.

--We have had about ten days rain, which has greatly benefited the spring oat

crop, but has given the farmers an abundance of grass. Much young cotton has

come up, which will necessitate another careful hoeing. It is now fine farming

weather and cooler.

A- J- HINTON.

--A good many horses and mules have died in our county this spriDg. It is gen-

erally supposed from eating damaged We.tern corn. Hogs and cattle are generally

healthy.

R- M- MCCASLAM.

--For two years we have lost much from hard fr ezing out of otts. My first was

sown on hill land, and then I tried five acres in bottom (this I tried from my ob-

servation for two years in flat places, the ots was not killel) My first on hills

wa9 killed and on bottom not hurt, while atone time the ice was solid over the

five acres. One of my neighbors also planted in drills and in a water furrow. His

oats are now fin*.

B. S. CLEMENTS.

MORGAN.--Peach trees are dying rapidly with yellows. App'e trees are also badly affected, and look unhealthy in our section. Nearly or quite one-half the oat

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[134]

sown in this county have bsen killed by severe winter weather. Our crop of Ger-

man Carp promises a full yield. No blight, mildew, cholera, bloody murrain or

pleuro-pneumonia affects them in Morgan county.

E. HEYSER.

I NEWTON.-April very dry and May up to the 19th. Since then too much for gen-

eral work. Cotton chopped early had all to be chopped again to be brought to a

stand. Corn has grown very rapidly since the rains and has a fine co'or. Wheat

has improved also very much, and the prospect is now goo 1 for a yield of twenty

percent, bttertban a month since. Oats have also improved and t-e prospect

nowis thirty to thirty-five percent, b-tterfor a crop than the 1st of May. Prof..

George Ville'a lecture is read here with much interest.

T. A. WALKER.

OCONEE --The Millo maize you sent me last year did better than I could possi-

bly have expected. You sent me about one pound of seed, and I p'anted about

one-half of them the middle of April, but owing to d^y weather not more than one-

half came up, and I planted the others about the first of May, and had a splendid

stand. I let them all go to seed, and this spring I have sold $15.00 worth of seed, be-

sides giving away a great many and planting about twenty -five pounds. CU'on'and

corn in this section are very good, but the wheat and oat crops are almost a total

failure. Very refreshing rains in the past week have been of incalcuable benefit to

crops-

E. POWELL FRAZER.

Z OGLETHORPE.--A rain fell this afternoon, May 29, the heaviest for years, washing

the land very badly. Bud-worm troubling the low-ground corn very much.

DAVID C. BARROW. --The no-fence law is a success. We like it. Butter and milk more pleniful; crops not injured near so much by depredations of stock as under the old system!

C. A. STEVENS. --Alfalfa or lucern I am exceedingly pleased with. The salad peas sent from your

department are just splendid. We have had rain in our county every day now for

about two weeks, and no prospect of clearing yet. Everything is growing rapidly,

and crops are getting foul. Oats and cotton are doing all it is possible for them to

do. Too wet for low-ground corn. Some of our largest and best farmers have not

planted their low-grounds yet. Plant or sow peas every chance. To bring out hogs

after having had cholera, feed three times per week tablespoonful of sulphur and

half pound soft lye soap.

j j AMES

GREEN

PIKE.--The best oat we have is the "Burt;" to-day eight or ten inches higher

than others by their side.

j. A. WlLLIA MS-

--Crops of all kinds are good except oats; the drought cut them off some twenty-

five per cent. Rains set in May 19, and the ground has not been dry enough to

plow since; rain every day until 31st of^May. Fine weather at this time. With

one week good weather, farmers' crops wiUJbe all right.

C. R. WILSON.

f PUTNAM.--Rains lasted twelve days, making the ground too wet to plow for two

weeks; they were not heavy-the finest seasons, but most too long. The oat crop

has doubled in value since the rains, and has done wheat no harm. Stands of cot-

ton perfect, but small. Laborers contented and working well.

J. T. DENNIS.

ROCKDALE,--Cotton, owing to the dry weather, did not come up till the rain set

in. A good.stand is reported all over the county; everything is growing very fast,

and looking well. The farmers are all in good spirits, and are very busy working

their crops.

j. w GRANADE,

'

PAULDING.--The' recent rains have improved the oat crop twenty per cent.

F. M. DUNCAN.

ti3S]

JUNE CROP kEPORT--188$.

t;

TALIAFERRO.--A great mortality is prevailing among fruit tiees of all kinds in

this section, which, if it continues a year or two longer, will leave non alive. Can

anyone suggest a remedy? Abundant rains for two weeks have enabled me to

raise the prospect for oats from 40, which is as high as I could have put it three

weeks ago, to 70. There was hardly so much land put in oats last winter and spring

as usual-

L. L. VEAZEY.

--We have had a dry May, which enabled the farmers to plant and clean

their crops. Winter oats were badly killed by freezes; spring oats have been

greatly improved by the rains of the last ten days, arfd bid fair to make more per

acre than winter-sown. We have had for the last ten days fine rains, and every-

thing is in a growing condition. Prospect for an abundant harvest was never bet-

ter-

S. J. FLYNT.

--Crabgrass three weeks late, but on a boom since the recent rainy spell.

Will some correspondent'tell how to destroy the buttonwood or August-

flower bush that infests low, wet lands ?

D. N. SANDERS.

TALBOT--Fruit of all kinds the prospect is very good indeed. Corn and oats are

looking well; been raining for fifteen days, same as last year, but the rains are not

so heavy; no plowing for two weeks. Where the cotton has been chopped it has

come up thicker than when first chopped. Farmers are two weeks behind, and the

prospects look rather slim.

L. B. MCCROHY.

--We are now having a wet spell of weather, and there is a war between the fdrmer and the grass. The weather is warm and the crops are fine generally, more esp?cially where they have been well manured. Corn is doing its best.

Cotton, while it looks well, is showing the effects of something like black rust.

S. A. FREEMAN.

TOWNS.--I have heretofore given the statement that our wheat was damaged fully one-half. My opinion now is that the county will not more than make the seed sown. Harvest will be ten days late, say from first to tenth of July. Was very

dry till the 20th of May ; has been very wet since that time. Fruit prospects mod-

erately fair. Spring oats looking well; fall-sown all gone.

W. R. MCCANE.

TROUP.--Timely rains have saved the oat crop, and given good stands of cotton.

The Burt oats, sent out by the Department of Agriculture, has supplied a long felt

want--an early kind that the farmer can begin feeding on generally about the 25th

of May ; is not quite so forward this year. The crop remains on the ground but a

s ort time. I finished sowing on the 10th of March this year, and the oats sown

on that date are now nearly ripe, and I have not an acre that will make less than

fifty bushels. I brake the land with a two-horse turning plow in the fall, if possi-

ble ; beghi sowing in February ; plow in with one-horse turning plow, harrow well

and roll with heavy iron roller, land arranged well; no washing. The Burt oats

have not rusted with ma. I fertilize with acid phosphate and cotton-seed meal--

200 pounds of the former and 100 pounds of the latter will ordinarily doable the

crop. So put the crop in well and fertilize.

H. H. CAREY

WALTON.--Our crop prospects are a little late, owing to the dry weather in May but then nothing is lost y.t. Corn and cotton have been worked out early the prospect lor good results has not been batter lor years. I felt a little bad when I saw toe amount of guano and cotton-seed going in the ground, but then upon proper inquiry, I find that there has been a largbr amount of land planted in corn than there was last year. I am satisfied we have an increased industry, with good

i8

DEPARTMENT Of AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[136]

prospects in the future ; tenants never were working better ; work stock is looking

better than usual; the farming interest here now is truly flattering ; patent plows,

reapers and steam engines are rapidly on the increase; our people have at last seen

the utility, and are rapidly yielding to the best and most successful improvements

of the day. They see and realize the fact of labor-saving. We have the country,

we have the force, we have the soil and the climate ; under the blessings of God we

are bound to succeed.

SEABORN C. BURSON.

--I report condition of cotton below an average. This is owing to late planting and

red lands, not coming up until rains set in the latter half of May, which continued

about two weeks, preventing the crop from being put to a stand and cleaned of

grass. It will take till late in June, with perseverance, for farmers to put all crops

in proper condition.Hog cholera very destructive ; good number of horses dying

frombota.

,

J. M. GRESHAM.

--Ou;- first rain, the 19th of May, continued almost every day to the 31st, often falling very heavily; but little or no work done on farms during that time; hence our crops are now very grassy, and land full wet to work to-day, June 2d. Laborers are working better than at any time for the past eighteen years.
J. E. NUNNALLY.

WARREN.--We had a very heavy hail storm on the 29th inst., doing considerable

damage to oats, wheat, corn and other cropj that are large enough to be affeeted by

it. Fall oats are very sorry, but spring oats are better.

R. M. HARDAWAY.

--Fine rains ; grass, cotton and grain about eighty per cent. Crop of Millo maize

andlucem running high ; every person that has tried them is well pleased -have

cut mine the second time.

JAS. A. SHIVERS.

WILKES.--It was very dry up to the 19th, and much of the later planting of cotton up badly and rain needed very much. Rains began at that date, and in some sections have been almost daily, and some very heavy and washing; in other places only good seasons. Just here the ground is thoroughly soaked and run together, and everywhere needs plowing badly, and still too wet. Wheat harvest begun ; oats ripening very fast, and generally very poor. JOHN T. WINGFIELD.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BAKER.--Corn and cotton both small for the time of year, but healthy and in good condition except as to grass. If the seasons are favorable from this time on, we can yet make good crops. There was no rain of consequence in my immediate neighborhood from the 5th or Oth of April till the 19th of May.
W. L. CURRY. --All crops with us are ten days late, but the conditions are otherwise favorable. Corn has a good color and is growing vigorously. The stand of cotton is good, and

the plant is healthy and growing rapidly. Oats were cut off twenty-five per cent,

by drought.

REUBEN JONES.

BERRIEN.--Cotton two weeks late on account of dry weather through April, but

the stand and condition good. The very heavy rains the last few days will doubtless injure it to some extent. We have had one of the heaviest rain storms

that ever visited this section with considerable wind and hail. Farmers

why not clean out your fowl-houses once every week. It is very little trouble, and my word for it, your fowls will not be troubled with vermin, and will pay you handsomely in eggs for the labor. Try it and see if they don't.

J. E. WILLIAMS.

[137]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

19

--All grades of crops compare favorably with any year in ten. Therefore a full average, corn, oats, cotton and sugar cane above. One ear of tarred corn twice a week to each hog, will keep off cholera.
RIPLEY.

BROOKS.--The season has been unusually fine for cotton where planted early

enough to obtain a stand before the drought set in. Corn small bat in good condi-

tion. At least 60 or 70 per cent, of hogs have died. Oat crop light on account of

drought. Plenty of rain now and everything on a boom.

T. W. JONES.

--Hog cholera, of all diseases, is doing most damage in this county; two-thirds

of all the hogs are dead, and it is still here in places that it has not been; in fact,

it seems to take one locality at a time. There has been a man here claiming to cure

and prevent its spread, but have found no planter that has been benefitted by his

remedy.

R. I. DENMARK.

CHATTAHOOCHEE.--Owing to the cold night in May, 25 per cent, of apples have

fallen off. The late rains for two weeks past have made great improvement in the

oat crop. Stock healthy and looking well.

W. P. FIELDER.

CLAY.--Nearly all our hogs died, with what was called cholera. The bowels

would become lax, and the hogs would drop and die. Of four fine sows and twenty-

four beautiful pigs, I now have one sow and four pigs. Some farmers planted water-

melon seed in broomsedge fields, and the rats thrice ate the seed. On 75 acres there

is not one-third of a stand. Mr. J. B. L. Allen has two acres in squashes, the finest

I ever saw. Last week he shipped 100 bushels.

R. R. BLOCKEB.

COLQUITT.--The 4 o'clock men are well up with their work; have clean crops. The other fellows are having a hard time with grass and weeds.
F. J. WALKER.

CRAWFORD.--I write to thank you for adding to monthly reports of your depart

ment the translation lectures of M. Geo. ViKe, by Miss B. I. Howard. If these lec-

tures are half as valuable as they seem to me to be, they should be in the hands of

every man and woman interested in cultivating the soil. So far as I am capable of

judging ,they give the key of success to all producers, leaving it optional with them

to do or not to do; to succeed or fail in the battle of production, for this, at least,

is "the question."

B. LESUEUR.

DECATCR.--Labor plentiful. We have had a very long drought for this time of the year; are now having copious rains. Crops are in fine condition, and the warm nights, with the generil rains, make all crops appear especially fine.
MASTON O'NEAL.

DOUGHERTY.--Stands of sugar-cane are the best for years, but owing to the scarc-

ity of seed-cane, the average will be short some fifteen or twenty per cent., but will

be sucplanted with sorghum cane. Corn is growing rapidly and in a healthy con-

dition. Cotton is small and very weedy and grassy, owing to the very heavy rain i

fall in May; plowing has been almost suspended; rains have been very heavy,

washing the lands badly, and drowning out the lowlands, so much so that very lit-

tle plowing has been done for two weeks, and the rains continue, and very heavy,

washing rains; the lands are badly washed, packed and crops get very grassy; unless

we get fair weather soon crops will be very much damaged for want of cultivation.

The cotton crop now is in very bad condition, and needs work badly. Harvesting

the oat crop has been very much retarded by wet weather, and will be saved in a

damaged condition without sun,

J- L. DOZIER,

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[138]

HOUSTON.--The Tboraas harrow is now being used to a considerable advantage in

harrowing land which is being prepared for planting, also in crossing young cotton

*n first cultivation ; also in pulverizing land after a baling rain ; also the Planet

as a cultivator. The planters in this county are waking up to advantage of

improved machinery in reducing the cost of cultivation. There are more planters

raising home supplies and depending less upon all cotton. Pork is hard to raise

here or in any other county where the colored population predominates. The

strongest argument in favor of raising home supplies is, that all of the farmers who

do so are in a better condition financially than those who do not raise home sup-

pli'S. There is considerable attention paid to the raising of fruits for market, such

as apples, peaches, pears, strawberries and raspberries, watermelons and plums. The

information I have is, that there are over two thousand acres planted, and the acre-

age is increasing every year. The planters in this county are using more improved

machinery every year in cultivating their crops. The Thomas lurmw is now used

by many farmers in cultivating cotton, as well as preparing their land for plant-

ln-

WM. ,T. ANDERSON.

IRWIN.--Sheep did better last winter than for many previous ones; just the re-

verse with cattle--many died from'poverty, others from disease; do not know what

disease.

E. D. PAULK.

MARION.--Hawkins' drill oats are again a failure in consequence of blastingBurt oats are a valuable variety, sown March 5, and fertilized at the rate of 3001bs. of fertilizer per acre; will in ninety days do to cut for Feed, and will make a full average crop, and on land with a ten-inch Feed-board, fertilized with cotton-seed, and run oft in rows about IS inches apart. Oats sown at the rate of two bushels per acre, and a log ten feet long drawn over them by a yoke of oxen, will make the best crop of spring oats I ever made. Weather very dry to 19th ; since that time rain about every other day, and on the night of the 29th one of the most damaging rains that has fallen in several years, with a heavy hail storm, five miles south of us.

GEO. W. C. MUNRO.

MITCHELL.--The rains during the latter part of the month have greatly improved

our crops, late oats, especially. The early variety of oats rather light; will not do

to be relied on for a crop; two weeks earlier. Many are liking " big-boll " cotton,

the "Jones variety," ".Towers," etc. The "cluster" only preferred when cater-

pillars come. The " little-cob " corn growing in popularity because, it is said, less

subject to rot; can be planted thicker, etc. Poultry.--Mrs. T. likes the sulphur,

copperas and black pepper as a preventive of mites, used in dough, and also sprin-

kled in nest. She has used it for two years, and no mites; thinks it a fine exter-

minator. The Hoi* Mr. Turner sent me "extraearly turnip-beet" seed from

department, Washington, D. C. Sown February 13, and measure full four inches

in diameter; no extra attention.

J. B. TWITTY.

SCMTER.--The very dry weather has kept the crops backward until the recent

rains. Spring oats have greatly improved since the rains. Wheat prospect best

since 1862 ; very little sown, owing to the extreme drouth last fall and the uncer-

tainty of the crop. Corn backward, but looks healthy, except bottoms, the bud-

worm has injured it,

CHAS. C. SHEPPABD.

EAST GEORGIA.

BUEKE.--Recent rains and a warm sun have developed very rapidly all crops

that were retarded in growth by a late cool spring. The prospect in our county

now for all crops fairly good.

W. T. D. JONES, M. D.

[139]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

21

DODGE.--Farmers are in better condition for farming than they have been for

several years, anil the prospect for a good crop has not been better for several years. Slock on farms are in good condition, and there is more home-ra!sed

corn in the country than usuil, and less disease among stock, attributable to

good food and attention.

'

D. M. BUCHAN.

It has been very dry all the spring, but for the past few days plenty of rain and

crops much improved.

JAMES BOHMAN.

JEFFERSON.--Crops were small up to recent rains. The improvement is as good

as heart can wish at this time. Ripid work is what is wanted now. All crops need

work.

A. E. TANNER.

This Feason is unusually backward, and the very dry May, till the 23d of the

month, makes corn and cotton, our chief product, rather small. We hid a feason

the last time which will cause us to he equal to an average pretty soon.

S. M. CLARKE.

--We have had tine rains; crops on a boom; yield of oats nearly doubled by

the recent rains; finest prospect for grapes I have ever seen ; hogs nearly all dead

from cholera.

H. L. BATTLE.

JOHNSON.--No disease among stock worth mention ; prospects of corn, cotton and

potatoes good; plenty of grass and good seasons ; farmers in good heart.

G. W. TAPELY.

MONTGOMERY--Cotton is small, but a good stand; corn nevermore promising;

fruit crop promises well at present; sheep gathers a little over half that was

turned out last year--about six lambs to the hundred head.

J. CLEYBURN CLEMENTS.

PULASKI.--Cholera has been very destructive to hogs in many parts of this coun-

ty. One of our most reliable citizens says, as a remedy, boil two bushels of shelled

corn with one ball of potash and feed as a preventive and cure. He has found it

efficacious.

GEO. W. JORDAN.

SCRIVEN.--Owing to the continued dry weather, through parts of April and May, the oat prospect has fallen far short of previous expectations. Hog cholera is ragirgiosome sections of this county; so far, no cure for it, but corn, kerosene, sulphur, turpentine, copperas, etc., etc., are good preventives. PAUL A. BRYAN.

TATTNALL--The reason why corn and cotton are so far below an average is that

the lack of rain delayed the coming up, and the cool weather retarded

the growth. I see ro reason why they will not be up to an average in thirty

days. I had plenty of cottoa squares May 22; who can beat it? I never knew

lice so numerous on hogs any spring before this. If fajmers don't rid their hogs

of them cholera will soon visit ibem. In my opinion lice produce cholera. If they

don't, they are always a forerunner. Nothing is better to rid hogs of them than a

mixture of tar, kerosene and sulphur.

JNO. HUGHEY.

--It pays well to prepare the land, and have good implements ready before plant-

ing; to plant the best seed, and to use plenty of compost 01 guano ; to cultivate

early and thoroughly. This is all-important and insures success if practiced,

trusting ever iu the Giver of every good and perfect gift for the increase.

A. P. MOORE.

TWIGGS.--The clip of wool in this county has been greatly decreased by the dep-

redations of dogs on the flocks ; hog cholera has been very severe in some locali-

ties, though of not general character ; the crop, though much retarded by the late

spring, has been greatly improved by the late propitious seasons.

P. D. WIMBERLY.

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[140]

--Have Dever known oats to fail to make fine crop if seeded during old "r" days. Crops are all iD a better condition than I have ever known them at this season.

J. D. MVKICK. WASHINGTON.--Farm work is well advanced ; the first ripe peaches were shipped from here to-day, by M. H.- Boyer. Col. R. L. Warthen has invented a cotten chopper which promises good results. Long and Wilt have also one of their invention, which they think they will be able to improve, and then be able to chop and hoe cotton as well as it is now done by hands in the field with the commen hoe.

H. N. HoLLIFIELD.

--Early peaches. Alexander, Hales and Briggs are beginning to rot, caused by

excessive rains and damp, murky weather recently.

J. C. HARMAN.

--The May rains come in time to save spring oats.

J. W. PALMER ANI> G. S. JOYNER.

WILKINSON.--Fine seasons. Crops of all kind doing well. Wheat as fine as I

ever saw it, but too small an area seeded. Farmers have all they can do to keep

down Gen. Green (Grass.) The Planet Jr. Cultivator has been introduced in this

county this spring and is taking fine with the planters. N. B. Baun & Bro. have

sold over forty cultivators to this date.

J. A. MASON.

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

BRYAN.--First part of the month dry. For the last ten days showers have been

abundant. Some fields grassy, but most farmers are well up with their work.

Prospect encouraging for good crops. The hog distemper is still doing some mis-

chief among the little material left for it to work upon.

PHILIP D. CORY.

CHATHAM.--All crops are backward, and consequently no reliable estimates can

be made, but as stands are generally good, with a favorable season, good crops may

be made. The only disease that I have heard of among stock is cholera among

ho^s, which seems to be spreading through the county. Have heard of no success

in the treatment of the disease.

C. A. J. SWEAT.

CLINCH.--The Premier pea sent me a few years ago from the department at

Washington is decidedly the best garden or English pea I ever tried--a large shell

pea and most prolific bearer.

L, c. MATTOX.

COFFEE.--Farmers are generally in better condition than they usually are at this

season of the year. Some cholera among hogs. As a preventive I use spirits of

turpentine and salt with cooked feed. Have not had a case among my hogs in five

years-

JOSEPH BAILEY.

Farmers should give more attention to grain and provision crops, and

plant less cotton ; should clear their lands of trees and stumps; buy les fertilizers

and Western bacon ; pay more attention to raising their own supplies and looking

after stock and orchards, and fully know that the great secret to successful farming

is " stir the soil."

N. M. PIFFORD.

GLYNN.--We have had enough rain in May to have answered for both May and June.

I hive been perp'exed a long time to know how to cure my horse of itch, which is a blood disease. I have at last found out what is good, which I will give to those who do not know : Three table spoonsful of epsom salts, one of saltpetre, once a week for four or five weeks. Will cure the most stubborn case.

J. R. DORFLINUER.

LIBERTY.--Crops generally are fully up to the average. The late season seems to

have been overcome by good tillage and settled warm weather, with frequent and

seasonable showers,

jr A. M. KINQ,

[HO

JUNE CROP REPORT-- 188$.

n

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.
BY M. GEO. VTLLE.
Translated by Miss E. L. Howard.
LECTURE SECOND.
GENTLEMEN : Our lecture to-day will have an absolutely different character from that of yesterday. Like a traveler who has a vast extent of country to explore, I led you up a high mountain the better to view the horizon. Our object to-day is quite different. It must be practical. We must descend from the realm of theory to the reality of facts and their effective and successful application. Consequently, to-day's lecture will be deduced from yesterday's lecture.
Yesterday, science and theory; to-day, science and practice. Among other results arrived at, I must remind you that with one of fertilizer we obtain ten of crop; hence, nine-tenths of the crop originates from natural sources, which cost us nothing. The fertilizer given the plant is effective on one condition, viz.: that a living force penetrates the plant and gives it the power to absoro and combine the elements it has drawn from the soil and air. Here the live force is the sun ; and I again remind you that, to obtain a crop of 10,000 lbs. per annum, the plant must receive, in the form of light and heat, the equivalent of 3,200 days' work of a steam power.
This is a serious and dangerous situation ; for when a mistake is made, the forces you cannot control prevent you from repairing it. You must go on to the end. But if foresight is used and all circumstances well considered, agriculture is still the first of industries. If it is so rarely successful, particularly under the existing conditions, it is because to be successful requires a union of science, intelligence order and administrative ability which an industry does not require. The moment human labor expressed by 1 solicits and provokes a parallel effort equal to 500 from natural sources--the slightest error throws 500 in the scale against you. Consequently the farm must be very differently conducted from a factory. But when the mind, untrammeled by old prejudices, directs our operations when it rises superior to accidents and has power to overcome all obstacles, it is irresistibly drawn to the conclusion that agriculture is the first of industries. Gentlemen, we must make this theoretic assertion a practical one. It is by experience, by the testimony of facts as well as reason, but facts of weight, facts which impress us, which we can touch, facts which we can feel and which often control us, that I will demonstrate this.
I have frequently told you that in all plants, indiscriminately, there are 14 elements. Whether they are poisonous, odoriferous, alimentary, etc., they contain always the

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[142]

same 14 elements. But I added that of these 14 elements, there are 3--carbon, hydrogen and oxygen--which make nine-tenths of the plant; that the carbon comes from the carbonic acid of the air, and the hydrogen and oxygen from the water of tbe soil. Still it is necessary to give the plants through the soil and at the same t me a nitrogenous matter and the 10 mineral elements, which yon find written in my tables, and only by giving these 10 minerals and a nitrogenous matter do you satisfy all the wants of vegetal life.
If this is true, we ought to be able to produce plants artificially and at will. Let us try by filling a porcelain pot with sand burnt in a porcelain oven This sand is as white as snow. It contains nothing. Moisten it with distilled water, and sow in it, 20 grains of wheat. These 20 grains of wheat sowed in the pot thus prepared and without addition of any other substance weighs one gramme and gives 6 grammes of harvest. Analyze the seed and the crop and you will find that the 5 grammes of increase are expressed by carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They contain absolutely nothing else. The substance of the grain is added to these 5 grammes, from which we are obliged to infer that it is true a seed sown in an inert soil draws food from the atmosphere. That is to say it takes the increase in the substance of its tissues from the air and water which the soil absorbs, an increase which in this particular instance is expressed by 5 grammes.
The assertion that air and water contribute to vegetil nutrition is thus established. But if we add the 10 minerals--phosphate, potash, lime, etc., to the sand, moisten it with distilled water and sow the same number of seed (20), we get 8 grammes of harvest; just before we had 6, now we have 8 grammes. Let us now add nitrogenous matter alone, and we get 9 grammes instead of 8.
Under all these conditions the vegetation is precarious. But we have always valuable proofs from this, and the demonstration that we can make a plant live in burnt sand. This wheat certainly does not compare with that grown in good soil. It scarcely grows 10 inches high; the stalk is hardly the size of a knitting-needle and the head bears only the rudiments of seeds. This is not vegeiation, hut simply the proof that the plant lives.
There is still a last experiment to be made: this is to add nitrogenous matter to the 10 mineral elements, to add to the sand at the same time the nitrogenous matter, which gave !, and the mineral elemeuts which gave 8. This time tbe result is superb. The sand which has been kept for a week in the incendescent heat of a porcelain oven, which is as white as snow, and in which we have succeeded in prodncing painfully feeble vegetal life, becomes now equal in fruitfu.ness to our best soils. You see the wheat grow i]4 feet high, produce a perfect seed, which, sowed in its turn, germinates, grows and bears fruit. Von have produced a maximum of vegetation in burnt sand. Vegetation is then conquered. It is defined in its most essential conditions.
When, in the preceding lecture, I said we need not give the soil, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, I was only anticipating the results of this experiment. This is not theory ; this is not abstract science ; it is a practical experiment conducted in the simplest and most convincing manner. A pot filled with a sand which, by itself, produces almost nothing, gives you a crop of 10 for 1 when you add to it both minerals and nitrogenous matter. This, I repeat, is the conquering of vegetation forever. We must carry the consequences thus obtained sti 11 further. Since the intervention of nitrogenous matter is necessary to the minerals exerting their influence over vegetation, imagine a new series of experiments in whicn nitrogenous matter is kept as a constant term, and the 10 minerals which you know associated with it, then other experiments in which the minerals are reduced to 9--that is, in

[143]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

25

which each mineral is in turn suppressed. The effect on vegetation produced by the successive suppressions, shows the value of each particular mineral. For example, suppress the phosphate, the plant dies; there is no growth. Suppress the potasht the plant falls over ; the straw has not firmness enough. Try to replace the potash by soda; it is impossible to do it. Soda has no value in vegetation. Suppress the magnesia, the vegetation is meagre. Instead of 20 to 30 grammes of crop, vou have but 6. By suppression after suppression, you are able to determine the influence of each mineral, and consequently to define all the substantial influ"

CULTURE IN BURNT SAND.

Nitrogenous matter.

Complete fertilizer.

Straw 5.42 Seeds 0.07

CROP FROM 20 SEEDS,

6.32

9.16

0.50

0.09

16.48 4.30

5.49

6.82

9.65

10.78

ences which take part in the life of a plant. You realize the wonderful fact that a soil, in which vegetation is barely possible, is made siddenly, and not by s'ow transition, in the highest degree fruitful, by the addition of several chemical products. Here is no hypothesis, no theory. When you conduct such experiments

you are animated by a faith and belief which fear nothing; for you have felt vegetation tremble under your hand. Vegetation affirms what has been said, and these results are confirmed by agriculturists of all countries It is absolute truth. We have now but to deduct the practical consequences. I begun in sand, which

26

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I44J

was but a basis for cultivating seed without addition of any kind. I obtained 6. I added to this sand the minerals left by the burning of vegetation produced by a fruitful soil. This addition ga- e an increase of 2; that is to say, the crop was 9 instead of 6. The nitrogenous matter, when the minerals were excluded, produced 9--more than the 10 minerals together. The nitrogenous matter, associated with the 10 minerals, carried vegetation to its highest degree of power.
Finally, the burnt sand received the nitrogenous matter as a constant term, and 9 instead of 10 minerals, and the experiments were multiplied so as to suppress each mineral alone in turn, showing the function of each and enabling us to say with certainty what part each one took in the final result from all combined. Suppose now a new series of experiments ; our basis sti 1 the burnt sand, which has received both amtjogenous matter and the 10 minerals-the amount of nitrogenous matter being invariable. But instead of suppressing, we this time increase the quantities ofthe minei als. Increase the amount of phosphate of lime. No effect. Increase the quantity of potash. No effect. Increase the quantity of lime. No effect. Increase the quantity of all the minerals combined. No effect. You had at first 22 grammes of harvest, and you have still but 22. But suppose you make a new experiment, and this time the quantity of minerals are constant but the nitrogenous matter is variable aud in prog essively increasing quantities. The crop changes suddenly and corresponding in quantity to the amount of nitrogenous matter used. We are thus led to believe 1 h.t the nitrogenous matter is superior in influence to the 10mmerals. Alone it is almost insignificant; associated with the 10 minerals it is allpowerful--proving that the quantity of nitrogenous matter determines the amount of the harvest, win e the increase of mineral elements is powerless.
There is here an action of two degrees: of one degree with the minerals, and of two degrees with the nitrogenous matter. To express this idea, I have called the element which grades the amount of harvest from a plant the dominant of that plant.
The dominant for wheat is nitrogenons matter. These results carry with therm an irresistible evidence. The proofs they furnish are neither difficult nor complicated. They are very simple, requiring only some porcelain pots, burnt sand, and a few salts, to obtain not only a luxuriant vegetation, but also to define the function of each substance used and show the functional contrast which exists between the minerals and nitrogenous matter.
You ask wl at prac ical benefit is there from these experiments ? Let us substitute t.e natural toil for buint sacd, and immediately we find it is* not necessary to give the soil the ten minera s to grow a maximum crop. We need, g*ve but three--lime, pnospha e of lime and potasn. In vain you give magnesia, silica, oxide of iron, soda, cnlorine--they have no effect. Why are these substancesso useless in the natural soil and so useful in the burnt sand ? For the simple reason the natural soil is well provided with them. Consequently, when we influence, vegetal lile m.an inert and artificial matter we, must use all the elements mentioned, but when dealing with the natural soil suppress the minerals recognized as useless.
I say us.less, not because they do not exert a useful>nd even essential influence,, but because the earth already contains them. If you supply them too you gain, nothing. The same thing happens, as we have explained, with carbon. The addition of the last to the soil has no effect on the plane, for it draws carbonic acid from the air. Consequently, when you go from a burnt tand to a natural soil, and you wish to fertilize this natural soil with chemical fertilizers, you recognize that a ni-

[145]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

27

trogenous matter and three minerals are sufficient, but when you operate in burnt Band a nitrogenous matter and ten minerals are absolutely necessary.
Reduced to these terms the problem becomes one of extreme simplicity. For if, in burnt sand ( that is to say in the absolute) ten minerals and a nitrogenousmatter are ne=es3ary, in prictice, a nitrogenous matter--potash, phosphate of limeand lime are sufficient. The union of these four boaies realizes the most flourishing conditions of vegetation, and we will call it the complete fertilizer. As a wagonloaded with oil transports force, so a wagon loaded with these four substances car-
ries fertility in a latent state. And you realize these contingent conditions of fertility when you get these sub-
stances from nature, where she holds them in abundant mines. Unknown depots of the past, where a benevolent Providence seems to have kept them in reserve, to help us to raise the productive power of the soil as the population increased, without adhering to the o'.d customs of tue past, when wa had to produce both the manure and the crop. We know how to produce the fertilizer in all its partsvary its composition, graduate its effec s and regulate vegetal activity by its use asan engineer regulates his machine. A little more of such an element, a little less of another, and with the same ease you pr;duce either wheat or forage, sugar m
the beet, or oil in rape. Vegetation is conquered. Practice proves what I say, and it is the honor of our
time to have formulated the propositions which embody this conquest. I promised you to he practical. I will keep my word. We will make an experi-
ment and prove an effect of the l.ighest significance. We will now repeat the former experiments, not in burnt sand, but in the best
soil, and with the aid of what we call the complete fertilizer, that is by the association of these four terms--potash, phosphate of lime, lime and nitrogen. Take wheat fo experiment with; increase in turn the amount of phosphate, po'.ash and lime, keeping he nitrogenous matter as a constant term, the result is absolutely nothing. If, on the contrary, we keep the phosphate, potash and lime as a constant term, increasing oaly the amount of nitrogenous matter, the increase of the crop follows progressively a corresponding progression. Here is a repetition in good soil of what took plice in the san 1. Ma*e the same experiment^ with1 the vine. Increase the amount of nitrogenous mat.er, the result is si ghtly sigm5cant. Inc ease the amount of po'ash and the crop follows a corresponding progression. Suppress the potash entirely and you will not have a single grape. For ten years I have experimented on squares of vines separated by a pa'h three feet wide. On one place we got9,000 to 11,000 pounds of grapes, and along side of it
only miserable, stunted vines, and not a single grape. There was no difference originally between either grape vine or soil. A single
difference now exists between the soil of the two squares--one has been exhausted of its potash and the other has not; one square has received nitrogen, phosphate,
lime and potash ; the other square nitrogen, phosphate, lime and no potash. Third and la t experiment: Give the potash in variable doses. The crop of
grapes increases as the quantity of potash increases. This same is true of the legumes, peas and beans. Nitrogenous matter does not possess the preponderant func'ion for these that it does for wheat. This function beloDgs to the potash. Ex'end the samesys'.em of experimsnts to the Irish potato. The potash is still theregulat:ng element. Finally we go from potatoes, peas and beans to suaar cane, sorghum and corn. In this case it is neither a nitrogenous matter nor potash that regu'ate the crop but phosphate of lime. Tnus facts affirm a second proposition
of admirable simplicity and fruitfulness, viz: That of the four terms of the com-

28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I46]

plete fertilizer, there are three-phosphate, potash and nitroge*) which-by terms and according to the nature of the plant, are the regulators of their fruitfulness. Nitrogenous mater is the preponderant elermnt for the beet, rape and wheat. We there.ore call it the dominant of the e plants. Potash is the dominant of the legumes, the vine, clover, luc^rn and the Irish potato, nitrogenous matter taking the second place for them. Phosphate is the dominant of sugar cane, sorghum and corn. Lime, wh:ch is necessary to all plants, is the dominant of none.
What more simple proposition can you ask for ? Look at the following tables and .you rind a repetition of this demonstration.
Commence by plants w'.osj dominant is nitrogen :

Complete Fertilizer
Complete Fertilize without lime Complete Fertilizer without Potash
Complete Ferlilizer without Pho-pha'e Complete Fertilizer without Nitrogen Soil without Fertilizer

Return per acre.

Wheat.

Rape.

50 ba
'.'.'.'"AS bu.' 36 bu!
.32 bu! 16 bu' 14 bu_

50 bu. 35 bu. 26 bu. 20 bu. 19 bu. 3bn.

The effect of nitrogen on the beet is not les3 striking.

CKOP PEE ACRE.

Complete Fertilizer

lbs.

]DS

44,000, with 70 lbs. nitrogen, 41 360

^__^_ Cornp eteFer'il-'zer without Lime....41,360, with 88 lbs. nitrogen, 44 880

Complete Fertilizer without potash...36,900, with 105 lbs. nitrogen 5l'920

Complete Fertilizer without Phos-

PVa'e

32,560

Complete Fertilizer without nitro-

. Sen Soil wthout Fertilizer

31,680 20 240

The abssnee of nitrogen affected the plants most unfavorably. Take up the vine and the Irish potato, and you find potash most efficacious.

Complete Fertilizer

Irish Potato. lbs
24 604

Complete Fertilizer without Lime 21,348

Compete Fertilizer without phosphate 15,752

Complete Fertilizer w'thout Nitrogen 15!o40

Complete Fertilizer without Potash.... 9,257

Soil without Fertilizer

6776

Vines -1875.

Grapss.

Juice

lbs. 10,000

Gal. 124

6,160

80

6,421

75

5,536

65

nothing.

65

nothing.

65

The effect of phosphate as the dominant for Bugar cane is not less striking.

SUGAB CAXE.

Complete Fertilizer

lbs 50 680

Complete Fertilizer withoutLim%

'."!".!!!!............. 44 000

Complete Fertilizer withou"; Potash

!...............

30800

Complete Fertilizer without Phosphate

.......".."."""!"!',"'.'.'ll3 200

Complete Fertilizer without NitrogenousMatter Soilwithout Fertilizer

'.!!!!!.'..'.'..'.'. 49 <>80 2'g,0

[H7]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

29

To show more closily the importance and fruitfulness of the law of the domi-

nant, I reproduce tie preceiing series for the beet.

The sugar cane and beat are both sugar-producing plants, but the dominant of sugar cane is phospva^e of lime, and of the bee1, nitrogenous matter. Compare

these two remarkable series and draw your own conclusions :

Crop par ace.

Sugar Cane. Beet.

lbs.

lbs.

Complete Fertilizer Complete Fert Hz >r without L!ms

50 680 44,000

44,880 41,260

Complete Fertiliz-r without Po'ash

30,000

36 960

Complete Fer ilizjr without Phosphate

13,200

32,560

Complete F^r ilizer without Nitrogenous Matter...49,280

31,680

Soil without Fertilizer

2,640

20,240

Complete fertilizer.

Nitrogenous matter alone.

Minerals.

No fertilizer

Straw Grain

lbs.
6 108 3.300

CROP PEE ACSE.

3.068 1.425

2.642 1 132

2.323 .793

9.408

Bushels

59

4.493 26

3.774 20

3.116 14

Here you see the effect of the dominants,aud just here I ought to add that this function is not absolute. It changes accjr Jin to the nature of the plant, to such a degree that the sam? substance at one time the dominant, is with another plant a subordinate elemrnt. I give you now what the vegetation at the Experimental

30

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I48]

Field at Vinoennes says on this subject. The soil la as poor a soil as could be desired for an absolute demonstration.
This practical proof of facts will be the last I shall say on the law of dominants. No. II. Plate of experiment of 1863 at Vincennes. Thus you see a demonstration from which there is no appeal of the truth of the -newand important proportion, that of the fonr terms of the fertilizer, thre is -ons which exercises a preponderant and re^ulat'ng function. A pra:tical remit if there ever was one.
From this we have the new conclusion, that the fertilizer does not represent atom for atom, the substance of the plant, the fertilizer is but a point of support; it is the complement of what the air and rjin give in ten times larger quinti ies without any cost to us, but acjording, as we know the dominant or do not know it, you obtain atalraost equal expense ten times more or tin times less a crop. The knowledge of the dominant is in re dity the true condition of profit. Gire pras a nitrogenous matter and you gain nothing. Give lucern and sugir cane a nitrogenous matter and you gain nothing. But give sugar cine phosphate of lime -give peas potash and wheat a nitrogenous matter--in fact, give each p'ant its dominant, and your labor will be recompensed by remunerativ? crop'. Tae plant) respond with an exact obedience They cannot avoid the true laws of their nature--positive laws, which the practici. agriculture of all countries verifies, and -which the old world must use to defend herself against the encroachments of the new world.
Here arises another question. You ask me how you are to associate these elements whose agency has proved so effective. You siy, I have given you general results, and you need more positve and special rules.
Well, it is easy tofatisfy you, and I will give you, in a few words, the rules needed for composition of fertilizers.
Plants, you have seen, are divided into three classes, according to their dominants, plants whose dominant is nitrogen, plants whose dominant is potash, and plants -whose dominant is phosphate of lime. It is remarkable, that while botani ts group vegetation by exterior resemblances, the conditions necessary to plant-life are in opposition to these distinctions. Thus the beet and th>? turnip, though sufficiently alike, and both cultivated for their root', yet have a d fferf nt dominant. The beet must be treated like the wheat and the turnip like the sugar-cane.
Let us return to the fertilizers. I have admitted four different classes, so as to suit a'l the demands of culture:
Complete fertilizers, Homogenous fertilizers, Intense fertilizers, Incomplete fertilizers, And finally, now under study, fertilizers with special functions.
1st. COMPLETE FERTILIZER.--They contain the four terms which you know: nitrogenous matter, phosphate of lime, potash, lime ; always these four terms, but in different amounts.
To plants whose dominant is potash we give less nitrogen and less phosphate, but more potash. To plants whose dominant is nitrogen, less potash, less phosphate, and more nitrogen. To plants whose dominant is phosphate, less potash, less nitrogen, and more phosphate. Instead of giving the ferti'izer an inflexible formula, vary the amounts of the four constituents according to the wantsof the plant. The iour terms are always the sime, the proportions vary.

[149]

JUNE CROP REPORT--188$.

31

2d. HOMOGENEOUS FERTILIZERS 1'.--They have the same composition with the complete fertilizers, but the potah and phosphate are under another form. In the complete fertilizer No. 1, for example, the po'ash is in the form of nitrate of potash, and in the nitrate of potash there are 43 of potash to 14 of ni'rogen.
The homogeneous f-rtilizer No. 1' is as rich as the complete fertilizer No. 1, but they differ, in that the nitrate of potash in the homogeneous fertilizer is replaced by a mixture of chloride of potassium'and sulphate of ammonia in such proportions as to furnish also 14 of nitroge 1 and 48 of po ash.
There is a grave impirtance in knowing the degree of utility of the same bodies under different forms, so as to emp'oy one or the other According to price. For five or six years the price of nitrate'of potish has steadily increased from increased consumption in agriculture, but as soon as it was demons-rated that nitrate of potash could be replaced by a mixtur ofjchloride of potah and sulphate of ammonia so as to realize the same richness in potash and nitrogen, the high price of the nitrates was stopped.

CORN.--large stalk, no grain.
The homogeneous fertilizer is eqia'ly valuable, and is better for rape, wheat and the meadow than the ordinary complete fertilizer. But for the Irish potato it is worth less. By the use of this homogeneous fertilizer we can avoid the use of the high priced nitrate of potash, use larger quantities of fertilizer, and with economy.
I repeat homogeneous fertilizers differ from complete fertilizers by the form of

32

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I50J

potash, which is a nitra'e in the complete fertil zer, and a mixture of chloride of potash and su phjte of ammonia in the h mogeneous fertilizer. This series of fertilizers has the same number with the correspond ng complete fertilizers, only we add the sign ' to the right of the numbers.
3d. HOMOGENEOUS FERTILIZERS lp.--We now come to the second series of homogeneous fertilizer p. This shows that the phosphate of lime in this fertilizer, instead of being a super-phospbate of lime, is precipitated phosphate of lime, Pho 5 2 Ca OHO X aq
In the appendix will be found ihe history of each of the substances used in thecomposition of fertiliz -rs.
4th. INTENSE FERTILIZERS --After the complete fertilizer and the homogeneous, fertilizers come the intense fertilizers. These a e the fertilizers in which the dominant is in larger proportion than in the simple complete fertilizers.

CORN --Stalk reduced, grain abundant
5th. INCOMPLETE FERTiLizERS.-The incomplete fertilizers follow the intense fertilizers. These a'e the fertilizers in which some ingredient has been suppressed either Phospate, potash, or nitrogen, because there are soils abundantly provided with these elements, and such soils need not be given them.
We thus have four series of fertilizers : the complete fertilizers, which satisfy all conditions of vegetal life. The homogeneous fertilizers, reproducing the constitution of the complete fertilizers, but with this variation, that the potash and phosphate of lime are under a different form. The intense fertilizers, are the complete fertilizers, with an excess of the dominint Tae incomplete fertilizers where one of the four terms has been suppressed in case the soil is already supplied with it
Finally, a last series of fertil zers now understudy, and of which I will say a few words. But these few words will prove a step in progress, which you will find hard

[ISO

JUNE CROP REPORT--188$.

33

to believe. Here are the photographs of two pots in which corn is grown. In both pots the fertilizer has exactly the same richness. In one pot the stalk grew much higher than in the other, was full of leaves, but was entirely without shoots, and consequently, without grain. Plate IV.
In the second the stalk is not so tall, but has a fine shoot filled with grain. Plate V. What is the difference between the two fertilizers? Here the potash is in the form of sulphate of potash. There as chloride of potash. Whit must we conclude from this? Is it not that we cannot only graduate the amount of the crop, but produce a still deeper effect by determining at will the formation of such and such parts of a plant ? If we want grain, we fertilize to produce shoots; if we wish forage,'we produce leaves ; if we wish grapes we produce bunches. Vegetation is conquered not only in quantity, but regulated in the nature or quality of the product we would obtain. This is one step further in progress based on the first results ; it is one step further in the interrogation of the elements which produce vegetal organism.
To show, by example, how the five c'asses of fertilizers are derived one from the other, I give you all the 'series derived from the complete fertilizer No. 1, there common progenitor.

COMPLETE FERTILIZER No. 1.
Superphosphate of lime Nitrate of potash Sulphate of ammonia Sulphate of lime

Per cent.
33.34 16.66 20.83 29.17

Per Acre, lbs. 352 176 220 508

HOMOGENOUS FEETILIZEB NO. 1'.
Superphosphate of lime Chloride of potassium Sulphate of ammonia Sulphate of lime

100.00
33.34 16.66 32 50 17.50

1,056
352 176 343 185

HOMOGENOUS FERTILIZER NO. 1, p.
Precipitated phosphate Nitrate of potash Sulphate of ammonia Sulphate of lime

100.00
17.00 20.00 25.00 38.00

1,056
149 177 220 334

INTENSE FERTILIZER No. 1.
Superphosphate of lime Nitrate of potash Sulphate of ammonia Sulphate of lime

100.00

30 76

352

15.40

176

26.92

308

26.92

308

100.00

1,144

34

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[152]

INCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 1, WITHOUT POTASH.

Superphosphate of lime

40.00

352

Sulphate of ammonia

35.00

308

Sulphate of lime

25.00

220

100.00

880

INCOMPLETE FERTILIZER No. 6, WITHOUT NITROGEN.

Superphosphate of lime

40.00

352

Chloride of potassium

20.00

176

Sulphate of lime

40.00

352

100.00

880

Up to this I have sp )ken of vegetation and fertilizers ia an absolute sense. I have g'ven you the composition of fertilizers best suited to d fferent plan's. This composition you find i a the tables. But in practice we do not proceed in this way. In practice we are accustomed to adopt what we ca'l a rotation--that is, a successive order of crops. How must we then employ fertilizers?
I will give the answer in the simpUst case possible, viz: the exclusive culture of the same plant. [ have show id you that the composition of the fertilizer is deduced from the requirements of each plant in relation to its dominant. But this case is really exceptional, and to be truly practical, we must show the succession of fertilizers to be employed in a certain rotation, a very easy nutter.
Let us take as a first example a rotation beginning with the Irish potato and continued with wheat. The third year the ground is in clover, and the fourth in wheat. What nnr-t we do under thess circumstances? The first year give the plant complete fertilizer No. 3, potash as dominant, and you have superb potatoes. The second year you need only give the dominant for wheat, as the fertilizer has left minerals enough for the dominant alone to insure a fine crop of wheat. The third year use Incomplete Fertilizer No. 6, which the clover requires. The fourth year give the wheat a moderate quantity of nitrogenous matter. In alternating crops apply alternate fertilizer, with the view of always giving each culture its dominant. You thus realize a maximum product at a minimum expense.

ROTATION FOR TWO YEARS, INCLUDIN3 CORN AND WHEAT.

First Year--Corn,
Per Acre.
COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 5 Composition.
Acid phosphate of lime Nitrate of potash Sulphate of lime

Quantity. Price. lbs.

528 $5 76

176 8 80

352

64

Total
Sulphateof ammonia Whole cost Cost per annum

S.cond Year--Wheat.

1,056 $15 20
264 $ 8 40 23 60 11 so

[153]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885.

3S

ROTATION FOB FIVE YEABS, INCLUDING IRISH POTATOES, WHEAT, CLOVER, RAPE.

First Year--Irish Potatoes.

Per Acre.
COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 3. Composition.
Acid phosphate of lime Nitrate of potash Sulphate of lime

Quantity. Price. lbs.

352 $ 3 84
264 13 20

264

48

Total
Second Year--Wheat.
Sulphate ofammonia
Third Year--Clover.
INCOMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 2. Composition.
Acid phosphate of lime Chioride of potash Sulphateof lime

880 *17 52 lbs_.
2^ % 840

352 $ 3 84

176 2 88

352

64

Total

880 $ 736

Fourth Year--Rape.

Sulphate of ammonia

352 $H 20

Fifth Year--Wheat.

Sulphateof ammonia Ashes of stalks and hujks of rape

264

8 40

Whole cost Cost per annum

"5 S52 88
1 57

Another question now comes up, how to use chemical fertilizers in connection

with wheat. H >w much abuse I have received on accouit o! barnyard manure

"What in reality ii the old time manure of the barnyard ? Only an inferior chemi-

cal fertilizer.

Here is a proof of this assertion :

COMPARISON OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS WITH BARNYARD MANURE.

Manure

1TM

Water

80

80. useless to plants.

Lignious Fiber.--Supplied by air and rain.

Carbon Hydrogen... Oxygen



6-8<>

0.82 5-67

13.29

36

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[154]

Secondary Minerals.--With which the soil is plentifully supplied and which need not be given.

Silica

4 o9

Chlorine

0 Q.

Sulphuric acid

0 jo

Oxyde of iron Soda
Manganese

_

g 3i

Z'r"Z7Z'ZZZ'Z

0^34
0 9_j

5.23
Active Parts --Ctemical fertilizer which the soil has in limited amount, and must be supplied with.

Nitrogen Phosphoric acid Potash
Lime

0 45

Q JO

"

0'4g

'.'.""" 0^55

148 In 100.00 of manure there is t'nen 80.00 of water. It is very certain the water is not the useful part of manure. Animal liquids are not useful for the amount of wa'er, but for the soluble particles the water contains. In carrying 100 tons of manure you carry also 80 tons of moisture as a dead loss. You find al o 13 29 represented by carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Air and rain furnish these. Then the secondary minerals are 5.20 per cent, of the whole of the manure; yet the soil is superabundantly provided with them. Finally, there remains 2 per cent, represented by phosphoric acid, potash, lime and nitrogen, the active part of the mauure. This, in reality, is the chemical fertilizer. Manure is the quinquina; chemical fertilizer is the quinine; mmure is the mineral; chemical fertilizer the metal. Manure contains the active principles of fie chemical feitilizer. To these principles it owes its efficacy, and to none others. If you have manure use it, but with judgment ; that is, modify its composition according to the needs of the plant. If you wish to gro^i a crop whose dominant is potash, add po'ash as a supplement to the manure; for a plant whose dominant is phosphate, add phospha'e to the manure i for one whose dominant is nitrogen, add nitro.en to the manure. You thus act according to the general principles of the d ctrine of chemical fertilizers by supplementing the composition of the manure in such a way as to place it in j ust relation to the particular wants of each plant.
There is no opposition between the teachings of tha past and those of the present How can you think manure differs in composition fromchemical fertilizers ? From whence comesmaoure ? From plants modified by the digestion of animals. The manure can contain nothing the plants did not. We have scientifiea'lygrown by theuse of cheimcal fertilizers, plants exactly similar to those grown by use of manure You are forced by similarity of results to conclude similarity of cause. Mauure does not owe its activity to water and fibrous matter, but to the phospha'e, potash lime and mtrog nous matter it contains. It is a chemical fertilizer burdened with useless matter--that is all.
Another question still; I say chemical fertilizers were deduced from manure I must now deduce it from the soil. I must deduce from the composition of the soil both the formula of the absolute fertilizer for growing plan's in burnt sand, and the practical formula for growing plants in the natural soil.

[155]

JUNE CROP REPORT--1885

37

How shall we describe a fertile soil? Generally it is a mixture of clay, sand and calcareous matter. These three elements serve as a support to the plant without entering into its life. Associated with the three substances we call mechanical elements of the soil, we find in all soil, and in variable quintities, a nitrogenous matter and 10 minerals--the sane that we used to grow plants in burnt saud. This mixture we call the absolute fertilizer. The natural soil contains it. But among the terms of which itis composed there are 7 of a mineral nature, abounding in all soils, and the suppression of these led us to the practical chemical fertilizer.

THE RELATION OF THE THEORETICAL CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS TO THE NATURAL SOIL, AND OF THE THEORETICAL FERTILIZER TO THE PRACTICAL FERTILIZER.

Active Assimilable Elements of
the soil.

Theoretic Fertilizer.

f Organic,

j

Ammoniacal salts. Nitrates

[ Minerals

P tash.
Soda, Lime. Magnesia. Osyde of Iron.
Oxyde of Manganese. Chlorine.
Sulphuric Acid. Phosphoric Acid.
Silica.

Practical Fertilizer. j Nitrogenous matter.
Potash. Lime.
Phosphoric Acid.

I repeat, the suppression of the 7 secondary minerals suggeted the new and si nple formula--lime, phosphoric acid and a nitrogenous matter. This is the practical fertilizer. It is the us:ful part of manure. It is deduced from the composition of the soil. It is. suited to all practical applications, and bears the stamp of truth, for it is the result of direct, positive and practical experiment in which there was no indirect aid unknown condition.
There is no theory here. It is the clear, definite language of practice and experience. When practical results becomj phenomena, and phenomena causes, we acquire true and just ideas. The mind rises to higher spheres where order a-.d eternal laws reign.

SPECIAL CIRCULAR No. 48. NEW SERIES.
QUESTIONS FOR JULY CROP REPORT.
Returnable July M, 7885.

Wheat-yield compared to average,

percent.

Wheat--average yield per acre,

bushels.

Oats--yield compared to average,

-- percent.

Oats-average yield per acre,

bushels.

Clover & Grass--yield cmp'rd to av--

per cent.

Clover & Grass--av. yield per acre,

tons.

Compared to an average, condition and prospect of--

Cotton,

per cent. Sugar Cane

percent.

Corn,

percent. Melons,

per cent.

Rice,

per cent. Peaches

per cent.

Sweet Potatoes,

percent. Apples,

per cent.

Ground Peas,.-. per cent. Grapes, -

--. per cent.

i&E2c.A.xa:KS :

Correspondent's Name Post Office County

Circular No. G8, ) NEW SEMES, j
ANALYSES AND STATISTICS
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS,
INSPECTED, ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA DURING THE SEASON OF 1884-5.
J. T. HENDERSON,
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA. 1885
IKS V. KuWHSOU t, C. raiSltB, H-l\.Mi',k

Oircultr Xo, 68,) NEW SERIES, j
ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND CHEMICALS.
Impeded, Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in Georgia during the Season of 1884-5.

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, GA., June 20, 1885.

EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES.
The tables commencing on the next page show the analyses and calculated relative commercial values of all fertilizers and chemicals inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale, in Georgia, during the season of 1884-5.

RELATIVE COMMERCIAL VALUES.

After the usual correspondence and careful consideration, it has been

thought proper to pr;serve the same valuation of elements that were adopted

last season, the commercial price of the materials which supply such elements being about the same. The following prices per pound of the valuable ingre-

dients or elements of plant food found in the fertilizers bv analyses, are a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah viz

Available Phosphoric Acid

'. ]0'centg

d_

Ammonia

10

.

.

Potash

18 cents per pound.

T> . ,, , . ,,

5 cents per pound.

It is often desirable to know the relative amounts paid by a fanner for the

several valuable ingredients in a ton of fertilizers. The following is a simple

rule: Multiply the per centage of ammonia, as given in the tables, by 3.6, that

of available phosphoric acid by 2, and that of potash by l,and the respective

results will show the value, in dollars and cents, of each ingredient in a ton.

inus: Suppose a fertilizer analyzes as follows:

Available Phosphoric Acid. Ammonia. potash...;.:..;..;''.;;.
Then:

9.27 per cent. 2-i5_i)er cent.
1.85 per cent

9.27 multiplied by 2 ..

2.15 "

" 3.6.

1.85 "

" 1...

$18.54 7.74 1.85

Total

$28.13

TABLES of Analyses and Relative Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilize**, Chemicals, etc., impeded, analyzed arid admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 1884--85.

TABLE I.---AMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATES OF LIME.

NAME OP BKAND.

Phosphoric Acid

->a

P."

s

M
BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU-

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

FACTURED.

H

O

S5

>

Ammoniated Dis. Pone, Horse Shoe Br'nd 10.75 2.00 6.50 5.40 11.90 2.80 1.25 35.13 15 Rounsu'llle & Pro.. Rome, Ga..

Vorth Western Fer. Co., Chicago, 111.

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

10.60 2.M 6.85 5.25 12.10 2.75 1.50 35.00 15 A. A. Fletcher & Co.. Marietta.Ua. North Western Fer Co., Chicago, 111.

TM

Ammoniated Dissolved Bon-?

Atlantic Fertilizer

Ashepoo Fertiliz r

.. ...

11.25 1.50 7.75 1.40 9.15 2.0' 1.25 26.75 12.H0 0.50 7.15 8.80 10.95 2.35 1.75 2.11 11.00 3.01 n.5 2.65 9 6(1 2.65 1.75 30.29

50 Bawle <* Perry, Arlington Oa

Rawls & Perry, Arlington, Ga.

100 Atlantic Phos. C"., Charleston, S.C. Atlantic Phos. Co , Chatleston, S. 0.

1" Ashepoo Phos. Co., Chut lesion, S.C. Ashepoo Phos Co., Charleston, S. C.

o c

Ashley Soluble Guano aAmmoniated Alkaline Guano

12.15 1 20 7.6' 3 65 11.25 2.?5 1.50 32.10 5" Ashley Phos. Co., Charleston, -\ C. Ashley Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 11.50 2. IS 6.30 4.80 10 60 2.85 1.00 31.26 2(0 Chesapeake Guano Co. Baltimore., Chesapeake Guano Co , Baltimore, Mri.

Atninonaud Dissolved Bone Amrjioniaietl Di-solved Bone

11.25 2.85 7.64 2.'6 10.20 2.57 1.25 30.90 12.2 3.55 8.65 2.21 10.86 2.00 1.45 0 37

ll'O .(no. Meirun:m & Co.. Baltimore... Jno. Merryman & Co.. Barren Is., N.Y.

10 Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore

PatapscoGumo Co., Baltimore, Md

cAdams Standard

12.00 0.55 8.45 l.f5 10.00 2.25 1.50 21.6" 25 savjtiiDali Guano Co., Savannah,Ga ^avaniiah Guano Co.. Savannah, Ga.

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

10.00 2 9 G. 15 4.10 10.25 2.08 2.05 30.04 ](0C Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta. oa,, Pendleton Knano Co., Atlanta. Gst.

/miAmtelarinctuasAGmnmanooniated

Superphosphate...

12.(0 11.50

3.20 2.05

8.05 4 60

2. OS 10.10 4 98 9 55

2.4 ' 2.15

1.50 .81 l.l'O 27. f 4

50!' The Atlanta Gttanot o.. Atlan-a.Ga The Atlanta Guano Co.. Atlanta. Ga. 50 "W illiaius, Clark & Co., New York . w il!i.ims. ( lark & Co. New York.

o

Baltic Aiumoiiiated Bone

13.00 3.30 7.50 2.75 10.25 2.10 1 29.0

Bradley'B Ammoniated Dissolved Bone... 11.0" 2 35 7 75 2.95 10.71' 2.25 1.50 31.(0

Brighton's Ammoniated Bone Superphos. 13.25 2.30 7. (Ill 2.90 10.50 2.00 .2 30.45

oB. A H. Gnano

11.50 2.15 6.3" 4.3" 10.60 2.35 1.60 31.26

2S Patapsco Guann Co., Ba'timore.... Pa'npsro Guano CO.. Ballimote. 2 0 Pollard & Kobersen. Augusta, Ga.. Bradley I ertilizer Co., Boston, Mass
3" Uatnbman Bios. & Co., Baltimore.. Danibniiin Bros. & Co., Baltimore. Md. 100 Chesapeake Guano Co.. Baltimore.. Chieapeake Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

?3

Kowker's Cotton Fertilizer

14.50 2.25 8.00 2.60 10.60 2.20 1.0(1 30.12 300 Bowkcr Fi r. Co., filiz'-tbethport Bowter Fer. Co , Ellzabethport, N. J.

Bradley's Patent Superphosphate

13.75 2.00 9.50 2 30 11.80 2.10 1.0' 33.24 41.0 Langston & Crsne, Atlanta, Ga Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston. Mass.

Brannon's Soluble Guano

14.50 0.S5 8.3(1 2.00 10.30 2.00 1.25 29 05 20 J. F. Brancon & Co.. Atlanta, Ga.. J. F. Brannon <4 Co., Atlanta, Ga

Baker's Standard Guano ...

14.25 2.26 7.15 2.90 10.05 2.25 1.60 29.8" 5 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. ( htmical Co. of Can ton, Baltimore, Md.

Ba din & Co's. Ammoni' ted Dis. Bone.. 13.50

Bradley's Ground Bone and Potash

6.10

2 05 2.00

8.85 4.05

2.10 10.16 6 25 10.3'

2.35 2.45

8.or 82.36 1.80 81.22

10f0t'0

Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga N A. Hardee's Son & Co., Savan'h,

Ba dwin (V Co., Port Royal, S. C Bradley Per Co.. North Weymoth,Masa

rBuffalo Pone Guano

10.75 v. 75 7.65 1.85 9.50 2.20 2.00 28.9> 100 Furman Farm Imp. Co.. Atlanta... Futroan Farm Imp Co , East Point, Ga.

Cianston's Ext ehior CVtlon Ford.

11 50 2.00 9.61 1.20 10.80 2.V0 1.95 31

.'0 K. P. Sibley, augosia, Ga

R. P. Sihlty, Pot t Hoyal, S. C.

Cransion's Ammoniated Dis. Bone,

11.00 3.20 9.00 1.20 10.80 2//0 1.85 31.37 100 B. P. Sjb'ey. Augusta, Ga

R P. (Sibley. Port Ro> ill, S. C.

ON

toftou Maker

...

+3.00 1.16 5.25 6.26 11.50 2.30 1.65 32.93 60 Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore.. Chesapeake Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

"""'

UMU .._

frCano Fertilizer

Cotton and Grain Fertilizer

--

Cotton states Fertilizer..

tJol^ate Manure.

Ctaattahoocuee Guano

Cotton Food Guano

Cotton Bloom Fertilizer

Cotton Feniliz r

Cotton Seed ' ompound

Chatham Guano

Cumberland Bone Co., Superphos. of Lime

Chesapeake Guino

jVo'les* Georgia t'otton Fertilizer

OhappeH's H-gh Grade Am. Supcrphce....

Chami ion Am. Superphosphate

Davioges Special Fivorite

Dissolve'! Amraoniated Bone

Dobtw' Am. Cotton Fertilizer

<'Diui>oiid Brand Cotton FooJ

Diamond Brand Cotton F.c-d

J)eLt on's So'uhle Raw Bone Fertilizer....

DeLeonM onip ete Cotton Fertilizer

De aeon's <lomplwe Co' ton Kej tilizer

j eLeon's Animal Bone F. rtilizer

Dixie Am. Bone Superphosphate

Kutaw F rtil zer

(EEdxiscteolsAiomr mGuoanniaoted Fertilizer

Kxceitfior Guano

JSliwaii Guano

K. i rank < : es'Am. Bone Superphos

oKmpire Guano

<iEddy;-tone Guano

rtfcxh|e Guano

e Furman's Formula Ammoniated..

Farmers Favorite ...

/Franklin's Am. Dissolved Boneg,

Franklin's Am Dissolved Bone

Farmer's Friend Guano

Furman's High Gra le Fertilizer

Grange Compound ....

Georgia Planters' Favorite

Georgia Planters* Favorite

Grange M ixtureg

Georgia Fertilizer.

,,

Georgia State Grange Fertilizer

gGood Luck Guano

/tGeorgia state Standard

iGeorgia Test Gnano

Gossypiuin Phospbo

8.15 A.&5 3.25 9.10 2.10 l.ofl 26.76 50' Raisin Fertiliser Co., Baltimore .. Raisin Fertilizer CV, Baltimore, Md

1.00 9.00 2.85 11.85 2.10 1.60 82.86

1.20 7.80 8.40 11.20 2.25

30.50

i.is s.im 6.00 4.25 10.25 2.10
1.00 7.20 3.80 11,00 2.15

28.06 80.89

1.7* 9.10 2.80 11.90 2.i5 1.25 32.79

a.f.d 8.85 2.75 11.10 2.10 1.00 31.76

10 Dambraan Bros. & Co., Baltimore, latnbman Bros. & Co., Baltimore, Md..

100 Jno R. Long, Baltimore..

Jno. K Long, Baltimore, vld.

10 Chemical Co. of Canton. Baltimore. Chem.cal Co. of Canton, JYiltimore, Md.

80 LaGrange Oil Mfg Co., LaGrange . .aGrange Oil Mfg Co., LaGrange, Ga.

50 8. A. Weteler, Savannah, Ga

S A. Wetr-ler. Savannah. Ga.

10 Jno. C. Printup &Co., Home, Ga... Jno. C. Printup & Co , Home, Ga.

ON
>

1.15 7.00 4.80 11.80 2.10 1.80 31.46 1.70 G.60 8 05 9.65 2.1(1 1 50 28.36
2.85 5.35 6.20 10.55 2.45 1.20 31.12 1.90 7.35 3.14 10.49 2.45 2.75 32.56 a. 95 4.55 6.61 10.16 2.41 1.85 30.36 2.05 6.2 8.9(: 10.15 2.65 1.20 81.04
a. so 7.75 2.70 10.45 2.90 2.20 33.54
. in 7.6 2.12 9.72 2 4' 1.86 29.72 ] .011 4.10 6.40 10.50 2.6(1 1.15 31.50 4.20 5.25 4.20 9.45 2.16 2.1,0 28.64 2.15 6.50 3.76 10.25 2.25 1.50 M0.10
o.fiu 8.50 1.50 10.0. 2.20 1 55 29.47
0.48 8.50 1.50 10.00 2.25 1.60 29.70 2. OH 4.25 5.5" 9.7 3.15 1.85 32.19 2.50 5.30 5.25 10.65 2.80 1.20 32 38 2.25 6.50 3.60 10.0 2.15 1.50 '29.24
1.60 8.35 2.40 10.76 2.15 1.60 30.74 2 (X) 8.25 1.40 9.65 2.20 0.50 27.72
3.00 6.85 2.55 9.40 8.10 1.30 31.26 1 00 8.85 2.35 11.20 2.35 2.00 2.86 0 65 8.46 1.65 10.(0 2 25 1.50 29.60

10 Jordan & Pope. Augusta, Ga.

Nnva.'sa G. Co., .Vilmington, N. C.

60 Elbert ( o. Fer. Co.. Elberton, Ga.. Elbert Co. Fer. Co.. E.berton, Ga.

50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, B Itimore, Md.

10(> Chailes Ellis, Savannah, i;a

umberland Bone Co , P. rtland, Me.

20o Chesapeake Guano Co., Ba timore.. Chesapeake cuatio Co ,Ba.timore. Md.

300 W. T. Cole, Griffin, Ga

Claik's Cove G. Co., New Bedford,Mas^

Id f. 8. Chappell & Son, Baltimore.... P. S. Chappell tt Son. Baliimore, Md.

60 P. S. Chappell .v. Son. Baliimore.. P S. Chappell & Son, Baltimore, Md.

IOI
SO

West Bro's, Chemical Co

SafvCanannatohn,

Baltimore

Russell Coe, Linden, N. J. ( hemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. Md.

60 s. C. Dobbs, Athens, Ga

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Ba timore, Md.

lOOJSavannah Guano Co., Savannah Savannah Guano Co., Savanoah, Ga.

savannah duano Co., Savannah savannah GuaDo Co., S..v nnah, Ga.

20 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

100 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah... Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, (-a.

6. Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. D -Leon, Savannah, Ga.

300 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

40..0 Langston A Crane, Atlanta

! Michigan Carbon W'ks, Detroit, Mich.

lo Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S.Ci Ahsepoo Pbos. i o , i harleston. 8. C.

10'Edisto Phbs. Co., Charleston, SV. f\ jEdisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

100 savannah Guano Co., savannah,Ga. savannah Guano Co., -avannah, Ga.

> r
ty. O
o o g g
M 50 O
> r

0.45 8..-0 1.60 10.10 2.20 1.50 29.62

Savannah Guano Co , Savannah,Ga |Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

2.00 6.3 8 80 10.10 2.6o 1 25 30.81 60 Ktiwan I hos. Co., Charleston, S. C Etiwan I hos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

2.15 6.15 4.20 10.35 2 !4 1.10 30.94 8.15 5.8. S 25 9.10 2.K. 1.00 26.76

1( 0 Jno. Merryman & Co , Baltimore.. 50 Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore

K Frank Coe, Barren Island, N. Y. Raisin Fe) tilizer Co., Baltimore, Md.

50

3.On 7.45 2.15 9.60 2.40 1.50 29.84 400 Jno. M. Green, Atlanta, Ga .... ClaikCove G. Co., New Bedford, Mass.

;:.oo 7.45 2.15 9.60 2.40 1.50 29.8-. 220 Jno. M. Green, Atlanta, Ga

C ark Cove G. Co., NewBedtotd, Ma68.

2.75 7.65 1.85 9.50 2.20 2.00 28.9V 1(0 Furman's Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta.. Furmau Farmltnp. Co.. Kast Point, Ga.

2.75 7. SO 2.75 10.25 2.45 0.75 30.07 2.SO 8.75 1.60 10.35 2.55 1.50 31.88:

50 N. A. Hardee'sSondi Co , Savannah Bradley Fertilizer C.'., Bost >n, Mass.

41 Kialto Guano Co., savannah

Rialto Guano Co , Savannah, Ga.

N PI

2. SO 7.60 2.60 10.10 2.08 0.80 28.4'.. 50 Rialto Guano Co., Savannah 1 Bo 8.20 2.15 10.85 2.15 2.2(i 80.61 50 Read & Co., New York

Rialio Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. Read & Co . New York.

W

1.10 8.50 3.00 11.50 3.00 2 20 36.' I 60 Furman's Farm Imp. < o., Atlanta.. Furman'3 Farm Imp. Co, East Point,Gra

2.25 6.55 K.45 10.00 *.l- 1.50 29.'(i [00 Elbert Co. Fer. Co , Elberton, Ga.. Elbert Co. For. ( o., Elberlon, Ga.

1.25 7.80 3.3. 11.15 2.80

30.58 50 Jno. R Long, Baltimore

no R. Loi g, Baltimore, Md.

oo

2.85 7.Si 2.30 9.65 2.20 0.25 27.4 6 Jno. R. Long, Baltimore

Jno. R. Long, Baltimore, Md.

oo

1.0 i 8.60 1.96 10.4 3.30 1.85 84.1 50 F. C. Grange, Secy, Savannah, Ga.. Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

2.'.0 6.15 4.40 10.65 2.85 1,60 81.0 100 C. C. Hardwick, Savannah, Ga 0. C Hardwick, Baltimore, Md.

2.8-> 10.15 1.05 11.20 2.10 2.00 31. SI 510 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga

Baldwin & Co., Port Royal, S. C.

3.00 6.50 4.15 10.65 2 80 1.00 32.3P 14 Geo. W. Miles* Co., Milford, Conn. Geo W. Miles & Co., Mill'ord, Conn.

2.40 9.25 1.85 10.60 2.40 S.00 32. si 100 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah.. Hammond, Hull &Co,, It. Royal, S. C.

2.40 7.50 8.861 10.86 2.8H 1.00 82.7S 100 Jno. Merryman & Co., Baltimore.. Jno. Merryman & Co., Barren Is., N. Y.

1.90 7.10 3.30 10.4CC 3.06 2.00 88.821 200 Geo. W. Scott i Co., Atlanta, Ga.. Geo. W.Scott* Co., Atlauta, Ga.

VP

TABLE I--CONTINUED.

o\

o x>

B $

NAME Or BRAND.

x

7S 05
at V OS

C5
'p
c

< 0 o a a

O
j G> ~
p. X

BY WHOM AND WHKRE MANU-

FOB WHOM INSPECTED.

FACTURED.

O

M

>

a'iem Am. .-> Inb'e Phosphate

n.. 0 2. IS 6.3D 4. SO 10 00 2.8 1 b( 31.21. 100 Cliesai e.'ke I ualiol o.. Ba limoro Chesapeake Guano Co., Balthuoie, Aid

H

Harle's Raw Bono Superphosphate . ..

20.75 1.75 B.20 5.05 111.25 2.50 1.10 0.00 200 J. W. Harle & Co., Atlanta, Ga.. J. W. Herle & Co., New York.

Hope's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

j'Hardee's Cotton Bolj Am. Superphos

/"Hood's Cotton Growerg

Homestead Guano

...

8.7o 1.65 8.CO 8.25 11.25 2.01 1.00 81.8" 15.75 2.'' 6.25 3.9' 10.15 2.('5 1.20 8!. 10 12.81 2.80 8.75 1.60 10 35 2.55 1.50 31.38 6.50 2.25 8.25 l.?8 ".08 3.08 0.50 2 7.--5

10" R V Bowen. Hi wkinsville, Ga.. K. V. B.iwen. llawkinsville, Ga.

.'0 N. A Ha>die's Son & Co.. Savan'h Clink's Ccvf G.Co..New Bedford,Mass.

20 Rial to Gnai o (\\. Savamish

Bialio Guano Co., S ivannah, Ga.

100 M. F. MeLanrin, Rome. Ga

MiehigtnCarbon W'ls, Detroit, Mich.

P3
Z H

J. S. Wood ,t Bro<. Am. Die. Bone. .

15.H. 1.75 3.75 6.25 10.'0 2.11 0-0 28.4U in J. S. Wood A Bio., Savannah

Raisin Fertilizer Co , Ba itmore, Md.

O

.1. S. Wood ct Bros. Am. llis. Bone..

.0 2.'0 6.15 4. II' 1H.2.' 2.10 1.25 20

937 J. s. Wood & Pro . Savannah

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore Md.

J. I. Miildleton & Co., Am'd High Grade. 10. SO 3.35 4 50 1.811 8.80 2.25 l.'O ", ii

Kramer's Patent

14.00 8.00 7.9(1 3.05 10.9.5 2 05 1.25 30.53

King Guano

4.00 2.20 6.00 8.85 9.85 2.'if 1.15 28.-:

ji'S ,1 1). Matliewson & i o., Hartwell.. .1 I. Mddlet' n .Vo . Baltimore.

51) Reed .4 Co. HewYorie.

Read & Co.. New York

1 R"ii-m Fertilizer Co , Baltimore ... R'inD Fortilizer Co Baltimore, Md.

>
O

Lai x-l in A Crane OR B. with Am. & Pot 12.50 2.2 i 7.60 3.16 10.75 2.0 1 2S 8 .67 4oo Lan^ston & Crane, Atlanta

Laiigston A CraDe., Atlanta. Ga.

Li'ter's Standard Pure Bone Lister's standard Guano
J.ockwood Cotton Grower fcL. te R Ammoniatcd Guano
Lowe's Georgia Formnla EMonarch Git mo

8. (in 0.25 9. is 1.7: I' .OH 2.65 1.40 22.71 10 W. P. Anderson te S n, Marietta... LtstrB: others, Newark, N. J.

12. 1(1 1.25 10.20 0.'5 10.75 3 15 1.75 81.50 70Powell ARus.ell. Newr.an,

Li-ter Bros., Newark, N J.

11.00 2.50 0.75 8 85 lu.lO 2.1' 1.(5 29.63 f0 Clarence Auy:io.r. Atlanta

Lockwi od A Mel linroek, New York.

..

10.75 8.20 7.10 3.''8 10.28 2.00 1.51) vo 10

11.10 3.60 f,.50 4 82 1". .' 2.20 1.(5 81

11.50 2 95 -1.6 i 4.05

2.15 1.00.27.84

100 Lorentz & Ritl er, Baltimore.

Lorentz A Rittler. Baltimore. Md.

:< o M. A *tov.all Augusta..

Ga. ( hemical Works, Auyustt, Ga.

200 Williams, Clark A' Co , New York, w llliams, Clark & Co.. N.w York.

o
G r c H

Maihis Chemicals.

Matchless Cotton Grower

Mastodm Gnati t

....

.(/Miles' I X L Bone Superphosphate

Nonpareil Am Dissolved Bone

18.25 1".00 1(1 50 la so
11.2

8.2 3.10 2.15 :: u,
2.00

6..15 7 10 5 33
6.C0 9.65

8.25 0.40 4/0 11.10 5.21! in.'3 1.1 5 10 05 1.20 10 85

2.10
2.0(1 2.70
2.f0 2.25

1.75 ''8.1 1 5c 88.'0 1.25 82.2 1.(0 32.8: 1.0'|31..70

20 Chemical Co. of Canton. Baltimore. hemical Co. of Canton Baltimore, Md.

250 Oir v Hunter, / thens. Ga

Ga. Chemical Works, Attuusta, Ga.

500 w. A c tovali, Augusta. Gu

(la. Chemical Works, AtUfU.-ta, Ga.

250 Langfton & Crane. Atlanta .... (ieo W. 51] es A Co . .Milford. Conn.

50-1 1''. Win .iinn A- Son, Savannah... J. F. \\ I eaton A i on. Pt. Royal, s. C.

a I

Norton & Yandiver's Standard Guano .
Navassa Guano JNassau Guano Owl Brand Guano Ociuulgce Guano Old Putnam Old Piitnun Obcr's Soluble Aui. Superphos. of Lime cOur Own AOglethorpe Am. Dissolved Bone
onolcHlgh Grade Oiiole llkh Grade oriole High Gtace... Pomona Guano ponjpna Guano, ,.......,

9.10 1.50 8.36 l.S 10.16 2.1S 0 2,5 28.40

'.10 2.00 5.4 6.20 1.05 2.0(1 l.n-33 .CO.

5 no- 2.60 7.25 3.80 10 5 2.1 1.20130.01

il. r0 8

7>5 2.15 10.00 2.(0 1.40 28 CO

1.75 8.50 6.00 3.15 0.75 2.10 1.80 28.86

15.(10 1.01 8.110 2.50 10.50 2.15 1.55 8(1.

12 0 o.ro 8 20 1 85 10 05 8.25 1.46 29.65

0.00 2.50 6. 5 4.01 o.-.o 2.01 2.25 3'.'7

12.'0 0.55 8.4 1.55 10.'0 2.25 1 ,5K '. 0.0'

13.li 2.40 0.25 1 .85 10.0" 2.40 3 00 32.8-

9.20 4.00 7.15 2.80 '.1 15 2.45

8.7; 3.75 7.51 2.50 10.(0 2.1' 0.75 20.2,'.)

8.70 -I. I) 7.(0 2 20 '.I.' 0 2..T 1.75 29.31

lu.Ml 3.20 0.85 8 15 10.00 2 i; 1.25 3(i.O

10. 0 1.25 8.50 2,45 10.05 2,00 2.50I31.0X)

80 Morton & Vaodiver. Koine. <TS . Michigan Carbon YV'ke, Detroit, Muh.

to Navassa Go. ( ... Wilirjihgtoii,N. C. N8na^>a Guano Co.. Wi mington. N c.

\ oo ' I1 We'd, s ivannah, i-a

BowkerFer. Co , Eiizabethpon, N. J.

250 Davie A vv'hit'l , Petersburg, Va.. Davie & Whittle, Pftersburu, Ya.

100 chi-apeak' 1'iiatio Co.. Baltimore,.| Chesapeake '. a no Co.. B.iltimore.Md..

5i; Savannah Guano Co , Savannah.... savannalii uatto Co., Savan ah, Ga..

-avnnnal Guano Co.. Sav4nnah Otier A Sons Co., Baltimore

SavHtmah Guano Co., s.ivai u in, Ga. ((. Olier A; Son's Co., 1 iillnor , Md.

. ,1 nali Guano Co., Savannah Savannah Gnu no Co., Savanna It, Ga.

lor. Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah Haininon' , Hull & Co., Pt. Roysl, S.c.

c Symington Bios. & Co , Baltimore.. Symington Bros. ,v Co., Baltimore, Md.

]8 Svmingu n J-ios. & Co., Baitm ore. Symington Bros. & Co., Raliimore,Md.

35 Symingtor Bros A: Co . 1 alliniore.. Symington Bits A- ' c, Palttmore, Md.

100 Petty M. DeLecn, Savannah,Ga... Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

ICO Perry M. Del-ton, fcavannab, Ga... Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah, Gft.

o

mmm

,

ill-"-" I

,, i .

...

Pine Island Phosphate

....;..

J'atapeco Soluble Am. Superphosphate.

Plow Brand Raw Bone Siipeiphosphate

/5_Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer

jfePowhattan Raw Bone Am. Superphos,

Potent Pacific

--

Pendlcton's Am. Superphosphate

liamspeck's .>m. Pone Phosphate

Rock Oiiy Superphosphate.

Hussed Coe'e Am B no Superphos....

Royal Superphosphate

Russell i oe's Fertilizer

Rialto Guano Reii nee Am. Superphosphate

/'Keen's Cotton Food? Raw Bone Alkaline superphos

^Symington's A in m niated Bone

*Symin tonsAmmoniated Bone

''Symington's Ammoniated Bone

Schaefei's Raw none Sni erphos

mSunbeam Sotnblc Guano

MM Fowl B. I>. Guano

Soluble Pacific Guano Seldner's i hampion Cotton Grower...

SICTS' Am Raw Bone Superphos

Sea Fowl Guano

S ono Soluble Guano hSolnble > ci Island.. istokely & i'cVnhoirs Am. Bone

Soluble Pacific Guano

f-eldnor's Am Ho.e Phosjl

Star Brand Guano

Sterling Guano

Standard Fertilizer

Truck Farmers' Speci.il Gi ano

Tie Georgia Cotton Grower

oUniversai Am. Iiissolved Hone

(/Victor Am Iiissolved Bone

Walker's Gold Dust

Wright's Solid Guauo

Waiulo Fertilizer

Wal.ace'sViclor.

Wi'cox & Gibb's Manipn'atcd Guano..

pZell's A. B Superphosphate

Zed's A. B. Phosphate

pZell's < a vert Guano

jiZell's Economizer

yZ"elVl' s F.lectr e...

..119.75 2.25 2.55 ..11.75 8.10 7.20 ..11.00 2.10 6.75 ..113.10 2.40 9 25 .. 10-7r 3.20 7.00 .. 12.00 3.5U 8 I'll .. IS.10 2.20 7.60 .. 10.1 (> 1.60 7.75 .. 7.5U 2.96 7.35 .. 16.75 2.20 5.50 .. 15.00 2.70 9.20 .. 13.0 2.6' 6.0" . 10 50 3.45 0.15 .. 11.00 2.7-5 6.85 .. 12.85 2 80 8.7f .. 12.25 1.90 8.00
.. 11.m 3 20 '('-.SO . 11 00 2.35 8 0 ... is.si 2.15 9.15 ... 13.00 1 85 sit
. 12.0i 3.20 8 0?
.. 13.0J 2. SO 8.80 ... Il.lo 2.7.'; 7.55 ... 10.6 3.51 6.45 ... 6 21 1.15 8.10 ... 12 5 2.60 7.4 .. 10.50 8.16 5.8! ... H.0 ;.. i' 6 85 ... 12.5 2.<0 7.5' ... 11.-'5 8:6 7 8 ... 12.3 2.80 8.7. ... 9.2 > 2 50 S 50 ... in.SO 2.00 7.'25 ... 14.SO 2:211 6:40 ... 10.50 1.5' 6.-'5 ... 9.'/5 1:30 7 .00 ... 15.50 1.75 5.00 ;. 15 51 1 .7:5 7.U0 ... 13.00 ]..ii 7.15 ... 15.0 1.00 7.50
... 10.75 2.80 5.40 . 10.'0 0.75 6.5<
... 8.75 2.00 3..50 ... 13.7 4.0 8.50 ... 13.ro 8.80
.... 13.75 4.On 8'51 ... 13.7 4 00 8.50
18.715 4.01 8.50

7.2? 9.80

3.22 10.4-2

4.3 11-05

1.85 10. IV

3.23 10.23

3.25 11.25

2.45 10.0-5

2.40 10.15

3.10 10.45

4.61 10.in

1.60 10.SI

6.4") 10.4:5

3.85 10 30

4.61 10.28

1 .C.o 10

2. 0 0 10

1.7' 9.10

1.1 9.11

1.20 10 P6

2.05 1(1 u5

2.05 10 10

-. .25 11.0 2.60 10.15

8. Ml 10.2

3.31 11.10

V.8 10.2'

5.40 11.25

3.25 9.'0

3.35 10.8

2.15 10 00

1.60 10.35

1 .15 9.65

2,9 0.2H

3.0 10.00

8.80 3 7:5

1100..70.55

3.4" 10.4 1

3.40 10.4

3 10 10.25

3.10 10.50

6.0 11.4"

9.55

6.4 9.95

1.95 10.45

2.4 10,20

1.05 10.45

1.9 10.45

1.95 10,45

2.30, 0 85 28.73

1 14 1.60 30.14

3.10! 2.20 35.67

2 40 8.0' VI 1-4

2 Oe 1 .50 29 16

2 10 1.20 12.34

3 0' 2 01 ffi. Ill 2 0' 1.0. 28 >

5 11 1.40 29.80

1 50 1.30 27.6 2 30 1.30 31.18

2 3.5 2.H 11.<6

',' 15 1 40 .".i ',\

2.38 1 70

2 55 l.fO 3 .88

9 4; 1.05 10.97

2, 55 1.0 21.1-

> !5 1.60 27.51 2 2i 1.35 2!l.97

2 40 2.10 id 71

i 40 1.50 10.81

2 60 (1 75 12.81

') 8 1.25 11.81

2 18 .1.2-) 29.60

1 88 2.0' 35. S-

2 50 0.90 stMO ' 88 1.50 34. S6

2 in l.OO 26.7

2 8 1.10 1-2.78

? -5 1 15 29. Rl

2.5,5 1.5 11 ,3t

12.(15 0 8 17.53

2 2-5 1.'(l !9.6.j

9 I'll 1 3 18.50

3 8: 3.0( 16.78

? 52 1.65 12.22

2 15 ? 15

8.54 28 54

'2.15 1 11 29. "4

2 4-5 1 2( 11.02

1 3( 1.0." 12.13

2 0.5 li 85 '7.3

2 75 2.-51 12.9(

f OF 2.01 30.28

?. Of 1 -'5 !9.36

2 0 ? 01 10. VS

2.0; 2 0' '0.-.8

2.0! 2.0( id. 28

lOO.Qninipiac For. Co., N. London, Ct.l&ulnipiac: Fer. Co , ^w London, Ct.

1..0. gnl 100 2i

p.Vat.a..psLeo,, .G. uano/C..o. , c Balittiimn.o..r,.e., Walton, Wh 'lin & Co , Macon, Ga. Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah.. I.orenlz & Kiltler, 1 aliimore

P>a.ittsa>prisseeon Gnu.a'lnlio C(.0o.., Baltlimorice, 1MMiUl. 115 alum. Whann * Qo.,Wilmington,Del.
Hammond Bull & Co., Ft, Royal, S. C. l.oieiit/ A Rittler, Paliiniore, Md.

1'0 Perry M. Del eon, Savannah

|1 erry M. DeLeon, Savannah. Ga.

1000 l-nidlelon Guano I o., Atlanta

iPendleton Guano Co , Atlanta, Ga.

40 T. U. Ramspeck. Incntur. Ga

T R. Ramsptck. Decatur, Ga

15 National For. ' o.. Na-hville. Tejm. Naiional Fer. Co., Nashville, Tcnn.

10 Mas.-n. Westminster, S. o Russell Coe, Linden, X. J.

lf-0 M. M CUBIT &Jo., savannah, Ga. 4C0 J. F Wheaton. Savannah, Ga

Bradl y Fer. ' o., Boston, Mass. I msell Coe. Linden. New Jersey.

20 Rialto Guano Co.,Savannah <!:. ..
80 "alton. Whunn & I o.. Mi eon. )a 'li Rialto Guano ' o . Savannah, Ga..
lin (,. ulier 2* SSon's Co.. Baltimore ~b Siminglon Pros. & Co.,Baltimore.

Rialto (luano ( o., Sav nnah Ga. cvalton. Whann * Co.,WilmingU-n, Del.
Ria lo Guano Co., Savannah, 'a. G Ober * Soil's ' o., Ba'timore, Md. Symington Pros. ,t Co.. Baltimore, Md.

2 rynvngton Bios, A Co., Baltimore. in Syn inuioii Bros. A- Co., Baltimore. 25 G. Ober A Son's <>., Baltimore

Symington r'ros. & Co., Paltimoie, Md. Symington Bros. & (.-o., Baltimore, Md. ,. tiber * Son's Co.. Baltimore, Md.

]0o .i
300 2" ' 15 60

Tlie A1 anta Guano Co.. Atlanta.. Pollard & Roberson. Augusta Woods .V Co. savannah, Ga F. c. Gianse, Secy. Atlanta Winters & Lcgg, Marietta, Ga N. A. llnrdee s sen A ( o., Savun li.

The Atlanta Guano Co., At anta. Ga. PradUy Fertilizer Co., Bosb n, Mass Pacfic Guano Co., Woods Hole, Ma;s.
Rialto Guano Co , Savannah, Ga. stir, s' Fer. & Chenl. Mfg Co.. N. Or. Uradley's Fer., North Weymoth, Mass.

'2.5 son. Phos. i o., Charleston, s. c.. St on Pho". in . Charleston, S. C.

-0 Raisin Feriilizer Co., Baltimore -- 7.5.1i:o Merrjman,* Co.. Baltimore.,

Raisin Fertilizer ' Jno. Merryman tt

o., Baltimore, Md. Co., Barren Is.,N. Y.

204l1121O372"20.',6008(55Oi .s(PfKW SW \rTt\a.elthahCaociaui.enelrinlnldnfeld.ioiGzo5diacai5iaomm&.earPrriGedtahPss,cC,nu(o,hAoBhFoaesCoCx.n.enuees,lhgm ro.raC.AtniiNrrioeiSCk.slkGreieoo&z.awci&.C&en,by,CArhdb,VCCCo'aatCSMhoolhr(a)(loa.aia.5W e,ink,v.rlr.,slltlaN eNtaeaCBnos.sstoentne'tohoowoa,sw '.ng.nht,SoS,.t,Y,A\o.nao.sSGnotvC ...;l,ra'.'khCklC.Ua...aS1RT.W SM M W RIW'tthahieaoalaieieeaainllnlnisolltdtdGW oioihoidaacanaao&mmiGrti.Gdtl&lsPsa<(cuin,,hnoFhoaoAasCeCnoxenpA,m dorsi*lohtaaNpdiIarCrlGhiCekkilsho&azewiooe.bteA&.,nmeC,bM'rY,CsSCoCCCiRo.aoloooC,hGlrv.i....a,k.oC.c.,aCr.h.C>nCNB.hleomnahoeNeos.arw..waots,lehoAitenwloS,n^sYedtnatlGs.ooaovYtansronVr'hok..k,tn.aar..C,.k.S,S.G..G. CaCa....

rn Wallaee & Wallace Augusta --
lOOlT'iie Wilcox * Gibbs G. o., Sav'h. 2uTheZell (iuano Co., Baltimore....

Wallace & Wal ace, New York. I lie 55 ilcoxA GibbsG. Co., Sav'h, Ga, The Zell Guano Co , Baltimore, Md.

2(ilThe Zell Guano Co , Baltimore

The Zell Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

0 The Zell Guauo Co., Halt more -- The Zell Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

20 'I lie Zell Guano Co., Baltimore l.'iThe Zell Guano f o , Baltimore ...

1 lie Zell Guano Co., Paltimoie, Md. I'l'he Zell Guano Co.^altimpre, Md.

,. ing-

>
CO Pi
O
o o w npa > r
M
N n w
CO oo

ton

*Thls brandI Bros. A Co.

was published in cCiirrccuullar Nmo>. The name is here amended in

061 aunsj"AnmuimmonwiaitjeidiB *TMo~n~e,,'"^--h-lI'c'-m;,e"T,a;,n.d^ReDuests^ UT.e samples'we.e taken in accordance \v5v-ith their siuibsecQueimit tsUuuUmmeem "'<' "' HQh \it wUhou{ knowledge that

the usual way. by sworn. GGeeoorgia tbey each, represented the siame,

IIiirnnnasssSnppiieeBilice,:cttooi1o'rrlssrhhs,e.ffirrraooonmmmaloyddsiiisessttsiiurrAa..ccfr.1ett ,lloowttissithaaonnddiuutoodnnouddbiifftll,.. rlS M,,ee,,,nn8 bhttsaattooomcc^iccMi^aaa^irssii^iillooVh^innrss.,,oraarnneddet watoenrrdpe fsaeiprlayrarteeplyre*as"enny$ta^thvzee*sae^ ybeyU iathl e1pstw < ^S of Symingtons Ammo,,n,i,,a,t,,e!d, R B,,o,,n,,e..". , . CCOoM ^iM MIrStsSrJoW NEERB._

Slhese agricultural

goide value

are ammoniated, in whole or in part with of this preparation, as source o aminpni

jatmi.a^ "!l,'rffbnj,7^ "^l,r^ -c7^ Zw'e^ yer^ , tihatU3thede

nitrogen It eoutgins i* umchless av lablei thin in Hfljy in these epecifio 'a**, show that b0UtT4 per Cent, of UP

TABLE II.--Acid Phosphate, Dissolved Bones, Natural Guanos, Chemicals, etc.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

a Is

0a . KS

NAME OF BRASD.


1

0
>> 0

FOR WHOM INSPECTED.

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED.

o
W

a

3*3 0-

M

d . -0

& a> o f0c^5>

>

Atlanta Soluble Bone

10.00 3.70 12.15 1.05 13.20

Add Phosphate, Standard No. 1

... 12.25

Acid Phosphate aud Potash

'

8.75

Acid Phosphate

!2.00

aAcId I'hosph *te

,

12' 10

6Atlantic -cid Phosphate. !.!..!!'!!!!!! is!25

2.20 10.60
7.60 2.00 11.10 1.35 11.75 1 25 10 05

2 50 13.10 4.8) 12.40
2.10 13.20
1.95 13.70 3.60 13.65

oAlheus Dissolved Bone

18.25

Ashepoo Dis'd Bone with Am'aand Potash 10 50

Ashepoo Bone Ash

11.05

Ammoniated Acid Phosphate Ashley Dissolved Bone

!..!!! 12 76 m'50

Acid Phosphate

13 75

Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate

14[25 "]' 12511

A. T. Heath's Soluble Bone! Ashley Acid Phosphate.

7 50 12 50

Ashepoo Acid Phosphate

i;j.no

Bale's Phjsphue Guauo

,

10 00

Bale's Acid rhosphate

" ioo>

Barlavento Island Guano

!. 14 00i

Cole's Cotton Acid Phosphate !.

u'tv

Cranston Acid Phosphate

'..".'.'. 8.75

1.25 10.05
3.'/5 8.30 8.25 9.25 0.50 8.36 1.5(1 10.61 1.85 5.85 2 15 12 25 4.00 7.5^ 2.03 6.75 1 8.86 2.65 10.55
I.OOl 8.65 2.60 9.16 3 70 6,50 1.85 8.20 2.25 11.10

3 60 13.65 3.0i 11.30 4.00 13.25 1.80H2.15
8 50 Mil
7.45 18.3'
1 85 14. It
3.70 11.25 S.'.iO 12.65 4.29 5
3.20 13.75 5.'0 13.75 2 30 11.45 4.15 10.95
3.95 12.15
8.20 14 31

eCharle-ton Acid Ihosphate

.... 14 >5 1.40 10 li 3.30 3.10

Chatham Acid Phosph .te

.11.7/1 2.00 5.4" 7.50 12.90

o'lherukee DIssulveoBone Dissolve d Bones

13 2> !!!!! 11 8

1.25 10. Of) 1.35 13..S5

3.60 15.65 1 15.20

Dissolved Hone Phos. So. Ca

."..."! 8 5

Dissolved So. Ca. Bono

tH.lb

Ula-olved So. Ca. Bone

10 GO

Dissov.d 8one Phosphate of Lime....!.' ll!60

2.8 10.00 3.25 10.30 3.00 8.40 1.00 II.8

3.50 13.50
1.80 12.10
4.10 12.50 1.20 12.25

Dissolved Bone Phosphate of Lime DeLeon's Dissolved Bone Phosphate.

It.00 11 00

4.5D 10.CO 1.50 9.90

4.10 14.10 3.15 13.25

Diamoud Soluble Bone

10.50 1.75 7 25 6.22 13.47

Dobb's Chemical for Composting . .

Eutau Bone Ash

tdlsto Acidulated Rock

!!! .

8 110 10 00
18 00

5.10 5. IS
3.00 8 20, 1.65 14.18

6.25 11.40 4.00 12.20
2.0016.15

'-'6.4-

26..K)

26 2t>

26.40

27.40

101 28.30
i.o< 28.30 1.25 i.eo 28. lc

i!so

1.65 21.15 1.21 29.82

23.20

26.60

?0

22.50

I.81 26.50

o.eo 27.20

27.50

0 7 28.25

0.26 23 15

21.90

1.25 25.66

28 60
1.10 27.ro

0.20 26.00

1.(0 28 30

30.40

27.00

24.20.

25.00

24.50

28.20

1.20 <7.70

26.94

1.00 23.80

2.85 26.75

.'32.20

1(0 The A'lanta Guano Co., Atlanta G: 50" The Ga. Chem. * Min'g Co, Atl'a 60 Pendleion GuaDo Co , \tlnnia 12 Nat'n'al Fen'zer Co., Nashv'e Tent
100 Hammond. Hull * Co., >avn'h da 800 Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston,'S.C
56 Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S.C 10 Ashepoo Phos. Co., charl'ston, S.C 50 Achepoo Phos. Co., (.harl'ston, S ( 100 Atlantic Phos. Co., ( hars'ton, S C 50 Ashley Phos. Co , Char'ston s. 0, 10 Lawson, Ke-sler & Co., Bal're Mc 101 Savannah Go. Co., Savannah Ga 100 Chesapeake Gu^no Co., Baltimore. 10 Ga. Chem'l A Mining Co,, Atlanta
10 Ashley Phos. Co., Ckarcston, S C.
TOO Ashepoo Phos. Co., Chas'ton, S C 50 J. A. Bale, Rome. Ga
80 J. A. Bale, It .me, Ga 3 Lorenlz & Ritler, Baltimore! '!!!.'! 109 Ga. Chem'l & Mining Co , Atlanta 50 K. P. Sibley, Augusta, Ga 600 Siono Iho-, Co.. Charleston, S.C . 50 Perry M. IieLeon, Savannah. Ga . 100 Atlantic Phos Co., Charleston, S.C. 75 Stems Fer. A Chem. M'f'gCo. 30 G. Obe:- & Son Co., Baltimore, Md 40 P. S Chappell A Son, Balt'ore, Md.
E Chem'l Co of Canton. Balt'oM, Md 500 Pacific Go. Co., Charleston. S. C. 150 J. O. Mathewion & Co., Augusta . 50 Perry M. DeLeon, favannah 511 Walton, Whann 4 Co , Macon, Ga 50 S. C. Dobbs, Athens, Ga- . . 50 ,,tSahep^o.i .' h"uo3s.' C^o . C^nhaarrs'sttoonn,, sS..Cc.. 10'Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston

The Atlanta Guniio Go., Atlanta, Ua. I he Ga. Chem. & Miu. Co., Atlanta. Pendleton Gnanu Co , Atlanta, Ga National Firt'zer (.j, Nashville, Tenn. Ham., ono, Hull A Co , Pt. Royal.S.C. Atlantic I'hos. Co, Charleston, S L". Atla. t c Ph. s. Co., Charleston, S. C. Ashepoo Phos. Co., harleston. S C. lsbep. o Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, S C Ashley Phosphate Co., Char'eslon S.C. Lawson, KesslcrCo., tiidtimore, Md. Savannah Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. Chesapeake Guano Co., Balli.Dore Ga. 1 hem'IA .MiningCo., Atlanta Ashley Pho-phate Co., Charleston, S.C. Ashepoo Phos. Co , Chaileston, S C. I. A. Bale, K. roe, Ga. J. A. Bale, Rome, Ga.
Lorentz & llit.er, Baltimore. Ga. hem'i & Min.ni Co., Atlanta. K. P. -Ililey. Augusta, Ga.
Stono Phospha e Co.. <. harleston, 8 C Perry M. Del.ejn, Savannah. Atlantic Phos. Co., Charleston, 8. C -terns Fer. * Chem. vi'l'g Co., N. O G. Ober * Sons Co , Baltimore, Md. ' P. S Chappell &Son, Baltimore Md. hjmlcal ( o of. anion, Baltimore.Md Pacific Guano Co , t h .rle-ton, S. C Pacitie Guano Co., Wood's Hole, Mass Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.
Wa ton, Whinn x Cc, Wilming'n, Del Raisin Fenilizer Co., Baltimore Ashepoo Phos Co., Charleston, 8. C. Edisto Ph.ospl.ate Co., 1 harleston, S C

s H
PI 2! H O
a > n a r
H G
70 M
o I
Po I a n
oON\

--

JEdisto Acid Phosphate

Etiwan Acid Phosphate

Eiiwan Dissolved Bone

....

Edisto Ammoniated Acid Pho phate...

Bzell's Dissolved Bone

Butau Acid Phosphate

Franklin's Acid Phosphate

Parish Fninian's Formula

15.70 15.25
14.SO 12.50 13.00 13.00
13.75 10.00

tFinc Kaw Bone........

aFarwer's Acid Phosphate

12.10

G Ober & Sous Co., dcid Phosphate ... 14.70

Ga Chem'l Works A. P. without Potash 9.50

Grange A cid Phosphate................. 13.50

Geo % Scott Charleston Acid Phosphate 12.75

Georia'State Grange Acid Phosphate .. 10.25

cGeo. *ia Chem'l Works Acid Phosphate 12.50

oGeorgia State Standard A. P

12.10

High Grade Acid Phosphate

13.50

High Grade Acid Phosphate

17.00

Hardee'sAcid Phosphate

11.00

Hardee's Phosphate and Potash

10.30

Harle & Co. DissUved Bone

11.50

Kainit Kainit Kainit Kainit.

KaiL.it

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit.

Kainit .

Kaiuit

Kainet.

Kaioit

Kainit

Kainit

Kainit



.

L and C. Dissolved Bone

Magnolia Acid Phosphate

Natknal Dissolved Bone

Navassa Acid Phosphate

dOglethorpe Acid Phosphate Oichilla Guano

d Oglethorpe Dissolved Bone

Pendleton's Phosphate tor CompostiDg.

Phosphate Floats

Potash Acid Phosphate Pure Ground Tankage

Pure Dissolved So. Ca. Bone

3? omona Acid Phosphate

12.50 12..25 10.30 14.00 11.75 10.20 11.75 6.50
io.5'J 8.6'J 13.75 13.50

11.05 2.05113.10 10.05 2.65 12.70 8.2' 5.25 13.4'' 8.50 1.76 10.25 10.60 8.17 13.77 9.85 3.55 13.40 10.20 3. 14.05 6.50 3.85 10.35 11.75 IM 13170 12.75 1.35 14.10 15.65 1.15 16.80 0.40 2.25 11.65 8.80 3.05 11.85 10.50 3.70 14.20 11.10 3.55 14.65 11.75 1.95 13.70 11.SO 2.25 IS.IS 11.10 1 12.48 9.60 3.50 13.00 8.50 3.70 12.20
3.42 18.30
10.76 0.50 11.25 10.45 2.75 13.20 9.15 1.30 10.1 8.50 3.70 12.20 10.50 2.40 12.9'
i6i50 2^6 12^90
8.40 4.50 12.90 7^85 2.60 10 J5
D!25 4!9o ii!i6
1L.6C 2.55 14.15

l.EO'27.70 1.00 26.40

10 Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston

Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston, S. C.

100 Eiiwan Phos. Co., Chai'ston, S.C. Etiwan Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

29.90 150 Eiiwan Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. C. Etiwan ?hos. Co. Charleston, 8. C.

1.00 26.59 0.00 27.54 1.05 27.80
28.10 4.35 25.05
27^40 28.20

10 Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C, Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 50 Ashep o Phos. Co., Charleston S.C. Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. 60 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, 8.C Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston S.C. 50 F. C. Grange, Sc'y, Savannah, Ga. Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga. 50 Furman's Farm Imp. Co., Atlanta Furman's Farm. Imp. Co., East Pt.. Ga. 12 A. A. Fletcher & Co., Maretta, Ga. Northwestern Fertilizer, Chicago, 111. 100 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah.. Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal. 700 G. Ober & Sons Co., Baltimore, Md G. Ober & Sons Co., Baltimore.

> > r <

33.60 160 Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta. .. Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta.

28.30

1.50 25.20

ilio

23.40 30.40

10 Rialto Guano Co., Savannah Ua... Rialto Guano Co., Savannah, Ga.

15" i^eo. W. Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ga.. Geo. W. Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ga.

5i0 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga

Baldwin & Co., Port Royal, S. C.

500 Georgia Chem'l Wo-ks, Augusta.. Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

eWn O

27.40

Hammond, Hull 4 Co., Savannah.. Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal.

27.50 100 Jno. Merryma'i & Co , Baltimore.. Imported.

n

24.96 1.12 27 12 1.62 1.25 27.85 9.00 9 00

300 John Merrjman & Co., Baltimore... Imported.

10 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Ch'ston, S. C... Ashepoo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

10 \shepoo Phos. Co., Cha'ston, S. C. Ashepoj Phos. Co., Charleston, 8. C.

10 J. W. Harle & Co., Atlanta, Ga

J. W. Harle & Co., Atlanta.

10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta, Ga

Imported.

O
S s
w

9.00 9.00 10.00 10.00 11.60 11.60 1.50 11.50 11.65 11.65

100 Walton, Whann & Co., W'lm'n, De! Imported.

10 Geo. W. Crane, Augusta, Ga

Imported.

29 Webster, Davis & Co., Atlanta, Ga. Imported.

1(0 Atlantic Phos. Co., Chas'ton-, S.C... Imported.

50 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah. Imported.

o
>1--1
t-1

11.50 11.50 10.70 10.70 11.80 11.80 12.50 12.50 13.40 12.40 13.40 13.40 12.10 12.10 12.60 12.60

600 Baldwin & Co., Savannah, Ga ... Imporied. 100 The Wilcox Gibbs G. Co., Sav'nah Imported. 60 Savannah Guano Co., **avaiinah... Imported. 30 Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, 8, C. Imported.
10 Edisto Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C Imported 100!Jno. Merryman & Co. Balt're, Md. Imported.
30Weld & Hanshore,Savannah, Ga.. Imported. 2o|Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C... Imported.

n
M 73 H
N

11.65 11.6,
1.25 26.09 1.85 27.75 1.50 25.64
1.25 25,65 25.80

60 Ashepoo Phos. Co., Cnar'ston,- S. C. Imported.

200'L8ngston & Wood-on, Atlanta . Cleveland, Dryer & Co., Cleveland, O.

10 M. A. Stovall, AuguBta, Gi

Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta,

15 McGhee & Co., Home, Ga

National Fertilizer Co., Nashyil'e,Tenn.

10 Jordan & Pope, Augusta

Navassa Guano Co., Wilmington, N. C

50 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah Hammond. Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. C.

150 Traverse, Snead & Co , Richm'd.Va Natun 1 Guano.

CO 00

2o!80 27.15

60 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah Hammond, Hull & Co., Port Royal. 50 Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta... Pendleton's Guano Co.. Atlanta. 100 Atlantic Phos. Co., Char'ston, S. C. Atlantic Phos. Co.. Charleston. S. C.

enI

2 50 0.35
22.30 25 29.55

100 LorertzA Kittler, laltimore, Md.. Lorentz & Ritler, Baltimore, Md.

16 .T. O. Jelks & Co., Hawkinsville, Ga A. B. May r & Son, St. Louis, Mo.

5 Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore.

50 Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah.

VQ

TABLE II--CONCLUDED.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

si

NAME OF BRAND.

3

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANU-

FOH WHOM INSPECTED.

FACTURED.

^5

W

>

JO

dPort Royal Acid Phosphate

11.75 (1.85 10.50 2.4(1 12.1)0

dPort Rojal Dissolved Bone Phosphate. 11.75 0.85 10.51) 2.10 12.SO

Patapsco Acid Phosphate

11.C3J 1.26 10 70 2.80 13.50

25. SO
r 25 28.15

Hammond, Hud & Co.. savannah. Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, 8. C.
50 Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah.. Hainnioi d, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal 10 Patapsco Guaao Co., Baltimore... Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore.

_J
3
pi

-f Pure Ground Bone Hussel 1 Coe's Bone Superphosphate Special Dissolvtd Bone

ii'.ih'

.2. 2

CO 15

5.5"

5\6CI iiiio

i".on 1.75 9.25 1.75 11.00

08 50 i.

12 Winlers & Legg, Marietta, Ga

S* n's F'zer. & Chem. Co., X. O., La.

2^70 loo R. E. Mason. vVes cluster, S. C .. Ri'-.-c" ( oe, IV" den, N. J.

28 50 12 G. Ober & Sons Co , Baltimore. .. G.Obe1"^ Son' Co., raltiuiore.

2! H

Storio Dissol ved Bone

14.25 1 45 10.15 4.02 14.17

28.34 28 Stono Phos, Co.,Cha-!eston,*S. C. Stono Phos. i )., Charleston, S. C.

O

eStouo Acid Phosphate

14.65 1.40 10.10 3.30 13.40

i. 27.! J 225 Stono Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Stono ?' I'phate Co., rnarleston, S. C.

JSoluble Bone Acid Phosphate

13.25 1.25 10.05 3.60 13.65

i. 00 28.30 100 Atlai.tic Phos. Co., Charleston, S.C Atlantic Phos. Co.. Charleston, S. C.

cSolablc Bone D:st Wetzler Acid Phosphate Wando Dissolved Bone. Wando Acid Phosphate Wando Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
aWoston's Dissolved Bone XX Acid Phosphate

12.50 0.20 11.10 3.55 14.65
18 75, 2.00 9.50 2.15 11.65 11.21 2.10 10.0.) 3.75 13.75 11. F0 1.85 8.35 4.(15 13. C'1 11.50 2.25| 8.05 3.( ) 11.05

i.
Y.
3o

30.10
28.3" 27.50 27.20 30.38

100 Rogers. Woisham & Co. Macon, Ga. Ga. Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga.

25 S. A. Wetzler, Atlanta, Ga

X. A. Wetzler, Savannah, Ga.

100 Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Waudo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

100 Wando Phos Co., Charleston, S. C. Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

2l Wando Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C. Waudo Phos. Co., Charleston, S. C.

n
73
n c

12.101 1.35 11.75 1.95 13 70 10 50 1.85| 8.JO 6.10 14.10

27.40

Hammond, Hull & Co.. Savannah.. Hammond, Hull & Co., Savannah, Ga.

28. ?0 80 Walton,Whann&Co. Wilm'gton.Del Walton,Wl.ann 4 Co. Wilmington,Del.

r H

t Rawbone or bone meal contains no reverted acid proper, as it has not been acidulated. The whole of the phosphoric acid is, therefore, reported as "insoluble," : .though, practically, it is mach more available as plant food than phosphoric acid from o.her sources. A good, finely ground hone meal i-worth about H'\00,

C -

DUPLICATE BBANDS.--In some instances, feitil'z- rs manufactured by the same formula, and actually sacked from the same bulk--being In every respect identi -

- <;al--are sold under different names. Such brands are indicated in the foregoing tables by letters a, 6, c, etc., prefixed to the same, those having the same letter the

ame table being identical, or sacked and shipped from the same bulk. *Irisoluble phosphoric acid is not immediately available as plant food. If derived from natural guanos (as Peruvian, Orchilla, etc.) it speedily becomes available ;

O

if fnm anirus'. bone, it becomes available within two or three years; if from phosphate rock, it reinaius unavailable for a considerable length of time, Natural guanos and bor.es have, therefore, value in this connection if immediate results are not desired.

O

Lee's agricultural lime: sand, 7,00, lime, 36.50 ; ] otash, 3.35. Sulphite of lime, ca.bonate of lime. Inspected for Anderson & Fuller, Augusta, Ga., manufactured

5B

*y A. S. I ee, Richmond, Va. The following brand has been found below the standard and the sale has accordingly been prohibited: Baker's Prepared Chemicals, moisture, 8 00; insoluble, 6.50 ;
soluble, 3.i0 ; reverted, 5.08 ; total available, 8,55 : ammonia, 1,25 ; potash, 1,6); relative commercial va.ue, 23,20. No. of tons represented by this in pection, 12. For whom inspected, Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore. Manufactured by Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore, Md.
The manufacturers averred their conviction that this brand would not be subject to the standard requirement of the law, but would bu classed '.s a "Chemical,"
and be admitted 10 sale as such without regard to its content of available phosphoric acid. This prohibition of sale should uot be coust.'ued as a reflection on other hrands made by the same company, which are shown, by analysis, to be ful'y up to the standard required by law, and to their guaranteed analyses.

CO

TABLE III. This table represents analyses of special samples officially drawn from lots in the hand of ^
o
Retail Dealers and Farmers.

>

NAME OP BEAND.

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

UI THE HANDS OF

BY WHOM AND WHERE MANUFACTURED.

>r<s.
K tn

At'anta A. Super Phosphate

12.50 2 50 7.60

A A A A Cotton Grower

14 on 1.75 8.75

Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer

I2.f) 2.45 5.1 0

Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate.

11.SO 3.10 6.65

And-ewCoc'sOriginalA. B. Phosphate.. 13.40 2.80 MB

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

12.10 4.05 f.BB

Ame ieus Amui'd Pone Superphosphate.. 9.20 3.00 4.00

Bradley's Patent Fupeij tosphate of Lime 18.76 1.25 8

Baku's Standard Phosphate

12.15 3.10 7.16

Brannon's Sol. Guauo

13.50 1.00 7 85

Er 'win's Am'd Diss'dBone

13.25 8.10 9.0

Caswell's Fag'e A. B. Sureiihosphate... 11 <> 2.f0 7.6B

Ch'impion (oiton Grower

12.50 2.C0 8.25

Crescent Bone Fertilizer

14.011 l.f 6.55

Cotton States Soluble Phosphate

12.25 0.80 7 25

Chappcll's Champion Am'd Superphos 12.1(i 2,85 7.00

Chappell's Champion Am'd Superphos. 11.VB 2.50 8.20

Champion Cotton Grower

11.99 1.85 9.10

De* on's Complete Cotton Fertilizer. 13.0(1 4.00 7.50

DeLeon's inimal Bone Fertilizer

14.30 1.85 8.2'

E.F.ank Coe's Am'd Bone Superphosphate ll.C 3.00 8.7,

Etiwan Guano

ii. or 3.20 6.05

Edf'yi one So'uble Guano

1(1.25 1/0 7.50

Eureka A. B. Superphos. of Lime

i4.l C 2.10 8.60

Excelsio ' A m'd Bone Fertilizer

12 51 2.51 8.6(

Empire State A. B. Fertilizer

14.00 1.85 9 50

Edisto Am. Fertilizer

13.51 2.75 7.25

Farmer's Friend Fertilizer

15 25 2.00 8.20

Forest City Memrniated Diss'd Bone... IS.BC 3. 0 8.00

Furman's Formula Am'd.

13.50 1.85 6.!0

Gtm /m'd Sol. Bone

11.75 1 3.851 7.15

2.55 2.111
6.26 3 15 9 801 2.85 4-"> 6.00 10 3.10
1.80 1.7H
1.16 2.45 1.P0 3.30 3.40 2-70 2.16
2.10 2.15 2.20
1.25 2.90 3.15
1.'. 1 1.05 65' 1.5,, 1.90
2.55 2.10 2.60 2.75

2.70 2.(1 2,40
2.10 2.15
2.25 2.S0 2.55 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.15
2-01 2.10 2.06
2.80 2.16 2 15
2 20 2.25
2.25 2.20 2.60 2.2
2.00 2.00 2.00 2.10 2.00
'.CO 2.00

1.75 77 C. E. WcGregor, Warrenten

The Atlanta Guano Co.. Atlanta

1.20 10 B. T. liawlins, Sandersville

Mf'd for B.T. Eawlins, Sandersville.Ga.

1.70 30. 84 A. E. Brown, Sparta, Ga

Navassa Guano Co., Wi'mmgtan, N. C.

1.40 28, 66 John F. Lewis* Son, Motezuma Chesapeake Guano' Co., Baltimore.

1.7' 29 49 Coorer & Carter, Perry Ga

DambmanBros &Co., Ealt lore.

2.10 3". 00 D. W. Patterson, Griffin, Ga. .. . Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta, Ga.

J.l 20. 58 Harold, Johnson & Co., Americus,Ga Williams. Clark & Co.. New York.

1.40 88. 7S G. A. Vcavr. 1 horoaston, Ga.. Bradlev Fertilizer Co , Eoston, Mass.

2.00 V 8. lid V hite. Davis & Co., Albany, Ga.

Chemical Co. of Canton, Baltimore.

pro 27 90.J. 1), Snellgore, Smithville, Ga.

J. F. Brannon & Co., Baltimore, Md.

2.00 ?0. 04|J. W. Calhiun, Arlington,Ga...

Baldwin & Co., Savannah. Ga.

1.30 19 24L. Powell. Sparta

.. T D '"aswell, Augusta, Ga.

1.65 12 39 J. M. Cody, Warrenton

S. A. Wcizler, Atlanta, Ga.

1.36 n J, J Sparks. Sandcisville

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah

28 Conrcil & Williferd, Amerjcus

John R Long, Kaltimore. Md.

1.60|29 O. B. Sceveng.Dawfon, Ga

P. S. Chappell & Son.. Baltimore, Md.

1.50

Stevens ... Hill, Erownwood, Ga.... P S. Chappell & Sor. Baltimore, Md.

1.86132 B. L Joiner, Andersnivilie, Ga -- S. A. Wetzler, Atlanta, Ga.

1.""28, Milton Bros. & Pozicr Dawson, 6a Perry M. DeLeon, Sava nah, Ga.

1.10'30. J. J. Spaiks, Sandevsvile, Ga

Periy M. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

1.60

A. J. Singleton & Co., Blakeiy, Ga . E Frank Coe, Buriingslip, N. Y.

1.25

E. Tappan, White Plains, Ga

Etiwan Phos. Co , Charleston, S. C.

1.30

T. S. Burtrn. Smithvil e, Ga

Walk's Cove Go. Co., N.Bedfoid.Mass.

i.ro

S. A. Eoddenberry, Cairo,Ga

Atlantic & Va. Fertz r Co, Ficbmord.

1.55

J.W.Calhoun, Aiiington, Ga

Savannah GnonoCo., Savannah. Ga.

2.25

W. A Coleman, Fort ( aines

Mf'd for G P. Swift* Co, Col'mbus.Ga

8.50

Hatch Turner, Milledgeville

Edisto Phos. Co , Charleston, S. C.

1.25

Cw per & Carter, Perry, Ga

Eead & Co. New York.

1.86

W. D. Murray & Co.. Ellaville, Ga Hammond. Hull & Co., Savannah.

2.C0

Geo. ^. Swif. A Sons. Columbus, Ga. Furman Farm Imp't Co., E. Point,Ga.

2.20

John Stuart, LaCross, Ga

W. B. Seal, Baltimore, Md.

n c
2 S. n M n
r >
00. oo I on.

TABLE III.--CONTINUED.

TORIC ACID.
o

NAME OF BRAND.

2
0 CO

3
> ca

'3 5
H

o a a < a

a

-d s>

--

"S " 03

IS THE HANDS OF.

BT WHOM AND WHERE MANUFAC-

TURED.

O

W

>
73

H

Georgia Pacific Georgia State Grange Fertilizer Georgia Fertilizer Georgia State Standard Superphosphate.
"eor^.a Cotton Com pound

3.60 185 7.25 3.15 10.40 2.45 1.10 30.72 J. W. Evans, Hawkinsvillc, Ga 11.00 3.20 10.15 l.i 11.45 2.85 1.50 34.66 Rogers, Worsham & Co., Macon... 13.70 3.50 6.75 8.60 10.35 2.10 1.25 29.51 H. C. Fryer* Son, Blakely, Ga.... 13.00 3.20 9.26 1.90 11.15 2.45 2.60 33.72jT. S. Burton, Smithville, Ga 10.0' 1.00 9.50 2.8.1 11.85 2.60 2.10 35.16 W. W. Jenkins, Geieva, Ga.

Clark's Cove Go. Co., N. Bedford.Mass. Baldwin A Co., Savannah, GR. C. C. Hardwick, Savannah, Ga.
Hammond, Hull & Co , P; Royal, S. C. G. Ober A Sons Co., Piltimoic, Md.

3az
H

Gossypium Phospho

12.1 2.50 6.(0 4.70 10.71 2.45 1.7 31.97 T~. H. Frierson, Butler, Ga.

Harle & Co's Raw Bone Superphosphate.. 12.40 2.50 3.15 7.70 0.85 2.20 l.oo 30.62 J. C. Sinm ons, tparta, Ga ..

G. W. Scott & Co., Atlanta, Ga. J. W. Harle & Co., Vtlan.a, Ga.

O

Home Mixture

9.50 2.75 P.0'1 2.65 0.65 2.76 1.25 32.45 D. G. Avcra, Smithville, Ga

Hardee's Cotton Boll A'd Superphosphate 15.50 2.75 6 50 3.40 9.90 2.85 1.11 31.16 L. A. Graybill ,fc Co., Oconee.Ga.

Wunt & Bro's Am'd Diss. Bone

12.50 2.76 9.0O 2. 11.15 2.25 2.50 32.90 C. D. Hunt, Columbus, Ga

Columbus Fertilizer Co, Columbus.
Clark Cove Go. Co, New B'd.'o d, Mass. Fort Royal Fer. Co., Port Royal, S. C.

>
O

Hoirefc.ead Guano John Merryman & Co.'s A. D. Bone J, J. Sparks' A. B. Superphosphate

9.00 . 00; 7.65 2.20 9.85 2.15

27.41 G. B. Stovail Madison, Ga

9. S.OOI 8.51 1.55 10.05 2.55 1.75 si.OSGray Bro's, Fort Valley, Ga

15.00 1.75| 0.25 3.10 9.35 2 3! 1.35 28.37 J. J. Sparks, Sandersvffle

Michigan Carbon works, Detroit, Mich. John Merryman & Co., Baltimore, Md. Raisin Fer. Co., Baltimore, Md.

J. E. DeVanghn's A. B. Superphosphate.... 14.00 2.75 8.50 1.95 10.45 2.15 2.0H 30.64 J. E, DeVaughn, Montezuma

Port Royal Fertz. Co.. Pt. Royal, S. C.

L. & R. Ammoniatcd Guano

11.00 3.20 7.35 2.40 9.76 2.10 1 40 2S.46 Richard Morre, Culverton, Ga

Lorentz & Rittler, Baltimore, Md.

Lockwood's Cotton Grower Lowe's Formula

8.5* 12.00

3.50i 6.75 3.75 7.0"

1 40 8.15 3.20 10.20

2.40 200

1.5' 26.44 W. J. Collins, Oglethorpe, Ga .. . 2.01 29.60 Toole, McGarrat * Tondee, Americu:

Lockwood & McClintock, N. Y. Ga. Chem'l Works, Augusta, Ga.

cnr21
H G

Maxwell's Cho'ce

15.00 1.00 7.90 2.60 10.60 2.10 2.00 30.56 A. L. Maxwell, Whigham, Ga

Mf'd for A. h. L. Maxwell, Whigham.

73

Mastodon Am'd Sol. Phosphate

12.0H 3.50, 7.00 3.25 10.25 200 2.11 29.80 Toole, MiGarrat & Tondee, Americu" Ga. Chem'l Woiks, Aupusta, Ga.'

Nassau Guano

13.75 0.85 8.25 1.85 10.10 2.40 2.26 31.09 M. T. Heath, Warrenton.

Bowker Fertilizer Co., New York.

Oriental A. B. Superphosphate

11.25 4.001 7.2E 1.95 9.20 2.85 1.50 28.36 M. T. Heath, Warrenton...

T. I>. Carswell, Augusta, Ga.

Oglethorpe Am'd Diss'd Bone

... 15.0' 2.751 9/0 2.10 11.10 2.40 2.50 33.34 A. J. Sinsrlcton & Co., Blakely, Ga... Hammond, Hull & Co., Pt. Royal, S. 0.

Our Own Am'd Bone

is.50 2.501 8.15 2.10 10,25 2.80 1.30

C. D. Anderson, Fort Valley, Ga Savaunah GnanoCo.,Savannah, Ga.

Pendleton's Ammoniated Superphosphate 12.00 2.15| 7 30 2.70 10.00 3.15 2.15 33.49'T. O. Turner, Sparta

Pendleton Guano Co, Atlanta, Ga.

Pomona Guano

12.3( M.OO 1.00 1.60 9.80 2.25 1.20 28.90 H. D. Watts, Americns, Ga ...

PerryM. DeLeon, Savannah, Ga.

Patapsco Am'd Soluble Phosphate

12.50 3.10 7.70 2.45 10 15 2.15 1.15 29.19;Frewer& Hanleiier, Griffin, Ga..

Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore.

W
I
O P3 O
a73

Pomona Guano

12.50 3.25 8.00 2 111 10.10 2.35 1.00 29.B6lWm. Collins, West Point, Ga

Perry M. DeLeon, Savannah. Ga.

Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphos-hate... 9.50 2.50 7.15 3-35 10-50 2.60 1.70 82.06 C. D. Hunt, Columbus, Ga

Walton, Whann 4 Co.. Wllmington,Del.

Patapsco Am'd Sol. Phospha ,e

13.50 2.75 8.00 4.80 12.30 2.00 1.20 33.05 J. R. Mercer, Dawson, Ga

Patapsco Guano Co., Baltimore, Md.

Russell Coe's Am'd Bone Superphosphate 15.30 2.15 4.50 4.00 9.10 2.2 1.76 28.00 W. W. Farnum, Dawson, Ga .

Russell Coe, Linden, N. J.

Sunny South Guano

'

19.00 3.45 5.10 2.95 8.05 2.10 1.15 24 81 M. T. Heath, Warrenton

T. R. Bamsreck, Decalir, Ga.

Soluble Pacific Guano

12.50 8.15 6.80 2.7! 9.56 2.35 1 0) 28.56 J. E. DeVaugn, Montezuma...

Pacific Guano Co., Wood's Hole, Mass.

8ea Fowl Guano

, ,

11.60 2.25 8.35 2.25 10.60 2.50 2.1.5 32.35 (). B. Stevens, Dawson, Ga ...

Wm. L. Bradley, Boston, Mats.

Sterling Guano

10.10 1.75 8.01 2.10 10.10 2.25 1.10 29.40 W. M. Yarbrough, Sparta, Ga

Manhatton and Chemical Co., N. Y.

Soluble Sea Island Guano

10,90 2.C0 6.45 2.30 8.75 2.30 1.00 26.781T. A. Cantrell, Columbus, Ga.

Raisin Fertilizer Co., Baltimore.

O

Standard Ft rtillzer

19.0C

Standard Am'd Bone Fertilizer

16.00

Stonewall Amnioniated Guano

12.7f

Symington's Ammoniated Bone

11,20

lMt&Co'fi. A. B. Superphoa

12.51

TbeOritnt Complete Manure

15.00

Wilcox, Gibbs & Co., Manipulated Guano 11.00

Walter's Gold Dust...

10.51

o.ro 1.75 2.10 2.50 2.85 1.50
1.50 S.00

7.C0 7.10 5.75 7.80
7.75 7.56 5.10 6.35

3.85 10.85 2.40 9.50 4.10 9.85 1.05 8.85
2.50 10.25 2.55 10.10 4.05 9.15 l.fO 8.26

2.(0 2.10 2.15
2.20 2.10 2.0!
2.8D 2.25

0.76 .,,.65|E. H. Euguely, Chipley, Ga., ..

1.19 27 68 C. D. Anderson, Foil valley . ..

i.ie 2859 J ('.Martin. Culhbcrt, Ga

1.26 1.65 1.25
2.f5 1.60

26'87 Gray 29.71 N. * 9K Mis ' A 8091 D R 2620 W ali

Bro's, Firt Valley. Ga * F. lift & Co., Albany... R< ddenber ry, ( airo, Ga Creech, Qnitman, Ga or &,i on, \Varrcnton

'Prof. White say's : "''Iflnd in this sample a large quantity of undoubted Horn and Hoof preparation.

. (Standard Fertz'r Co, Dnxbury, Mass. . Savannah Gnano Co., Ssvannah, Ga. /Chesapeake Gnano Co., Maltimore, Md. . Symington Bro's & Co., Baltimore, Md.
Hammond, Hull <& Co., Savannah, Ga.
Atlantic & Va. Fertz r Co Richmond., The Wilcox Gibbs Go. Co, Savannah
Stono Phosphate Co, Charlestm, S, C.

> > rw<:

M
TABLE IV--This talle represents analyses of special samples officially drawn from lots in the hands of <s.

Retail Dealers and Farmers.

O

Aebepoo Dlse. Bone with Am. and Potash 9.80

Ashepoo Acid Phosphate

I?f0

8.20 2.81

8.0H 7.50

2.E0 4 10

Atlantic Acid phosphate

13.01) 1.50 10.25 2.05

Acid Phosphate A cid i-hos] hate for Composting

14.0(1 0.80 10.15 2.35 13.80 2.1C 8,60 2.95

Acid Thosphate Acid Phosphate Acid. Phosphate Bonanza Compound

13.25 150 8.75 3.45 11.00 2.50 10.50 2.95 14.C0 1.50 9.00 2.16 18.00 0.50 8.50 2.20

Biadley's Add Phosphate

10 50 8.00 7.75 4.(0

Baldwin &. CO'B Acid 1 hosphate Davis' Anoniated Dissolved Bone

10.00 1.20 10.25 3.55 12.50 1.00 8.S5 3.00

DeLeon'e DIs. Bone PhoB

10.00 1.85 5.60 6.75

D'b'd Bone Ihos. So. Ca.... Diamond Soluble Bone

12.50 2.86 12.15 2.45 11.80 2.80 7.60 6.06

Fxt'a Fir.e Ground Bone-

12.10

English Acid Phospb-Ue

ii'90 0.75 12.2? '2.10

Etrwan Ac!d Phosphate

14.25 2.N 7.60 3.SO

Ktiwan Acid Phosphate

14.00 2.35 6.50 4.6/

Edisto Acid Phosphate.. Fertilizing Compound

18 00 2.00 8 80 3.60 -- tt.so 1.00 9.10 8.35

Imported Diss'd Bone Pomona Acid Phosphate

12.20 2.S5 12.10 2.45 10.00 1.75 5.60 6.70

P< ndleton's Phosphate for composting ... 12.50 2 50 8.71' S.2C

South Sea Acid Phosphate

11.50 8.00 10.C0 2.10

Stouo Acid Phosphate

15.60 1.00 7.7r 4 05.11.1

Soluble Bone Dust.

14.00 2.00 10.16 2.95 18.1

1.20
1.25 2.85

4.25
'i.'oo 1.15 1.00 1.10
"o.'oo 2.1 0 0.65 1.80

26.42 |0 B. Stevens, Dawson, Ga

24.05 Council & Willifcrd, Americus

27.21 P E. McDai.iel, Reynolds 26.26 N B Banm & Bro., Toombsboro

24.30 Grier & thealey. Oglcthorpe, Ga....

24.10 C. W. Ennis, MUledgeville 26.9( B L Joiner, Andersonville

23.60 J E. DtVaughn, Monteznma

25.10 A. L. Townserd & Co., Bainbridge.

24.5 Webb 4 Hightower, Damascus

27.C0 C. D. Peacock, Ellaville, Ga

.

28.S0 W. A. Davie, Whigham

24.5( W. J. Collins, Oglethorpe, Ga

29.20 S. H. Jenkins, Jones Xing 27. :0 D. B. Brown, Howard, Ga

Cooper & Carter. PerTy

28/10 Farmer & Alltn. Warrentcn

23.80 Farmer & Allen, Warrenton

23.45 Z. T. Stevenson, Paschal P. O

24.80 24.00

J W

M. Story, GreensboroW. Wright, Bainbririge

29.80 Barrold, Johnson & Co, Americus.Oa

W24.4o0

H. D.

D. Watts, Americus, W. Patterson, Griffin

Ga

J24.85 T. B. Flierson, Butler, Ga 24.6C Walker & Son, Warrenton

Ashepoo Phos. Co.,Charleston. ?. C.
Ashepoo Phos. Co., (harleston. S. C. Atlantic pnoephate Co., Charleston, S
Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta. Geogia Chemical Work?. Augusta, Ga. Navassa Guano Co., Wilmington. S A. Wetzlet, Atlanta, Ga.
Georgia Chemical Works, Augusta, Ga. JoneB & Townsend, Bainbridge.
Ashepoo Phos. Co., (harleston, S. C. Baldwin & Co.. Port Boyal, S. C. W. A. Davis, Whigham. Terry M. DeLeon, Savannah. G. Oler 4 Sons Co., Baltimore. Walton. Whann & Co., Wilo ington, Del.
W. L. Biadloy, Boston. Wilcox & ' ibbs' Guano Co., Savannah. Etiwan Phosphate Co., Charleston.
Etiwan Ph-spbate Co., Charleston, S. C. Edisto Phosphate Co., Charleston.
W. W. Lemon & Co., Agent, Macon. Savannih Gnpuo Co.. Savannah, Ga. Perry M. D*Leon, Savar-nah, Ga. Pendleton Guano Co., Atlanta. JaB. W. Harle & Co., Atlanta, Ga. Stono Phosphate Co., Charleston.

C.

1.50 27.70 T. T. Morgan & Wm. Monteznma.

Summtrford, M'f d for Rcdgers. Wortham & Co., Macom.

o o s s
M
o >r1 n
70
H
N
00 00 I

Wando Amoniatcd Dissolved Bone.. Wando Acid Phosphate

9.00 14.25

2.50 2.10

6.*5 8.0i>

4.96 10.60 3.45 11.45

1.0O

o.'soi'23'8l

John ThcmiBoh, Warrenton Job* ThcmpFo.i. Warrenton

Wando Phosphite Co., Charlestm. : War.do Phosphate Co., Charleston.

M

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[172]

REMARKS.

The foregoing analyses were made by Prof tir H. C. White, Analytical Chemist of the Department, whose general report appears on p_.ge 19.
During the season of 1834-85 there were 170,29} tons of commercial fer-
tilizers inspected and analyzed for the GeorgL. market, of which 170,283 t jns were admitted to sale, and 12 toDS were rejected as falling below the standard requir 1 by law. The follow'->gtable flows the amont :"peeted by each inspect >r :

O. T. Rogers, Inspector at Savannah Ker Boyce, Inspector at Augusta J. 8. Lawton, Inspector at Atlanta *W. 8. DeWolf, Inspector at Columbus J. H. Pate, Inspector at Brunswick L, W. Livingston, Inspector at Macon
To' l

57,925 tons 43,332 tons 27,021 tons 6,790 tons 19,942 tons 10,123 tons
170,153 tons

The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by each Inspector during the season, the average number of tons in each inspection, the whole number ot insp;ctions made, and the average amount of each :

Number Average

of

A'mtof each

Inspections. Inspection.

O, T. Rogers Ker Boyce J. 8. Lawton W. 8. DeWolf... J. H. Pate L. W. Livingston
Total

389 241 2! 6 58 206 158 1,348

149 tons 200 tons 91 tons 117 tons 97 tons 64 tons 126 tons

Inspector DeWolf was engaged during most of the season in making "special " inspections, etc., which accounts lor the comparatively small number of original inspections credited to him.

[I73] ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS-1884-5- '5

COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS.

The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the

last eight seasons: Th-re were inspected dur.ns the sex on of. ,1087750-06 There were inspected during the reason of 1876 -7
There were inspected during the season of 1S77-* There were inspected during the season of 1878-9
There were inspected during the season of 1879 0 There were inspected during the season o 18,vO -1 There were inspected during the sea-,3n of 1881-2
There wereinspected during the season of 18o2 3. There were inspected during the season of 188-4 There were inssppected during the seal on of 18b. 5 AMMONIATED AND NON-AMMON1ATED
ACID PHOSPHATES.

55,316 t^ ons

^ ^

g ^ ^

162,404 tons > ^ ^ ^



^

^

FERTILIZERS OR

Of the whole amount of feu" Hers plac 1 upon the market during the

past season, 132,017 tons were Amm niat i Superpr >8phaf and 35,012 tons

wow Add Phosphates or Dissolved -

to remark that

Zse brlnds wh ch contain not less than eight per cent, of available Pbo*

loricacid ami two per cent, of ammonia, are classed as Ammcmated

CSS^a; and Lse containing .ess than two per cent, of ammon.a

SdnotS than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid, areclassed as Acul

P tS or DissoJd Bones. This classification ismade w.thou regard to the name of the brand, as will be seen by reference to the tables. Those

fertilizing materials which do not belong to either of the foregoing;are

cL el C/^^s aad Compound* other than Ammonutied ^P^f^ Ind Dissolved Bones. Of this c.ass there were 3114 tons inspected and ana-

lyzed, aud are included in table No. II.

The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones inspected in

Georgia during the past nine seasons are as follows:.

For the season of 1875-0

6,499 tons

"'*

12,842 tons

For the season of 1876-7

!!!..!!.".."". 15,332 tons

For the season of 1877-8 For the season of 1878-9

........".... 10,291 tons Z~Z..."".S"~ J3.90*5 tons

For the season of 1879-30

-- """'"

22,036 tors

For the season of 1880-1

"'....". 20,602 tons

For the season of 1881-2

"/..."........"!"... 31,017 tons

For the season of 1882 3

""*".'.!".""'.'."!!!.... 39,154 tons

For the season of 1883 '=

" """

35,012 tons

For the season of 1881-5

Of the whole quantity inspected, the percentage of Acid Phosphates for

each season is as fo'lows :
For 1875-6 For 1876-7 For 1877-8 For 1878-9

'" "."!.................

'

""""

11.66 per cent 12.82 per cent 19 62 per >en$ 12 2g per rent

16

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[174]

Forl879-80 For 1880 1 For 1881-2 For 1882-3 For 1883-4 For 1884-5

"f per Cent ""J Per cent ^ per Cent
24.73 per cent f'TM per Cent 20.55 per cent

The following averages for the past eight season* will be found interesting, viz.:

GENKRAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS.

Available Phosphoric Ammonia.
Acid.

Potash.

For theseason of 1874-5... For the season of 1875-6... For the season of 1876-7.., For the season of 1877-8... For the season of 1878-9... For the season of 1879-80.. For the season of 1880-1... For the season of 1881-2.., For the season of 1882-3... For the season of 1883-4.... For the season of 1884-5. .

9.23

2.55

5.17

10.94

2.53

2,49

10.87

2.52

2.75

11.43

2.79

2.23

11.95

2.70

1.66

10.24

2.58

1.33

10.96

2.53

1.41

10.88

2.48

1.47

11.03

2.53

1.50

10.82

2.47

1.55

11.13

2.24

1.44

for ST,

th9generf Trag6S f aI1 fertilizer- including Acid Phosphates,

for the seasons named. It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammo,

nuand Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analysis to con-

tain these elements, and not of the whole number of brands analyzed

[175] ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS --1884-5. \"J

AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS.

Fur the season of 1874-5.... For the season of 1875-6.. For (he season of 1876-7... For the season of 1877-8..., For the season of 1878-9... For the season of 1879-80. For the season of 1880-1... For the season of 1881-2... For the season of 1882-3.. For the se3son of 1883-4 . For the season of 1884 5.

Available Phosphoric Ammonia
Acid.

8.73

2.84

10.36

2 98

10.51

2.73

10.83

2.79

11.52

2.70

9 53

2.59

10.30

2.53

10.20

2.48

10.22

2.53

9 78

2 47

10.35

2.29

Potash.
5.31 2.79 2.43 2.25 1.64 1.35 1.45 1.58 1.48 1.57 1.51

AVERAGES OF NON-AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS.

For the season of 1874-5. For the season of 1875-6. For the season of 1876-7. For the season of 1877 8. For the season of 1878 9. For the season of 1879 8C For the season of 1880-1 For the season of 1881 2. For the season of 1882-3 For the season of 1883-4. For the season of 1884-5,

Available Phosphoric
Acid.

Potash.

11.05

3.85

1199

4.64

11.68

4.54

13.10

2 16

13.20

1.63

12.44

1.28

12.60

1.30

12.48

1.05

12.55

1.56

12.59

1.48

12.87

1.30

18

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[176}

The number of brands inspected, analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows :

F,,i,,t oorr

t,t.,h.hee

season season

oof.f

1874-5 1875-0

For he season of 1876-7

For the season ol 1877-8

For the season of 1878-9

For the season of 1879-80

For the season of 1880-1

F,.or th, e season of. 1881-2 For the season of 1882-3

Fortheseason of 1883-4

For the season of 1884-5

1H1A0 bK rand^s 1,n01, ,brand,s m br;llK,3
m brands
m branda
182 brands 9.?6 brands -.,'-0,,1br'and1s 354 brands
336 brnnd
3(;<J bramls

These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or Composting manures at home.

The number of brands of Ammoniated and Non-ammoniated Fertilizersfor each season is as follows :

For the season of 1874-5.. For the season of 1875 6.. For the season of 1870-7.. For the season of 1877-8.. For the season of 187S-9... For the season of 1879 SO, For the season of 1880-1.., For the season of 1881-2.. For the season of 18S2-3.. For the season of 1883-4.. For the season of 1884-5 ..

Ani'oniated|Non-amnioniatea.

86

68

33

40

90

37

119

43

135

47

1G3

187

239

115

210

126

229

140

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS.
It was found expedient to continue and extend this feature of inspectors' work, which was partially inaugurated two seasons ago. A special inspection is one in which a fertilizer, already before inspected in bulk, or in the hands of the manufacturer, is again sampled after it has reached the hands of a retail dealer or farmer. The plan has met with favor from dealers generally, and has been especially commended by farmers. Inspector DeWolf was detailed for this work and was closely engaged during the greater part of the active business season in traveling over a large part of the State, sampling goods wherever

[177] ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS-- 1884-5/ '9
found. He was instructed, while engaged in this special work, to observe carefully everything connected with the trade, and was enabled to detect and report to this office some instances of irregularities, which would, probably, have otherwise been unnoticed, thus demonstrating the importance of the pi in an 1 justifying its continuance in the future.
The number of special inspections actually made was 367, of which a considerable number of samples were au dyz sd, an 1 the remainJer are on file ready for the chemist whenever aj analysis miy baaijulged expsdient.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST FOR THE SEASON OF 1884-5.

ATHENS, GA., June 10th, 18S5.
Eon. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga. : SIR: I have the honor to submit annual statement of chemical work done
for the Department since date of my last report. During the season of 1S84-5, there have been analyzed 405 official samples-
of commercial fertilizers of wh'ch 251 were from regular inspections and 154 from special inspections. The samples were as follows :

Acid Phosphates Acid Phosphates with Potash Ammoniated Phosphates Ammoniated Phosphates with Potash
Chemical", etc

' **
** -6
"

405

The number of revisions made was 47. I find the goods analyzed to maintain, approximately, the standards ot

previous years.

.

In addition to commercial fertilizers, the following have been analyzed

under your direction:

Mineral and Artesian Waters

n_

Marls and Minerals

Under d Ue of January 24th, a detailed report was made to you of the ex perimeuts and operations at the University Farm. A series of experiments liai 0^3:1 instituted U the pr^at season, to which you have kindly con-

tributed valuable advice and aid. I sincerely trust that the General Assembly, at its next session, may see
proper to establish an Agricultural Experiment Station for the Slate, upon

a satisfactory and liberal basis. With sincere thanks to 5 ourself and the gen lemen of your office for many-
courtesies, I have the honor to be, very respectfully yours, H. C. WHIIEi, State Chemists

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[178]

TO DEALERS AND CONSUMERS.

The Commissioner feels it to be his duty to expose all efforts to deceive purchasers and consumers of commercial fertilizers in this State by any unwarranted and fraudulent use of the official analyses of this Department

enc^

' PUbI,C 1S therefore called t0 the following correspond'

Hnw T T TT

~

TUGALO, GA., May 2, 1885.

Mo*. J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.-

DEAR feiR-I purchased from Messrs. J. F. Brannon & Co., Atlanta, Ga., Si tons of thenSoluble Guano. They sent me analysis of the Agricultural

Departments o Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Maryland, and have

assured me that then- goods for 18S5 are better thau for any past, season

InyourApul report [Circular No. 63] its commercial value is placed at

29.0o, quite a difference from that of January, 1883, which I enclose.* In

the sample bottle sent me they claim commercial value of $36 39

My purpose in writing is to ask you, as a farmer, if these men and their

goods are all nght. I am pretty largely concerned, and my suspicions are

aroused.

Very respectfully,

V

P B

LucAS.

*The following is a copy of the enclosure :

STATE OF GEOBGIA,

[Rooms No, 5 and 6 Capito..] MB. J. F. BBANNON, Baltimore, Md.:

^^Zlll^TS^

DEAR SIR-Your attention is called tothe following analyses of ertilizers ^7C^y0U are interested. which have been submitted by Prof. H C White, Chemkt of this Department:

PHOSPHORIC ACID.

NAME OF BRAND

M

Brannon's Soluble Gnano Very respectfully,
VALUATION.

& <

14.20 8. 0 6.10' 2.2 8.32

1.10

J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture,
Per W. B. H.

Insoluble, 6.10 per cent. 0. 2,000 lbs, equals 122 lbs. at four cents

4 s.

Available Phosphoric Acid, 8.32 per cent, of 2,000 lbs. equals 165 lbs. at"l2cenis 19 92

Ammonia, 2.45 percent, of 2,000 lb,, equals )9 ibs. at 20 cents

,, Tn

Potath, K. O.I.10 per cent of 2,0)0 lbs. equUs 22 lbs. at 5 cents.

1 JQ

Commercial value, per ton

.$35 70

I

[179] ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS--1884-5. 21

Mr. F- B. Lucas, Tugalo, Ga.: DEAR SIR:-I am in receipt of your favor of the 2d mst,, with enclo-
sures. In reply, I beg to say that the printed report of analysis, purporting to be a copy of the report mada to Mr. Brannon from this office, which you have enclosed to me, is a most glaring and fraudulent misrepresentation
of the original report of which it pretends to be a copy. To make the matter perfectly plain, I enclose a copy, a correct copy, of the report as

sent to Mr. Brannon, January 15, 1883.

(The copy is as follows:

"ATLANTA,

GA.,

Jan.

., 15,

1ie888,3.

Mr. J: F. Brannon, Baltimore, Md.: DEAR SIR :-Your attention is called to the following Analyses of Fertil-
izers in which you are interested, which have been submitted by Prof. H.

C. White, Chemist of this Department:

NAME OF BRAND.

PnosrBORic ACID.

Bratmon's Soluble Guano
Very respectfully,

14. 20 3 10 6.10

8 33 2.451 1 10 S'27.76

J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agricultun Per W. B. HENDERSON."

YOU will observe that he has suppressed the "Relative Commercial Value as given in my report, $27.76, as it did not suit his purpose, and instead of the value as I gave it, he adds a calculation of his own, inserting figures to suit his object, and making out a value of $35.70 ! Take note that that portion of his printed report which is below my signature is manufactured-addec. to the alreadv garbled and mutilated original. Observe closely : He claims 6 10 percent! of " Insoluble," when he has only 3.10, and then he values this CIO at four cents per pound, when he well knew that I never ass.gned any value to insoluble phosphoric acid. This sharp practice adds $4.88 to his estimate He then calculates the available phosphoric acid at 12 cents oer pound, instead of ten cents, which was the value assigned to this element that season by this Department. He then, by some strange oversight, values potash at only 5 cents, when I had assigned 6 cents as the value that season This error subtracts a few cents from the sum, and he arrives at the figures, $35.70. The only material part of the dodger that is correct, as far as it goes, is the statement of the percentages of the elements as it appears above my signature. It lacks the " relative commercial value" however. As far as my knowledge goes, this piece of work is the coolest and most unmitigated fraud ever attempted to be practiced upon farmers and

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[180]

other purchasers of fertilizers. I send you a copy of Circular No. 40, in which you will see ihe analysis of the brand in question-the very same analysis--as I published it then.
I presnniP that Mr. B., in order to get the commercial value of $36 39 for .his season, must have sent you a similar printed dodger, or, at least he made the same sort of calculation. If he has sent you such a dodge'r, I w'll be obliged to you for a copy of the same

I am indignant that such a fraud should have been practiced over my sig-

Zho\l7d th'im^lto

P<>
proper

<aLcactoyun"t 'foWrbit.

are

mSt

effeCted

^

the

transaction,

wm

Very truly,

J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner.
In reply to the above letter, Mr. Lucas sent me copies of the printed analys s and ccmmem*! value which he had received from Mr. Brannon the presenUeafor, The analysis was printed on a sample bottle, and was as

"Available phosphoric acid Ammonia
Potash
Cnmm'erciarvaiu'e,'|36.39.';'

'

"~"9nlto

,, "

Per

cent

-0 ,0 3-00 per cent

1,5 ' 2- per Cent

The guaranteed analysis, as shown by the "requests for inspection," was

Available phosphoric acid Ammonia.. potash

" ;

f8i>n0f0t

.
to

11f0t-0,,0,,

Per

eent-

2.00 to 3.00 per cent.

,,, . , '"'"' which would give a commercial value of 24 70

1-50 to 2.00 per cent,

The "Official Analysis" was as follows:

Available phosphoric acid

Ammonia

Potasi

'

KT>e,,Ilatt.ive commerci.al value, $29.05.

11A0-3,,0,, Per cent-
2.00 per cent. 1-25 per cent.

Further comment is unnecessary. Such practices cannot be too stronelv condemned, especially the garbling and mutilatln* the officia retrts of

I ^TutZt t ealeK0Verthe8i^atUreof theC^missloner "

Sttto Departme" "" gd" " frmall-V ^ ,n the "** -fitted

[l8l] ANALYSES OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS--1884-5. 23

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS, SEASON OF 1884-85.

RECEIPTS.

Fees on 170,153 89 tons, inspected during rte season

$85,071.95

EXPENSES OF INSPECTION.

1,786 999 Inspector's Tags @ $2 30 per thousand

$ 4,110.10

Express charges on Tags and Samples, Traveling Expenses,

etc

7m3?

Balance paid into treasury

80,183.0

$85.071.95-$85,071.95

Total amount paid into treasury. Inspector's Salaries to September 1, 1885 Chemists' Salary to Sep'ember, 1885 Leaving net balance in treasury

$80,183.75 $ 7,000.00
^3,000.00 .0,183 '
$80,183.75--$80,183.75

The net Valance in the treasury for the season of 1877-'8 was... .$35,905.77

For the season of 1878-'79 Frr the season of 1879-'80

31,267.67 46-438 36

For the season of 1880-81

64,060.28

For the season of 1881-'82

'

50,251.32

For the season of 1882-83 For the season of 1883-'84

50,810.90 62,13^^

For the season of 1884-'85

70,183.75

Increase compared with 1883-'84

8,049.83

CIRCULAR No. 69.

New Series.

}

CROP

REPORT

FOR THE MONTH OF JULY, ,885.

SHOWING
AREAS PLANTED, CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF JULY, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA.
j. T. :E3:E:fcT:DE:^so2>T,
Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, Binders and Electrotypers
1S8.%

Circular No. 69.
NEW SERIES.
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY, 1885.
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1, 1885.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,)
ATLANTA, July 11,1885. )
COTTON. The condition and prospect in North and Middle Georgia, 94; in S ;uthwest Georgia, 93 ; in East and S outheast Georgia, 92, and the average for the State, 93. There has been too much rain in nearly all parts of the btate at some time during the month of June, so that the crop could not be properly worked, and in some localities causing the shedding of forms._ The ratterpillar made its appearance during the month of June in some parts of Southwest Georgia.
CORN.
The condition and prospect, as reported by correspondents, is, in North Georgia, 101; Middle Georgia, 101; Southwest and Southeast Georgia, 96; in East Georgia, 101, and the average for the whole State, 99.
The condition of the corn crop is believed to be above an average for the State. There is a tendency with many correspondents to make a full crop instead of the average of a series of years the standard of comparison. This, with disparaging conditions of the weathe ', in some localities, about the time the reports were forwarded, has probably unduly influenced the reports, placing the condition and prospect one point below the average for the State, when in all probability the crop is fully up to, if not above an average.

4

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I85;

WHEAT.

The yield compared to an average iu North Georgia is 58 ; Middle Georgia, 81; Southwesi Georgia, 95; East Georgia, 93; Southeast Georgia 100, and the average for the whole State, 87. This is 3 points higher than the prospective report of last month.
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 5 bushels; in Middle Georgia, 6 bushels; in Southwest and East Georgia, 8 bushels, and in the whole State, 7 bushels.
The yield of 7 bushels per acre, which is the reported average for this year, is regarded as about an averagecrop for the State. The low yield in North and Middle Georgia is due in a large part to the thin stand caused by winter-killing.
The estimated total yield for the State is 2,800,000 bushels.

OATS.

The yield of this crop, compared to an average in the State, is 2 points below the prospective report of last month. Ic East Georgia only, the yield is greater than was anticipated. The yield in North Georgia is 78; in Middle Georgia, 73 ; in Southwest Georgia, 85 ; in East Georgia, 82 ; in Southeast Georgia, 93, and the average for the State, 82.
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 13.5 bushels; in Middle and East Georgia, 12; in Southwest Georgia, 11-5, and in Southeast Georgfa, 13. The average yield per acre for the State is 12.5 bushels.
The yield per acre for the State agrees with that of the Census year, (crop of 1879), and the acreage as deduced from the reports for each year since that time is now about 10 per cent greater. This indicates a total yield of about 6,098,600 bushels for the present year.

CLOVER AND GRASS.
The yield, compared to an average in North Georgia, is S8 ; in Middle Georgia, 96 ; in Southwest Georgia, 100, and in the whole Sta'tp, 95.
The yield per acre in North Georgia is 1.96 tons; iu Middle Georgia, 2.07; in Sjuthwest, Georgia, 1.50, and in the whole State, 1.81.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.
RICE.--The condition aud prospect, in comparison with an average in North Georgia, is 100 ; in Middle Georgia, 91; in Southwest Georgia, 88 ; in East Georgia, 92 ; in Southeast Georgia, 95, and in the whole State, 93.
SWJIET POTATOES.--The condition and prospect in North Georgia is'96 ; in Middle and Southeast Georgia, 99 ; in Southwest and East Georgia, 97 and the average for the State, 98.
SUGAR CANE.--The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 83; in Middle Georgia, 98; in Southwest and Southeast Georgia, 96; in East Georgia, 97, and the average for the State, 94.

[186]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

5

GROUND PEAS.--The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 91 ; in Middle Georgia, 94 ; in Southwest G-sorgia, 96; in East and Southeast Georgia, 93, and the average for the State, 93.
MELONS.--The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 88 : in Middle Georgia, 92 ; in Southwest Georgia, 89; in East Georgia, 85, and in Southeast Georgia, 76.

FRUIT.

The condition and prospect of the fruit crop is reported as follows: PEACHES.---North Georgia, 104 ; Middle Georgia, 101; Southwest Georgia, 97 ; Southeast Georgia, 88. and East Georgia, 80. APPLES.---North Georgia, 93 ; Middle Georgia, 96 ; Southwest Georgia, 94 ; East Georgia, 80, and Southeast Georgia, 97GRAPES.--North and Eist Georgia, 93; Middle Georgia, 98; Southwest Georgia, 91, and Southeast Georgia, 94.

THE CATERPILLARS.
DIRECTIONS FOR THEIR EFFECTUAL DESTRUCTION.
Reports have reached this office of the appearance of caterpillars in several localities. Commencing this early, if the seasons continue moist and favorable, much damage to the cotton crop may be expected. A, in the case of all evil visitations, prevention is more to be relied on than cure. The use of Paris green and London purple as a means of destroying cotton caterpillars is no longer an experiment. There is no doubt that the ravages of this pest can be greatly diminished and oft.en entirely prevented if operations are promptly begun. In August, 1883, Inspector Rogers was sent to the farm of Mr. B. S. Kittrell, of Oconee, Johnson county, with the view to testing the efficacy of London purple as a destroyer. The following extract from Circular No. 46 (from this department) gives the method used by Colonel Rogers, and the result of the experiment :
Oae pound of the London purple was diffused in 109 gallons of wafer in the first experiment, and sprayed upon the cotton plants by means of a cheap tin lawn sprinkler (costing $2.50.) On the succeeding morning, while Mr. R )gers did not find any dead worms, neither did he discover any live ones. They had disappeared. H.* then made a stronger mixture, or at the rats of one pound of the L >nd m purple to sixty gallons of water, and applied it in the same manner to another part of the same field, where the caterpillars were quite numerous. It was found that this application not only destroyed the worm =1,but also seriously injured the foliage of the plants. He then hit upon a medium strength of one pound of the purple to 80 gallons of water. Tne result of this experiment was more satisfactory, the worms being effVctually destroyed, and the foliage

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[187]

not materially injured. He now recommends a mixture of one pound of purple to 80 to 90 gallons of water.
Tue deuils of the experiment were quite simple, and may easily be improved upon by the eqercise of a little ingenuity. The pump was carried and operated by one person, and the poisonous mixture in a bucket by an assistant, operating on eight rows at a time.
In larger operations, a bi,rrel'containing the mixture may be mounted on the axle of a pair of wagon wheels, and connected with the pump by means of a flexib'.e rubber tube.
The London purple may be had at most large drug stores at about sixteen cents per pound.* Is does not dissolve in water, and the mixture mu^t be frequently stirred up to prevent settling. The pumps or sprinklers may be had at any large household furnishing store.
If inconvenient to procure Lo.idon purple, P<tris green will answer the purpose equally as well, using one pouud well stirred in twenty-five pounds of cheap flour, and sprinkling the same on the plants, while wet with dew, through a fine cloth. The purple, however, costs less per acre, and may be more txped tiously applied. Twenty-five gallons of the poisoned water will be sufficient for one acre, according to the estimate of Mr. Rogers.
The experience of every cotton planter whose crop has suffered from caterpillar visitations in the past will enable him to locate the portions of the field where the worms will first appear, and there to commence operations as soon as a few become visible.
It is important to destroy the first and second broods, and thus practically limit the third and later broods to such small numbers that no material damage will result. The cost of materials and appliances, and the amount of labor required to effectually check the progress of the caterpillar, is so small that a planter who permits his crop to be destroyed or materially injured is without excuse.
It is now cheaper, being offered in Atlanta at ten cents per pound.--[COMMISSIONER.]

[i88]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

TABLE I.--Shoiving the Condition of Crops, etc., in Georgia, July 1st, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

COUNTIES. Cobb

Wheat. Oats. Hover Condition and Prospect Compared to an Average


0


y

OS O

IH
ca

& Grass
~ 33

1

5 0

T3 0

a. T3
5

2

-

a .
0 0

If

"3 a

* <! >< s 3 5 r-

03 ,a ^3 a>

0

S-S .g s > .PH

: tw I 1 O

O

cj


03
O
fOt.
%
n

00 O
a 0
ffl

p O
M "Jl

03 P O O) is

0 JZ
P-

to

to

0

a.

<P. fIf*l

55 4 55 7

92 100 100 85! 100 75 100 92 93, 103

62 5 70 13 75

911 100

100 100

87 87 7/ 76

35 3 SO 8 100

83 10'

100 75

90 100 100 100

64 4 86 15 100 I 66 86 102 SO 4 67 10 78 2 00 93 91

'/ 100 100

so 112 106 106

88 87 90

100 87 87

67 6 72 11 8< 3.50 103 100

97 100 2b 100 105 V.i 92

60 4 80 15 75 1.2"i 75 105

100 100

100 1''5 80 05

66

85

90

100 100

95

10' 100 90 9D

70 6 Ml 11 S7 1 f'O 90 95

S7 4 61 8 105 2 SO ST* 102

55 6 62 10

9i 105

50 5 100 14 9' 1 50

100

50 4 72 14 73 1.33 92 106

63 6 63 18 S7 2 25 100 96

63 4 7 18

100 98

95 100 90 100 100 100 90 93 108 1U0 100

80 ioo '75 100
7c' 9b 90 100 100 100 1U0 100 100 100 100 100
7b 122 103 100 82 102 72 100 10U 100 90 9o

Lumpkin
Paiildliis
Polk
Walker
Average
Baldwin . Bibb Butts . Campbell Carroll .. Clarke .. Clayton . Columbia Coweta DeKalb . Douglas . Elbert ,. Kayette.. Fulton... Greene .. HaDcock. IBariis .. Beard ...

72 5 77 8

100 110

90 100 100 100 9h 90 100

"75 "s 37 "h 'l25 i'.ba "96 wo

100 100

'87 '97 "87 100

65 12 100 15 110

Hi' 100

100

100 100 90 70

60 5 101 17 79 i !so 99 101

90

7b 100 90 97

67 5 91

95 2.51 95 105

97 102 'ioo 97 112 110 10!)

6-2 b 105 21 60 4 2' 5 33

. . 102 107
lOO 911

100 100 100

10 J 120 lib 9b 150 100 100

ion
S>,fi

; S

28 100

108 2i 92 0.5(

101 112

100

120 125 95 100

97

110 105 83 103 100

ffl 1 111

KM

lt'2

100

90 100 112

44 E 104 17 79 8.CO 90

1011 166

100 112 101 97

4;

4

6 7C 1 OC 85 90

8S

75 105 95 1011

5! E 7S 13V

1.9C 94 101 IOC 9C 91 83 88 ' 104 ' 93 93

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

80 7 80 15

90 lib

100 90 110 105 115 120 110

90 7 6b 12 60 b 60 7

1 00 90 70 ... 100 60

70 80 100 90

90 100

100

ioo 1(0 100 100 100

65 b 72 1? 9b

92 97

97 97

100 100 87 100

80 6 90 10 90 1 50 102 107

100 100 90 10(1 112 112 100

7b 7 Mi 7 90 1 50 9" 9b

92

82 105 90 87

85 7 90 18 105 3 0,1 It'll 105 101) 87 100 100 100 95 95 105

9? 8 82 lb 105

83 102

100 100 100 85 100 100 100

71 5 65 9 110

81 9H

95 98 92 87 86 81 90

62 4 75 6 100

95 105

100

100 150 87 87

75 4 811 10 75 1 75 HO 75 80 90 100 101' 1(0 100 10)

6? b .38 5 75

92 97

97 87 90 99 97 85 91

80 6 75 15 100

95 102

95 100 95 90 105 102 100

90 6 95 30

85 11"

100 7 63 8 100

95 103

97 8 80 12 100 2.00 95 92

IOO

100 100 100 100

100 ioo 100 100 108 92 100

100 100 100 80 ion 87 100

68 10 100 lb 100 8 110 20

9C 10(1 95 100

IOC 100

106 110 100 !0i
100 100 110 110 ioo

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULURE--GEORGIA.

[I89]

TABLE No. I.--Continued.
MIDDLE GEORGIA--Continued. Wheat. Oat. Clover Condition and Prospect Compr'd to an Average.
& Grass.

COUNTIES.
Henry Jasper /ones Lincoln .... McDuffle.... Meriwether. Monroe Morgan ... Newton Oconee Oglethorpe . Pike ...f... Putnam Rockdale... Spalding.... Talbot Taliaferro. . Troup Upson "Walton Warren .... Wilkes
ATeragc
Baker Berrieu Brooks Calhoun. . Chattahoochee .
lay Colquitt Crawford Decatur Dooly Dougherty Early Houston Invin Lee Lowudes Macon ... ... Marlon Miller Mitchell Muscogee Quitman Randolph Schley Stewart Sumter Taylor Terrell Thomas Webster Wilcox Woith
Ayerage

99

2?

<'IB

Pa

90

90

1.00
i'.ii
3.00 12.00 1.50 2.00

QD
0. a. <

81 6%

12 96 207 94 10 91 99 94 98 92 101 90 98

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

100 1.00

97 105

100 110

90

100

1C0 107

110

100 95

100 100

97

100

100

105

100

95

85 \\y% 100 150

100 90

09]
COUNTIE?.
Clinch

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

TABLE No. I--Continued.
EAST GEORGIA.

Wheat. Oafs.

g a g>

-s 0
3J

3

Clover Condition and Prospect Compr'd to an Averag. & Grass.
a V as

i s T93 a 0a O. T3 a.

2.& 3

2

lei

o> on

a .
0 a)

60 3

a
0egb

Si rt 0

Pa <5
*

a <

S3 t*

a> 3
<!

.si t*

<

a 0 0

u O

0
2

X 0
s
0
It CO

oo
aa O

4> S
O u 60
J

00 O Dfc!

s
J3 9

t9o
0. <;

so <0
2
0

90 1"

91 100 8>| 90 100 105 75 101 10' 100

75 8 61 15 75 10 80 16 100 10 ino 12

100 100 100, 100 98 100 95 80 5? 50 10- 110 ..100 100 100 100 110 50 10b 110 110 100 100 100 1(0 80 100 75 110

100 97

4 6

75 85

a1o0

95 7 85 12

90 91

100 75 10" 76 10" lOfl 70

93 93

95 87 98 85 66 78 90

80 92 160 100 80 100 80 62 55 105

inn S 70 8

80 90 61 90 95 75 70 60 90 101

87 15

96 105 11* 100 100 110 7b 90 75 85

mn 11 100 13

1!0 125 ....1 10') 100 100 100 150 125 190

60 6

91 102 ... 90 95

80 70 60 74

inn 15 65 12
95 8

88 100 100 95 95 95 85 90 75 100 87 10"' 95 100 95 1(6 95 75 75 95

90 in

9J 100 90 1"0 90 100 100 90 90 90

92 6 90 15

90 9> ....1 97 87 ICO 93 98 103

95 8 75 16 100 5 87 11

87 lO'i . . 10J 100 80 101 101, 95 87

87 101 80 65

75 87

90 90
95 ion

93 8 82 12

92 101 92 97 93 97 85 88 80 93

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

93 15 90 10 90 25 85 12
'ioo ioo '8
80 10 95 15 110 15

95 100 96 inn

100

85 90 90 100

8"

80 80 110 I/O '70 110

95 90 95

100

165 'ioo 95 ioo "95 "75

90 100 75 100 100 100 100 102 111 105 100 100
90 107 100 95 100 100

70 60 ioo 90

fO 105

50 95

50 87

ioo

1(0 100

87 90 90 90

80 '80 ioo 109

70

80

82 100

100

SECTIONS.

100

93 13

. . 92 96 9i| 99 93 96 76 80 97 94

BEOAPITULATION.

m 58 5 78

81

73

8811.96 94 101 100 96 91 83 88 104 93 93 96 2.07 94 101 91 99 94 93 92 101 96 98

93 s 85

100 1.50 93 96 88 97 96 96 89 97 94 91

93 8 8> 12

92 110 92 97 9i 97 85 8S 80 93

100

93 13

92 96 95 99 91 96 76 80 97 94

87 7 82 V2% 95 184 93 99 93 98 93 94 86 91 92 94

10

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[I9l7

TABLE No. 2.--Summary of Weather Reports for June, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

STATIONS.
Dahlonega Ellerslie Gainesville.... Marietta Mossy Creek.. Rabun Gap.... Rome
Means.,
Carrollton LaGrange Milledgeville Oxford Thomson
Bax'ey BrunswicK St. Mary's Walthourvillev
Means Means for State.

Temperature. Rainfall.

a u
ti

a a a

c

>>
c6
P

d

aM a s9v

fc

OBSERVER.

75.8 3.43 B. P. Gaillard.

73 0 6.40 Mrs. J. W. Bryan.

75 3 3.30 C. B. LaHatte.

H. N. Starnes.

90 60 73 5 2

J. M. Dorsey.

88 52 67.1 2.70 Edward Sitton.

93 60 76.2 3.85 R. S. Norton.

89 58 75.5 3 72

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

92 58 77 C 4.79 92 64 76.6 2 20 92 66 78.3 396 94 60 79.2 4.06

7 R. J. Redding. 3 S J Brown. 9 H. H. Cary. 8

92 55 73.5 2.85 92 61 76 9 3 57

8 A. E. Sturgis. 7

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

93 68 81.3 3 07 93 70 81.0 5 05 96 65 80.5 4 35
90 70 79.0 2.50 96 66 80 0 2 45
94 68 80 4 3.48

7 J. E. Bivins.
89 B. T. Hunter,
4 H. T. Peeples. 7 Wru. T. Gaulden.

EAST GEORGIA.

91 68 78.5 2.15 11 W. K. Nelson. 91 64 78.6 4.40 9 R. C. Sanders. 94 62 77.5 5.75 8 G. W. H. Wbitaker.

92 65 78.2 4 10

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

95 72 81.6 2.58 5 H. A. Kenrick. 92 69 80.5 5.25 11 E. A. McWhorter. 99 66 80.2 7.20 8 John L. Harden.
95 69 80 8 5.01 8 92 64 77.9 3.98 8

[192]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

II

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS.

NORTH GEORGIA.

CHATTOOGA.--It has been raining almost all through June ; consequently, the farm-

ers are badly in the grass. Cotton grew but little in June. Corn looks well on'

high land, but badly damaged on low land. I never saw so hard a rain-fall in my life as fell on the 25th and 26th. It was almost a water spout, and washed the land1

where it never was known to wash before. At present our crop prospects look

g'.oomy indeed, but if the season continues through July and August, we may come

out all right yet.

I. j. p. HENRY.

--From present appearances, a drought will reduce estimates very rapidly.

Everything full of sap.

R. W. J0YNER.

BANKS.--Our crops are in fine condition, with plenty of rain to date, and with

no disaster in the future will make plenty.

GEO. WEVILY.

BARTOW--Cotcon looks well, well worked; much cotton badly in j ured by grass-.

All late blooming ; have seen no blooms yet.

J. 0. MCDANIEL.

--Prospect for all crops now good ; cotton bloomed the first; fruits in abundance.

K. R. FOSTER. --The wheat and oat crop not threshed. Both damaged by storms.

C. C. CLEGHORN.

--Mr. Lewis Parker has the best oats in this section; sown late, but will make

twenty-five or thirty bushels per acre.

W. p. TAPP.

CHEROKEE.--Wheat thin on ground, owing to hard freezes in the winter. Corn,

cotton, potato and fruit crops good.

J. J. A SHASP.

COBB.--Seasons fine ; crops healthy; grass hard to control.

R. M. BENSON,

--The seeds sent me last spring can't be beaten. The cucumbers and peas are

very prolific.

JOSEPH MARTIN.

DADE.--Grapes rotting; apples dropping ; finest prospect for an abundant corn

crop for years.

G. A. R. BlBLE.

DAWSON.--Corn and cotton never looked more promising, Fruit of all kind3

abundant.

A. J. LOGAK.

FORSYTH.--Could all wheat land have been fertilized would have made full aver-

age crop.

B. H. BREWER.

--The early varieties of apples all finer than usual. Wheat and oats are almost a

failure. There has been none threshed in the county; too early.

MRS. H. N. SDTTON.

FRANKLIN.--Wheat not a good stand, yet had it not become affected with the scab or colored head, would have been twenty-five per cent, better.

W. G. ALEXANDER. --Wheat is turning out better than was expected, and corn is fine.

J. B. D. MOWHORTER. --Crops have been very grassy, but farmers are catching up; needing rain now.

J. W. SEWELL.

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[193]

GILMER.--Wheat not as good as was expected. What there is is of fair quality.

Never had a better prospect for corn.

N. L. OSBORN.

GORDON.--Too much rain ; all crops grassy ; temperature too low for cotton; cool

and fair now--1st July.

0. H. DAVIS.

--Corn and cotton good ; wheat good but light crop.

A. ROFF.

--Oats not yet harvested; wheat not threshed; neither can make more than

abnut half an average crop. Other crops have suffered some for want of work, oth-

erwise good.

N. B. HALL.

GWINNETT --Cotton and co-n, though good stand, not as forward as an average.

Crops clean. Fruit late ripening.

J.T.BAXTER.

--All crops nourishing and our farmers on a boom.

R. D. WINS.

HABERSHAM.--Cotton is fine, bat about two weeks late.

YOUNG DAVIS.

HART.--Seasons fine ; prospect flattering.

B. B. PARKER, JR.

JACKSON.--The finest seasons for years; farmers buoyant with hope ; prospect flat-

tering, indeed.

T. 8. JOHNSON.

MADISON.--Grass has injured crops 20 per cent, in this section ; rains plentiful;

crops growing finely ; nice time to save grain.

J. T. PATTEN.

MILTON.--Our present prospects are favorable for all crops.

0. P. SKELTON.

MURRAY.--Wheat thin but fine grain ; corn and oats best in twenty years. H. HEARTSILL.
--The season is fully twenty days late with us, but is promising now. G. JACKSON.

PAULDING.--Corn and cotton rather late, but in excellent condition ; good seasons-

F. M. DUNCAN.

--We are plowing close, and buying less rations; but we want to make a sur-

plus on our farms this year.

B. T. DRAKE

PICKENS.--The peach and apple crop is the finest in twenty years; the farmers

afe cheerful; good rains.

L. J. ALLRED.

--Crops booming; grass coming; toa much rain, and it heavy, washing ihe up-

land, overflowing the lowland.

E. R. ALLRED.

POLK.--Grass until the farmers can't rest; cotton and corn both healthy, but

cannot be cleaned time enough to make full crops, or near full crops.

S. M. H. BYRD.

--If every oat made in the county were saved for seed, I doubt whether they

would supply the local demand.

R. W. EVERETT.

RABCN.--The wheat crop is almost a failure; the winter oats were all killed, and

there are no spring oats sown about here.

EDWARD SITTON.

TOWNS.--Corn late, but looks well; wheat well filled that did not freeze out; good

season to-day.

J. N. GIBSON.

--In the midst of wheat harvest; what we have appears good ; need fire in our

houses to day, 1st July.

W. R. MCCONNELL.

--Winter oats all killed ; spring sowing looks fine.

M. J. BROWN.

UNION.--Corn crops look fine, and oats are good; farmers should raise more

clover and grass to save corn.

A. C. SWANSON.

--The wheat crop is a failure ; can't make the seed sown.

E, F. PARKS.

WALKER.--Corn and cotton are not so large as usual, but look green and pros-

perous.

J. T. WOOD.

['94]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

13

-Too wet for cotton ; corn is as good as the land will bring at this date F. M. YOUNG.
MIDDLE GEORGIA.

BALDWIN.--Too much rain for gray lands ; cotton injured by grass; corn splen-

did ; fruit promising.

JAS. C. WHITAKEE.

BIBB.--Crops fifteen days late ; need rain ; grass about conquered; day labor

scarce--paying60 to 75 cents per d;;y.

W. D. H JOHNSON.

BUTTS.--Crop prospec's are good where they have been well worked. Some farm-

ers have let grass get among their cotton.

H. C. THAXTON.

CAMPBELL - I have been well pleased with the two last Crop Reports received from your Dep irtment.
Crops in this section are in a growing condition, though about ten or twelve days late. I notice one of your correspondents speaks very discouraging'y of sheep. I think sheep can be made very profitable in this country with the right kind of management.
Does riot the loss in farm stock, where they have been fed on shipped corn, overbalance the cost of producing it at home?
I have been growing fie " little red cob " corn for several years, and, by improving it in the selection of seed, think that it is all that could be desired. I have often had calls from my neighbors for leed corn.
I received some "white sugar beet" seed from Mr. Robert J. Tugg'e, which have done well. They are a fine early table beet.
Burt oats are a good variety for earliness, but not as good as the rust proof
with us. There have been a great ma->y "LeConte " pear trees set out the past season, and
they give good satisfaction. Those who want good, healthy poultry should keep their fowl houses clean and
furnish them p'enty of grass and clean water to drink. About the best and only way Mr. D. N. Sanders can destroy the " August Flow-
er" bush is to grub it up and burn root and branch, as each piece will make a new
bunch if ieft in the ground. Mr L. L. Veazey asis for a remedy for fruit trees dying. There are to many
causes that we could not tell what is the matter with his. I find where they are well supplied with humus or vegetable mould they seem to thrive best. Put plenty of old ashes, corn cobs and trash from yard and wood pile around them and work it in the ground well. Old rotten leaves and trash from where they have caught in
time of ra'ns are good. I have done a great deal of upland ditching--it should be done well or not at
all; otherwise it is injurious. The stoc i. law is giving general satisfaction. Farmers are ve-y much interested in grass for pastures. I find orchard grass,
red top, Bermuda and oat-grass good. I have some "Texas Blue grass," but cannot tell yet what it will do, but think it wi'ldo well. I am making arrangements to be ab'e to furnish the roots and seed of Paspilum Oiiatum. It is fully described in the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1880--pages 375, 376.
HENBY N. COCHEAN.

--Cotton and corn fine; grass in abundance; oats and wheat short and light;

seasons very fine; labor plentiful.

F. H. STEED.

M

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[195]

CARROI L.--In some settlements it r nned so last week as to stop all ploughing the most of the time. Some few crops will lose considerably for want of work in time.

G. A. MCDANIEL.

--Cotton, wher^ well worked, is fine; corn never better at this season; oats

came out finely after rain.

R. H. SPRINGER

CLARKE --Grass in all crops and rot in grapes is reducing the average. Large

amount for this section of crops will be turned out

R. T. PITTARD.

--Wheat and oats in some instance? slightly damaged by rain since being put

in the shock.

j0HN g. LINTON.

CLAYTON.--The outlook for good crops at this t'rne is very encouraging. Crops

of all kinds are gro-ing fast. The Stephens wheat sent me by the. Department I

think a very good variety.

A. P. ADAMSOX.

--Too much rain for peaches, and half of early peaches rotted on the tree.

J. C. H. SNEED.

COLUMBIA.--Too much rain ; crops are very grassy ; stands will be injured, and I

fear many will not clean them in time to make a crop.

J. A. WALTON.

--More gra=s in cotton than I have f ver seen at this season of the year ; the stand

has been injured fully 15 per cent, by trying to kill grass; corn above an overage

am doing well.

M. j. BRANCH.

COWETA.--The crops have not been well cultivated--too much area, continuous

rains and inefflci-nt laborers.

WM. A. SMITH.

--Both farmer and threshermen speak discouragingly of wheat crop since it is

threshed out.

A. \y. STORES.

DEKALB.--Co ton small but healthy; many crops badly in grass : corn very flat-

te'inK

T. J. FLAKE.

--The outlook for the iarme-s is good at this time ; if the season continue- they

will be all right.

w. H. CARTER.

DOUGLAS.--The seasons have been good up to this time; corn and cotton are in

a fine growing condition.

B. H. PHILLIPS.

ELBERT.--Up to this time we have had fine seasons; there ;s still some grass, but

not enough to do much damage.

GK0. E. HEARD.

--Oats a failure; wheat threshing out very sorry.

D. M. CARLTON.

--Cotton rusted in places ; wheat and oats low and thin; gardens and corn prom-

ising. Salad peas you sent me did well.

p. p. THORNTON.

FAYETTE.--Wheat and oats through this section not threshed yet; yield will be

light. Farmers are engaged in their crops; will have them clean by the 10th, with

favorable weather.

j. Q POSEY.

--Labor rather more reliable. Several farmers experimenting with millo maize

think it is a good forage crop. Financial condition of country improves with fair

crops.

ISAAC Q. WOOLSEY, M. D.

--The crop at present is the best we have had for years; everything booming

W. S. MANGUM. FULTON.--Crops look well. The best prospect for many years.

R. WIDDOWS.

HANCOCK.--Corn on sand and b )ttom lands injured by too much rain ; red lands

excellent; gra?s under con'ro'.

H. L. MIDDLEBROOKS.

--We have ple-ty of rain, and some crops are injured by grass.

J. W. CAWTHER.

lt-96]

JULY CROP REPORT--1S85.

15

--Too much water for thin land ; grass in abundance; crops injured by getting

it out.

JOHN TURNER.

HARRIS.--H ve had an abundance of rain, but a little dry now. But for the grass

crop prospect would be much better.

FLYNN HARGETT, JR.

--We are needing rain just now, the first time this year. Some indications of a

northeast rain at th s date.

R. E. FORT.

H EARD. -- Seasons are good; some grassy farms, but the farmers are cleaning them

very fast.

J. C. BREWER.

HENRY.--Upland corn as good as the land can make when cultivated. The grass !

the grass !

J. A. C. WYNN.

--The prospect fora gooi yield of everything is better than for years.

MERRILL C. LOWE.

B'JTTS--Corn was ne*rer better; cotton is good where it has been worked out;

-wheat turns out well; oats are off--cause bad stand.

W. S. HENLY.

JASPER.--Gra=sand wet w-ather have injured cotton full 5 percent.on graylands;

"yellow-' grea ly damaged May orchards.

WILLIS NEWTON.

JONES.--The excessive ra'ns for t^e past six weeks have injured the cotton crop

materially in the eastern portion of the coun'y.

DAVID W. LESTER

LINCOLN--Rains have been plentiful; some trouble with grass, but farmers wil.

so ^n pull through.

J. M. DILL.

MCDUFFIE.--The corn as good as the land will make; cotton injured from grass

and cold nights. The stand is imperfect.

A. E. STURGIS.

MERIWETHER.--Both corn and co'ton are looking well; good seasons and plenty

of gras.

R. M. MCCASLIN.

--I have traveled to-day over a portion of Meriwether, Pike and Spalding. and can say that I have never seen as much grass and as little cotton at this season.

JOHN M. INGRAM, JR.

MORGAN.--Crops nearly clear of grass ; heavy rains in some parts of county, and

Tery dry in other parts.

J. H. AINSLIE.

OGLETH-IRPE.--Continued rains till this week; crops much in grass, but being

Tapidly freed from it now.

DAVID C. BARROW.

--It will take about ten days to c'ear the cotton of grass; have had an abundance

of rain.

JOHN T. HURT.

--Owing to too much rain cotton on wet land has died to a considerable extent;

much of it has been destroyed in getting the grass out; I think the prospect 20 per

cent, below an average.

J. W\ DICKEY.

PIKE.--Cool nights; plenty of rain to date ; farmers gettirig well up with crops. C. R. WILSON.

PUTNAM.--Rain since 19th May ; fine growth of crops where worked ; some cotton injured with grass; that promptly cleaned is far above an aver-ge.
J. M. WILLIAMS.

ROCKDALE.--Seasons fine and considerable grass, but think will get through 0. K. WM. L. PEEKE.
--We have fine rains, which are general; all crops growing splendidly; some grass. JAMES M. WHITE.

TALBOT --The prjspect fora gojl corn crop was never better; the rains plenti

f ul and the outlook flattering.

L. B. MCCROREY.

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[197)

--Corn crop just good enough if the seasons ho'd out; more corn will be madethan for years; cotton not so good ; too much rain and grass. J. A. FEEEMAN.

TALIAFEBBO.--Half of th-> pech trees dyiag of yellows.

D. N. SANDEES.

TEOUP.--Weather favorable for cleaning cotton crop. Cool to-day; minr'mum.

thermometer this morning 59 degrees.

H. H. CABY, M. D.

WALTON.--For want of proper cultivation corn and cotton below an average ; too-

much rain up to middle of June.

J. M. GEESHAM.

WILKES.--Fiom May 19 to June 19 like last June--too wet to plow all the time ;
getting out of grass depends on future weather. JOHN T. WIXGFIELD.

WAEEEN.--We have had an unusual amount of rain all through the month of

June, causing crops to be grassy.

R. M. HABDAWAY.

--Wheat and oat crop very ehort; cotton small, doing well; corn fair; pastures-

excellent.

JAMES. A. SHIVEES.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BEEBIEN.--Crops remarkably good; apples fine ; oats fine in some localities. H. T. PEEPLES-
--Provisions plentiful; working stock in good condition, and good seasons. H. J. PAEKISH.

BEOOKS.--Caterpillars in southern part of the county, and if they multiply as*

they usually do, cotton will be ruined.

R. I- DENMAEK.

--Cotton worms on some farms as early as the 20th June ; weather very hot and

dry ; may prevent increase.

W. W. GBOOVEE.

CHATTAHOOCHIE.--Cotton has died from "sore shank," so most of cotton has badstand ; the glass has also affected it badly from excessive rains. F. V. SCHLEY.

CLAY.--Caterpillars have made their appearance in small number in my cotton ;

no damage done yet

W. T. CHTJECHILL.

COLQCITT.--No rain within fourteen days; weather intensely hot; corn in full'

silk, and fai.ing rapidly ; a few days wi.l decide its fate. What tremendous conse-

quences hang upon one good rain !

T. J. WALKEB.

DOOLY.--Cotton small for the season ; corn is best.

G. TBIPPE.

--Rather too much rain for cotton; will produce shedding and cause rust; com

_ doing well. .

S. P. ODOM.

DOUGHEBTY.--Cotton ten days later than last year; corn ten days later; need

rain until middle of June to assure a good corn crop.

J. L. DOZIEB.

EAELY.--Rain generally plentiful t > date, but will suffer this hot weather if raia

does not become general.

D. M. WADE.

IEWIN.--Too dry.

E. D. PAULK.

--Wheat not grown here, except some seed sent from the Department, which is.

very fine.

ZABA PAULK.

MACON.--Red land cotton fully up to the average, if not above, but the gray lands,

have a hard stunted look.

A. J. CHEVKS.

--Too much rain ; crops retarded by grass.

J. B. MUEBAY.

MAEION.--Season very wet up to 18th; not much rain since.

GEO. W. C MUNBO^

[198]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

17

MiLLEB.-Recent drouthshave damaged corn considerab'y, and some, partsof the-
county will be a failure if it don't rain soon. MiTCHELL.-Cane good-short in acreage; recent rains good; cotton on ^cow
pen" laods diseased; the highest fertilizers not bet comp st or ^^J^'
plicable. QoiTMAN.-Rain abundant generally, and crop outl ok is good J E. S*TMH' -We are now dry no rain for two weeks; corn, potatoes, etc.^hurt u,lessee
get rain soon; oar corn can't watljng. RAKnoLPH.-OwiDg to frequent rains the peach crop has ^ttedJuUy j^^

-The pro-pect for corn and cotton very fine. The early peach crop is a fai ure :

late peaches promising but a great deal have fallen off.

JAS. E. GODFREY.

ScHLEY.-Good seasons to date, and if b essed with one or two more, fte^yield of
corn will be the best since 1876. -Seas ns general throughout county; crop prospects good; *^TMJj

very good ; oats fine.

'

STM,-Sincelas', report heavy rains; corn o a light sandy 'ad is ^; onJei

land good; cotton poor on sandy lands-on red land good. CHAS. C bHEPPARD.

THOMAS.-Crops doing w:ll-a little dry, but nothing damaged yet ^ ^^

-Crops have suffered for want of rain, and average prospect not as S00^Jasi

month was ; in some portions of the county now very dry.

mu. A. n

-The larmers are well up with their work and are in high spirits
CHAS. QTLKBS.

WEBSTFR.-COTM on poor sandy land is a failure on account of too mocb.rain

from middle of May to middle of June ; very dry now.

REASON A. EEL .

-Seasons exceedingly favorable ; outlook promising.

JAMES P. WALKER.

WILCOX--Plenty of. rai. n t,h,is..m.o!nt.h.

D F. MCCBIMMON.

WOBTH.-Ground pea,, bad stand generally; suffering for rain in pta es , moft-

ers-Fvienryesweeats.ons up to date; the crop prospect fine-never better. ^ ^ ^^

-Very dry for the last fifteen days; corn will be very badly ^TM^TMf generally clean.
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

BRYAK-Every prospect for a full crop; rainfall abundant; crops fairly dean-

-Fine seasons for corn and planting potato vines ; corn Md^a^^
tion ; farmers happy. CHATHAM.-AH crops are suffering from too much rain, especially rice^ ^ ^

-Season now too wet; heavy rains daily; all crops ^^wtj^nr

shine.

,

G*ABXTOH.-Constant rain has injured the cotton, corn and melon ^P^^1^

18

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[199]

COFFEE.--Dur'ng the mon'h of Jme the seasons have been very good; a few more

Tains for the corn will be sufficient.

JOSEPH B-ILEY.

EFFINOHAM.-Since the 7th ins'., have had a succession of heavy ra'ns, injuring

11 crops to some ex'ent.

O. E SMITH

GLYNN.--Rain ha< injured crops one third.

JK0. R. DOBKLING.

LIEEKTY.--Plenty of rain so far, and farmers are in goodsoirits.

J. 0. DAVIS, JK.

--Trere has veen an excess of rain; every one has all the grass he can manage

but all crops grow finely.

jAS A M KrNG_

TATTNALL.--Owing to heavy rains there is a falling in the condition and prospect

in cotton.

JT. TL. JTA' RBIE'L.

EAST GEORGIA.

BULLOCH --May has been very dry. Heavy rains from 7th to 15th ; rains plenti-

C. A. SORRIER. BURKE --Cotton weed is good, but its condition ai to cultivation is bad.

G. B JONES. --June has been a rainy month, and crops that have been well worked are fine.

W. B. JONES.

DODGE. -Penty f rain in some sections, and others very dry ; crop prospects were

never bet'er than at present.

jAMES BOHANNA*.

JEFFERSON--Red land corn and cotton as good as the land can mak. Too wet

for sandy and light soils. Peaches reported at 105 for June is now 100 in cone-

qu- nee of excessive rains.

TH03, HARDEMAN.

--G,rn and cotton looking well; some places needing rain

A. E. TARVER.

--Cotton is badly in the grass, but otherwise doing well.

G M; CLARK.

JOHNSON.--Crors good where they have been rightly managed ; more grass than

common

G. W. TAPLEY.

MONTGOMERY.--For the past twenty days the rapid growth of all crops usually

madein this section has been remarkable.

G. M. T. MCLEOD.

POLASKI --Crops all above an average, say of three years.

GEO. W. JORDAN.

RICHMOND --SO much rain farmers have not been able to keep farm free of grass

hence the plant has been damaged.

A w RHODES.

TATNALL --The harvest will truly be plentiful, but the laborers are few.

A. P. MOORE. -All crops growing well; seasons good; all kinds of stock in good c ndition.

JOHN HUGHEY.

TWIGGS. - Cotton has grown but little during past two weeks, owing to continued

rains and the grass which followed and yet here.

j. D. MYRICK

--Stand of cotton good and the plant fairly advanced up to 20th of May exces-

sive rams since have given it an unhealthy appearance and involve! in weeds and

grass. Cholera devastating the hog crop of th:s section.

H. S WIMBERLY.

WASHINGTON.--Too much rain for cotton and corn on light la ds.

J. M. PALMER.

[200]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885

19

--Shipping peaches this year does not pay. Crops are clean and in excellent con-
dition ; rains have been plentiful, and everything is promising. HORATIO N. HOLLEFIELD.

WILKINSON.--TOO much rain for cotton ; plant small. We hear the hogs are dy-

ing with cholera or some of er disease.

J. A. MASON.

--Rainy weather since middle of May has kept all crops ''lied w:th griss; most

of cotton is now full of grass.

J. M. BOONE.

HENRY.--Hog Cholera.--1 see and hear a great complaint of hog choiera. I have

not had the cholera in my hogs since the 'all of 1864--before that time I had it every year--that fall (1864) I lost sixteen fine ones in four days I gave the re-

mainder po'k root lei with salt. The rf mainder all got well. Since that time have

given a good deal of salt in slops or c'ear water. I don't think that any one will

have it if they will give plenty of salt and keep off the lice. All cholera hogs are

lousy. All farmers should have a polk patch on good griund and take as much

care of it a he does his cotton patch. Cut it down when tender, bcil and salt it,

and it will do five times the good th 't corn on same land woi'd d >.

We rave had fine rains for several weeks; crops that are clean d ing finely;

wheat and oats a-e turning out better to the amount of straw ti,an was expected,

but not straw enough.

R. J. HARPER, P. M.

20

DEPARTMENT OF. AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[201]

THIRD LECTURE.

THE USE OF FORCES ANO THEIR EFFECTS.

GENTLEMEN: We have now arrived at the culminating point of our re-earches. We have but to explain the cause of both successes and reverses in agriculture. This lecture is the conclusion of the two preceding ones, and the jus ification of the princip'es which I have explained and defended. One very striking point in oursubject is this: How few agriculturists outside of the rurjl classes have acquired fortunes! I kaow of none.
I can cie tt ree men whose efforts ended in failure--men who stand so high we must acknowledge their worth.
At the beginning of this century, Laviosier the founder of modern chemistry, farmer general, and acknowledged by his contemporaries the first statesman and financier of bis time, was led by the course of his s udies to investigate the whole agricultural problem, so a? to unders'and all the interests connected with it. Todo this he bought a farm of 200 acre=, between Blois and Vendome. To make hisinvestigations more general, he had a tenth interest in nearly all the farms of France. After eight years of study and exper.se, Lavoisier, the great Lavoisier, says: " The agricultural problem is more difficu't than I though'. In spite of all my efforts, I have no' been able to get back the interest on my capi'a'. But what most troubles me is not that I deceived myself, but the positive proof, acquired at my expense, that the farmer who cultivates the soil by the sweat of his brow fares no better than I.
The second attempt is by a man, not the equal of Lavoisier it is true, but one who stands high in pubic estimation. Ispeaiof Matthew de Dombasle, the founder of the institute of Roville
Matt! ew de Dombasle was an old pupil of the polytechic sch ol. When the sugar industry began he was the champion of that industry He failed. At this time the cultivation of clover on a large scale was begun. Struck with the advantages of clover growing, he thou.ht that by judicious rotations and a smill capital to begin with, he could bring the soil u J to the highest production, and with a profi . To make his experiment the more convincing, and give it a higher worth, this man of culture became asimple farmer. He borrowed a small capit .1, and for eight years at the mod-st establishment of Roville, which public estimation has since decorated with the title of institute of R >ville, Matthew de Dombasle applied all the foresight, wisdom and economy which enthu-iasm can command, o end in what ? Such otter failure as forced him toabandon his work! This is very serious, and it is not I who speak, but this table, which he has left as the summary of his. eight years' work :

3824 1825 1826 1827 1828

BESTJLTS FROM FARMING AT ROVILLE FROM 1824 TO 1832.

Profits. $
1,154 32

Loss. $2,346 53
388 84 184 07 1,419 45

[202]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

21

1829

1830

,

1831

...:.

1832

L474 82
m 94

2'373 38
1,S59 75

$2,804 08 $8,572 02

$5,667 94 loss!

Matthew de Dombas'e then did not succeed. He hai prepared his land as no one before him had ever done. He was in fact the founder of perfect agricultural implements, but to show the irony of fate, not one of his neighbors would use his plows duriDg his life time. After his death everybody used them, and this modest factory has become one of the most prosperous in France. Every one now recognize the superiority of the implements which during his life no one was willing to use. I always bow with respect to the nameof Matthew de Dombasle. The science of his day did not permit his doing more. But with the honesty of a brave man, he left us his accounts. He acknowledged his failure, and it is with the eleven's he has furnished that I will show you the true cause of his defeat. His work on the successes and reverses in agricultural enterprises, the results of his personal experience, is in reality a treatise in which he but shows the defects of man. I
will rise higher. The problem of agriculiural production is en'irely a natural phenomenon. It is
as a natural phenomenon I will analyze and define it. But, first, I feel the desire and necessity of giving Matthew de Dombasle a testimony of the highest and most respectful esteem, fori is the fruits of his ineffectual efforts, which furnish me the
first elements of my demonstration. When we use figures we must be sure of their value. I shall use those of Matthew
4e Dombasle, though they are n > longer applicable to our situation. We wi 1 then consider them but as a method of expressing my thougt ts, or rather as merely symbols. Matthew de Dombasle belonged to 1835-this is 1883. It is very evident the situation is changed, but as the elements of these accounts are incontestable, as everyone knows, what does it matter if tney refer to a different time from ours,
if by use of them I expl.in my meaning? Here is, the a, the cost of growing an acri of wheat at Roville:

,,. ,

("Rent General expenses



Fixed expenses.... \ CaltivatiJ_

[Seeding

$ 3 75 43 0509 3 70--$14 95

_VT ari. ab,,le

expenses

(Manure | Harveslingi

threshing,

etc

6 00 2 75-$ 8 72

Total Less the value of straw

$23 67 4 00

$19 67
The cost of growing 18 bushels to the acre is $1.09 per bushel. You notice the whole costs for an acre are $19.67, and includes expenses of two kinds, fixed expeDsas and variable expenses. What are fixed expends? They are the costs that must be advanced, no matter what ths result of the crop. Whether the crop is good or bad we must still pay the rent ana taxes. Consequently these are certain fixed expenses which are not changed by the amount of the crop; these also include general expenses, work of cultivation and seeds.

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[203]

Atthetimeof Matthew de D mbasle all of these expenses united amounted to $14.95. Along with the fixed expenses there are the variable expenses of manure, harvesting and threshing. It is very evident it cost moie to put 16 cart loads of manure on an acre than to put 8 cart loads. The expense is therefore variable. It depends on the resources at our command. Matthew de Dombasle valued the manure at $6.00 per acre. Among the variable expenses we mus: include harvesting and thrashing. The cost of the harvesting and thrashing depends on the abundance of the crop. If you make 36 bushels you pay more for harvesting and threshing than if you made 18 bu hels. Matthew de Dombasle put down the variable r xpenses as $8 72, which, added to the fixed expenses, made $23.67. If we deduct the value of the straw, $4.00, the total cost is $19.67.
And as the cr jp at Roville was eighteen bushels per ace, the cost of growing a bushel was $1.09.
At that time no manure but from the barnyard was used, which compelled the farmer to keep the production of manure pa allel with the production of his crops. Matthew de Dombasle then used barnyard manure alone; so, in spite of all his exertions, application, and perfect implements for well preparing the soil, he got but eighteen bushels of wheat per acre, a crop which hardly baanced expenses. The crops of beets and other plants were no better. He maie barely 17,400 pounds of beets per acre, 13 bushels of rape, 3,320 pounds of hay, and all his accounts balanced at a loss. He gained nothing--a strange and touching fact when we read the works of this noble man and feel the deep dejection underlying his words. Neglecting nothing, and not understanding the cause of his failure, he was overwhelmed with failure. More fortunate than he, I can . xpljin the cause of his failure. If, in 1836, the time when Matthew de Dombasle retired cjnquered from Roville, the doctrine of chemical ferti izers had appea/ed-if I had gone to Matthew de Dombasle, and, without any explanation, simply said to him : One thing has escaped you in
all the generous efforts you have made. You believe it is absolutely nece.sary to have manure to grow a crop. There is j our error. You produce it toJ dearly and not enough. To prove to you you can do better without manure and ma.e larger crops, let me spread these 2X sacks of chemical fer ilizer over an acre of your ground.
What would have happened? The fixed exp nses at Roville would have been the same as in the first case, $14.95. The taxe.-, the rent, the general expense would have been the same. But while Matthew de Dombasle used but $6 00 worth of manure, I would have paid out $9.60 besides lor chemical ferti.izers, that is to say, $15.60 for the whole manuriug, and the final resu t would have been as follows: The total costs, value of straw deducted, woul.t have gone from $19.67 to $27.95, but instead of 18 bushels of wheat there would have been 36 bushels, which would bring tie cost of a bushel down tj 77 cents per bushel, .nstead of $1.09 per bushel.

PRODUCTION OP WHEAT ON WZLL MANURED GROUND.

Fixed expenses, same as preceding

$14 95

Variable expenses 1 Manure

.J!!Z""!"!!!Z""'."""$15 80

J Harvesting and thrashing

4 80

Total cost

|20 g0_|2O go

Less va'ue of straw

_

Thir.y-six bushels at 77 c:nts per bushel.

The change needs no explanation.

7 gQ, $27 95

[204]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

2J

If by the use of $9.60 worth of chemical fertilizers, as a supplem nt to t\e barnyard manure, I increase the return of fightesn bushels, the fixed expenses aredivided between a larger number of bushels, and the cost of produc ion per bushel is diminished by reason of the corresponding inciease in the crop.
If the doctrine of chemical fertilizers had been known at this time. Ma thew de Dombasle, who ha i prepared his land with the greatest economy, would have been the grand patriarch of successful agriculture. As it is, he is a great moral authority, who, not succeeding himself, has yet given us the means of avoiding the gulf which overwhelmed him.
When ycu farm, you must not say I must make manure, but I must give tbe soil the full amount of the ag-nts of fertility which the crop needs to obtain a maximum crop To make it profitable, the cost of the fixed expenses, taxes, and preparation of the soil must be divided by as large a crop as possib e, so the price per bushel is lessened in proportion to the increase of product.
This is the rule. The question of manure is a secondary matter, particularly since we know the elements to which manure owes its activity.
What would you think of a mining interes*. which would plant its own forestsfor fuel instead of establishing itself near a depos t of coal oil? Chemical fertilizers exist like deposits of oil in the form of mines in the depths of the earth, and will you then condemn yourself to making mannre? Will you willfully take the accessory for the principal? Why stick to the forest whose wood is so costly when you have deposits of oil under your feet which you have only to explore to spread abundance and richness everywhere? To put new and valuable agents In ciiculation, to raise and make more fru tful the productive power of man is to add the equivalent of a new province to your country and the equivalent of a new continent to the world, if the increased productiveness becomes general.
Insufficitncy of manure is not the only cause of failure against which I must warn you. There are two or three others hich farmers, by profession, may know or may not, but which unfortunately escape these of another class who attempt to-
cultivate the ground. The second cause of failure, on which I insist more strenuously than on the pre-
ceding one, because if it is intuitively known it is not so clear'y pointed out, I discovered the gravity of at my own expense, and what we have learned by losing our money is not only not forgotteo, bu we know how to tell it to others in a convincing way. Knowing from .'ong experience what was to be gained from chemical fertilizers, I was imprudent enough to believe that I need only give my farmer a pan of cultivation and leave him to put it in execution.
Now, see what happfned to me. Instead of preparing the ground carefully, as I expected, and had directed should be done, it was only partially prepared. The soil, however, had received powerful ferlliizers, and instead of a crop I got hills and mountains of weeds. Take C-re never to use chemical fertilizers on ill prepared
land. The weeds will take the ground and the crop be down to zero. You will remember that for every pound of carbon wh ch weeds draw from the
air three-quarters of a day of a steam power works agaiust you. To every 1,700 pounds of weeds a 1,500 power works against you, ruining all your plans.
To show this more forcibly I give you ag in the table of expe ses of Matthew de Dombasle. Supposing the ground both well prepared and well manured, and af-
terwards well manured but not well p-epared. 1st Ca=e.--The ground is clean and well manured. It costs $27.95 to grow 36 bush-
els, which makes the price 77 cents per bushel ti grow it.

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[20.SJ

Fixed expenses, same as preceding
Manure Variable expenses--harvesting and threshing

$14 95
$15 80 4 80--29 60

"Total cost Less value of straw



35 55
"' 6

$27 95

36 bushels at 77 cents per bushel. 2d Case.--The ground is well manured but badly prepared, and po'soned with other growths. The straw is unsaleable, and the csst of cultivation runs up to $35.55

instead of $27.95. The crop being 18 bushels instead of 36, the cost of raising a bushel is $1.97. Production of wheat where (he ground is well manured, but infested with other

growths. Fixed expenses, same as preceding

$14 95

Manure Variable expenses--harvesting and threshing



$15 80

4 80--20 60

Total

$35 55

No deduction for straw (not saleable.) 18 bushels at $1.97 per bushel.

"We will carry our demons ration further. Instead of the $35.55, which was spent

at Roville, we take the present values on a farm in the suburbs of Paris, where

land is worth from $48 to $64 per acre, and suppose the crop is represented by 10,-

560 pounds of dry matter per acre, but the straw is not saleable from tve quantity

of other growths mixed with it. The wheat onl y 26 bushe's per acre, a little above

the general average. The cost of growing this wheat is

COST OF WHEAT GROWING NEAR PARIS (PER ACRE.)

Hentof land

Preparation of land

Fertilizer



Harvesting and threshing

Transportation

Interest General expenses and taxes

Unforeseen expenses

$10 00 16 00
16 00 6 40 2 00
4 00 4 oo 1 20

26 bushels cost $2.29 per bushel.

$59 60

If, on the contrary, the land is well prepared, and free of weeds and other

growth: Fixed expenses, as preceding

$59 60

Deduct 1,320 pounds of straw

12 00

If we make 45 bushels per acre itcosts If we make 50 bushels per acre it costs If we make 58 bushels per acre it costs

$47 60 $1.05 per bushel
95 per bushel 82 per bushel

Consequently, for not having prepared the land properly, in spite of the use of-- 1 may say rather on account of the use of a powerful fertilizer--we lose heavily, for <the crop is stifled by other growths.

[206]

JULY CROP REPORT--1885.

25

This error I committed, or rather it was committed for me and I paid for it. How could I foresee it? I had been accustomed to workiDg at the experimental field at Vincennes, where orders arc faithfully obeyed and watching is not needed ; but my farm is 15 leagues from Paris; I could go there but seldom, and the p'an of
cultivation I gave was not followed. A dishonest overseer was the cause of the trouble. But we learn from these facts
and prove this rule, that a well-manured but ill-prepared soil lelds to xutn, and quicker even than a well-prepared soil that is not well manured. At Roville the soil was well prepared, but not *ell manured; at Bilbartheault the soil was well manured but not well prepared. In both cases the result was the same, which proves that success or failure depends upon absolutely inflexible causes, superior in their effects and expression to tho control of man, after they are set at work by
his actions. Does not farming require a union of science, intelligence, order and sdmimstra-
tive ability which no other industry demands ? It is not enough, then, to manure the land ; you must still make sure by a sufficient prepara'ion of the soil, that the
crops will profit by the manure. Notice how different these rules are from those of the past. The work of Matthew
de Dombasle on the causes of success and failure in agricultural enterprises is, as I have shown, a code of precepts from which all men may learn; there is no rude ignorance in it. He showed wisdom, foresight, and a perfect management. He understood everything but the cause of the production of crops, the agents necessary and their laws. My system is entirely different. I put mm as a secoidary agent. I separate incidental causes and accidents. I :00k at the act of production as a natural phenomenon. Vegetables and anima's are but beings which must attain a certain development to be profitable I compare these beings to real machines whose functions and conditions of production I define without reference to the involuntary mistakes or calculations of man, or the profit or losses which may result from them. I separate all the pertirbing influences which may cause failures from the real fundamental causes, and see only the abiolu'eand imperative necessities of production. I will consider the disturbing causes from human inter venlion at the close of this lecture. At this moment I have not'iing in vijw but
the crop -the real object of all our efforts. Just here you perhaps wish to say, you go back to theory, and we don't want
theory. Take care, gentlemen, how you repu'se theory. When a man is willing to lose his money in order to make clear a difficult and complex problem, which he can only expliin under a theoretic form, so as to give his words a useful generality, and you repulse the advices of h's theory, you disregard the indisputable rights of reason and experience. And in this particular case unler consideration, do not forget that theory alone accurately defines the means to which we must have re-
course. To avoid the dangerous acci lent? against which I h we waned you, I must warn
you of a third and very general error. The third error is this: All systems of culture which use only birnyard manure as a fertilizer, and it producad upon the farm with hay from unmanured meadows consumed in the stables, are systems
that cannot be profitab'e, and must be abandoned. The axiom, "meadow, stoci, cereals," U a heresy ani nonsense. When you
examine the balance-sheet of a farm guide! in its details by this axiom, you saon see that the real trouble is the manure, for the meadow and stock are " impediments," which neither gain nor lose. On a farm of 250 acres, 50 are given to the meadow. The capital reprsented by the meadow and animals is a dead capital.

26

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[207]

This is explained by the old saying, stock an a necesary evil. In this system the hay is realty but an organ of transmission, and nothing else. There is no deny!rg thi=. I will prove it by one decisive example. Here U the farm account of tie celebrated farm of Bechelbrown at the time it was directed by M. Bous ingault. Barnyard manure was the only fertilizer used:

FARM ACCOUNT AT BECHELBROWN.

BAENYABD MANURE ALONE USED--THE FEED CONSUMED SET DOWN AT COST OF PRODUCTION.

Rentofland Cost of culture 710 tons of manure By balance

Chapter I.--Cultivated Fields. """"'.

$ 900 QQ
1068 09 740 =<> M0 00"

Total
Vegetable products sold Vegetable products consumed

$3248 61 $2209 01
1039 60

Total
Feed-Costs of all kinds

Chapter II.--Stock.

$3248 61 $3248 61 $2380 08 1214 9g

Total
Animal products Days of work 710 tens manure

$259*> 30 261 5? -Q 5o

$3594 34

Total
*ent of land Cost of culture By balance

Chapter III.--Meadow.

$3594 34 $3594 34
$1082 00 ,,,,, ,,,, 12ft 60

1lbc,3oi Jq0ut^in'"taVls of hay consumed 325 quintals of ha> consumed

n $132 64 SJ-SOl 69 369 05

Total
Sources of Profit. --Cultivated Fields. Meadow-By sale of hay
Ttal

$1691 69 $1691 69
$M0 M
126 60


[208]

JULY CROP REPORT--1E85.

27

Could there be a more striking demonstration ? Who can believe, or persuade themselves intobe'ieving, that the difference of $66' 60between the receipts and the
exp<?r ses is a real profit ? We say, emphatic Hy, that this insufficient and ruinous system of manuring is
the great cause of the trouble. Culture by manure alo-e cannot be rem unerative. The other causes of failure
are mainly due to it. This is the main cause of the difficulties against which agri-
culture has fought for the last twenty years.

Consider this:
Meadow, a necessity Stock, a necessity

No profit No profit

Consequence:

Fields badly matured

No profit

By the foregoing facts you see three causes sufficient to ruin any agricultural enterprise, without taking into consideration our own errors in judgment and the
fluctuations of the market.
1st. Insufficiency of manure.
2d. Imperfect preparation of land, allowing other growths.
3d. The exclusive use of manure made from hay on unmanured meadows and
consumed in the stables.
The pro >f that by avoiding these three errors agriculture can b ; made profitable is given us by the great experience of Mr. John Prout. All the English agricultural journals tell how, for twen'y years, Mr. Proat has cultivated 450 acres ex. clusively in wheat and with chemical fertilizers alone, realizing always a large profit. The ploughing is done by steam; the crops are sold at auction on the ground, and for twenty years the average return has been 47 bushels per acre. And during this period the proprietor has realized 3lA percent, interest on the cost of original invtstment, 5 on advances of all kinds, and during this 20 years the ground has increased in value- by $75,000. Here, no manure, no weeds, chemical fertilizers used in large quantities. Results successful and brilliant.
It is true this method cannot be given as a model to follow. In France and Belgium the habit is not to sell the crops on the ground, and the hnd is too divided in small farms to admit of the use of the steam plough.
Admirable as a proof of the truth of our princip'es, yet Mr. Prout's plan is not a solution of the difficulty. To be practicable we must hive one that is worked by animals fed on the farm. But here the problem becomes complex, and you easily see how the work of a farm is far from being simple and independent, as it is supposed to be, and how quickly an agricultural enterprise can be ruined if the me. chacical force is ill applied. The danger which I point out here, gentlemen, is the one on which nine out of ten men, who are not brought up as farmers, are wrecked --engineers, merchants, financiers and learned men, who reason by analogy of what is done in a factory, and believe there is a direct and simple relation between The workman and the product of the crop. The danger is the greater here because everything combines to increase it. The farmer, by birth, is ignorant of the dan-

28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[209]

gerl am analyzing, but he excels in pushing you on to it. The jealousy of the agricultural class against the proprietor is not inferior to the ferocity of beasts and when, by lying advice, you are led to attempt what cannot succeed, you see and read in their faces the evidences of the intense satisfaction they feel at your failure. (The dislike of the savage to the civilized man.) It took me two years to find out and understand this cause rf failure, and it is a general cause. To follow it in all its effects would require a whole lecture to itself. I will only attemp1 to show its larger and more general effects.
(TO BE CONTINUED IN NEXT CHOP REPORT.)

SPECIAL CIRCULAR 49.
NEW SERIES.
QUESTIONS FOR MOST CROP REPORT.

Helurnable August /si, /88f>.

Compared to an average, condition and prospect of-

Cotton Corn Rice

per cent. Sweet Potatoes

per cent. Sugar Cane..-

_ per cent. Melons

-

per cent. per cent. per cent

If the cotton cattapillar has appeared, give the date of first

appearance.

-----

What other casualties, if any, have affected the crop ?

To what extent injured by all casualties? IKE^l-A-UKS :

Correspondent's Name. Post Office County

CIRCULAR No. 70. New~Series.
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST, 1885.

SHOWING
CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF AUGUST, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA.

3". rr. HEisriDE^soasr,
Commissioner.

ATLANP\
Jan. P. Harrison & Co., P 1885,

and Electrotypes.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[212]

A comparison shows a decided improvement in North, Middle and Southeast Georgia..
There has been too much wet weather for the crop in most parts of Southern Georgia.
The injury from rust and caterpillar in Southwest Georgia is reported 9 per cent. The caterpillar had been observed before the last of July in half the counites of 'his section, and in two or three counties of East and Southeast Georgia.
The worms are always most destructive where there is a succulent growth of the plant, as on bottoms and the better uplands. The present season^has favored this condition of growth on nearly all lands, and great danger is apprehended to the crop throughout Southern Georgia.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.
BICE.--The condit'on and prospect in Middle Georgia is 97 ; in SouthwesthGeorgia,96 ; in E*st Georgia, 95 ; in Southeast Georgia, 98 ; and the average for the whole State, 96.
SWEET POTATOES.--Noith Georgia, 103 ; Middle Georgia, 99 ; Southwest Georgia, 96 ; East Ueorgia, 97 ; Southeast Georgia, 99 ; and the average for the'State, 99.
SUGAR CANE.--Middle Georgia, 98; Southwest Georgia, 95; East Georgia, 97 : Southeast Georgia, 102; and the average for the State, 98.
MELONS.--North Georgia, 94; Middle Georgia, 97; Southwest Georgia, 89 ; East Georgia, 90 ; Si utheatt Georgia, 80, and the average for the State, 90.
COTTON CATERPILLARS.*

The caterpillar was ol served about the first of June in Mitchell county, andtis now widely spread over Southern Georgia. Before the first of August their appearance had been noticed in over half the counties in Southwest Gecrgip, and in a few counties of East, Southeast and Middle Geoigia.
Since the first and fecond broods rarely attract attention on account of their comparative small numbers, it is probable that they may be very generally spread in many localities where not yet observed.
* The Commissioner hereby gratefully acknowledges the kindness of the Atlanta Constitution, and other papers of the State, in re-publishing the "Direction for destroying Caterpillars," which appeared in the July Crop Report of this Department.

[213]

AUGUST CROP REPORT--1835.

The worms may be effectually destroyed with Paris green or London purple. The latter is recommauded in the proportion of one pound to 80 or 90 gallonsof water. This mixture should be thrown in spray upon the infested plants at the ra e of 25 gallons to one acre of ground. The Paris green is most conveniently applied in the proportion of one pound to 25 pounds of flour dusted through a fine clo'h over the plants while wet with dew. The London purple is equally as effectual as the Paris green, an(i is preferred on account of its cheapness, and the greater facility with which it may be applied. Full directions with details of experiments conducted for the purpose of determining the proper proportions to be used were published in the July Crop Report, which will be supplied to the farmers of the State on application.

TABLE No. 1.--Condition and Prospect of Crops in Georgia by Sections.

SECTIONS.
North Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia Bast Georgia Southeast Georgia
Average for the State

Condition and prospect compared to an average.

1

a o

-M 3

a a

Pu

C

t/J

a

o O





GO

02

s

101 110

103

94

100 105

97

99

98

97

93

92

96

96

95

89

94

96

95

97

97

90

97 102

98

99 102

80

97 101

96

99

98

90

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[214]

TABLE No. 2.--Summary of Weather Reports for July, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

STATIONS.

Dahlonega Ellerslie Gainesville Marietta Mossy Creek.. Babun Gap.... Rome
Means

Atlanta



Carrollton

LaG range

Milledgevi le.

Oxford

Thomson

Means.

Americus Columbus.... Cuthbert Fort ValleyNashville .... Quitman
Means.

Temperature. Rainfall

S a
B s S s c

OBSERVER.
>,
C3

03

a a a0

O
S5

95. 60. 71.8 6.30 86. 60. V3 0 3.50 94. 53. 78.3 6 35

B. P. Gai lard. Mrs. J. W. Bryan. C. B. LaHatte. H. N. Starnes.

94. 59 79 7 5.R0 89. 49. 68.1 3.80 95. 58. 78.0 2.75

I. M. Dorsey. Edward Sitton. R. 8. -Norton.

92 S6, 74.8 4 72 10

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

93. 57. 78.3 4.02 11 R. J. Redding. S. J. Brown.

92. 60. 78 9 3.37

H. H. Cary.

96. 63. 80.6 3.04

Miss E. Stewart.

A. E. Sturgis.

94.

79.3 3.48

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

93.

83 2 1.65 13 J. E. Bivins.

G. M. Dewes.

95. 70. 80.2 4.35 97. 67. 81.0 555

B. T. Hunter. Mrs W. J. Anderson.

91. 72. 82.0 7.55

H. T. Peeples. Win. T. Gaulden.

94. 69. 81.6 6.52

EAST GEORGIA 94. 66. 81.0 4.32

8 1 W. K. Nelson. R. C. Sanders G. W.H. Whitaker.

91. 66. 81.0 4.32 8

.-- .

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

95. 75. 82.3 4.60 8 H. A Kemick. 90. 72. 81.0 9.70 16 E. A. McWhor'.er. 96. 71. 84.0 11.75 11 John L. Harden.
73. 82 4 8.68 12 93.8 64.8 79.8 5-54 10

[215]

AUGUST CHOP EEPOKT--1885.

NOTES OF CORRESPONDENTS.

NORTH GEORGIA.

BANKS.--Since our last report we have had'plenty of rain, which has improved

our crops fifteen per cent. We are expecting a bountiful harvest this time ; corn

is nearly made.

GEO. W. WILEY.

CATOOSA.--Cotton rather late ; some fields in the grass ; corn the best crop since

the war; plenty of rain up to date.

JOHN BIRD.

--NO particular part of county suffering for rain ; corn as good as the land will

make it, though corn that was fertilized is catching the eye of those that didn't fer-

tilize,

j. B. HENDERSON.

CHEROKEE.--Cotton a little late; corn good so far, though a drouth would injure

the crop very materially; we hope to have good seasons; if so, it will beat any

crop for years past.

J. j. A. SHARP.

CHATIOOOA.--If it continues seasonable until the middle of August, all that have

worked their crops, will make a large surplus.

J. J. P. HENRY.

--The prospect is for a good crop of corn, the first since the war ; season is good

this 30th July.

'V7. p. TAPP.

COBB.--Corn and cotton look very promising where they have had the right kind

of attention ; there have been more peas planted and sown this year than for several

years past.

L. M. POWER.

--Cotton and corn is cut off half in this section of the county. We have not had

a good season since the rain in May ; in other sections rain plentful; crops as fine

as the land can make.

j, x. LINDLEY.

DADE.--Our corn crop has not suffered for rain at any time this season.

JAS. ALLISON.

DAWSON.--Corn, cotton and sweet potatoes never,;iookeI better, though some sec-

tions of our county are beginning to need jrain.

A. J. LOGAN.

FLOYD.--Crops fine ; prospect for an abundant crop of everything to eat and to

bring money.

W. Si SANFORD.

FORSYTH.--Cotton crop has advanced veryjrapidly for the last month; weed well

shaped and heavily fruited; good seasons up to date; if it continues through

August the corn crop will be better than "for five yei.ra.

B. H. BROWN. -"

--The lack of work at the proper time on account of rain has caused the cotton

crop to be 25 per cent, off; the weed is fine but late.

H. N. SCTTON.

FRANKLIN.--I have traveled within the last week over a portion of Hart, Franklin

and Binks, and find^corn and cjtton bath looking well; seasons have been very

good,recently.

ALEX. WHITE.

8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[2161

''--There has not been rain enough to run in the furrows since planting time up to

the 24th ; rains have set in now, and with good showers from now on crops will be

fine-

J. B. D. MCWHOKTEB.

GILMER.--The showers of rain have been partial and light for three weeks past.

One or two good rains will make the be3t corn crop for years ; the fruit is small but

will make a fair yield.

N. L. OSBORN.

GORDON.--Corn and cotton that have been well managed, are as good as could be desired, but at this time needing rain ; the working season is about over.

N. B: HALL.

--Wheat a'most a total failure ; good land did not average two bushels and in-

jured by rain.

A RoFF_

--Hot and dry ; corn suffering in most places.

0. H. DAVIS.

GWINKETT.--We have had too much rain in this section ; low icorn on the Suwannee

Creek and Yellow River b?en under water eight times in thejlast seven weeks; cot-

ton gone too much to weed, yet some ne-'ghboi hoods have suffered drouth. I sowed

onion seed in April; I harvested my crop to-day. Made at the rate of 448 bushels

per acre of white variety, and 444M of red Weathersfield. Measured by A. G Har-

ris, Esq., and J. C. King.

j. T. BAXTER.

--Too wet in some localities; too dry in others ; average good.
J. T. BAXTER.
HAEERSHAM.--Dec-'dedly the best cotton and corn prospect that has been for years.
YOUKG DAVIS.
JACKSON.--The following is a consolidated report of Planter's Agricultural Club, embracing ten miles square: Wheat, half a crop ; kept back on account of late dry spring. Oats a failure ; one-fourth killed out in winter. Corn crop never was better ; area larger than usual: bud worms not so bad as usual ; rain plenty ; corn is just as good as land can make it where it is well worked. Cotton good; better than last year ; earlier than last year by ten days. There is more interest in peas than usual; larger area and ficer than for several years. Fruit and vegetable s in abundance Labor better and in greater demand than for several years. Farriers are happy.

--The package of "Stephens" wheat received from the Department was sown in low, wet place to see if it would rust. No rust was seen on it. Threshermen report that it is the heaviest wheat that they ever saw.
A. C. ArPLEBY, Secretary.
--Having destroyed the grass, it seems that on this (the eastern) side of the county, we are entering upon a withering douth, not having had a season in two weeks.
G. W. O'KELLy, SR.
--Think cotton injured. The prospect is better in Jackson county for corn and cotton than it has been in ten years, where it wes worked. Wheat and oats turn out badly; quality good. The farmers all in good heart over their crops.
JOHN G. WIER.
--Crops in thissectirn are good where well cultivated. Plenty of rain up to date. J. T. ROGERS.

[21?]

AUGUST CROP REPORT 1885.

--The crops of our county are as good as couid be expected, and in many parts as good as ever known. Most nattering prospect for several years.
T. S. JOHNSON.

MADISON.--Plenty of rain; corn that was planted early is now made; farmers

are still plowing cotton. Prohibition is taking the day in our county now, and will

be settled September 12th; farewell whisky.

J. T. PATTEN.

MUBBAY.--If the season continues favorable, the crops of corn and cotton will

exceed any for many years. The rain has been partial, yet crops have not suffered

materially.

H. HEABTSILL.

--Corn is fine and doing well. Cotton growing and fruiting well. Grapes rotted

some in June, owing to too much rain-fall. The crops of all kinds are better than

for twenty years, but a little late.

G. JACKSON.

PAULDING.--The cotton plant is not altogether so large as usual, at August 1, but

the plant is vigorous and heavily fruited.

F. M. DUNCAN.

PICKENS.--Dry in some sections and needing rain. Better crops than have been in

twenty years. Peaches and apples as good as can be. The cabbage worm is the

worst I ever saw ; could some one give a remedy ?

Jos. DEEKING.

POLK.--Up to this date crops were never more promising, where they have been properly worked. This has been very difficult, however, on account of continued rains in June ; all clean now, and the yield will be large if the seasons coniinue.
JOHN 0. WADDELL.

RABUN.--The prospects for a good corn crop were never better. We have had fine

seasons in most parts of the county; some sections needing rainjat this time. Crops

ten days earlier in this neigborhood.

F. A. BLECKLEY.

TOWNS.--Sweet potatoes look well; the cause of shortage was on account of not

having seed to plant.

J. N. GIBSON.

--This county has not had such a prospect for a corn crop in years. Wheat,

about the seed sown raised.

W. R. MCCONNELL.

UNION.--Haven't had but little rain in two weeks, though corn looks fine. The

farmer should be thankful for the prospect of good crops, and he should dispose of

his bounties in the most wise manner.

A. C SWANSON.

WALKER.--Cotton has improved wonderfully during July. Corn is doing as well as we could hope ; it is beginning to suffer for rain on thin land.
J. Y. WOOD.

--Although crops were not well tilled on account of so much rain in the spring

and early summer, yet, with the warm and seasonable weather of the last 30 days,

they have improved wonderfully.

J. A. CLEMENTS.

--The best crops generally for years; good seasons still continue.

J. J. BROYLES, M. D.

--Prospects for corn good, if the seasons continue; we have suffered for rain in

some localities ; the last eight days we have had some partially good showers, 25th,

26th and 27th, but not general.

WM. C KILGOBE.

10

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA.

[218]

WHITFIELD.--Where crops have been worked, condition and prospects better

than I have ever known.

PIEKCE HOBNE.

--We are needing rain.

W. C. RICHARDSON.

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

BALDWIN.--We have never had better corn than is produced this year on our

own bottoms ; cotton promising where it has been well worked; rather small on

sandy lands.

j. c. WHITAKEB.

BIBB.--Seasons favorable; conditions of all crops good ; prospects nattering. W. D. H. JOHNSON.

CAMPBELL.--Pine seasons all through July--the crops of all sorts looking better

than for many years; at this time cornfield peas 110.

ROBT. J. TUGGLE.

--Have had good seasons; corn and cotton are at least ten per cent, above the

average, where it has been worked; a little too much rain for very low bottom

land-

J. E. HENLEY.

--Crops of corn, cotton and potatoes are about as fine as the land can possibly

make them ; with such crops, together wilh the stock law, we will have peace and

plenty in our land.

p. H gTEED

--Cotton crops in this section could reasonably have been put down at 125 if they

had been clear of grass when the growing season came on. Farmers lose more by

having to clean out their crops late than they think for. Corn on wet bottom very

poor on account of rain.

H. N. COCHBAN.

--Crop prospects quite flattering; too wet for low bottoms ; injured to some ex-

tent for lack of work at proper time, and the severe workings they had to be sub-

jected to to clear them of grass.

W\ G. MASON.

CABEOLL.--Cotton was never better than the present; corn is very line--never

better; if the seasons continue, will be the largest crop for many years ; all crops

are booming, and the outlook is fine.

R. H. SPEINGEE.

--Where the crops have been worked well and grass kept out, they are

as good as the land will produce. More corn made now than has been made in the

last two years.

g. c. CANDLER.

CLAYTON.--We have never had better corn crops than this year. The crop has been injured some by storms, but bids fair to exceed an average. Too much rain

for cotton.

_A p ADAMSON.

COLUMBIA.--Crops that have been worked fast enough and kept clean are as good

as the land will make.

g, G. LAMKIN.

COWETA.--The general outlook is very promising. I don't know that we have

suffered for rain a single day since the crop has been planted. Had the crop been

cultivated well, our barns would have been well filled.

WM. A. SMITH.

--Crops of all kinds, where well worked, are as good as the ground will produce.

A. W. STOKES.

DEKALB.--We are having fine seasons, and crops of all kinds never looked more

promising. If nothing happens from now on, there will be the best crop there has

been for twenty years.

w. H< CABTEB.

[219]

AUGUST CHOP REPORT--1885.

11

DOUGLAS.--Corn was never better. We have fine rains. All crops growing splendidly. Some grass. Farmers are in high spirits. Several farmers experi-

menting on acres of cotton.

B. H. PHILLIPS.

ELBERT.--Corn good. Cotton, where well worked and on good land, pretty fair.

Upon the whole, the prospect in Elbert is as good as has been for years. Hog chol-

era prevails to an alarming extent.

F. P. THORNTON.

--In some portions of the county not a season from June 5th to July 29th, while

other portions never suffered.

J. D. GLOVER.

FAYETTE.--In portions of the county it has been too dry; other portions wet, but altogether there is an average crop if the seasons continue.
ISAAC G. WOOLSEY, M. D.

--The seasons have been all that could be wished for since May. Should they continue through the growing season, the cotton crop will be enormous. I doubt if this country ever producd a better general crop than the present one.
J. G. POSEY.

FULTON.--The crops are good throughout the county. The wheat you sent me turned out to be a pure purple straw and made a fine yield, ripened early, no rust.
W. L. MANGUM.

HANCOCK.--Early corn and cotton about as good as lands will make. Most of

cotton delayed by grass recovered much under good seasons. All in all the crop

outlook is propitious.

H. L. MIDDLEBROOKS.

HARRIS.--The crop is injured in several ways by grass, wet weather and some hot

dry weather. It is shedding forms now from wet weather. The weed is growing

finely now.

'

JAMES PATTILLO.

--We are having too much rain in some sections; in others not enough. Far-

mers are beginning to raise millo maize.

FLYNN HARGETT, JR.

HENRY.--The best prospect for cotton and corn crops we have had for many

years.

J. A. C. WYNN.

HEARD.--The cotton weed is larger than I ever saw it at this date, but is subject

to many casualties that may yet ruin it. August always decides the destiny of

cotton in this latitude.

J. B. WARE.

--Seasons have been a little too wet in some places and rather dry in other. Rain

now general. ID the wet spots the grass has the advantage.

J. C. BREWER.

LINCOLN.--The excess of rain in June caused the crop to become grassy, the

cleaning of which, with drought, subsequently caused the loss referred to in the

report. Fine rain 28-9, with hail and wind.

J. M. DILL.

MCDUFFIE.--The corn crop cut off some from drought only in portions of the

county. No improvement in cotton since last report.

A. E. STURGIS.

--Most of our county has had good seasons, and the prospect for a full average

crop is good.

H. MCCORKLE.

MERIWETHER.--We have as good corn and cotton on red lands as I ever saw ; too

much rain on gray lands, and still rains almost daily.

B. S. CLEMENTS.

I have to-day made the same trip that I made last month, and find the crops in

a much better condition and looking well; prospects are very good. JOHN M. INGRAM, JR.

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[220]

-Cotton where it is well worked will be fine if we can get rain soon ; showers are

partial, but we are not yet suffering much.

J0HN H. WILLIAMS.

MONROE.--Large corn crop already made; cotton has not suffered one day for rain ; fruiting well; pea crops magnificent; stock generally in very good order.

GUY TAYLOE.

MoRGAN.-Crops in most of the county as good as the land can make; peaches rotting badly, and some kinds of grapes rotting ; weather very warm and moist.

J. H. AlNSLIK.. -Upland corn decidedly above an average ; cotton generally above average and doing well in most places ; rains have been partial, and some parts are dry.

G. D PERRY -Very heavy rains in portions of the county the latter part of June ; did some
damage to crops by washing uplands and overflowing bottom.

J. M. GAINBS.

NEWTON.--The late spring and grass did affect the cotton crop, but has been overcome by the good seasons, and cotton is now up to an average good crop.

OCONEE.--Plenty of rain in some sections and otters very dry never better.
--Some portions of the county beginning to need rain.
JASPER.--The best crops for years ; seasons good.

L. P. LIVINGSTON.
crop prospects were J. C. WILSON. R. L. DURHAM.
W. C. LANETT/

BUTTS--TOO much rain for cotton ; corn continues good ; sugar cane and sorghum

were never better; fruit great! ydamaged by excessive rain ; boll worm and caterpil-

lar have both made their appearance in small numbers.

W. S. HENLEY.

OGLETHORPE.-Beginning to get dry in some parts of county; cotton would be

seriously injured by drouth now; upland corn was never better and is made bot-

tom corn generally made also.

c A STEVENS.

--Cotton is now beginning to suffer for rain in parts of our county; without rain

in a few days the cotton crop will be materially injured.

JAMES J. GREEN.

PIKE.--The prospect is good for all crops, but begin to need rain in some locali-

tieS-

C. E. WILSON.

--Our crops are clean and look well; corn the best ever seen, and heap planted.

J. A. WILLIAMS.

RocKDALE.-Rain has been local to some extent, but upon the whole crop pros-

pects never were better.

WM L PMK

-At this time, July 25th, plenty of rain; crops generally well worked, and laid

"'

JAMES. M. WHITE.

TALIAFERRO.-TO destroy muskrats, sink a barrel even with surface where they climb the bank of stream; fill with water, and cover top with apples; after they carry off apples let down water one foot, and cover with apples again.

D. N. SANDERS. -We have had good seasons throughout the greater part of the county during July. A few spots have been less fortunate. Upland corn made, and generally good;

[221]

AUGUST CROP REPORT- -1885.

13

lowland corn less forward, but promising; cotton is doing well, but has had some

backset from having been very grassy.

LIONEL L. VEAZEY.

TALBOT.--Crops are just good enough where they have been well-worked ; corn is

safe, and our cribs will be at home.

S. A. FREEMAN.

--Cotton not well fruited ; corn never more promising ; sweet potatoes and peas

very fine ; plenty grass to graze on, and stock of all kinds looking well. L. B. MCCEOVEY.

TJPSON. --April was too dry; cotton did not come up until rain set in ; then the rains were too often, and too hard to cultivate and keep clear of grass.
T. J. MlDDLEBROOKS.

WALTON.--The seasons for July have been all we could ask, and corn and cotton

on a big boom.

J- E. NUNNALLY.

--Should the seasons continue favorable, there will be made large crops of both

corn and cotton ; low or wet bottom land corn not good.

J. M. GRESHAM.

WARREN.--The early peach crop a failure; late crop likely to be; seems to decay

on maturing. 1 am inclined to think imported fruit a failure anyhow. W. D. ROGERS.

--Seasons fine; prospect good; no disease, rust or worm. If rain continues in

August cotton crop will be a full one, and corn to spare.

JAS. A. SHIVERS.

--In some sections of the county where they have had plenty of rain, crops

are as good as could be desired ; in this section we have had no rain in over five

weeks; hence the bad prospect.

R. M. HARDAWAY.

WILKES.--Most of the county has had plenty of ra.in ; about one-fourth very dry

for weeks.

W. A. POPE.

--Rains very partial; none general; last good season just here, June 25th ; a few

localities, crops are extra fine; dry sections in excess, and upland corn off one-third

to one-half in past month.

JOHN T. WINGFIELD.

HENRY--My portion of the county has been highly favored with rain ; have not
suffered a day since the 18th of May ; corn and peas never better to my knowledge. T. H. STALLWORTH.

JASPER.--The best crop prospects ever known in this county.
WILLIAM NEWTON.

NEWTON.--Boll worm reported in the neighborhood, August 1st. J. B. MCCONNELL.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BAKER.--Caterpillars threaten inj ury and so does the rust; cotton two weeks late, but well fruited; we are now having too much rain to do well.
REUBEN JONES.
--Caterpillars are with us every summer; it takes a combination of circumstances to produce them in sufficient numbers to injure or destroy cotton crop. Circumstances are, moisture, beat and condition of the plant, i. e., sappy or tender.
G. F. KING.

1^

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA.

[2221

BROOKS.--If next crop worms come, cotton in southern part of county will be in-

jured 50 per cent; they sometimes disappear; as yet damage not general, but a few

everywhere.

j R

DENMAEK.

--All crops good; corn suffered slightly in some localities from drouth ; cotton

good, but now threatened by caterpillar ; no damage to date.

T. W. JONES.

--Caterpillars nor rust has not injured the crop as yet, but probab'y will scon.

Rain plentiful. Cholera among the hogs to some extent.

ELIJAH WADE.

CALHOUN.--Rain has been general the last few days, aiid cotton is doing finely, except localities effected by rust. Fodder-pulling is under headway.

P. P. GBIFFIN.

CHATTAHOOCHEE.--Showeis have become general, and " all nature seems to smi' again." If no accident comes there will be a good cotton crop; all looks propitiott.

P. V. SCHXEY.

--Drouth in June and July has seriously injured corn crop, and recent rains are

causing cotton to shed.

w p. PlELDKE_

CLAY.--The caterpillar is our only fear now as regards a full cotton crop ; some

are preparing to poison; it is too soon to say to what extent they will injure the

crP-

T. 0. SPEIGHT.

COLQUITT.--We had a great deal of rain in July, but it was not general; some lo-

calities received too much, while others received scarcely any at all. The cater-

pillar flies are numerous, but their presence does not always indicate destruction

by the worm.

.

j F

WALKEK_

DECATUB.--Rains partial; some sections plenty of rain ; some cut off by drouth. E. A. J. RICH.

DOOLY.--Cotton rusting badly, especially on dry lands, and the recent heavy

rains are causing it to throw off its fruit.

S. P. ODOM.

--Cotton doing well-growing and fruiting. Corn about made ; best crop in sev-

eral years-

G. TBOBIT.

DOUGHERTY.--The corn crop is made and is a good one, or at least plenty has

been made for home consumption; it was cut off in some spots by a few weeks

drouth, which was broken on July 24th by a general rain, and, in a portion of this

county, the heaviest rain that has fallen for ten years; washed badly; heavy wind

with it in places, which blew down corn and cotton flat. The cotton crop at this

date is the most promising since 1882, but is full ten days late in maturing, and

growing very rapidly and sappy. Cotton in this condition matures very slowly,

and if the wet weather continues, I see no hope for the cotton only to be destroyed

by caterpillars by August 20, or at farthest, by September 1, as they at tnis date are

scattered all over the fields in large quantities and frazing the cotton leaves in many

fields. If the corn escapes the caterpillars and seasons hold out, we will make best

crop for years.

J. L. DOZIEB.

--Caterpillars distributed in nearly every section of the county ; they have done

very little damage as yet; rust has done more harm to cotton to date than cater-

pillars. Seasons are fine.

B_ F- WILDBB

[223]

AUGUST CEOP REPORT--1885.

15

EARLY.--Cotton has fruited well and is fine, save rust spots. Corn cut off one-

fourth by drouth; plenty of rain for two weeks past; have good pastures and fine

prospect for cane, sweet potatoes and peas.

D. B. HOBBS.

HOUSTON.--Too much rain to give the cotton crop suitable cultivation ; conse-

quently, considerably damaged by grass and weeds where a full crop was planted.

Corn and peas fine ; better than for a number of years past.

J. B. THAEP.

IBWIN.--Crops generally good; too much rain for cotton.

ZAEA PAULK.

--Since last report rains have fallen frequently, giving new vigor to all plants

and causing cotton to shed some of its forms.

E. D. PAULK.

LEE.--Prospects for cotton as good as can be ; corn already made. P. M. MCKENNY.

MACON.--The crop prospect is above an average ; we have had an abundance of

rain, and crops have needed more work than usual. Crops are generally clean and

nicely "laidby." Fruit prospect fine.

J. B. MUEEAY.

'

MAEION.--Corn injured extensively by firing on light gray or sandy soils. Cotton

small, but now fruiting finely and thrifty except on rust spots. Now seasonable

weather, but hot.

GEO. W. C. MUNEO.

MILLEE.--Since 1st instant too much rain in some places, causing cotton to shed

very much; in others, no rain until 18th inst.; all cotton rusting ; caterpillars de-

stroying the balance; cotton opening from rust; prospects, in two weeks cotton

will be destroyed by rust and caterpillars.

J. S. CLIFTON.

MITCHELL.--Some fields eaten up by caterpillars; they never were much more

threatening at this date; rust has followed excessive rains. Every extreme has oc-

curred: 1st, dry; 2d, caterpillars ; 3d, rain and rust. Farmers and merchants are

gloomy.

J. B. TWITTY.

MUSCOGEE.--This county has the best crop of all for 20 years. Cotton is better than I have ever seen it. Corn, together with all other crops, are good.
C. OGLETEEE.

QUITMAN.--Cotton is two or three weeks later than usual, but with a favorable

season in this month will make a good crop; rains have been partial; too dry in

some places for corn; prospects generally tolerably good.

T. R. KIMBLE.

RANDOLPH.--Cane good, short in acreage ; rain abundant; generally our crop out-

look good; no caterpillars; no casualties that I hear of.

C. R. KNOWLES.

--Never better crops of all kinds; two much rain in some places and not

enough in others.

JAS. E. GODFEEY.

SCHLEY.--Common red lands very fine ; sandy land considerably injured by excassive rains and drouth ; same remarks apply to both corn and cotton.
T. F. RAINEY, SE.

--Too much rain in June caused an excessiye growth of the cornstalk; three

weeks of dry weather in July caused corn on sandy land to fire ; corn on black and

red land is extra good.

J. N. HUDSON.

SFMTEE.--Crops are better than since the war ; corn on light sandy lands is fired ;

you made my last report read " fine " for " fourth."

CHAS. C. SHEPPABD.

16

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[224]

TAYLOR.-Majority of planters regard the present prospect good, but fears are entertained that if the rain continues that cotton will begin to shed.

D. R, BROWN.

TEEEELL.--Ruston most of low sandy hammock damaged from 10 to 15 per cent.

All other crops above an average.

E Q. HILL

THOMAS.-Caterpillars have raged the cotton in some localities; are now webbed

up ; will eat it clean next time ; cotton beginning to rust.

E. L. NEIL.

--Rust and drouth have done considerable injury, and cut off corn at least 20 per

cent. On farms where the seasons have been regu'ar cotton very good; on the

whole, think the crop up to about an average.

DAN P. HOBN.

--Hogs have died out around us with cholera; I have not lost one ; I gave mine tar, sulphur and copperas and soda in their food once every two weeks ; it is a good preventive for cholera in hogs ; good attention gives good and fine hogs.

--Corn made and cotton doing well ; most too much rain.

L. H. PLAYER.
CHAS. STIIBBS.

WEBSTER.-Season generally fine ; corn on clay land magnificent; on sandy land

water-fired; cotton promising.

jAMES P WALKEE.

WOETH.--Those who plowed corn land deep in the spring have good corn ; drouth

did not hurt it; deep and thorough preparation of land will prevent corn from

suffering from drouth.

p PELHAM.

--Drouth injured all early maturing crops; peaches rotted and fell off, and

grapes also ; plenty of rain now in places, others dry; chokra still raging in'p^rts

of the county.

w p PouLAN

EAST GEORGIA.

BULLOCH.--The rain has been in streaks; some too wet, others too dry ; corn has been parched, and cotton drowned out; the prospect is somewhat below an average.

B. F. L. CLIFTON. --Corn crop fine ; too much rain for cotton, and injured by grass; labor high and

C A. SOREIEE.

BuRKE.-Crops of importance cultivated ; have been well favored with rains and

aregod'

.

W.B.JONES.

--Recent rains in almost every section of the county have improved the condi-

tion of all crops.

I.B.JONES.

DODGE.-The prospect was never better for good crops of every description ; corn

is fine and the fodder ripe; cotton beginning to open in some sections.

-Cotton never was better up to this time, but I think the cattapillar and rust

will rum all late cotton. I walked over my cotton this morning and saw a great

many flies depositing their eggs.

D. M. BOHANNON.

EMANUEL.-There has been planted in this county about one-fourth of the cotton

crop in Long or up to this time.

Seal

sland cottcn ;

it is looking well, and bids

fair

foETMr.

a good yield W-n?. TLANK.

GLASCOCK.--Three weeks' drouth, with temperature 95.

SEABORN KITCHENS.

[225]

AUGUST CROP REPORT--1885.

17

JEFFERSON.--I see from our cranty paper some injury done by worms, but the

main cause is from partial drouths on the first planting; late planting good;

heavy rain no evening July 31st, but not entirely general.

S. M. CLARK.

--About the 1st of July we suffered some for rain; from the 7 th rain more plenti-

ful ; crops generally good.

A. E. TARVEB.

--Rains hive been bountiful in the major part of the county, an i corn is as good

as I ever saw ; other parts not so plentiful, and corn not so good ; o I the whole a

little over an average ; severe work to get out of grass, and short drouth after to3

much rain caused cotton to shed, and the outlook 20 per cent, below average.

J. P. ADKINS.

RICHMOND.--Crops that have been worked well aro better than for years ; many in consequence of too much rain (as I predicted in my last) did not clean them in time; much, however, depends on the seasons in August; the seaso is are propitious.
J. A. WALTON.

SCRIVEN.- -Caterpillars in a great many fields, and the cotton crop is doomed. J. R. HUMPHRIES.

--The seasons so far have been unexceptionable ; if no casualties happen to the

cotton crop in the future, we will make the heaviest cotton crop we have ever

made.

Dr. W. C. BROWN.

TATTNALL.--Extreme heat and heavy rains haTe eventually injuryed a majority of
crops in this county ; the cotton weeds well, but the fruit is scattering. A. P. MOORE.

TWIGGS.--Crops on stiff land where well cultivated are as promising as I have ever

seen them; since my last report nearly every section of the county has cholera

among the hcgs, and they are dying rapidly.

P. D. WIMBERLY.

WILKINSON.--No rain for six weeks in some sec.ions of the county; partiil
showers in ether sections ; fruit poor ; peaches rotting on t-e trees. JAS. A. MASON.

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

| BRYAN.--Crops look more favorably than at any time for the last seven years ;

seasons good ; weather hot.

PHILIP D. CORY.

--There has been a drouth from the 1st to 24th of July that has injured the corn ;

but for the la:t few days a great deal of rain has fallen, and is now injuring cotton

very much.

P- W. WILLIAMS.

CAMDEN.--TOJ much rain in some parts of the county ; corn drowned out; mel-

ons generally poor, not sweet as usual, but of fair size.

E. A. MCWHORTER.

CHATHAM.--The rice crop has suffered worse than any other crop from the wet

season in this locality; sweet potatoes are also injured, it being impossible to keep

them free from grass.

C. A. J. SWEAT.

COFFEE.--Crops are good in Southeast Georgia.

J. B. PAFFORD.

--The crop throughout the ccfunty is a good average of both corn and cotton.

Sweet potato crop is the best for five yeirs.

JOSEPH BAILEY.

18

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-- GEORGIA.

[22

-Peaches are rapidly falling off before maturity. Hogs appear to be unthrif'y

everw yt_hitn,,g,,,,else,,doingft well,. . ,

r.,,,,. ,,

''

ROWAN PAFFOKD.

We have a fine crop of sea-island cotton, which is the best perhaps ever made in

this section. Crops of all kinds are fine.

* N. M. PAFFORD

*ha,lf. "

TM Th~ e hw eat

hma?teinnsJeU-9re4d

iCnrtPhSe

at l6aSt
shade.

one-third.

TM*

in js.omRe.

localities, one-
DOWFLINGEB

poLarrEbiin;cprxrysoodandfarmer3 bappy- ^^"^j^

J fWoilrlf "s^ey ndT sp'ehcr irmaiTM e"n'sSo7f^:fb1aur,nemgs tphvreaolduguercd0tsml.edctuin'ePs;kcTM es-

Thanks tor PubHshedReio'rts ad and discuss with interest.
L A- M KlNO

[227]

ACGU8T CROP REPORT- -1885.

19

CONTINUATION OF THIRD LECTURE.

BY M. GEORGES VILLE.

[TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY MISS E. L. HOWARD.]

I suppose, following Mr. Proufs plan, you wish to cultivate wheat to the exclusion of all other plants, but without other aid than that of the animals fed on the farm I take 250 acres as an example of such a farm. The preparation of the soil cannot begin until towards the middle of August when harvest is over, and continues until the 30th of Octob-r, when sowing must be ending. The work, mcludmg sowing, must then be done in 75 days, But If we deduct Sundays and allow for

bad weather, the number of days is likely reduced to 60. To break up the ground, harrow, give second working nine inches de-p harrow,
carrv and spread manure or chemical fertilizer and sow, is equal In round numbers to four workings nine inches deep. All this is equal to one working of 900 acres. Now a plough drawn by three horses ploughs VA acres a day. At this rate you must plough IK acres a day, and to do this you must have in round number* 14

plows and 42 hoses to prepare 250 acres. The wheat once sown, what will you do with the plough, horses and laborers .

Sell them and turn them off? Is it practicable ? What can vou expect of laborers who know beforehand you intend to discharge
them ? The'exclusive culture of wheat is not practicable then with farm labor, or

it is done at ruinous prices. This brings us to anew conclusion, and that is, in agriculture we cannot do as we
wish; the land will not be treated like a conquered country. Both the soil and

plants have needs we must make allowance for. In countries like France and Belgium, where the land is divided into such small
farms, we cannot make use of the same system used in England, where there are
wealthy societies using steam ploughs. The exclusive culture of winter wbea^ by animals being recognized as impossible
or decidedly ruinous, a second case presents itself, viz., to divide t*e farm into two large fields of 125 acres each-one for spring a-d one for winter wheat. In this case you have 150 days at your disposal instead of 60; this allows a reduction from

14 to 7 plows and from 42 to 21 horses. Tbis method is evidently better than the former. Nevertheless, it is also toobur-
densome in practice, for when the fall wheat is sown, you have still too many

ploughs and bor-es for winter work. We thus are forced to the alternative

of reducing our lands and all

the fTM

equipments, or succumbing to the weight of costs in undue relation to the end in

view. Practice avoids this double alternative by recourse to a third process. In-

stead of dividing the land into two parts it. is divided into three parts of 83 acres each.

Tbe first is left fallow, the second cultivated in fall wheat and the third in spring

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-- GEORGIA.

[228J

the labor ,

^ US the mCe f the tly Wheel of a macWne ; it regulates

at and,

tthaa\ ak8

^ yU l? make UP f^mistakes !" J^gment and their conseque to , you have all the summer to prepare the la ,d intended for

ces fa i

wheat You can destroy weeds at your leisure,.a,d reduce toe ,,ul

aaTma

without ^convenience, andalthough the surface underpulture is reduced theerons

do not suffer a corresponding reduction. The reduction of expend from this svs

tern gives you a considerable advantage over the two rir,t

y

la this last system three or four ploughs are amply sufficient, and the number of horses can be reduced to nine or twelve instead of twenty-one

First System.--Exclusive culture of wheat

,, ,

e^M^StT^s^cS
.order and discipline with the feL ha'.ds, i^^ZSi
cafvtflf^her'in^rtote^rate rtatin Which h deriVed <TM " ** * -di
and^tivated ta." * ^ W" BUPPnmg'^ ma" be <^al ** meadow T^ 250 cultivated acres we must k.ep 250 acres of meadow to have manure a nee

toteadcSltSS* ' Tre0f feniliZer' We WU fenilize "heavily, but =t^^ ^JToowtoTrk tthT1S radHx- eam. arneffoUfrllmlabwer'ne"eia opnrloyfitusef 5f2r7ompo*u2nidso*f> h*3n2noogep'neeroaucsefertil6i-

Super-ph ophate of lime.

Chloride of potassium

'"

Sulphate of ammonia

Sulphate of lime

PR ACRE-
Impounds
88 pounds 171 Pouuds 92 pounds

-\TT

.

527 pounds

We repeat again: with pasture the cost of cultivation is reduced to almost noth

ng; the an.ma, makes the crop ; they help somewhat to ferUl^ rtnCt

[229]

AUGUST CROP REPORT--1S85.

21

and to maintain the fertility it is only necessary to spread every year a modera'e quantity of chemical fertilizer to repair the losses of the ground by the sale of the cattle. Conclusion : Progressive fertility, a certain profit, a small amount of manual labor, simplification of work; this is the object and the result. We will repeat these facts under a different form.
It is the man who aorks the meadow; it is the animal, or rather the sun, that works the pasture. Grass is, in fact, for the animal what fuel is to the locomotive-- the source of activity and functions.
To climb Mount Blanc, a man must burn 350 grammes of carbon ; to pasture the meadow, and gain 2 1-5 pounds live weight, an ox must burn 2 1-4 pounds, which represents two days of steam-power, or four dsys of oxen, whose mechanical work is expressed by the working of 1 1-4 acres.
The meadow becomes a fa.l culture without cost and producing meat, is the solution of the first term of the agricultural problem. A proposition of one line concentrates this: manure the meadow chemica'ly and change it into pasture.
We now take up the second agricultural problem--cultivation proper: In the trier trial system, for 500 acres of land. 335 acres are valueless, 250 acres of meadow gained nothing, and 85 acres of dead fallow is used only to make certain a better preparation of the land. The reform I propose on this point will be neither deeper nor less radical than the change for the meadow. Instead of leaving the fallow in the form of dead a fallow, we will use it to produce fertilizer without passing it through the animal, saving eight dollars per acre. Thanks to an artifice, which I will explain to you; we will change tne fallow into a veritable manure pit, without losing its usefulness as a fal'ow in destroying injurious weeds, and facilitating the preparation of the land. I will now explain the method of obtaining this result. Plants are divided, as you know gentlemen, in two categories. Those which, like cereals, must receive nitrogen through a fertilizer; and those of which the clover is the most perfect type, prefer *o draw the nitrogen from the atmospheric air in the form of gaseous nitrogen. You perhaps answer me that this important fact is disputed. We will not stop at this trifle. Remember the facts of practical experience which are written upon these tables, and which say to you that with phospl ate of lime, potash, f nd lime without a trace of nitrogen, legumes, clover and lucent give larger crops than if nitrogen was added to these substances; prove besides, by these same tables, that these thr< e snbstances so efficacious for clover, are of not ranch use to wheat, but bfcome immediately valuable if they are associated with a nitrogencus matter--sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda. Remember these declarations which did not originate wih me, but which I have verified, increased and made more fruitful. Don't discuss these facts ; I reserve the defence of them when the proper moment comes. I go no further than to remind you now, that you all know that the wheat which succeeds clover gives a larger crop than the wheac which has preceded it, although the first has been manured, and the second has not been manured. Have not the experiments taken p'ace at the experimental field at Vincennes, proved also that the azotic compounds so useful to wheat, were injurious to clover, and certain vegetations prefer to draw their nitrogen from the air? Impressed with this fact, I gave o^er the fallow to an intensive culture of clover to be plowed under deeply.

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[230]

To show the character and bearing of this innovation, it is necessary to go into the most minute details.

The clover which oug at to occupy the fallow is sown in the wheat; without in-

juring the wheat it smothers the bal weeds. Harrow it energetically in the fall,

and give it 880 pounds in complete fertilizer No. 6 -The following is tie composition of the mineral fertilizer without nitrogen :

Superphosphate of lime

PER ACRE.
352 pounds

Chloride of potassium 80

176 pounds

Sulphate of lime

352 poands

. Total

880 pounds

This is a rich fertilizer; the clover grows magnificently and taller than three fee';

the crop is 26,400 pounds to 35 200 pounds per acre; if we make a calculation of the

roots the whole contains from 220 pounds to 264 pounds of nitrogen. Crush it in

June with a roller, broadcast over 352 pounds to 440 poands of quick lime in a fine

powder, and wait for good season for plowing it under.

Iu wet seasons we may make use of lhe second cutting, mow the first and make a

heap in a sloping form 30 by 30 feet. When the soil is sufficiently softened and the

second cutting sprouted roll it; spread the first with a for* over lhe second; plow it

under about ten inches deep.

The culture of clover practiced in this way has all the advantages of the fallow. It allows the preparation at a time when the plows are not in use, in tue months of June and August; it considerably reduces the cost of cultivation, for the land whica has produced the clover requires but one working, while the dead fallow must be plowed at least three times. Butthe grand resu'.t is that the clover enriches the land per acre with from 220 pounds to 264 pounds of nitrogen, which, associated with the mineral substances of the chemical fertilizer, convert the incomplete fertilizer No. 6 into the intense complete fertilizer No. 1, fitted for the production of the cerea s. By this the land gains $24.00 to $32.00 per acre, to which we must add a saving of $4.00 if not $8.00 In the cost of preparation.

The fallow becomes, as I have said, a veritable manure pit, and this manure made upoi the place cost neither transoortation, preparation nor spreading. The improvement of the soil cannot be denied, for it hl8 received both mineral substances and nitrogen.

All objections arejimpossible; nitrogen comes from the air; the soil has ot given it, for left to its own resources alone it does not yield more than 13 to 19 bushels of wheat per acre, and 35,200 pounds to 44,800 pounds of clover produces with 880 pounds of mineral fertilizer worth more than 44,800 pounds of farm yard manure for with barn yard manure you expect from this meadow, both nitrogen and minerals, while in the new system the minerals come from abroad, originating from tne mineral riches of oar globe. We import potash, phosphate, lime and we demand the live force of the sun to mingle nitrogen of the air in the substance of the clover whose proiuction requires but the three minerals I have already mentioned. _ Clover thus obtained;! call a siderol manure, to recall its origin and mode of formation. You know the carriage and spreading of 44,800 pounds of manure brings a cost of $8.00; with the very same sum you can buy the mineral part of the sideral manure. Without the sideral manure the land produces only 13 to 19 bushels of wheat per acre, but with its help it yields 48 to 52 bushels per acre.

(TO BE COKTINUED )

QUESTIONS FOR SEPT. CROP REPORT.
"Returnable Sep/. /si, 7885.

iWLet 100 represent ihe average of a series of years, not less than five. Thus 110 represent a crop HJ per cent, above the average and 90, one that is 10 per cent, beow It.

Corn.-- Average condition

Rice,

"

"

Suear Cane. '

Sorghum, "

Sweet Potatoes,

Irish Potatoes,

Cotton per cent, of damage to, from Caterpillar

Stock Hogs.-Number compared to last year < " Average condition as to size and weight

CIRCULAR No. 71.

New Series.

}

CROP

REPORT

FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1885.

SHOWING
CONDITION OF GROWING CROPS THE FIRST OF SEPTEMBER, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA.
J. T. :EE:&TIDEI3,SOT,
Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: Jae. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, Binders and Klectrotypers.
1885.

Circular No. 71.
NEW SEBIES.
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1885.
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SEPTEMBER 1, 1885.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,)
ATLANTA, September 11, 1885. )
COTTON.
The condition of the cotton crop is reported four points below that of last month. The damages from the caterpillar and from rust have been very great in many parts of Southern and Middle Georgia. The rains generally have been abundant, but irregular, and in some places excessive, varying at different stations from four to fourteen inches; yet in many places the season following the middle of the month has been quite dry and hot, causing the shedding of young fruit, and favoring the development of rust.
The condition and prospect compared to an average in North Georgia is 102; in Middle Georgia, 93; in Southwest Georgia, 95; in East Georgia, 88; in Southeast Georgia, 88. The average for the whole State 93. This is four points belpw the reported condition on the first of August.
The damage to the crop from the caterpillar in North Georgia is reported 0.6 per cent; in Middle Georgia, 2 per cent; in Southwest Georgia 8 per cent; and in East Georgia, 18 per cent. No damage from this cause isjreported from Southeast Georgia.
CORN.
There is a slight increase in the estimate of prospective yield over the reports of last moath in the average for the whole State. In North and

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[236]

Middle Georgia, there is"no change in the prospect, the former reporting 110, and the latter 105, while there is an improvement from 92 to 97 in Southwest Georgia, and from 96 to 99 in East Georgia, and a reduction from 102 to 97 in Southeast Georgia. The average for the State is 102.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.

RICE.-- One county in North Georgia reports the condition and prospect of the crop 100; six counties of Middle Georgia report 93; thirteen counties in Southeast Georgia report 94; and seven counties in East Georgia report 93. In Southeast Georgia, where the bulk of the crop is grown, it is reported 98. The average for the State, omitting North Georgia, is 95.
SUGAR CANE.--The condition and prospect in Middle and Southeast Georgia is 99; in Southweet Georgia, 97; in East Georgia, 95; and the average for the State, 97.
SWEET POTATOES.--The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 102; in Middle Georgia, 99 ; in Southwest Georgia, 97; in East Georgia, 88 ; in Southeast Georgia, 99 ; and in the whole State 97.
IRISH POTATOES.--The yield in North Georgia, 100; in Middle Georgia, 98 ; in Southwest Georgia, 97; in East Georgia, 93 ; in Southeast Georgia, 100, and the average for the State, 98.

STOCK HOGS.

The number of stock hogs compared to last year in North Georgia, 105 ; in Middle Georgia, 94 ; in Southern Georgia, 88 ; in East Georgia, 86 ; in Southeast Georgia, 72, and#the average for the State, 89.
The[average condition as^to size and weight in North Georgia is 120; in Middle Georgia, 97 ; in Southwest Georgia, 101; in East Georgia, 91; in Southeast Georgia, gS^and^the average for the whole State, 100.
A fatal'disease among hogs, as will be seen from notes of correspondents, is prevailing to an alarming' extent in some portions of the State.

[237]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

TABLE No. I.-- Condition and Prospect of Crops, Etc., in Georgia, September 1, 1885.

SECTIONS.

CONDITION.

en

q>

O

ai 3

"3

O

a

a u
0 0

-*0
0 O

0
2

3 60 CO 09

00

110 1(V7

90 10?

105 93 93 99 100 99

07 95 94 97 94 97

99 88 93 95 95 88

97 8H HH 99 4ft 99

-A
0 Stock 2 j Hoas.

b^ 0= p.

T3

,3

0) O

fats/ 3 fe OS

o.Sf
+ V in fe 03 ^

-4-9
O
PH

3 ^ 2 .2 S .^ CD

0 s

1--( Cu

3-^ 'A

3 '55 O O

100 OR 105 190

98 2.0 94 97

97 80 88 101

93 18.0 86 91

100

Tf, 9ft

100 93 95 97 95 97 98 7.1 89 101

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[238)

TABLE No. 2.--Summary of Weather Reports for August, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

STATIONS. EUerslie

Temperature. Rainfall

a a

3 0a '3
3 OB

a a

-a

0 a

d 65

OBSERVER,

90. 62. 74.0 4.56 6 B. P. Gaillard. 79. 60. 74.0 14.70 9 Mrs. J. W. Bryan. 91. 62. 75.1 7.45 13 C. B. LaHatte.
H. N. Starnes. J. M. Dorsey.
86. 58. 70.2 6.10 11 Edward Sitton. 94 65. 710 3.97 6 R. S. Norton.

93. 61. 73.1 7.70 9

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

91. 60. 76.7 6.91 92. 61. 77.5 8.20 93. 64. 78.8 5.27 94. 65. 79.8 7.74
92. 62. 77.9 7.02 SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

8 R. J. Redding. 7 J. J. Brown. 8 H. H. Cary. 9
Miss E. Stewart. A. E. Sturgis.
8

94. 70. 82.0 6.27 10 J. E. Bivins. G. M. Dewes.
96. 68. 80.3 4.45 11 B. T. Hunter. 96 66. 80.0 9.40 10 Mrs. W. J. Anderson. 90. 72. 77.0 4.15 5 H. T. Pef pies. 94. 73. 82.1 8.30 9 Wm. T. Gaulden. 94. 69. 805 6.57 9 EAST GEORGIA.

92. 69. 79 5 4.05 1 8 W. K. Nelson. 91. 65. 79.1 9.50 11 R. C. Sanders. 92. 62. 76.6 6 54 8 G. W. H. Whitaker. 92. 65. 78.4 6.70 9

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

92. 71. 81.0 9.62 12 H. A.Kenrlck. 90. 72. 81.0 12.10 15 E. A. MeWhorter. 95 73. 82.1 8.25 5 John L. Harden.
92. 72. 81.4 9.76 11 93. 66. 78.3 7.54 9

[239]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

NOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS.

NORTH GEORGIA.

BANKS.--The seasans have continued through August. Cotton has taken on a

large growth, but is fully two weeks late ; all depends on the fall about the yield;

an early frost would cut the crop short.

WILLIAM M. ASH.

--Seasons very good; cotton large with but an average crop of bolls.

"W. J. BURGESS.

--This county has got the best crop3 of all kinds since the war; fodder pulling

is now in order; cotton is a little late and it will be some ten or fifteen days before

picking will begin.

,

GEORGE W. WILEY.

BARTOW.--Cotton well fruited but late opening. No worms worth naming as yet; great fears of their appearance. Fearful appearance of rust in spots ; some damage to corn by storms. With a good fall and no worms cotton may do well.
I. 0. MCDANIEL,

--Cotton rather too much weeds, but with late fall will make the best crop

seen in this country for years.

G. H. WARING.

--Two much rain; the caterpillar is making headway and fears of damage to at

least 10 or 15 per cent; in some fields they have taken nearly all the foilage, which

will cause a failure to mature.

C. M. JONES.

CATOQSA.--Agricultural outlook favorable. Everything plentiful except money,

and that would be if the Southern people would buy less abroad and manufacture

more at home.

J. B. HENDERSON.

--Cotton free from insects and doing well; corn all that could be desired. Hogs

healthy and in fair condition.

JOHN BIRD.

CHATTOOGA.--Cannot tell much about cotton yet; it is late and green ; if frost

should stay oft until the first of November there would be a wonderful crop made.

W. F. TOPPS.

--Corn, cotton, Irish and sweet potatoes and sorghum, where it has been cultiva-

ted, just as good as the land could make it. Chattooga will average as good if not

better than any county in Georgia for good crops.

J. J. P. HENRY.

CHEROKEE.--In our immediate settlement crops suffered for rain ; cotton small but well fruited ; the balance of the couuty good weather and good crops.
M. S. PADEN.

COBB.--Corn and other crops good; cotton off 20per cent, since 1st day of August.

JOHN LINDLEY.

--Since our last report we have had plenty of rain, which has made our corn, cotton and peas look fine ; turnips look well. Everything flourishing at this time.

JOSEPH MARTIN.

--Cotton cannot be said to have suffered a day from any cause this year in

this part of the county. Rainfall for the month, 6 8-10.

WM. ALSTON, JR.

8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[240]

DADE.--Hogs have died in largen umber; very few have enough for home sup-

ply. Crops of all kinds exceedingly good. Cattle in better condition than usual

at this time of the year.

G. &. R. BIBLE.

FLOYD.--We cannot make any estimate on damage from the caterpillar as yet,

as they have only recently appeared, and they are not general as yet. Very wet.

Crops suffered in localities from drouth, so it is hard to make an average estimate.

JOHN H. DENT.

--Early cotton has a good supply of July bolls, but not so much of an August

supply, while late cotton hag less July and more of an August supply of fruit.

Caterpillars not numerous, but fears entertained for the future. Paris green is

being used to destroy them.

W, S. SANFORD.

FOESYTH.--Corn has not eared as well as was expected. A great many large bar-

ren stalks. Cotton crop off since; last report has thrown off almost all of the Au-

gust fruit. Don't think there will be more than an average.

B. H. BROWN.

--There is some complaint of rust on cotton, but too slight to materially dam-

age the yield.

MRS. H. N. SUTTON.

FRANKLIN.--The farming outlook is better than last month. If frost will hold

back until October 18th the cotton crop will be exceedingly large. Sweet potatoes

&ne-

J. W. SEWELL.

--Corn and cotton are both looking well. With a late fall cotton will be about

-an average. There are more big fat hogs now than have been in years.

J. B. D. MCWHORTEB.

GILMER.--Will say that the seasons have been favorable as a general thing, and

- Gilmer county has better crops this year than it has had for several. Stock is

doing well.

L. TANKERSLEY.

--Some localities in the county have plenty of rain for corn. Other localities in-

jured one-fourth by drouth. Sorgham and potatoes fine.

N. L. OSBORN.

GORDON.--Corn is made and is good. If the fall is late and favorable for opening

and gathering the crop will be _above an average.

0. H. DAVI &

GWINNETT.--Seasons good until last ten days ; then dry and hot, causing cotton

Ho shed its late fruit somewhat, but a good crop nevertheless. Corn splendid, and

ten per cent, above an average.

R. D. WINN.

-rCotton lost part of its fruit; fine crop left.

J. T. BAXTER.

JACKSON.--Crops as good as land can make where well cultivated.

J. T. ROGERS.

--Cotton has fallen off one fourth since last report; there wer3 such hot winds

that they scalded the cotton. Stock is in very good condition. It is cloudy, but no

rain yet; I do not know how much damaged.

JOHN G. WIER.

MILTON.--Our cotton crop is fine. Corn where properly cultivated is extra. Farmers are saving fodder at this time. Rather dry for turnips.
JOHN B. MCCOLLUM.

MURRAY.--The cotton worm has appeared in a few places, but it is not known

that injury to the crop will necessarily follow in the end. Fine.crops of corn, cot-

ton, sweet and Irish potatoes are anticipated.

H. HEARTSILL.

--Caterpillar has appeared in a few localities; damage slight. Spots of rust in cot-

ton in nearly all fields; damage five per cent.

J. A. MCKAMY.

[240

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

PAULDING.--Late corn injured by recent drouth. Cotton damaged severely by
recent drouth ; also, by rust, which has made its appearance in the last few days. P. M. DUNCAN.

PICKENS.--The drouth of August has cut the crops short ten per cent; good rains
at last; most too late for corn and cotton. Cotton has shed all the crop from the
15th of August up to date; prospects are the best for crop I ever saw. Jos. DEERING.

POLK.--Caterpillars have made their appearance in many sections of the county ;

some fear serious damage, as they are earlier than usual by several weeks. Black

and red rust appear in many localities, and more apprehension of damage exists

from this cause than caterpillar.

J- 0- WADDELL.

RABUN.--Rain sufficient to make the corn crop of this county ; nothing to fear

now but early frost or a September storm of wind, either of which would injure the

corn crop to some extent.

EDWARD SITTON.

--The corn crop, as a whole, in the county, is fine; some localities injured by

drouth; has been generally dry for two weeks ; prospect now for a wet season, which

will help late corn ; no fodder pulled yet. Some hog cholera. F. A. BLECKLEY.

TOWNS.--Corn has failed to make the ear on account of very dry weather for the

last six weeks ; the prospect was the best we have had in many years up to 20th of

July.

J- N- GlB9N-

--We have had rain plentiful to make good corn on our uplands, and not enough

to damage bottoms.

M. J. BROWN.

UNION --The corn is very good. Fruit in abundance. Hogs are fine, though

not very plentiful.

E- F- BuBKE-

--Our bountiful corn crop will go a long way toward making up the shortage of

cotton. Corn and cotton are doing as well as we could expect.

J. T. WOOD.

WALKER.--Crops well worked and rain plentiful. Crops good. No money. F. M. YOUNG.

--The best crops generally for years.

J. S. BROYLES, M. D.

--Corn doing well--early nearly made. Cotton fruiting well, but ten days late.

Sweet potatoes growing finely, and bids fair to be a large crop, as well as sorghum. WM. C. KILGORB.

-There was not much cotton planted in the northern part of the county,

though what was planted looks very well. Corn looks better than I have seen

it for years ; some fields will make from 75 to 80 bushels to the acre, The prospect

for late Irish potatoes is about 98.; sweet potatoes 99.

J A. SARTAIN.

WHITFIELD.--Drouth prevents our crops from sustaining the newspaper boom for

Georgia generally.

W. C. RICHARDSON.

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

BALDWIN.--Caterpillars destroying late crops. 50 per oent. of the crop planted

after oats eaten up. Cotton lost 10 per cent, by rust and 10 per cent, by caterpil-

lars since August 1st.

J- 0. WHITAKEB.

BUTTS.--Caterpillars have done but very little damage yet. Damage from the

boll worm is also slight. Heavy rain 29th and 30th overflowed corn on low swamp

lands, and will damage it slightly.

W. S. HBKLBT,

10

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

t242]

--We have been ery dry for three weeks, up to the 29th, since which time we

have had 36 hour .i n in--about 4 inches. The boll worm is playing havoc with

cotton, and the catterpillars are stripping it in some places. The prospects off 25

Per cent-

H. C. THAXTON.

CAMPBELL.-Cotton has shed considerably, yet it bids fair for a fine crop. Corn

safe, and a very fine crop made. Fruit has rotted as fast as it turned to ripen, and

is not worth much.

P- H gTEB;I)_

-- From information received from all parts of the county, crops are better than

they have been for five years.

K0BT. j. TUGGLE.

-- Cotton shedding badly; more weed than fruit. Corn never better. Peas finest

I ever saw. Farmers generally are enthusiastic. Labor plentiful. A continuous

hard rain commencing the 28th ult.; unless it ceases and we have fair weather soon

it will do much damage.

j. p. SMITH.

-- The late dearth has injured the crop 20 per cent.--that is cotton; corn crop was made. Stock in fine condition. Farmers will raise their own hog and hominy.

J. S. DODD.

CARROLL.--Crops better than for years. Sorgham better than I ever saw. Cotton

has fallen off a few points from dearth ; shed badly. Caterpillar only on one farm

in the county that I have heard from.

R. H. SPRINGER.

-- The corn crop is fine. The cotton has been cut off some by rust and severe hot weather, but with a favorable fall will make an average crop. M. R. RUSSELL.

-- Cotton is not so good as was thought the first of August; the weed is larger than an average, but it has not the bolls that farmers expected. S. C. CANDLER.

--Corn very good on both upland and bottom, where it has been well culti. vated. I have never seen a more flattering prospect for a cotton crop than we have this year; if no disaster comes to cut off there will be an abundant crop of cotton; cotton beginning to open. Fruit plentiful, but from some cause peaches are very small and a great many rot and drop off before they become matured.

T. D. SHACKELFORD.

CLARKE.--Some think cotton injured but enough fruit left for agood crop This

applies to this county.

j. M, MONTBOMERY.

-- The hot wave and drought of three weeks earned cotton to lose in August, damaging it fearfully. Bottom corn damaged by rain in June.

R. T. PITTARD.

-- Cotton has suffered much lately from the effects of hot, dry weather. We had

good rains on the 30th and 31st August.

JEFFERSON JENNIKQS.

CLAYTON--The excessive rains in the early summer, followed by three or four

week's drought, have materially damaged the cotton crop. The rains on the 29th

and 30th August will benefit late cotton.

A., p. ADAMSON.

-The corn crop is as good as we have ever had, where the land has been well

worked. The cotton crop has fallen off ten per cent, in the last two weeks, and the

heavy rain on the 29th will cause it to shed more.

W. P. JONES.

CoLUMiiiA-Prospect fine for cotton up to August 1 ; since then the weather has

been hot and dry; have had no rains since August 2; this has caused cotton to shed

forms and blooms, and many small bolls have died on the stalk ; crop damaged from

20 to 25 per cent, during August. Raining to-day, but too late to help cotton, as it

has no blooms.

_ _ M T BRANCH]

[243]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

II

--Boll worm, or something of the kind, has damaged many crops in this county.
I think three or four crops in my neighborhood are off 33 per cent. S. C. LAMKIN.

COWETA--The caterpillar has appeared in portions of the county, but not in suffi-

cient numbers to do much damage.

AUGUSTUS \V. STOKES.

--The cotton prospect is not so good as it was thought to be a month ago ; weed

high, but fruit short.

J- B' GOODWYN.

DEKALB-Cotton throwing off August crop. The top crop will be light. The

corn crop is the best we have had in ten years. If the present crop is gathered it

will be the best on record.

G- w- MORRIS.

DOUGLAS--Have had a drouth of two weeks, which caused cotton to throw off five

per cent; enough left for over an average yield; caterpillar has appeared in some

fields; no serious damage done yet. Corn never better.

J. E. HENLEY.

ELBERT--For some reason, which I cannot account for, cotton in this section has fallen off considerably. There will be no late crop, but a very good early crop.
G. E. HEARD.

PAYETTE-The weather was unfavorable for cotton during August; but little rain

till the 29th and 30th, when rains were general. I think the condition 2o points

below the 1st of August, as there has been a heavy shedding of forms, especially of

forward-, cotton.

J. G. POSEY.

FULTON--The cotton crop in this county is losing on account of drouth. It will not go over an average. Corn matured and fodder gathered in good condition. All

croc s good, and farmers made happy and feel good.

W. L. MANGUM.

--Heavy rains ; cotton opening ; prospect good.

Ro. WIDDOWS.

GREENE-H has been hot and dry during the most of the month, and cotton has

shed rapidly. In my neighborhood we have been dry ever since June 10th, and

crops are very po,,or.

C. M. SANDERS.

HANCOCK.--The cotton crop is cut off immensely by drouth. JOHN TURNER.

-The August drouth over the major part of the county has most materially changed the prospectof the cotton crop. In many placesthe damage to the crop is one half. Bolls of the early crop are small. Rains on the 29th.
H. L. MlDDLEBOOK.
HARRis-The caterpillar is just making its appearance. We are now having raiDy weather, which I suppose is favorable to the caterpillar, August 31.
FLYNN HARGBTT, JR.

-Cotton has fallen off very much in the last ten days in consequence of the wet

weather and caterpillars. Corn best in ten years, etc.

W. D. COOK.

--Rust, caterpillar and boll worm are seriously injuring the cotton crop in many

sections of our county.

R- E- FoKT'

--The cotton worm has made its appearance and is doing considerable damage.

We are having too much rain for crops of all kinds. Very little cotton has been

gathered up to date.

D. C. COOK.

HEARD--It has been too wet for cotton ; bottom cotton entirely too large ; too
much foliage, the bolls will rot; the poorest lands will make the best cotton ; we have iust had three days steady rain ; there is considerable talk of caterpillar.
J. C BREWER.

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[244]

--There has been much said about caterpillars, but as far as I can learn no damage has been done by them. We had a fine rain on the 30th of August, which seemed to be general. We have great reason to give thanks for this crop. J. B. WARE.

HENRY--Up to the 10th of August cotton was very fine, but a three weeks'

drouth and a hot northwest wind injured it badly ; heavy rain 30th August. To

what extent it has been injured can't be told yet.

M. M. DONALD.

--Ten days without rain; thermometer from 95 to 105 in the shade ; what some term red rust has greatly damaged cotton ; the ground is covered with leaves and bolls (many as large asscaley bark hickoryimts), and yet they fall.

THOS. H. STALLWOR'TH.

JASPEB-Cotton has shed terribly during the last fifteen davs ; crop cut off fully

* !"*

,

W.C.LENSETT.

JOHES.--Corn crop secure. Cotton crop good and rapidly opening. No disaster this season to any crop in Jones, except the want of rain at this time.

R. T. Ross.

LiNCOLN.-Dry, hot weather from the 10th of August has caused cotton to shed losing forty per cent., but came too late to injure corn much. Sweet potatoes are very much injured, but may recover, but the cotton crop cannot.

_

N. A. CRAWFORD.

-lhe dry, hot weather of August has cauesd a loss to the cotton crop of at least

90 per cent, from the July report; in some sections of the county the cotton is

one-half open. Fine rain on the 30th, with appearance of more. Turnip crop a

failure.

JT .

M,, .

_
DILL.

MCDUFFIE.--Drought and rust reduced the condition of cotton one-fourth in my county. The best corn crop in ten years, and nearly ready to gather.

A. E. STURGIS.

MERiwETHER.-For three weeks we have been dry, and where we had so much

rain in June and July cotton has lost much.

B 8. CLEMENTS.

--The Caterpillar is stripping the leaves from cotton and destroying the young

bolls and squares. It is not so good as it once promised.

R. M. MCCASLAN.

--It is now dry, and cotton is shedding rapidly and the yield will be very mate-

rially lessened. It is fast opening. Cool with east wind to-day, and cloudy.

_, _,

,

A. J. HlNTON.

-The Stevens wheat that you sent the St. Mark Agricultural Club was given

to Reese Prather and James Alsabrooks. Prather planted his on red land, cleared

fifty years ago, lay out thirty years, and re-cleared five vears ago. He used

thirty-five bushels of cotton seed per acre. The stand was poor on account of the

hard freezes ; yield H bushels per acre. Alsabrooks sowed on gray land and used

a greater quantity of manure; the yield was the same. The Club are generally

pleased with the wheat, and it will be generally sown by the members next fall.

C D. PHILLIPS. MONROE.--Good deal disappointment in corn since fodder was pulled Caterpillars over nearly the whole county In small spots, and being backward will do some damage to cotton. Great deal shedding. Groundpeas magnificent; also chu-

GUY TAYLOR.

MORGAN.-Cotton badly hurt by hot, dry weather, which makes it shed and also

by some kind of fungus on the boll; a spot came on the side of the boll and the

inside dry* rots.

JT. tHr. AA lNSLIE.

[245!

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

13

NEWTON -Corn crop the best in ten years. Sorghum is very fine, and yields more syrup and better than usual. An extralarge crop of peasif seasons continue; fine now. Hogs in demand to consume surplus crop. Seasons fine. ^ ^^

-The extreme hot wind and sun have burnt the cotton so TMTMTM*sTM and young bolls to drop badly.
OGLETHOEPE.-The five weeks drouth, ending 30th August last, has cut the cotton JJ: quite short in this county. I estimate the crop TM*ZTS? average crop.
-Few weeks drought in August. Cotton very much injured. Plenty TMw~
last days of the month. PIKE -There are some caterpillars ; not enough to do any damage yet. There is
some late cotton, and if the worms increase it will be damaged. ^ ^ ^^

POTNAM.-0orn secured and over an average. Cotton-the month of August generally dry and hot, damaging late cotton. Cotton early, and well worked has fine crop secured. Opening rapidly, and as a whole promises over an average.^

RooKDAt*.-Cotton has not taken on much during August, owing to the hot sun.

At present we have a good season and a good fall expected.

^ ^ CXEANADE.

-Owing to the very hot sunshine for the past two weeks, cotton has been cut off from 10 to 25 per ceni. to what it would have been if the seasons bad continued till August 30th. Rain fall seven inches. Corn on bottom-damage^not known.

-Our farmers are beginning to realize the importance of planting diversified

crops as the only means to sustain the farm.

J * WANSELL.

-The cotton prospect is not so flattering as last reported ; not so well fruited as

expected. A little dry in place?. Some rust.

W. L,. I-EEK.

-Cotton crop in this section is cut off 25 per cent, by the drought. All other

crops are as good as the land will mate.

w M- A' ^

RAKDOLPH.-Corn, full crop. Cotton badly damaged; fallen off at least 20 per

cent Have seen several farmers from different portions of the county, and all say

the two weeks dry weather the last of July and ru-t cat it off 20 per cent. There X, not be moreLton made than last yea, The old cotton will^nmarket by

the middle of September.

SPALDING -Caterpillars made their appearance about the 15th, which is about

thirty days earlier fhan ever before in this county, it they get under good headway

they will cut the late cotton 50 per cent.

B-

PALiAFEP.RO.-The seasons for August have not been favorable. Drouth has pre-

vailed, except in a few favored localities. Cotton failed very ranmly and in a few days t'he project passed from a most flattering one to considerab.y belowjhe

average. -We have just passed throug'i a very severe drouth, which d,d great damage
to late co .1 cotton, peis and potatoes. In many places cotton has shed its leaves
and rult. The cottoned peas w dl fall far short of what we thought six weeks ago.

H

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[246]

--No general rain in August till 30tb. Most farmers report cotton off 30 to 40 per cent, but the bottom crop is extra heavy, and I think 20 per cent, will cover the loss.

D. N. SANDERS. --The cotton prospect is not as promising as a few weeks back; I have seen several
of the most prominent farmers of the county and their reports are not favorable. Small bolls and squares continue to shed. Weather very cool.

L. B. MCCEOREY.

--There has been som e fall ing off in cotton in the last eigh t or ten days on account

of dry weather and scorching sun. But a good rain has fallen and contentment

reiSns-

S. A. FREEMAN.

TROUP.--Some caterpillars have appeared in various parts of the county. No perceptible damage as yet; all kinds of stock in good condition. Pastures fine.

H. H. CONS.

WALTON.--In my county the farmer has everything to encourage him ; and even as far as my knowledge goes corn is better than for twenty years. Cotton is as high as the fence ; there is too much weed. Everything looks inviting to reward

industry.

SEABORN C. BRUNSON.

--TWO weeks drouth reduced prospects of cotton crop at least 20 per cent, by shedding.; corn made and crop good. Hog cholera very destructive this year.

J. M. GRESHAM.

TALBOT.--We have had fifteen days of hot, dry weather which as caused the shed-

ding of squares and small bolls, cutting off in many instances one-third where

highly manured. Fine rains for two days past.

DANIEL G. AWN.

--Cotton injured 20 per cent, by rust, drouth and caterpillars.

WILLIAM H. ELLISON.

WARREN.--The warm, dry weather for three weeks past, and in some places for six

and eight weeks, has cut off the entire top crop; hence only two-thirds of a cotton

crop. Fine rain yesterday.

D. W. ROGERS.

-Drouth and rust have damaged cotton fully 20 per cent, in the las; twenty-five

I am trying the Spanish ground pea ; they will do. Russia sun flower is a

humbuS-

JAMBS A. SHIVERS.

--Dry; no rain in some parts of the county in nine weeks. Cotton and peas in

some places cut off one-half.

JOHN S. JOHNSON.

--In my neighborhood we can't get more than half a crop of cotton but take the

county there will be an average crop.

J. L. MATHEWS.

WILKES.--Cotton is based on reports of others, all of whom live in more favored

sections; just here no season from June 25th to August 29th. Never knew so much

cotton open September 1st. Some places seemingly one-half; only small localities

with any season during the month.

JOHH T. WINGFIELD.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BAKER.--Corn injured by drouth. Cotton injured by rust, caterpillar and drouth;

some localities by rust, others by drouth in the early summer, and now swept by

the worm.

j H HAND_

--Our corn is very good. Cotton much injured by rust and worms; the continuous and excessive rains prevent picking ; the outlook for cotton is gloomy.

W. L. CURRY.

[247]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

15

--We will mate as much cotton as we did in '83 or '84, but not an average crop ;

late cotton cut off one-half by caterpillar.

REUBEN JONES.

--Cotton crop damaged 25 per cent, by rust and 25 per cent, by caterpillar; daily rains quite a drawback to cotton picking ; burrs rotting already.
G. P. KING.

BEREIEN.--Rust has injured cotton 15 or 20 per cent. Cholera has killed our hogs

terribly. --Rain and hot sun have caused top cotton all to shed.

D, G. HUTCHINSON.

JOS. HlJlCHINSCiN.

BROOKS.--All cotton ate by caterpillars : 15th of July to 15th of August prospect

was good, and we have just had a three days'rain, ending in a gale; as yet can't

estimate damage. But few hogs have the cholera.

R. I. DENMARK.

--Caterpillars completed their damage about the 20th of August; rust did considerable damage ; also rain and wind now damaging cotton.

ELIJAH WADE.

--Caterpillars and rust have cut the crop short 25 per cent--some say more; all

cotton that escaped rust was destroyed by caterpillars.

T. W. JONES.

CALHOUN.--Caterpillars are general and have damaged all late cotton from 25 to

50 per cent. ; rust has been worse than for years. 35 per cent of the stock hogs have

died from cholera.

FRANK P. GRIFFIN.

--I have never known cotton to fail so in three weeks; the pine lands are as dead

from rust as if we had a killing frost; red lands have done nothing since 15th of

July ; too late for them now ; two months since a general good rain.

C L. SMITH.

--The cotton crop has been seriously damaged by drouth and then rust; this

county will not make but little over a half crop of cotton ; the low prices leave the

farmers and merchants gloomy.

W. P. PEKRY.

CHATTAHOOCHEE.--Owing to drouth in July corn is short. Fifty per cent, of the hogs are dying from cholera. Some complaint of caterpillars in cotton.
W. P. FIELDER.

CLAY.--Cotton seriously hurt with rust;-it is opening much sooner than last year. Cholera killed many hogs; cattle and sheep are in fine order. Farmers pay forty cents per hundred for picking cotton and the hands feed themselves.
R. R. BLOCKER.

--Ru9t has been universal in this county. Some disease among hogs that kills

all the pigs. Cotton opening rapidly.

VW. T. CREDILLE.

COLQUITT.--Forward cotton, that which came up early in April, will make a fair

crop, not having been injured by caterpillar; late cotton, that which came upjin

May--and,ihis embraces about60 percent, of the entire cro p--has een cutoff large-

ly by caterpillar.

F. J. WALKER.

CRAWFORD.--Have not had a good rain in this part of the county since 15th June other sections have been more fortunate. Cotton rusted on all gray lands. Half the hogs dead and still dying. All crops poor. Caterpillars have come to stay.
J. W. DICKY.

DECATUR.--Corn is not as good as it was supposed to be the first of August. Cot-

ton has the rust in some sections ; cotton is opening fast and being picked rapidly.

Rains continue plentiful.

MASTON O'NEAL.

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[248]

DOOLY --Rust has done considerable damage to cotton generally--fully ten per

cent.

G. TRIPPE.

-Cotton seriously damaged from rust and caterpillar ; there will be no top crop;

all will be open by the 25th of September ; the crop in this county cannot exceed

that of last year. The opening low price is causing farmers to look sad. S. P. ODOM.

DouGHEKTY.-Rains and cloudy weather have delayed picking and caused the

first cotton to be marketed in bad condition ; considerable damage by rust and cat-

erpi.l,,lar.

A. W. COBY.

--Caterpillars have damaged the cotton 15 per cent, up to this date ; rust did a

great deal of damage the first of August; crop will not exceed that of last year.

&

J. L. DOZIEK.

EARLY.--Most of the cotton badly rusted ; that not rusted has caterpillars on it,

but as yet have done only little damage.

B. L. MCINTOSH.

--The prospect is fine for all fall crops. The caterpillar is now stripping the crop ;

only late cotton injured by them.

J- B- HOBBS.

-- Rain plentiful. Caterpillar come and gone ; late cotton considerably hurt;

old cotton has about done its do and opening rap'dly.

D. M. WADE.

HOUSTON.-On most of sandy lands cotton has rusted badly since about the mid-
dle of August, and the prospect not near so good as it was two or three weeks ago. J D. THAEP.

IBWIN.--I have heretofore put stock hogs 100, but cholera is on the increase, so I

put it 90 per cent. Cholera may yet destroy a great many meat hogs and leave us

ffar s,hort, .

ZARA PAUXK.

-- Cholera is raging in some localities of the county with fatal results in every

case. No valid remedy Ins yet been found.

E. D. PAULK.

LEE.-Ten d*ys ago our cotton would have been 110, now 100. Damaged by rain. F. M. MCKINNEY.

-- Cotton off at least 25 per cent, .since 1st ot August from rust and caterpillar,

with a.still downward tendency.

J- F- Di;AS-

MACON.-Tae farmers all have long face>. The caterpillar and rust have been
very destructive. We will not make an average cotton crop. The price is below
cost of production, 8 3-4 cents to-day. The cry is, " what will we do ?" J. B. MURRAY.

MARION--I have sown peas the last plowing on 80 acres of my cotton ; to date

see no bad results; will sow from half bnsbe' to three pecks over my entire crop

next year if I can obtain seed. Rust on cotton more universal than ever before.

Caterpillars on all late cotton.



GJLO. W. C. MUNRO.

QUITMAN--We have nearly an average crop of corn ; sugar cane is looking very
fine ; sweet potatoes, prospect very good. Cotton seriously injured by caterpillars,
but more so by rust; will not at best make more than two thirds of a crop. T. P. KIMBLE.

RANDOLPH--This has b3en a strange year for the cotton plant; to the 1st of Au-

gust the crop bid fair ; at this writing the best farmers say that it U less than last

year.

R. T. C'RITTEEKDER.

[2491

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--188 5.

17

--Owing to dry weather and excessive heat the cotton crop is cut off fully one-

half in some sections ; the July crop is pretty good ; no top crop; the rust is bad

in some sections.

C. R. KNOWLES.

SCHLEY--Considerable damage to cotton from rust; good deal of cholera among hogs--say 10 per cent; hog prospect about 90. No caterpillar to hurt.
THOS. P. RAINEY.

--Caterpillars are seriously hurting cotton that is full of life ; rust has hurt cot-

ton growing on all kinds of land--red, black and sandy. More or leas rain falls

every day. Rain has stopped cotton picking.

J. N. HUDSON.

SUMTER--Since last report cotton has fallen off 10 per cent, from rust, perhaps more ; no damage from caterpillar; more cotton open than I ever saw September 1.
,CHAS. C. SHEPPABD.

--The prospect was booming July 1 to August 1, and with many setbacks, I re

port average 100.

A. A. ADAMS.

TAYLOR--Since my last report all pine or sandy land cotton has been effected by

rust, and if we do not have rain in a few days we fear much damage will be done;

all other crops good.

D. R. BROWN.

THOMAS--On a basis of last year, 100, 100, 100, or an average crop on a basis of five years, as first stated. Potatoes and corn badly cut off by dry weather.
DAN. A. HORN.

WILCOX--Cotton injured by-rust ; no caterpillars.

D. F. MCCRIMMONS.

WORTH--Cotton rusting badly ; more damage from rust than from caterpillar ;

think our county will make as mneh cotton as it did in '80, and other cropi are as

good ; farmers are busy picking cotton ; rain every day.

W. A. HALL.

EAST GEORGIA.

BULLOCH--All the hogs have died from cholera, and a general exaggerated report

of all cotton in Georgia.

J. H. BROWN.

DODGE--Some damage by worms and rust to cotton, which is causing it to open earlier than usual. I think the crop will be gathered by the 1st of November.
D. M. BUCHAN.

--The cotton has not made any since July; the rust and caterpillar have injured

the crop 20 per cent; there is no top cotton, and all will be open by the middle of

September.

jAS. BOHANNAN.

GLASSCOCK--Six weeks drouth is the cause of the fall-off in many species of crops.
SEABORN KITCHENS.

JEFFERSON--Late cotton looked well at the beginning of this month, and bid fair

to make up for the loss on the old, but the dry, hot weather caused it to wilt and

shed; rust has now become general, and a fall-off from last month is the conse-

quence.

I. p. ADKINS.

--No rain in some localities since July 12. The cotton crop in the dry sections is

cut off 50 per cent., while the whole county has suffered for the latter rains to some

extent. Raining now.

THOS. HARDEMAN.

-Rains have been abundant and seasonable. The finest prospect for peas I ever H. L. BATTLE.

i8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[250]

--Cotton hurt badly by ru9t; nearly all open. Soon all will be picked and sent

to market; never saw so much open in August. I fear many are deceived about a

big crop.

A. E. TARVER.

JOHNSON.--Cotton injured by the drouth and opening fast in the sandy lands.

Corn and potatoes good; heavy rains at this time.

G. W. TAPLEY.

PULASKI.--Cholera has killed a great many hogs; caterpillars have done great damage-in our section, already cleaned the fields. Rain plentiful. Pastures good.
S. W. BROWN.

RICHMOND.--Cotton hasshedded on account of the dry, hot winds.

A. W. RHODES.

--In consequence of the hot, blighting weather in August cotton has been injured

materially; we are making no August crop. (P. S. I "eport for Columbia; my P.

0. is in Richmond.

J. A. WATSON.

SCRIVEN.--Caterpillars are sweeping the cotton fields, and some are already as

bare as they will be at Christmas.

J. R. HUMPHRIES.

TELFAIR.--Seasons have been light and spotted since the last of May ; a light

shower to-day. Cotton cut short from the drouth ; also sugar cane and sweet pota-

toes.

JASON LANCASTER.

TWIGGS.--Less hogs than last year on account of cholera, which has been very

destructive in all this section; weather excessively hot and dry; damaging to cot-

ton.

H. S. WIMBERLY.

--Cotton damaged at least 20 per cent, during the past twenty-five days from rust,

and it seems to be general. Some disease has destroyed 40 per cent, of hogs, said to

be cholera, but does not effect the bowels of the hog.

J. D. M. MYRICK.

WASHINGTON.--The caterpillar has injuted cotton slightly in several sections of

this county, and may eventually do considerable damage if the seasons are favora-

ble. Cholera has prevailed to some extent, and with many planters killed a large

number of hogs.

H. N. HOLLIFIELD.

--Since last report, hot weather at times when rain was badly needed ; and in

some localities the caterpillars have damaged the prospective yield considerably ;

in many fields 90 per cent, of the crop is now open.

J. C. HARMAN.

WILKINSON.--July's drouth has caused cotton to shed--rust or blight); can't make

over three-quarters of a crop in this coutny ; corn is good. Cholera has killed many

hogs in this county.

J. A. MASON.

--Rust appeared in all sandy lands soon after last report and did great damage.

J. M. BOONE,

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

BRYAN.--Tremendous rainfall for the past week. Cotton plants blown about by

wind and many of the squares aud blooms threshed off. Tide-water rice planters

want clear weather to start rice catting.

PHILIP D. CORY.

CAMDEN.--Hogs this time last year were about 50 per cent, of the year before, as

they were rapidly dying with cholera, which makes them about the same as last

year this time.

E. A. MCWHORTER.

CHATHAM.--Hog cholera has disappeared from this county and the condition of

hogs is generally good.

.

C A. J. SWEAT.

I>5i]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--188$.

19

CLINCH.--Seasons very wet since last December, injuring cottoD most, but all

crops to some extent, but farmers have worked hard and made nearly an average

crop.

L. C. WALTON.

COFFEE.--No complaint of the caterpillar up to September 1st. It has been rain-

ing for several days, which is damaging the cotton orop to some extent; also the

pea crop.

JOSEPH BAILEY.

EFFINGHAM.--Too much rain in some parts of the county for cotton. Fruit

crops much better than usual. Sweet potatoes and scuppernong grapes in profu-

sion.

P. R. TAKVEB.

--Three weeks' drouth injured late cotton materially. We have no caterpillars

in this vicinity. We are having a continued speU of rain, which is injurious to

the gathering of the cotton crop.

0. E. SMITH.

GLYNN.--Corn in good condition and ears well filled. Very little rotten corn.

We are having fine weather for fall crops.

JAMES POSTELL.

LIBERTY.--Cholera has reached this section. Hogs are unhappy; so are their

owners. Being mostly range hogs, they are left to their chances. A little carbolic

acid in their feed no doubt would arrest it.

JAMES A. M. KING.

--No hog cholera worth speaking about. Prospects good. Farmers are all feel-

ing happy. Weaeher very hot. Health generally good.

E. A. RODRIGUES.

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[252]

CONTINUATION OF THIRD LECTURE.

BY M. GEORGE VILLE.

[TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY MISS E. L. HOWARD.]

Manure costs from $3.00 to $3.75 per ton. and requires $56.00 per acre for a ma-

nuring of 44,000 pounds. The sidereal fertilizing costs from $1.00 to $1.50 per ton

and costs only from $16.00 to $17.00 per acre, the price of the minerals and rent

of land. The preparation is independent of the animals, and at the same time the

stock is fed in an economical way. By this means of simplifying the preparation

of the land you save from $4.00 to $8.00 per acre.

We give these facts again, and lix with precision the price of sidereal fertilizing,

or rather of the chemical fertilizer of which the clover furnished the nitrogen.

This cost consists of the value of the minerals, phosphate, potash or lime, the rent

of the land and the general expenses.

We will take the Institute of Roville again as an example : Per acre. Pounds.

Superphosphate of lime

352--$3.75

Chloride of potassium

176-- 2.88

Sulphate of lime

351-- .64--$7.36

Rent of land

$3.75

General expenses

4.00

-- 7.75

Total Per annum

$15-02 7.51

It thus costs 40 cents per 880 pounds to obtain 35,200 pounds of sidereal fertili-

zer. If a part of the straw from the crop is to be sold the amount of minerals must

be doubled, carrying the expenses up to $22.48 for two years; but what a fertilizer In the first supposition the expenses for 250 acres would be $503.44, and in the
second $748.56. When the cultivation of the cereals is continued without rotation,

other than changing fall cereals with spring cereals, the expenditure cannot be less

than $16.00 to $17.00 per acre per annum--$4,000.00 for 250 acres.

COST OF FERTILIZER FOR 250 ACRES.

1. Continued culture of cereals 2. Continued culture by sideration 3. Continued culture by intensive sideration

$4,000 00 503 44 748.56

The saving is $800 to $1,120, according as the sideration is simple or intensive. We will speak of the product and of the value of the crop under three precise conditions: Exclusive culture of wheat with chemical fertilizers; alternate culture of autumn and spring cereals, also grown withc.hemical fertilizers; lastly, the same alternate culture, after the rotation of sidereal fallow.
The exclusive culture of wheat, when the soil is prepared by animals, hardly gives more than 36 to 39 bushels per acre. Wheat or clover plowed in, that ia to

253]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

21

say by sideration, produces from 52 to 58 bushels per acre. Below is the summing up of the three systems :

FIRST CASE--250 ACBES OF WINTER WHEAT--14 PLOWS.

Products--

250 acres of winter wheat at 36 bushels to the acre, 9,000

bushels at $1.24 per bushel

$11,160 00

$12.00 of straw to the acre

3,000 00-$14,160 00

SECOND CASE--125 ACRES OF WINTER WHEAT--125 ACRES SPRING WHEAT.

Products-- .

1st. 125 acres of fall wheat at 39 bushels per acre, 4,875

bushels at $1.24 per bushel

$ 6,044 00

$12.00 of straw per acre

1>500 00

2nd. 125 acres of spring wheat at 39 bushels per acre, 4,875

bushels at $1.10 per bushel

,

5,362 50

$12.00 of straw per acre

1,500 00-$14,406 50

THIRD CASE--82K ACRES OF WINTER WHEAT--82)4 ACRES OF SPRING WHEAT--85 ACRES OF CLOVER--4 PLOWS.

Products--

1st. 82} acres of winter wheat at 52 bushels per acre, 4,305

bushels at $1.21 per bushel

$ 5,338 20

$16.00 of straw per acre

1,320 00

2nd. 9,2)4 acres of spring wheat at 39 bushels per acre, 2,217

bushels at $1.10

3,860 40

$16.00 of straw per acre

1,320 00-$ll,838 60

Results of products

1st--$14,160 00 2nd-- 14,406 50 3rd-- 11,838 60

To show the effective value of the sidereal fallow, we mest remember we lay out 4,000.00 less than in the two other systems. Add the sum saved by economy to the $11,838.60 of the products, so as to compare the terms, and you get $15,838 60 as the expression of the value of crop grown by sidereal fallow.

Third case Savings--
Fertilizer Seeds Three plows

COMPLETE PRODUCT OF THIRD CASE. $11,838 60
2,000 00 200 00
1,800 00--$13,838 60

I repeat again, the expenditure is less with the sidereal fallow, the net product

s greater, the harvest surer and the constitution of the farm is protected from all risks; in the two other cases ruin is always threatening and want of discipline per-

manent.

Instead of repeating the formula, meadow stock, cereals, you will say: sidera-

tion, chemical fertilizers. Clover turned under on the spot adds nothing to the

cost; the nitrogen from the air costs no more than the rent of the land. It is easy

for you to reach the lim't of the largest profit. Who dares to dispute this advant-

age? .

/

But this is not the on'y one ; it gives the proprietor unhoped for resources in

finding a farmer^-for he offers to the.renting farmer.advantages which aoother sys-

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[254}

tern could offer him. With one-third of the land in clover and the meadow turned) into pasture, the farmer has no fears in feeding a large stock ; the clover and aftermath give the stock abundant nourishment--and the slock well fed--while the soil is admirably prepared for wheat. The first year will be one of the most fruitful. If you wish to add another advantage and make a true bridge of gold for the farmer, sell him the cereal crop standing in the field, thus aiding materially.
What greater chances of gain could you offer him, and what more advantageous offers can a renter find ?
To push the demonstration to the last limits, I should show you with what facility the sidereal fallow, corresponding to the triennial fallow, adapts itself to all imaginable combinations of culture; but my time is limited. I stop at stating the principles, leaving you the care of making them fruitful--drawing the utmost benefit from them.
To those who say that barn-yard manure is always necessary, we reply: You are in earnest, but in great error. To those who say meadow is-necessary to farm well, we reply: You believe a heresy; meadow aids in preserving the elements or fertility the soil possesses, but aside from a little nitrogen, it does not enrich the soil; it leaves it as it found it. The use of chemical mineral* absolutely changes the conditions. Phosphoric acid, potash and lime from abroad are an increase of riches. If these same agents are demanded of the meadow, the soil does not grow richer, but keepsonly more carefully what it a'ready possessed.
Another effort will show more clearly thededuetions from thesenew facts. Immagine a soil deficient in phosptate, yet employ barn-yard manure only. You cannot supply phosphate with this. Your animals are stunted. The fact is proved for twenty years by comparing Britainy with Normandy. You in this case use manure containing but little phosphate, while the animal requires a good deal; his bony frame is reduced and, angular speaking, his needs as plainly as the clearest language. If phosphate is wanting, all the other elements of fertility receive an irremediable injury from this; we must have phosphate for the nitrogen, potash, and lime of manure to show their full activity; when manure originates from a soil deprived of phosphate you cannot get the needed quantity of manure alone. Another example: go over the department of Aveyron, where side by side you see feldspathic soils lacking in lime and calcareous soils superabundantly provided with lime. On feldspalhic soi's, the animals are dwarfed, men themselves are small in statue and angular in form; their pronunciation isincredible; all this is from wantof lime. On calcareous soils, the people are tall, their frames are stronger and characters firmer. The conclusion from this is that lime must be brought to feldspathic soils and phosphate and potash brought to calcareoc s soils. If you condemn these rules, while living on soils wanting in lime, you must eat barley and be small and angular in form; your animals of light weight and of little value. How can manure produced on a soil deficient in lime remedy conditions more powerful than you are yourself ?
You know, on the contrary, tte laws of production and the elements combined and appreciate the need of lime in the soil. Obey these laws and you soon find a change in the organization of p'ants and animals; you gain fruitful profits, instead of being a slave to conditions which governed you ; you become conqueror; your organization, which is a reflection of the beings on which you are nourished, rises in the biologic scale, and you pass from an inferior to a superior race.
You have defined jour conditions of existence, and by the fruits of a long labor ennobled and perfected your organization. The knowledge of these sovereign laws rewards labor, gives prosperity to nations and to the government and people, th*

[255]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--l88j.

*3

first of all blessings-security and peace. But the interests-in this- cause exact, by the grandeur and importance of their results, practical conclusions exp-essed in a Sort of code of what should be done and what should not be done. This paralle, between the triennial fallow and the sidereal fallow appears to me to be the best means of attaining this end and make it all clearer to your minds-. Read, weigh and decide, gentlemen, for yourselves, setting bias aside.

TRIENNIAL FALLOW.

SIDEREAL FALLOW.

Dead Fallow. Wheat. Oats or
Spring Wheat.

Meadow 3,320 lbs. Hay per
acre.

Clover,

Pasture,

Chemically Manured, Chemically Man'ed.

Wheat.

Crop 528 lbs.

Oats or Spring Wheat.

Meat per ace.

1st. In the triennial fallow the meadow and stock are impediments imposed on the culture to supply manure. Meadow and stock make nothing.
2d. In the triennial fallow the hay and aftermath must be harvested; the hay must be dried and carried to the farm, representing an expense of at least $8.00 per acre.
3d. In the triennial fallow if hay is sold it must be hauled to the railroad. Hauling 3,320 pounds of hay five miles distance costs at least $2.40 per acre.
4th. In the triennial fallow the crop to be carried to the railroad is 3,320 pounds per acre.
5th. In the triennial fallow, the ground requires three plowings and many harrowings.
6th. In the triennial fallow the dead fallow produces nothing.
7th. In the triennial fallow it cost 40 cents a ton to spread the manure.
8th. In the triennial system the fallow is an impediment, and produces nothing.
9th. In the triennial fallow the manure originating from the soil keeps it from exhansting,-but does not enrich it.

1st. In the sidereal fallow the meadow changed to pasture, and manured with chemical fertilizer, becomes a fall culture, whieh gives at least $24.00 to $32.00 per acre.
2d. In the sidereal fallow there is no cost of harvestingrand.tbe meadow pays more than the cultivated fields.
3d. In the sidereal fallow the animals walk themselves to' the railroad.
4th. In the sidereal fallow the crop carried by railroads is 1,056 pounds because the weight is 528-pounds per head of tw> fat cattle.
5th. In the sidereal fallow the ground needs but one plowing--a saving of at least $4.80 per acre.
6th. In the sidereal fallow the ground brings 35,200 pounds of clover, containing 220 pounds of nitrogen worth from $24.00 to $32.00 per acre.
7th. In the sidereal fallow there is no cost in hauling and spreading fertilizer.
8:h. In the sidereal system the fallow is a source of manure, equivalent in mass to 35,200 pounds of animal manure.
9th. In the sidereal fallow the minerals of the fertilizer, being imported inthe form of chemical fertilizer, and thei-.itrogen coming from the air, the soil isenriched every year.

M

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[256]

10th. Barnyard manure is not as rich s sidereal manure in regard to nitrogen.

Nitrogen PhO5 KO CaO

BAENYAED MANUBE.
4 16 per cent--1.00 1-76 5 00 1.000

10th. Sidereal manure is richer in nitrogen than barnyard manure, and equally so in regard to minerals.

SIDEEEAL MAXUBE.

Clover grown with chemical fertilizer.

Nitrogen PhO5

5.36 per cent--1.00 1 30

KO

5.00

CaO

9.60*

11th. In the triennial fallow only 17,600 pounds can be produced per acre for three years' use, equal to 5,866 pounds per acre per annum, represented by

Nitrogen PhO KO.. CaO.

Pounds. 72 30
176

12th. The barnyard manure spread on ihesoil costs $3.00 to $3.75 per ton.

13th. (In tke triennial fallow only 13 to 19 bushels of wheat per acre is produced.
14th. In the triennial fallow after two crops of wheat, the land has not gained -either in nitrogen or phosphate; it has gained a little potash and lime.
15th. In the triennial fallow dry seasons are real calamities; stock feed is short, and the preparation of the dead fallow is expressive.

11th. In the sidereal fallow 35,200 pounds to 44,000 pounds for three years, or in round numbers, 14,666 pounds per acre per annum.

Nitrogen PhO5

Pounds. 224
53

KO

198

CaO.

440

12th. The sidereal fallow costs hardly1

$1.00 to $1.50 per ton spread on the soil,

not to include the excess of lime given

the soil, besides the quantity absorbed

by the clover.

13th. In the sidereal fallow 48 to 52

bushels of wheat is grown per acre.

14th. In the sidereal fallow after two crops of wheat, the soil is enriched in nitrogen, potash, phosphate and lime.

15th. In the sidereal fallow during dry seasons the clover furnishes abundant resources for stock feed, and taking off the second crop of clover n\ ith judgment rep aces the loss of the first crop.

"We add, the lime contained in the clover crop as an excess of lime given by the fertilizer to the soil, and remains in it.
The sidereal fallow thus gives economy, security, abundant manure and remunerative crops, with a reduction in labor to the utmost limit.
In its turn, the sidereal fallow gains a large amount of nitrogen; it gains still by the minerals brought in the form of chemical fertilizers, and increases greatly the original fertility of the soil.
The present season is enriched, and the future increased in security. I repeat, gentlemen, you must draw the final conclusion. It is of great importance. In reacting upon the agricultural prosperity of the country more than any other effect, it can and ought to -contribute to bringing order in our ideas in the new path of progress, liberty and civilization. I am truly happy if my words carry .plainly to you the counsel of a true friend.
At the end of the lectures by Professor Georges Ville, Count Van der Strathen

[25;]

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT--1885.

2S

Ponthoz, Vice-President of the Agricultural Society, rose and thanked Professor Ville in the following terms:
Never since this saloon has been opened, since all the glories of Belgium are painted in its walls, since the Academy of all the sciences is established here--no, nsver has an orator held so large an audience under the charm of his speech and intelligence for three consecutive days. I address our most appreciative thanks to Professor Georges Ville, and it is not this assembly alone that offers them to him, it is all Belgium which is proud of receiving such a noble man among them.
Professor Ville has borne a'l trouble and labor for ten years. He has brought us not only the grand theories of scientific agriculture, but admirable practice also. In truth, gentlemen, have we ever heard more elevated and more fruitful agricultural lectures? We know now what we ought to"do with our meadows. Never lias any one told us this with such lucidity and simplicity. We know now how we can expect paying products from our land, while enrichingit itself and resting it under the shade of the clover leaf.
I will tell you another piece of good fortune : Professor Ville's lectures will be published in one volume. I also add that Professor Ville desires that the lectures delivered in Brussels will be'published for all Belgium. Professor Ville receives our grateful thanks. He leaves ur one of those memories that can never be effaced
Long applause.

Special Circular No. 51. \

NEW SERIES.

\

Report of Growing Crops, Yields, Etc.
FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1885.

RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1st, 1885.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, GA., September 21, 1885.

DEAK SIB--Please answer the following questions on the first day of October, or a lew days before, if necessary, and mail promptly, so that your report may reach this office by tht Third of October.
Answer every question, that will admit of it, in numbers indicating per cent.
AN AVERAGE CROP, or .WHIM.UK CONDITION, or anything with which comparison is made, is always taken as 100. Thus, it the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent, better than last year or IO per cent, better than an average, it should be reported as 110 in each case; and if IO per cent, below these standards, it should be 90. Never report "IO per cent, better," or "10 per cent, worse," but 110, or 90, as the case may be. Avoid vague comparisons, such as "some better," "hardly so gootl," "above an average," etc.

In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which you reside, or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend, not simply to your own farm.
It a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county, use the character X. If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate, leave the space blank.
Very respectfully,
J. T. HENDERSON,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

I. For what county do you report?

County.

II. Your name?.. III. Your post-office..

2

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA.

From present indications what will be the

1. Total yield of cotton compared to an average crop?

2. Total yield of corn compared to an average ?... .

3. Sugar Cane?

~

i. Sorghum?

5. Rice?

6. Sweet Potatoes?

7. Field Peas?

8. Ground Peas?

9. Turnips? 10. Probable acreage in fall oatB compared to last year ?

11. Probable acreage in wheat compared to last year

REMARKS.

Tounty.

[264]
per cent. percent. Per centpercent. Per eentpercent percent. percent. percent, --wn percent. percent.

NEW SERIES.
CIRCULAS No. 72. \
RULES AND REGULATIONS

Special Instructions to Inspectors
FOB THE
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA.
PRESCRIBED BY J. T. HENDERSON, COMMISSIONER OP AGRICULTURE,
FOR THE SEASON OF 1885-6.

ATLANTA, GEORGIA,

Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, \

Atlanta.

I

1885.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

SEASON OF 1885-6.

NEW SERIES.
Circular JVo. f2.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
ATLANTA, September 20, 1885.

The Commissioner of Agriculture continues of force the Pules and Regulations

of the seasons of 1883-4, and 1884-5, and tleyare prerciihed and published for the season if 1885-6, with slight changes, as follows:

I. Every package of feitilizeror chemical for manuf cturin? the same, or for

composting, intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia, shall

have the manufacturer's guaranteed analysis placed upon, or securely attached to, each package, by the manufac u er. If the fertilizer is in bags, it shall be dis-

tinctly branded, s'amped or printed upon each sack. If in barrels, it may be

either branded, stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel, or distinctly

printed upon good paper, and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel, or upon a a shipping or other tag, and securely attached to the head of each barrel, In

every case it must be distinct. This manufacturer's guaranteed analysis shall show the following determinations, * viz :

Moisture at 212 Insoluble Phosphoric Acid Available Phosphoric Acid

per cent. per cent. - per cent.

Ammonia, actual and potential Potash [K20.]

per cent. percent.

If nitrogen, in the form of nitrate is claimed,-the fact must be stated in the "Request for Inspection."

II. To facilitate the transaction of business, any manufacturer, dealer, agent, or

other person, who procures the inspection of a fertilizer, after it is inspected, and has the inspector's tag attached in compliance with law, may proceed to make sales

thereof before the official analysis U completed ; Provided, he gives a written obli-

gation to cancel all sales iu case the fertilizer is condemned by the Commissioner

*The Commissioner has uniformly held that if the guaranteed analysis shall include such of of these five ingredients as the fertilizer or chemical is claimed to contain, it will be a substan-
tial compliance with the law, and the Rules and Regulations. Some judicial decisions seem toindicatethatthisparagraphmust.be literally complied with--that the full list of ingredients must appear in the Onaranteed Analysis, even if one or more of the n is not contained in the goods. As a matter of prudence, it would be well for manufacturers to comply literally with the law in this respect. The Commissioner will not change his ruling on this point until constrained to do so by express judicial opinion or Legislative enactment.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[262]

of Agriculture. This obligation is embraced in the " Request for Inspection," which mustalso set forth the " guaranteed analysis" accordingto the form therein prescribed, and addressed to the proper Inspector. The " Request for Inspection " must be made out and signed in duplicate, and one copy sent to the Commissioner ot Agriculture, by the person requesting the inspection.
III. Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fertilizer, or permit it to be offered for tale or distribution, unless the manufacturer's guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or package before offering the same forsale or distribution, claiming, in the case of any Ammoniated Superphosphate, that it contains at least eight per cent, of available Phosphoric Acid, and two per cent, of Ammonia; and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least ten percent, of available Phosphoric Acid. Neither shall any such tag or device be furnished cr applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or unmerchantable condition.
IV. Inspectors, after collecting inspection fees and taking samples, shall have applied, under their personal supervision, when practicable, Inspector's tags, one to each package of fertilizer, before the same is offered for sale or distribution. Inspector's tags will have printed upon each the wo ds and figures, ;' Inspected-- 1885-6--Georgia; also a fac simile of the signature of the Commi-sioner of Agriculture, and its consecutive number in reverse. Whenever it is found to be impracticable for Inspectors to personally supervise the application of tags, they may be delivered to the order of the person procuring the inspection. In such cases, Inspectors must avail themselves of all practicable means to satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered have been properly applied to goods that have been regularly inspected during the season indicated.
Tags brought over from any previous season, cannot be applied to new goods, nor can they be redeemed by this Department.
V. The Inspector's tag, when attached or applied in compliance with law, is a recognition that the fertilizer o which it is attached has the consent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the conditions prescribed in Rules I and II above recited.
VI. All fertilizers manufactured in this State, for sale or distribution within the State, must have been subjected to all the requirements of the law and regulations, and the Inspector's fee must be paid before it can be removed from the mill or factory.
VII. For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws and regulations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers, the following persons have been appointed Inspectors for the season of 1885-6, with offices at the places annexed to their names, viz:

0. T. Ropers M. A. Stovall John H. Pate J. 8. Lawton L. W. Livingston Walters. DeWolf

Savannah. Augusta.
Brunswick. Atlanta. Rome.
Columbus.

Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation, the Inspectors at Rome, Brunswick and Columbus will cooperate with the Inspectors at Savannah, Augusta "and Atlanta. Inspections can be made at other points in Georgia than those namedJabove, when necessary ; but if, in such cases, the fertilizer shall have come into the State at any port or station where there is an Inspector, the necessary ex-

[263]

INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS--1885-6.

5

penses of the Inspector in going to make such inspection must be paid by the
party procuring the same. VIII. If necessary to facilitate transportation, inspections may be made outside
of the State or in bulk, by permission of the Commissioner of Agriculture, to whom applications must be made by the par-y piocuringit In all such casesthe expenses actually incurred by the Inspecior,' in making the inspection, must be
paid by the party procuring it. And in all casej of inspections in bulk at the factory, the manufacturer, his
agent or the per-on shipping the fertilizer, will be required to report to the Com missiorer of Agriculture on the first, tenth and twentieth of each month, the ship ments of such fertilizer made during the previous period of ten days, showing the brand, number of tons, the name and address of consignee, date of thipment, name of inspector who inspected the bulk from which shipments were made, and the "inspection number" of the irspection covering said bulk. The object of this requirement is to enable the Inspector to subsequenty ins-pect the same gcods
wherever found. IX. In all cases, in making inspections, samples must be taken by the Inspector
inptrson. He must provide such.sampleis as will penetrate to the center of the package, and samples must be taken fiom a sufficient number to fairly represent the whole--not less than one-tenth of the package in lots of ten tons or over, and notless than one-fifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons.
X. Manufacturers of, and dealers in, fertilizers oatside the State, before making each shipment of fertilizers in'o Georgia for sale or distribution, are required to notify the Commis ioner of Agricu ture, directly, and also the Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State, in writing, of such shipment, giving the name of the vessel or rai'road on which shipped, the name of each distinct brand, and the number of tons of each ; the number and kinds of packages and their weight; the name and p'ace of the consignee, and accompany this information by a copy of the guaranteed ana y-is. Let this notice be timely to both the Commissioner and the Inspector. It, will facilitate business and result in ad-
vantage to those who give such timely notice. XI. As far as possible, all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or
place where they come into the State. Inspectors are required to be vigilant, and see that none escapes. Dealers in the interior of the Sta-e, to whom fertilizers (coming into the State at poinis where there are no Inspectors) are consigned, must give timely notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector nearest the point where they enter the State, and must be prepared to turn sh the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations and to pay to him the inspection fee, by the time the fertilizer arrives. All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers, or have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season, for sale or distribution, will please take due notice, and make all necessary ar angements to meet the requirements of law promptly wheu t e fertilizer reaches the.State, and thus save delay and embarrass 1 ent. The law must be enforced, and parties interested will greatly cb;igeby taking such timely steps as will insure its eas execution without annoyance to themselves or < thers.
XII. An Act, "To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia from imposition in the sale of fertilizers," etc., approved February 26th, 1875, provi es in sectioull.:!" That from and after the passsage of this Act it shall not be lawful to Sell, or.offer for sale, any fertilizer manufactured in this State, or to bring into the State for sale and distribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the State, unless, before offering for sale, or the sale or distribution of the same, there

6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[264]

sbal] be an inspection and an analysis made of it," etc. Section III. of the same

Act provides for the punishment, according to section 4310 of the Code of 1882 of

any person selling fertilizers without inspection.

'

f'',v-n ACt,f0t remier mre efficient and eeo-omical the inspe tion and analysis of fert,,zers, etc., approved February 26,h, 1877, provides that Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertil zer, or chemical for manufacturing th same, for sale or distribution in this State, wit- out having a brand tag or such

sis^theree:;0r,,lbe C0Traif0ner f AgrlCUltUre * ^ lowing fheanaly

be S

eU'll " misdemeanor' and- n conviction of the same, sbaU

be punched as preserved in section 4310of the Revised Code of 1873 '

bection VI. of the above cited Act. approved February 28, 1874, requires the In-

spectors to prosecute violators of these laws

requires tbe m-

of?heir3duTes.be "^ ^^ "** "" ^^^ hdd t0 a stHct P^ormance

of^gu^olTo"' ln8Pf Ct!ng ferti'iZerS Wm ^ frm SeP,Caber 1St t0 the 31St
f1V',T^ me'h0d f anal>'Ms i-ecommfnded by the recent Conv.ntion of Aericultur.] Chemists, held at Washington, D. C, on the28,h of Ju,y, 1880 wifhlucn modihcations as were adopted by the Atlanta Convention of May 15, 1884, will con
SrclaTilSr 'the 'lemiSt f the DepartmeiU iD the ^ a11

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS.

It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people of Georgia- to vourself
and the Department of Agriculture-tbat your duties be well and faitnfuT reformed. You are placed as a sentinel to see that the interests of the farmers of Ge rg,a a-e well guarded in their purchase of commercial fertilizers ; tna"hey Je protected from imposition in every purchase that they make, and that thtaw. denning jour dutie*. and the zegulations of the Department, are rigidly execuM
in every case. You are. in your official acts, to render full justice to II par i^
Th strict execuhon of the law and fu 1 protection from imposition to al farmers' will not work inj istice to any manufacturer or dea'er

In the discharge of your duty, in addition to the foregoing Rules and Regula

ions, y ,, are to be governed tails which could not be well

by set

the following special forth elsewhere viz



instructions,

giv'g

some

de-

' <^/*nilizers phased outside of the Stae,'by a consumer or farmer in Georgia for huw use and n-t for sale or distribution, shall be permitted to pass wUh

out .nspection lf the purshaser desire it provided it is sent directly to said pJcaser, addressed or consiged to him personally and not directed to or paSsi * through the hands of, a commission merchant or third party. You n,us as far as

tthPrnEaammeeseo;ffbTrarnddsa,Uttrhe CnhamSheisPamned"tpSlalces^of

^"""^oner of
consignees, and

thAe gnruimcbZereosftvonn*g

and enter the same in your official reco d.

JV You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desiring inspection

2* * sneotedirl T vT'y'ou**muisnts8Pie9ontiaon"d fdeeeliovfer5a pcreinnttsedperrecteoipnt faocrcoervdeiry9 ttoonblatonkbse inyo

[265]

INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS--1885-6.

f

aanntete^d arnfa,ltyshies

o^f tfhe

Mme
same,

^upoUnUeafchthpeacfkeartgUeizer

to

be

iMpeoted,

and

the

guar-

c. Tendered you a "Request for Inspection " on the blanks furnished for that

STM^ an b^tio" to -ncel and make null all sales which may be

ana?' d the r

"

before the official f

analysis

thereof

is made, if,

after

being

Linieg^^i oSt rpenlri,rTto"SnITnep[ SaAggriTU"lt"Ure*S'ha" . !^P-- ^ancTMe o^f l"aw, prohibit its

You muat not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum per centage of any of the val

Tw law,

vvi"z.888opeeerrc?en ntr , off

^^^^ analysis is available phosphoric acid and

less thfn that requiredby 2 per cent of ammonia in

ammon.ated superphosphates, or tea per cent, of available phosphor c acid in acd

Streeaatteedd witHh "suIlpThu1r^ ic acbi0dn,e3a're nNoattUsurabljeKcUt atno0'thainsdsta*n"datrtd^n that live not been

to hi v Tf reqU re ln 6a0h bulk in<Pection ^e names of each brand proposed tobe shxppedfrom .-uchbulk; and in every case you must report the names of

Son "Umberd WUh WWCh the S0di th6rein TM^e* are'identica. in com

deiti'edTnln^Tx'f^r,""1^^ f *** " of fertilizer, in the manner but not trH"-IV f ^ ^ Md Reg>ations, they must be thoroughly mixed,

TMZ7 . ^ r grU m a mrtar r ^erwise. When samples are for

It Uon in

wwhhi.cci!^thDe;yPaarretmoef"fetrefdrffaonr asalfle

" to

*<* m-t be in the same the planter, in the State.

mechanic, Uonl After the sain

pies are thus thoroughly mixed, you Will, from the mixture, fill two glass bo Us common quinine bottle,) securely seal them with wax, stamp your official s a

upon the wax and then carefully and correct.y label them-one with a labe show

xng the inspection number, name of the fertilizer inspected, the place at for whol

inspected, and the date of inspection, and the other with a labelShowing the nuT

ccaarreefful;lryTboCxt,anndH shlipTMt?he*m*to&hm im ^ by ^ exprbestsh. in *>erson to 'he ComZsooonneerr, oorr"

(5-) You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record, or minute of every official act performed by you, emoting in the record of each nspZon the number and date of inspection; name of the-fertilizer or chemical; byw m and where manufactured; person requesting, and plac,; to whom conignedand wT.er"

7h7VvSP f'l nUmberf t0si-Pec^; amount of fees received ; IS

dfnrt lh j 10Walwhe" ^Ple was forwarded ; the inspection number o

identical brands (samples taken from same bulk), and such other facts as mav be

necessary to a complete history of the inspection

7

month^.h? ^lY tTak6 a/UH and Cmplete rePrfc on the ^ ^y of each

^Purpose

S

PreViUS mnth' n WankS fUrni9he^'-vou fr

Report promptly to the Commissioner any violation of law

The book of records or minutes, is the property of the Department, and must be nea ly and correctly kept. It must be filed in the Department with your fin 1 re! port, made at the end of the fertilizer season.

You will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping soil test samples under the instructions from the Commissioner of Agriculture

Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records, entries and reports

and stationery for official correspondence.

reports,

8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[266]

Inspectors' tag! will be supplied to you on your requisitions, freight prepaid and you must retain the cost of the same and all charges, from fees received, and ry

the amount to this office at the end of each month. The Act of February 26, 1877, requires you to pay over to the Comptroller Gen-
eral, on the first day of each month, all moneys received for inspection fees during the preceding month. This must be done in whatever manner the Comptroller-
General may prescribe; and you must satisfy the Commissioner that thxs duty has been

performed before a sa'ary certificate will be issued toyou.

T,,=~.^i'

You are specially required to guard against any m.sappropr.ation of Inspectors

tags or for any violation or evasion of the law, or of any attempts to do so, and

make full reports to the Department of Agriculture. You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to you, and held

liable to the treasury for the amount of fees represented by any tags not satisfac-

torilv accounted for. Any information you may need will be given at any time. Ins ructions will be
given promptly in any case in which you may desire them, or about which you

^InTpectors wi'l be held to a strict performance of all duties required of them by the law and the rules, regulations and instructions defining their duties. No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their duties will be tolerated, and perfect

sobrietyatalltimes.isstrictly enjoined.

^ ^ ^.^^

Commission?! of Agriculture.

CIRCULAR No. 73.

New Series.

}

CROP

REPORT

FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1885.

SHOWING
CONDITION AND PROSPECT OF CROPS THE FIRST OF OCTOBER, AND OTHER MATTERS RELATING TO AGRICULTURE IN GEORGIA.
T. T. HEITDEBSOIT,
Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA-: Jas. P. Harrison & Co., Printers, Binders antf Eleetrotypers.
1886.

Circular No. 73.
NEW SERIES.
CROP REPORT
FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1885.
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE OCTOBER 1, 1885.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,)
ATLANTA, October 12,1885. )
COTTON.
The condition of the cotton crop has been constantly falling off since the first of September. Material injury has resulted from the rainstorms of this month in all parts of the State, and much local injury has resulted from rust and the ravages of the caterpillars. Southwest Georgia, where all these causes have united in impairing the crop, has sustained the greatett injury, amounting to a depreciation of about 18 per cent. The condition for the whole State is eight points below the report of last month, amounting to a discount of about 9 per cent, on the condition of the crop at that date. The condition and prospect in the State for August 1st was reported 97 ; for September 1st, 93 ; and for October 1st, 85.
The sections on the first of October are reported as follows: North Georgia, 95; Middle Georgia, 89; Southwest Georgia, 80; East Georgia 81; and Southeast Georgia, 80.
CORN.
The corn crop is reported one per cent, above an average crop for the State. The yield, compared to an average in North Georgia, is 106; in Middle Georgia, 104; in Southwest Georgia, 96; in East Georgia, 103; and in Southeast Georgia, 98. This varies but little in the general average

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[270}

from the report of last month, being one point higher for the State, with a slight falling off in the estimates for North, Middle and Southwest I Georgia, and an increase in East and Southeast Georgia.

MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.
SUGAR CANE.--The condition and prospect, compared to an average crop in Middle Georgia, is 99 ; in Southwest Georgia, 103 ; in East Georgia, 99; in Southeast Georgia, 98 ; and in the average for the State 100.
SORGHUM.--The condition and prospect in North and in Middle Georgia is 102; in Southwest Georgia, 97 ; in East Georgia, 95 ; in Southeast Georgia, 100 ; and in the whole State, 99.
RICE.--The condition and prospect in Middle Georgia is 95 ; in Southwest and in East Georgia, 94 ; and in Southeast Georgia, where the bulk of this crop is grown, 102.
SWEET POTATOES.--The prospective yield, in comparison with an average,, is reported in North and in Middle Georgia 106 ; in Southwest Georgia, 105 ;in East Georgia, 101; in Southeast Georgia, 84 ; and in the whole State 100.
FIELD PEAS.--The prospective yield, in comparison with an average, in North Georgia is 88; in Middle, Southwest and East Georgia, 95; and in East Georgia, 62.
GROUND PEAS.--The prospective yield in North and Middle Georgia is 99; in Southwest Georgia, 101; in East Georgia, 97; and in Southeast Georgia, 50.
TURNIPS.--The condition and prospect in North Georgia is 88; in Middle Georgia, 90; in Southwest Georgia, 103 ; in East Georgia, 91; andi in Southeast Georgia, 85.

WHEAT AND OATS.

Very little wheat or oats had been sown before the first of October. At this date the probable acreage in wheat, compared to an average, is reported in North Georgia at 94; in Middle Georgia, 88; in Southwest and in East Georgia, 100; and in Southeast Georgia, 125.
The probable acreage in fall oats in North Georgia is 88; in Middle Georgia, 91; in Southwest Georgia, 104; in East Georgia, 105; and in Southeast Georgia, 100.

{271]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885.

5

THE WEATHER FOR SEPTEMBER.

The rainfall of the month of Sep ember has been excessive and damaging to the crops in all parts of the State. In Middle and Southeast Georgia there has been about three times the usual amount for September. O.i the 19th, at St. Mary's there was a fall of over five and a half inches; on the 26th, at Brunswick, four and three quarter inches; and on the 20th three and a half at LaGrange, and four inches on Lookout Mountain. At St. Mary's a total rainfall of 27 inches was recorded for the month.
The total mean for the month in inches in North Georgia is 7.04 ; in Middle Georgia, 8.36 ; in Southwest Georgia, 5.66 ; in East Georgia, 4.42 ; and in Southeast Georgia, 20.78.
The average precipitation of rain for September, as deduced from the meteorological observations of a series of years, in North Georgia, is 4.25 inches; in Middle Georgia, 2.71; in Southwest Georgia, 4.20; in East Georgia, 4.08; in Southeast Georgia, 7.03; and the average for the State, 4.45.

TABLE No. I--Condition and Prospect of Crops in Georgia October 1st, 1886.

SECTIONS. ^orth Georgia Middle Georgia Southwest Georgia East Georgia Southeast Georgia Average for the State

as, Condition

and Prospect Compared an Average.

to

ft
S2

8ff

si 0

d S

d<-

5 0

0 O

1
P

aas
003

0 6
S

V

X

so

1 1 a

akn

2
a)
5

Saua0

as * d ~fH *I
33 as
H e

95 106

102

106 *8 99 88 88 94

39 104 99 102 95 106 95 99 SO 91 98

so 96 103 97 94 1(15 95 101 10!) 104 100

HI 108 99 AS 94 101 95 97 Hi 105 10J

8(1 98 98 10(1 102 M 62 SO 85 10U Via

85 101 100 99 96 100 87 83 91 98 103

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[272J

TABLE No. 2.--Summary of Weather Reports for September, 1885.
NORTH GEORGIA.

STATIONS.
Dahlonega.... Ellerslie , Gainesville... Marietta Mossy Creek. Rabun Gap... Rome
Means..
Oxford
Americus Columbus.... Cuthbert Fort Valley., Nashville Quitman
Means.

Temperature. Sain/all.

0 a a sMeo

a
0
H S


a

OBSERVER.
01
6

85 51. 69.0 7.54

B. P. Gaillard.

76. 50. 65.0 14 00

Mrs. J. W. Bryan.

85. 52. 69.8 9.85 15 C. B. LaHatte.

H. N. Starnes.

86. 47. 68.2 6.10

J. M. Dorsey.

82. 42. 613 4.60

Edward Sitton.

54. 71.0 4.17

R. S. Norton.

84. 50. 67.4 7.06 10!

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

86. 54. 70.3 5.72 87. 62. 71.5 9.70 88. 64. 73.8 8.85 92. 56. 75.3 9.38

11 R. J. Redding. 9
10 H. H. Cary. 9

A. E. Sturgis.

88. 59 72.7 8.36 10

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.
92. 64. 78.0 4.25
93. 64 76.0 5.75 92. 64 75.0 6 80 87. 70. 79.0 4.00 94. 67. 78.3 6.00

13(J. E. Bivins. .... G. M. Dewes.
11 |B. T. Hunter.
9 Mrs. W. J. Anderson. 81H. T. Peeples.
5Wm. T. Gaulden.

91 66. 72.3 5 66

EAST GEORGIA.
87. 56. 70.0 3.40 88 61. 70.3 7.45

7 W. K. Nelson. 8 R. C. Sanders
G. W. H. Whi taker.

88. 58. 70.1 5.42 8

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

89. 68. 78 0 22.08 88. 69 78.5 27.41 92. 70. 77.4 12.70
90. 69 77-9 20 75 88. 60. 72.5 9.43

12 18 E. A. McWhorter. 11 John L. Harden.
14 10

[273]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--188 5.

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS.

NORTH GEORGIA.

BANKS.--I do not think the cotton crop are as good as it was thought to be.

We had too much wet weather for August crop of bol's, and there is not as yet,

been much gathered; it is later than was expected, though with a favorable fall it

will, I think, come to the standard of an average crop. Some of my neighbors have

saved an abundance of Crab Grass hay, which is the best hay we can have. GEO. W. WILEY.

--Too much rain for cotton; great deal of ro'ten cotton. So much rain farmers

cannot gather. Com has been damaged to some extent by overflow. Hogs are

dying with cholera in this county.

J- R- SEWBLL.

--The season rather too wet for peas; cotton rotting in the patch, does not turn out

well from the gin, has been picked too wet.

W. J. BUKGESS.

BARTOW.--East storms, including Sunday, for three weeks past. To-day 1st October

is the 6th day of the last storm, and m prospect of fair weather. These storms are

working great injury to cotton and corn Much cotton seriously damaged by rust.

Cotton not damaged by rust well fruited, but unusually late opening. An early

frost would do great damage.

' l- - MCDANEL.

CATOOSA--A continuous rain for the last five days (October 1st,) and still raining.
But few farmers have turned any corn land for next crop. I had rather pay hands
one d illar per day to turn under the vegetation now than to pay them twenty-five cents in the spring. Grass, c'over and stock are still increasing in our county.
J. B. HENDERSON.

CHATTOOGA --At present the prospect is a little glo3my; we are having entirely too much rain; our cotton is not opening but very little, and great fears of the bolls roting. It is a fine time on clover and grass sown this fall, but ruining corn and cotton, but if we can have a dry October Chattooga will come out all right yet; our cora and cotton, potatoes and turnips, are as good as the land will make them.
J. J. P. HENRY.

CHEROKEE--There have been five days rain; cotton and corn sprouting in the field. No prospect at present of fair weather, 10 a. m., October 1st, 1885. M. S. PACEN.
--Since last report there has been a material falling off in cotton. Hot dry weather in August was very damaging, not only to cotton, but late corn suffered considerably. The present unfair weather is very detrimental to the cotton crop.
J. J. A. SHARP.

COBB.--Rain fall for this month 7.4 inches; cotton has fallen off 10 per cent, since the first of the month, and unless it is dryer in October the loss will be 20 per cent.
WM. ALSTON, JR.

8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[274]

--Too much rain for the farmers; this is the fifth day's rain in successijn. I am of

the opinion that cotton will be damaged 50 per cent.

L. M. POWER.

--Cotton is upon the eve of destruction; first d outh then too much rain followed

by rusi and boll worm, the crop is injured to such an extent it cannot be calculated

at this time.

E w BENSON

--Cotton is rotting in the field ; this is the fourth day it has rained; cannot tell what will be the damage to the crop. Price low, crops short, farmers gloomy.

G. T. LlNDLEY.

DADK.-There is no oats sown this fall that we know of ; no wheat Eown yet, but

I think will be fully off 20 per cent. Cotton is better than last year, but not SD much

planted. Corn better than several previous years, since 1882 at least. Sorghum

acreage much better than last year, the best yield per acre, 150 gallons; the average

yield about 50 gallons per acre. Too wet for field peas. A ninetv-three pound

pumpkin, and on the same farm 100 bushels of corn per acre; used'300 pounds of

B. B. from the P. F. I. Co., East Point, Ga., per acre.

G. A. R. BIBLE.

--The salad peas you sent me yielded in abundance; was well pleased with

them; the millo ma'ze never came to hand; the cabbage seed you sent me last year

d,d fine1^' .

JOSEPH COLEMAN.

DAWSON.-Excessive rains are hindering cotton picking, and will probably damage the crop to some extent; has also injured the field peas, folder and all late forage.

A. J. LOGAN.

FLOYD.-Cotton injured by caterpillars; rust and hard rains; the falling off is considerable. Corn was damaged by the drouth of June and July ; being earlier than, the drouth of 1884, itinjured corn (where drouth prevailed) more than drouth of 1884, which did not become serious until in August. The corn crop in this immediate section is not as good as the crop of 1884. Cotton throughout this year appeared better than it was; from the luxuriant growth of weeds, it deceived most

JOHN H. DENT.

--The falling off in the cotton crop is attributable mostly t) caterpillars, which

after stripping the leaves, destroy nearly all the young growth. Damage greatest

on late cotton. Weather very unfavorable for picking cotton ; cloudy and rainy

weather for nearly a week.

_ w s SANFORD.

FoEsvTH.-From some unknown cause most of the August crop of fruiton cotton

has been thrown off, thereby greatly diminishing the yield of the present crop. The

bolls retained are well matured, and with favorable weather, the crop will be

gathered earher than usual. Since stripping the fodder from the corn, farmers find

that tley were greatly deceived in the prospective yield of the corn crop. Owing

to short wheat crop, amount of grain in this county will not be much more than

last years crop.

B. H. BEOWN.

FBANKMN.-Cotton consideiably cut off from wet weather ; a great deal of the largest farms have fallen off, and there are a great many small rotten bolls Corn good; only defect, not enough p'anted. Peas too late to mature a full crop.

J. W. SEWELL.

-Since my last report the late cotton has all fallen off, and there will be nothing

but the first crop. Cotton will so ;n be all open.

J. B. D.MCWHORTER.

I>75]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885.

GORDON.--There w.ll probably be but asniall acreage sown in oats this fa 11, having had two successive failures by freezing out. The sorghum crop is large and syrup plentiful; ample for home consumption, of a fair quality, made from improved cane. Corn crops have suffered from depredations by stock and hogs, because of in'erior fences ; we need the stock law to protect our crops.

N. B. HALL.

--The cotton prospect has fallen off 20 per cent, in past month ; opening badly

and rus>t caused shedding and serious damage ; if frost comes early in October, half

the crop will be stained Excessive rains

0. H. DAVIS.

--Tlu' prospect for cotton not so good ; too much rain. Corn as good as it can be

AARON ROFF.

--Owing to too much rain, our pea crop is very poor.

J. M. HARLAN.

GWINNETT.--Cotton lost by shedding during the hot, dry spell of two weeks in

August, but still I report an average crop ; the stormy weat ler last week and this

is unfavorable for gathering. Corn well matured and heavy, and enough for man

and beast.

R. W. WINN.

HABERSHAM.--August crop of cotton all shed off, but still enough left to make a

crop better than average. Some attention being paid to grasses now, with some

promise.

YOUNG DAVIS.

JACKSON.--Has been raining three days and no prospect of clearing off. Lots of

cotton in field and seed sprouiing. Crops .good of all kinds, but need fairer

weather to make cott n open and fit for gathering.

J. T. ROGERS.

--I think we have overestimated tlie cotton crop in previous reports; there ap-

pears to be more show than fru t.

G. W. O'KKLLEY, SR.

MILTON.--Owing to the extreme hot weather in August, with a damaging drouth of two or ttree weeks, the ott >n crop was seriously damaged, say one-fourth of the prosp ret at tlie first of the month. Other crops suffered to some extent.

0. P. SKELTER.

MURRAY.--Owing to the dry weather in July and August, all crops suffered very

much, Mild now the weather is bad for gathering.

G. JACKSON.

PAULDING.--Rains prevailing now will damage the cotton seriously. J. L. Clay,

of this county, expects to gather 1,000 pounds of cotton per acre frjm five acres;

the variety is Duncan's Mammoth Prolific.

P. M. DUNCAN.

PICKENS.--Corn good Cotion good, but late in opening, no rust; no caterpil-

lars. I-think we can make out without buying hay, as the farmers, in get eral,

have saved an abundance of good fodder, ff the farmers will quit cotion and

raise hog nl li iininy insteal, we w.ll see more prosperous times for the farmers,

and all other classes, and not until then. Late apples, to a great extent, are rot-

ting on ihe trees A light stand of turnips. Too much rain of late for cotton and

peas.

E. R. ALLRED.

POLK.--Red and black rust have seriously injured the cotton crop; the past

month has been unusually unfavorable to this crop, especially by reason of rains;

unless the weather is decidedly better soon, our next report wiil be worse than

this. In the above estimate we have not calculated the loss from an early frost;

a large yield is by no means assured.

J. O. WADDELL.

IO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[276]

R\BUK.--The corn is not as good as it was thought to be before pulling fodder,

on account of so many stalks that failed to produce an ear. Sweet potatoes are

decidedly better than they have been in several years. There will be but little

wheat sown in this county this year, 011 account of the scarcity of seed wheat,

there not being enough raised for seed, and owing to the scarcity of money the

farmers are not able to buy seed. The corn crop will make up for the loss of the

wheat crop. The apple crop is not as good as common.

ED. SITTON.

WALKER.--Heavy rains ar* damaging the cotton crop considerably. Corn is

rotting in lowlands. The bottom land is now under water and I can not tell how

much it will be damaged.

j. y. WOOD.

WHITFIELD.--Excessive rains spoiling cotton, rotting corn and hay: preventing fall plowing and bothering farmers generally. We hope for sunshine by and by.

--No year since the war has crops averaged as ihis.

W. C. RICHARDSON. P. HORN.

--The Stevens wheat sent us frozed out badly, and that which did not freeze out

was about as good as common wheat.

R. F. DANTZLEE.

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

BALDWIN.--An unprecedented spell of wet weather is causing considerable dam-

age to corn; rottingon upland as well as low grounds and will seriously damage the

cotton crop. We think the farmers will be better off at the end of this year than

since the war, with magnificent yield of all food crops. We will havean abundance

of fine hogs ; and the cotton crop has been made cheap.

JAS. C. WHITAKER.

--Wheat and oats are not yet sown.

T. S. BAGLEY.

BIBB.--Excessive rains are staining cotton, particularly where infested by cater-

pillars and causing the abundant pea crop to rot badly. Cotton, staple short and

much of it not strong, from rot.

W. H. D. JOHNSON.

BOTTS.--The recent rains have somewhat damaged all standing crops, especially

bottom land corn and cotton.

D, J. THAXTON.

CAMPBELL.--The cottin weed attained an unusual growth this year; we are now

having a great deal of rain; has been raining for the last seven days, with no ap-

pearance yet of a change, and the bottom bolls of the cotton rotting badly; loss

probably 10 per cent. The corn also from the same cause sprouting and rotting

badly.

W. Q. MASON.

--The extreme wet weather will injure both cotton and corn. Cotton on low

lands will be sure to rot considerably and make it but in'erior.

P. H. STEED.

--A continued rain is doing much damage to the cotton. Prom present indica-

tions no estimate can be maie in acreage of wheat and oats.

J. D. SMITH.

--The last two questions I can't form any estimate now. The corn and cotton have been injured by the excessive rains that are falling every day or so.

RORERT J. TUGGLE.

--The extreme wet weather has rotted and sprouted the seed in the boll and

stopped the opening to the injury of cotton 10 per cent ; corn badly sprouted in

the field; don't think this crop of cotton as good as last year.

J. S. BODD.

[277]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885.

II

CARROLL.--The cotton crop has been injured in some parts of the cotinty considerably by so much rain; at this writing it has been raining 5 days incessantly.
8. C. CANDLEB.

--The drouth from the 9th to the 26th of August caused the plant to throw off

badly, then the wet weather and rust have nearly ruined the crop; and I ihink my

figures above are full high. A great deal of corn damaged by excessive rains. Peas

are sprouting in the hull; bottom lands are now being overflowed, and upon the

whole the outlook is now gloomy in the extreme. I never saw a more gloomy

prospect after so good. Cotton seed is growing in the boll.

R. H. SPRINGER.

--It is raining now (Oct. 1st.) and has been raining with a steady east gale for 6

days; the damage to crops is heavy, especially bottom corn that Is blown down;

great deal of it will sour and sprout. The cotton damaged badly; bo'Is rotting,

and that that is open sprouting in the field. I never saw a more gloomy time for

farmers. Cotton and corn both off several points.

M. R. RUSSELL.

CLARKE.--The last 4 or 5 days have been wet, which will hinder the picking of cotton and will also retard the growth of unmatured bolls, rausing more of them to

be overtaken by frost and perhat s cause others to rat. This has to some extent injured the crops. We have a few caterpillars on the cotton, not enough I think

to hurt materially.

JEFFERSON JENNINGS.

--About the 1st of September, the rust and caterpillars made their appearance

and have damaged the crop at lenst 10 per cent. I rode over lust week to look at

the crop of a neighbor who baa eighty acres in cotton, and did not see a green leaf

on it, the late crop is completely ruined.

JOHN S. LINTON.

There is great danger now of the opened cotton in the field being lost from

sprouting; unless it clears off soon at least 10 to 20 per cent will be damaged or

ruined.

K- T- PITTABD.

CLAYTON.--It is impossible to tell what the cotton crop will be yet; it has not

opened much. It has been raining for the last six days; the caterpillars have set

in in earnest, and will injure late cotton very much, and if the rainy weather con-

tinues it will rot in the boll.

W. P. JONES.

COLUMBIA.--Cotton is greatly damaged by rot, worms and storms. S. C. LAMKIN.

COWETA.--The boll worm and excessive rains for the past six days have reduced tbe cotton prospect 20 per cent. Much that was open is lost, and the rank growth of the weed BO shaded the under crop of bolls that a very large per cent, have
rotted. The prospect for a good crop is not so good as last year. S. W. STOKES.

--Cotton is damaged by the continued wet weather; corn also from same cause. J. B. GOODWYN.

DEKALB.--I know of no fall oats being sown; I think our cotton is a good average

crop, nothing more; corn was considerably above an average, but storms have

blown it down, and it has been flooded on bottom lands by high waters until the

average has been cut down very much. The outlook is not very encouraging at

this time; rainstorms are frequent; corn and cotton are both being very much

injured in the fields, and cotton is showing a considerable amount of boll-rot, and

is opening very slowly for the last two weeks.

T. J. FLAKE.

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[2;8]

rr^tA8_COrn rPf0d ; t0 much rain f" ~tton; turnips looking fine; pea
JZr T aVeT" The 6ar,y rfCe Wh6at y0U Sent us PTMed < be good ; Stevens
wheat not so good ; sugar beet is the best I ever saw ; James' old town pro ific c0

ZTola""" COr" matChIe8S- NUmb6rS f ther Kedi have D0t b'e" -PO ed to B. JI PHILLIPS,
Secretary of Flint Hill Agricultural Club

EMERT -The large amount of rain that we have had has greatly damaged the

quahtyof the cotton and injured greatly corn on bottoms. The rairs lave been

excessive for thix season of the. yJ ear.

r ,,
<JEO.

,, E.

"
HEARD.

-Some corn and cotton damaged on bottom land by high water; cotton in many

localities mjured by rust. I do not like the Jamestown prolific corn a package of

which you sent me to test. My variety yields much more per acre than it WU1

Cholera. ab. out subsided with hogBs.

wr . fr,. JiHORNTOX.

nnootTtru^rnn o1SutfarlikD e doanncte; eCxOpettctnedr.oUing in the Patcb> ad * will canJe:DcG otton will

FAYETTE.-We have had almost continued rains and cloudy weather since the 20th instant, there having been only three or four days of fair weather which has seriously damaged the cotton crop, especially on low, fiat lands, by causing the bo Is to rot The caterpillar has made its appearance in full force throughout he entirecounty; as far as heard from the amount of damage will be small'owing to

soIwwni oat<S s tLhe mhaejoSri6tayS0oDf- faTrmheer,saSwtiltW l defW erinstoewrsinhgavuentbiele"Jansuadreyst; rusecetidveoatos fwall1

be scarce, not enough to supply the demand.

j. G. POSEY^

FULTON.-We are having too much rain ; cotton and corn may be very much

injured ; not much cotton picked up to date.

V Winnows

bbooins,sb^ubtuthrTe wr eTt wdea\t"heeCr ti.[syfdamfragmingyitUvaerrey fyaisetl;dib"uSt fveew^fafilnl eo-a^fsSseowanndyeht e atvhye
millo maize growing in favor with our farmers; we think it a first-class forage

W. L. MANGTJM.

GEIMB -While I report 70 per cent, of a crop in oar county, in my immediate

ne.ghborhood the yield is not over 60 per cent. There is a section of country

around me.that went fifty three days without rain.

C M STM8

faifuArNeCCK'~EXCeeSiVe "^ '" **" Part f 8ePtemberS ^rnips sown early a W. L. MlDDLEBKOOKS.

vi^T7The^ePtember ^ iS n "S at this date ; the wind has been blowing

wh ch w:,l

.r' frthe P"* tWrty-SiX h0Ura With considerable rainfall

which will injure the cotton to a considerable extent, and retard the gathering of

the crop; rust has mjured cotton badly; the caterpillar is eating up the hali-

grown bolls; farmers are working with a vim, when the weather permit it is Si

stormy and raining up to this date.

nA "

l

,,,

, .

JJ. U COOK.

aH~nI5 crir'Y^I d6al f W6t Weather' daaging cotton, corn and most all field crops; cotton is already damaged by wet weather, caterpillars and rust

ml^hT, >Hy l0t' dryWeather in J'y. topping the growth suddenly, ac i ha" made but little since, only in certain localises. The reason I think there wilV no he murh fall oats sown in the fall is, they have been killed two years in succ ssion

JAMES PATTILLO.

[279]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885.

13

-- In consequence of the continued rains cotton continues to fall off every day;

we don't get but two days in a week to pick cotton; rain all the time; we have

had n wet spell ever since June the 1st, and the prospect is good for more.

W. I). COOK.

HEARD.--It has been raining here since September the 27th ; cotton, T think, is damaged by this spell ten per cent in quaDtity, corn is considerably dan aged ; ears

that point up so that the water runs in the shuck is nearly a'l dan aped ; S' creek lands that h.ve overflowed a-e badly damaged. Farmers aie looking

gloomy; the caterpillars have eaten all the leaves oft the cot'on, which I think

an advantage, to prevent the rotting of the bolls.

.7. B. WABB.

--In consequence of the incessant rains the cotton is rotten, and corn and peas

damaged, which has brought down from last report five per cent.

.1. <'. BBEWBB.

HENRY.--It has been rainy weather for eight days, and still ra'nintr; cot'on is

materially injured ; bolls rotting; corn on low lands is damaged ; the damage can-

not be told yet to cotton'

J. M. MCDONALD.

--This is the fourth day o1 continued rain, and little pro.'pfct for clesr weather

yet; it is feared cotton will sprout and be injured greatly. Corn is leter than for

years.

MERREL C. LOWE.

JASPBB.--The unprecedented wet weather bas greatly damagr d the cotton crop;

all low ground cotton almost a total failure ; cotton remaining unpicked is sprout-

ing in the boll, and will bring the average quite low.

WILLIS NEWTON.

--Cotton is being badly damaged in consequence of excessive wet weather ; put-

ting in of full oats seriously hindered.

W. C. LARETT.

JONES.--Taking the various crops as a whole--corn, cotton, p?as, potatoes and

turnips--our county made a full average crop, the ortton being saved rapidly and

in fair condition. The hay crop is magnificent; farmers here do not put the

proper value upon it, and consequently do not ga'her one-fourth of what is spon-

taneously grown on their farms ; blessed by the band of Providence and seem not

to realize the fact.

R. T. Ross.

LINCOLN. Too much rain for gathering cotton at the date of this report, which

is aho producing rot; the damage from this cause will be at least 5 per cent. The

crop of crab and Bermuda grass is fine ; large quantities of hay could bs saved it'

farmers would spare time from attention to cotton to gather it.

J. M. DILL.

--The general supposition is that the cotton crop will not exceed last year's crop ; no top crop ; more than half the crop is now open. Corn crop very good.
N. A. CRAWFORD.

MCDUFFIE--I am satisfied my county will fall .'50 percent, short of an average

crop of cotton. Coin and potatoes goo 1.

A. E. STURGIS.

MERIWETIIER.--The hot weather in August made all of the top crop dry np and fall oft'; the continued rains are causing it *o rot; our cotton crop will be short.
l: M. MCCABLAN.

--Rain has been falling almost continuously for three days; 1 cannot estimate

the damage done to peas and cotton.

li. S. CLEMENTS.

14

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

f28o]

MoNBOE--Great many different causes have operated to injure cotton : more

caterpillars in this county than for 20 years; boll worm, rust, too much rain

caused bolls to rot. Hogs in very good order; the Spanish ground-pea is without

an equal for hogs; have had hogs on them since August 15 ; now fat- will yield

on good ground from 100 to 150 bushels per acre.

HENRY TAYLOR.

MoRGAN.-About ten days drouth, accompanied by dry, hot winds, following the

August report, just at the time when the crop seemed almost assured, with a little

bn?ht and too much wet weather since, has caused a falling off of 20 or 25 per cent

in the cotton yield.

J. H GAISSERT. '

l!

NEWTOK.-Our people are afraid to risk rust-proof oats this fall, having two winter killings ,n succession. We have since last report to add caterp liar as shortening our cotton crop ; the young bolls will not mature; there is no doubt but that the large stalk has deceived all casual observers as to the yield of the cotton crop
wewill bave but a small percentage over last year's crop, but twice as much foli-

L. F. LIVINGSTON.

-Very few fall oats being sown ; owing to the very severe cold winters of the

two past, the farn ers are afraid to risk fall sowing; can't you find an oat that will

stand the winters like wheat? The constant east rains for past three days have

caused cotton to rot in the boll.

j. K UcCo*^

OCONEE. -We are having a good deal of rain, that prevents the gathering of the crop.
JAS. C. WILSON.

OGLETHORPE-Weather very unfavorable for picking cotton ; rain to excess.

Bottom corn damaged by overflow. Caterpillars on cotton; will not injure it ma-

terially now.

C .

A .

o
STEVENS.

-Have had too much rain during September for cotton and peas.

JNO. HURT.

-The season thus far has been wet and unfavorable for gathering crops, but has

caused the small grain, oats, rye and barley, to come up finely, and present a beau-

tiful appearance.

DAVIS C. BARROW.

PIKE.-We are having lots of rain, 5 days; almost constant rain. No cotton

picked in nearly one week.

c R WlLgos

v ^We ^Ve had a gr6at deal 0f rain and wind from the east; cotton is injured badly. Though will make a good crop and save it after a while.

J. A. WILLIAMS.

-The rust and caterpillar are playing havoc with the cotton crop. Cotton in

this neighborhood is better where there was no fertilizer used. The late heavy

rains-and the low price of the fleecy staple bave about demoralized the farmers in

this section. What is our remedy ?

j w PORRELL

RocKDALE.-The extreme hot sun and wind from middle to end of July did great

injury to cotton, causing it to throw ofl largely of the August crop and prevents

a perfect maturity of the fruit retained.

jAMES T. STANSKLI..

-The season from middle of September to date has been very unfavorable for cotton, as it has been laining fully half the time ; has been rainingfrom the northeast with wind for three days, and is still raining, which will damage the pea crop

[28*1

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--lS$$.

H

co isiderably; don't think the cotton crop will be more than 10 per cent, above

last year in this section when it ia gathered; cotton damaged badly by rust on gray

land.

J. S. ALBERT.

--During our last few days of sunshine cotton opened very fast. We have had

pre'ty general light rain during the last six days, and up to this writing (Oct. Is')

is still raining, doing much damage, rotting the bolls in rank cotton where they

have commenced to open; also to peas, there being a great many in the fields ready

for gathering.

J. W. GRANADE.

SPALDING--Last spring I planted the following varieties of oats: Hulless, Wel-

come, Belgian, White Quaker, Black Champion, Prnbstier, Virginia Winter, Hallet

Peligree, Surprise, Russian, Challenge, Green Mountain, Burt, Common white

feed oats, Triumph, Washington, Canadian--17 varieties in all. After a fair test

I decided that the Welcome oat was the best in every respect. The sa'ad peas you

sent were fine; I don't intend to be without them in the future. Mills wax is the

finest forage plant I ever saw ; every farmer should plant it; it is superior to the

Teosinte. I am now sowing my bottom lands in Red top and Timothy gra=s; will

report result.

W. E. H. SEARCY.

--The Millo Maize received from the Department is certainly the best forage plant

I ever saw ; I do not think any one knows how many tons can be raised on one

acre.

S. P. GREG.

TALIAFERRO --Been raining for five days ; a whole week lost in cotton picking

and much cotton beaten out.

D. N. SANDERS.

--It has been raining seven days, and much of the cotton is on the ground, which

will bean entire loss, as it has sprouted. Some farmers say it is sprouting in the boll;

25 per cent, of the crop is open in the patch and will be damaged by the rain. The

caterpillar bas appeared in various portions of the county, which will injure the

late cotton at least 25 per cent.

S. J. PLYKT.

--For almost a month past the season has been very unfavorable forgathering

cotton. We have had much rain and much wind. A large percentage of the cot-

ton crop has been caught in the field.

LIONEL L. VEAZEY.

TALBOT.--It his been raining for 6 days and still cloudy; cotton seed sprouting

in the bolls and the cotton prospect looks gloomy.

L. B. MCCROVEY.

--The members of our club who sowed "Stephens' wheat" report the same as our Red May wheat, and yielded very well. Will report on other seeds soon.

J. C. PYE.

TROUP.--Prom the too rapid growth of the cotton weed in August and September, and the consequent failure of the late crop to mature, the latter crop is extremely

light, to which adds the almost universal ravages of the caterpillar and worm, now doing more or less damage to almost every farm ; the cotton yield cannot equal the expectations of early September. The corn crop is universally good; damaged somewhat by the late rains overflowing the bottoms. Grass never better.

A. E. Cox.

--Corn crop fully up to last report. There has been quite a falling off in cot-

ton, r aused by rust, caterpillars, boll worms and excessive rains. The latter has caused considerable rotting. Pastures fine and stock looking well; no disease

among stock.

DB. H. H. CARY.

i6

DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[282]

WALTON.--Crops are the finest in my section of the county thin we have had in

ten years past ; the farmers have very much to encourare them; now if they will

only sow largely in small grain for the next year we are solid. The present rain

storm will damage cotton to soms extent; hired labor is easily controlled and finan-

ces getting more easy.

SEABORN C. BDESON.

--Cotton will be damaged by the excessive rains ; so will the pea crop. Continued

ranu and no sunshine in nearly a week ; gloomy prospect.

J. M. GRKSHAM.

--The ho. sun in August leaves us with no late crop of cotton. The June and July crop is all we will get. The failure in oats for the last 2 years will make fall sowing very saort. The nogs have had some very fatal diseases. The first symptom was a weakness in the loins or back, and in many instances would continue till the hog would drag his legs after him in trying to walk; 9 out of 10 afflicted died.

.1. E. NuNNALLY.

WABBKN.--We are now having a great deal of wet weather, which may cause late

cotton to tall short, as some of the bolls are beginning to rot; late peas and potatoes

will be very fine if we have late fall.

R. M. HARDAWAY.

--Dry until September, then rain and cloudy weather; too much ruin for cotton

to mature or open; too wet for anything but potatoes and sugar cane the field

peas rot as fast as they mature.

JoHK L. j0HH80K.

--Almost incessant rain for five days past; raining now ; cotton picking greatly

retarded; some complaint of rot; things look gloomy.

D. W. ROGERS.

-The s orm on the 20th, 21st, 27th and 28th has put farmers back in picking; good deal in the fie.ds; damaged corn oa low lands fully ten per cent.

JOHN A. SHIVERS.

WILKES.--Know of no reason to change estimate of a month ago; but little

cotton-saving weather since the 19th; have had second storm, brewing and

on hand, since the 26th; cotton picked part of two days this week ; no outdoor

work 29th and 30th alter early morning on the 29th ; pea vines in dry disirict have

not grown much, but are fruiting heavily since rains began ; just here, except in

bottoms, a very large per cent, of cotton is open ; think area of grain will be in-

creased because of time from short cotton crop and favorable condition of ground

for putting in.

JoHN T WlKGWELD.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BAKEB.-The crop, as a whole, is short; the low price for cotton will cause a tight

financial year ; the cotton will fall below an average in quality on account of fre-

quency of rain.

I. H. HAND.

--Sugar cane has grown, and is growing, finely since the rains began ; the largest,

rankest cane is njt the richest in sacharine matter; several farmers have planted

sugar millet; sweet potatoes look very fair; there maybe too much rind; I can

form no idea what amount will be put down in oats, as no one is yet thinking of '

that kind of work; cotton picking is now foremost in the thoughts of farmers-

the long and continued ra.ns have kept back cotton picking ; what is gathered is in

bad condition, stained with water and much sand with it; no wheat planted in

this section.

Q p KINQ

1283]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885.

17

--Cotton not turning out as well as we expected a month ago; the rains have

been so continuous that many bolls that we thought would open have rotted ; I

put the yield at 50 per cent, of an average, much fearing this, that a majority of

our people will fill below that amount. I thank you for the copy of the bound

Reports which you sent some moths ag). It haj afforded me much information

that escaped me in getting the monthly reports. I would suggest that you allow

your correspondents to report merely such facts about crops as they have personal

knowledge of. Many of us have to depend upon the statements of others when

required to report for the whole county.

W. L. CURRY.

The directions to correspondents, with reference to territory, printed
with the special circular are as follows : ' In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in
which you reside, or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend, not simply to your own farm."
It will be observed that the correspondent h requested to report only
as far in all directions as his knowledge extends, but it is expected, of
course, that he will make use of any information that he regards as reliable, and in this way, if practicable, make the repo.t apply to the
whole county, when not able to do this from personal observation.
COMMISSIONER.

BROOKS.--Cotton nearly all gathered; many farmers have turned in their cows ;

we are having an abundance of rain at this time.

J. T. PERDUE.

-- Hog cholera has been more universal and destructive the prjsent year than

ever before; twenty five or th'rty per cent, will cover the number of hogs left in

this county ; all crop), except cotton, will be fully up to an average; rust and cater-

pillars injured cotton twenty-five or thirty per cent.

T. W. JONES.

--Rain too much for cotton picking, considerably damaging the cotton ; picking

would have been done but for the rain.

ELIJAH WADE.

--More rain in September than I ever remember seeing; cotton, and in fact all
crops injured, except sugar cane ; weeds and gra"S everywhere. R. 8. DENMARK.

CALHOUN.--Have had too much rain, which has damaged cotton considerably;

causing it to rot in the field; corn is being gathered in.

F. P. GRIFFIN.

CHATTAHOOCHEE.--Worms have stripped cotton, not leaving any leaves or small

bol.s; 50 per cent, of hogs have died of hog cholera ; rain j are too frequent and

cotton bolls are rotting.

F. V. SCHLEY.

CLAY.--Cotton picking has suffered greatly from too much rain. W. T. CREDILLE.

--Cho'.era stil 1 among hogs; the recent rains have greatly injured open cotton,

which has been blown out and beaten into the dirt; it is the longest spell of wet,

muddy weather I eve/ knew at this time of year.

R. R. BLOCKEE.

COLQUITT.--Too much importance cannot be attached to the next oat crop, the time for seeding being neai at hand; tin preparation should be good and the acre-

i8

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[284]

age large ; October and November are the months to sow to secure full crops ; Jan-

uary sowing rarely makes a good crop in this section.

p. J. WALKEE.

DSCATUR.-NO oats or wheat planted yet; the cotton crop is much less than was

expected at last report; the provision crop is plentiful.

MASTON O'NEAL.

DOOLY.--Have not commenced to sow fall oats yet.

S. W. CONEY.

--The gathering of corn has commenced and the yield is fine. There will be fine

crops of ground peas, sweet potatoes and su jar cane. The recent heavy rains have

seriously disturbed cotton picking.

H. p QDOM

--Cotton has been damaged very much the past week; it is getting doubtful

whether the crop will compare favorably with last year ; the prospects were flat-

tering for a good crop, but there is always a doubt about cot'on until it is gathered ;

it is too easy to suffer by extremes, such as would prove of but little damage to

other crops.

Q TEIPPE

EARLY.--In my last report I made the cotton crop 100, or an average crop, but since that tims the worms have made a clean sweep, cutting off the crop fully 10 per cent of what it promised September 1st; excessive rains have damaged the cotton, and there will be but little cotton of good quality gathered in this county.

B. L. MCINTOSH.

--It has rained seven inches since the 13tn of September--nearly every day--

with more or less wind; therefore much cotton U on the ground, and it is even

sprouting in the boll; farmers hereabouts look gloomy.

D. M. WADE.

--Rust, caterpillars and continued rains have reduced the cotton until I am at a

lesstoestimat;. Corn is rotting in the fie'd badly.

J. B. HOBBS.

HousTON.-The yield of cotton will not be as large as was expected ; rust and the

caterpillar were general, but the latter did not do as much damage as the former.

Sugar cane and sorghum are not planted in this county as liberally as formerly."

Field peas were not gathered very close, for cotton opened ea-ly and the freedman

refused to pick them, and nearly one-fourth or more will rot in the field. Corn

will be abundant and low, and many pUnters will not se? the necessity for sowing

a full crop as usual. What Houston county needs is more attention paid to raising

stock of all kinds, and particularly males, horses and cattle. From the scarcity of

running water in this county (but all planters who own their farms and live on

them could raise more or less) there are but very few sheep raised in this county

and all ought to rase some and kill out the dogs.

WM. J. ANDERSON. '

--Rust, caterpillar and bad weather will reduce the yield of cotton to an average

crop.

J. D. SHARP.

LEE --The present rains may cause greit loss to cotton.

H. L. LONG.

MUSCOGEE --Cotton has been cut off by the worms and rust at least 25 per cent; the rust has killed the cotton dead and the worms have got all that did not rust;' the crop is short of the expectation at the first of August fully 25 per cent; we are'having bad weather for picking cot'on ; rain and east wind a'l the time.

C. OGLETEEE.

MUSCOGEE.--Our estimate applies also to counties marketing at Columbus, em-

bracing Marion, Chattahoochee and Stewart counties.

G. B. YOUNG & Co.

[2851

OCTOBER CROP REPORT-- 1885.

*9

MACON.--The cotton crop is badly damaged by excessive rain ; the seed is sprout-

ing in the boll. Hogs are dying at a fearful rate from cholera, or some other disease.

We have the finest grass pastures ever seen in this county. Cotton is selling at 8%

@8% cents; meat, 7 cents: corn, 30 cents.

J- B- MURRAY.

MARIOS.--Rust and worms have entirely strippad cotton of its leaves , beautiful

prospect of the spring and summer has dwindled to the poorest reality that has

occurred in years; recent floods of continuous rains have damaged the crops mil-

lions. Peas of every variety are fully one-half rotten in the fields and not more

than half a crop made. Guano has been a damage instead of a benefit on all early

cotton but a great benefit to late. Peas planted in my cotton have done no injury early and late varieties will all ripen at the same time and insure me plenty

of seed ready to be gathered by the 20th inst. or before.

GEO. W. C. MUNRO.

MILLER.-The poorest crop of cotton in twenty years. The indications are that

we shall have a large acreage in fall oats.

V. B. BAUGHN.

RANDOLPH.--I think that there will be a fair crop of oats sown ; at this writing,

but few acres seeded. Cotton picking well advanced; will be through by the mid-

dle of October; about ha'f marketed.

R- T. CRITTENDEN.

--We are having quite a rainstorm, doing cotton considerable damage ; also peas ;

times are gloomy for tha farmer. The acreage in wheat and oats will be larger

than last sown, and I do not know what per cent.

R KNOWLKS

-The cotton crop has been badly damaged by rust and worms; we have bad) rains for ten days so we could not pick cotton, and it is sprouting in the fields and must be badly damaged ; if so, I do not think more than two-thirds of a crop will be gathered, ani the last in bad condition. Field peas are rotting badly, and not more than half a crop will be gathered, if that. All other crops are doing well.
J. E. GOUFREY.

SCHLEY --The cotton is materially damaged by caterpillars and rust. We are now

having a weeks rain and cotton is sprouting in the bolls. The crop will be short in,

Schley. We will finish picking by the first of November.

E. S. BALDWIN.

STEWART.--The cotton crops is off one third ; and if it continues to rain 10 days more we will lose another third. Our bottom crop is over half off, perhaps two-

thirds. Tne cotton prospect fearful.

W. H. TATUM.

SuMTKR.-Caterpillars and rust have caused the fall-off since last report; staple

injured by rain ; made dusty; receipts full up and above last year's. CHARLES C. SHEPPARD.

TAYLOR.--All crops are b?ing damaged now by too much rain. Peas are rotting in the field ; cotton is rotting badly, and it is still raining, this October 1st, 1885.
D. R. BROWN.

TERRELL.-Cane crops very good; short for the want of seed or plantings; many

oats will be sown this fall as farmer.*, will get through picking cotton by the 20th of

October. Farming prospect better than usual.

E. G. HILL.

THOMAS -There is nine-tenths of the cotton housed and one half of it a very low

grade, owing to so much rain. Hog cholera more prevalent and more fatal than,

ever before ; at least one-half, if not three-fourths, of the hogs dead. E. L KEEL.

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[286]

WORTH.-Cotton crop will ba entirely out by the 15th of Oetjber, as the excessive

rain has rotted the bolls; and the pea is injured 35 per cent, by the rains. Farmers

on account o* low prices, won't pay out, nor be as well off as they were last

fall. Cholera is still in this section, and as yet no remedy to cure it; feed the ho-s

on copperas is the preventive I have eve.- used.

G. B. WATSON.

--Cotton will fall sh3rt 13 per cent.; crop nearly all out and sold.

W. A. HALL.

EAST GEORGIA.

CAMDEN.-This month has been a very wet one, and many fear that the sweet potatoes are s> water-sobbed as to materially i njure them both as to yield and keeping. The rams have retarded the planting of turnips and garden seeds of all kindsin fact, have in many neighborhoods washed up those already planted.

E. A. MCWHOBTEB.

CHATHAM.-AII crops are suffering from too much rain ; corn is rotting in the

field, and rice is seriously damaged by sprouting; such aseasjn as this hai been is

without a parallel in my recollection.

C. A. J. SWEAT.

CLiNCH.-James" Old Town Prolific corn sent here is a good corn, bat not extra the Eureka cotton is an excellent cotton, but we plant mosty Sea Island ; we have -had an excessively wet year, and there is no abatement of the rains up to this time.

L. C. MATTON.

EFFisoHAM.-Cotton injured materially by rains ; we apprehend too much rain

for sweet patatoes ; if not too much rain in early fall a large quantity of oats will

fceplaDted-

F.R.TABVEB.

PiEBCE-The August and September rains ruined cotton, polatoes and peas, and

now the caterpillar is destroyiog all the late crop. It is not necessary to wait until

the 1st of October to make the report; crops have done all they will do in this sec-

tion of the State; the fall planting or sowing has not commenced.

T. J. FULLEB.

WiLXiNsoN.-Drouth, rust or blight, etc., has cat the cotton crop short, and five days rain hive damaged it considerably ; my opinion is there will be about two

thirds of a crop gathered in this county.

j. A MASON.

-The sun has shone but three days in the last fifteen ; cotton rotting in the boll;

corn damaged by sprouting; everything gloomy.

j. M. BBOWN.

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

f by c the f^ irst o^ f NovheaSmubeeer";

cDa0tearptSillarrsWhha6vaet

SeaW tenn

y6t
all

t; hCetlte0anveWs Ua1nda11yobue nPgicbko^lls.OUt

JAMES BOHANON.
-Bain is in abundance, and otton is damaged from the same.

NICHOLAS RAWLISS.

EMAsuEL.-The farmers of this county have long since found out that our oat

crop pays better to the amount of money and labor invested than any other crop

*eralSe

E. W. LANE, M. D.

[287]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885,

21

GLASSCOCK.--Hot, dry weather nearly all through July ard August cut off the cotton crop and field peas, and damaged many other crops.
SEABORN KITCHENS.

JEFFERSON.--Since July the cotton crop has been generally conceded short; the

corn and field peas are both full crops; the wheat and oat crops are entirely guess

work; the fall is very propitious for a much larger average than last year ; the only

drawback is the immensity of the grass crop.

S. M. CLARK.

LAURENS.--The cotton crop is cut off one-third, and we have had rain over half the month of September; woikabouthalf the lime; behind with picking.
"W. P. HOWARD.

MONTGOMERY.--I put cotton at 75 per cent.; rust, worms and bad weather for

gathering will no doubt bring it still lower; we are having a great deal of rain;

cotton in the field is doing badly.

J. CLAYTON CLEMENTS.

PULASKI.--Have had heavy raining for the last two weeks; cotton badly damaged.

Still stormy to-day.

S. W. BROWN.

RICHMOND.--Very few oats and wheat sown ; consequently cannot give the pro-

bable acreage compared to last year.

R. M. MCNAIR.

SCRIVEN.--If seasons continue as unfavorable for harvesting as they have so far,

the cotton average will go much below what it is.

P. A. BRYAN.

TWIGGS.--Cholera has about killed all the hogs in this section ; no remedy srems

to benefit the sick hog. Too much rain for cotton picking.

J. D. MYRICK.

--Low condition of hogs, on account of ravages of cholera. It has been rainiDg

almost continually since the 26th ultimo, very seriously damaging cotton ; none

picked this week, and sprouting in the boll.

F. D. WIMBERLY.

WASHINGTON.--The recent heavy rains will make a large proportion of the cotton

crop grade much lower than usual. The caterpillar has done but little damage ;

our corn crop is far above an average.

H. N. HOI.LIFIELD. M. D.

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[388]

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS.*

APPENDIX.
At the close of the third lecture, a large number o the auditors asked Professor Ville for tables showing the principal points of each lecture.
The following tables belong to the first lecture. The first lecture was devoted to the analysis of vegetal production, the definition of its character, of the substantial elements which it sets at work, and of the live force which it draws from the sun. The following tables show, for the first time, exact indications of what vegetation draws from natural sources. Air and water furnish 9-10ths of the weight of the substance of plants. The sun is the sole motor of vegetal activity, the source of its faculty of production, the inexhaustible source which holds resources of inappreciable importance.

COMPOSITION OF VEGETATION^

Plants are formed of fourteen invariable elements, always the same, always united, always associated, as follows :

Elements of Vegetal Production.

Organic.

Minera1.

Carbon.

Phosphorous.

Hydrogen.

Sulphur.

Oxygen.

Ch'orine.

Nitrogen.

Silica.

Iron.

Manganese.

Calcium.

Magnesia.

Soda.

Potash.

In ths beginning these fourteen elements were divided equally among the organs. The vegetal mass is homogeneous and uniform in all its parts, but as the plants approach the period of flowering, there is divis-on of these different elements. The proportions of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen do not change; they are equal and constant in all the organs, but the nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash and magnesia are concentrated in the fruits and seeds, while the silica, oxide of iron, sulphuric acid and lime are located in the roots, stems and leaves.
Here is an example of this unequal division in the composition of wheat:

Phosphoric Acid
Magnesia Potash
Lime

Minerals in 100 of Ashes. Roots. 1.70
1.97 2.87
0.88

Straw. 2.26
3.92 15 18
3.00

Seeds. 46.00
13.77 32 59
1.19

Nitrogen

Nitrogen in 100 of the drop. Roots. Srraw. 0.79 0.04

Seeds. 2.94

II.

ORIGIN OF VEGETATION.

Plants originate from three different sources--air, rain and soil. The two first are much the most important. They give vegetation 95 per cent, of its substance, while the e rth gives hardly 5 per cent.

The Commissioner is indebted to Miss Mary Waring, the accomplished daughter ot Major George Waring, for admirably executed copies or the wood cuts in the Paris Edition of these lectures, and Irom which the engravings in the June report were made.

[289]

OCTOBER CROP REPORT--1885.

23

Here is the method of division of each one of these sources:

COMPOSITION OF WHEAT (STRAW AND GRAIN).
Carbon Hydrogen Oxvgen That is"93.55 which come from air and rain.

In 100 Parts.
17.00. 5.54 10.32

Soda Magnesia Sulphuric Acid Chlorine Oxide of Iron Silica Magnesia

0 09 0.20. 0.31. 0.03. 0.006. 2.75.
?

That is 3.386 with which the soil is abundantly provided, and which we need not

give it.

Nitrogen

1.60.

Phosphoric Acid

0.45.

Potash

0.66.

Lime

0.29.

99.93.
That is 3.00 with which the soil has in limited proportions, and which must be given in fertilizers.
III.

FINANCIAL IMPORTANCE OP WHAT PLANTS DRAW FROM ATMOSPHERE.

If we put carbon at the price of oil in Paris, that is,$8.00 the ton, and nitrogen at the value given it in fertilizers, that is 10 cents the pound, we find that a crop of one acre has fixed 8.800 pounds, and has drawn $32.00 worth of carbon and nitrogen
from the atmosphere, as follows :

11,000 pounds of carbon worth 176 pounds of nitrogen, worth

$50.00 30.00

] J

n*,Rs"fl-unun

The amount for the agricultural surface of France, drawn from the atmosphere, is, in round numbers, $1,044,000,000, as follows:

Surface in Cultivation.

Tons of Oar-

Tons of

ton absorbed. Nitrogen absorbed.

Meadow

76,648,135

Forest and Vines

24,440,8F5)

Olives, Almonds and Mulberries. 273,152 \

Chestnuts

1,597,572 J

Total

Value

92,202,000 40,304
132,506,000 132,506,000

3,366,000 770,000
4,136,000 664,000,000

$1,044,000,000 IV

THE SOURCE OF THE LIVE FORCE WHICH REGULATES THE PRODUCTION OF VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.
One pound of carbon produces, in burning, 3,200 calories; one calorie equals 1,060 pounds, 8 000calories equals then 8,480,000 pounds; the work of one horse is expressed by 675,000 pounds per hour; the day of a horse being fixed at eight hours, is expressed by 5,400,000 pounds. Now, as the combustion of one pound of carbon prortuces 3,200 calories, equivalent to 5,400,000 pounds, it follows that the combustion of one pound of carbon is equal to 44-5th hours of a horse. On the other hand, if the assimilation of carbonic acid by vegetation requires the absorption of a quantity of heat equal to that produced by the combustion of carbon.

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

L290}

To one pourd of carbon assimilated, vegetation ccnsumra a quantity of heat equivalent to 44-5lh houra ri a horse. Then, 12,500 pounds of caibonis eqrivalent to 7,o00 days of a horse. Xow, to prepare an acre we only use the equivalent of 6 days of a horse. Therefore, when man puts forth one in mechatical effort, rature adds an effort equal to 500 of his.
V.
In this proportion, if we fix the human population at one billion two hundred million souls, seventy thousand acres, or the lhird of a department in France, requires for its cron an effort, or consumption of live force equivalent to a day's work of the human race.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LIVE FORCE SET TO WORK BY VEGETATION.
Force uti ized. The live force used to make a crop of 10,000 pourds is in round numbers equal to3 200 daya of a horse-power, the day of a horse-power being equal to five days of a man at least.

Live ferce consumed. Toone acre To ten acre? To one hundred acres
To two hundred acres

Of Horse Power. 3,200 33,000
320,000
640,0:0

Of Man. 16,000 160,000
1,600,000
3,200,000

FORCE LOST.

THE EQCIVALEKT OF DATS.

The sun radiates in the cou'se of a year an average per acre of
Vegetation uses The live force lost then is per acre For ten acres For one hundred acres To one thousamd acres

Of Horse Power.
2,000.000 3,200
1,996 800 19,968,000 199,680,000 1,996,800,000

of Man.
10,OCO,000 16*000
9 984 000 99,84o',000 998,800000 9 988!oOOJOOO

If we fix the human population at one billion two hundred millions inhabitants we find that three hurdredand seventy-five acres, that is to say hardly the extent of a private park--receives ihe equivalent of one day"s work of the human race more than its vegetation uses, and that 72,500 acres, or the third of a department loses 88 days on the fourth of a year of human labor.
For this, if we fix the territory of France at 125,000,000 acres, we find the live force lost in tl e course of a year to be equal to the work of the human race for 124 centuries.
VI.

THE PRICE OF A DAY OF 8UN-POWER COMPARED TO A DAY OF HORSE-POWER.

The price of a day of sun-power used by vegetation depends upon the amount of the crop ; it is expressed by the amount of rent and the general expenses.

At Bovil'e these costs were:



Rent of land

General

per aCre. $ 3 751 '
4 00J*

The grain was 23 bushels per acre, equal to 3,960 pounds of crop, in which there were 1,760 pounds of corbon, which represents a 1,200 horse-power; the cost then of the sun power used was 19-1200, rqual to 0.015, which is the price of the horsepower used, and the crophad been 10,000 pounds, corresponding to a 3 200 horse-
powfr Ue costof the horse would have gone down toO 005. But the quaDtity of live force diffused by the sun's rays over the surface of an acre is 2,000,000horae-power.
The price of the horse power, if all was utilized, would be 19-2000,000, or 0.00005. Judge from this how important it is that we use the sun-power by every method o culture in preference to any other source of energy known to agriculture.

NEW SERIES-CIRCULAR No. 73.
PROCEEDINGS
NINTH AND TENTH ANNUAL MEETINGS
OF THE
m mmw Suenr
HELD IN MACON, JULY 29TH AND 30TH, 1884, AND IN AUGUSTA, GA., WEDNESDAY AND THURSDAY, JULY 29TH AND 30TH, 1885.
CHARTERED JULY 14TH, 1876. ORGANIZED AUGUST 16TH, 187'
REORGANIZED UNDER NEW CHARTER AUGUST 1ST, 1882.
PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY THE SOCIETY AND THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--18S 8.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: JAS. P. HARRISON & Co., PEINIERS AND BINDERS,
1885.

NINTH ANNUAL CONVENTION

HELD AT MACON, GEORGIA, JULY 29TH AND 30TH, 1884.

GWV

The Society assembled in the Masonic Hall at 11 a. m. President Berckmans being absent in Europe, Hon. Thomas Hardeman was elected President pro tern. Returning thanks for the honor conferred upon him, he announced the Society ready for business. After roll-call the Secretary read President Berckmans' annual
address.
To the Members of the Georgia Slate Horticultural Society :
GENTLEMEN : Eight years ago, when this Society was organized in this city, you selected me as your presiding officer. This trust I accepted, hoping that in the near future a more competent head would take that place. But, through your kindness and forbearance, you have left me in this position of honor and responsibility. For this token of your confidence in my efforts to promote the success of your Society I am most grateful.
Similar pursuits brought us together, and our annual reunions afford me an opportunity to greet those with whom lasting bonds of friendship have been formed and to clasp their hands with that feeling of affection engendered from mutual esteem.
To-day I cannot be with you in person, but although in distant lands, I am, nevertheless, with you in spirit in perpetuating the objects of your Association.
Although young in years, this Society has achieved such beneficial results in the advancement of the material resources of Georgia that its influence as a progressive agent is fully recognized and its importance established.
Through the perseverance of your efforts you have brought comfort and refinement in many homes where little of these were known. Like a little rill, which always enlivens and refreshes its banks, you have filled a vast lake with waters and thus had an opportunity to exercise your powers in aiding in the advancement of human happiness.
While to the ignorant your labors may appear theoretical and barren of results, it is nevertheless a characteristic of the works of true knowledge that the more they are scrutinized the more they are appreciated by intelligent minds. Your example will develop the latent principle of imitation which slumbers

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-- GEORGIA.

[294]

among our rural population and needs only to be awakened by evidence of suc-
cess to spring into active life. This era of progress is rapidly changing the old current of traditional methods
of production. Our agriculturists find jt incumbent to accept the requirements following the production of diversified field crops. What was once possible and profitable is no longer feasible. Increased population and advanced education have created demands upon the producing class of our people which did not exist a generation ago. You recognize these facts and come here to consult together and gain additional knowledge which will benefit your pursuit and
your fellow-men. The old nations of Europe, especially those where the density of the popu-
lation is the greatest, could not long exist if there was not a continual improvement in the quality of their horticultural products. The increase in the value of the exportation of these products is expected to counterbalance the amount
paid for the importation of breadstuffs. An article in a recent number of the Journal of the National Horticultural
Society of France, upon the imports and exports of horticultural products, gives some interesting statistics, showing that these products are increasing at a much more rapid rate than agricultural products. This is the result of the intensive methods of cultivation, following a high state of civilization, and demonstrates that a larger surplus, and at the same time the most valuable, is produced in sections where the population is the largest, according to the area of land, than in sections where agriculiure, properly speaking, predominates.
In 1882 the importations of fruits in England were as follows :

From Germany 515,604 bushels, valued at

" France 524,683

"

"

" Belgium 593458 "

"

" United States 1,065,076 bushels, valued at

^151,096
335.543 669,164 387,190

Thus Belgium, with a total area of only one-twentieth that of France, exported a larger quantity of truits, but in point of value, its products were just double and four times as valuable as those of the United States and Germany.
The practical deduction of these statistics is that, as the methods of cultivation approach nearest to perfection, the money value of the product increases. Hence our fruit and vegetable growers will find it more remunerative to increase the quality of their market products rather than aim at an increase in quantity.
Although we have no accurate means to ascertain the actual progress of fruit culture in Georgia, it is patent that progress has been rapid during the last few years, both in an increased production as well as in the improved quality of our market supplies.
With the beginning of a new industry begins also an era of imposition, because its principles not being well understood, it opens a field for the charlatan. * Our fruit-growing interest has received its full share of drawbacks, resulting from the deceptions of that class. Yet these have served a good purpose, as the failure of first attempts following the purchase of worthless classes of fruits has taught our people to avoid that which cannot stand a strict ordeal of
investigation.

THE WORLD'S CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION,
Which opens at New Orleans on the first of December next, inaugurates the grandest international exhibition of horticultural products that has ever occurred in the history of this or any other nation. It will be an occasion without precedent to compare the various fruits of the different sections of the world, and to the progressive student of pomology this opportunity for study should not be neglected.

[295]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

s

You will notice from the premium list that provisions are made for the display

of every class or fruit." and plants and liberal premiums are offered. While the

bulk of our fruits will have passed out of season at the time of the opening of

the Exposition, there is still sufficient material left in our State to enable you to

make a very creditable exhibition by the combined efforts of every member, and

thus place Georgia among the foremost fruit-growing States of the South. _

I would respectfully suggest that a committee be appointed at this meeting,

whose duty other fruits

it shall be to collect as large a as possible, and see that this is

collection of late apples, pears properly entered and exhibited.

and

OthT States have long since organized similar committees. It would reliect

to the advantage and honor of this Society if a grand exhibit was made of our

powerful resources.

.

.

Mv regret in being unable to participate with you in your work of this reunion

is mitigated only by the knowledge that the influence which will result from

your labors will strengthen our Association and enlarge the fountain from

which is to flow the life stream of generations to come, and when our successors

continue our work they will remember with gratitude our efforts to promote

their welfare.

President Hardeman appointed the following Committee on

Fruits on exhibition:

1

Pears, Apples and Miscellaneous Fruits--Tit. H. H. Gary, Dr.

W. B. Jones, Hon. T. J. Holt. Peaches and Grapes--H: P. Jones, R. A. Nisbet, H. H. Jones.

Vegetables---W'. W. Thompson, A. J. Williams, David Milner.

Treasurer's report for the current year was read and ordered

printed.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

T. L. KINSEY, Treasurer,
IN ACCOUNT WITH THE GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1833.
July 3. 10. 10.
Aug. 2. 2.
Dec. 31. 31.
1884. July 5.

CR.

Bv cash paid J. L. Gow, printing circulars, ... $5 00

'" " Express Wisconsin Reports, .... 1 75

" "

" Proceedings 1883, .... 4 95

" " for postage "

' 5

" " for basket,

45

" " J- L. Gow, printing proceedings, . . 127 30

" " Premium on draft

25

" " J. H. Estill, printing circulars, ... 5 00 " " for postage, cards and envelopes, . . 3 00

149 20

1883.

Br-

July 30. To balance from 1883

To cash sale fruit, H. J. Peter

To amount dues,

54 62 3 4'
80 00 138 03

By balance, E. &O. E.
SAVANNAH, G ., July 28, 1884.

>

$U 17

T. L. KINSEY, Treasurer.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[296]

REPORTS OF DISTRICT COMMITTEES.
Reports were received and read from the 4th and 8th districts. Dr. Gary, commenting upon the report from his district, expressed the fear that pear culture in his section would have to be abandoned on account of the blight. He considered the Shockley apple perfectly worthless in every section of the State that he had visited.
REPORT FROM FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
To the Slate Horticultural Society :
The culture of vegetables for market, as well as home use, is increasing- in importance and extent in my district, the largest display being observed along lines of railroads convenient to markets near and for shipment North ar.d West. As this interest is better studied, and facilities of transportation are offered, our country producers will ship early onions, cabbage, potatoes, and these fall crops which are not so perishable as other spring and summer kinds.
The past season has not been very favorable for the seaboard truckers and vegetable growers.
The heavy continued spring rains Very much injured most varieties of early vegetables, and profits not satisfactory to but few shippers. The melon crop was very materially injured, and some are discouraged in farther production, whilst others have sold their melons by car loads for eight to twelve cents apiece and realized fair compensation for cultivation and handling.
There can be no question, however, that this veeetable-growing will continue to increase to large proportions. They are needed more imperatively for home use, and is the necessity for cheap, healthy living on all well-regulated farms. Our people are learning slowly the benefits of a garden "all the year round." Fall and winter crops of cabbage, turnips, beets, carrots, rape for food for man and beast.
If there is a bright prospect in the general outlook of Georgia agriculture for the future, a cheering, inviting field over the dreary waste of one speculative money crop to buy a living, it is that revolution now going on in the public mind of making farms the place of good home living first, and these necessities of the garden and orchard are the first to give profit, and will continue to brighten the hopes and fix a more contented, happy population.
Respectfully submitted. W. B. JONES, 1st Cong. District.
REPORT OF THE SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society:
In making my report of this district, I am sorry to say that while our crop of both fruit and vegetable has been bountiful, the quality has fallen far short of our expectation. Potatoes, melons, etc., bid fare to return at one time a rich reward to the husbandman, but returns fell short of all expectations. The only parties that were paid fully up for labor performed were railroads and commission men. The producer, in most instances, had to be content with less.
The fruit crop has also been short in the way of making the farmer joyful. I think this was principally owing to the condition our fruit was in when placed in the marKet, being insipid and in many instances poorly packed. Strawberries were cut short, owing to the bad winter. Bartlett pear<> were made to drop,

[297]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

owing'to cold in the last of April. Howell's and Duchess were also damaged

to a great extent, which caused a depreciation in the market.

The blight has not made its appearance in our midst, except in rare cases, and

then mostly in the apple trees; still I see the same determination in our people

to go on as though they had all been richly rewarded for past labor.

There have been no new fruits tested with us this past season, except the Texas

highland dewberry. This fruit, I think, has some merits that should be looked

to. One of its best qualities is early ripening. It is a sweet, juicy berry, and>

has a disposition to yield bountiful crops.

The grape crop has been as good as usual, but too much rain has caused al-

most a total loss. Apples are a total failure in my section. Plums, none for

home use or otherwise. But while all this failure has set us back in our horticultural interests, our

agricultural prospect is promising well. The corn, cane and potato crops bid

fair, and we still live hopeful of having everything needful for man and beast,,

and we trust our partial failure will not discourage, but, on the other hand,,

give new energies to our people, and we may yet be crowned with success in,

the near future.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

H. H. SANFORD, 2d Dist.

Adjourned to 4 p. m.

REPORT OF THE THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society :
It is now generally conceded, both here and abroad, even by the most doubtful, that this section of the State has no equal in its capacity for growing the largest and finest flavored peaches of any shipped to the Northern markets. Besides this, we have had but one total failure of a crop in over twenty years, which was 1876. Not only this fruit, but every other variety adapted to this latitude, seems to reach the highest degree of perfection in every detail. On the strength of this fully tested discovery sixty thousand fruit trees have been planted in Houston county alone the past winter and spring, with the view of growing fruit for market, besides about forty or fifty acres in berries. Several parties are now arranging to plant on a much larger scale the coming winter, as they now feel confident of success.
Peaches set an abundant crop this year, but owing to the excessive wet weather --having(22) twenty-two days of rain in June--the early varieties specked badly, still those shipped in refrigerators sold at good prices. Our July peaches have been very good, and we have realized all the fancy sales of former years.
The severe sand storm of April 2d did great damage to apples, plums, berries, etc. The effects of it had the appearance of a killing frost. Strawberry plants withered as if burned by fire, and in a great many instances half grovm berries were dried to a crisp, though the plants soon rallied and made a fine second crop.
The pear and grape crop has been unusually fine this season. SAMUEL H. RUMPH,
Chairman Fruit Committee Third Congressional District.

REPORT FROM THE FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society: The fruit prospect is not, nor has it been the present year, encouraging. A.
very large crop of peaches was indicated in the early spring, but the first ripening, the Alexander, rotted very badly, so much so that many trees gave no mar

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[298]

tured fruit. Just as the peaches began to color, the process of decay com-

menced ; the few that were gathered in apparently good condition in the evening

would be rotten by the next morning; it was not safe to ship them. The Hale's

Early, the next ripening, were no better, and in fact I may say that up to this

writing nearly all peaches have rotted quite badly.

The apple crop is an exceedingly poor one. There are very few good apples

of any varieties. The Shockley, it is believed, is a permanent failure. The fun-

gus continues to prey upon its foliage to such an extent that the tree has ceased

almost entirely to bear fruit. This diseased condition is by no means confined

to this district. The action of the fungus giving the foliage a brown appear-

ance, the tree can be identified by this a long distance. I have been able by this

sign to designate the Shockley ail through Middle Georgia, and, so far as 1 have

been able to observe, no kind of culture has arrested this disease. About

twelve months ago I visited the very superior orchards of Mr. S. H. Rumph, of

Macon county. There I found the finest Shockley orchard I ever saw, loaded

with fruit of a very superior quality, but I regretted to see occasionally spots of

fungus, as I thought at the time, but having no microscope, I was not absolute-

ly certain, but greatly fear that that locality will also be invaded.

The plum and cherry crops were also nearly failures. The small fruits--

strawberry, raspberry and blackberry--were tolerably good. The grape crop is

reasonably promising; But little "trucking" has been done in our district, the

soil not being as well suited for that purpose a; many other localities.

Very respectfully submitted.

H. H. CARY, Vice-Pres. 4th Cong. Dist.

Adjourned to 4 p. m.

Convention met pursuant to adjournment, President pro tern. Hardeman presiding.
In the absence of reports from committees, it was decided to proceed with the discussion of the Catalogue.
APPLES.
HAMES--Dr. Cary considered it worthless. Berckmans: Dropped its fruit before maturity. Ordered dropped from Catalogue. SHOCKLEY--Dr. Cary : Worthless with me. Berckmans: Most reliable apple we have. Rumph : Good and reliable with me. Have 3,000 trees and no fungus. Not willing to give it up. Dr. Cary: A fungus attacks its leaves, and no apples were made. H. H. Jones : Think as it does well in some sections it had better be retained, as there are so few varieties that succeed in our soil and c imate. Yates: Has become worthless with me. Last year its crop was destroyed by this fungus. Nixon : Have traveled all over North Georgia and Tennessee, and wherever seen it was worthless. Sanford : Has no cedars near his orchard, but trees are dying. H. P. Jones: Does not want the trees, but ten miles from his place it succeeds as well as any. Does not want it stricken from the list. Nisbet: A great favorite in my locality and good bearers. Moved by H. H. Jones that remarks be changed to read: Reported seriously affected by fungus in some sections ; in others producing well.

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PEACHES.
ALEXANDER-Dr.Cary: Did remarkably well until this year, but this year the fruit all rotted.
giS^fSifMffi. , >, tat ttrfbtt* .Ms to .he xc=,=

PEARS.
TrGoNTF-H H Tones: Desired to plant twenty acres but has been advised towakuntU it had been fruited in Bibb county.- Would like to know if it is *fePSfVlXin^Lne Conn, grated on old trees of other varieties,
BLACKBERRIES.
TEXAS HVBRID-Sanford : Have tried it. Quality very fine. Most abundant bearers, and every way desirable.
This closed the discussion of the Catalogue. Delegates to the State Agricultural Society for the ensuing year were elected as follows: A. T. Williams, H. H. Jones, B. T. Moore.
NEW MEMBERS.
The following were duly elected members of the Society: A. H. Manville Crescent City Fla. Z.*. ^^SSSSL^ !% F J.$R$ob& ert E. ParkV, MMacon:,GaB.orrow, Woodville,Ga.
Convention adjourned to 10 a. m.

SECOND DAY--MORNING SESSION.

SHubI; KSto present .he foiling report,

of committees and essays were read and ordered prmted.

TIenort of Fifth Congressional District.

...

^ -.

EssTy by Professor J. E. Will* on Insects Injunous to Fruit

Trees Essay on Vegetables--Dr. W. B. Jones. Report of Committee on Vegetables.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[300]

Professor Willet suggested that it would be well for the mem-
bers to watch for the yellows in peaches, which is reported as existing in some portions of the State.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Upon motion, the Secretary was instructed to cast the ballot for the Society. The following officers were nominated and duly elected to serve for the ensuing year:

President

Vice-President 2d District

4th

6th 8th

"'

10th "

P. J. Berckmans. H. H. Sanford. Dr. H. H. Cary. E. C. Grier. D. C. Barrow. Dr. J. P. H. Brown.

The rules were suspended tary and Treasurer.

and

T.

L.

Kinsey

re-elected

Secrec-

PLACE OF MEETING.

Augusta Macon, Atlanta, Dalton and Savannah were named

for the next meeting The first ballot resulted in Augusta beZ

selected as the place for the next meeting.

g

Mr'JhH- Col?b ^rged the imPortance of the Society makine

OOrrTleeaannss.6 HH. 'HH 'Jfotne^s T also^ urge?d *th*e *ne*ces*sitfyrm andtheimreptor?tanS ce

of a good exhibit of the horticultural products of theState at

both Fairs and moved that a committee be appointed to work

up an exhibit for the whole State, committee to consist of the

y.ce-Pres.dents from each Congressional District, except that A J. Williams take the place of E. C. Grier in the 6th Dfetrict
Adjourned to 3 p. m.

SECOND DAY--AFTERNOON SESSION.
^Convention met at 3 p. m., President pro tent. Hardeman pre-
Dr. Cary moved that a standing obituary committee, to consist of three members, be appointed. So ordered. HCommittee-Dr. H. H. Cary, Dr. W. B. Jones and Dr. Samuel
ordReer?d0pSrinteCd!mmitteeS 0" ^ 0" eXhibUin Were read and

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

II

FRUIT CULTURE, AND WHAT IS NECESSARY TO MAKE IT A
SUCCESS.
In the immediate vicinity of Atlanta and surrounding country, peach growing has at least reached a crisis. We know of no large orchards coming into bearing or being planted. The older trees that were in their prime three, four or six years ago have either partially died out or they have lost their vigor from neglect, non-"cukure, no fertilizing agents, or else are in that decline that precedes a sure and speedy death. The waving sedge grass has usurped the place of the green and carefully cultivated cotton field, and no more deadly foe to the peachtree ever invaded an orchard than the insidious but persistent grass above alluded to. Fortunately it is no pest. It is simply the penalty for neglect and laziness. It cannot withstand cultivation, and a single season of clean culture will obliterate all signs that it ever existed. As we hoped years ago to realize so much from our peach orchards, it is a source of some disappointment that we must now, after years of patient treatmg, confess ta only partial success. This partial success is not wholly our own fault. Barring the uncertainty of the seasons, peach culture ought to be profitable. And we feel as confident to day, and more so, if possible, than we were ten years ago, that it can be made a profitable industry. With our cheap lands, comparatively cheap labor and improved varieties, we see no reason why we cannot grow peaches with profit and realize more from moderately fertile soils by plantine peach orchards than we could possibly realize in any other way. As it has been we look around us in vain for the men who have made even moderate fortunes by growing peaches. Our tables, laden as they are with the very choicest peaches grown this side of the Rocky mountains, are the pride of every Georgian. The United States, in my opinion, cannot show a State within her broad domain where the peach has
a better flavor, more beautiful color or of larger size. I recall now some miserable specimens of Beatrice, Alexander and Briggs May now being sold in New York and raised in that vicinity. They look as though they had been treated to a mud-bath--green, mottled, dingy specimens that are unrecognizable as fine varieties. Of course, I do not say that fine peaches are not produced north of Mason and Dixon's line, for I know they are. But I do say that I have never i seen as fine peaches anywhere as have from time to time been exhibited on the tables of the State Horticultural Society. Now, if we have the climate, soil and the varieties adapted to this section, why have we not succeeded? There must be a cause for all this. Of course, I know some gentlemen have realized handsomely on their peach crops, at least, in some seasons. But who has been thus lucky year after year, when the season was favorable to a good crop ? I have no one in my mind's eye, and if there are any present I desire to give them a hearing, and they can be assured that no subject that can be brought before this Society will be listened to more attentively, nor with a deeper interest. On the contrary, repeated disappointments have overtaken those who were once enthusiastic, and while we do not record failures, such as Grant, Ward & Co., yet the humble citizen who patiently waited until he saw first the bud, then the bloom, and then fruit finally mature, has often been terribly disappointed as he saw the amount realized from his first sales of peaches sent to market, after deducting the freight charges asked by the Southern Express Company, the commissions charged by his commission merchant in New York, Baltimore, or the point to which his fruit was consigned. Indeed, I have known instances where the shipper, after satisfying the demands of all the gentlemen who handled his fruit, found himself in debt. Not only lost his fruit, crates, labor, etc., but had money to pay besides, in order to satisfy the demands of the parties aforesaid. It is true, that in many instances this is the shipper's fault.
But it is not always so. I could quote now, on the authority of reputable gentlemen, instances where fruit has been delayed, placed in close box cars instead of

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[302]

ventilated fruit cars, landed in detached lots so as to have part arrive in the morning and part in the evening, so that the latter part of the shipment would have to be held over until next morning, when it would be almost worthless.
These and other causes, beyond the control of the shipper, frequently cause serious losses. The gloomy, cloudy outlook, as it now stares us in the face,
would appear to somewhat dampen the ardor of the young man who had built his hopes upon his incoming peach orchard. As we, however, endeavor to pen-
etrate this mist, we can readily see that a remedy can be successfully applied to most of the troubles that now threaten us. In the first place, the greatest
drawback to successful peach culture is the enormous express charges to be paid by the shipper, i name this as the oniy real drawback beyond the grow-
er's control. When you pay from $t.00 to $1.50 per bushel express charges, you will, on the average, give the express company the lion's share. A friend has just finished shipping his early peaches, and informs me that he has paid
o,ut over $1,000 express charges, and has about $500 left for his fruit, amounting to about 1,000 bushels. The express company took no risk, demanded freight
charges in advance and a written contract releasing them from all damages that might accrue from loss of any kind. This gentleman is a prudent, cautious and energetic man, who managed his fruit crop as well, perhaps, as it could
have been handled, and realized as much as could have been done by any
person under the same circumstances. It does look, therefore, as though, when two-thirds of the entire proceeds are paid out for transportation of any
crop, there is very little left for the cultivator, who runs all the risk. The natural causes, such as frost, storms and excessively wet weather during the picking
season, are no worse, proportionately, than like troubles that beset the ordinary farmer, who hopes to realize on his crops of grain or cotton.
And now we will allude to the causes of failure, for which the grower alone is responsible. The first we will name neglect--pure, sheer neglect. And really
this about covers the entire ground. It is almost a rule with growers to plant an orchard and then trust to luck for a return. In other words, they imagine
the work done when the trees are planted. What is the result f Just the same as though you planted a field of corn and paid no further attention to it until
you attemptedlo gather a crop. To plant an orchard, care for it, cultivate the ground, prune the trees, fertilize the land, and carefully train the tree in its
growth is what very few cultivators attempt, and fewet still successfully carry
out. But why not ? In whatever enterprise you invest your money and attempt as a legitimate undertaking, it is certainly worthy of your best efforts at success.
The stinted growth of a tree insures the natural result, i. e., small sized fruit, and the enfeebled vegetable grown like that of the sickly animal and diseased human
being, cannot endure the shocks of low temperature and climatic changes with
the impunity of the growth of vigor and full health. With these facts in brief before us, without going into details or minutias, as to the care and culture of
our peach trees, the future in store for us is one of our own making, apart from
natural causes before alluded to. If, by no means at our command, we can lessen the express charges, we must then utilize our fruit in other ways. We
must either can or evaporate it, or both;'we must cultivate more extensively the midsummer or late varieties, and thereby run less risk as to decay.
We must keep our trees fully up to the highest standard of vigor, and fight
manfully the insects that may annoy us the worst, of which the borer being
comparatively under our control. And if these conditions are complied with, and the programme successfully carried out, we will in return have the best
fruit that the land can produce, and as such will find a ready sale in whatever
shape it is placed on the market. How to maintain the highest standard of vigor and health so as to produce the very best fruit, as to size and color, is a subject
still open for disussion. Whether it is best to allow our trees to acquire age
and keep fertilizing them as well as carefully pruning and cutting off superflu-

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

13

ous growth, etc., or whether we had better after one or two full crops plant a new orchard, and by a renewal system, as it were, always have young trees, is a
Setto decide intelligently. One of the largest cultivators I know is decided in his opinions as to the best course to pursue according to his own experience. He says he never will allow a tree to get over five or six years old.
Or rather never allows it to bear over two crops. It is very evident that a large tree requires a large amount of food to sus-
tain and support it, to say nothing of what it requires to mature and ripen a arge crop hi fruit. On the other hand, it must be admitted that a full grown tree if vigorous will produce a much greater amount of fruit than a small

y0UunnTits growth a large tree must necessarily exhaust from the soil alarge amount If the elements that goto make Ms growth. In order to maintain
this vigor and growth and mature a heavy crop, resort to fertilizers must be had. It is useless to expect somthing in return when nothing has been expended. The limit of this paper will not admit of details, and it is offered as a substitute for
something better, which unfortunately the writer has not now at his command. It is certainly a fact that success has crowned in many instances the _efforts ot
peach growers. It is equally certain that it can be done again. Don t attempt too much at the beginning. Do not plant out 100,000 trees when you have not
the means nor the facilities to look after 1,000. There .s one of theimanyplunders that are made. Again, do not imagine you know it all, but consult with some gentlemen who have had experience, even though they made aL signa,
failure Perhaps thev can give you the reason why. In shipping, if you do send your fruit to the Northern cities, reject all inferior fruit. Pack carefully and
send everything forward in your best style, and if you strike a good market,
and first-class fruit will generally strike one, your returns will be satisfactory.
bAMUEL rlAPE.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY.

At the meeting of the State Horticultural Association at Barnesville, in 1883,

Mr T C. Harman, of Tennille, Ga., presented some twigs of the LeConte near tree which were dying, and presented some appearance of the dreaded

disease "pear blight." Some weeks afterwards, Mr. Harman sent me twigs

of the\eConte pear, of the apple, and of the peach. The "ported disease had developed. From the black spots on the twigs, as seen at Barnesville, smai.
black beetles had cut their way out. The larvae, in their mining between the bark and wood, had caused the damage to the trees, and these larva? had developed into small black beetles. Prof. Riley, to whom specimens were sent,

pronounced the beetle the orchard scolytus, scofytus rugu losus, which has
been recently introduced into this country, and which has proved very annoying in the Nothern orchards. I wrote an account of the above, and published it in

papers circulating in Southern Georgia. President Berckraans pubished the article also in th? proceedings of our Association, where all the details, togeth-

er w^li Prof. Riley's letter, will be found.

,

I now come to the further history of the ravages of this new invader of our

rCA few weeks since, I wrote to Mr. H. H. Sanford, Thomasville, the early and
fast friend of the LeConte pear; to Mr. W. W. Thompson Smithville, who has the largest orchards of the same; and to Mr. J. C. Harman, Tennille. Messrs. Sanford and Thompson report that the beetle has not appeared in heir
orchard, and that the LeConte and its congeners are still free from blight and from insert enemies of all kinds. This announcement will be gratifying to the lovers
of this promising variety of pear. In the congenial home of Southern Georgia,

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[304]

the LeConte pear maintains its prominence in freedom from disease and from insect enemies.
The letters from Mr. Harman bringa less cheerful reoort. I will read some extracts from his two letters of the 12th and 22nd instant. As to the trees attacked, he names the pear, apple, plum, peach, and probably the pomegranate "My first discovery was in the LeConte pear trees, next in a very fine wild-goose plum, and in an apple tree brought from a North Georgia nursery, then I be ^an investigating peach trees that had yellows, and I found'them badly infected with this beetle.
Again, "I have been able to check its ravages in but three trees that have been attacked, one pear and two peach trees. The pear tree was not seriously attacked, and I may have succeeded in cutting off all attacked limbs and burning them I have had to dig up all but three of the eight trees (pear) ; one ot them looke as if it will survive, as it is getting on a vigorous growth "
Again, "I have watched the beetle pretty closely, and regret to have to say that I am satisfied that unless vigorous measures are taken to destroy it and prevent its spread, the orchards of to-day will have become extinct in five years.
On the habits of the beetle, Mr. Harman writes : "I did not discover the beetle last year until after our August meeting. After once found, by gwing the matter some attention, I found the matured beetles as late as December near the 20th ; the larvae remained in the trees between wood and bark all winter and I found matured beetles last of March or first of April this spring and conl tinued attacking my peach trees. I can now find them (the trees) in all stages some dead with the matured beetles out--others dying, turning yellow and sour --others apparently healthy, but on close examination attacked--egg either not hatched or larva; too small to see."
It will be seen from the above that the beetle destroyed nearlv all the LeConte pear trees. The number of the trees, however, was small, the destruction of the peach was on a much larger scale. This accords with the statement in Professor Riley s letter, viz.: "It (the beetle) has since alarmingly spread and begins to be a serious pest to orchard trees, and especially peach trees " _ I regret that I have not been able to visit Mr. Harman's orchards and to investigate the nature and cause of the disasters. His letters were received by me when on a visit to Penfield, Greene.county, Ga., a. few days since I immediately examined the fruit trees there, so far as I could, with the following results: The pear trees, of several choice kinds, blighted early in the sprint Blight had not made its appearance for seven years before. Some trees had fruit, but the fruit, where it had formed, had fallen from most of the trees No insects were found in the trees ; the disease was the pure pear blight. I saw no LeConte pear trees. Apple trees were generally unhealthy. The leaves were yellow and said to have the rust. 1 did not examine for insects. Peach trees were usually healthy, but in almost every orchard a few were seen which were dying of the "yellows," as it was called. The disease has prevailed for five or six years, and is exciting alarm from its spread and from its destructiveness
As the term "yellows" is indefinite, I will describe the appearance of the trees examined. The foliage was in tufts at the ends of the branches, the leaves small, crowded and yellow or dead. On examination it seemed that for some reasons the growth of the tree had been arrested, and that the twigs and leaves had been dwarfed. What should have been a stem, with side branches and eaves, the whole two or three feet long, was a small shoot stem, three inches long with all the side branches arranged along in miniature. The whole growth of this year constituted a little tassle of yellow leaves.
This differs much from the "yellows" of the Northern peach orchards, as I find it described in the books.
In examining for insects on the infected peach trees, I found many small

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

15

beetles. Just above the base of many small limbs and small shoots were holes, which penetrated somewhat obliquely to the wood, and occasionally into the wood. Some beetles were found in these holes. Some of the holes led to cavities, between the wood and the bark, like those of the orchard scolytus, the beetle described last year. Other holes penetrated but a short depth into the bark, and were found at many points on the limbs and trunks of the trees.
I have specimens of the beetles and of the infected limbs. I will close with two remarks on this disease of the peach: 1. It has excited attention and alarm, and should be investigated. 2. I have no opinion on the subject at present. Beetles are very abundant on the infected trees. But many kinds of bark beetles attack the bark of decaying or dead trees, and may have nothing to do with the death of the trees. There may be more than one kind in the trees that were examined. Some may have caused injury and some may be simply feeding on the dead bark. I invite the earnest attention of the Association to this subject, and hope that some useful information may be developed before the next meeting.
Respectfully submitted. J. E. WlLLET,
Committee on Entomology.

REPORT ON VEGETABLES.

W. B. Jones & Son, Herndon, Ga.-- 1 Lawson melon ; 1 rattlesnake; 1 boss

1 scaly bark ; 2 golden netted nutmeg; 1 Stillman musk; 1 green citron canta-

loupe; 1 rag gourd; 1 golden summer squash; 1 improved white spine cuke; 4

little gem squash; 1 Boston pickling cuke; 1 green prolific cuke ; 1 New York

improved egg plant, fine ; 4 ears Blount prolific; 12 rowed corn; plate white

wax bean; plate black wax ; plate Southern mammoth salad pea ; plate Lima;

plate calico beans; 1 pole ; plate golden dawn pepper; plate squash pepper; plate

bell; plate Alpha tomato. E. K. Price--1 very large trophy, 24 1-2 ounce tomato; 1 fine cantaloupe

melon ; 1 fine head cabbage. Abner Holt--1 lot very fine acme tomatoes ; 1 egg plant; 1 plate bell pepper.

H. H. Sanford--1 plate extra fine bull nose sweet pepper ; 2 extra fine white

spine cukes. W. W. Thompson--Plate extra fine white prolific okra.

T. G. Holt--2 fine 35 and 40 pound Amazon melons; 1 extra fine scaly bark

melon 40 ; 3 plates paragon; 1 acme tomato.

W. w. THOMPSON,

A. J. WILLIAMS,

DAVIS MILNE.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUITS.
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society :
There have been no new developments of very great importance in regard to packing and shipping fruits this season. The method of wrapping peaches in tissue paper has proven, by being fully tested again, the most successful way of packing for shipments, either via express or refrigerators, and we now feel as if we can recommend it with confidence for general use; its benefits are more than one ; it protects the fruit from dust and dampness; it also prevents bruising to a great extent, and one of its chief advantages is that the twists of the paper at each end make a very elastic packing material.
Owing to the unsuitable weather for shipping fruit via express this season, refrigerators grew more in favor, still it was almost impossible to ship peaches

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[306]

during the month of June to the distant markets successfully without the use of them. By experiment in packing refrigerators to use strips of wood one-fourth to one-half inch thick between each layer of crates to allow free circulation of cold air through bulk of fruit.
The style of crates are about the same as those used in former years. SAMUEL H. RUMPH, Chairman Committee.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PEACHES AND GRAPES.

To the Georgia Horticultural Society :

MACON, GA,, 1884.

The undersigned committee respectfully submit the following report on grapes and peaches:
Mr. S. H. Rumph, of Marshallville, exhibits 75 varieties of peaches, all showing the characteristic excellence of his annual exhibit. As peaches of special merit, superior for home and market purposes, we mention Crawford Early as handsome and of excellent flavor. Crawford's Late, large, beautiful color and shape, and of good flavor. Crawford's Cling, a new variety, of beautiful coloring, large, good flavor and a promising market peach. Chinese Free or President Robertson, new, a fine shipper, good color, flavor good and promising to be valuable.
Elberta we place at the head of the list of July peaches. It is delicate in texture, exquisite in flavor, peculiarly beautiful in shape and color, and of large size and a most profitable variety.
The Chinese Cling maintains its place as the most striking peach in all exhibitions, wins favor with age, and has given more superior hybrids than any other parent variety, and we heartily recommend the careful use of it as a standard for crossing upon the other best varieties, to give us an increased list of superior fruit and probably better than we yet have.
Mr. Rumph shows six varieties of grapes also. Mr. Keller, Vineyard P. O., exhibits 2 varieties of grapes. His Concords are very large and handsome.
Mr. P. J. Berckmans displays 30 varieties of grapes; among them we find the Walter, of good flavor and in fine compact bunches. Triumph, large, highly flavored, and promising grape. Duchess, beautiful and excellent. Berckmans' new promises to take a prominent place among the favored varieties. Jefferson is fine and classes among the best. Grieni, No. 4, new, is of delicate and fine flavor. Peter Wiley, comparatively new, is of excellent flavor, very handsome.
Mr. Milne, of Macon, shows 22 varieties of grapes, each plate being superior specimens.
Black Eagle, very large and of best flavor. Lady Washington in very large, beautiful bunches and of finest flavor.
Brighton, fine specimen bunches ; he says not prolific, but hardy and certain bearer; its flavor is exquisite.
Craton, very delicate and delicious, an ideal table grape. Hartford Prolific, very hardy, compact bunches, and an excellent grape.
Mr. A. T. Holt, Monroe county, displays 39 varieties peaches. His Chinese Clings are remarkably fine specimens; also his Late Crawfords and Late Rareripe. Shows also one piate grapes.
B. S. Boatright, Sandersville, Ga., has 14 varieties peaches. Lemon Cling of exceptional excellence. New Seedling, No. 5, large and of fine quality, and deserving of attention. We suggest the name Boatright, should the Society

1307]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

17

J. H. & H. P. Jones, Herndon--Chinese Clings, weighing over 12 ounces,

and an ornament to the hall. W. W. Thompson, Smithville, shows 13 varieties of grapes, his Wider and

Concord being exceedingly large and fine. A. T. Rice, Griswold, Ga., brings 9 varieties of grapes. His Salem and Lady

Washington and Duchess are worthy of special mention. Shows a new seed-

ling, which is handsome, highly colored, and good flavor, and he says very

promising. Judge T. G. Holt, Macon, shows 12 plates peaches and 12 of grapes. His

Late Crawford peaches are superior, and his Lady Washington and Concord

grapes very handsome specimens. Mr. Toon, Atlanta, exhibits 2 varieties peaches, anew Chinese seedling close-

ly resembling the original in every respect, and too similar to be readily distin-

guished.

H. P. JONES, Chairman,

H. H. JONES,

R. A. NISBET.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON APPLES, PEARS AND MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS.

To the Georgia State Horticultural Society:

Your committee, to whom was referred the examination of apples, pears and-

miscellaneous articles, beg leave to make the following report:

A. T. Holt exhibits apples, 13 plates and 15 varieties; pears, 7 plates and

8 varieties; also pomegranates. This is an exhibit of marked merit.

H. H. Sanford exhibits 15 plates of pears, among which are 5 plates of the

LeConte. Mr. Sanford has one variety, which he states has fruited for the first

time this year, not yet ripe and name unknown; it is quite large, and a further

trial is recommended. Mr. Sanford also has on exhibit the Japan persimmon.

David Milner has 9 plates of pears and as many varieties. His collection is

very meritorious.

W. W. Thompson has 3 plates of apples of fair appearance, and of pears

I plate LeConte, 1 plate Mackado and 1 plate Keiffer.

On Mr. Williams' table we beg leave to state we observed a sample of

the LeConte pear evaporated, which presented an exceedingly fine appearance.

P. J. Berckmans exhibits 18 plates pears, some of which are very handsome.

J. K. & W. P. Jones exhibits--1 plate pears (November Late), not ripe, quite

showy ; further trial is recommended.

S. H. Rumph exhibits 39 plates and 39 varieties of apples, and 11 plates and

II varieties of pears. Mr. Rumph has the following new varieties of apples :

Heley's Eureka, a very late apple ; a further trial is recommended. The Simon

Red, a summer apple, has been fruited for ten years, a very constant bearer,

and we think it should have two stars for the middle region. Mr. Rumph's exhibit

of apples as a whole is very fine. He has demonstrated the fact that South-

west Georgia, as an apple-producing region, is equal to any part of the State. T. G. Holt exhibits 8 plates pears and 6 varieties, and apples 2 plates and 2

J

varieties. His exhib t is very creditable.

Samuel Hape exhibits 15 plates and 8 varieties of pears. This exhibit is

very good ; some of the specimens indeed very fine ; Bartlett* un ommonly fine.

Respectfully submitted.

H. H. CARY. Chairman, W. B. JONES,

T. G. HOLT.

Macon, Ga., July 30, 1884.

m

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[308J

FRUITS AND VEGETABLES A HYGIENIC NECESSITY IN OUR
CLIMATE.
GENTLEMEN : An apology is seemingly needed for standing before this intelligent body of practical fruit and vegetable growers, at this late date, to discuss a subject, the truth of which is already generally admitted, and no farther argument needed to enforce a more ready acceptance, other than our discussions and exhibits here made in these our annual conventions.
There is, however, a great work still to be effected, and that too by this Society, a prime mover and factor; a teacher by precept and example, with line upon line, before the great mass of our rural population, will realize the importance of these small industries of fruit and vegetable growing, as economies of living, with that health and happiness which they bring to the family circle.
Apart from mere money or commercial consideration, the constant exhibition of wholesome fruits and vegetables as table food is a hygienic necessity, and their too frequent absence and scarcity at most seasons of the year is a lamentable, criminal neglect.
It is a sad reflection upon the provident care of our laborious, pains-taking country people, that residents of towns and cities are daily provided with, and consume more as food these cheap necessities, with more of appreciation and benefit, than thousands of those who own and till their own lands. The poorly paid daily city laborer has more of the luxuries of choicest foreign and domestic fruits and vegetables than many who count their oossessions by thousands of acres.
The beneficent hand of an all-wise Creator is not more beautifully exhibited than, in the happy distribution of fauna and flora over earth's wide surface, each kind specially designed for its own latitude or locality, with inherent powers to subsist and propagate, all made servient to man, whose superior intelligence teaches him to cultivate and to appropriate, and thereby push his habitats to almost every portion of the earth's surface; to endure the rigors of climate from a frigid zone to the heart of a tropical, perpetual summer. These relations of climate and food are fixed, and cannot be violated with impunity.
The North Russian, clad in the warm skins and furs of his polar bear, will consume at one meal his pint of animal oil, his pound of tallow; with large quantities of alcoholic stimulants, and digest the same, feeling no unpleassnt effects therefrom. He needs these carbonaceous fats of animals, these concentrated elements of food as material of combustion in his lungs, to maintain animal heat and thereby resist the intense cold air to which his body is constantly exposed. The Esquimaux, too, in his snow hut, drinks his whale arid sea blubber, and consumes the fat of fish and animals around him to preserve his dwarfed body from the rigors of his ice-clad home. As antipodes, the South Sea Islander, under a blazing, tropical sun, deigns to make the feeblest effort at labor, gathering his rice of almost indigenous growth, with fruits and other tropical productions, and with fish that abound, has no cause for exertion, but spends his monotonous existence in a mere state of indifferent ease, with no fear of suffering for lack of food.
These extremes of human existence prove the actual needs of particular food crops under opposite climates, but both are dwarfed in body and mind from these natural causes which they cannot resist. An Englishman, removing from his place of nativity to Cuba or other tropical climate, will carry his meateating propensities with him and be disposed to call for his usual relish of beef or mutton. These dishes soon pall upon his taste; he will attempt to brace and stimulate his appetite with condiments of spices, sauces, wines and ales, but soon his skin is clouded over with the sickly hue of climatic influence, and he falls a ready victim to yellow fever or other prevailing diseases, whilst the Cuban, native to the manor born, eating his citrus fruits for breakfast, with-but

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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little animal food at regular meals, remains active and wiry, bearing with im-
punity his hot native sun, and performing considerable labor throughout the entire year.
It is asserted that diet impresses character; if so, then a constant meat diet
would tend to return us to a similitude of character and habits of these animals which we most consume. Our British cousins are called in history the "bloody
English." Is this caused from their natural habit of consuming great quantities of animal food?
In this day of hurried life, of strained, overtaxed mental labor for position and money, this intense pleading for scholastic education, for school houses
and teachers to educate the citizen, it were a worthless end attained at last, if.
feeble, degenerate men and women are to be the result. A sad mistake not first to teach how to subsist, how best to live cheaply and bountifully, how best to grow suitable food for their better subsistence and perfect health.
With no desire to overestimate this subject, I venture the belief that thegreatest boon that could be bestowed upon the children of the hard-taxed rural population of this country, would be that system of education which
teaches more of practical life, in the cultivation and appropriation of fruits and vegetables, in the proper preparation and serving of all food, what, when
and how to eat to produce in the end a generation of full grown-up men and women. To commence this practical training with children now, with no less of zeal and fervor than that which characterizes our present modern effort for a^thetical accomplishments (which is already afflicting our society
with drcnes, dependents and beggars, whose voices of disturbance and unrest, under life here as elsewhere, forebodes serious consequences to peace-
ful society) ought to be obligatory upon the teachers in day schools, as well as in seminaries and colleges.
Here is a great field for unemployed philanthropists, writers and publicists;
all can effect impartial good here, with no collision of interest, no fear of race or religious predilections and prejudices.
This theme deserves more than a passing censure or ridicule from those who
would educate the mind and neglect the invalid stomach of a child to lead in after years a life of dispepsia, despondency, even despair, begetting often insanity and suicide. What the young American, both white and black, needs
much to be taught now is the preservation of health, proper living, with a modicum of good manners and a native civil politeness, and not the education of the brain with impractical ideas of the great importance and exhibition of their
charter rights and civil liberties, so productive of a boastful, hateful and disrespectful manner.
We need not go from our own communities to fii d necessity for that hornedmade education of manners and habits which should be exhibited here, as in older countries, in contented homes with a happy population, surrounded by: gardens and orchards, as a means of economic and luxurious living.
In this middle temperate zone, between favored parallels of latitudes which embrace our own State, nature has given us the greatest exhibitions of fauna and flora with the greatest variety of food products.
_ Even here there is a lamentable absence in most families of the cheapest varieties of these fruits and vegetables--a seeming antagonism to these absolute necessities.
Any observant physician in rural practice will corroborate the mention, of many incurable cases of dyspepsia, gastritis and general chronic debility resulting from the want of these luxuries, together with the samenes of meat and
bread diet, badly cooked and therefore indigestible. These diseases are not incurable only where they occur in families of vitiated taste and improper habits of food--families, too, who are surrounded with every means of perfect living,
saving an entire absence often of cheapest vegetables and fruits. Those are

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[3IO]

jsncrons, most hospitable people who invite you to their homes with no stinted

es&ibition of their table resources; they have pork, beef, mutton and poultry in

a&aadance around them, but all these come to the table through rhe inevitable

frying-pan, swimming in empyrematic oil. Their bill of fare would most piob-

ably run thus: a fricassee of pork with hot biscuit or bread not done, to be

ga&en with hot coffee, to this repeated for each meal. If poor vegetables do

appear they are served in the same indigestible manner, and ripe fruits, cooked

or otherwise, not exhibited at all. How often a physician feels his visits are a

ss!less expense to these generous families, only he may save the victims of these

&a>ks from the still greater evil of patent nostrums, pills and purgatives which

fasten disease and hasten the end. To suggest the delicacy of any nicely pre-

gaared fruit that would please and educate his stomach would be revolted at; to

saggest a change of diet and cooking would insult the madam who prides her-

upon having mastered the culinary art. Of the more indigent class who



am but imitate their superiors, the exhibition of their table food is even worse,

asticertainly wasteful of their limited stores of meat and bread, with scarcely a

tkmt or vegetable cooked to vary a meal.

It is easy to recognize a child of one of these meat-eating families, his early

;it&orrence to any dish unless served in his home-way of cooking, refusing when

Kad dishes of nicely prepared vegetables and delicacies which he was never

taa^ht to eat. What a commentary upon the raising of the future man who,

3kfcing at a table filled with intelligently prepared dishes, refuses most of them

ssjing--" I never eat them"--never saw asparagus, artichoke or cauliflower,

"Bad has a distaste for most garden products. Such a man will have a limited

.igftere of enjoyment in life, especially in those luxuries of the table which will

jsooaote his health and longevity.

& volume might be written upon the poor fare of our country people, who so

uach neglect comfort and health to make a single money crop, with which to

their stinted supplies of meat, flour and syrup, with occasionally a few

arse, indigestible vegetables a neighboring market might afford.

St is recorded of the illustrious anatomist, Gselen, that in dissecting and writing

ixsatise upon the human eye, he felt he was but composing an ode to the

iBfeity. That man is no less a devoted worshipper of that infinite goodness which

obity teaches him to recognize, appreciate and appropriate nature's bounte-

nas resources in orchard and garden ; to decorate with beauty and taste his home

a.6illside and in vale with planting of choicest fruit trees, these to be fringed with

Staders of richest food crops, making the whole scene a " thing of beauty and

3< joy forever." These will join him in anthems of daily thanksgiving and

fr.aise ; in spring-time with beauteous flowers they offer the incense of a joyous

in, to be swelled into a grand, deep chorus by their full-leaved, full-fruited

oampanions through the revolving seasons of summer and autumn, when the

"sere and yellow leaf, " yielding to the sighing winter winds, drops to earth,

bounding a holy benediction at the closing year, when all these companionable

IkSorers still stand in silent rest.

W. B. JONES, Herndon, Ga.

REPORT OF FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
Itothe Georgia State Horticultural Society :
The present season has been one of general disappointment to fruit growers n the Fifth Congressional District. The cold, wet spring, accompanied as it was with heavy showers and cold, frosty weather, diminished the crop of strawbertias at least two-thirds to one-half. The early peaches ripening during the st weather of early June decayed so rapidly that it was almost impossible to 3'aip them successfully, even to a near market. Later ripening varieties will share a better fate, and better results await those who are the lucky owners of Sis best midsummer varieties.

[3 "]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

: i

The apple crop, from my own observations, is rather below than above the average. Cherries were an aveeage crop. Pears a full crop, leaving aside the influence of that dire destroyer of all our hopes in pear culture, the blight. Never within my recollection has this scourge been more general, nor its effects more deadly. We can only hope for its disappearance without a reasonable expectation that our ardent desires will be realized. The grape crop, as far as we can ascertain, will be large and the fruit very fine. The same energy arid confidence that have pervaded our community in regard to fruit growing still exist. Failures that are beyond human control, and that no skill can avert, are not usually lasting when applied to the fruit grower. Seasons are different, and the one best suited to one particular crop will frequently cause complete failure with another. We therefore take courage in the happy reflection that we still have cause to be grateful for abundance of some kinds of fruit, and have had zfair crop of nearly every kind of fruit cultivated in this section. Of new varieties of fruits tested for the first time this season, but little can be said, at least as coming under oar own observations. We have fruited the LeConte pear for the first time to oar knowledge in the vicinity of Atlanta, demonstrating the fact that this popular
fruit can be successfully grown as far north as Middle Georgia. , SAMUEL HAPE,
Chairman Committee Fifth Congressional District.

REPORT OF FRUIT COMMITTEE FOR EIGHTH DISTRICT.

The prospect in early spring for a bountiful yield of fruit was very flattering.

Peaches and grapes set well; but the protracted wet weather that followed

soon developed the rot, and as a consequence there has been comparatively lit-

tle perfect fruit offered in the market. In some favored localities the very early

peaches, such as the Alexander, matured well; but other varieties, with very

few exceptions, rotted badly. Those that escaped the rot fell a prey to the enr-

culio. The crop will not be over two-thirds of an average. Apples are not

over one-third of an average crop. Plums about one-fourth of an average.

Grapes rotted very much, with the exception of some of the tough skin varie-

ties, such as the Hartford and Ives. The Concords were also very little affected.

Rogers', Hybrids, Mexatawney, Martha, Clinton, Croton, and most of the new

varieties rotted fearfully. The crop cannot possibly be over one-fourth of aa

average. Strawberries were below an average.

Prices for all kinds of fruit ruled lower than usual, notwithstanding the quan-

tity on the market has been less than other seasons. While producers have re-

ceived poor returns for their labor, we still believe there is far from being am

socvaerrc-iptyroodfucmtioonneyoflesfsreunitedinththeenudmistbriecrt.of

The great consumers.

financial

depression and

In seasons like the present, with low prices for fruit, your committee woold

urge producers to dessicate it, and thus save all they cannot sell. Well dried

fruit always commands a fair price and a ready sale.

The above is respectfully submitted.

J. P. H. BROWN.

Chairman Fruit Committee for Eighth District.

Upon motion, a committee-of three was appointed to confer with the Commissioner of Agriculture and endeavor to get <WT proceedings printed by the Department. Committee--Dr. Samuel
Hape, J. D. Cunningham, Dr. H. H. Cary. Dr. Hape's essay on "Fruit Culture, and what is Necessaryt
make it a Success," was read and ordered printed. Upon motion, a committee of three was appointed to confer

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[312]

with the officers of the Southern Express Company and endeavo r to get them to revise and make lower rates on fruits. Committee-- H. H. Jones, Dr. Samuel Hape and S. H. Rumph.
The following committee was appointed to dispose of fruit on exhibition: E. C. Grier, A. F. Holt, H. H. Jones.
Upon motion, the thanks of the Society were tendered Messrs. Sneider and Starowski for their present of native wines.
Upon motion, the Secretary was requested to provide a suitable b.adge to be used by the members at future meetings.

VOTE OF THANKS BY DR. H. H. CARY.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be, and are hereby tendered to the Southern Express Company for its courtesy in transporting fruits for exhibition free of charge, and to the railroads for reduced rates to and from the Convention, and to the City Council of Macon for the use of the excellent hall provided by them for the use of the Convention.

Adjourned sine die.

T. L. KlNSEY, Secretary.

PROCEEDINGS, 1885.

OFFICERS.

PRESIDENT :
P. J. BERCKMANS, A. M

Augusta,

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

ist Congressional District--DR. W. B. JONES

Herndon.

2d Congressional District--H. H. SANFORD

Thomasville.

3d Congressional District--SAMUEL H. RUMPH .... Marshallville.

4th Congressional District--DR. H. H. CARY ...... LaGrange.

5th Congressional District--DR. SAMUEL HAPE

Atlanta.

6th Congressional District--E. C. GRIER

Griswoldville-

7th Congressional District--GEO. H. WARING

Kingston.

8th Congressional District--DAVID C. BARROW .... Woodville.

9th Congressional District--Vacant.

10th Congressional District--DR. J. P.H. BROWN

Augusta-

T. L. KIN5EY

SECRETARY AND TREASURER:


Savannah.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

ON FRUITS.
W. P. Robinson, Atlanta. L. A. Berckmans, Augusta. H. H. Sanford, Thomasville, Dr. J. P. H. Brown, Augusta. A. J. Williams, Yatesville.
ON SYNONYMS.
Dr. Samuel Hape, Atlanta. A. J. Yates, Barnesville. David Milne, Macon.
ON PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT.
Samuel H. Rumph, Marshallville. J. H. Parnell, West Point.
ON WINE AND WINE MAKING.
A. Starowski, Hawkinsville.
ON METEOROLOGY.
J. S. Newman, Auburn, Ala.

ON ENTOMOLOGY.
Prof. J. E. Willet, Macon.
ON ORNAMENTAL AND USEFUL TREES AND FORESTRY.
Rev. Edwin G. Weed, Augusta.
ON VEGETABLES.
Dr. W. B. Jones, Herndon.
ON TRANSPORTATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES.
Judge John D. Cunningham, Atlanta. D. H. Elliott, Jacksonville, Fla. J. C. Harman, Tennille. J. A. Mason, Irwinton. Samuel H. Rumph, Marshallville..

LTST OF MEMBERS FOR 1883.

Anothony, E. R., Macon, Ga. Berckmans, P. J., Augusta, Ga. Berckmans, L. A., Augusta, Ga. Brown, Dr. J. P. H., Augusta, Ga. Battle, Rev. A. J., D. D., Macon, Ga. Bryan, Mrs. J. W., Dillon, Ga. Baker, Alfred, Augusta, Ga. Barrow, D. C, Athens, Ga. ' Boyer, H. H., Sandersville, Ga. Bachman, S. W., Tilton, Ga. Cary, Dr. H. H., LaGrange, Ga. Cobb, John A., Americus, Ga. Cunningham, John D., Atlanta, Ga. Cadwalader, Rev. J., Forsyth, Ga. Dunlap, Dr. A. S., Dayton, O. Elliott, D. H,, Jacksonville, Fla. Emory, H. F., Atlanta, Ga. Fiemming, W. P., Charleston, S. C. Gibson, T. R., Augusta, Ga. Grier, E. C, Griswoldville, Ga. Howard, Miss E. L., Dillon, Ga. Hardeman, Hon. T., Macon, Ga. Hardeman, J. L , Macon, Ga. Holt, A. T., Bolingbroke, Ga. Hartridge, A. L., Savannah, Ga. Hopkins, M. H,, Louisville, Ga, Hape, Dr. Samuel, Atlanta, Ga. Harman, J. C, Tennille, Ga. Jones, Dr. W. B., Herndon, Ga. Jones, H. P., Herndon, Ga. Johnson, Mark W., Atlanta, Ga. Jones, H. H., Macon, Ga. Jones, W. C, Augusta, Ga. Keller, John, Griffin, Ga. Kinsey, T. L., Savannah, Ga.

Lyon, T..B., Sandersville; Ga. Milne, David, Macon, Ga. Manville, A. H., Crescent City, Fla. Moon, B. F., Marshallville, Ga. Mathis, A., Sandersville, Ga. Mason, J. A., Irwinton, Ga. Mott, J. H., Griffin, Ga. Nelson, W. K,, Augusta, Ga. Nisbet, R. A., Macon, Ga. Nixon, E. S., Chattanooga, Tenn. Parnell, J. H., West Point, Ga. Park, Robert E., Macon, Ga. Parsons, W. H,, Sandersville, Ga. Powell, R. J., Barnesville, Ga. Purse, E. G,, Savannah, Ga. Robinson, W. P., Atlanta, Ga. Rumph, S. H., Marshallville, Ga. Rumph, L. A., Marshallville, Ga. Sperry, N. E., Marshallville, Ga. Starowski, A., Hawkinsville, Ga. Sanford, H. H,, Thomasville, Ga. Sanford, E. L., Thomasville, Ga. Thomson, W. W., Smithville, Ga. Varnadoe, L. L., Thomasville, Ga. Varnadoe, L. A., Thomasville, Ga. Walker, J. W., Augusta, Ga. Weed, Rev. E. G., Augusta, Ga. Waring, George H., Cement, Ga. Ward, P. T., Barnesville, Ga. Worthen, R. L., Sandersville, Ga. Wheatley, J. W., Americus, Ga. Williams, A. J., Yatesville, Ga. Willet, Prcf. J. E., Macon, Ga. Yates, A. J., Barnesville, Ga.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Crayton, Hon. B. F., Anderson, S. C. Furnass, ex-Gov. R. W., Brownsville,
Nebraska. Gray, Prof. Asa, Cambridge, Mass. Green, Mrs. C. C, Clayton, Ala.

Meehan, Thos., Philadelphia, Pa. Quinn, P. T., Newark, N. J. Sims, Col. R. M,, Columbia, S. C. Thurber, Prof. George, New York. Wilder, Hon. M. P., Boston, Mass.

PROCEEDINGS.
AUGUSTA, GA., July 29, 1885.
FIRST DAY--MORNING SESSION.
The Tenth Annual Session of the Georgia State Horticultural Society convened in the hall of the Richmond Hussars, at II o'clock, and was called to order by President P. J. Berckmans. of Augusta. The exercises were opened with prayer by Rev. Edwin G. Weed.
The address of welcome to Augusta was then eloquently delivered by M. P. Foster, Esq., as follows :
Jlfr. President and Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society :
It is my pleasure, in behalf of the City Council of Augusta, to welcome you to our hearts and homes. It is a matter of peculiar pride to our community to greet in our midst you who have so often honored us by the selection of a distinguished citizen of our county to preside over your society, and who have, by the choice of our city for your present assembling, placed us under renewed obligation. While testifying to the special feeling of joy which animates the people of Augusta at your sojourn with us, I will assume to declare for the entire State--what I feel assured would be pronounced by every worthy child upon her soil--their benison upon your labors, as the pioneers of her higher development, and of her advancement in the art of horticulture, which you have rightly termed "the High School of Agriculture," you are justly entitled to their unstinted praise. The refining influences produced by the successful cultivation of the almost infinite variety of flowers would be well worth the arduous labor bestowed by those who delight to make the earth an Eden. But when to this is superadded the practical benefits derived from the cultivation of the fruits and vegetables which the teeming soil may be made to yield, then surely the heart of the man is made glad thereby, and he rises up to call his benefactors blessed ! It was for such purposes that the abundance of land was supplied ; that fertility was imparted to it; that through these means the wants of man might be provided for. I venture to express the opinion that while it may not be and is not the duty of every man who possesses land to raise more of these productions than may be necessary for the wants of his own immediate family, it is an imperative obligation resting upon him thar he should at least produce as much as may be consumed by them. Good fruit and vegetables may not always be bought in close proximity to those who are remote from the larger cities, and it is often that they cannot be had even in such cities. Where one has the opportunity of being his own producer, why should he depend therefor upon others any more than they upon him ? The good housewife knows full well the advantage of these being raised upon her own farm, and if

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[3'8}

her husband consults her wishes, and is not too lazy or indifferent to put them into execution, I guarantee they will be there raised. It is, however, sadly true that many, many families are wholly unsupplied with hundreds and in some in-
stances thousands of unproductive acres all about them. This is a shame upon our manhood, and monstrous neglect even of the health of those for whom it
is our duty to provide.^ And so with sorrow, tinged with anger, I confess it, there are acres immediately surrounding many homes, grown up in weeds, suf-
fered to continue their noxious growth until they sap the vigor and strength of sturdy manhood, and steal the ruddy glow of health from the cheeks of the \yife and children. Is this because this wife and children would not prize a beau-
tiful garden ? What eye is there that does not love to look upon a home which has about it a garden of beautiful flowers? Who is it that is not charmed with
their sweet fragrance ? No place scarcely seems a home without them. Aye, they beautify and adorn not only the habitations of the living, but. so sacred are
their uses, that no resting-place seems fit for the dead whtre flowers are not. More than this--as if they were messengers between earth and heaven, or in the
hope that the chilliness of death might be relieved even by the temporary presence of some living thing--we place flowers in the hands of our loved ones when
we send them, as we believe, up to God. If they are so precious, why not
preserve them with the tenderest care, and increase their ever-increasing beauties ? In conclusion, I bid you God speed in your intelligent, honorable endeavors. I implore you, let no discouragement bar your success. To true men
and good, encouraged as you are by the approving smile of woman, there is no such word as fail.

The response to Mr. Foster's beautiful address was made by Dr. Wm. B. Jones, of Burke county, one of the most eloquent speakers as well as leading horticulturists of the State. Dr. Jones arose and stated that at the request of the President, the pleasing task fell to him of thanking Mr. Foster, the authorities and people of Augusta for their welcome. Although the horticulturists may not be accustomed to soft speeches, still, they assured the good people of Augusta that such words of welcome fell not upon unappreciative ears or callous hearts. Continuing, the Doctor invited the ladies and gentlemen of Augusta to the exhibition and the discussions of the Society-- not to discussions about trade and mercantile upheavals, but of the practical and beautiful themes of fruit and flowers. The horticulturists are engaged in the cultivation of a dominion which, when civilization goes on and we are blessed with wealth and prosperity, will benefit producers and consumers alike. And when Augusta shall lie in the centre of a prosperous section, and when commercial depression and gloom have passed away, the Horticultural Society will meet here again and find that its good work has done a great part in the development and beautifying of this section.
After the roll-call the annual address of President P. J. Berckmans was delivered as follows:
PRESIDENT BERCKMANS' ADDRESS.
Members of the Georgia Slate Horticultural Society : Permit me at the outset of our reunion to acknowledge the great honor you
conferred upon me at your last annual meeting in again electing me your pre-

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

29

siding officer. This token of your confidence is the more appreciated as it was bestowed while I was fulfilling the duties of an important official mission in foreign lands, and therefore unable to participate in your deliberations. Under such circumstances your appreciation of whatever services I may have been instrumental in rendering our Association is made most grateful and its remem brance will remain ever pleasing. No opportunity being offered before this to meet you in person, I now beg every one of you to accept my grateful and
heartfelt thanks.

Ladies and Gentlemen and Members of the Georgia State Horticultural Society:

It has been a pleasing service which has been assigned to me for many years

past to address you at our annual reunions. This is made doubly agreeable

when the opportunity is added of welcoming the attendance of the ladies of our

city, and that of so many progressive fruit growers of our neighboring State.

Many of you honor us with your presence for the first time within the life of

our Society, and to you I deem it necessary to briefly explain its aim and its

objects.



Unlike many organizations which originated from the requirements of com-

mercial pursuits or political strength and whose existence was often temporary,

our Society was only possible unless permanent, because the principles which

gave it life were imperishable.

Our aim is to promote the advancement of horticulture, and as this is admit-

ted to be advanced agriculture and the most potent factor in agricultural educa-

tion and progress, our work is therefore made more important and practical by

our constant efforts and the increased strength of the Society.

As stated in a previous address, the intention of the Society was to establish a

school of horticulture and experimental grounds, where special courses of in-

struction would enable young men to acquire a practical knowledge of all the

branches connected with this science, and thus enable them to knowingly and

successfully adopt that pursuit. The scheme of a stock association had to be

abandoned after the attempt of a few years, and we had to confine our work to

printing and the gratuitous distribution of such portions of our annual proceed-

ings as would convey reliable and practical information to our people.

We have not accomplished as much as we hoped to achieve, But have used

our limited annual income derived enlirely from the fees of our members, in

diffusing as much information as was within our power.

In this we have been nobly sustained by the press of Georgia, and a number

of publications from South Carolina and Florida, in whom our Society has ever

found the most staunch supporters in aiding its efforts.

Our exhibitions of fruits, vegetables and flowers have been conducted with a

view to educate the public to the resources of that branch of industry, and

have been free to all. As neither premiums nor diplomas are ever awarded for

such exhibits, we have by this course avoided the annoyances which fall to the

lot of all societies where exhibits are usually made for the sake of securing a

small money premium or a diploma often awarded hastily without investigating

fully the merits of the fruit or plant, but which is by interested persons frequent-

ly used as means to bolster an inferior article intended for sale. Our members

are animated by a friendly rivalry in endeavoring to bring their fruits and flow-

ers as near perfection as possible, and are amply rewarded if they can by su-

perior methods of cultivation enable others to do likewise.

While our Society is established upon a sound and lasting basis, yet its claims,

as the promoter of an industry bringing untold material prosperity to our State,

have not been sufficiently recognized.

Many of the Western States consider the advancement of horticulture as the

surest and speediest way to advance their resources and sustain their State hor-

30

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[320]

ticultural organizations with liberal annual appropriation. As many of these

appropriations are gradually increased, it is evident that they are considered
well spent m an economical point of view, as they return an increased revenue tar greater than the small portion of the public income allotted for that purpose

Tnese States look to their active and far-seeing citizens, whose knowledge

and work they have enlisted, as the surest means to improve their productive

resources, and are solicitous of retaining their corporation by a judicious expen-

diture of the public funds.

^

Yet what can we say for Georgia, whose claim to be called the Empire State of the South is evidently not sustained by its willful neglect in fosteringits vast
and varied resources. Our Bureau of Agriculture was saved from destruction

only by the persistent efforts of a few citizens who fortunately succeeded in winning the victory, as it was a battle of intelligence against ignorance, and a public disgrace was averted.

Our Bureau of Geology had in its short career drawn the attention of foreign and Northern capitalists to the great mineral wealth of the State and given an
impetus to mining. But it was considered an expense which the peculiar economical ideas of some of our legislators would not admit of, and for the sake of retaining a few dollars in the treasury, they cut off a revenue a thousand times greater, and our mineral wealth remains undeveloped

_ Our agriculture, the foundation of all wealth, the mainstay of commerce and the welfare of our people, does not receive that recognition from our State eov-

ernment commensurate with its importance, and the paltry resources of the,

State Agricultural College are totally inadequate to enab'e the able scientist who

is a

charged with very limited

its management scale.

to

do

more

than conduct

a

few

experiments

urpon

Without the proper inducements held out to our young men to acquire a practical agricultural education, we cannot expect our best element to be retained

upon the farm; hence we hear the universal complaint that the learned professions
and counting-rooms are replete to overflowing with young men, who if property educated would have found an agricultural life far more profitable and desi-

It is proper to say that the word horticulture mezns something besides the common defim.ion of lexicographers as the cultivation of kitchen gardens and orchards Yet even these objects carry with them a knowledge which is gained only by long and gradual experience and observation. Horticulture, as understood at this day, is a pursuit in which to be an adept requires one to be versed in more branches of knowledge than are needed in what are understood to be hTMn^f ?rofeSslons- *n the laer we may only require to be efficient in one bianch of science and yet become successful, while the horticulturist must understand vegetable physiology, chemistry, as related to plant food, geology entoW.TA rUrf archltecture; landscape gardening, which of itself requires some knowledge of geometry ; these necessarily make us familiar with other branches
stSl'agdcuTtS.15 Stre f knWledge ^ may h* Ckim t0 beCTMS a
Aside from the moral influences of horticulture upon a people, it adds to our material comforts, both ,,, the production of hygienic articles of food and pecunSry
efine^fV ^'IY ^l^ }^ ** horticulture is a potent factor inour social refinernent, and although to the casual observer this may not be apparent, ye lwle ffiinnrdf t*hne mCVolsdtf nor5derly,th?inPte,llietcictualalPawnder soufbastagnotviearlnmcoemntm. unIintiethsewolhderweotrhlde greatest taste is evinced for horticulture, and nowhere does this pursuit rece ve
S there ?it Eis jauns^tlayldc1ltahssaend,fra0smamthoengmtohset ifninfeluaenrttsi,alaanndditswleeaaldtheiressat reofhotnsocretdizeannsd; respected as are the most eminent statesmen. So well is this recognized by TM the governments of Europe, and happily also by many of our own lfading dti ,

[321]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that a considerable portion of the public revenue is annually appropriated to the laying out of public parks or the improvement of those already in existence, that the people may by the free admission to these gardens, and the contact with pleasing surroundings, learn to appreciate the beautiful in naiure aided by art
and educate their morals. What is desirable as tending thus to benefit communities is likewise so when
brought to bear upon our own family circle; there our children must be educated, as education springs from home influences. They can be instructed in our schools in the branches of knowledge necessary for the ordinary pursuits of life, but a thoroughly educated person is one who had other influences to train him than the ordinary curriculum of a high school or university.
While I have in substance only repeated what I have often said before, I can find an excuse for this in the importance of the subject, as education is the foun-
dation of society and the stability of our government. We, therefore, invite most cordially our young men to attend our deliberations,
where the concentrated experience of our most practical horticulturists is freely given. This invitation is specially extended to those who, having become dissatisfied with the ordinary farm routine and contemplate a change in their pursuits, that they may learn from our efforts that agriculture aided by horticulture is the happiest of al! pursuits, and that our soil and climate are so well adapted to the production of some of the many horticultural products as to warrant me
to say that none better can be found. Upon our older members I can but urge a continuance of the zeal they have so
long manifested in the accomplishment of the aims of this Society, as by working for the welfare of our people you are advancing your own.

COMMITTEES APPOINTED.
After the President's address the following committees were appointed :
Peaches and Grapes--Dr. W. B. Jones, H. H. Sanford and H. T. Emery. Pears, Apples and Miscellaneous Fruits--J. S. Newman, S. P. Hape and A. H. Manville. Vegetables--Dr. H. H. Cary, Samuel H. Rumph and W. K. Nelson.

The President announced that the other committees would be named in the afternoon session.

PROF. NEWMAN ON APPLE CULTURE.

President Berckmans next introduced Professor J. S. Newman,

of the Alabama State College, a gifted co-worker in the Society,

and recently connected with the Georgia State Agricultural De-

partment. Professor Newman stated that owing to his engagements he had not prepared a regular essay, but that he would speak to the Society upon the cultivation of apples in the cotton States,

I

e then proceeded with an address full of practical interest and

formation, which was highly enjoyed. Professor Newman is

ne of the readiest talkers and best informed men in the South,

nd hie presence is always a delight. His talk about apples was

s great a treat to his audience as the traditional " apples of gold

n pictures of silver," or even as the red, round and real apples

32

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[322]

themselves. He discussed the selection of varieties, stating that the apple was very fastidious as to soil and climate. He said that the traveling tree peddlers had done more to retard and discourage fruit growing and apple culture than all other agencies combined. He paid attention to the age of trees, preparation of soil and planting, pruning, sunblast, cultivation, root cutting, annual manuring, and the bark washes which are efficacious for leaf fungus and insects. He said that insects in some sections amount to a practical prohibition, and he showed that a good remedy for the scale insect, or bark louse, was found in a decoction of tobacco stems with ashes and carbolic acid applied with a mop. The great enemy of the apple is the woolly, or cotton aphis, he said, which attacks above and below ground, and any member of the Society who can destroy this insect, he thought, would be doing a great service to apple culture. His discussion of the leaf fungus was full of interest, and he threw out suggestions that it was found strongly developed where apples were planted near cedars, a thing which should never be done.
After the Professor's very interesting address, the discussion of the subject followed, in which several members took part.
Dr. H. H. Cary, of LaGrange, asked Professor Newman if the approximation of apples to cedars was the main cause of the leaf fungus.
Professor Newman said that it aggravated the fungus very much, and he gave illustrations in Atlanta and in Virginia.
Mr. Berckmans asked if kerosene was not used in emulsion with advantage.
Mr. Manville, of Florida, said it was used as an insecticide with profit in orange culture.
At the conclusion of the discussion, Rev. E. G. Weed moved adjournment, and it was decided to adjourn until 4 o'clock for the afternoon session.

AFTERNOON SESSION.
At four o'clock the Society met pursuant to adjournment, President Berckmans in the chair. Dr. H. H. Cary submitted a report from the Committee on Necrology on the death of Mr A J. Blalock, of Barnesville, as follows:
OBITUARY COMMITTEE.
T IM * w l3St mttthiKof this Society, death has again entered our ranks. A L limie o^f this TdeatTh, V whe0re,h'iSn arenWeamr?in' ehnvtlndJegrinee,thhee eCnwjonyeodf thBearrensepsveciltleanad cothne

[323]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

33

fidence of all who knew him. Mr. Blalock was for a long time an honored and
useful member of this Society. Its meetings he delighted to attend, and it was ni.s great pleasure to subserve and promote its interests; therefore be it
Rfolved, That the Secretary of this Society "be instructed to forward a copy of these proceedings to the family of the deceased ; and be it further
Resolved, That a page of the minutes of this Society be set apart in remem-

hisanbirth0and deSth

inscribed the nanne of the deceased, with the date of

Augusta, Ga., July 29, 1885.

H. H. CARY, Chairman Committee on Necrology.

DISTRICT REPORTS.

The district reports were next- called for and were submitted and adopted as follows:

REPORT FROM THE FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.

MhT L rePrt.for mv distri'ct a large fruit crop, yet a very poor, deficient yield of choice fruit. Trees were ladened in spring to over-production of both apples and peaches. As the season of ripening appeared moisture from fre-
quent rams and warm suns caused rapid decay, and all early fruit fell from the

trees or was imperfect. _ We had hope of the summer later varieties, but these

like the first, seem destined to disappoint us as to quality. a year of so much inferior fruit.

I have rarelvy seen

Plums did well, and trees permitted to bear too much. The Wild Goose

plum trees (where not trimmed and kept back), the too pendant limbs were broken and much injured by excessive weight of fruit. Where half of the fruit

was taken from the trees the result was large, perfect specimens. All varieties of plums have done well this year.

Grapts have had too much moisture from constant rains, alternating with too great heat. Vines ladened, but rotted and imperfect bunches

But few pears. The LeConte seems better fruited than any other varietv The same casualties attended many early vegetables. Cabbage rotted badly

and the vines of cucumbers and squashes took on early decay after a poor crop!

While we have had in our district, after a cool, backward spring, most excellent seasons for growth and maturity of some field crops, the tender early fruits and vegetables suffered from too great a rainfall.

There is annually more interest fruit. Respectfully submitted.

felt

in

our district in the

cultivation

of gs ood

W. B. JONES.

REPORT FROM THE SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.

THOMASVILLE, GA., July 29th, 1885.
Mr. President and Brothers of the Georgia State Horticultural Society:
In making this my annual report to this Society of the rise and progress of fruit-growing and kindred interests, I must say that we have had many drawbacks in my section of the State, namely : A very late and backward spring. All trees and vines were kept back from blooming at least four weeks from the usual time Then continued dry weather has held the fruit back from makine that growth and mutunty that we are accustomed to look for. Therefore our truit is all small, and in many instances not yet ripe, when, last year at this time
3

34

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

f324]

it was upon the market. In quantity we have a bountiful crop of pears, LfConte, Duchess, Bartletts, etc. Grapes, Concord, Delaware, Ives, and some other varieties. Figs, mulberry, quinces, plums have all given a good crop. Peaches have been very poor. N#ne have done so well as our native seedling. Grafted or budded trees have been a failure, nine cases out of ten, in our section Apples have done as well as usual. I find the Crabs do better than
most of the named varieties. Japan persimmons still prove faithful; trees make vigorous growth and give
bountiful crops annually. Strawberries were almost a failure, owing to a very dry fall last year, and a late winter or spring. The fruit was very poor, and too
late to pay for handling. Our vegetables and melons have not paid this season. The continuous dry
weather in spring cut off and ruined the tomatoes, potatoes, onions, etc. Cabbage, during the dry weather, was destroyed by worms. Melons were planted largely and'crops rather short, but owing to high freight and depressed money market and other things beyond the control of the producer, the returns have been small and very unsatisfactory. I know of no new fruit that has been discovered or introduced that is worthy of note. Our people are jubilant of success in growing the LeConte and Kieffer pear; both varieties still hold their ground. Hundreds of people are making arrangements to plant largely of both
varieties this coming season. I find our people are beautifying their homes with more interest than at any
time since the war. All seem to be looking forward to brighter and better days. The field crop, as a general thing, is very good, and the health of the people
was never better. All of which is respectfully submitted. H. H. SANFORD,
Vice-President Second District, Ga,

REPORT OF THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
To the Georgia Stale Horticultural Society :
All varieties of fruit have been from two to three weeks later in blooming and ripening with us this year than usual, in consequence of which prices have been very much affected by our fruit coming in simultaneously with the same varieties several hundred miles north.
Peaches bloomed fully one month later than their regular season, and promised an overwhelming crop, but the wet weather that commenced the latter part of May and has continued up to now blighted all this fair prospect, and left us in the midst of rotten fruit and low prices. We may safely say that those varieties of peaches ripening up to July ist, this season, has been almost an entire failure as regards profit,, and although we have had some very good peaches, this month the market has been so demotalized by an over-supply of imperfect truit that prices have generally ruled low, buyers being afraid to take hold. Wild goose plums matured a good crop of large fine fruit,.but they too were several weeks late ripening, and reached the Northern market when it was glutted with home grown strawberries, consequently sold at a reduced price ; still after all they paid the grower a handsome profit.
Apple trees continue to be in a thrifty condition in this section, maturing one of the most perfect and abundant crops for years ; they have also met with . ready sale at paying prices up to this time, and the fall and winter crop is immense.
Our growers have become quite enthused on the subject of strawberries ; the crop was fine and remunerative, which proved an incentive to further planting,
next fall. Pears, grapes, etc., a good average crop.

[325]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

35

The interest taken in this immediate vicinity in fruit culture for several years

past continues without abating, and this is destined to be the largest shipping

point in the State.

Yours very respectfully,

SAMUEL H. RUMPH,

Chairman Fruit Committee Third Congressional District.

REPORT FOR THE FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.

LAGRANGE, GA,, July 27, 1885.

To the Georgia State Horticultural Society :

The spring was very late, and temperature rather below the average. Peach

trees were one month later than usual in blooming ; a very heavy crop of fruit,

however, set, and for a while the prospect for a large crop was good, but before

the early peaches began to ripen, the rotting process commenced, and has con-

tinued till nearly the whole crop in most localities has been lost. The apple crop

is uncommonly fine, both in quantity and quality. I beg leave to briefly call

the attention of the Society to an apple on exhibition in the hall grown on the

farm of Hon. W. B. Whiiley, of Troup county. The apple seems to classify

itself with the red June ; when first discovered, it was growing in a neglected

old fence row ; its peculiarity is that it is an even bearer, taken the average,

after the first ripening, ripe and green fruit, as well as blossoms, are constantly

on it during the bearing season, which is probably during the earlier summer.

The pear crop is reasonably good, though I regret to say that the blight is in-

juring and in fact destroying many trees. Th^ writer will state that a very large

Bartlett in his grounds which has fruited regularly and abundantly for

many years, and leaded with fruit the present year, has been spared till the

next year and the present. This tree has been the subject of much care, and

regularly fertilized with wood ashes; it was hoped that it would escape the

disease, but the blight has shown itself on a few small limbs. Other fruits have

been very good ; our people are paying a good deal of attention to the culture

of fruits in considerable varieties. I am pleased to say that there is a growing

disposition on the part of our people to make their homes attractive, and it

seems to be conceded that fruit culture is one of the potent means. There is not

yet much shipping done. Mr. Parnell is our large shipper, and possibly the

-largest in the State.

H. H. CARY",

Vice-President Fourth Congressional District.

REPORT OF FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.

To the Georgia State Horticultural Society:

The early part of the present season gave promise of an abundant crop of

fruit. The usual spring frosts were very light, and no season for years pre-

sented such a flattering prospect for a heavy yield of all kinds of fruit.

The strawberry crop was fully short three-fourths of the full yield. This is

reasonably attributed to the wet weather during the early summer of last year,

abuytuwmhnicbhy

weeds of the a protracted

ranker drouth,

kind took possession thereby killing out or

of the soil, followed in seriously impairing the

vitality of the plant, This treatment, the result of the seasons and consequent

neglect, told seriously on the crop of fruit the present season. Just here comes

in'the importance of not allowing the soil to become, for a single week, encum-

bered with weeds or grass. Whatever impairs the vitality of the plant during

summer or autumn will assuredly affect the yield of fruit the ensuing spring or

summer.

The peach crop thus far has not met the expectations of the grower. The

36

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[326]

earlier varieties have rotted badly, and in the immediate vicinity of Atlanta no shipper has yet reported results satisfactory in sending fruit to a distant market. Prices have ruled too low--quality not good, and discouraging returns in most instances have in a measure disheartened growers. The demand for nice fruit, carefully handled, is still good, and every year demonstrates more fully the importance of careful culture and delicate manipulation in the most approved packages that can be gotten up, so as to insure safe and sound arrival at the point of destination. We think the time is fast arriving when the old style octagon crate will give way to a neat basket, carefully crated and ventilated, so that the purchaser can inspect every peach before purchasing. This plan will benefit every honest grower, and secure for him the very highest price the market will afford.
Wild goose plums never yielded more abundantly, nor matured'with less disease or injury from insects. Prices ruled comparatively low.
The apple crop thus far is most abundant, and of the finest quality ever known in this region. Prices very low, even for the most attractive and of the best quality.
Grapes just beginning to ripen ; have suffered terribly from rot. In many instances, not a sound bunch can be found on a three or four year old vine. I will not undertake to give a reason for the trouble. We are too apt to blame all on the weather, My own experience is such as to throw but little blame on climatic influences. A neglected vineyard on poor red soil is almost entirely exempt from rot, while a well drained, sandy, dry soil, with fair culture dnd attention, has suffered terribly from this disease.
Pear blight is raging with unu?ual violence, and seems thus far to spare no single variety that has yet been tested in this region. When its fury will be expended, or its ravages checked, is a problem yet to solve. The crop, generally, is short in this locality.
The courageous fruit grower will hardly feel discouraged, even at the present outlook. The average yield of fruit, taken as a whole, will be short. And, as to prices, while they rule low yet, offer an inducement to try again. No season within my recollection has shown so many fine specimens of fruit that were freer from the attacks of insects.
Even the apricot--a rare fruit in this region--matured some unusually fine specimens the present season.
Cherries have been fine and abundant. Raspberries, of the red varieties, especially, have done well. The Atlanta Pomological Society has taken a new lease of life, and a full attendance of membership every Saturday night, with a fine display of fruit, all attest a lively interest on the part of the membership. The only new fruit of apparent merit and desirable qualities to report is a new seedling strawberry. This, being named after the originator, De Galceron, is a large, red, conical-shaped berry, very solid, and of most excellent keeping and shipping qualities; quality good. Has been in fruiting several seasons and maintains the reputation given above.
SAMUEL HAPE.
REPORT FOR TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society :
Your committee beg leave to report that the crop of apples and peaches was far below on average, both as to quality and quantity. Bloom was fully four weeks later than usual, and nearly every one set; the consequence was that the vitality of the tree, being too severely taxed, the bulk of the fruit soon fell, particularly the apples. What apples remained on fell a prey to the codling moth. So it is rare to see a perfect specimen.

132-7]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

37

_ Peaches rotted badly, except here and there on young trees in favored localities. The ravages of the curculio were greater than common. In fact this pest to the peach grower is multiplying in numbers every season, and unless
some practical means can be devised for the destruction of this insect peach culture in this portion of the State will eventually have to be abandoned
The only feasible plan that presents to your committee to curtail the number both of curculio and codling moth is to persistently and regularly srather night and morning, all windfalls and destroy them.

All varieties of plums of the Chickasaw type did well and bore a good cop The more delicate varieties, such as the Caradeaux and Mogul, rotted -badly and dropped their fruit.

Grapes bore a fair average crop. Hartford, Ives, Concord and Delaware

held their own and were free from rot. The Catawba, an old variety that used

to rot badly, was free from rot this season, and bore abundantly The bulk of

tne new varieties rotted more or less. Wilder, Goethe, Croton, Lenesqua Pe-

ter Wylie, Berckmans, and some others, commenced to rot early and kept on

until the entire crop was destroyed.

'

The crop of strawberries was below an average, and of inferior quality Raspberries did well and bore good crops.

Both the Downing and Hicks everbearing mulberries bore continuously for three months crops of the finest berries.

The price of fruit ruled low, but was fully .commensurate with prices of other articles and the dullness of trade and stringency of the times. Low prices should not deter cultivators from lessening their interest in fruit culture but should incite them to increased effort to bring all the science, skill and means
they can command to bear upon the culture, in order to produce the finest quality.

The above is respectfully submitted.

J. P. H. BROWN, Chairman Fruit Committee for Tenth District.

After the reading of Mr. Sanford's report from the Second District, Dr. Cary asked about the relative value of seedlings, and if the trees of seedlings were really more hardy than grafted or budded trees.
Dr. Samuel Hape said the question presented itself almost daily. If properly investigated and selected, the value of seedlings might be ascertained, but now the matter is little understood, and so many worthless scrubs are constantly seen, that we are as yet in the dark as to the value of the seedling. He thought that, if cultivated and cared for, the seedling trees were more hardy.
Mr. H. H. Sanford called attention to the fact that the State was divided by this Society into three parts, and he represented the first, or lower, district, where it was well known that a grafted or budded peach would not prosper like the seedling. The seedlings were valuable, he said, to South Georgia, although they m,ght not be to Dr. Hape, who lived in the middle belt. I he grafted peach had been absolutely worthless with him, and he threw 2,000 trees over the fence. And yet he agreed that the grafted Alexander peach was a good peach in North Georgia and

33

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[328]-

the middle section. The remarks in his report were intended to
apply only to his section. Mr. P. J. Berckmans asked Mr. Sanford if he had tried to
graft where his seedlings first grew. Mr. Sanford admitted that he had not, and Mr. Berckmans said that this was the proper test as to whether it was valuable or could be grown.
President Berckmans then called Vice President W. B. Jones to the chair and gave the Society quite a lucid and interesting talk about the proper method of grafting and budding, showing that only such strains of fruit as have an affinity for each other should be blended or experimented with. When there is perfect affinity they grow together after grafting and the best results are obtained. The results of affinity, or, rather, of a lack of affinity, are illustrated by the varieties of Indian peach. By taking the seedlings of that strain and budding on them, we do not meet with the same satisfactory results than with seedlings from other strains. The Indian peach is itself a distinct strain, a Spanish peach, in fact, the name " Indian '' being a misnomer. If budded with varieties of this class the buds will succeed better than if varieties of other strains are used. Mr. Berckmans agreed with Mr. Sanford that, some seedlings were better than others, but if the people of South Georgia were satisfied with seedlings alone, without budded or gralted trees, they were too easily satisfied,, and needed the light and advice of this Society very badly. If seedlings were used no reliance could be placed upon the result ; so far as good fruit and for the general purposes of orchard planting they were useless. Some of the cultivated varieties have become weak and delicate, it is true, but they are the exception and not the rule, and the only reliance for the commercial fruit
grower. Mr. T. L. Kinsey stated that Mr. Sanford's report and remarks
about the seedling only applied to his own particular section, and said that his own experience showed him that none but the earliest varieties prospered on the coast line.
Dr. W. B. Jones said that the erroneous idea had become prevalent in his section that seedlings were the only peaches. He had, he believed, the oldest seedling orchard in Georgia, and he had dragged up many trees because he was ti*ed of poor fruit. When it comes to instances of longevity, however, he was struck: with his trees in a loamy soil; although he could not brag on the fruit, his trees were remarkably long-lived and bore well, but he had learned to appreciate the advantages of the grafted strains in the beautiful exhibits of the Society each year.
Mr. Samuel H. Rumph said he had been very successful in his section of South Georgia with budded and grafted trees--even.

t329]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

39

more so than with seedlings. No more of the f< rmer had died for him, and he had cultivated them for years.
Mr. Weed asked Dr. Jones if his orchards of old seedlings were grass-grown or cultivated. Dr. Jones explained that they were cultivated.
Mr. Rumph said that in 1878 he had an orchard of 5,000 trees, and a failure to cultivate for one season resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the trees. He said that peaches deserved more cultivation than any other crop.
Mr. Sanford explained that Mr. Rumph was in the peach belt and he was not, and a tree wfuch was good for one was not for the other.
Mr. Berckmans considered that Mr. Rumph had struck the real secret in the cultivation of his peaches, and this, he said, was the reason of his great and continued success.
Prof. Newman thought that Darwin's theory of the survival of the fittest applied also to peaches, and that very likely the death of a fine and favorite grafted peach made more of an impression on a peach grower than one of the common seedlings, which has become acclimated and accustomed to live and die in our midst unnoticed. His observation had been that the percentage of deaths of the two varieties of seedlings and budded fruit was about the same. The Society is now arguing, however, on imperfect observation, and he intended, for himself, to make s me practical experiments between the two planted side by side. His observation was that of all crops grown the peach was most neglected, and he instanced some large and well-known fruit growers whose orchards showed the effect of this very neglect.
Dr. Hape recalled an instance near him of the death of a whole orchard of seedlings. He believed Mr. Sanford's statements in reference to that particular section in South Georgia, but it must be recollected that what goes out from this Society goes out with full effect. He wanted this borne in mind. As for himself, he thought the deaths of the two classes of trees were in about the same proportion, barring the peculiarities of deli ate budded trees.
The report of Mr. Sanford was then adopted as published and agreed to, with the understanding that his remarks about grafted and budded trees apply only to his immediate section.

PROF. WILLET'S ENTOMOLOGICAL ESSAY.
The district reports were followed by the essay of Pro . J. E Willet, the entomologist of the Society, and it was received with the thanks of the Society, and ordered published as follows :

40

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[330]

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY.
To the Georgia State Horticultural Society :
I have chosen as a subject of a short paper item No. 13 of essays suggested in the programme : "Entomology with relation to fruit growing."
I shall not aim at presenting the statistics of the subject, for thev are difficult to compile, and huge sums of millions of dollars of damages lose their force by reason of their incomprehensibility. I shall make the subj,ect the occasion of giving a popular account cf some of the large classes of insect enemies of our fruits and fruit trees.
A summary of the number of insects infesting our American fruit trees will be interesting. Mr. William Saunders, of Canada, in his very valuable work on insects injurious to fruits, names 81 infesting the apple, 37 the pear, 43 the plum, 25 the peach, 46 the cherry, 8 the quince, 59 the grape, 21 the raspberry, 14 the blackberry, 20 the strawberry, 27 the currant, 6 the gooseberry, 6 the muskmelon, 12 the cranberry, 26 the orange, 1 the olive, and 1 the fig. The grand total is 413 pests of these 17 fruits.' Some of these insects attack more than one of the^e trees, and are hence enumerated more than once. Eliminating those which have diversified tastes, there is left a list of 266 different enemies against which the horticulturist must wage a relentless warfare.
THE APPLE.
The apple is attacked in every part. Of the 80 enemies, 1 Dreys upon the root, 7 prey upon the trunk, 14 upon the branches, 49 upon the leaves, and 9 upon the fruit. If these insects were all numerous and active, the apple would cease to be cultivated. But the list is that of the entomologist, rather than that of the horticulturist. The entomologist names every one that clips the smallest leaf. The latter notices only the deadly enemies, which kill the trees outright, or seriously injure the fruit. Mr. Saunders enumerates 80. Our honored presl ident, who is authority in every matter connected with horticulture, wrote me, in reply to an inquiry: "The greatest enenres to the apple tree here is the borer, and to the fruit the codling moth." He gives only two.
As I wish to describe only a lew insects, which represent great classes, I will confine my remarks on the apple to its borers, as presenting the "Teat class of borers, which are the most formidable enemies to fruit and forest trees.
The borers, or, more properly, the wood-borers, are mainly beetles, belonging' to the order Coleoptera, and to the families Cerambycidal and Buprestidc?. The trunk of the apple is pierced by two borers, one belonging to each family.'
The round-headed apple-tree borer, Saperda Candida, is a pretty beetle', three-fourths of an inch long, of a pale brown color, with two creamy white' stripes running lengthwise the body ; its antenna;, or feelers, are long. '
This beetle lays its eggs in the cracks of the bark, near the base of the tree. The larva;, emerging from the eggs, enter the bark, and feed upon it and the sapwood for one or two years. They then mine into the heart-wood, for a year longer, where they pupate, and whence they issue as mature beetles. The larva; are white, somewhat conical in form, and without legs, crawling through their mines by means of the rings of the body. Their mining under"the bark causes it to dry and crack, and finally to fall off. This cracking of the o.ark and the sifting out of the castings call attention to the work going on within.
By cutting through the bark the larva; may De found, and a sharp-pointed wire may follow them into the depths of the heart-wood.
The fiat-headed apple tree borer, chrysobothris femorata, belongs to the second family, and is more common at the South than the borer just described. Itisof a bronze or brassy co'.o-, an i issmaHer. The eggs are laid on the trunk of the tree, and even on the branches, and are not confined to the base of the tree

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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like the last. The larva; are of a pale yellow, and the head is flattened. They may be distinguished from the first borer by these marks, the color and the shape of the head. The habits of the larvae are much the same as those of saperda Candida. They are thought to live only one year.
These two borers are the most serious borers to the culture of apples._ Some kinds of apples are not so attractive to their taste, and enjoy comparative immunity. These kinds should be preferred in infected districts. Constant vigilance, and the free use of the knife and wire, are the great remedies.
Both of these borers attack also the pear; the first, in addition, attacks the plum and quince, and the second ihe peach.
THE PEAR.
The pear tree is visited by the borers first described, and by a goodly array of insects belonging to every large division. The injury done by any single kind of insect, however, is not great. But for the occasional invasion of the mysterious fire-blight, the pear tree might be regarded as favored in the matter of disease and of insect enemies.
THE PLUM.
The various kinds of plums introduce us to a family of insects of small size, but very numerous in species, and destructive to small fruits. This family is curculionidal, called also curculios, weevils and snout beetles. Packard says that 8,000 to 10,000 species are known.
The snout beetles have the head prolonged into a long snout, which bears the mouth parts at the outer end, and the long elbowed antennas or feelers at the middle. By means of the long snout, the curculio bores holes into grains, nuts, acorns, chestnuts and fruits, and deposits its eggs in favorable siluaiions.
The plum curculio is named conotrachelus nenuphar. It is a small, rough, black beetle, about one-fifth of an inch in length, and has the snout usually turned downward under the breast. The female bores a small hole in the young green fruit, and deposits an egg at the bottom of the hole. She then makes a crescent-shaped incision through the skin and around the hole. This curculio is, for this reason, sometimes called "the Little Turk." The larvae, which hatch from the eggs, eat the flesh of the plum inward to the stone. The irritation causes the plums to drop to the ground, usually before the larva; are full grown. When mature, they cut thsir way out and e.iter the ground, where they pupate and become beetles, As each female lays from 50 to 100 eggs, few plums on a tree escape being stung. The plum is hence a very uncertain fruit. At the South, where the curculio is more abundant, our native Chickasaw plum, and its varieties, Wild Goose, Newman's, DeCaradenc and Harper's, alone can be cultivated successfully.
The plum curculio attacks also the peach, nectarine, apricot, cherry, and occasionally the pear and apple. The nectarine and apricot are banished from cultivation at the South as effectually as the finer kinds of plums by the ravages of this meek-looking robber. The peach has suffered severely this year from the same cause. Some fear that the cultivation of the peach is seriously threatened by the curculio.
The old remedy of giving hogs the run of fruit orchards, where practicable, has much merit. Every fallen plum and peach bears a " worm," which will mature into a curculio, and which represents half a hundred curculios for the next year. The scarcity of hogs at the South of late years may account, in part, for the increased ravages of the curculio.
At the North and West, where more attention is given to fruit, jarring of the trees is extensively practiced. The curculio, on the slightest alarm, folds its legs and drops to the ground as if dead. A sheet spread on the ground, when the tree is jarred, will catch these " make-believes." Mr. Saunders recommends the

42

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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jarring of the trees motning and evening, for three or four weeks from the time of blossoming, and the subsequent collecting of all falien wormy fruit. The last should be fed to hogs or scalded.
THE PEACH.
In the peach tree we find a representative of another boring class of insects, belonging, however, not to the order coleoptera or beetles, but to the lepedoptera or moths.
Some of the Society may remember that some years since I reported on the enemies of the squash, and may recall the curious habits o. -.he squash bo.er. How it lays its eggs on the hollow leaves, how the larvae penetrate the leaves, make their way down to the stem and pass to-the larva; stage in boring about in the stem, below and above ground, and finally make their way into the soil, where they envelope themselves in a sort of curious leathery cocoon, from which they emerge as the mature winged cegeria cucurbitce.
These aegerians infest a number of plants, and, in all cases, take precedence as royal destructives. /Egeria cucicrbitce bores the squash; ceregeria pyri bores the bark of the pear; cegeria polistifortnis bores the fruit of the grape ; agesia Hpulitormis bores the stems of the currants and gooseberries ; and cegeria exitiosa bores the bark of the peach. The moths of the:e and of five others, which Dr. Packard describes as boring the ash. maple, pine and poplar, would never be mistaken for moths. They fly about at midday, and resemble very much bright-colored wasps and hornets. I have frequently seen the moth of the squash-borer, with its gay mirkings of orange, red and black, flyingabout the garden in July.
sEgeria exitiosa, the peach-borer moth, is of a fine, steel-blue color, with markings of orange-yellow. It appears about May or June, and continues to lay eggs all summer, as larva; of all ages are found together in the gummy exudation at the base of the trunk. The larva; feed on'the bark and the sapwood at and below the surface of the ground. When full-fed thev make leathery cocoons against the wood of the root. The exudation of gum fortunately reveals their presence.
No insect has, as yet, destroyed so many peach trees as the peachtree borer. The careful horticulturist, however, keeps them in check mainly by digging out the larva; with a knife. Some also mound the earth around the base of the peachtree in summer and remove the dirt in the winter. The moths are not so apt to lay their eggs on the trunks surrounded with dry dirt, and the few larvas which are deposited are killed when exposed to the cold in winter by the removal of the mounds.
Scolytus rugulosus was sent me September, 1883, by Mr. J. C. Harman, of Tennille, as affecting the LeConte pear and the apple. Last year I found it in the peach at several localities. Professor C. V. Riley reported that it appeared in America in 1877, and "begins to be a serious pest to orchard trees, and especially peach trees." I have not inquired about it this year.
This new enemy to the peach trees belongs to another class of borers, the bark beetles, scolytidas. The bark-borers usually work between the bark of the tree and the wood. Dr. Packard describes over twenty species which infest the elm, hickory, beech, pine, spruce, fir and hemlock. Many prefer a tree that is failing. We see their curious, even geometrical galleries on tearing away laro-e flakes of bark from dead pines and hickories.
The bark-borers seriously injure only small trees as fruit trees. Mining about under and in the bark, their mines may cross one another above and below, and may thus girdle the tree.
The scolytus rugulosus of the peach is a beetle about the size of the head of a pin. It lays an egg near the bud of a peach limb. The larva eats through the bark and mines back and forth under the bark for some months

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GEORGIA STATE. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

43

during the larval and pupal stages of its life. The young beetle then gnaws a round hole through the bark and issues to find new pastures. The little beetles look very harmless as they run in and out their holes, and a little investigation
only will convince one that these mites can blast the limbs and even the trunk

of a large fruit tree.

.

. ,,

Mr. Saunders describes a scolytid xyleborus pyn as affecting the limbs ot trie

pear; another sinoxylon basilare as boring the grape, apple and peach, and a

third pkloiotribus liminaris as occasionally attacking the peach tree ; but none

of these have done so damaging work as the new one recently arrived irorr*

Europe,

THE CHERRY.

An insect enemy of the cherry, and to a more notable extent of the apple and

wild cherry, is the American tent-caterpillar, clisiocampa Americana. Dr.

Packard describes five species of the tent-caterpillars as infesting the oak,

ash and maple. With us their silken webs are most conspicuous on the wild

cherry and the persimmon.

. .

V>x. Harris, in his work on insects, gives a graphic description of the clisio-

campa Americana, sometimes called the apple-tree tent-caterpillar. " The

eggs " he says, " are placed around the ends of the branches, forming a wide

kind'of ring or bracelet, consisting of three or four hundred eggs, standing on

their ends close together, and covered with a thick coat of brownish, waterproof

varnish. The caterpillars come forth with the unfolding of the leaves o. the

apple and cherry tree. The first signs of their activity appear in the formation

of a little angular web or tent stretched between the forks of the branches.

Under the shelter of these tents the caterpillars remain concealed at all times

when not engaged in eating. In crawling from twig te twig and from leaf to

leaf, thev spin from their mouths a slender silken thread, which is a clew to con-

duct them back to their tents. As they increase in age and size they enlarge

their tent. They come out together at certain stated hours to eat, and all retire

at once when their regular meals are finished." When the caterpillars are full-

fed they retire singly to some crevice, spin their cocoons, and emerge as moths.

These tent-caterpillars, in their social habits, remind one of the social bees,

wasps hornets and ants, which belong to the hymenoptera, which is regarded

as the highest order of insects. In their webs, which they spin as a protection

against their enemies, they assume a place between the borers, which we have

just described, and the larger classes of caterpillars and other larva;, which feed

in the open air, without any fortress of wooden or silken walls. The wood-

borers the root-borers and the bark-borers conceal themselves in their mines,

and with all the resources of cunning instinct, and man usually suspects their

presence only when their work of destruction is nearly complete. The tent-

caterpillars conceal tnemselves in their webs when not on their morning and

evening excursions. They are thus shielded from many insect enemies the

greater part of the time.

.

The tent caterpillars belong to the order lepidoptera, or moths, and to the

family bombycidse-, or cocoon spinners.

THE GRAPE.

In a recent annual report I described fully the grape phylloxera. I now select it from the enemies of the grape to bring to notice one of the most formidable class of insect enemies of fruits, and, indeed, of all plants.
When we see a few plant lice, aphides, disporting themselves on the terminal shoots of the vine, or on the tender twigs of the plum, or see the woolly masses of the apple, woolly louse, on the trunk and limbs of the apple tree, we smile incredulously when told that these "'TM wee- mTMi*te~s" s<=onmmPeHtimes hbee.coime great

44

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[334]

national scourges. Yet it is recorded that " so many apple trees were destroyed

in the year 1810, in Gloucestershire, England (by the woolly louse), that it was

feared that the making of cider must be abandoned." In France the grape

phylloxera, introduced on American vines, has so preyed upon the French vines

that one-fourth of the original vineyards have been planted in grain and vege-

tables, and another fourth is in a very exhausted condition. The French gov-

ernment has had for several years, a commission of entomologists to investigate

and report on the subject. The Austrian government has just appointed a

similar commission.

'

rpe,cJuhlviara?tohi^itesSel,ff.re^Thteyal[bealo,inkeg'

but almost
to the order

ehveemryipitnefreastaendd

pthlaentfamhaislyaapso'heicdiaees.

They live by suction through small beaks, which are inserted into the bark of

plants. They live, some on the leaves, some on the stems and trunks, and some

a=lisco d?oresthiS"e d7readoW edJp'hiyyl.lfopxhe'Sra.0f the aPPle lives on both root and stem. So

The aphides are destructive by reason solely of their numbers, and their

numbers are due to a peculiar mode of reproduction to which I invite vour at-

tention Mr. Saunders speaks of the apple-tree aphis thus : " All the l'ice thus

hatched at tus period of the year (early spring) are females, and reach maturity

in ten or twelve days, when they commence to give birth to living young, pro-

ducing two daily, for two or three weeks, after which the older ones die The

young locate about the parents as closely as they can stow themselves, and they

also mature and become mothers in ten or twelve days, and are as prolific as

their predecessors. This process is continued to about the seventh generation,

when the last brood of the autumn contains both males and females. All the

aphides of the six generations are females. No males are known except in the

W /h 'S ! Srl Mormon colony. only more so. A slight calculation will

vyonunnLg e.Lacht HdamySffho,rngthl,grer0eWwthee?kf sa-nwaepshhisalclohloanv>e'- 42Sfaeymanl2esfefm oraItheePfriorsdtucgeesnetwrao-

^ kr . Jf? these produce 42, the second generation will contain 42 times

H'A 1 fw A

? 4 ^ma,es,r-, "1a y-

In Ilke manner, the third generation will contain 3''000- 1 need not calculate further. Suffice it

7r,oSS, to say,

that the family of a single female for one year, if all died of old age, would far

exceed the human population of the globe.

, ^a\ Prolificacy! What, to our minds, very singular mode of reproduction,

a sexual agamous This mode is seen in the corals of the ocean also. The

,thhe !pT lane

of,

tTheUmfiigt.htt0y"f/o' rtchees

little forces of
by the simple

the
plan

Polfanmtualtnipdlicaantiimona.l

kingdom

to

THE ORANGE.

^'"TT h<\t?hreeratsfiongeu?laf rthfreamorialyn,?teheis

as insignificant as the coccidaj, of the order

usually called bark lice or scale insects.

aphis, and introduces us hemiptera. They are

K.Jhe- fKtUt / the 0ranSe and lemon are frequently disfigured by small oval brownish scales, one-eighth of an inch in length, firmly attached to the skin,

bimilar scales are attached to the stem and leaves of the oleander, to the twigs ot trie plum, peach and other truit trees, and many forest trees.

1 hese scales cover each coccus, or scale insect. After a time, the female lays aoout 25 eggs, from which Issue small bark-lice, which scatter over the leaves ,,Z5 rlmit' t0 which they attach themselves by their beaks. A cottony sehDZoaTi-5snaped2 esuhUelnleS T"hethfeeimr abloedsierse' manaidn hiemlPms otv0abfolermunovdeerr ethaecsheinshseecllts adusmrinalgl

to tree f

'

ma'eS' Whe" mature' have wings> and fly about from tree

The cocci usually have only one or two broods a year. But 25 to each female

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

45

is a rapid multiplication, and their want of conspicuousness, and the protection

afforded by their shells, render them a formidable enemy to many plants. Mr.

Saunders describes no less than twelve species infesting the orange. The writer

has seen an orange tree, six inches in diameter, which has borne many crops of

delicious oranges, blasted, deformed, and almost leafless, looking like a pear-

tree scorched by the fire-blight, and the work had been done by millions of

these almost invisible scale insects.

In this hasty summary, I have not attempted to describe even the leading

enemies of all the fruits, but only such as illustrate the great leading classes of

such enemies. We have studied the wood-borers, the bark-borers, the fruit-

borers, the leaf-eating caterpillars, the multitudinous aphides and the sedentary

scale insects.

The remedies for these insects which man invents wou'd amount to little, if

there were not a host of carnivorous insects which prey upon other insects.

The universe is a world of checks. The kerbivora are kept in bounds by the car-

nivora. The lion hunts the deer and the giraffe, the wolf the buffalo, the shark

the tribes of the ocean, the owls and hawks the doves and fat chickens, the ich-

neumons the insect millions, the cat "goes for" the rat, and man "goes for"

all. Everywhere " is a struggle for existence, " and not always "a survival of

the fittest."

Man's remedies, coming in as a supplement, are very valuable with one pro-

viso : The best laws are no better than poor laws when not put into execution.

So remedies will not kill insects unless these remedies are applied faithfully.

Nut-grass is almost ineradicable, but a Doctor of Divinity cleared an infes-ted

square in his garden. His orders were, " shave it off every morning." With

all remedies the gist is, "shave it off every morning."

J. E. WILLET,

PACKING AND SHIPPING FRUIT.

Dr. Hape called attention to what he considered a subject of great interest---the packing and shipping of fruit. He said it was one thing to faise fine fruit a'ld quite another thing to have it reach its destination in good shape. He wished the matter discussed, and perhaps it would be well to make it the order for some special time of the session.
The President stated that he agreed as to the importance of the subject, and invited its immediate consideration. In the absence of a majority of the regular committee on the subject, Dr. Hape was appointed to aid Mr. Rumph, the only committeeman present, in the consideration of the matter.
Mr. Rumph of the committee reported that the question of packing and shipping was difficult indeed, as all packages used this year had gone in bad condition, except those sent in refrigerator cars, and then dealers were afraid to handle, as the fruit would speck before ripening.
Dr. Hape said he wanted to get the best information possible on the subject. It stood to reason, he thought, that the best ventilated packages would arrive in the best condition.
Mr. Berckmans explained that the fungus, caused by moisture, had more to do with the bad condition of fruit this year than the packages. All of his third-bushel crates had been thoroughly

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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and properly packed, and yet they reached New York in bad condition until the cessation of rains caused the moisture to diminish and the fungus to disappear.
Dr. Hape said this was true with him, but he had hoped for a better report from other sections.
Mr. Berckmans stated that his wild goose plums were about the only fruit which went through in good condition for him this year.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

The report of the Treasurer was next submitted and adopted as follows:

T. L. KINSEY,

IN ACCOUNT WITH GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY:

1883.

cr.

October 1. By paid Fritwell & Nichols, Printing .... October 1. " Expressage on Horticultural Reports . October 1. " Stamps, Mailing Notices October 1. " Stamps, Paper and Envelopes ...
By balance as per account 1884

$ 2 00 1 75 3 00 4 50
n 17--$22 44

Dr. To amount Annual Dues collected

$70 00

To balance . . , ........ ,

47 58

E. & O. E.

,, T.

Lr .

,,
KINSEY,

Treasurer.

SAVANNAH,

July '

253 th,

18853 .

The Society then adjourned until 9 o'clock on Thursday, the 30th of July, after accepting President P. J. Berckmans' invitation to spend the following afternoon with him at " Fruitland."

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.
The Society met at 9:30 in Hussars Hall, President Berckmans presiding. The exercises were opened with prayer by the Rev. George T. Goetchius.
The following resolution of thanks was proposed by Dr. H. H. Cary and adopted :
By Dr. H. H. Cary--
Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are due, and are hereby tendered to the Uty Council of Augusta for their kind interest in the success of our exhibition ; to Messrs. J. W. Walker, W. C. Jones, C. V. Walker, and Jos. Meyers tor their constant attendance and good arrangement of exhibits ; to Mr. T C. Blign for use of plates and vases j to the Richmond Hussars for the use of their

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

47

hall; Augusta Gas Company for free gas ; Barrett Manufacturing Company for paper ; to the Evening News and Chronicle for kindly notices and correct reports of the proceedings ; to the Southern Express Company for transporting fruits free cf charge, and to the several railroads for reduced rates of fare.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON FRUITS, VEGETABLES, ETC.
The chairman of the Committee on Fruits, Vegetables, etc., on
exhibition made their reports as follows :
EXHIBITORS AND EXHIBITS.
Mr. S. H. Rumph, of Marshallville--Apples--Red June, Simmons' Red, Carolina Watson, Sweet Bough, Genet Early Red Margaret, Family, American Summer Pearmain, Julian, Nantahalee, Rhodes Orange, Horse, Jewett's Best, Lake, Elgin Pippin, Taunton, Laurens Greening, Carter's Blue, Equinetelee, Tuscaloosa Seedling, Buncombe, Yopp's Favorite, Hoover, Mama, Mangum, Maverick's Sweet. Moultrie's Winter, Oconee Greening, Hockett's Sweet, Shock, ley, Romanite, Cannon Pearmain, Chattahoochee Greening, Cullasaga, HollyHorn, Junaluskee, Nickajack, Pryor's Red, Stevenson's Winter, Yates, Ben Davis, Hiley's Eureka, Winesap, W. Virginia Crab, large red apple, no name, large green apple, no name, forty-six varieties. Peaches--Mountain Rose, Yellow St. John, Chinese Free, Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Elberta, Columbia, Great Eastern. Stump the World, Thurber, Old Mixoa Free, Susquehanna, Osceola, Fruitland Seedling, Bddwin Late, Julia. General Lee, Flewellen Cling, Chinese Cling, Georgia Cling, Old Mixon Cling, Indian Blood Cling, Lemon Cling, Heath's Late White, Demming's September White, Eaton's Golden, Goode's Ociober; Golden, Bustin's Croft's Golden, Austin's Late Red, Tinley's October, Lady Parham, President Church, Indian Blood Free, Lula, Snow Cling, Yellow July, LaGrange, Late Raripe, Late Admirable, Late Palmerston, Grosse Mignonne, Elmira Cling, Pine Apple Cling, Seedling Lemon Cling, No. I, do., No. 2, do., No. 3, do.. No. 4, do.. No. 5, Seedling Free, No. I, do., No. 2, Seedling Cling, No. I, do., No. 2, do.. No. 3, do., No. 4, do., 5--58 varieties. Pears--Doyenne D'ete, Bartlett, Bell, Lucrative, LeConte, Keiffer, Clapp's Favorite, Howell, Seckie, Beure Superfm, St. Michael, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Burre Diel--12 varieties. Grapes--Hartford Prolific, Ives, Martha, Concord. Delaware, Clinton, Norton's Virginia, Thomas, Scuppernong, Flowers. Quince--Chinese. Pomgranates--Large Sweet; Acid.
Mr. P. J. Berckman's exhibits. Grapes--Seedling Delaware, Martha, Lady. Whitehall, Ives, Canada, Moore, Rebecca, Walter, Autuchon, Diana, Bocklington, Bachus. Humboldt, Monroe; Maxatawney, Rochester, Eva. Berckmans, Elvira. Hartford Prolific, Delaware, Duchess, Brighton, Iona, Worden's Seedling Noah. Peaches--Carpenter's Cling, St. Mary; General Lee, Stump the World, Thurber, Great Eastern, Spottswood, Old Mixon Cling, Old Mixon Fiee, Albert Sidney, Grosse Mignonne, Flewellen Ciing, Pauline, White Pine Apple Cling, Elberta, Newington Cling, Croft's Golden Cling, Crawford's Early, Shelby Cling. White July Cling, Susquehanna. Pears--Lawrence, Mme. Von Siebold, Seedling Van Mons, LeConte, Be Supperfin, Be d'Anjou, Onondago, Duchess d'Angoulime, Howell. Damio, Hebe, Bartlett, Aunenieres, Henkell, Uvedales, St. Germain, Ke ffer, Seckie. Plums--The Cumberland, and many plants.
John H. Parnel!, of West Point, exhibits the following varieties of peaches i Prince of Wales, Dagmar, Crimson Galande, Sea Eagle, Hager, Stonewall Jackson, R. E. Lee, Foster, Indian, Thurber, Parnell Seedling, Early Crawford, Old Mixon, Seedli .g Chinese Cling (free), Elberta.
August Guien, of Augusta, makes a fine floral exhibit. L, Merzeau exhibits Yellow Dent Corn, Concord Grapes, NewSeedling Figs,

48

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[338]

Scuppernong Wine, 1884; Green Warren Wine, 1884; Black Builace Wine, 1884,

L. Godin exhibits Brunswick Figs, the best of the exhibition

j. H. Alexander exhibits ten "Kolb Gem" melons, new variety two "Pride

M TMe"S' Tf&P' Upland Corn, matured ears of White Dent, Golden Beauty, Blount s Prolific, Clark's Flour Corn (produces flour exactly as

wheat flour), eight stalks and nine ears of corn from one grain, White Velvet

r^rW alTi'^^^ ^flower, Apples in three varieties. Pears-LeConte,

and garden

S' De,aware GraPes and other minor Products of the farm

T *.?;; nnfurd &Co-of Thomasville, Ga.. exhibit Pears, Bartlett, Howell,

Rl^h,;,-;

; GraPoS Amber' ScuPPeTMong and Delaware. Evaporated

CCrraabb, rCTarrte4r-sseRBaluPe,raatnedd M^Citacuh'el,?l.'Vs aCPid[eart.ed PCeoarnchaensd-Thkurrab-er'sAapnpdleEs-lSbeibneariaAn

fine specimen of the Bull Nose Pepper is also exhibited

an?ElbenaPeachPees.0f At'anta' ""^ B"Uett PearS' Red Margaret APPleS

K I?n WTMR Jones and sons' of Burke' exhibit Cheshire Cling Peaches Cum-

Gr^s n'rS' W'ldGoosTe PluTM. Mississippi Plums. Ischfa Figs Catawba

frinw ;PvLgP^La.W iSa- repPGerrfaepcetSi'onJnT^oS mJuantoe,

APP'. White

Native Dwarf

Pears, Okra,

and the Striped

following Bashaw,

w ColRn,,^w??'iPvnw Weall!kde0rf-Gr*olwdeSn^TroPpehayS' TW omhkaetoeCsO, mb'asRkeedt oCf 0cbu't 'Fal'o1 wCOeTMrs. W. R, Walton exhibits imported Hitt Corn. Jonathan M. Miller--Pumpkins and Corn. H. W. Reid--Sunflower eighteen feet high.

Mrs. J W. Pankin- -Sunflower plant twenty feet high. Mrs. John M. Weigle--Bouquet Flowers. John M. Weigle--Texas Acorn.

H. H. Cary -Peaches, Stump the World, seedlinsr E. T. Winn--Plumb Tomato.

W B. Whatley, Antioch, Ga.--ever-bearing Apple.

combin^dSinBone! ^^ * **"* f ^^ Wh'Ch CnSistS f I44 ears of corn Mrs. R. B. Morris--basket of cut Flowers. W. K. Nelson-Grapes--Gardner, Wilder, Ives, Delaware. Keuka Martha
Hoove^TauSon^^d ^^^ **"--VUW H^n'SSj

DpllaaItfeeSFf-,iigsshnpnliaytf^e TToBmaSaktfoetesF,fUcirta' teP,aAlecmAepplTeSo'mPa'atotees,A,bTMasknedts,FplolawteersP, eaDchrieesd,

?omato'Catseup anS' """^ TmateS' PreSerVed Peai'S' Preserved ChS
F C Dos Passos--Egg Gourd, Mammoth Sunflower. W. A. Ramsey--Genette ApDle. Mr. Asbury Hull--Pecan Nuts. Mr. D. C. Murphv--Figs.

-Srog?esSFBSCheto! GrisW0ldvil,e' Ga" makes a fi"e exhibit of fruit. Grapes

cards' h!lvmn?,-G;nBarrhett ^"V-" toTMatoes' thre stalks of twenty feet corn,

andI LeConteQ

' JU *"' Tran5Cendent' Crab, Pears, China Sand

?*rl'- R' " ^err' Rshm" Bon Chredien Pear, and a fine plate of fijrs

peaches"5'

* & C" f Baltimre' CaSeS f the Maryland tomatoef "and

r,?r' I' Fr?' Br^"? exhibits Rrapes-Concord, Ives, Seedling, Hartford Catawba. C mton. Delaware, Salem, Agawan ; Lindley, Iona, Martha Dana Kenka. Pauline, Scuppernong and Rulander. Preserved Fruits-Apples MuU

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berry Jelly, Cumberland Plume, Jelly, Tomato Marmalade, Plum Jelly, Grape Jelly, Grapes and Blackberries, also a plate of fine tomatoes.
J. J. Doughty--Pumpkin sixty-three pounds, one stalk of Eley's prolific
cotton. The Riverside Nursery, Mr. R. A. Kerr, G. Guien, J. W. Walker, W. C.
Jones and P. J. Berckmans made handsome floral exhibits. J. W. Jadson--Collection Cactus. H. C. Hall--Dwarf white velvet okra, ten Kolb Gem melons, twelve ears of
fine corn. R. B. Watson, Ridge Spring--Chinese cling and other varieties of peaches. C. H. Walker, Oak Hill place, Hollywood, Ga.--Sugar Yam Potatoes. David Milne, Macon, Grapes--Ives, Delaware, Elvira, Essex. Agawan Perkins,
Diana, Concord, Hartford. Norton; Pears--Belle Lucrative. Bartlett, LeConte, St. Michael, Howell, Beurre Superfin, Beurre Clairgeau Plum--Newman.
E. A. Sibley, Irish potatoes. Mr. W. A. Muse, double sunflower. Mrs. Jones, wild okra, Mrs. A. H, Davidson, fine specimens of tomatoes. Miss Lizzie Baker, Japanese melons. Mrs. J. W. Bryan, of Brampton Cliff, potatoes, beans, cabbages, cucumbers, onions, tomatoes, turnips, beets, corn and sage, apples, pears, peaches.
REPORT OF EXAMINING COMMITTEES.
Mr. President, the Committee on Apples, Pears and Miscellaneous Fruits, after a careful examination of the exhibit, make the following report, viz.:
We find the quality of fruit of all kinds poor compared with that exhibited at former meetings of the Society, due probably to adverse climatic influences.
Apples--Mr. S. H. Rumph, of Marshallville, exhibits forty-five varieties of apples. We make special mention of Carter's Blue Elgin Pippin, Jewett's Best and Red June, of which very fine specimens are exhibited ; W. B. Whatley, Troup county, Ever-bearing Seedling apple; Mrs. Uhl, of Richmond county, exhibits one plate of mixed varieties; Dr. J. H. Alexander, Augusta, one plate Equitietelee ; Dr. W. B. Jones, of Burke county, one plate June apples; W. K. Nelson, of Richmond county, ten varieties; H. H. Sanford, of Thomas county, four varieties; Dr. Samuel Hape, of Fulton, one variety ; Mrs. vV. A. Ramsay, of Richmond, one variety. .
PEARS.--Mr. S. H. Rumph exhibits thirteen varieties, including fine specimens of Clapp's Favorite. Dr. J. H. Alexander, two varieties, including some well-grown 'LeContes. Mr. David Milne, of Bibb county, eight varieties, in which are fine Bartletts and LeContes. Mr. J. J. Toon, of Fulton county, one variety. P. J. Berckmans, of Richmond, nineteen varieties, including ruperior specimens of Keiffers, and two new varieties of Oriental pears, Madame Von Siebold and Damio, to which special attention is invited. Mrs. Robert C. Kerr, of Augusta, exhibts some fine specimens of Rushmore's Bon Christien. W. K. Nelson, one plate LeConte. W. B. Jones, one plate Sutling, which, as regards quality, serves the purpose of a mile-post to mark the progre-s which has been made in pear culture. It is rough, acid and astringent. H. H. Sanford, five varieties, including Bartletts, grown upon LeConte and quince stocks, showing decided superiority in size this season in favor of the quince stock. He exhibits superior specimens of LeConte grown on trees five years old; also fine specimens Smith's Hybrid, grown by VV. W. Thompson, of Lee county.
MISCELLANEOUS FRUITS.
FIGS.--Mr. L. Merzeau, of Augusta, exhibits a seedling fig of fine size and good quality, which promises to form a valuable addition to our list of varieties.
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Mr. J, Godin, very large Brunswicks. Mr. D. C. Murphy, one plate labeled

Sunny South. Mrs. Uhl, one plate of Celestials. Mrs. R. C. Kerr, one plate

White Ischia. W. B. Jones one plate White Ischia.

ALMONDS.--Mrs. Uhl, one plate hard shell.

PLUMS.--W. B. Jones exhibits wild goose, Mississippi and Cumberland. D.

Milne, a plate of extra fine Newmans.

MELONS.--Dr. J. H. Alexander exhibits ten good specimens of the Kolb

Gem melon and two characteristic sports from this variety. W. K. Nelson, a

fine specimen rattlesnake. H. C. Hall, of Richmond, ten Kolb Gems, well-

grown and true to type. H. H. Sanford, one fine gem. Mr. P. J. Berckmans

exhibits two fair specimens of pineapples.

CONSERVES OF FRUITS.--Mrs. J. P. H. Brown exhibits six varieties of fruit

jelly antl six jars of canned fruit, all of which bear testimony of a skillful house-

wife. Mr. Merzeau exhibits scuppernong, muscadine and Warren wine. Dr. J.

P. H. Brown exhibits beautiful comb and extracted honey.

Respectfully submitted.

J. S. N'EWMAN,

SAMUEL HAPE,

A. H. MANVILLE,

Committee.

p, s.--H. H. Sanford, beautiful specimens of evaporated LeConte pears, figs and blackberries, evaporated by Mr. Reigle, of Thomasville.

AUGUSTA, GA., July 30th.

We, the Committee on Peaches and Grapes, beg leave to make the following

report: Samuel H. Rumph, Willow Lake Nursery, Marshallville, Ga., exhibits

70 plates of peaches, very fine exhibits of Elberta variety ; ten varieties of

grapes. J. H. Alexander, two plates very fine Delaware grapes. L. Mer-

zeau, one plate of Concord grapes. A. F. Rice, Griswoldville, Ga., two

plates, one of Progress, one of Brighton's, exceedingly fine. David Milne, Ma-

con, eleven plates of grapes, one plate of Ives, one plate of Delaware, one

plate of Lady, one plate of Elvira, one plate of Essex, one plate of Agawan

one plate of Perkins, one plate of Concord, one plate of Diana, one plate of

Hartford, one plate of Norton's Virginia. Dr. W. B. Jones & Son, Midville, Ga.,

two plates grapes, one of Delaware and one of Catawba. J. H. Parnell, West

Point, Ga., fifty-four plates of peaches, fine display. Dr. Samuel Hape, two

plates of peaches. Dr. H. H. Cary, two plates of peaches. P. J. Berckmans,

of Fruitland Nurseries, Augusta, Ga., twenty-eight plates, general collection of

all leading varieties of grapes, special varieties of white grapes, special mention

often varieties of white grapes; from appearances, seem to be adapted to this

climate ; also, twenty-one plates of peaches, most leading market varieties. W.

K. Nelson, Augusta, Ga., thirteen plates of fine grapes. E. R. Anthony, Macon,

Ga., thirty-two plates, and same number of varieties of exceedingly fine grapes,

of which he is entitled to special mention. Dr. J. P. H. Brown, Augusta, Ga., 19

plates of the leading varieties of grapes, making a fine exhibit. H. H. Sanford,

Dixie Nursery, of Thomasville, Ga., one plate of Elberta peaches, five plates of

fine grapes.

W. B. JONES, Chairman,

H. H.SANFORD,

H. F. EMERY.

GUESTS OF THE SOCIETY.

President Berckmans here introduced to the Society two distinguished guests just arrived from South Carolina, Hon. B. F. Crayton, of Anderson, an esteemed honorary member of the Society, and formerly President of the South Carolina State Agri-

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cultural Society, and Mr. Robert Watson, a prominent fruit grower in Carolina.
FREIGHT RATES FOR FRUIT.
. The Secretary called for the report of the Committee on Freight Rates.
Dr. Hape, of the committee, said he had conferred with the Southern Express Company, and it could not give better rates or do any better in shipments than now. In reference to the prepayment of freights, the company would not demand it as far as they controlled the line, but the Adams Express Company refused to take freight unless prepaid. The best way, in his knowledge, was to put fruit in first-class packages, prepay the freight, and thus insure as far as possible safe arrival at the intended destination. The prices per hundred from Atlanta to New York,.he said, was $2.50; to Chicago, $2.75 ; other points gave proportionate rates. The railroads had been applied to to put on fast special trains, but the fruit had been so bad this year that it was unwarranted.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
The election of officers was next in order, and President Berckmans stated that before the election was opened, he desired the Society to reflect that the presiding office was educational and should be rotary. Each member should have his turn, and he therefore proposed a change and the taking of the vote without nominations. This was agreed to with smiling unanimity, and Dr. Cary. Dr. Hape and Mr. W. K. Nelson being appointed tellers, the vote showed that President P. J. Berckmans was unanimously re-elected. Mr. Berckmans responded with his thanks,. and said this was the eleventh consecutive time he had been compelled to go through this ordeal. If he had been derelict in his duty, he begged that the Society would inform him, for in no other way could he correct his mistakes. What he had done in the past he was ready to do for the Society in the future.
Vacancies were declared in the First, Third, Fifth, Seventh and Ninth District Vice-Presidencies, and Dr. W. B. Jones, Samuel H. Rumph, Dr. Samuel Hape and Col. George H. Waring were unanimously elected to fill the first five places. The vacancy in the Ninth District remained unfilled. Mr. T. L. Kinsey was then unanimously re-elected Secretary and Treasurer.
PLACE OF MEETING FOR 1886.
In the selection of a place for the next meeting of the Society, a letter was read from Major W. E. Brown and the City Council of Fort Valley, inviting the Society to hold the next Convention there, and expressing great interest in the work of the Society...

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Dr. Hape moved the acceptance of the invitation with thanks. Dr. Cary said that he had intended putting Atlanta in nomination, but he believed the Society benefited itself and accomplished much good by itinerating through the State, and he would favor the motion. Dr. J. P. H. Brown concurred in the motion and opinion, and said he was mortified at the lack of interest exhibited in Augusta in the Society, not a single resident of Richmond county showing enough love for horticulture to step forward and join th'e Society outside of those already on the roll. Fort Valley was selected by a unanimous vote.
DELEGATES TO OTHER SOCIETIES.
On motion of Dr. Hape, the selection of delegates to represent the Society at other kindred conventions was ordered. President P. J. Berckmans, Dr. Samuel "Hape, Dr. H. H. Cary and Mr. Samuel H. Rumph were selected to represent the Society at the -meeting of the American Pomological Society, at Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Dr. Samuel Hape, Dr J. P. H. Brown and Mr. W. K. Nelson were named to represent the Society next year at the Georgia State Agricultural Society Convention.
PUBLISHING PROCEEDINGS AND THE CATALOGUE.
Secretary Kinsey called attention to the depleted condition of the Society's treasury, and the inadequate fund for publishing the Catalogue. He moved that some effort be made toward getting the State Department of Agriculture to publish the proceedings. Dr. Hape said he believed that the Agricultural Department would publish at least a part of the proceedings, and that the Society might pay the balance. He favored doing the best in the Society's power, and said he would aid Dr. Cary in the effort to have the proceedings published by the Department.
P4r. Kinsey said the Horticultural Society did not propose to ask favors, but had a right to a part of the fund appropriated for disseminating agricultural information. He proposed that the Society take steps to see the legislators about this matter, and impress them with the equal demands of the horticulturists, who ought to stand on the same footing as the agriculturists in the Department.
Dr. J. P. H. Brown agreed earnestly to this view of the subject and urged the Society to stand up for its rights. Said he : "We are too meagre-mouthed in claiming our own, ai.d we allow a lot of politicians to run the State at the expense of the horticulturists and agriculturists. We should make this a point in elections and send none but friends of the Society to the Legislature. , We must fight for our rights and we will get them, and I propose that a committee take active steps in the matter.''

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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Dr. Hape said the horticulturists certainly deserve this recognition, for although they were small in number they were strong in influence and did good work for the State. This Convention was slimly attended, and so, he believed, the Agricultural Convention would be if they were no more encouraged. He did not desire such a thing done, but he believed that if the railroads withdrew their courtesies, the attendance on the Agricultural Society would dwindle very materially.
Hon. B. F. Crayton, of South Carolina, arose and said he hoped that the experiment would not be tried, for his own State Society had profitted greatly by the Carolina roads imitating Georgia's example in railroad courtesies, and the crowds thus gathered had benefited the Society and the State. He suggested now that Georgia might profit by imitating South Carolina's example in another respect, and he proposed that the Society interview the Georgia Department of Agriculture and tell them how gladly and eagerly the South Carolina Agricultural Department always published the proceedings of the horticulturists, as bearing directly upon the agricultural progress and benefit of the State. In this way the two States might profit in turn from each other, and he assured the Society that good results would follow proper effort.
Mr. Kinsey's motion prevailed, and Messrs. Samuel Hape, H. H. Cary and W. B. Jones were appointed to insist upon the Agricultural Department publishing the proceedings of the Horti-
cultural Society.

DR. W. B. JONES' PAPER.
Dr. W. B. Jones, of Burke county, was next introduced, and read the following essay :
This paper has not been furnished.]
At the conclusion of Dr. Jones' paper, he was asked by Dr. Hape if he had experimented with tomatoes in reference to their deterioration. Dr. Jones said he had, and found that they wanted a soil retentive of moisture, but with not too much clay. The Trophy would deteriorate in size unless cared for, and the proper place for planting was more northerly, and on hilly or mountainous ridges. Seeds from the North were best for planting in this section, but seeds from the Atlanta section might do well. Dr. Jones said that corn seed, perfected in its own section, was better than seed brought from another section further north.
On motion of Dr. Cary, the thanks of the Society were given to Dr. Jones for his admirable essay.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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DISCUSSION OF THE CATALOGUE.

The catalogue and the discussion was next taken up Dr. Cary
suggested that, as the present season had been so unreliable, very-
few changes ought to be made, and he further said that the st
meeting, whose proceedings were unpublished, had also put some
good work in the catalogue.
APPLES.
ASTRACHAN RKD.--Watson, of South Carolina : I see that it is put down as not prolific. It is very prolific in Edgefield. Hape : It is prolific with us this year.
KANSAS QUEEN.--Berckmans : Retain it in the catalogue for a summer apple. LAKE.--Stricken from the catalogue. SHOCKLF.Y.--Secretary Kinsey read last year's report, when it was seriously afflicted with fungus, but doing well. Dr. Cary : I never saw but one good Shockley orchard, and that was Mr. Rumph's. I have no use for them, and they are dying out in my section. Berckmans : Because they are dying for Dr. Cary is no leason they should be discarded by others with whom they are doing well. Watson : The Shockley does well with me. The Shockley reading and report of last year was retained. SWEET BOUGH.-- Berckmans : Good for very early apples. HII.KY'S EUREKA.--Berckmans: Specimens from Mr. Rumph brought to me in December, and kept until following May. Rumph: They kept forme till the last of June; are good and acid, and ought to have one star for middle region. Hili y's Eureka was starred accordingly. NEW APPLES.--Mitchell's Cider; mentioned by the committee from Mr. Sanford's collection. Mr. Sanford : It is not a late keeper, but one of the best cider apples I ever saw. I would like to have it in the catalogue. Its quality is good and eats well. Season from July 15th to 1st of September. On Mr. Sanford's motion it was added to the catalogue as promising well, and with one star in Southwest Georgia. Jones' June.--Dr. Jones called attention to a localized apple with him, called "Jones' June." Said he : ft is recommended for prolificacy and delight in eating. It is a seedling from Belle Fluer, and instead of a "long stem," ought to be called a "long core." A sure bearer, and would like to try another year. Propagated by grafts. Move to placf on list for trial. Adopted. Berckmans : A very good apple for the season, and very valuable for Dr. Jones' section. Added to list as promising well for Middle Georgia. Mr. Crayton asked if the "Ben Davis" sustained itself here. He saw it was a failure North and West, and it was the same with him in Carolina. Berckmans : Reports from it are variable. Much interest was attached to it, however, as still one of the leading orchard sorts of the West.
PEACHES.
ALEXANDER.--Ha ie : Rotted this year. Cary: Rotted entirely with me. Watson : Did not rot on the tree, but carried badly. Berckmans : The climatic influence was bad this year, but we have none more valuable. Nelson : All my Alexanders rotted except a young orchard which bore its fruit this year finely. Berckmans : The Alexander is good in North Georgia mountains and profitable.
CANARY.--Berckmans : Would not give it up for any. It did finely for me, and its thin skin is an advantage.
DEMMING'S SEPTEMBER.--Berckmans : Good in its season--late. HONEY.--Berckmans : Very sweet and blossoms early. I discarded it twenty years ago. With the Peen-to it is suitable for the orange belt, but not for us. Manville: We have fine crops of the Honey peach in Putnam county, Fla., and

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GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

55

I believe it will do well as far down as Orange county. The "Honey peach" was altered in catalogue, changing or adding comment, "suitable to Florida." Mr. Sanford said two trees bore well for him this year--the Honey and the Thurber.
RIVERS.--Watson: Nothing more successful with me this year in shipping to Philadelphia.
THURBER.--Sanford : I succeeded with mine, and had a good crop, In size, taste and variety, none better than the Thurber. Not unusually successful with me, but it must be a good peach in its proper locality. Watson : It never fails to rot with me.
PRES. ROBINSON.--Hape: Does finely with me. Rumph : Does well, and the only variety which did not speck this year. President Berckmans suggested that the name was too long and that it should be shortened. The peach was given two stars for the middle region.
NEW PEACHES.-- Berckmans : Pallas is a seedling from the Honey. It has more tone, and is not so dead sweet. The only one of hundreds of seedlings which has ever shown a difference from the original type. The "Peen-to" was, on motion of Dr. Hape, added to the catalogue as "adapted to Florida only."
NUTS.
PECAN.--President Berckmans expressed great surprise and regret at the neglect of pecans, and said that in New Orleans he saw a crop disposed of at $35 per barrel. These were as nothing compared with another fine variety in Tensaw parish, worth $50 per barrel, and which actually sold at ten cents apiece. He believed that pecans will bsar here in fifteen years or less, and they ought not to be neglected. He would advise planting pecans,in rich ground, thinning out the first year, and no transplanting.
JAPANESE CHESTNUT.--Berckmans: An amateur fruit, which blooms when only a few feet high and produces a large and excellent nut.
PEARS.
BARTLETT.--Hape: Does well, but blights. Berckmans: All pears are subject to blights everywhere.
DOYENNE D'ETE: Berckmans : Moved its substitution with Margaret. Hipe : Doyenne D'Ete does well with me. The Margaret was found to be already in catalogue, and both remained.
LECONTE.--Hape; Does well in Atlanta, but not as fine as specimens now on exhibition. Will bear in five to eight years' growth. Nelson : I have an eight year old pear tree, and got tw > first pears this season. Berckmans : It ought to mature for bearing in five years. Jones : This and all other pears do better in hiliy country. Mr. Berckmans alluded to some beautiful golden yellow LeConte pears of Mr. Alford Baker's, which kept in Augusta till September, and which were quite as fine as the Bartlett. The LeConte increases in value as you pick and handle it with care. It is variable but good, and his opinion of the LeConte had become more favorable with acquaintance. Mr. Sanford : The reason LeConte pears go to New York valueless is that they go bruised. The trees are stripped green, and the fruit is so badly treated that you could hear the fruit rattle in the crates over the noise of the wagon as they were tumbled into them for shipmen'. The people handle them like hogs would, and nine-tenths of the fruit is sent to market in an improper condition. Again, the pears are often handled by commission men who know nothing of them, and this is a great disadvantage. The LeConte pear is a first-class fruit when handled well and with care. Kinsey : I'must have a peculiar LeConte pear, for I not only treat it well, but coddle it, pui it in a cool cellar, between blankets, and after all it rots inside. Berckmans : I appreciate it highly when properly cared

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

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for, and want it starred in the middle region. Kinsey : Then take one of its stars from the coast region.
A star was added to the LeConte for the middle region. DUCHESS D'ANGOULEME.--Sanford : Profitable, and catalogue should say that as a standard it is worthless,, but does well grafted on the quince. So ordered. NEW PEARS.--Kicffer. Sanford : A good pear and a valuable addition to the catalogue. Keeps till frost, and I believe it will be one of the best. Berckmans: It ripens two months later and differs much from the LeConte. Kinsey : Better than LeConte. Berckmans : Will bear a good crop after three yearsgrowth. The Kieffer was added to the catalogue with one star for the middle region and one star for the coast. Garber's and Smith's Hybrid--Berckmans: Would add to the catalogue as promising well of the oriental type. Sanford : They are prolific with me. Added to the Catalogue.
GRAPES.
HARTFORD PROLIFIC.--Hape : Rotted less with me than any other. SALEM.--Hape: Good. SENESQU A.--Stricken. WORDEN.--Hape: Valuable. Berckmans : Rotted this year, but vigorous and equal to Concord in quality Would like to star in middle region. The star was ordered. BLACK EAGLE.--Stricken. DUCHESS.--Hape: Suffers in localities, but I was lucky with mine. NOAH.--Hape: Good. PRENTISS AND POCKLINGTON were stricken. TRIUMPH.--Berckmans : Bad this year, but for few years nothing finer. NEW GRAPES.--Peter Wyttie--Qt. Brown : I regard it as one of the best white grapes. CATAWBA.-- Hape: It ought to be re-instated, as it is now doing fine and resisted rot better than any grape this year. Dr. Brown : I concur, and have a 25 year old vine which is free from rot. The Catawba was re-instated as "regaining its old standard."
STRAWBERRIES.
MONARCH OF THE WEST.--Hape: Good for nothing with me. Berckmans : Early.
MANCHESTER.--Berckmans : Does poorly with me ; moved to strike. Hape and Rumph : Does well. Manchester remained.
RASPBERRIES.
DOOLITTLE.--Substituted in catalogue by the Gregg. DAVIDSON'S THORNLESS.--Stricken. IMPERIAL RED.--Stricken. CUTHBERT.--Berckmans : Good. I would like to give it 4 stars if possible. Rumph : So would I. SCHAFFER'S COLOSSAL.--Hape : Large, vigorous, prolific and would like ia list as promising well. Added to catalogue.
BLACKBERRIES.
LAWTON.--Berckmans : Irregular, unreliable and small berries. Stricken.. KITTATINY.--Berckmans and Hape : Best of all. Dr. Brown: For upland the Early Wilson is best, but for moist land the Kittatiny is the thing.

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WILSON'S EARLY.--Both were retained in the list--Wilfon's as the best early, and the Kittatiny as the best late variety.
TEXAS HYBRID.--Sanford: Good for amateur growth as for eating, but not marketable. Nelson : I find the same thing to be true with me.
MULBERRIES.
DOWNING.--Sanford: Worthless with me. Dr. Brown: I regard it as very valuable, acid and spicy ; the very thing for a fine pie. Dr. Jones : Downing is a shy bearer, and he would not give one of Hicks' for a dozen Downings. Berckmans: I would like to amend catalogue and say "good flavor," instead of the "best."
HICKS.--All agreed that this was the best. STUBBS.--Berckmans : Fruit very large and the best of flavor and for Dr. Brown's pies. RUSSIAN MULBERRY,--Berckmans : Hardy, but fruit not good. Sanford : There is no bigger humbug and fraud in horticulture than the Russian mulberry.
JAPANESE PERSIMMONS. '
Mr. Sanford : The Japanese Persimmon holds its own, does well and ought to be placed in the catalogue as a grand acquisition. Mr. Berckmans : I have been fruiting these several years, and when I tested the commercial value, I found they brought $3 per peck in New York and $4 in Philadelphia. The people did not know what they were eating before being told, but they were afterwards much in demand in Philadelphia.
Mr. Sanford gave his experience with the fruit and thought it would do even better when evaporated. There was no comparison with the native persimmon, and it was the finest dessert ever put on a table. Dr. Hape moved that Messrs. Berckmans and Sanford arrange a bill of Japanese Persimmon suitable for the catalogue. Adopted. Mr. Berckmans said he was a little in the dark as to the nomenclature as yet, but he had about 6 varieties properly classed. The persimmon was liable to overbear and would not stand a temperature below zero,

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CATALOGUE OF FRUITS.
PLAN OF CATALOGUE.
To enable the Society to publish a ful' and reliable catalogue of fruits which are successfully cultivated in Georgia, and in view of the vast differences which the climatic influence of the several sections of our State has upon the same fruit cultivated on the mountains or near the seacoast, it has been deemed advisable to divide the State into three distinct sections :
1. The Upper or Mountain Region, embracing that section of Georgia between the 34th and 35th degrees of latitude N.
2. The Middle Region, between 32d and 34th degrees, and including the southwestern portion of the 32c! degree.
3. The Lower or Coast Region, comprising the counties of Chatham, Bryan, Liberty, Mclntosh, Glynn and Camden.
The explanations of the columns will be found under each class of fruits. The varieties named in the several lists are of recognized good quality, inferior or rejected varieties being omitted. Synonyms are given in a few instances only where it was deemed necessary; these are placed under the adopted name in italics. One "*" indicates that the varieties succeed well in the region named at the head of the column. Two " ** " indicate the varieties most highly recommended. No " * " indicates no report, or that the variety is not sufficiently tested. A Dash -- indicates that the variety is unsuited.
APPLES.
EXPLANATION OF COLUMN--
Column 1st--Name of varieties. Column 2d--Season of maturity. Column 3d--The particular use for which it is best adapted. Columns 4, 5 and 6--The regions for which the varieties are recommended. Column 7th--Remarks.
EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS--
Columns 2d.--Seasons--S, summer; A, autumn; W, winter ; E, early ; L, late ; E S, early summer; L W, late winter, etc.
Column 3d--Use--K. designates varieties recommended only for kitchen or cooking purposes ; D for drying ; C for those specially intended for cider ; M, those most valued for market; varieties not marked may be considered as table or dessert sorts.

[349]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

59

APPLES.

NAMB.

c

'Ea*b

a

- '5; 0

'5c
-

o
to C3
w93

-z

s 0>

z
<-.

zz

p

EEMAEKS.

ES M

LW

New York Pippin.

A M

Meigs, Red Winter Pear-

mnn, Red Fali Pippin.

Buff

EW

-*

A M

It*

Lady FUzpatriek.

W M

Green^'rank, Southern Greening, Green hecse.

LW

S M EW a*

*

w
A

... ** ". **

*

ia ** E S

*::;

A A

MM..*.

Bachelor, Buckingham, etc.

I

W M ** s*

Cooper s Red Fall Pippin

A M ** i

-:;:*

Robinso-'s Superb. Grimes' Golden Pippin

A E W

* * *

E S
E M !"

S M ...

Surnme- Queen of Kentucky,

Sops of Wine.

S K **
LW

LW

S

all

Jewett's Best

S

S L A

$*

Kentucky Red Streak

A

Bradford's Best.

Lauren's Greening

L A

LW K
A .\r

E S A

* *

W

K*

Maverick's Sweet

W M LW M

* **

Indian Winter.

A *

Rawles* Janet.

W M **

Profitable early market, not prolific. Second quality, excellent keeper.

Excellent. In some soils liable to blight

of bloom buds.

[region.

Very large, coarse ; suitable for mountain

*

Excellent, fine keeper, prolific. Large, sugary, very fine, splendid

grower.

Second quality, fine keeper. Very large, prolific, profitable market. Requ'res strong clay soil. Excellent, and fine keeper. Good quality, fine grower.

Lar^e and very good. Very good, needs strong soil, subject to
borer Very good, fine keeper.

Large, and very good.

[prolific.

Excellent, and profitable summer apple ;

Very good; lasts from July to October.

Large, good quality. Very good in mountain region. [State. Good In Middle and Western portion of Matures with Red June; very good. Excellent, prolific.

[lific, lasts two months.

Superior for cooking and dryiny, pro-

Prolific, and good keeper.

Good kepper, open grower.

[fruit.

Productive, excellent for cider, showy

Very large, very good, stout grower.

Very showy.

Very prolific, small, very good.

Fine grower.

Good fall fruit; prolific. Second quality; late keeper. Showy fall app'e; good quality. [gion. Very early; reliable in m'idle or west'n reV- ry good; fine tree. Excellent, prolific, subject to moth. Very good, good keeper, unreliable. Good and late keeper.

Excellent in some sections of middle re-

60

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[3SO]

APPLES--Continued.

NAME.

REMARKS.

Summerour, Berry, Wonder,

etc.

Nantahalee

Yellow Stone.

Oconee Greening

A

Palmer or Pear Apple

E

Romanite

LW

Red June

E S

Carolina lied June.

Rhodes' Orange

E S

Sirnnaons's Red

S

Shockley

LW

Sauta

LW

Summer Cheese Summer Queen

s S

Stevenson Winter

LWlM

Striped June

E SM

Marly Red Margaret of the

South.

Sweet Bough

M

Sweet IIarvest.

Taunton

W

Webb's Winter

W

White Winter Pearmain... w

Yates Yopp's Favorite

LWs

Wine_ Sap

LW

Hiley's Eureka

LW

Mitchell's Cider

S

Jones'

gion, unreliable, apt to drop before attaining full siz. Very good; apt to rot at core in some soils.
Excellent. Medium, very good, prolific, [tain region. Unsurpassed in qn dity ; prolific in moanEarly, prolific, very gool, bears very
young, profitable for market. Excellent summer fruit. Matures fruit from June to October. Reliable in every section; profitable. Very good, late keeper even on coast. Large,prolific,excellent for cooking&dry'g Prolific, and good market appl-". [ing. Unsurpa-sed in quality,bearing and keepExcellent, fine grower aud prolific.

Very good, early sweet.

Large, showy, good quality, fine for mark-

.jGood.

[et, open grower.

Good.

Small, very good, proliSe, & bears young ;

Very good.

[desirable variety.

Quality very good.

Promising well; late keeper.

Promising well; summer.

For trial.

LEADING VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR MARKET ORCHARDS.
SUMMER--Astrachan, Red June, Early Harvest, Family, Striped June, Horse, Ju lian, Harmony.
AUTUMN--Buncombe, Carter's Blue, Eqninetelee, Taunton. WINTER--Ben Davis. Chattahoochee, Greening, Etowah, Hockett's Sweet, Mangum, Nickajack, Romanite, Shockley, Stevenson's Winter, Yates, Siuta, Black Warrior.

[351]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

61

PEACHES.

EXPLANATION OF COLUMNS.--1st, Name of variety; 2, Class--freestone or clingstone; 3d, Color of flesh.; 4th, Season; 5th, Use. Remaining columns denote the region, etc.
ATIKEKVIATIONS.--Class--P, freestone; C, clingstone. Flesh.--W, white; Y,' yellow ; R, red. Sensor.--E, early; V E, very early ; M, medium ; L, la'e; V L, very late. Very early ripen from end of May to June 20th ; early from June 20th to July 5th;medium from July 5th to August 10th ; late trim August 10th to Octoberlst; very la:e from October 1st to November 10th. lise--F, for family use only; M,.the most valuable f.>r market; D, the most desirable for drying. Varieties not marked may be considered good for home use.

NAME.

EEMAKKS.

Alexander, synAmsden Amelia
Stroman's Oaro'ina. Austin Beatrice

V E E
V L VE M

Bnstian's October.. Baldwin's Late fChinese Cling R. E. Lee

CW VL M
\v VI wE M wE M

Canary

Y E F

Columbia

Y M MD

Indian Pace, etc

Crawford's Karly .

Y E M

Crawford's Late...

Y M

Connor's White.... Darby

iV VE
vv V L M

Demming'sSeptemb'r Y L

Duff Yellow

Y E

Early Tillotson

R VE

Eaton's Go'den

Y L

Elberta

Y M

Fruitland Seedii, g... vV L

Flewellen

K E

FleitasSt. John

Y VE

May Be'iuty.

Foster

Y VE

Grosse, Mignonne

W M

Gaylord Great Eastern

W M
w M

Goode's 0 tober

B VL

General Taylor

R VE

Hale's

W VE

Honey

W E

Chinese Honey.

Heath White

w

Wh'te Engl'sh.

Indian Bl'd Clingsto'e R

LaGrange

w

Late Rarerii e....

w

Late Admirable.

w

Lemon Cling ...,

Y

Quality very good, brij lit color, very

** Very large, very good.

[profitable.

Excellent October cling. Excellent, below medium s:ze, fine col-

or, requires rich soil and thinning.

An excell nt, very late cling.

Good late freestone.

[Excellent and 'arge, subject to rot.

Earlier than its parent, the Chinese cling

Very de icate, scin very thin.

Excellent for all purposes

[variety.

Very good and, ard standard market

Variable; rots in some seasons.

A good June cling for amateur culture.

Au excellent Oct bercling.

[later.

Similar to Lemon cling, ripens a month

Very large ear y, stcond quality.

Very desirable.

Superior cling for preserving.

Very large and handsome.

Good for its season.

Good early cling of Indian type.

Very good, early, excellent market va-

riety.

Earlier than Early Crawford.

Good, but two tender for market.

Very good.

Very lar^e, variab'ein quality.

Very good late Indian cling.



Very good early cling.

Variable; apt to rot in some localities.

Very sweet, blooms very early ; suitable

for Florida.

Excellent for preserving and market.

... Very juicy and good. Large pine white, goud. Excellent, very large.
Very good, too tender for market. Superior c!ing.

62

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[352]

PEACHES.-- Continued.

NAME.

EE MARKS.

Pineapple.

Louise (Rivers) ,

VE

Mountain Rose

M

Muscogee

.,

M

Newington Cling..,

M

Osceola

L

Old Mixon Freestone

M M

Oid Mixon Clingstone

M M

Picqnet's Late

L MD

President Church

L M

fRivers

VE F

Rivers' Early York.

Stump the World

M M

Susquehanna

M M

Snow

M F

Scott's October

V L

Tinley's October Cl'ng

V L

Thuruer

M

Tuskena

VE

"White Cling

M

President Robinson...

Peen-To

C W VE

Very good,ripens one w'k after Beatrice. Superior to Early Y< rk. V\ hite-rlesbed Columbia; good.

Good freestone of Indian type.

Excellent market variety.

Excellent mark-1 variety.

Best freestone of its season.

Very good September freestone.

Of best quality, large size; too tender

for market

Superior market variety.

Very large; superior to late Crawford.

Pure while, good for preserving.

Good late cling,

Gi-od late cling.

Very large, best quality.

Lemon cling, June.

Good July i ling.

[further trial.

Setdling of Chinese cling. Worthy of

Adapted to Florida only.

CHINESE CLING. fSeveral improved seedlings of Chinese Cling have been introduced, less liable to decay than the original. The following new varieties originated by Mr. liivers, of England, are all interior in quality to the Mountain Rose, which ripens at same season, viz: Early Alfred, Early Albert, Early Silver, Magdala, Dr. Hogg, Prince of Wales.
LEADING H'ARKET VARIETIES IN ORDER OF MATURITY.
Alexander, Beatrice, Loui-e, Hale's Earlv, Tillotson, Fleitas St. John, Tuskena Gener,-.l Tay or. Mountain Rose, Foster, Earlv Crawford, Chinese C ing, Old Mixon Free, Susquehanna, Stump the Wnrld, Columb a, Leniou Cling, Muscogee, Indian Blood Cling, Ga.lord, Picquet's, President Church, White Heath Cling, Eaton's Golden, Baldwin's, Austin, Darby, Bustian's.
LEADING VARIETIES FOR SHIPPING TO NORTHERN AND WESTERN' MARKETS.
Alexander, Fleitas St. John, Tillotson, Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Elberta, Stump the World, Susquehanna.
FOR FAMILY USE.
Add to above--Early Rivers, Hale'-, Yellow St. John, Amelia, Mountain Rose,

[3531

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

63

NECTARINES.

Explanations and abbreviations same as peaches.

NAME.

"o

m

t. 0

a
w 0

03
O

"00

03 CJ t/J

PY M

FR M

Early Kewington.. C R E

FR E

Early Violet

FR E

FR M

C Y M

R M

FR M

F WE

CR M

Stanwick

C YR M

F WM

C

0
./St 'Sb s-

S 'So

o3

a B
0

C3
O

O

REMARKS.

Reports from every section state this iruit to be unreliable, owing to attacks of the cur-
culio.

APRICOTS.
Explanations and abbreviations same as peaches.

Breda Early Gulden Hemskirke ... Large Early... Large Red Moorpark Orange Peach Kaisha St. Ambrose...
Royal Turkey.

V Y E F Y E F R M F YR E F RM F YL 0 YM V YM V YM F YR M F YR M F Y L

Trees are liable to be killed by spring frost. Only desirable for city gardens, or where protec: ed by surrounding build-

POMEGRANATES.

#*

** Ti;e climate of mountain region is
[too cold to grow this plant.

Suitable for pot culture.

NUTS.

s*
-**

-*

Very prolific and desirable. Succeed well in Middle Georgia.

64

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[354]

PEARS.

EXPLANATION OF COLUMNS.--1st, name of variety; 2d, season; 3d, use; stock upon which the variety succeeds best; remainder, the region in which the varieties
are recommended. ABBBEVIATIONS.--Season and Use-Same as thoe for apples. Stock--Q, quince .
S, pear stock. "Where not marked the varieties thrive equally upon quince or pear!

NAME.

REMARKS.

Bartlett

S M

Belle Lucrative

S

BuerreRose

A

Buerre Gai'geau

A

Buerre d'Anjou Buerre Diel Buerre Easter

S s w

Buerre Giffard...

ES

Buerre Langelie-

A

Buerre Supertin

S M

Buffum Clapp's Favorite

S s

Doyenne d'Ete

ES

Doyenne Bous.=oek. Duchesse d'Ang'leme Flemish Beauty

S s s

Henkell

8

Howell Lawrence

S
s

Louise Bonne dejers'y S

Onondaga

S

Osband's Summer ES

Ott

S

Passe Colroar

LA

St. Michael Archangel
Seckel Stevens' Genessee "Winter Nelis LeConte

S
s M s w s M

S ...

Chinese Pear.

Petite Marguerite Keiffer

VE
,. s

Gaiber

Smith's Hybrid

Good everywhere, but subject to blight. Good for family use.
Variab'e as to soil. Apt to lose its foliage. Very good.
Good. A late keeper. Very early ; poor grower. Very fine in mountain region. Excellent, but rots at the core.

Very good, and fine color; matures rapidD;

Goo'; very early, butsmall. [stand'd only

Slow bearer.

Most profitable of all on quince.

Good, but liable to rot at core.

Very good.

Very good.

Large and fine; fine grower; best on sfand-

Variab'.e as to quality.

[ard.

Small, but excellent and productive.
Fine grower; good fruit. Slow bearer ; fruit be:t qual'ty.
Best keeper. Valued in South Georgia; very good for
table and market. Seedling of Doyenne d'Eie. and better.
Promisirig well; Oriental type. Promising well; Oriental type.

BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET IN ORDER OF MATURITY.
ON QUINCE.--Buerre Giffard. St. Michael Archangel, Buerre' Superfin, Howell, Duchesse d'Angouleme Seckel, Buerre d'Anjou.
ON STANDARD.--Doyenne d'Ete, Clapp's Fayorite, Bartlett, Bell Lucrative. LeConte, Flemish Beauly.BuerreC airgeau Lawrence, Buerre Eas'er and Winter Nelis.

[355]

GEORGIA STAEE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

65

PLUMS.

EXPLANATION OF COLUMNS.--1st, name of variety ; 2d, color ; 3d, class, whether free or clingstone; 4th, season; remainder, region in which the varieties are recommended. __ ABBREVIATIONS.--Color,--R, Red; Y, yellow; B, blue; G, green; P, purple. season--As for peaches. Class--G, clingstone; F, freestone.

NAME.

Bradshaw

Coe's Golden Drop...

Columbia

P

Damson

B

Blue Damson.

Duane's Purple

P

Green Gage

G

Imperial Gage

G

Lombard

P

Mogul

B

Morocco.

Monroe

G

Orleans

V

Smith's.

Red Gage

R

WILD GOOSE

R

NEWMAN'S

R

DECARADEUC

YR

HARPER'S

R

Washington

Y

Yellow Gage

Y

REMARKS.
The curculio prevents this fruit from being raised to any ex lent. Where special care is taken to destroy the insects, the varieties marked * are recommended. The new varieties of the Chickasaw type are comparatively free from curculio, and very prolific bearers.
Varieties in small capitals belong to Chickasaw type.

66

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[356]

NATIVE GRAPES.
EXPLANATION or COLUMNS.--1st, name; 2d, class; 3d, color; 4th, season; 5th, use; remaining columns for region, etc.
ABBREVIATIONS.-- Class--I,, Labrusca, or belonging to the fox-grape type ; OE, CEstivalis, or belonging to the Summer-grace type; R, Rotundifolio, or belonging to the muscadine type ; H, hybrid. Color--W, white ; B, blue or black; R, red ; P B, pale blue. Season--E early, maturing from beginning to end of July ; M, medium, maturing from end of July to 15th of August; L, late, maturing after middle of August. Use-- M, market; T, table; W, wine.

REMARKS,

X

HI k July orDevereux CE B M TW

Brighton

L RM T

Clinton

C B EW

Concord

L B MTM

Delaware

L P R ETW

Diana

L P RMTM

Goethe

II GWM

Rogers No. 1.

Hartford Prolific... 1. I!

M

Flowers

1! B

W

Ives

L B WJI

Lindley

H R

T

Rogers No. 9.

Lenoir

CE B M W

Long, syu. Oun'ingham (E PR M W

Maxatawney

L WM T

Merrimack..

L B MM

Rogers No. 19.

Norton's Virginia.. CE B

W

Perkins

L R

M

.Salem

H R

M

Scuppernong Thomas

BW W K p 1;,M W

Warren

CE P B:M W

Herhemont.

Wilder

H BM

Rogers No. 4.

Worden

L B EM

Berckmans

11 R M T

Duchess

H WEM

Lady Washington.. II W V ....

Moore's Early

L B MM

Noah

1; W M W

Triumph

H w M' T

*, Excellent; shy bearer while young.

Very good quality; a good bearer.

* Good wine grape.

~ Among our very best varieties.

* Best table variety; reliable, but slow

Good. " Good, late.

[grower.

* Good early variety, good for.wine. ;;;'iLate variety of muscadine. "* Early and prolific, no rot. ... Good.

:*

Rots in m'dle re'g, excellent Good, but not productive.

for

wine.

* Good white variety, shy bearer.

* One of the best of Rogers' hybrids.

** Good red wine grape. Good bearer, no rot, second quality. Good.
Most certain bearer, good wine grape Early variety of muscadine, excellent Apt to rot, excellent quality.

Good, and gaining in favor.

Earlier than Concord.

Promising well, vigorous.good bearer Promising well.

Promising well.

Promising well as an early shipper

lromising well for white wine, better

than Elvira

[variety.

Promising well, an excellent white

BEST VARIETIES FOR MARKET.

Concord, Ives, Delaware, Hartford, Wilder, Diana, Perkins.

BEST FOR WINE.

waRree,dD-Jiaancaq,uW es,arrLeenn, oSirc,upCpleinrntoonn,g,CTohnocmorads,. Ives, Norton's Virg8inia. Wrrnhtiiete---TuMela. -

[357]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

67

STRAWBERRIES.

EXPLANATION^OF COLUMNS--1st, name ; 2d, sex ; 3d, origin ; 4th, use ; 5th, season ; remaining columns for regions, etc.
ABBREVIATIONS.--Sex--P. pistillate; all the others are hermaphrodite. Origin--F, foreign; A, American. Use--F, family; M, market Season--E, early; V. E., very early; L, late.

NAME.

M CO O

o B

M

P
C

'Sou>i

3 "Su

-i atoo 3

f~
on

a 0e3u
cc

C
?!

o O

REMARKS.

Charles Downing H A E Triomphe de GraDd... H F L
H A M B&L H A M VE Monarch of the West H A M E

*

*

* Good; variable as to soils.
Very fine where it does not burn.

iS-*
*

Best--every report favorable. Worihless in middle region,

valuable

for

*i!i

[immediate coast.

*-Si Size large; quality good.

P

*::- Pistillated; must be cultivated in alternate

PA E

Promising well, [rows with other varieties

RASPBERRIES.

NAME.

B 0 tin B
~ Bo CJ 51
=1 JV

REMARKS.

o

a
S

3
o O

Gregg Davidson's Thornless Mammoth Cluster....

* *



* *

Cuthbert

:-S'

Schaffer's

Best Black Caps.

Varieties of the Black Cap and Purple Cane

good crops.

Best red. Promising well.



BLACKBERRIES.

yield

Kittatiny Wilson's Early.
Downing's. Hicks' Stubbs'
Princesse.. Sultane .... Hardshell

Si*-1

MULBERRIES.

** Good, flavor acid, moderate bearer.

Inferior fruit, very prolific, recommended for poultry

Large, very good.

fogJL.ggg8'

ALMONDS.

*TBlossoms are liable to be killed by spring frosts.

Reports are unfavorable from the middle and moun-

*| tain region.

__

68

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[358J

FIGS.
coSXI?Z^cM8-1St' nam6; M' SiZ6; 3d' C0l0r; ith' season= remaiTMS
l^fl'jr'TT^"8' "US1! L- lare; M- medium. Color-W, white or yel-

XAME.

REMARKS

Angelique Early Lemon.
Brunswick .'. .. Madonna
Constantinople. Black Genoa Black Ischia .Celestial
Brown Turkey , Brown Smyrna Green Ischia
White Ischia. Green Italian. Lemon
Violet Round Nerii
Marseilles

W

M M E

Bil, ft,

M M L

o

M

Small, good, early. Very large and desirable.
Good. Small, prolific and desirable. Best of all for middle region. Very good and prol fie. Very good.
Good. Good Rather dry but prolific

CHERRIES.

Explanations and abbreviations same as Pigs, except color. R, dark red, or nearly black; Y, yellow ; Y R, yellow red.

R, red; A, amber; D

NAME.

Belle de Choisy

Belle and Magnifique

Bl'k Heart( Werder's)

Black Tartarian

Black Eagle

~

Carnation

Coe's Transparent

Early's Richmond

May Duke

English Morello

Napoleon

Rockport

Reine Hortense '...'

Governor Wood

Bauman's May

Yellow Spanish

REMARKS.
Very early. Cherries are uncertain in middle region, ex-
cept in a few localities, where good crops are sometimes produced, the Morello class being most desirable. Trees should all be grown on Mahaleb stock.

[349]

GEORGIA STATE HORTICULTVRAL SOCIETY.

69

QUINCES.

NAME.

REMARKS.

Angers Chinese Orange or ApplePortugal Rae's Mammoth..

Fine quality.

Succeeds best in Southwest Georgia; good for pre-

Most generally cultivated.

[serving.

Large and fine.

Quinces need strong clay soil. They are unproductive in gray land.

Special Circular No. J2.
NEW SERIES.

QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT OF CROPS, ETC., IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA.
FOR THE YEAR 1885.

RETURNABLE TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE DECEMBER 1, 1885.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

ATLANTA, GA., NOV. 15, 1885.

DEAR SIR:--Please answer the following questions, and return to this office between this and December 1st, proximo.

Let the answers apply to the whole county for which you report; not simply to your own farm and neighborhood.

JP^" New correspondents are informed that the crop or standard with

which comparisons are made is always 100; so, 10 per cent, better or greater,

or more would be indicated by 110; 10 per cent, less by 90, etc.

Please answer promptly, so that your reply may reach this office by the

third day of December, or as soon thereafter as practicable. If it arrives

later than the 5th of December it cannot be used in the consolidation, and hence will be valueless.

Correspondents are earnestly requested to use special care in the preparation

of their answers in this report. The estimates of actual yield should be made

with great care after diligent inquiry.

Very respectfully,

J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture.

I. For what county do you report? II. Your name? III. Post-offlee? IV. Will you serve as reporter next year?

nountv

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA.

[362]

the age crop

product

thepreeent year of

the folioo,wing

crops

in

your

county

In

comparison

with

an

aver-

1. Cotton 2 Corn 3. Wheat i- Oats 5. Sugar Cane 6. Sorghum 7. Rice 8. Sweet Potatoes 9. Field Peas 10. Ground Peas 11. Clover Hay 12. Olher hay (give name) Give the avcmy, yield pa- acre for the present year in your county, of-- 13. Cotton, pounds of lint per acre

Per cent . Per cent . Per cent . Percent .. Per cent .Percent Per cent ..Percent .Per cent Per cent . Per cent . Per cent

14. Corn, bushels pi.r acre

15. Wheat, bushels per acre

1. Oats, bushels pi?r acre

17. Sugar Cane, gallons per acre

18. Sorghum, gallons per acre

19. Rice, bushels rough rice per acre

20. Sweet Potatoes, bushels per acre

21. Field Peas, bushels per acre

22. Ground Peas, bushels per acre

23. Clover Hay, tons (cured) per acre

J4. Other hay, (give name), tons (euredi per acre ..

[363]

QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT.

Give tlie average price, at nearest market, December 1st, of-- 25. Cotton, per pound

26. Corn, per bushel

S7. Wheat, per bushel

28. Oats, per bushel

29. Sugar Cane Syrup, per gallon

30. Sorghum Syrup, per gallon

81. Rough Bice, per bushel

32. Sweet Potatoes, per bushel

33. Hay, per ton

MISCELLANEOUS.
3*. Acreage sown in wheat this fall compared to last year 85. Acreage in fall oats compared to last year 36. Amount of home-raised pork produced compared to last year 37. Number of stock hogs, all sizes, compared to last year 38. Per cent of a full supply of pork produced 39. Number of sheep compared with last year 40. Condition of farmers in your county compared with last year 41. What is the indebtedness of farmers compared with last year ? 42. Price of farm lands compared with prices this time last year 48. Give amount of farm supplies purchaied in comparison with last year 44. Give the average cash price per pound for bacon in your county this year 45. Average time price for bacon payable November 1st 46. Give the average cash price paid for corn per bushel in your county this year 47. Average time price for corn payable November 1st

cents cents cents cents
centg
cents cents cents cents
per cent
percent per cent
per oent
.percent percent .percent percent per cent p,r cent
cents . cents .cents

4

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

48. Give the date of the first killing frost 49. What diseases, if any, have prevailed among stock this year ?

[364]

50. Eeport experiments made with seeds, and especially with those received from this department.

51. Ueport experiments, extraordinary results, important remedies for diseases of stock, or other facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia.



CIRCULAR No. 74 j

NEW SERIES.

\

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT

Ji
GEORGIA.
FOR THE YEAR 1885.
CONTAINING AMONG OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST TO THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA, ESTIMATED YIELD OF LEADING CROPS ; LECTURE BY PKOF. VILLE, ON THE IRISH POTATO; AND REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY FARM.
J. T. HENDERSON, COMMISSIONER.
ATLANTA,GEORGIA: JAMBS P. HARRISON & Co., STATE PRINTERS.
1886.

I CIRCULAR NO. 74. New Series.
SUPPLEMENTAL BEPOBT-1885.
SHOWING THE YIELD OF THE LEADING CROPS OF THE STATE: COMPARED TO THAT OF AN AVERAGE CROP, THE AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE, AND OTHER MATTERS OF INTEREST RELATING TO THE AGRICULTURE OF GEORGIA.
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE December 1st, 1885.
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ATLANTA GEOKGIA, January 20th, 1886.
GENERAL COMMENTS.
The total production, with all the principal crops, except that of wheat and of sugar cane, is the largest attained since 1882. The wheat crop was almost a failure in the northern portion of the State, where the area of the crop is greatest, and sugar cane, notwithstanding the large yield per acre, from the small acreage of the crop, fall considerably below the average production.
The yield has been materially reduced by destructive wind and rain storms, which have been of frequent occurrence throughout the State, and the crops on bottom lands in many localities have been swept away by high water. The rains of the months of September and October were especially damaging to the unharvested crops.
For a concise statement of the average yield per acre and of the production, expressed in per centage, compared to the average product of a series of years, (see pages 6-10)
COTTON.
The product of the cotton crop, in comparison with an average crop in North. Georgia, is reported at 90; in Middle Georgia, 91 ; in Southwest Georgia, 86; in East Georgia, 85 ; in Southeast Georgia, 84; and in the whole State, 87.
The total production of the State estimated from a comparison of the acreage and with that of yield per acre the census crop of 1879, is 952,000 bales of 450 pounds each.
The lint is inferior in quality, and the average price per pound for the State, 8 1-3 cents. The crop has not been remunerative to the farmer. While the average yield per acre and the total production of the State are large, the prices realized for the crop, owing partly to the generally inferior or damaged condi-

_

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[368]

tion of the lint, have been very low being one and one-sixth lower than the average price obtained for the crop of 1883 and 1884.

CORN.
The production of North Georgia, in comparison with an average, is reported 105; Middle Georgia. 104; Southwest Georgia, 98; East Georgia, 102; and Southeast Georgia, 98. The average for the whole State is 101.
The average yield in bushels per acre in North Georgia is 17 ; in Middle and Southeast Georgia, 12; in Southwest and East Georgia, 9; and in the whole State, 12.
The total production of the State is estimated at 30,000,000 bushels. The crop is a large one, and is probably altogether sufficient to supply the demand of the State, the surplus of some sections being adequate, it is believed, to make up the deficiency in others.
WHEAT AND OATS.

The total yield of these crops, as estimated from the returns to this office of July 1st, and published in the crop report of that month, is as follows : Wheat 2,800,000bushels ; oats 6,095,600 bushels.
The per centage of total yield in the present report falls four points below that of July with wheat, and is two points higher with oats, but the estimates of total yield made from the data then at hand is believed to be a close approximation and is accepted for this report.
RICE.

The product in comparison to an average is 98. The average yield in bushels of rough rice per acre in Middle Georgia is 12 ; ki Southwest Georgia, 44; in East Georgia, 19; and in Southeast Georgia, 21.
SUGAR CANE.

The product, compared to an average, in Middle Georgia, is 103 ; in Southwest Georgia, 111 ; in East Georgia, 102 ; and in Southeast Georgia, 107.
The yield per acre is unusually great, amounting in the average for the State to 248 gallons, but the total production though very much larger than that of last year is still low from the small acreage of the crop.
SORGHUM.
1
The per cent, of total yield, in comparison with an average crop for the State is 99, and the average yield in syrup per acre 106 gallons. The crop is one point above an average in North and Middle Georgia, where the crop is most extensively grown.
PORK.
The amount of pork produced in comparason with last year is 86. This i reported as 60 per cent, of a full farm supply for the State.

[369]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

STOCK HOGS.

An epidemic among hogs, designated by correspondents as cholera, has been prevalent throughout the State, and from this cause and the scarcity of feed the number of stock hogs is reduced 12 per cent, from last year.
"Cholera" among hogs is reported by the correspondents from over half the
counties in the State. The disease is mentioned as existing in 42 out of 56 counties in North and Middle Georgia.

ACREAGE IN WHEAT AND FALL OATS.

The acreage in wheat compared to last year in North Georgia is 80; in Middle Georgia 81 ; in Southwest Georgia roi ; in East Georgia 98 and in Southeast Georgia 200, and the acreage for the State 93. In Southeast Georgia, where little has been sown heretofore, there is a large proportional increase in acreage, but the crop is reported only from the counties of Coffee and Glynn, and as but a limited area is devoted to the crop, this section is not considered in the average for the S:ate.
The acreage in fall oats compared to last year in North Georgia is 80 in Middle Georgia 82 in Southwest Georgia too in East Georgia 98 and in Southeast Georgia 97. The average for the State is 91.
The acreage of this crop is largely increased since the general introduction of rust-proot varieties, and at the same time a decided decrease in the relative acreage of the fall sowing. In the northern and middle portions of the State, this now constitutes but an inconsiderable proportion of the area devoted to
this crop.

CASH AND TIME PRICES FOR CORN AND BACON.

The average cash price for bacon in the State is reported at 8 cents and for corn 76cents, while the average time price, payable November 1st, io cents for bacon and 99 for corn, amounting to a difference of between the cash and credit prices of 31 per cent, on bacon and 18 per cent, on corn. The time for which this is paid does not exceed in the average over four months of the year, and
hence is equivalent to 92 and 54 per cent, per annum. This is a heavy tax on the cotton producer, and emphasizes the importance of producing all necessary provision supplies on the farm.

COUNTIES.
Lumpkin Paulding

TABLE No. 1- -Consolidation of Supplemental Crop Report for 1885.

NORTH GEORGIA.

Yield compared Average Yield A verage frice,

to an iverage.

per A ere.

December let.

Miscellaneous.

.. ' ' JI

a
0
O

c u O

-a

O

ft ed O

a

s a
0 a
1

-na a

a 0

1
a

U

la "3 [ id
IS

3 ad O

a S
0 0

T3 U
a. E 0 u

s* T33.i2' 0

U

f 0 K

a>

1 v

M

Vb V
>.u ft a S 0 u

a
3 0a. u Q. O O
O

V .3 3 .3
U 3.
c"
O

X
-3 </] 3 .0 V O.
Ed
I*

M 3 A
U.

at

O

"3

sir C
-H a

0 -- 3

8-5
D. ^ 0>

I'i"5 en-S ^ 3 (A k.

cc *>>,

- > Ute*cj

^ =

E 8

"o

0

a 3

CO 0
s'^ la U i- -Q

- a

so *;

a 0

gl

< fl < 0

0
S

SS

0 S 3

u

a, 4 0 -S i, c

mount of larm supplies purchased comp'rd with last y'r. verage cash price per pound for bacon.

<

3

u V

'

u

rt sx O

X3 M

3 J

3

_Q

S2
'** 1-1 O, V u <D
U

* -0.5 a 1) (11

S u

c .

.8.
* 3

V 1?

If" 2!

U 0 JJ O

<! < <

HI 0
M a
J3
(Sca
0
a s V

*'A 78 102 50 55 "5 IC

5 I[

45 100 50 95 >15 100 ,8 66 95 qo 90 IOO 100 6H 9^ 82 102 Uctaa^i

75 IOI 55 85 140 30

75

77 97 45

75 87 50 75 150 12

90 I05 85 80 265 "3

100

65 80 200 25

71 IOS 5 75 MO 12

4 20 8K 19 9s; 18 45 70 00 90 100 80 75 80 90 80 8% IO

68 7S Oc t. 22.

5 if- 8>2 47

3 70 30 nK 76 6rt

as nJ 90

9>-J

78 L O3

8 M 854 So 10; 2S 75 80 "5 130 75 88 IOO IOO IOO 7S 8 10

60 a?

6 18 8ys 5 no 5 'IO TOO no 100 87 100 IIO IIO IOO

8

10 105 80

4 16 8

42 85 35 80

80 65 50 I'JO 8S 80 90 100 11

87 1 00 Oct. 8.

4 IO 8

40 TOO

IIO IOO 90 8=

IOO IOS IOO IOO 10

80 1 00 Oct. 24.

78 95 70 70 a*5 17

IOC hf

n

6 t

30 qV, l9

48 IO0 45

80

80

88

82

5 90 78 92 6K IOO 83 107

00

TOO

t1n%<

11 10^

73 I CO Nov. 3. Oct. 15.

88 100 55 5 740 18 12

50 100 68 90 80 10 J

75 75 00 80 90 go 7 JO

75 I 00 Oct. s.

100 5 100

15

4 30

4 90 40 80 75 no no 80 10. IOO IOO itJ5 IOO 9 [2

75 I 00 Oct. 20.

85 12a 56 h5 is8 18

fl 9< 103 64 63 '43 '7

US

120 85 7O0 25

4 5 10

15
9

S''A/,

35 *K

40 91
47 103 50 xoo

40 81 41 100 98 41 75 IIO 105 IOO bo no 105 95 Ss

60 IOO 95 "05 92 143

II

77 95 97 92 93 90 7H II

75 9 I2T IIO IOO "5 9 x%%

64 85 Oct. 20. 77 ^7 Oct. 19. 80 1 00 Oct. 20.

100 IIO 75 75 1,5 13 97 108 60 5 "5 8

W 5 10

15 100 60 100 100 100 100 60

IOO 75 IOD IOO 7 10

75 1 00

5 10 S'A 60 125 65 60 70 75 85 65 90 "5 90 "3 55 6^i 12^ 75 1 10 Oct. 28.

100 no 75 50 SCO 12 80 "5 85 80 150 12 9 no 75 no 150 IO

8 7

la 10
14

10 100
48 105

60 100
19 87

50 100 IOO
75 "5 "5

78

75 IOO 50 no 05 IOO no 95

75 7 90 8

IO '4

0 20 8>, 45 100 15 50

125 S ICO 80 90 120 100 "5 8 12

75 t 10 78 I 13 Oct. 30. 6; I OO Nov. 7.

135 140 5 140 125 SO

3 35 8

.... 8s 112 OO 88 331 19 11 S3 9

122 SO 100

20

5 20

50 90
5 IOO 15 112

40 yo 100 100 125 4 85 7 no 105 S 75 So no 105

65 90 IOO IOO IOO loo 8
7, 100 88 112 IOO 88 6
80 95 no I>5 102 IOO 10

n
"9H,

5 I OO Nov. 10.

68 95

7,

75 1 00

23.

a
0 w >
pa H
S
z
H O
O P9 O
r
H C
n 0 w
0
>
1--1

tt
Whitfield

Bibb

,

Clarice
DeKalb

Jasper McDuffie
pike Rockd le Talbot Up-oa Warren
Averae*

--,

_

^--,

122 55 116

I,3 3 20

9* "5

xxa i5 23 11 23

83 too 66 84 160 so 7 15

38 100 45 65 75 100 XX9 TOO 100 XOO XI2 no I3C n!^ 9 4 86 34 79 75 95 9' 97 9' 90 8? 97 ta 9%

58 87 Oct. 4. 75 96

8

106 35 82 60 100 9' 57 xoo 102 xi

95 -14 8 latf 62 9 Oct. >i

00 5 67 76 176 17I

6 17

87 45 100 44 80 8o 94 99 84 02 07 c8 to->

MIDDLE GEORGIA

90 120
105 100
95 too 109 106
83 no 100 no
85 107 84 98 97 97 100 107

00 80 80
87 85 75 75 83
65 75

95 100 75 130 75 187 96 187
92 '3 60 150
75 167 83 132 57 160 5 170

10 5 8 6
12 7 .*3 6 18 6'A 12 7 13 6%
1% 9
13 12 5

20 8H
12 8
11 i% 14 8%
16
8
17 8% 14 i%
9 5 8*

55 100
75 110 65 112
5a l>5
5 100
62 95
57 112 60 i5 50 100 60 120

60 100 85

110

50 60 85 60 95

55 IOO IOO 101 97

53 102 87 105 97

5 30

120 140

47 IOO no 90 00

5> 83 75 95 100

5' 93 no IOO 105

45 80

XOO 85

50

IOO IOD

70

no too 110 ISO

9

70] 90 Nov.23.

40 90 75 125 1 0 no

to IOC I 20 Nov 27.

62

112 87 too g,

9 82 I OO Nov.23

5 H2 100 102 1:5. IOl 8 to

33 IOO 81 I, , 80 0*.

to

70 91 Oct. 23. 87 I I, Nov. 10.

5 6s 77

m 20 7; 10 IS JO

70 90 Nov. 3.

95 CO go

10% 69 95 Oct. 15.

25 90 83 11 10 > to 3

9/3 75 8) Nov. 5.

25 123

10

9% 77 95

5

105 95 10 25 7 12

?> 1 00 Nov.21.

90 100 9 95 180 15 5

IC 8X 4 100 4 80 5 IOO IOO 95 IOO 95 75 2 1 5 3 '3

t 10 Nov. 3.

90 100 95 100 180 95 97 IOO 67 140 80 go 88 66 40 81 105 73 87 150

100 no 85 67 192

no
85 62 98
85 97 100
9' 90
85 100 92 100
85 91 100

no no 107 107
i5 102 no 100 100 100 105
IOS 125 100 107 120

90 100 300
85 60 150 80 82 l"5 82 77 160 90 50 166 95 66 200 85 62 200 73 37 160 80 75 2CO
85 85 ISO 87 70 166 77 58 I94 80 80 165
85 83 207
9 92 166 90 9 20 J

10 9 9 1% 6
11 f>'A

=4 8/s
IC S'A
12 8X

'3 6

12 8/s

10 n "16 8"

10
n

a7l%A

10 *%

8"/,
15 5 8

10 6

'5 8%

12 8% 12 ilA

20 6% 10 &VA

'1 85

17 8% 15 8

15 8%

18 8

iS 8

16 6

II 8%

12 8

12 8

12 7 12 7 15 8

10 8%
16 *%
15 8%

60 no
67 100 55 no 57 ioo
5 I 12
55 '85 75 125 65 IOO 63 io3 75 120 65 105 67 I2j 60 IOO 60 IOO 80 "5 65 108 53 "7 70 IOO
65 102 58 112 50 IOO

60

90 So

5 IOO 100 IOO

5 IOO 75 IOO lOv

45 87 62 95 97

50 95 47 IOO 103

50 60 75 80
s 5" no 125 82 7

47 IOO 125 102

56 125 100 100 103

55 no 50 120 "5

53 83 70 91 9^

5a 72 30 87 112

50 92 36 IO7 in

75 80 IOO IOO IIC

60

IIC

56 88 97 83 85 43 101 25 98 91

5 100 IOO IOO 1 00

52 95 87 IOO 9C 55 97 too 102 107 40 85 40 IOO no

1 ...

"a-. 80 IOO IOO 00 QO

6H 10

65 9 Nov. 15.

62 IOO 100 87 I05 40 IOJ IOO IOO IOO 4i 9- no 95 IO5

112
9J 105

w8 9% IO 9%

7
io

97 Nov.24. t 20 Nov.12.
97 Nov. 15.

9k 45 90 87 85 IOO "7 7

75 97

a 30 90 IO' 100 no 105

toK

27 67 IOO 87 no 36 IOO 90 o 90

90 ixA tt 82 7XA 13

37 9o 83 0" 107 90 iV* 9

10 25 8^ 5 100 100 8 10

15 75 no 94 100 95 7/s 9lA

7M 45 IOO "5 IOO 105 81

to

83 IOO 120 75 90 78 7 to

60 80 IOO IOO 150 100 7 10

IOO

8 11

27 97 83 '98 100 9 7A 10

55 IOO 101 80 l3 104 3 10

5 IOO IOC IOO 100 80 8 10

5 IOO IOO 105 95 85 8 IO

5. 97 *5 IOO 97 97 7ji 9
5 50 IOO 75 IOO 60 7 tl

65 95



72 1 00 Nov.ia.

72 1 03 Nov. 3.

83 1 os Nov. 15.

70 90 Nov.25.

85 94 Nov. 19. 75 1 00 Nov. 1.

75 1 00 Nov. 20.

85 1 5 Nov. 15. 80 1 00

99 I 10 Nov. 25.

78 93 Nov. 15. 80 1 10 Nov. 20.

7 85 Nov. 27. 78 I 07 Nov. ig.

75 1 Nov. 26.

91 108 73 70 200 72 97 80 77 I2C
85 80 60
91 104 83 74 165

m 9 7% 18 8X
7 5% 12 8%
12 6% ^A

60 112 72 10S 75 "5
62 105

55 105 80 86 87 51 99 III IOO 105 55. IOO 125
51 9' 82 96 99

42 110 no 69 IOO 86
IOO 85
4S .4 96

108 112

10K

9' 94 76 6% 105*
85 IOO IOf) ay, 7X

92 93 r Hi 10

80 1 00 Nov. 24. M l 4 Nov.34. 70 82
77 j->0

5
en G
r w 2 w > r w o0

COU NTIES.
Crawford Decatur Dougherty.
Randolph . .
Worth Average

TABLE No. I.--CONTINUED.
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

Yield Compared Ave-age yield

iverage price

to au Average.

per Acre

Dtce t ' /St.

Miscella neous.

a 0
u 0

a
0 O

V M
Ss

91 ed
O

0
aa
3 0 fu
1
a
0 0

91

*o Xi in 3 X

U
sX.
XJ>,

a X
X

1 c

ru t

1

X.

0
0

C

a
3
a 0 u Va,
c 0
0

"sa3
3 XI
8 a
a
0 0

x;
9 X)
a.
CuO Xi

I=si sir s J* J1 . sis>, _>. ** -- Xi
s t 3
SI Jss rt . X
h
II 28 Va Is i 12 Sfi 8-a |8 tn
ll <a rt J5-| ! <! O

0
E 80
V Xi
d V
a
V 0

a
V
a S 0 u
O
.2 >. *> f
^ O

b %t
0-0 0 rt
a 3
0

8

0

0 V

0

0 O

15.
0. .
3

a, E 0
0

a

*8"

3

.

V
xV;

u

'/3 1/1 -.2

o

0 "

3 a 10 .5

X)X1

3 a

uo0.

PS! 3 j:

Z 0. Z

1
B 0 u n V Jj E v
=5

0 a

8
0T3 - O J3 a

0 V
ta3 B 0 u w c
^ n
a,

1 ^
a* a.ti
^E 0- w 2
4-.T3

a0
3
0a.
0. V 0
a
J3 v> . u 0
<

w 3 Xi 0 * a ou x0 V '5 E a. XI 0 0 c
2 >> > a <y 0

0 "3 2 aZ
S &
>u V0-

1
.5 M
*o
0

>
S
P3
H C

69 96 70 90

85 113 10 no 15L In

85 100 75 IOC 80 90

90

90 100 10
90 110 8 78 II2.1. 8

6

90 100 80 98 185 9 10

! 8
}. 8>i
11 8 8 8 11 8
16 7X

55 85 4 65 6J 100 55 170

52

110 88 87 38 95 90 120 90 too 8 tij,

60

IOO 75 60 70 IOO no IOO no 50 12 13

45

no 40 35 40 IOO 75 125 no 50 8

60

150 8o 80 80 90 75 125 100 95 8 10

55 no 120 55 100 100

55 77

45 70

40 65

75 95

90 107 100 85 85 117

j8 75

9<A

9'

II

75 I OO Nov. 2585 I CO Nov. 25. 70 ) OO Nov. 25.
6; 90 Nov. a6.
75 95 Nov. 20. 75 1 10 Nov. 20.

> o n

66 85 90 85 95 80 100 "BC.

80 90 75 10 95 100 6

85
85 80

105 100 103

"88

10S 103
67

IOC 9 75 8 140 9

IOC no
100 100

IOO 200 18 IOO 160 8

5 'o>2

12 7%
7 7 12
Ik XI
16 xo 8
12 8Ji

55 55 125 50
58 50 IOO 80
60

IOO no I'5 no 20

95 IOO 95 no

50

6c 75 65 6u 90 75 30 100 80 8 IOJ^

50 IOO 100 90 90 100 100 1 5 95 IOO 90 7 IO

50

150 25 65 90 89 87 90 IOO 85 8 10

60

87 90 87 50 90 87 83 103 80 8% II

55 100 87 93 87 23 85 88 82 90 95 7X 10

60

IOO 75 75 75 IOO tOO IOO IOO

8

5

25 SO 75 33

IOO vo IOO 100 7% 10

Nov to.

77 1 15 Nov. 20, 50 1 00 Nov 34.

85 1 00 Nov.25.
75 1 00 Nov.25. 80 1 00 Nov.37.

Nov. 34.

60

Nov. 24.

G
c w
o I

100 IOO IOO 75 150

7

75 80 120 66 125 8 7

50 125 45 125 IOO

75 67 IOO 50 150 75 too

r9

xo 7>2 50 125 55 100 IOO 60 50 5' 75 50 150

125 752 to

90 1 10 70 1 00 Nov. 35

c H o

"i oc 9> "85
73 88 80

250 K 7
125 8 6

II '" "63 IOO
11 8J4 55 IOO

43 IOO 70 nc "5 50 108 ISO 103 90

00 IOO 55 IOo

93 too 105 83 no 85

?i 80

10

83

10J6*

72 95 Nov. 27 80 " 03 Nov. 25.

85 IOO

80 150 6

80 no 75 80 80 8 6

95 no 95 103 '65 10 6

00 105 75 80 '75 10 10

88 105

113 105 8

100 o no 8s 125 8 4

80 98

102 220 11 10

86 98 90 9 0 150 9 7

15 15 >5 3 8 30 8
M J4
12 8

65 60 60 95 70 100 50 60 125
59 IOO
S7 113

65

IOO IOO 100

55 IOO IOO IOO >.oo

55 95 IOO 97 92

50

75 75

45

IOO

38

% 50 tic 101

75

53 75 97 6D 60

5> 101 1 IOO

76

IOO 9 no ICO no 10 13

60 90 9 no 90 90 8 II

58 95 105 98 IOO

7M .oK

60 95 no OO 105 !o 8 II

43

75 133 IOO no 9 125,

9 50

100 ICO 120 IOO 7

9

80 IOO 00 75 5 xto 8 10

54 88 88 103 IOO 9i 8 10-K

85 1 05 Nov.35 85 1 10 Nov.26 73 1 00 Nov. 18 75 95 Nov. 16.
11 1 20 Nov. 25 I 90 Nov. 16
75 I OO Nov.3
I 03

Bulloch Burke

Pulaaki

Tattnall

Telfair

,,

Twiggs

83 103 75 130 142 9

90 100

60 150 8

95 105

97 112 9

ICO no 100 100 175 to

88 100 84 86 *39

EAST GEORGIA

8 12
20
!3 15 9

70 100
75 63 70

55 75 IOO 98 105

60

I OO 150 150

58 105 10a 98 95

55 100 no 110 no

7^ 90 95 102 135 82 *>A U
75 IOO IOO IOO IOO 150 8 12 50 88 95 101 106 87 75 IOO 125 80 "5 75 9 13

Crt 75 ICO Nov. 25.
Nor. 25.
75 117 Nov. 25. 75 IOO Nov.27.

5 14 8

?y. 60 125 50 l3 "5 87 90 41 96 101 IOI IOO 84

10

75 IOO Nov. 24*

70 100 85 85 150 8

8

70 100

65

10

.. 100 no

100 150 9

80 105 90 80 123 8

87 102 100 100 200 10

88 112

10a 150 12

80 90

90 200 12

85 90 95 95 135 12

90 103 93 84 150 9 "8

75 100 70 90 "5 7

5

85 103 88 89 49 9 7

10 7'A
X88
10
11 i%
20 8>2 5 7K 10 7% '5 8
% 17
10
14 81-6

5<> 15 75 60 50 140 50 87 65 100 60 60 iS 60 100
60 117

60 90 90 80 80

75 100 no ISO 130

55 100 125 50 5

5 80 95 75

100 IOO 75 75

75 88 77 82 82

60

10 15 5

5

=5 "5

55 100 116 70 62 60 no 120 5 50

58 9f 98 79 80

75 75 105 90 6X 9

IOO 150 70 IOO 5 10

=5 IOO IOO IOO IOO 75 7 to

60

90

no 90 6 8

60 "80 105 90 IOO 65 8 la

75 IOO no 78 IOO 80 9 11

75 20 o 20 IOO 10 8 12

10

90 85. IOO 80 7 10

39 94 83 Ill 4 89 8 ic 40 60 7J 150 9 IOO 8 IS

75 IOO IOO
75 IOO Nov. 25. 60 75 Nov. 7. 80 IOO Nov. 24.
Nov.afi.
80 IOO Uct. 20. 70 110 Nov. 26. 75 IOO Nov. 30. 80 no Nov.25.

54 85 IOO 84 108 80

10H 79 IOI

a r w s
M

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

IOO
80 100
95

IOO

14

80 200 12

75

9

20
25 11

80
75 65

90 IOO 00 IOO 100 IOO IOO

10

Nov.6.

r

60 43

80 50 5 50 IOO IOO 50 no 90 9 XI 1 to 90 IOO 00 90 95 75 100 90 9

5 80 NOT.to.

69

NOT.26.

M

IOO 100 90 "5 150 12

8 10 9

8s '75 75 IOO no IOO 60 IOO 90 IOO 50 100 75 10 10

95 IOO NOT.5.

O

75 IOO

95 166 12

13 8M 57

82 85 IOO 90 75 10 12 15

70

86 105

IOO 325 J5

13 9

75

80 IOO

70 100 15

IO

75

62

IOO IOO 105 6l IOO 95 IOO IOO IOO 8Va 12K 73 9 Oct. 25.

!HS

55 300 82 95 IOO 5<> 50 95

IOO IOO 8

75

IOO 60 60 60 75 IOO '00 105 80 10 '3

75 100 no Nov. 25.
Nov. 25.

75

IOO IOO IOO 5" IOO IOO 35 IOO 50 8" 10

Nov.26. GO
00

84 98 85 9' 153

12 IO 14 8.*j 73 '75 63 200 97 86 84 RECAPITULATION--BY SECTIONS.

60 88

98 66 V>3

84 9

3*

79 95

North Georgia

Middle Georgia....

IO

Southwest Georgia

io/8

East Georgia

8 i-6

Southeast Georgia..

8H

=8

For the State, 1885

87 101 83 85 168 12 b% 14 % 59 122 53 92 91 86 88 60

101 89 8 10% 76 99

For the State, 1884 ... 76 91 87 75 158 10 7 12 9>H 69 106 61 60 80 99 98 66 93

100 94'n 14% 88 113

VO

IO

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[374]

TABLE No. ll--Shomng Product and Prices of Rice, Sugar-Cane, Etc.,. by Sections.

__

[375]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPOHT--1885.

f

Summary of Weather Reports from October 1st to December 3 ist^ 188$.
NORTH GEORGIV.

OCTOBER.

NOVEMBER.

DECEMBKR.

Temperature. Rainfall. Temperature. I Rainfall. Temperature Rainfall.

STATIONS.

J

OBSERVER.

a a

E a

Pa a

a

CO SO
0

aP |

c

s a

V

g

2

a

s

<.

3
S

a a |a H 5
!i a ss a Oa fc

Dahlonega Ellerslie Gainesville
Mossy Creek... Rabun Gap

73 36 64.7 6.7E

69 41 58.II 10.50

71 34 66.5 6.28

76 36 b7.6 4 21

71 VI

3w4

56.8 6.7U 56.2 11. ao

75 36 57.0 b.bl

6 71 30 48.4 8.47 7 65 20 41.0 5.70 4 9 68 26 49.6 e.ii 11 62 19 41.3 3.90 8 76 31 49.7 4.69 8 8
6 B; 21 45.' 7 80 10 9 VO 2a 19.0 5.70 9 68 23 41.0 5.44

3 B. P. Gaillard

fl

Mrs. J. W. Bryan. C. B. I.aHaite

J. M. Dorsey. Edward Litton. 5 R. S. Norton.

72 34 56.8 7.28 7 71 2; 48.2 6.54 9 63 21 41.1 5.0115

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

Atlanta Carrol lton ... LaG range Milledgeville . Oxford Tomson Greensboro...
Means.

57.11 4.11' 54.4 5..80 54.4 60.8 4.80
69.0 '"80 58.2 4
4.51

.91 49.6; 3.93 30 47.6 4.70 29 51 4 5.25
51.2 1.70 5o.7| 4.75 50.1! 4.05

62 22

42.4 1.70 44 2.43

44.2 1.30 42.3 3.50

21

2.21

R. J. Redding. J. J. Brown. H. H. Cary. Samuel A. Cook. Miss E Stewart, A. E. Sturgis. S. H'. Janes.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

Amercus ... Columbus.. Cuthbert... Fort Valley. Na-hville... Quitman ..
Means.

61.5 4.50 62.7 2.30
3.25

52.0 2.80 54.0 2.00 55.0 2.06 53.3

4 .9 1.80 47.0 1.40 27

J. . Bivins. G. M. Dewes. B. T. Hunter. Mrs.W.J.Andersor. H. T. Peeples. Wm. T. Gaulden.

EAST GEORGIA.

Augusta Cochran.
Means

78 26 51.0 1.67 "82 "42 '60.7 4*80 "6 '16 29 52.7 0.61
78 30 52.8 1.85
82 42 60.7 4.80 6 77 28 52.2 1.27

6 68 20 43.2 2.25 4 4 "70 "24 '44.6 i!75
5 6" 22 43.9 2.00

w. K. Nelson. R. C. canders. G. W.A. Wldtaker

Brunswick

81 bl 66.7 9.83

St. Mary's. ... 82 47 64.5 4.20

Walthourville.. 80 50 65.2 7.00

Means

81 49 65.5 6.84

Means forStnte 79 41 60 a 5.34

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

-

b 80 86 59 0 0.45 4 81 32 56.0 0.20 6 83 S3 57.4 0.05

2 "73 '28 "50'.'5
1

H. A. Ken rick. '"5 E. A. Me shorter.
John L. Harden.

5 81 34 57.5

I '3 28 50.5 7.20 5

9 76 30 52.2 2.17 5 68 21 4*.8 3.6.1 4

12

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[376]

:

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS.

NORTH GEORGIA.

BANKS.-Tobacco did well, and in my opinion is one of the best, if not the best '

wop that can be raised here.

BABTOW -I send reports of premium acres of corn and wheat. Seven contestants

on corn. Premium awarded to A. Davis, 81 bushels and 41 lbs.; second best 78 bushels and 44 lbs. Five contestants on wheat. Premium awarded to J. 1. Con-

.

yers, 22)4 bushels; second best, 22 bushels.

A. B. CANNON,

J

Secretary Agricultural Club of Bartow Co., No. 3.

-Thera is no better countrv for grapes; all varieties can he rai-ed, and with few

exceptions a1ll, dAo w,,,,enll.

JOHN K. SEWEL.

CATOOSA -TWO heavv freshets on October 1st and November 6. Bottom corn ruined. Cotton badly damaged by rain. Peas almost a failure. Times gloomy

Money scarce ; farmers generally in a bad condition financially. Hogs scarce, both

fattening and stock. Prices of farm products too low to live.

A. I. LKET.

ti:

-The purple Munich turnip sent me is one week earlier than purple top o

s'rap leaf; both equal in other respects. I notice more hogs die in the _ fattening

pen than elsewhere. I never lost but one hog of disease and it got out m the big

road and died in a few days afier I got it back. In fattening I give the hogs access

to clover till they get too heavy, then give them turnip-tops or cabbage, and salt

once a week. Hogs are too often left to root or parish in the woods and la

where vermin and poverty develop cholera.

J- B. HENDERSON.

CnATTooGA.-Chattoogacoun'y is in a very bad fix at present; there is one-half

of the corn crop ruined by freshets, one-fourth of the cotton crop rotten in the

field, and what they have brought very low price, consequently 1885, leaves the peo-

ple in a very bad fix to commence another crop; it has rained EO much this fall, M

ittle wheat sown up to date.

J J "

-The Burt oats are doing well ; cabbage and turnips doing well. The best re-

sults on crops are where clover seed is followed with acid phosphate, 150 pounds b

the acre, giving 900 pound of seed cotton. The remedy for our county is to plai

Jess sow more clover, raise more stock, and feed out all the forage at home. K. R. FOSTEB.

COBB.-Millo Maize did well, but did not mature seed. Several farmers in tbis section made from 40 to 50 bushels of corn per acre on upland. Farmers are sowinj more grain, and preparing to raise more grasses.
DADE--Almost every remedy thought of tried on hogs for cholera; fresh pine tar, applied externally, also internally, appears to be the most successful preventive ; some think they have saved theirs, or some of them, by keeping them in dry lots and not allow them any water at all; I had 28 four months old pigs. I put

[377]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

13

eight to keep them oft the potato patch and fed on swill from the kitchen, and
they all escaped the disease, while 18 of the others died while running at large. G. A. R. BIBLB.

FLOYD.--Millo Maize did well, and made an ^abundant yield. The turnip crop is unusually fine. The rains have been so heavy and frequent since the first of September, they were very damaging to corn and cotton, which also put the farmars very much backward in gathering their crops ; but little oats have boen sown so far, and oats having been killed out.for the last two -winters, (fall sowing) that
most of the crop will be sown in January and February. Farmers and merchants are greatly disappointed at the turn out of the crop, and hard times is the general ' complaint, all are despondent, I never saw a more discouraging outlook.
JHO. H. DENT.

--Much damage to corn and cotton by high water in Coosa river and its tributa-

ries, especially corn, which can be only used for feeding hogs, and some say even

dangerous for them ; after drying on the cob, such corn sells from 10 to 25 ce.its

* per bushel.

G. W. THOMAS.

--The Farmers' Association of this place are the recipients of your many

favors. The millo maiz is a most excellent crop, and this section of Geogia will

appreciate its introduction. The Bob cotton introduced last year proves to be a

success, both in yield and staple. The wheat does not prove much superior if any

The crops on the river are considerably damaged by the overflow of the 8th, 9th and

10th of November.

S. C. BRIGHT, Sec.

FOBSYTH --Nothing is more efficient in removing vermin from hogs than mercu-

rial ointment. One bundle of sheaf oats given to a horse each night is a preventive

of colic.

W. J. GARDNER.

--Sugar Cane.--Mrs. S. A. Wa'son planted one-fourth of an acre'in ribbon cane;

put up ha:f to plant next spring, the other half made into syrup. The yield was 50 gallons as nice syrup as I ever ate; used compost, plant the cane -in the bottom

of a deep furrow, the compost on top. The cane averaged four and a half feet

(matured) and was large.

MRS. H. N. STJTTON.

GILMER --My hogs were attacked with something like cholera; I gave them a good dose of epsoru salts in slop; in a few days they were well. My experience is that
the manure from a hog pen is the best thing he can put under corn. N. L. OSBURN.

GORDON.--The crop will certainly fall below last year. There have not been so many causes of disaster to the crop for the last seventeen years. Bad stands, too much
rain, storms, floods, etc. Corn also much injured by overflows. 0. H. DAVIS.

--The earfy frost cut short my experiments with Millo Maize and Egyptian wheat, very little of either maturing. Corn, cotton and peas were materially injured by excessive rains during gathering season. Much corn destroyed by freshets, and a considerable area of :and designed for wheat has remained too wet ta sow; if put in at all will be very late ; but a small amount of oats sown.
N. B. HALL.
GWINNETT.--Corn crop mostly gathered, heavy, and above an average in quality
and weight. Cotton mostly gathered, and twc-thirds sold. The crop is mostly " storm
cotton.

14

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[378J

In my long experience I remember no fa'l so unfavorable as this has been, and

at this writing it is not improved.

R. D. WINN.

--Baggarly's Prolific, a variety of cotton sent out by the Department at Washing-

ton, has generally proved satisfactory ; large bolls and good yield.

Remedy for Hog Cholera.--I have found the wild ivy, boiled root or branch, and

the liquor thickened wit^i meal and fed to hogs to relieve them of choleri.

The condition of the farmors w'.fch rega-d to provisions is better, and where out

of debt are safe. The majority being in debt, the poor quality and low price of

eotton leaves them about where they were. The field pea nearly all rotted in the

Selds.

j. w. POOL.

HABERSHAM.--Remedy fur Oh ler.iin Hogs.--Last July my hogs commenced dying

from what is called hog cholera. Tried the experiment of burning corn to a coal,

sprinkling spirits of turpentine over the burnt corn and feeding it to the hogs which

had t';e desired effect. One of the hogs that eat the corn was almost dead bir. is now

well and fat, and will weigh 200 lbs.

YOUNG DAVIS.

MURRAY --The worms and want of rain reduced the cotton crop very much ; and

the abundance of rain in November destroyed much, and prevented the picking so as to cause very great loss.

The overflow of the low lands in November has reduced the quantity of sound

corn very considerably, hence the falling off in the auticipated yield of our cotton

and corn crops, as well as the small quantity of wheat sown in the fall. If any oats

have been sown I am not aware of the fact.

H. HKABTSELL.

PICKENS.--I have experimented some with rnulo maize. I consider it a failure

,

JOSEPH DEERING.

POLK.--Spring turnips were very fine as to stand and yield. Sugar beet large and fine, but inclined to be stringy. The "winter white" wheat did wel in both quality and quantity.
S. M. H. BYRD.

--With the fall off in the yield in the cotton crcp and poor prices our farmers

are blue. I see much reason for hope. First, farmers are spending litlle; second,

there is mor3 corn, wheat, potatoes, syrup and pork than for many years. Our

people can live with but little help from the merchant, and this is cause for thank-

fulness. One year from now wilh ordinary crops will find farmers more prosperous

than they have been for ten years.

J. 0. WADDELL.

RAEUN.--Cholera among hogs has been quite fatal in portions of the county. I got a bad stand of the sugar beets, and the early amber sorghum cane sent me. Neither of them did well, owing partly to the dry weather. I think the beets will do fine here with good seasons and early planting. Owing to the excessive rains and overflow" of bottom land, our corn crop is injured at least 25 per cent. We have the largest crop ever made. We had a splendid mast, and our hogs that escaped the cholera are fat in the woods. Not much demand for corn. Plenty of beef cattle ; not sold owing to low prices. Our taxes are on us and money scarce. Owing to the excessive rains the acreage in small grains is not as large as it otherwise would have been.
F. A. BLECKLEY.
--Cases of milk-sick amongst cattle and cholera amongst hogs. Turnip seed received from the Department did very well. EDWAKD SITTON.

1379]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

15

WALKEB.--Cholera among hogs har destroyed a great many. I made 1T6 gallons o syrup from one and one-eighth acres of laud this year. We have had an abundance of wet this fall, and two overflows of our creeks,

which has injured quite a large portion of our corn--at least 25 per cent. We have not sown as much wheat as we intended to on account of so much wet

weather. We are passing through one of the greatest money crises that I have ever seen,

except the crisis of Jackson's second term as President. A common milk cow then

was worth $3.00 in gold, and a yoke of cattle $5.00, an 1 bacon $2.50 to $3.00 per hun-

dred lbs.

"W. C. KILGORE.

--The Stephens wheat you sent me in the fall of 1884 was sown on fresh

gravelly land and manured. It froze out badly. It made ninety one pounds toler-

ab.y good wheat, but not as good as the Moore variety, sown near by it. I think

the Stephens much like the Moore.

J. R. KIRKPATBICK,

Secretary Walker Co. Agricultural Society.

WHITFIELD.--Remedy for Hog Cholera.--Last year I lost most of my large hogs with

cholera, and checked the disease by giving madder and kerosine oil, in the propor-

tion of one tablespoonful of madder and a giil of oil to the hog. It is easily given,

. and well worth the trial.

PEARCE HORNE.

MIDDLE GEORGIA.

CAMPBELL.--Some stock have died, I think, from eating shipped corn, without -washing it. I believe the use of too much sulphuric acid in the manufacture of guano is inj urious to crops where it is used continuously from year to y:;ar. Will

some one test it fully and give results ?

H. N. COCHEAN.

--Sorghum seed fed to hogs will fatten them as fast as corn; if any difference it is

in favor of the sorghum seed. Every farme? in Middle Georgia should raise sugar

cane (or ribon cane); it certainly can be made a success, and the syrup cannot be excelled by any that we can buy. It matured as high as twenty joints to the stalk for me; also made seventy on one-eighth of an acre. Sheep have.nearly disappear-

ed in our county.

J- D. SMITH.

The outlook seems encouraging to farmers; corn and meat are plentiful and low ;

stock i'i fine condition and less disease among them since the stosk-law came into
effect. Prohibition and the stock-law seem to be the salvation of our country. T. H. STEED.

CAEKOLL.--There has been no disease among st ick of any kind in this section. Mr. J A. Culpepper male this year 1,800 bushels of corn, 12 bales of cotton, 4,000
bundles of fodder and a large quantity of potatoes, with too mules. R. H. SPEIMOEB.

--The Stephens wheat seat out proved very good this year ; will sow it again.

A. J. Giles, of this county, his a new variety of cotton that is better than I ever

saw; he had only 3-8 of an acre and madi a heavy bale of cotton. More rotten corn

this year than I ever saw.

M- R RUSSELL.

CLAYTON.--Stephens wheat did we'd; also James' Old Town corn. Beets and some

other garden seeds also give satisfaction. Soms farmers are trying the plan of plant-

ing corn in double rows, and like it very well; no extraordinary results have come

to our notice.

A- ? ADAMSON.

i6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[38ol

--I received a package of the Old Town Prolific corn ; planted it on gcod ground -r

it made at the rate of 70 bu-hal to the acre. I think it ia a splendid co-n ; some of.

the stalks had three ears on them.

W. P. JONES.

COLUMBIA..--I regard Millo Maize as a great acquisition to fa-mers. Some who

give their hogs an occasional dose of decoction of poke root don't have hog cholera.

Most of ihe field peas rotted in the field from excessive raina. We have had fewer

hogs to kill, but have been better fed. Short crops and low prices have a depress-

ing effect.

J- A. WALTON.

COWETA.--The sorghum seed and Bob cotton seed you sent did remarkably well;

and I am well pleased with both the quality and yield.

A. W. STOKES.

DEKALB.--Distemper among horses and mules. The millo maize I consider a coarse and inferior forage, but yields abundantly. Horses prefer corn fodder, sorghum, or most any other fodder to it. I planted some conch peas in bills ten feet square. The vines made a wonderful growth unlil frost, but did not bear but few peas. The disposition of the pea appears to r-e to grow as long as it can find unoccupied space; I therefore think it should be more crowded in order to cause it to fruit. I consider it of extraordinary value if we can only raise our seed.
T. J. FLAKE.

DOUGLAS.--The Eureka cotton seed you sent us proved to be good. The scaly bark

watermelon was fine.; also lettuce, white seeded tennis ball and green prolific

cucumber were good. Buncombe cabbage of no account. There have been no dis-

eases among stock in this section this year. The best way to keep off diseases

among mules and horses is good care, regular feed and plenty of it. Always knock

off the worm dust on the ends of the ears ot corn, as it might cause blind staggers.

The worm dust often lodges in the head, which brings on blind staggers or some

other f-.tal disease. For stock hogs boil poke root or salad in the spring, and give

once a week, and they are not apt to take any disease.

If cows get choked on fodder or any substance that is not too hard, shoot a gun

off under them, just behind the fore legs, and they will be relieved at once. The

sudden fright causes the removal.

B. H. PHILLIPS.

FULTON.--Bob co'ton is an improvement. Wheat received was Pure Purple Straw, a good variety. The" James Oldtown Prolific also a good'variety ; a good
crop rared, superior to the common variety. Eureka cotton did well. W. L. MANGUM.

HARRIS.-- The Bob cotton has done well.

JAMES PATTILLO.

- For colic in horses, elevate his h'nd par's about two feet by standing his fore parts in a ditch, and if it is colic it will relieve the animal in a few minutes. Try it.
W. D. COOK.

HENBY.--The Stephens wheat is the same variety we have been using for the past

twenty years. Nothing better for us than May Purp'e Straw. The Oldtown corn

is nothing extra. The cotton seed produced bolls too small. We have better, we

think.

J. M. MCDONALD.

--Baggerly Prolific cotton is a good variety. Will plant it next year. The strap leaf turnips are very fine. The beans and sugar cane did extra well. The Kolb gem kept sweet and s und in the cellar for twenty days. The Golden Beauty corn, is not as good as the Golden Dent; both rotted badly in the field.
THOMAS N. STALLWOETH.

L38i]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--ii

17

MCDUFFIE.--1 planted sugar beets, which made an excel'ent yield, and find Ihim

well adapted to this climate and a profitable crop. I have sown oats in August and

September for the past four years without fertilizers, and sowed the same nature

of land in November and December, and pit twenty-five bushels of green cotton

saed per acre. The seeding and plowing in were the same. Resu't: August and

September sown, twenty three bushels per acre ; November and December sown,

eighteen bushels per acre. Same sown in August and twenty bushels cottin seed

added yield thirty b ;sbels per acre.

A. E. STURGIS..

MERIWETIIER.--The Conch pea failed to fruit; but few pods ripened. Amber cane

will not do on bottomland.

JOHN H. WILLIAMS.

--Milo maize was so late made no eed and I lost my crop. One of my near ne:ghbors plan'ed this year one acre of sug.ir cane (taking 2 500 stalks) on upland.

Sold 0 003 stalks for $60 and made 200 gallons of very fine syrup. This land would

bave ma'e 1,000 pounds seed cotton. He siys lie made mon mo~ey on the one acre

in cane than he did on nin = acres of his best coiton.

B. S. CLEMENTS.

MONROE.--I can recommend th Spanish ground pea as the best and ear'iest pa I planted then in corn at s?cond plowing and made fine. Will mature in ninety days, the very thing for planting after grain. They grow straight np, no hoe work scarcely, and peas are in cluster near root. I bid one acre pulled for seed, made seventy-five bushels. Two hands g ithered them ready for picking in less than one. half day. Nearly every pea will come up with the vine. Will mature by 15th of July and can be planted anytime from March 1 till July. Have male over 100 bushels of cbufas on one acre of poor land with 1,000 pounds compost.
GUY TAYLOR.

NEWTON.--Millo maize scd from you received the 23d of April, planted on the 27 th,

made a good crop, but I fear none left seed matured suitable for planting next

year Coton seed received the 23d of Apr'l, planted May 3d. Fine large bolls,

fine lint, but too late to mature ful'y.

T. A. WALKER.

OGLETHORPE.--The garden seed received from the Department did well, especially

the salad and dwarf peas. I_triad some Egyptian wheat, which I think is a good

thing. It is very prolifi ; and is relished by all stock, and I am told makes good

bread.

JAMKS J. GREEN.

PUTNAM.--Some of o.'.r farmer ha-e made from twenty to thirty bales of cotton

with on" mul'. W. P Wallace ~akes thirty by extra manuring and goo.l cult'va

tios ; cotton in four foot rows, three feet in the dr 11, one stalk in a plice, thinned

carefully to stand first working L nd broke deep, cultivated shallow, fertilizers

applied under cotton and on each si le of the row. That on the sides after the

cotton was up. Four tons to this one mu'e crop.

J. N. WILLIAMS.

Eo-icnALE. -For cbo> a in hogs feed them on parched corn and give them ;or

gl.ri to syrup freely, lhc corn should be well parched, in fact, nearly charred, and

the syrup can be fed at the rate of a pint or quart per head per day.

JAMES M. WHITE.

--Farmcrsi i striving to bring their lands up toahig'ierstaLe of cuUivition. Mr.

Henry Kelly, across the line of Rockdale, will make fourteen bales of cotton on

ten acres, with a little extra manuring and work, and Mr. John D. Scott, on one acre of bottom land, made forty bushels of r.ist prior oats. Arter harvesting the

said oats he planted ag;ii:i in corn and made thirty bushels of good corn and lias

a good stand of oats left for another crop which U knee high.

WM. A. SCOTT.

. ii::

i8

DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTURE --GEORGIA.

[382]

SPALDING.--The Wonder pea is a fine thing. The millo maize is one of the finest forage plants I know of. I do not think any one knows how much can be raised per acre. The sugar beet is very fine. Chloroform is a sure cure for colic or bo t. in horses or mules. Give one-half an ounce every thirty minut s until relieved. Give in one-half pint of spirits or warm water--spirits preferred.

TALIAFERRO.--The MiGhee wheat made seven bushels per acre of beautiful grains

Bob cotton yields extra lint.

D N. SANDERS.

TALBOT.--The best way to keep off diseases in work stock is to feed on plenty of soand Georgia raised corn and oats ; salt twc^ per week. A preventive for hog cholera, mix tarwith corn and feed with that once or twice a month. Hogjshoul d be salted every week during the spring. Also copperas mixedwith shell corn is a splendid remedy for worms in hogs, and they will thrive much better.
L. B. MCCROREY.

--We report on seeds received from you. Eureka cotton, fair; James Old

Town Prolific corn v-ry good, but net preferred for field crops; Millo Maize,

liked very well by s .me when tender, but inferior to corn as forage ; salad pea did

not do well; corn and potatoes fine yield, but cotton poor.

J. C. PYE, Sec.

--Eureka cotton a good average cotton. The wheat about an average red purple stem. Mohawk beans did well, early, productive and good.
DANIEL G. OWEN.

WARREN.--I planted a few Sp inish ground peas; average yield about 120 bushels

per acre. Did not get seed until first of July. Planted after cutting oats on stuble

land, no manure. I was not prepared to take care of them and left most of them

in the field for my hogs. They are undoubtedly the best producing pea I ever tried.

The loss will not be ten per cent from forty acres.

JAMES A. SHIVERS.

SOUTHWEST GEORGIA.

BAKER.--Planters are in a worse condition financially than at any time since the

war, and are more despondent. It requires six bales of cotton to the plow to piy

out; the majority have not made it. If you cultivate four acres to make a bale of

cotton it won't pay out. In many instances it has taken from seven to ten acres.

The outlook is gloomy indeed.

REUBEN JONES.

BERRIEN.--The Furman Compost has brought up many fields of cjtton to one

bale per acre. More manure and less acres is getting to be the watchword in this

county.

H. T. PEEPLES.

BROOKS.--Cholera among hogs is only disease of any note this year. The Old Town corn received from you I planted; in comparison with others think it good; have saved it, and will plant more largely of it next year.
R. J. DENMARK.

CALHOUN.--Farmers generally are through gathering their crops, and having noth-

ing else to do, more than likely a larger area of fall oats will be sown than for sev-

eral seasons. All farmers nearly are behind with the merchants and have no cash

to spend.

FRANK P. GRIFFIN.

CHATTAHOOCHEE.--Cholera has killed more hogs than ever before known. Early
amber cane, planted 28th of April, made good syrup July 30. It is splendid to supplement a short "sugar cane" crop.

[383]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

19

Dimmed up a branch and backed water out on land that ?-as nearly level.

Broke land well and sowed rice broadcast in April. Did not work it at all ;

only kept water from six inches to one inch deep over it. Made good rice. This

beats paying eight to ten cents per pound f.r it. With a small amount of care and

trouble we can make sufficient for a family.

F. A. SCHLEY.

-- AH experiments t'-ied in hog cholera p-ov?d to be worthless ; an entire failure

upon every remedy except strychnine, which proved to be the best. Seeds sentme

did remarkably well.

W. P. PIELDEB.

CLAY.--The fall has been favorable for corn, potatoes and chufas. Chufas are

growing in favor with our farmers. Also, Milo maize doe^ well here. Our citizens

are discussing No Fence.

R. R. BLOCKER.

DECAIUR.--The millo in lize s nt me did finely ; am highly pie sed with it; give

an immense yield pr acre. I gathered the seed in August, and second crop came

and nearly matured before frost. Nothing with us makes the cholera yield to treat-

ment, and "before you know it your hog has the cholera, and the next r'ay is dead."

This expression is true. "The low price of cotton, with short crop, has gotten our

farmers blue." "We have plenty to eat for man and beast, but no "pocket-chinge"

to spare.

MASTON O'NEAL.

DOUGHERTY.- -Cholera killed 99 per cent, of the hogs from January to July. J. L. DOZIEE.

EAELY.--Soft soap made from ashes is said to be a preventive and cure for cholera

among hogs by those wto have tried it, to be administered in their food or by force

when they refuse to eat.

D. N. WADE.

--If the farmers in Southwest Georgia would get cotton seed from the northern part of the State every three or four years,^it will pay them handsomely. Advise farmers throughout the State to stop buying high priced fertilizers and to use a mixture of cotton seed meal, acid phosphate and kainit. The cost is a little over half that of ammoniated fertilizers, and the results will be greater.
B. L. MCINTOSH.

--The Hawkins Hill oats sent last year were smutty and bad ; this year did well,

being ten days earlier than the Burt, and mush heavier. The coffee pea still grows

in favor.

J. B. HOBBS.

HOUSTON.--The James cotton bids fair to be a fine variety.

WM. J. ANDERSON.

IBWIN.--Cholera killing 25 per cent, of hogs. I have not reported the wheat crop, not over half dozen farmers making any in the county. Seed sent me from tha Department did well. I wish to say to the farmers of Georgia to try, by way of experiment, a tablespoonful of commercial mustard once a day (mixed in their food) for hogs affected with cholera, and as a preventive, give tar run out of fat pine rubbed on corn, as much as they will eat, once every two weeks.

ZABA PAULK.

MACON--Cholera has destroyed 59 per cent. Seed from State Department all

proved to be good, and the yield fine. Dr. Rawls and Mr. Charlton Garnage, of

Marshallville, ran three plows and have made over 25 bales of cotton to the p'owthis

year; they farm on the intensive principle.

J. B. MURRY.

MARION.--Cholera has killed 33 per cent, of the hogs or more. Old town corn failed to fulfil any promise made for it. Eureka cottoa nothing extr.i in yield or

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[384]

staple ; garden seed did well. Chilli wheat too late. Early amber cane fine, as a

supplement to har.est fie ds to hops. Conch peas worthless on poor land and too

late on any, but fine to supp'y vegetable mstter to gardens. So dry in the spring,

oats were almost a failure but when I sowed them last of Febiuary and first of

March on a seed bed broken 10 inches dee]), made fine oats of the Burt variety.

Horizontal terracing and e'eep breaking of ihe lard will not prevent Hoods from

washing and injuring hnd except the terraefsare wide, high and well set with grass or

weeds and a ditch above deep and wide enough to ho d the water is beneficial to the

land and the crop b low, a' d can be mare secure to prevent washing. Cane fod-

der housed bth re injured by jain is a fine feed for cattle in the winter. Battoon

cane has this year made a finer crop than planted cane, and will every time if fer-

tilized well.

GEO. W. C. MUNRO

QUITMAN.--We have had much hog cholera and about 60 per cent, of :he hogs

died from it, mostly pigs and small shoats. Sweet milk and common soda appear to be

more successful than any other remedies tritd. and worth more ss a preventive

than a cure. Out of a flock of 20 hogs I lost only two head, small ones. I used also

soap, turpentine and kerosene. I am satisfied that anj harmless alkali is good for

cleansing bowe's of vermin.

J. E. SMITH.

STEWART.--I planted a small package of Millo Maize and I am well pleased witb

i(-

J. E CARTER.

TAYLOR.--Purple top strap leaf turnips, have done well sown in early fall.

Remedies for Cholera.--Many remedies have been tried for hog c' olera, but I do

not think any reliable remedy has yet been found for that fearful disease. The

following remedies have been tried which in some cases lave been found good: ' No. 1. Common soda, kerosene oil and hickory ashes, given in slops.

No. 2. Immerse the hog in milk warm-water. D. A. J. Willis, an old farm r, thinks this a good remedy.

No. 3. Eun a small hot iron wire through the neck just behind the ears.

No. 4. Apply spirits of turpentine to ihe spine and back.

Compost made at lmrne with acid phosphate, lot manure and cotton seed pays

our farmers better than any other fertilizer.

D. R. BROWN.

TERRELL.--Many farmers feed diseased hogs on corn afterburning the shucks off, and approved of the result, saying it checked the disease in a few days. Others claim that common soda proved to be a good remedy. I have kept my hog trough well supplied with salt and copneras and have had no disease among my hogs.

E. G. HILL.

THOMAS.--A great many hogs died with cholera. Cold, wet weather in the first of

the year killed twenty per cent, of the cattle in the range.

DAW. A. HORK.

WEBSTER.-We made a fine pea crop, but the wet weather rotted about 80 per cent, of it. Farmers would be better off this fall than for several years if cholera had not destroyed our hogs io such an alarming extc t. Twenty per cent, have been lost by this disease. I find that a mixture of Knighten co"rti with ihe big cob variety does better than either planted without being mixed. REAM A. BELL

WORTH -All seeds used from the Department of Agriculture this season have done well. I raised some of the fimsi melons from the Mountain Sprout seed that, I ever saw. One weighee! 71 lbs. I find good pasturage, fresh water and regular salting the best preventive yet of all diseases among stock. I also find the Etawan dissolved bone the best fertilizer for cotton that I have ev. r tried. All the farmers

[285]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

21

that have used it this year have made fine crop?. Iused 400 lbs oa one acre and made 891 lbs of lint cotton from the improved little seed variely. I also made sixteen bales on twenty acres, with 200 lbs. per acre used in the drill. W. A. HALL.

--A friend sent me some Pigeon peas from Florida which made an enormous

yield, of which I sent you a stalk I matu-ed no seed, as I planted too late ; began

blooming when they were killed by frost, Noyember 24th. I planted in May.

John G. McPhaul has made a success of grape culture, and has demonstrated

thatgrapes, carefully selected and cared for, will pay a handsome profit. Our county

is well adapted to grape growing. Peaches do well here.

P. PELHAM.

EAST GEORGIA.

BULLOCH.--Mr. James Cone made sixteen ba'es of cotton, p'enty of corn, etc., with one mule and on? hand. No remedy discovered for hog cholera. Spires of turpentine considered a preventative if given every eight or ten days on corn. Rains,

caused the cotton to be of low grade, and prices ranged low. The farmers are hard

pressed and in low spirits.

C. A. SONIEB.

BURKE.--We find that ashes and salt placed constantly before stock of all kinds

prevent much sickness with them. Thi*, with a variety, and frequent changes in

feed, keep hogs from cholera. All corn feed produces much sickness.

W. B. JONES.

JEFFERSON.--No report was made of cholera in hogs until the 1st of November; since which time there has been much complaint. Some hare lost their entire

stock of fat hogs, and many others lost some. Some think it is caused by the hogs eating lice from each other, and administered sulphur with good effect; others

think it is caused by their eating mushrooms, and kept 'their hogs up and gave"

plenty of salt with good effect. 1 have adopted the custom of letting my hogs have

free access to a plenty of salt the year round, and have had no cholera among my

hogs in four years.

'/*

Two of my neighbors ^report to me the product of small plats of land in ribbon

sugarcane; one plat, about the eighth of an acre, produced fifty two gallons of syrup another, one twelfth of an acre, thirty gallons, and several others nearly in the same proportion. There has been a superabundance of rain this year for all crops

except sugarcane; this and the late appearance of frost gave it longer time to grow ; hence the abundant yield.

Tn August, early p'anted cotton became affected with something like rust, which caused the stalk to d'e, cast its leaves, and the top crop to open prematurely.

This caused a shortage of about one fifth. But the crop is about gathered and sold, and debt* not all paid; some will have to be carried over.

A good average crop of corn has been garnered, and should farmers s>xercis9

economy in feeding through the winter, there is enough to make another crop without importing a bushel.

I see more fat hogs and stock hogs than usual, and it does seem to me that farm-

ers are on the high road to independence. Then, I say, onward; prepare more home-mide fertilizers, use less guano every year, diversify your crops more and

more, rest your fields, sow more grain, and we will soon be the happiest people in

the world.

J. F. ADKINS.

. --Cholera has killed out 50 per cent, of the hog3. I have tried kerosene oil, sul-

phur and copperas on my hogs, but cannot say that any of the remedies have helped,

8. M. CLAKK.

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

L3

TWIGGS.--Noticing in hogs that recover from cholera that the cuticle peels off, It

occurs to me that decided counter-irritation on the skin in the early stages of the

disease would be curative by translating thed'sease from the internal vita! organs to

the skin.

H. S. WIMBEELT.

SOUTHEAST GEORGIA.

COFFEE.--Most of the farmers are in high spirits. Plenty of corn and bacon to

last until m::re is made. Another good crop will put the farmers in Coffee up with

the times.

JOSEPH BAILEY.

GLYNN -- A great deal of corn and hay will have to he boughtin this county. The

farmers are dependent upon Western meat houses. They have their corn cribs and.

meat houses in the West.

JOHN R. DOWFLINGEB.

LUCEEK SUPERIOR TO CLOVER FOR HAY--I have twelve acres in lucern, sown broad cast, last year being the third yearof its growth. From this I cut rive crops, which baled me 60,000 poundsof hay, 5,000 pounds per acre. I sold about one-half of the crop at $1.25 per cwt. at my barn, and could have sold the whole crop at the same price if I would have done so. Mode of culture : In February I cross harrowed with spring-'.oothed harrow, running four inches deep. I then top-dressed with 200 pounds of kainitand 200 pounds of acid phosphate to the acre. I rereated the harrowing after each cutting, thus cultivating the lucern and getting rid of weed and crab grass. I repeated the top-dressing after every other cutting. I am satisfied that lucern is the besthaycrop we can grow in this country. It excells clover, inasmuch as it retains the leaf better, and each subsequent crop is just as good as the first. Again where properly cared for it does not require re-seeding in twelve or fifteen years. Stock of all kinds preferit to any other forage, and horses of light work will do well on it with no other food.
DE. H. H. CARLTON.

[40i]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

23

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS.

CONDUCTED AT THE UNIVERTSITY FARM IN ATHENS, GEORGIA, BY
PROP H. C. WHITE, UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.

ATIIENS, GA., January 15, 18S6.

Hon. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.:

DEAE SIR--I have the honor to transmit herewith a detailed report upon

certain experiments conducted the past season upon the University Experi-

mental Farm. I have endeavored to make the Deport in each case sufficiently

full and explicit to render unnecessary extended comments upon the results.

The information to be gathered from the results will probably be readily per-

ceived by the intelligent reader. Several of these experiments are repetitions,

with essential modifications, of those made for a succession of years past, and

the results are, therefore, especially valuable.

I must of course here repeat the warning which I have always attached to

reports of this character, that field experiments are deceptive and require to

be scrutinized very carefully and their results accepted as j ielding general in-

formation.

I shall be glad if this contribution to scientific agriculture shall be found

worthy the consideration of our progressive farmers.

Respectfully,

H. C. WHITE.

Crop, (Xtton.
OBJECT OF THE EPPEEIMENT.
To determine-- 1st. Whether the cotton plant derives the nitrogen necessary for its growth from
tve atmosphere or from thesoil. 2d. If in whole or in part from the soi1, which of the following nitrogenous ma-
teri Is it prefers, viz.: Nitrate of toda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, cottonseed meal, raw bone.
3d. The relative economic (or money) value of each of the matirials used.
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
Experience has ehown excessive nitrogenous manuring to bj unnecessary forgotten. This experiment, therefore, was conducted so as to furnish the nitrogenous matarials in quantities such as are commonly used in practice, viz : in mixtures yielding about 2)4, per cent, of ammonia, applied at the rate of 250 pounds per acre. The plat contained 1 2-10 acres. It was divided into8 sections of 1 10 each, with a blank row or half section, upon which nothing was planted or applied, be-

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[402]

tween each of the cultivated sections. The sections were, therefore, thoroughlyisolated, and the plants upon each section hai the benefit of all the fertilizing materials used upon that section. To each of the fertilized sections, a certain quantity (the same in each case) of uoid phosphate, kainit and muriate of potash was applied sufficieut to furnish lhe p'ant with phosphoric acid, potash and o'her mineral food (non-nitrogenous) The nitrogenous materials were added to different sections in quantities which would yield the same amount of ammonia. These details are exhibited in lhe tables below.

No. of rows, 24--Length of each row, 622 3-10 feel--Distance apart, S'A--Area of each row, 1-20 acres--Area of plat, 1 2 .1.0 acres.
AMOUNTS OK FERTILIZERS APPLIED IN POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

No of Hows.

Acid Phosphate.

1-2

3

4-5

20

6

7-- i

20

9

10--11

20

li

18-14

20

IS

18 -IT

20

18

I!) -20

20

21

22--23

20-

24

Kanit.

Muriate of Potash

Xitrate u Soda

Sulphate of Ammonia.

Dried Blood.

Cotton Seed Meal.

Raw Total Per Bone. Acre.

No rua

000

3

1.5

245

3

1.6

3

275

3

1.5

2.4

269

3

1.5

4

285

3

1.5

7

315

3

1.5

11

335

8

1.5

245

The fertilizers used were carefully analyzed before application. Neglecting the small amount of phosphate, potash, salt-, etc., in the cotton seed meal and dried blood, the insoluble phosphate in raw bone and the sodium and magnesium salts in kanit and muria'e of potosh, each fertilized section was provided with

Available phosphate acid Available potash

3.13 pounds. 1.08 '

and those to which nitrogenous matters were added, were provided, in addition with

Ammonia (actual or potential)

0 58 pounds.

Thecrop was carefully cultivated, a fair stand obtained and the seison was very good, excepting heavy and continuous rains in the autum, which injured the quality, and, to some extent the yield of the staple.

[403]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--I 885.
ReSULTS IN SEED COTTON, POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

Numbe.s of the Rows.

Yield per Section.

Yield per Acre.

1-2

51

blO

4--5

64M'

647

7-8

80K

802

10-11

80^

805

13--14

80K

805

16-17

82 K

822

19-20

81%

817

22-23

I

64J4

645

GAIN OB LOSS OOMPARED WITH NO MANURE, PER ACRE.

No manure 1. Mixed minerals alone (average of 4--5, 22-23) 2. Mixed rainera's and nitrate of soda, 7-8 3. Mixed minerals and sulphate of ammonia, 10--11 4. Mixed minera sand dried blood, 1--14 5. Mixed minerals and cotton seed meal, 16--17 6. Mixed Minerals and raw bone. 10 -20

Product Grain. Loss.

Pounds. Pounds. 510

646

136

802 K 292 K

805

295

805

295

822M 312M 817^ 307^

GAIN OB LOSS DUE TO NITROGENOUS MANURE
Eliminating the Effects of Phosphate and Potash Salts Compared with No Manure.

1. Nitrate of sod 1 2. Sulphate of ammonia 3. Dried blood 4. Cottonseed meal 5. Raw bone

26

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-GEORGIA.

[404]

ECONOMIC RESULTS PEE ACBE

1. No manure 2. Mixed minerals a'one. 3. Nitrate of soda 4- Sulphate of ammonia. 5. Dried blood 6. Cottonseed meal 7. Raw bone

Cost of IValne of Manure. I Product.

Value due to .Nitrogen

Gain of Manure over

ous Manure! its cost

20 10 *.,

2 78 1 50 1 32
90
2 10

25 84 32 10 32 20 32 20 32 90 32 70

6 26 6 36 6 36 7 06

2 96 4 76 5 04 5 46 6 18X 4 76

CONCLUSIONS.

h uniformly been reached .n J be ,app tt

Thisconclusioa

2- Using quantities of the different nitTM

hve year'* experiments,

ajately the same quantities of nitrogen thTMTM, T*TM3 l furnish aPPTM-

of excellence: Cotton-seed <eqnal), nitrate of soda.

meal,

raTbon6t'

s^ulP0ha^!*

% of

*" ^ f0"Win <>*** ammonia, and dried blood

^^^^^I^^^^J^^y a proportion capable of

epoct they rank as follows : CoUoTsL'meT,3 d^ild T1' ^ "* In >-

raw bone, nitrate of soda.

6al' dned bIood> sulphate of ammonia

ii ST meal may be - best and cheapest nitrogeno'us ftrtil-

EXPERIMENT No. 2. Pto B.-Crop, Cotton.

To determine-

""" * TM ""--*

1- The relative aerirnltn^o] J

r^S- ^'i^^-^o^^r^"^ - Cerent forms and
verted phosphate of lime, and 'Mnsolub1^^ , ' phosPhate of lime, "reCharleston Floats, (b) OrchiUa ^^Z^^ ta ^ - (a)

rt,. '. . ,

DETAILS 0F TM wmnmt

-l he plat used contained 113-20 acres Th

[405]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

27

f ,

"nitrogen mixture " made as follows: Nitrate of soda, % lb.; sulnhate of ammonia, 3-5 lb.; dried blood, 1 lb.; cotton-seed meal, 1% lbs. The potash in the form of mixed kaimt (3 lbs) and muriate of, 1 lb. The "Basal Mixture " for each section Is a mixture of all the substances above named in the quantities given. Different sections were treated with the different phosphatic substance* as indicated below. A few preliminary tests of the action of individual substances are included. The ' reverted" phosphate was obtained by grinding together intimately equal portions of soluble phosphate and pure marl (carbonate of lime).

FERTILIZERS APPLIFD.

Number of Rows, 33-Length of Each Row, 622 3-10 feet-DUtance Apart, 3)4 feetU10afcre. "^ ^ ^ aore-Area t ^,113-20 acres-Area of Each Section,

AMOUNTS OF FEKTILKEBS APPLIED--POUNDS AND FBACTIONS.

'Acid Phjs- 1 phate.

03

*-- si

m

0
O

d
iio
c

0
2 2

0) O

"sa

a a

T3 0
s O
-a

0a>)
00
a" a-

O

'5 3 0 M

2

CO

O 0

a
Iffl

a0 5rao-.

a
a .2

so CO
0 00u

3
0

1--2 No m anure

0

4--5

20

200

7--8 3 IX

3-5 1 1%

86

w 10-11 3 IX H 3-5 1

20

286

w 13--14 3 IX K 3-5 1

20 20

486

16-17 3 IX % 3-5 1 1%

20

286

19--20 3 IX % 3-5 1 1%

20

286

w 22--23 3 IX % 3-5 1
25--26 3 IX % 3-5 1 1M

20


286

86

28--29 3 IX

3-5 1

12

31-32 3

206

Thus each furtilized section was furnished with: Available potash, 1 08 Ihs Nitrogen 0.48 lbs., equivalent to ammonia, 0.58 : Phosphoric acid ranging from 3 36 lbs. available, to 5.63, total.
This is equivalent, approximating to the application of 300 lbs. per acre of a manipulated fertiliser containing Phosphoric acid 11.20 av.ilable, to 18.76 total Potash 3.6 per cent.; Nitrogen, 1.85 per cent., equivalent to ammonia, 2X per ceni

28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[406]

EESULTS IN SEED COTTON--POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

Number of Row.

Total per Section.

Total per Acre.

1--2 4--5 7--8 10--11 IS- -14 16 -17 19-20 22-23 25-26 28--29 31-32

60%

605

82

820

71%

717%

85%

852%

78%

785

82%

827%

73%

735

82%

827%

71%

715

75

750

64%

642%

GAIN OK LOSS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE, PER ACRE.
o3a Gain. Loss.

No manure, average of 1--2 and 31--32 1. Acid phosphate alone, 4--5
2. Basal mixture alone, *average, 7--8 25--26
3. Basal mixture and acid phosphate 4. Basal mixture and reverted phosphate 5. Basal mixture and steamed bone 6. Basal mixtare and floats 7. Basal mixture and Orchilla 8. Basa' mixture and plaster

624. 820. 716. 825. 785. 827.5 735. 837.5 750.

196 92 201 161 203% 111 203% 126

[407]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

29

GAIN OR LOSS DUE TO PHOSPHATIC MANURES.
Eliminating the Effects of Nitrogen, and Potash Salts Compared with No Manure.

Per Acre.

Gain. Loss.

1. Soluble phosphate.... 2. Reverted phosphate. 3. Sjeamed bone 4. Floats 5. Orchilla

109. 69 111.5 19. 111.5

COST OF MANURES, CASH IN ATHENS.

Basil mixture

Acid phosphate

Reverted phosphate

Steamed Bone



Floats

:

Orchilla guano

$1 90 per acre. 2 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 2 00

ECONOMIC RESULTS-PER ACRE.
Eliminating Results of Nitrogen and Potash and their Cost-Relative Result of Pho* phalic Manures Compared with No Manures.

ca

c 3

Gain or Loss of Manure over

its Cost.

0 = g Gain. Loss

O

> >^ B

No manure, average Acid phosphate alone.. Basal mixture, alone, average. 1. Soluble phosphate 2. Reverted phosphate 3. Steamed bone 4. Floats 5. Orchil'a guano

i 00 $21 9G

2.00 32 80 7.84 5.84

190 28.64

2.00 33.00 4.36 2 36

2 00 31.40 2 76 .76

3 00 33.10 4 46 1.46

2.00 29.40

76

124

2.00 3'..10 4 36 2 36

CONCLUSIONS.
1. All forms of phosphatic manure increased the yield.

30

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[408]

2 In order of excellence the forms of phosphate. Stand : 1, Steamed Bone and Orclnlla Guano; 2, Saloble Phosphate, 3, Revested Phosphate; 4 Floats
3-Economically considered Soluble Phosphate and Orchilla Guano paid well for their use and about to (he same extent; steamed bone paid less well; and revested phosphate still less. The use of Floats was attended with actual money loss.

EXPERIMENT No. 3.
Plat C.--Crop, Cotton.
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To determine-- The relative agricultural and economic values for cotton of the principal potash
salts sold in commerce, viz : Muriate of potash and kainit.
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To each of the fertilized sedionsof the plat sufficient nitrogenous, phosphatic and other foods exeept potash for the use of the plant was supplied. The nitrogen in the form of 'nitrogen mixture," as described in Experiment No. 2. The phosphate in the form of acid phosphate of lime. Different sections were treated with different proportions of muriate of potash and kainit as indicated below.

Nu^ofS^on,, ll-Number of Rows %n Each Section, 4-Lenath of Each Row, P; f 7 m"/' r tr1' 3y* feet~Area of *>*<* Se^on. 1-20 Acre-Area of Plat, 7 10 Acre. Each Section Separ ted from the next adjacent by a Blank Row.
FERTILIZERS APPLIED-POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

Total per Aote.

' is

8

8).S

.0wa.

r3 0

s

^-

So

'B

c

'3 W

3

0

1 2, 3, 4

6, 7, 8, 9

11, 12, 13, 14

4.1

16, 17, 18, 19

21, 22, 23, 24

26, 27, 28, 29

41

31, 32, 33, 34

4.1

36, 37, 38, 39

4.1

41, 42, 43, 44

4.1

46, 47, 48, 49

51, 52, 53, 54

56, 57

20

r

15

4

20

7.5

20

15.0

20

2

20

4

20

15

20

4

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 blank

00 20 4.1 15 4 31.6 39.1 26.1 28.1 35. 24 00

00 400 82 3.00 80 632 782 522 562 700 480 00

409

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

31

RESULTS IN SEED COTTON--POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

Number of Section.

Total per Section.

Total per Section.

1

26M

535

2

36M

730

3

34

680

4

33

660

5

27

540

6

4814

970

7

IVA

850

8

i014

810

9

30 A

610

10

40

800

11

30%

735

12

18^x2

730

t

GAIN OR LOSS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE PER ACRE.

Per acre. Product. Gain. Lose.

1. No manure (1 and 12)

2. Acid Phosphate alone



3. Nitrogen Mixture alone

4. Kainit alone ....r

5. Muriate alone

6. Basal Mixture and Kainit 14

7_

Kainit full...

8.

Muriate 14.--

9,

Muriate full..

10. Acid Phosphate and Kainit

11. Acid Pcosphate and Muriate

632.5 lbs. 730 " 680 " 660 " 540 " 970 " 850 " 810 " 610 " 800 " 735 "

97.5

47.5

27.5

92.5

337.5

217.5

177.5

1

22.5

167.C

92. f

32

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[4IO]

GAIN OE LOSS DUB TO POTASH SALTS.
Eliminating Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphate Compared with no Manure per

1. Kainit, lA ration 2. Kainit, full ration.... 3. Muriate, > ration.... 4. Muriate, full ration..

Per acre.
Gain. Loss.
265 lbs 145 " 105 "
95 lb?.

ECONOMIC RESULTS PER ACRE.
Eliminating Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphate and their Cost Compared with no Manure.

2 Acid Phosphate 3. Nitrogen Mixture alone 4. Kainit alone 5. Muriate alone 6. Kainit, % ration 7. Kainit, full ration 8. Muriat?, \i ration 9. Muriate, full ration 10. Acid Phosphote and Kainit 11. Acid Phosphate and Muria'e .

02

0

5
0 a

B

Due to Potash Salts

= | *! alone above their cost.

_3 O

W
O O

>

1>3 --

Gain.

Loss.

$

$25 30

2 00 29 20 3.90

1 20 27 20 1.90

1 80 26 40 1.10

.70

3 20 21 60 --3.70

6.90

90 28 80 3.50

1.10

1 80 34 00 8.70

5.40

1 60 32 40 ,10

4.00

3 20 24 40 -- .90!

5 60

3 80 32 00 6.70

2.90

5 20 29 40 4.10 1

1.10

CONCLUSIONS. -

Agriculturally and economical^ Kainit is superior to Muriate of Potash as a

source of Potash for cotton.

M a

[4II]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

35

EXPERIMENT No 4.

Plat D--Crop, Cotton.
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To test the advantage of planting cotton in squares or " checks."
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
Rows were laid off VA ft. apirt in continuation of rows upon Plat C. Cross rows were run four feet apart, and the cotton then planted in the hills at the intersections of the rows.
FERTILIZATION.
The plat, K acre area, had been heavily manured the previous season, and had produced a very small crop because of poor stand and drought. In the fall, 300 pounds of Orchilla guano were app'ied and plowed in.
Results in seed cotton--S22 pounds Fer acre. Several adjoining plats, manured and cultivated in a similar manner, excepting that the cotton was planted in row. VA fet ap1rt and IS inches between stalks, averagt d in seed cotton 700 lbs per acre.

EXPERIMENT NO. 0.

Plot--Crop, Cotton.

OBJECTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

To test the results of fertilizing with cbeap composts compared with equal quantities of high priced commercial fertilizers, and to test the relative values of cotton
seed and cotton seed meal in composts.

DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENTS.

The section of the plat contained one-half acre each, separated from each other by blank rows unmanurel and unplanted. Two mixtures were made as follows .

1 ^Phnsnhate L(S1SSZ
Kainit

93.75 lbs. 2. Acil Phosphate

93 75 lbs.

37.501b, Coonseed(scalded)3bush..90001bs.

18--DTD*- Kaimt

1^5 lbs.

150.00 lbs.

'

205.50 lbs.

This is equivalent to the application of 300 pounds per aceof a mixture made as follows: Per ton, and in No. 2 substituting cotton seed for cotton seed meal at the

rale of ZA of seed for one of meal.
Acid Phosp,hat.e.. Cotton seed meal Kainit

1,250 lbs. 500 lbs.or cotton seed 40bush.
; ^ ^

2,000 lbs.

No. of sections 6; No. of rows to each section, 11; lengUa.?*TM<^ ** tance apart, SM ft- i area of each action one half acre ; area of plat, oA acres.

34

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

MANNER OF FERTILIZATION.

No. Of Section.

MANURE.

Commercial fertilizer A Commercial fertilizer B Mixture No. I Commercial Fertilizer C Mixture No. 2 No manure

RESULTS IN SEED COTTON--POUNDS AND FRACTIONS

[412]
Per Section.
150 lbs. 150 lbs. 150 lbs. 150 lbs. 205X lbs.
0

No. of Section.

Total per Section.
477 M 482 59114 467 K 584 lA 418X

Total per Acre.
955 lbs. 964 982K " 935 989 837

ECONOMIC RESULTS COMPARED WITH NO MANURE.

No. of Section.
1 2 3 4 5 6

Cost per ton

of manure cash in

Cost per Acre Value of crop per Acre.

Athens.

$ 30 00 30 00 20 00 30 00 16 50 0

$ 4 50 4 50 3 00 4 50 3 30 0

38 20 38 56 39 30 37 40 38 76 33 48

Per Acre.

Profit. 22 58
2 82
1 98

Loss. 58

CONCLUSIONS.
1. The mixture containing the cotton-seed meal made the highest yield- That containing cotton seed made the next highest. Both exceeded the yield from the commercial fertilizers med in competition. 2. Financially the cotton-seed meal mixture paid best, the seed mixture next best. The commercial fertilizers in thi instance barely paid for their use.

SUPPLEMEMTAL REPORT--1885.

35

EXPERIMENT No. 6.

Plat E.--Crop, Cotton.

OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To test the effects cf different quantities of the same ammoniated feUilizer upon cotton.
DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
The plat was divided into sections of one half acre each separated by unmanured and unplanted rows. The same ferti izer, viz.: Commercial Fertilizer D. was ap plied to different sections in quantities equal to 100, 200, 300, and 400 pounds per acre.

No. of Section, 4; No. of Rows per Section. 11; Length of Each Bow, 550 feet; Distance Apart, 3}4 feet. Area of Eich Section, % Acre; Area of Plat, 2 Acres. Fertilizers applied: Commercial fertilizer D.

ANALYSIS.--Available phosphoric acid Ammonia Potash

9-55 per cent. '2AJ> Per ceat125 l>er oent-

RESULTS IN SEED COTTON-POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

Total.

No.

of

Sections.

Pounds zer per

FertiliSection.

Pounds Fertilizer per Acre

Per Section.

Per Acre.

1

50 lbs.

100 lbs.

421^

843

2

100 "

200 "

463

926

3

150 "

300 "

531^

1063

4

200 "

400 "

524X

1049

5

No ma

386

772

ECONOMIC RESULTS.

No.

of

Section.

Cost of per

Manure Acre.

Value duct

of Proper Acre.

Per Acre.

Gain.

Loss.

1 . 2 3 4 5

$1 50 3 00 4 50 6 00
No manure.

$33 70 37 04 42 52 41 96 30 88

$1 34 3 16 7 14 5 08

CONCLUSIONS.
In this instance the fertilizers paid well in every case. About 300 lbs. to the acre

36

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[414}

appears to be (he quantity that pays best under ordinary conditions and with usual culture.

EXPERIMENT No. 7.

Plat F.--Crop, Corn.

OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To determine the effect of non-nitrogenous organic matter when mixed with mineral manure upon earn, compared with the effect of nitrog-rrous organio matter.

DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

A section of the field where'n the corn crop was planted was selected covering % acre. The nitrogenous compost used was made as follows :

Acid Phosphate Cotton seed

200 pounds. 20 bushels.

Stable Manure

20 bushels.

Weighing approxima'ely 1,200 pounds, and applied at this rate per acre. The non-nitrogenous compost was ma'le thus:

Acid Phosphate

200 pounds.

Pine Saw Dust

40 bushela_

Weighing approximately 1,200 p-unds, and applied at this rate per acre.

RESULTS PER ACRE-POUNDS AND FRACTIONS.

No manure Nitrogenous Compost Non-nitrogerous Compost

Fodder.

Shucks.

Ea

Seed orn. Corn

392.5 453 0 409.5

180.0 174.5 205.0

10G7 5 1070 5 1006 5

853.5 862.5 900.0

Cob.
214.0 208.0 196.5

CONCLUSIONS.
The result of this experimentconfirnis the conclusion drawn from similar experi ments previously m:ide, that nitrogenous matter under corn does not pay.

EXPERIMENT No. 8.

Plat G.--Crop, Oats.

OBJECTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
To test the effect of different manures under oa's and of different top-dressings.

DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.



The plot selected was a section of the oat field 825 feet long and 132 feet wide containing in all 2^ acres. Asfip 82.5 feet long and 49* feet w de was manured in the fall with well rotted stable manure alone at the rate of 20 bushels per acre. A strip 825 feet long by 33 feet wide was manured with cotto , seed alone at the rateof 20 bushels per acre. A strip 823 feet long by 49^ feet wide was manured with commercial ferti izes (ammoniat d, at the rate of 300 pounds per acre. The pla was divided into 10 sections across the three strips, each section containing in all \i acre and subdivided into three parts, a containing 3 32 acres; b containing.

[4i5]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1S85.

37

2-32 acres; and c containing 3-32 acre, The top dressings ***^ below) were applied at the rate of 100 pounds per acre each on the same day imme

diately preceding a shower.
MANNEB OF FERTILIZATION.

Results Per Acre
in pounds.

No. of Section.

Manure.

la Stable manure

16 Cotton seed Commercial fertilizer

la Stable manure

26 Cotton seed

2c Commercial fertilizer

3a Stable manure

6

Cotton seed

-

Commercial fer;ilizer

4a Stable manure

46 Cotton seed

._.

4c Commercial fertilizer ,

5a Stable manure,

55 Cotton seed

5c Commercial fertilizer

6a Stable manure



66 Cotton seed

6c Commercial fertilizer...

la Stable manu-e

75 Cotton seed 7c Commercial fertilizer...

' 8a Stable manure

86 Cotton seed 8c Commercial fertilizer...

9a Stable manure

96 Cotton seed 9c Commercial fertilizer..

10a Stable manure 105 Cotton seed 10c Commercial fertilizer.

Top Dressing.

Grain. Straw.

Nothing Nothing Nothing Cotton seed meal.. Acid phosphate.
Nothing
Nitrate of soda.. Ka'nit.. Sulphate of ammonia Muriate of potash.

678 432 1026 912 576 1254 942 408 894 1188
552 942 1212 720 726 1518 504 960 1250
792 858 1086 672 480 , 1376 1128 960

1206 816 1848' 1638 1056 22801704 744 1620 2112' 984 1704 2214 1296 1320 2742' 888 17162570 1416 1518 2406 1248 876 3326 2472 1716

I

38

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[416]

CONCLUSIONS.
1. When no top dressing was applied, stable manure gave best results, commercial fertilizer next best, and cotton seed much lower results.
2. Cotton seed does not appear to be a good manure for oats, either with or with out subsequent top dressing.
3. The largest yield was obtained by manuring with stable manure and top dressing with nitrate of soda.
4. The relative value of the other combinations are fully shown in the table. It should be remarked, that the crop suffered somewhat from a short season of severe weather in March, otherwise it was an excellent crop.

EXPERIMEMT NO. 10.

Plat--Crop, Corn.

OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT.

To test the advantage of " pulling fodder," and of allowing the blades to remain on the stalk until the crop is made :

DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.
The practice universally prevails in the secret of " stripping fodder" from corn before complete maturity of the ear. The economy of this practice has frequently been doubted, and occasional experiments to test the point have been made. I have been able to find record, however, of but few such experiments conducted with sufficient care to yield reliable results. Among these, was a single experiment made a year ago at the Alabama experiment station. Desiring to test the matter personally, the following experiment was instituted on the crop recently gathered:
Two plats of land, upland, one-half acre each, (by accurate measurement) contiguous and similar in position, quality and previous treatment for a number of years, were selected. The land (stubble) was thoroughly broken and turned under in February. Rows were run off \XA feet apart and manure applied in the hills 3 feet apart. The manure used was a compost of acid phosphate, cotton seed and stabl- manure. The same (accurately) quantity was applied to each hill. Corn was planted on March 16th An excellent stand was obtained; it was found necessary to replant but a few hills. The seed was an excellent local variety (name unknown). During the season, which was a favorable one, the crop was plowed four times. Of course, the treatment of the two plats was identical, even to the exact day.
From one of the plats fodder was pulled in the usual manner on August 24, and when pronounced cured was accurately weighed. From the other plat the fodder was not pulled at all. Corn was gathered from both plats on October 14th, and was chucked and weighed an October 21st. The following results were obtained:
Plat I. Fodder pulled lA acre.

Fljdder Shucks
Corn (ear) which, on shelling, gave shelled corn ^

158.15 lbs.

1

10000 lbs.

915.40 lbs. 504.23 lbs.

.!.... 111-17 lbs!

f4I7]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

39

Plat 2. Fodder not pulled, Yi acre : ,,, , |EhaUr Ockorn "Which shelled gave shelled corn
Cob

.,,*,,,,. 125.10 lbs. 901.30 lbs.
729.20 lbs. 171'101bs-

The plat from which fodder was not pulled yield 215.90 lbs. ear corn more than was yielded by the plat from which fodder was pulled The loss, 158.15 lbs. of f jdder was attended by a gain of 285.90 lbs. .f ear corn, or 224.97 lbs. of shellsd corn. Compared as to actual content of nutritious food stuff, the 224.97 lbs of shelled corn are qual approximately to 335 lbs. of fodder. Compared financially, assuming (which is approximately true in this locality) fodder and corn to sell for the same price per pound ($1 per 100) there was lost by pulling fodder, $2.50 per acre, in addition to the cost of gathering the fodder. Incidentally, I may mention that certain ears from plat 2, which appeared to the eye to be among the largest, were hastily selected and exhibited at the Northeast Georgia fair in November. Fifty-nine ears were found to weigh seventy pounds, and received the first premium over six com-

peiitors.

40

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[418

LECTURE ON THE IRISH POTATO.

BY GEORGE VILLE.

[Translated by Miss. E. L. HOWARD.]

GKUTLEMEK:--Our subject to-day will be the Irisb Potato. If we draw a comparison between the Irish potato and wheat, we find the former produces four or five times the most food material. In fact, 21 bushels of wheat (the mean return per acre for France) yield about 971 pounds of flour, whi'e 14, 666 pounds of Irish potatoes, or 244 bushels per acre, give not less than 3,911 pounds
of dry, nutritious food. At the same time, the potato furnishes this large quantity of nourishing food for
both man and beast. It is a great resource in a bad crop year, allowing the use of all available lands in early spring, or after the small grain is cut.in June.
Its starch gives it a considerable importance as an industrial plant. In the department of the Vosges and in some cantons of Auvergne, it is as highly prized asis the beet in our northern departments.
While sugar making is a centralizing industry, requiring large capital and expensive outfit, starch making, with its simpler and cheaper methods, is almost a domestic indu-try, using small streams of little power.
The principal advantage of the Irish potato is its use in the triennial system of alternate crops. No one plant has more aided in suppressing the fallow and in bettering the condition of the rural population. From all these considerations the Irish potato deserves a prominent place among our most useful plants, and a most
careful study on our part. "We will now see if the Irish po'ato produces more with chemical fertilizers than
with barnyard manure. Chemical fertilizers are superior at least eight times in ten.

In 1866, with the Marquis of Havrincourt, at Havrincourt (Pas de Calais):

Comptete Fertilizer 34,222 pounds Stable Manure

YIELD PEE ACRE.

Pounds. Bushels.

15,644

260

7,871

131

In 1867, with Mr. Shattenmann, at Bruxwiller (lower Rhine):

Pounds.

Complete Fertilizer

10,729

29,333 pounds Stable Manure

9,795

These are poor crops.

Bushels. 178 163

With Mr. Jacob, or Saint-Christot-en-Jarret (Loire):

Pounds. Bushels.

1,175 pounds Complete Fertilizer

9,573

156

39,110 pounds Stable Manure

8,740

142

Without Fertilizer

3,332

55

These are poor crops, yet they show an increase in favor of the chemical fertilizer

L

(419]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT-1885.

*T

To be aerate, we will * *- - department of the Loire an. AW we, hoth

suffering from drouth.

In X867, with Baron Bade de Roeth, at Soergenloch, near Mayence .

TISLD PEB ACBB.
Pounds. Bushels.

Complete Fertiliser Soil without Fertilizer

13,773

312

u 399

189

Iu 1367, Mr. Thomas, at Boulogne-Sur-Mer, made four sep-
r--

Xt

1st Complete Fertilizer Stable Manure 2nd Complete Fertilizer Stable Manure 3rd Complete Fertilizer
Stable Manure 4th Complete Fertilizer

..'"'.'.'.'.'...'"' s'005

150

14,304

238

ZZZ".

10-716

178

'" 16,593

291

""'

nl21

195

23 461

391

14945

249

Stable Manure

7 JThecrops of 1868, though much im-

' :rrrx:::i--. - - - * - -* Pounds. Bushels.

697 pounds of Complete Fertilizer, three-fourths of the ^ ^

quantity for full fertilizing 33 244 pounds Stable Manure
Without Fertilizer

....5,733

--,-

3266

Mr Emanuel Nyssens, at Antwerp, (Belgium):

pounds

977 pounds Complete F,,erltMil.iz,,er............-"-^(moaerate)...15,6446 39,000 pounds Stable Manure and turf ashes

^ 95 54
Bushels. 260
97

Mr Roz Civil Engineer, at Sens (Yonne):
977 pounds Complete Fertilizer Without Fertilizer

Pounds.
....17,058 '.".'..'.'".'.".....v.10^33

Bushels.
284 172

Mr Beauroyre, at Rigole, (Dordogne):
977 pounds Complete Fertilizer 37,144 pounds Stable Manure Without Fertilizer

Poutlds.

Bushels.

18,773

313

y^m

221

*

Q12^

112

Mr. Pagr.oul, Secretary of the Agricultural Society of Arras,

(Pas de Calais):

977 pounds Comp'eto Fertilizer

29,333 pounds Stable Manure

Fowl yard M mure



PBB ACKK.
Pounds. Bushels.

22,790

379

^m

278

,','.'. ,'.....17,208

286

42

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[420J

Mr. Fonvielle, at Landuziere, (Oise) :

n9-/~/

pounds

Complete

Fertilizer

9,777 pounds Stable Manure

Mr. Lirpin, at Rocles, (Ailier):

,,,,

, _

9/7 pounds Complete Fertilizer

Wiihout Fert;lizer

Mr. Jean, at Roquevaire

nComp,let, e

,, ... Fertilize

Average crop of ihe bounty without manure

Mr. Bougon, at Noyon, (Oise): __,, 133 pour ds Complete Fertilizer 26,511 pounds Stable Manure Without any Manure

Mr. Cafsombier, at Chasteheux, (Meurthe):

,,__

,

9// pounds Complete Fertilizer

Without Fertilizer

Mr. Denoyon, at Blerancourt, (Aisne):

Pounds. 23 711 20156
Pounds. 25 433 ' 15940

Bushels. 395 835
Bushels. 423 265

Pounds. 29,333

Bushels,.
4g8

14,000 to 17,000 200 to 280

Pounds. 30 311 22709 20098

Bushels.. 505 378 334

rounds. 32 544 "l4 729

Bushels.. 542 245

10-1

J ^ ,,,,.,.

Pounds.

1,2/1 pounds Complete Fertilizer, (Nitrogen 74 pounds,) 35 688

1,075 pounds Complete Fertilizer, (Nitrogen 42 pounds,) 27^866

Heavy manuring from horse stalls

19,550

Bushels.. 594 464 325

Mr. Camo'n, at Marseilles:

n-T

J ^ , , ,, ,.,.

9/7 pounds Complete Fertilizer (with irrigation)

Pounds. 42,040

Bushels. 700

In support of these particular crops of 1868, quoted because their authors are personally known to me, I give the general averages for the same country
The eighty experiments reported to me may be classed as follows;

17 produced an average of 16 produced an average of 26 produced an average of 24 produced an average of

PEB ACRE.

Pounds. 30 27i 23680 16882 10871

Bushels. 623 394 281 181

A general average of 22,266 pounds of tubers, or 371 bushels per acre from 1 065pounds of chemical fertilizers, while, under the fame conditions, 39 101 pounds' of stable manure produced only 18,145 pounds of tubers, or 302 bushels per acre showing an excess of 69 bushels per acre in favor of chemical fertilizers.
If we divide these results into two categories, one comprising the three first series and the other the last, we find that three in four gave 26,016 pounds, or 433 busbVs. per acre, and one 10,871 pounds, or 181 bushels, viz.: three very good crops to one inferior crop.

Our second ques'ion is, What is the dominant of the Irish potato ; that is to -ay which one of the four terms of the fertilizer has most influence on the crop ?
A glrnce at the following tab'e of returns from Vincennes will show:

r42I-|

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

43;

1865.

YIELD PER ACRE.
Pounds. Bushels.

Complete Fertilizer containing 114 pounds Nitrogen Complete Fertilizer without Lime Complete Fertilizer without Phosphate Complete Fertilizer without Nitrogen Complete Fertilizer without Potash Soil without any Fertilizer

27,328
ff>* ''8 J
Jj>.*<' TM<TM

455
,,.
^

It is very plain from the above crops that potash is the dominant.

Let us compare these three figures:
Comp,le^te _Fert.i.l.i.zer Fertilizer without Potash I

Pounds. 27,'328
<r?

Soil without Fertilizer

'

Bushels. 455
m
12g

The cropr of 1867 leads us to the same conclusion :

Pounds. Bushels-

Complete Fertilizer containing 74 pounds Nitrogen Complete Fertilizer without Lime Complete Fertilizer without Nitrogen Complete Fertilizer without Potash Soil without any Fertilizer
Complete ,,Ferti',l-i.zer Complete Fertilizer without Lime Complete Fertilizer without Phosphate Complete Fertilizer without Nitrogen Complete Fertilizer without Potash Soil withoutany Fertilizer...

24 053

400

^

2U,db

sw

TM>f

121

YIELD PER ACRE.

1865_

1867

Bushels. Bushels..

455

400

g34

*w

-*

^

^

"

^

Why is there such a difference in the effects of the complete fertilizer? Becau in 1865 it contained 114 pounds of nitrogen per acre, and 74 pounds only m 1867.
Tht^oint expiated, fhe two series are alike, both equally proving the dominant

fU7!ZrlZTo?Ke dominant action of the potash is in the fact that the nitrogen used lost its infl.er.ce as socn aa the potash wasexcluded from the fertilizer.

1865. Complete Fertilizer, 114 pounds Nitrogen

455 bushels

1867. Complete Fertilizer, 74 pounds Nitrogen

400 bushels.

865 Compete Fertilizer without Potash 114 pounds Nitrogen, 174 bushe s.

im. Complete Fertilizer without Potash 74 pounds Nitrogen, 171 bushels.

We deduce three propositions from the above : 1st. Chemical fertilizers are superior to stable manure. 2nd' Potash is the dominant of the Irish potato. The Nitrogen in the Complete Fertilizer influences 20 per 100 of the crop. We now come to the fertilizers themselves. How are they to be composed Ss depends in a great measure upon the treatment of the sort and the rotation.
used.

44

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[422]

If the rotation is for four years:
Irish potato, Wheat, Clover or green forage, Wheat, we must use Complete Fertilizer No. 3.

COMPLETE FERTILIZES--977 POUNDS PEE ACBE.

Acid Phosphnte Nitrate of Potash Sulphate of Lime

Pounds. 39X 293 293 977 bu.

In which we have 40 pounds Nitrogen.
If the rotation is to be for five or six years, and an exhausting industrial plant aike hemp or colza has been grown on inferior soil that has not been manured for a longtime, we must use Complete Fertilizer No. 2.

COMPLETE FEBTILIZEE NO. 2--1173 POUNDS PER ACEE.

Acid Phosphate Nitrate of Potash Nitrate of Soda Sulphate of Lime

Pounds. 391 ig5 293 293

This time we have 74 pounds Nitrogen.
When the Irish potato is to be grown as a permanent crop, as is the habit in the Vorfces, it is best to use Complete Ferti izer No. 4 every three years, as it is richer in potash and phosphate of lime.

COMPLETE FERTILIZER NO. 4--1466 POUNDS PER ACRE.
Acid Phosphate Nitrate of Potash Sulphate of Lime

Pounds. 5g 488 391

This last is an intense fertilizer and must be used with great caution. The manner of employing these fertilizers is very simple. Broadcast the whole at once on the surface of the ground after the last working, and mix with the soil by an energetic harowing.
As an example of the effect of these three fertilizers, I give the crops at Vincennes of 1868 :

YIELD PEB ACRE.
Intense Complete Fertilizer, Nitrogen 98 pounds Complete Fertilizer, Nitrogen 74 pounds Complete Fertilizer, Nitrogen 27 pounds

Bushels. 454 332 316

With Mr. Denoyon, at Bleraneourt, in the department of aisne, the ordinary complete fertilizer was superior in effect to the intense fertilizer.

r423]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

4S

PEB ACRE.
Complete Fertilizer, Nitrogen 74 pounds Complete Fertilizer, Nitrogen 44 pounds

Pounds.
35,688 -'8t>o

Bushels. 691

A. last question. Under what form is it b.st to employ nitrogenous matter ? As nitrate of soda or as sulphate of ammonia ?

,.,,,

The choice is indifferent, provided the fertilizer contains a sufficient quant.ty oi

potash. Here is the proof of this :

Bushels.

1868. Complete Fertilizer with Nitrate of Soda, Nitrogen 68 pounds ^32^

1868 Complete Fertilizer with Sulphate of Am. Nitrogen 74 pounds 851

The two crops of 1868 were practically alike. We will remark however that the-

potatoes came up a second time on the plat where the nitrate of soda was used. P We said the Irish potato was of great importance by its food properties and its

richness in starch We now give its exact composition.

In 100 of fresh Irish potato there is --

Water

Starch Nitrogenous Matter

Fatly Matter

;

Sugar

;

Skin Mineral Matter (Salts)

70.00

""

24m

' '""

^ 6()
010
x'09

.....y..3.V......... L65

i gg

Total

100,00

The Iri-h potato contains nearly 30 per cent of dry matter from which deduct

1 65 for the skin, reducing the food part to 23 percent, of winch 24 is Starch

^cultivation of the Irish potato in France takes 2.700.000 ~-^ *"> duction is 463,723,994 bushels, representing a mean annual value of $96,000,000.

anatomic organization of the potato. Under the microscope a shoe of Irish potato looks X a net work of cells filled with granulation, These granules are the
BtaTohget the Stan* the potato is grated and the pulp washed In a sieve; the starch runs through the me lies and is deposited at the bottom of the vessel where the
^l^X^^SL^ at thetopand the upper surface.:the deposit at the bottom of the vessel taken away as it is only the refuse of the cells and the skin. The starch is again washed until nearly pure, when the process is completed oV passing it through silk sieves of increasing fineness. The organisation of the search of the Irish potato is extremely curious, but before speaking of
let me show you how much there is in common between starch and sugar rnakIng These industries belong to agriculture because of the raw material with which they work, and the cattle feed from the pulp.

46

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[424]

In spite of exterior differences, sugar and starch are of the same composition; both are formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the same relations and repre^ sented by this formula, G 12, H 11, O 11.
In starch as in sugar making, the sale of the crop is limited to a product formed solely at the expense of air and rain. The rest of the crop is returned to t ae soil either through the water used in washing by irrigation or in the pulp consumed by catt'e. If starch and sugar have the same composition they are different in properties and organization. Sugar is soluble'in water ; it crystallizes in beautiful, well denned rhomboids, and by the geometric regularity of its forms approaches the productions of inorganic nature.
Starch, on the contrary, is insoluble in water, does not crystallize and has an organized structure. It is in ovoid grains hardly the 185 thousandth part of a millimetre in diameter, which are formed by concentric superposed layers. To show this structure, which can be seen only through the microscope, dry the starch at 100--moisten with water, sightly alcoholized; the alcohol being more volatile evaporates, while the wateracting successively upon the different layers, determines an exfoliation, and produces upon each grain what can only be compared to the bud of a flower.
Thus, though there is a complete opposition in a physical point of view between starch and sugar, these bodies present a strict analogy in relation to their functions in vegetation.
Both are in the grea'er number of cases of essentially ephemeral formations, which in spite of want of resemblance are born onefrom the other with remarkable facility. They seem to appear in vegeta'ion, by preference, in the form of glucose and are produeed in the leaves by the reduction of the carbonic acid of the air in theleavesand the combination of the carbon thus formed with the elements of water. From the leaves, glucose is diffused through all vegetal organisms and it is during this passage it takes by turns the form of cane sugar or starch.
We will give some examples of these remarkable transformations : Corn contains two kinds of sugar; non-crystallizable sugar in the leaves and crystallizable sugar in the stalks.
At the time of flowering, the sugar in the stalk disappears and is replaced by the starch, which accumulates in the grain.
The same changes take place in the beet. Just before flowering it contains 8 to 10 per cent of sugar; in proportion as the grain is formed this sugar disappears so entirely that when the grain is ripe, the beet does not contain a trace of sugar.
Three terms express the different phases of these remarkable changes :
Glucose, confused forms. Crysta'lizable sugar, geometric forms. Starch, organized forms.

Just at present we are speaking of non-crystallizing sugar and starch. The inverse change from crystallizing sugar to starch is equally as easy, and corresponds to another period of vegetal life, viz. : germination.
If we sprout wheat or barley, which contains about 60 per cent, of starch tha starch disappears; it is replaced at first by a kind of gum called dextrine, which is Itself transformed into glue se.
I am accustomed to class s'arch, sugar and their congeneers under the name of transitory products of vegetal activity, to recall the incessant transformations they are subjected to, and which are one of the conditions of plant life.
As a general rule, all organs In process of formation are formed in part from the

[425]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

47

substance of pre-existing organs, to which is added all that the plant draws from

the air end soil.

. .

The fl'st leases which appear after germination come entirely from the grain,

hardly are th y formed when they produce sugar with the carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen, which they take from the air and the water of the soil. The next leaves draw a part of their substance from the first ones, to which they

add more glucoSR formed in their own tissues at the cost of air and water.

Thus from leaf to leaf, from branch to branch, we arrive at the period of flower-

ing and the formation of fruit, whose substance is taken wholly from pre existing

organs. During the course of this complex work, the sugar, starch and gums are trans-
formed one into th- other. This exp'ains the important f unction of starch in the

economy of vegetal nutrition. Commercially, sugar i< of more importance than starch, both from greater value,
and the heavy tax, which brings in at least one hundred million annually to the

country.

'. .

If we fix the return per acre for the beet at 49,000 lbs., and that ot the Inn

potato at 24,444 lbs., 400 bushels, we find the value of the sugar produced by the

beet per acre to be $272 00, while the value of the starch also per acre is only $115 00.

On the other hand, the 49,000 lbs. of beets pay $126.00 tax, while the Irish potato

pays no tax.

.

We will end the study of the Irish po'ato by some words as to the disea e which

so often destroys it. For twenty years since this disease has made its appearance, it has been t e object

of much stu ly. Last year it made its appearance at the Experimental Farm at Vincennes upon
several plats in the midst of others which were free from its attacks.

We will begin by statins; facts: When a plantation of Irish potatoes is invaded by this disease, the leaves lose
their fr.shness and green color; they roll up, become crisp, dry, ai.d if the evil

increases all the parts above ground wither. The disease often stops at this period ; but if the season is wet, it extends to the
tubers, which have reddish spot3 collected generally around the stem and eyes ^
rather'than on any other parts. If the disease increases, the tubers begin to decay ; if they do not decay where
they grew, are still so difficult to keep that the crop is worthless. It is certain that when the Irish potato is diseased it is attacked by a microscopic
cryptogam; the rolling of the leaves has the same cause. Is this cryptogam the

cause or the effect of the disease ? We come now to the circumstances which marked the appearance of#this disease

at the Experimental Farm at Vincenne3. Until 1867 there had been but little of it. I thought, however, it showed itself
principally where the plats had received a fertilizer containing a large proportion of nitrogen, yet I could not prove this by exact facts and figures. In 1867 the disease was so clearly developed, and with such circumstances as were positive proof.
On a strip of ground cut into plats of fourteen yards square, separated by a path three feet wide, two squares were invaded apparently to the exclusion of all the

others; the leaves were first attacked. How had these two plats been treated? One had received no fertilizer for eight
years; the other had received no potash for the same length of time.
Thus Bail without fertilizer--disease.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[426}

Soil without potah-disease.

But the trouble did not stop there.

On a square where the leaves were extremely beautiful at the time of digging 25-

percent of the subers were found to be in an advanced state of decty. This square

had never received any phosphate of lime.

The disease thus occurred at Vincennes under two different form?: in one case

injuring the leaves and stems, while the tubers were but slightly attacked.

In the other case concentrating the efforts of destruction upon the tub rs, wi'h-

out any al'eration of the plant abve ground.

But the invasions of disease corresponded in both cases wih a total or partial

exhaustion of the soil.

This year I repeated the experiment on two strips of ground, wtiose corraspond-

I

ing squares had received the same fertilizer, with this difference : the nitrogenous matter in one case was nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia in the other, the

amount of ammonia being the same.

What became of the two squares?

As last year, where the potdsh was wanting, or the soil received no fertilizer, the

leaves were badly rol!ed,;and three-fourths destroyed. On the other plats the at-

tacks were isolated and slight

In questions of this character, proofs have never the character of absolute de-

monstrations, because when a'disease makes its appearance at one point it is irn-

possible to decide whether the slight attacks at other spots are due to contagion

from the place first affected, or originates in seven] parts at once. You see, gentlemen, how careful I am ;n the interpretation of these phenomena,

instead of jumping to a conclusion. I set myself to defining and studying them.

I repeat, the evil was intensifiel when the soil was wanting i , fertilizer and in pot-

ash. Were these facts Ihe same anywhere else than at Vincennes?

Yes, and in sufficiently la'ge numbers to strengthen the belief that the disease

of the Irish potato ii first caused by the exhausti n of 'he soil in mineral substances.

Mr. Jacob, at Saint Christot-en Jarret (Loire) made three experiments in 1867.

The first with chemical fertilizer, the second wi h 39,000 lbs. of barn yard manure,

and the third without any fer ilizer.

Thi tuberi of the three crops were injurei, but in a very different way. With

the stable manure 20 per cent of the roots were diseased; 9 per cent where no

fertilizer was used, and only G percent where the chemical fertiiz r was applied.

I give the particulars of the experiments :

Stable nianure Without any manure Complete fertilizer

Crop.
19,228 lbs. 8,480 " 21,240 "

Tubers Diseased.
3,960 lbs. 677 "
1,392 "

Percentage of Diseased Tubers.
20.50 9.06 6 52

These facts are in all points conformed to those observed at Vincennps. In 39,000 lbs of stable manure there are 200 lbs. of ammonia, and in the complete fertilizer only 74 lbs. In the chemical fertilizer, the potash used in the form of nitrate is immedia'ely assimilable, while it must first undergo decomposition in the stable manure before it can be absorbed by the plants, whicb are liable to many accidents while waiting for this.slow decomposition.
The Marquis of Havrincourt made two experiment last year: one wi'h stable manure and chemical fertilizer together--the other with stable manure alone. The amount of stable manure was the same in both cases. The chemical feriilizer this

, 1

SUPPLEMENTAL R1CPORT--1885.

49

timehad an injurious effect. A larger percentage of the tubers were diseased. The r4hoardahlee^ectof the nit^uous matter was ev.deut here. _ ^ ^

Pounds. Pound* diseased.

11733 pounds Stable Manure...... Complete Fertilizer 43 pounds Nitrogen

} 14,666 12,222

J ^^

^

11,733 Stable Manue

" '

" .

In the first experiment the .mount of nitrogen was 102 pounds and only 58 m

^al year's experience led Mr. Grenouleet, of Prunier, to the same conclu-

^isyea, Mr. Roge, ^^^f^T^ E^X

same conclusions. Mr. Denogon (A'sne):

^^

TubeiB

per acre. diseased

Pounds. Pounds,

Percentage diseased.

mtense Compete Fertilizer (98 lb. Potash) 29 333

4,400

15

Complete Per. 74 lbs Nitrogen, 98 ft,. Potash.. 35,204 6.804

Complete Fer. 40 lbs Nitrogen, 146 lbs. Potash.. 27,866 3,420

Sulphate of Ammonia, 98 lbs. Nitrogen

30,000 U,7

Lieutenant-Colonel Roge, at Sens (Yonne):

YIELD PER ACKB.

Pounds.

,

Complete Fe, 26 lbs. Nitrogen 17,088 Very beautif ,1 and ver, healthy.

SOuUlipphuaate of Ammon--a9t.ua

18,089 17

DDilsseeaassee(dJ..

5SS?i;:::::. 10,323 Smallandugly, notdiseased.

Mr. Liebig made ten experiments equally decisWe a^the..jbove.

^ ^

JS norL^^-^^eoSme and potash, the third

^5rrrr^rSi grown in the natural tu,,; and the * that

h1o^he^e^minLs.the ab.se or excess of nitrogenous matter was

always coincident with the appearance of the d^ It will be singularly instructive to compare these facts witn

^ ^

^Te^idoJ^eTad for several years injured the cane at Martinique, Bour-

bon and Maurice.

disease of the Irish potato, the

nitrogen a,d phosphate, but it is entirely wanting in potash. These observations are in accord with my own.

5

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[428}

I have received a large number of letters from Martinique from those who used the chemica fertilizer. The writers, like myself, do not doubt the value of the chemical fertilizer in remedying the disease of the Irish potato.
toMthre. Scaanuez,iearddws h: o lives on the Island of Mauritius, after giving details of injury'
"A sugar grower of Bourbon, who was in despair, tried the fertilizer vou recom mended for the cane. This experiment was made on an acre in the middle of a argeneld; this acre is now flourishing, while the rest of the field (like almost all tlie cane of the Island) is sterile."
What is the difference between the chemical fertilizer which succeeds and the guano which is useless ?
The first contains potash and but little nitrogen, the second contains much nitrogen and no potash at all.
L^!;f,,01bAet Tte me frm Martini<lTM = "twoproprietorsatMartinique, Messrs I^cnai d a,dGustavc Lute, have used chemical fertilizers on their lands and the canes are magnificent."
'It was a veritable resurrection for Mr. Litte; his soil was exhausted by the abuse of guano and produced only stunted canes devoured bv worms "
Do you not think gentlemen, that these facts give a singular importance to our observations on t'oe disease of the Irish potato, and to confirm the conclusions we crew irom them ?
The more I experiment, and the longer I observe and examine the subject the more convinced I become that the cause of the disease of the Irish potato is caused trom the treatment of the soil.
I say to you, however: See what I have sen ani examine into what you see ihere. where the plant is not fertilized, it is diseased, where it is wanting in potash: it is d.seased, where there is too ranch nitrogen, it is diseased.
Experiment for yourselves.
The growth of vegeta.ion is influenced by too many different circumstances for an isolated observer to solve such questions. For a rapid and certain solution we mustmutiplj experimentsin differentsoi's and climates and subject the results to careful comparisons.
Chemical fertilizers, from the fixity of composition and the certainty with which they may be regulated at will, allow of collective researches on a common basis which is impossible with stable manure, whose richness and physical condition Tar,eswithcirrum>tances. The chemical fertilizer in i self is always the same on befT handmake > experiraent3 for hiniseIf but adhere to a certain plan agreed

ppileettee\ieerrttiilnizfeerr1ftooekknnonwwPwTherneftoVsftoypinaCt raeansoinrSmaalmcuolutnutrse of nitrogen in the comelement's^heS^n.'zer6 ^ ^ am0"ntsof nitrS* but leave out the mineral
feH^eryWhaPevrlnr:ent " ^ na'UraI SOil fr a ^ccsion of years without any For the;e ditferent experiments plats of 240 square yards are quite sufficient.

PLAT NO. 1-COMPLETE FERTILIZER WITH 98 POUNDS NITROGEN PER ACRB.

Acid Phosphate Nitrate of P,,tash Nitrate, f Soda
Sulphate of Lime

PER ACRE.
^S??8,,,,
SEJ V.'.'.'.'.'..!'.'.'.l'..".'.'.'.'.".'.'.'.'...'.'.'.'.'.'. 39!

FOR 240 SQ. YDS.
Founts. \l }
16

1,406 lbs.

60

[439]

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT--1885.

51

PLAT NO. 2--COMPLETE FERTILIZER WITH 74 POUNDS NITROGEN PER AOB.

Acid Phosphate Niirate of Potash Nitrate of Soda
Sulphate of Lime.

Pounds.
s9t
1* 93 "93

Pound*.
* ,! j;

1,172

48

PLAT NO. 3-COMPLETE FERTILIZER WITH 38 POUNDS OF NITROGEN PEE ACRE.

Pounds.

Pound*.

Acid Phosphate Nitrate of Potash Sulphate of Lime

391

16

233

l*

293

^

~m

40

PLAT NO. 4--NITROGENOUS MATTER ALONE, 98 TOUNDS PER ACRE.

Pounds.

Sulphate of Ammonia

488

PLAT NO. 5--NITROGENOUS MATTER AIONE, 73 POUNDS PER ACRE.
Pounds.

Nitrate of Soda

488

Pounds.
2U
Pounds. 20

PLAT NO 6--WITHOUT ANT FERTILIZER.
If the facts produced at Vincennes can be generalized, the disease will be most
injurious on plats 4, 5 and 6. Of plats 1, 2 and 3, I think plat 3 will be the healthiest. It is probable that, if you use soil n t so thoroughly exhausted as that used at
Vincennes, the results will be less marked, and this can be easily explained. ^ The plat which received potash th s spring had been deprived of it for eight
years. The plat that received nitrogen had been fertilized with nothing else for eight years. The one where complete fertilizer was used had received this ferti izar
for eight yrars. Thus, the plats were in an excrp'ionally fine condition for experimenting on._ In 1861, when the experimental field was begun, it is probable the plats which
now give such very marked results would not then have been equally defined as the natural richness of the soil, in a measure, supplied what was wanting in the
fertilizer. In order to come to satisfactory conclusions, experiments must be continued for
several years on soil which has not been fertilized for four or fire years. You see, geutlemen, that the methods we follow (after defining the fundamental
conditions which regulate vegetable production), for the Irish potato, as well asfor other plants, must lead us to the causfs of their disease, for all I have said of the Irish potato is equally applicable to the vine, sugar cane, sorghum, and probably the mulberry. Many intelligent silk growers trace the disease of the silk worm to
he treatment of the mulberry tree. Be assured that the accidents and epidemics of plants are but deviations from reg-
ular phenomena. Excess or want in their conditions of existence are equally prejudicial to plant
life. Phenomena that are irregular in appearance are due to tne same causes with normal phenomena. The effects are different; the laws are the same.
I hope the continued study of plant growth and disease will convince you that chance and caprice, as applied to na'ural phenomena, are two emp'y words, which the science of to-day must exclude from her vocabulary.

52

1? DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGFAJ

[430]

EXTRACT FROM LETTERS OF MB. GRENTILLET.
As to the disease, I can say that for the three years I have used the chemical fertilizer, there has been no disease among my Irish potatoes. The potatoes are as sound now as when I dug them, and for three years my neighbors have lost Dearly all theirs. I attribute this to the presence of potash in the fertilizer. For the first year, knowing only the results cf your labors, and not knowing how or where to get the chemical fertilizer, I used a fertilizer composed of unbleached ashes, (potash and lime), rapecake, (nitrogenous matter), and animal black, (phosphate of lime). The results were the same as produced by the chemical fertilizer. The cause of the disease with my stil was undoubtedly the want of potash.

EXTRACT OF LETTERS FROM MESSRS. LOULIK AND LEGIER, SILK GROWERS.

We had often thought that, perhaps, the continual decrease of the silk worms was due to some change in the leaves of the mulberry, the result of want of phosphate or potash in th soil, or the abuse of guano.
After much hesitation we decided to make an experiment.

We begun by feeding leaves from mulberries that had been differently manured.

The eggs used were perfectly healthy. No disease appeared, but the weight of the

worms at the time of mounting, or spinning, showed considerable difference in

weight according to the kind of fertilizer used on the trees.

LOULIE.

The chemical fertil'zer produced very healthy leaves on the trees, which kept

the worms growing rapidly. The same eggs rsised on leaves from the chemical fer-

tilizer gave twenty pounds more of cocoons to the ounce of eggs than those fed on

leaves from trees treated with stable manure.

LEGIEB.

A 4oo
.51
ripfesss
I V.I! ft. I