mmaamd

THE LIBRARIES
THE
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
At00

PUBLICATIONS
A
OF THE
GEORGIA STATE
Department of Agriculture
volume VI
FOR THE YEAR I88O
J T Henderson Commissioner
A1LANTA GA FBRtjjRY 1880
Jas P Harrison Co Printers Atlanta GaLIBRARY
MAR 6 1945INTRODUCTION TO VOL VI
The current volume and the five preceding are not Reports in the usual sense of the term
but as the title imports are compilations of all the publications of the Department of every charac
ter issued during the year These include the questions sent to correspondents the replies to which
constitute the basis of the Monthly Crop Reports and to a considerable extent that of other publi
cations
Rules and Regulations for the inspection of Fertilizers and Special Instructions to Inspectors
are given in order that the details of the system may be more readily understood
Volume VI presents a sort of panoramic view of the work of the Department for the year 1880
It was not composed and printed in its entirety at the end of the year but in accordance with the
system adopted at the inauguration of the Department viz At the time of printing a specified
number of each of the publications blanks etc is filed in the office for binding in a volume at the
end of the year
For convenience of indexing the same each publication is double paged the usual marginal
figures denoting the pages of the Circular while the figures in the brackets denote the page of the
Annual Volume The General Index refers to these bracket pages
Some of the publications are improperly paged but the reader will find no difficulty in using the
Index in consequence of this
The method adopted thus described explains any apparent want of uniformity in style and mechan
ical execution and in the quality of paperContents of Volume VI
CIRCULARS MANUALS ETC
PAGE
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers 3
Analyses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers 187980 73
Annual Report of Commissioner of Agriculture 345
April Crop Report 15
August Crop Report 109
July Crop Report 89
June Crop Report 49
Manual on Cattle 135
May Crop Report 31
Results of Soil Testof Fertilizers 241
Rules and Regulations for Inspection of Fertilizers 127
September Crop Report 329
Supplemental Crop Report 393
SPECIAL CIRCULARS
Questions for April Crop Report 11
Questions for May Crop Report 31
Questions for June Crop Report 45
Questions for July Crop Report 65
Questions for August Crop Report 105
Questions for September Crop Report 123
Questions for Supplemental Crop Report 387
Questions to Manufacturers 69
Special Instructions to Inspectors 131
117711Index to Volume VI
A
Agricultural Organizations 384
Analyses and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers 7388
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers 3
Annual Report of the Commissioner345386
Areas planted r33o
B
BaconCost of 398
c
CattleManual on135326
Cattle ManualIndex to321326
CarpGerman381408
CarpPonds for 410
Chemist 347
ChemistsConvention of 349
CornCost of 398
Crop ReportQuestions for April 1114
Crop ReportFor April 1330
Crop ReportQuestions for May 3134
Crop ReportFor May 3144
Crop ReportQuestions for June 4 548
Crop ReportFor June 4964
Crop ReportQuestions for July 6568
Crop ReportFor July 89104
Crop ReportQuestions for August 105108
Crop ReportFor August109122
Crop ReportQuestions for September123126
Crop ReportFor September329344
Crop ReportQuestions for Supplemental387390
Crop ReportSupplemental393412
Crop Yields 401
D
Directions for Conducting Soil Tests xa
E
Experiment Station 370FarmExperimental
FarmersCondition of
FarmersIndebtedness of
Farmers Suggestions to
FertilizersRules for Inspection of
FertilizersResults of Soil Tests of
FertilizersResults of Soil Tests ofIndex to
FertilizersAnalyses and Statistics of
FertilizersChemist for Analysis of
FertilizersInspectors of
FisheriesSuperintendent of
FisheriesReport of Superintendent
German Carp
370
397
397
399
127130
327398
393
7388
347
348
349
377
381408
Inspection of FertilizersRules forI27 3
Inspectors of FertilizersSpecial Instructions to3II34
Improved Seed 39
Improving Land
LandImproving
399
M
ManufacturersQuestions to GQ72
Manual on Cattle135326
Manual on CattleIndex to321326
Meteorological Report 18804547
OrganizationsAgricultural 384
OrganizationsHorticultural 384
R
Rules and Regulations for Inspection of Fertilizers
Rice
127130
394
393
369
373
SeedImproved
SeedDistribution of398
Shad
Soil TestsDirections for Conducting
Soil Tests of FertilizersResults of32739
Soil Tests of FertilizersIndex to 39
Supplies Purchased 393
SuppliesCost of
W5
Special circular No L Department op Agriculture
new bkrikb S Atlanta Ga Feby 2d 1880
DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
FOR THE YEAR 1880
Dear Sir
You will please comply as far as practicable with the following directions
in conducting the soil test of fertilizers sent you from this Department With
out the utmost care and accuracy in all observations and in every detail of the
work from th preparation of the soil to the gathering of the crops experiments
are valueless
Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked of
Nature If a question is not accurately and clearly asked the interpretation
of the answer will be difficult if not impossible
Experimenters ate theefore urged to give their personal supervision to every
detail connected with the soil tests of commercial fertilizers received from the
Department in order that they may possess when the crop is gathered all the
data necessary to give a full and accurate report not only of results but of ev
ery essential circumstance connected with the experiment
IW Reports are expected whether the experiment results in success or failure
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible
2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted in rows ap
ply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards long leaving four
rows unfertilized between those fertilized with different brands thus A four
rows without fertilizer four rows B four rows without fertilizer four C f our
etc through the plat When the crop matures gather the two middle rows of
each fourfertilized and unfertilized and weigh and record the same accurately
If it is cotton weigh and record carefully each separate picking and the date of
each If the test is made with small grain or any crop sown broadeast lay off
plats 35 or 70 yards long and 6 feet wide with a vacant space one or two feet
wide between the plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and when
the crop is gathered record separately the product of the fertilized and unfer
tilized plats In all smallgrain tests give the weight of the grain and of the
straw after the grain is thrashed out
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 200 or 100
pounds per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds broadcast on
small grain
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil he pre
paration planting stand and cultivation identical on each four rows the only dif
ference being in the kind or quality of fertilizer used Without this the test will not be
5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the quantity
and character of each ingredient and the method employed in composting
6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same brands as those
submitted for test and report the result as directed in No 2 aboveDEPARTMENT UF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have
8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with any oth
ers you may have on any other crop on your farm or garden and report result
9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bonenot armnoniatedia tested com
post it by formula for composting given in the Circulars of this Department
10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and report results
and facts as above requested
11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is done or as it
takes place Let your record also contain the following viz
a The character of the soil and subsoil in nhich the test is made whether
sandy clayey marley or calcareous and whether upland or bottom how long
in cultivation and the character of the original growth
b Its previous treatment both as to ciops cultivated and fertilizers used for
several previous years and if practicable select a plat which was not fertilized
in 1879
e The time and manner of preparation time and manner of planting modes
of cultivation seasons both as to temperature and rainfall and any other fact
of interest connected with the test of fertilizers
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department embrac
ing everything laid down in the foregoing or that is connected with the experi
ment Blanks on which to make out this report from the record made by you
during the year will be sent to you in November next
These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with great care and
the results accurately reported by the first day of December next or as soon
thereafter as the results can be ascertained
Very Respectfully
T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureCircular No 5 I
New Series j Fourth Edition
SEASON OF18798C
ANALYSES

COMMERCIAL VALUES
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA TO
THE 20th OF MARCH 1880
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OP
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
FOURTH EDITION
ATLANTA GEORGIA
I860
JA8 P Haebisok Stats Pbihtbb Atlanta GaEXPLANATIONBOF TILTABLES OF ANALYSES
The table on the following pages shows the analyses of Commercial Fertil
izers for the season of 187980 which have been inspected analyzed and ad
mitted to sale in Georgia up to the 20th March
In arranging the Table the chemical determinations to which no value is at
tached are first given viz Moisture and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid
Next are given the valuable determinations viz Soluble and Precipitated
Phosphoric Acid Ammonia and Potash
The Soluble and Precipitated Phosphoric Acid are entered in separate col
umns but being of equal value the same money value is given to them hence
the sum of these two is placed in one column making the Total Available Phos
phoric Acid
nr7In80nbPhOSpll0riCAcld 8n0t araiIable a plantfoodespecially if derived from
phosphate rock but if derived from animal bone is valuable if immediate resuls are not desire
The determinations in the analysis are given in percentages
After the chemical determinations are the commercial values or approxi
mate estimate of the real worth of the valuable ingredients found by analysis in
a ton of each fertilizer
niTEJlleSeJiCOmmerCialyalneS ea means f sparing the real values of fertilizers one
with another It is more convenient to compare the aggregate value of all valuable ingredients in
dollars ana cents than otherwise They represent approximately the true value of the several fertil
lzers at oavaniiaQ
Commercial values are followed by the names and places of dealers and man
ufacturers These are given as reported to the Department by the Inspectors
The following prices per pound of the valuable ingredients or elements of plant
food found in the fertilizers by analysis have been adopted as a practical
approximation to their true value at Savannah viz
Available Phosphoric Acidla cents d
Ammonia 1Q
Potash 18a ceDts P Pound
o cents per pound
The commercial values are calculated as follows The Available Phosphoric
Acid Ammonia and Potash being the valuable ingredients for which the
farmer pays his moneythey only are considered in ascertaining the com
mercial value The numbers in the respective columns of these ingredients
indicate the number of pounds of each in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer
To ascertain the value of the Available Phosphoric Acid in a fertilizer multi
ply the number in that column by 12 the value in cents of one pound for the
value of that element in 100 pounds which product multiplied by 20 twenty
times 100 pounds makes 2000 pounds or one ton will give the value of the
Available Phosphoric Acid in one ton
Multiply the number of pounds of Ammonia by 18 the value in cents of one
pound This product multiplied by 20 will give the value of the Ammonia in
a ton
Multiply the Potash by 8 the value in cents of a pound and the product by
20 which will give the value of Potash in a ton
Then add these values together and you will have the commercial value of a
ton of the fertilizer j T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureTABLEOf Analyses Commercial Values etc of Commercial Fertilizers Inspected Analyzed and Admitted to Sale in
Georgia to March 20Season of 187980
rf
NAMES OF FERTILIZERS
Ammoniated Alkaline Phosphate
Alta Ammoniated Guano
Atkins Co Amd Bone Slip PhoB
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Baldwin Cos Amd Dis Bone
do Subsequent inspection
Bakers Standard jimdBone Phos
Bales Guano
Bales Acid
Bahama Soluble Guano
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer
Barrys Granger Fertilizer
Barrys Acid Phosphate
Bradlcvs Pat Sup Pho of Lime
Rradleys Amd Dis Bone
Burgess Fertilizer
Burgess Dis So Ca Phosphate
Brightons Amd Bone Sup Phos
Carolina
t hesapeake Guano
Cotton Food
Cotton 1 nt Dissolved Bone
Cotton Compound Patapsco Co
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Cairo Guano
Cumberland Sup Phos of Lime
do Avge 4 subsequent insptions
Dixie Guano
DeLeons Dissolved Bone
DeLeons Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Dobbe Ammoniated Cotton Guano
Eagle Amd Bone Phosphate
B Frank Cocs Amd Bone Sup Phos
Etiwan Dissolved Bone
ANALYSES
n
1811
147i
1135
1210
KM I
ltl30
11 W
1015
1180
1002
975
12 8
10 33
1177
1314
1100
1260
1220
13111
12
1300
1420
12
1222
1435
1232
1292
1435
126
1010
1162
1405
1005
1359
Photqihwic Add
843
328
276
295
113
262
4 20
4 07
362
437
381
27
268
290
3 tr
3 48
43
546
126
49i
3 83
242
484
375
370
420
189
370
670
2 4
220
087
24
220
QQ
68
5Hi
6 04
755
851
67c
710
631
7H
690
40
4 50
780
8 19
781
6 HO
880
569
9n5
406
6 70
1124
393
9
275
611
660
27
715
460
7 IS
817
1030
118
123
328
4 OS
3 25
186
356
394
1 73
283
227
370
422
362
148
1 80
266
850
231
161
8
330
308
45H
246
540
240
493
540
321
49
2 20
234
055
147
803
838
1012
108
10 4V
1226
1104
803
10 02
917
820
872
1142
967
911
956
1230
8 00
1116
121
10 00
1432
849
1233
815
865
1153
815
1041
955
941
10 51
1085
1335
200
204
203
sio
252
2 00
206
295
2 70
204
335
316
202
234
3IS
2 48
2 01
256
228
228
220
2 28
202
270
2 00
306
240
084
238
147
112
084
084
240
032
036
111
025
025
052
isi
660
166
162
060
060
118
118
0 60
0 60
061
By whom and where sold or foi
whom Inspected and Analyzed
B J Cnbbedge Savannah Ga
Lorcntz Rittler Atlanta Ga
H Atkins Co Gainesville Ga
Pelzer Rodgers o Charleston
Haldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
A C B F Wyly Atlanta
J A Bale Home Ga
J A Bale Rome Ga
WaltonWhann 4 Co SavannahGa
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
Langston Crane Atlanta Ga
Langston rane Atlanta Ga
H J Burgess Athens Ga
3 J Bnrgess Athens Ga
Winfleld Peters Baltimore
It M Comer Co Savannah
IS J nbbedge Savannah Ga
J C Bruyn Savannah Ga
H C Harris Fort Valley Ga
D B Hull Savannah Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
B J Cnbbedge Savannah Ga
Chas Ellis Savannah Ga
C Ellis Savannah Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
P M DeLeon Savannah Ga
S c Dobbs Athens Ga
Barrett Carswell Augusta Ga
1 G Purse Savannah Ga
C A hisolm Charleston S C
By whom and where manufactured
Chesapeake Guano Co Bait Md
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston 8 C
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Chemical Co of Canton Bait Md
J A Bale Rome Ga
J A Bale Rome Ga
Walton Whann CoWjlmingDel
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
Ed Batry Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
Bradley Fertz Co Boston Mass
Bradley Fertz Co Boston Mass
E B Burgess Burgess Store Va
E B Burgess Burgess Store Va
Winfleld Peters Baltimore Md
Bradley Manng Co Boston Mass
Chesapeake Guano Co Bait Md
Maryland Fertzr Co Baltimore
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Stono Phos Co Charleston S C
P W L Raisin A Co Bait Md
Bone Co Portland Maine
Bone Co Portland Me
R W 1 Raisin Co Bait Md
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
P M DeLeon New York
Read Co Barren Island
Bradley Fertilizing Co Boston
E Frank Coe Philadelphia Pa
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C

W
o
o
q
o
M
O
gEtiwan Potash Compound
Empire Guano
Eureka Amd Bone Sup Fhos Lime
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Georgia Dissolve ed Bone
Georgia Grange Dissolved Bone
Georgia Stat Grange Acid Phoa
Georgia fttate Grange Fertilizer
Georgia Cheni Works Acid rhoi
Gosfypium Phospho
Giant Gumo
Grange Mixture
Grange M xture
Hope Guano
King Guano
Licbigs Amd Dis Bono
L 11 Amd Sol Phosphate
Lifter Bro Standard Pure Bone
Lister BrosCrescent Hone Fertilizer
do Subsequent inspection
Longs Prepared Chemicals
Li 1 leys Early Opener
Mapes1 Nitrogenized Sup Phos
Mastodon Amd Superphosphate
Matins Chemical Fertilizer
Merrymans Acid Phosphate
Merrymans AinmouiatedDis Bone
Mound City Guano
National Bone Dust
Obcr Sons Sol SupPhosof Lime
Orient Complete Manure
Oriental Amd Bone Phos
Old B
Patapsco Guano
Patapsco Co Amd Sol Phos
Patapsco Co Amd Sol Phos
Pioneer A cid Phosphate
Plow Brand Raw Bone Sup Phos
Potimac Guano
Pomona A cid Phosphate
Pure Dis Bone Cem Co of Canton
Royal Superphosphate
Ragsdale John C Amd Dis Bone
Russell toes Amd Bone Sup Phos
Roauoke Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
SlingiufTs Pure Dissolved Bone
Snowdens Cotton Compound
Sol uble Bone Phosphato
1046 338 1044 388 1132 189
1550 48 575 227 802 270 106
1215 471 670 266 936 246
1265 670 716 326 1041 060
1265 09 10 35 180 1215 076
1211 1347 163a 174 3SI 274 1355 9 07 914 218 847 090 1573 1254 1004

336
1163 310 977 39s 1375 072
573 2 5S 453 602 1055 281 176
1435 370 275 540 815 228 060
1295 484 393 456 849 256 162
1666 216 394 561 955 264 232
14 35 370 275 54i 815 228 060
1435 370 275 64 815 228 060
1295 484 893 456 841 256 162
1372 54H 50 386 936 201 121
1777 210 835 260 1085 228 096
1273 316 612 357 969 288 147
1415 225 630 326 9 56 220 110
1589 832 088 1 36 1224 053
1435 3 70 275 540 815 2 28 060
162U 529 305 636 941 222
1666 215 894 5G1 955 264 232
12 62 525 575 264 839 216 177
1123 346 1272 066 1337 058
1435 146 996 193 1189 28 029
1882 058 5 40 673 1218 212
16 50 207 215 598 813 288
1140 327 800 112 912 306 117
1566 286 650 174 821 261 211
773 2 24 6 40 258 898 276
1666 2 15 3 94 561 955 264 2 82
1666 215 394 561 955 264 232
1666 25 394 561 955 264 232
12 95 484 393 4 6 849 256 162
110 17i 1032 077 1109 225
111 62 437 690 227 917 295 240
1435 370 275 540 816 22S 060
1400 297 640 368 1008 106
485 52 565 516 1081 210
10 33 117 840 20 1045 306
12 20 546 56S 231 80 234 088
1830 097 1053 060 1113 250 074
1435 370 275 540 815 228 060
964 430 775 182 957 282
12 62 210 1120 460 15 80
1205 484 3 93 456 849 256 102
723 99u 281 1271 207
C A ChisolmCharleston S C
H T Ininan Atlanta Ga
J M JohnsonMacon Ga
Roberts onTaylor CoChstnSC
Chas C Hardwick Savannah
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Cot Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
Geo W Scott A Co Atlanta Ga
Wright Crane Augusta Ga
D B Hull Savannah Ga
M A S to vail Augusta Ga
Wright Crane Augusta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
D H null Savannah Ga
Loreniz Hitter Atlanta Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Aio Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savamah Ga
Horn McGhee Rome Ga
Hugh T Ionian Co Atlanta
E Z Lane New York
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
R J Baker Co Baltimore
Reaves Nicholson Co Athens Ga
Jno Merryman A CoBaltimore Md
A A Fletcher arietta Ga
A A Fletcher Marietta Ga
G Ober Son Baltimore
J M Johnston Macon Ga
Barrett Carswell Augusta Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
D B Hull Savannah Ga
H Atkins Co Gainesville Ga
Walton Whann A Co Savannah
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
Coleman Newsome Macon Ga
McFarland BarnardLaGrangeGa
11 M Comer Co Savannah
Winfield Peters Baltimore Md
J Henly Smith Atlanta Ga
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore
Langston Crane Atlanta Ga
Ketchum Co Savannah Ga
D B H u 11 Savannah Ga
T B Thompson Cony era Ga
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
R W L RaMn CoBaltimoreMd
Atlantic Va Fertz CoOrientLI
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Preston Fertilizer Co New York
Baldwin A Co Passaic River N J
Baldwin A Co Passaic River N J
Baldwin A Co Newark N J
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Bait Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Bait Md
R W L Raisin A Co Bait Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Lorentz Ritter Baltimore Md
Lister Bro Newark N J
Lister Bros Newark N J
Lister Bros Newark N J
Jno R Long Co Baltimore Md
R W L Raisin Co Bait Md
Mapes Formula Peruvian Co NY
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
R J Baker Co Baltimore
Jno Merryman A CoBaltimoreMd
1 no Merryman CoBaltimoreMd
Northwestern Fertzr Co St Louis
No Western Fertz CoSt Louis Mo
G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
Atlantic Vir Fertz Co OricntL I
Read CoNew York
Georgia Chemical W rks Augusta
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Stono Phos Co Charleston S C
WaltonWhann A CoWilmingDel
R W L Raisin A Co Bait Md
Perry M DeLeon New York
Chemical Co of Canton
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston
Winfield Peters Baltimore Md
Russel Coc Linden N J
R W L Raisin Bait Md
Bradley Fertz Co Boston Mass
Boykin Carmer Co New York
Pai apsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Wando Phos Co Charleston SC
g
d

d
o
1
S
H
W
a

f
M
3
TABLE Continued
NAMES OP FERTILIZERS
Soluble Pacific Gnano
Snowdena Sea Hull Amd Die Belie
Soluble Sea Island Guano
Standard Superphosphate
Sterns Amd Bone Sup Phos
South American Guano
Wando Acid Phosphate
Wando Fertilizer
Walton Whann Cos Acid Phos
WUcoxGibbs Co sManpd Guano
Watson Clarks Sup Phos of Lime
Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate
Zells Atnd Hone Phosphate
ANALYSES
a
Phosphmic Add
1250
1215
1435
1977
13 77
1435
1321
943
1125
1005
1374
1210
146f
210
484
370
287
240
370
08
454
375
111
329
485
38
CQ
663
393
275
62
0 95
2 75
8 80
653
6 95
815
652
700
6

315
450
540
175
481
540
417
148
305
140
382
356
163
35
978
849
8
800
1179
815
1297
801
1000
955
931
1056
118
308
256
228
240
222
2
231
304
2
10
162
060
097
111
06
227
27
084
205
37 07
33 03
29 54
30 19
39 24
29 54
30 06
32 06
26 34
38 10
30 B4
27 89
By whom and where sold or for
whom Inspected and Analyzed
Adair k Bro Atlanta Ga
D B Hull Savannah Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Standard Fert Co Boston Mass
II T innian Co Atlanta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Geo E Gibbon Charleston S C
T B Thompson Conyers Ga
Walton Whann Co Savannah
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah
West Bros Savannah Ga
P Zell Sons Baltimore
P Zell Sons Baltimore
By whom and where manufactured
01 on aciu rnospnate 1290 485 700 356 1056 OJ hs p 7 luip cw Jersey Chemical Co P
2giilPte 1460 33 655 6303 IQ 76 g g3 fejj fZ Iimore
T T mpmndother aan AmmM p
Fhtel gZl 001 774T7inr96 2991 aoOKOnn T IWlff
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C
G A Liebig Baltimore Md
R W L Raisin Co Bait Md
Standard Fertilizer Co Boston
SternsFertzChemical Co NOLa
R W L Raisin Co Bait Md
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
New Jersey Chemical Co Phila
P Zell Sons Baltimore Md
P Zell Sons Baltimore Md
JPoppIeins Silicated Phosphate
Johnsons Chemicals
2731
304
100
625
774
247
874
72
991
174
2468 Haldwi
hico0 V ll01in ilicatc Co Baltimore Md
in A Co bavanngMjiu BaIdwin Co Newark N J
SSSSTSrftS fSi S W J of ew Haven Conn and F 1SSisraSSfSSSSSm W bjf m2 f the most S t9
SlnTO t0 oer manufacturers the original
Lister Bros Crescent Bone Fertiz
Merrymans Am Dis Bone
Soluble Pacific Guano
10 Zo
1273
1371
1256
1811
530
251
20J
085
131
108
258
9 07
720
1122
896
iS9
I2U
248
289
107 831 ftSIBaldwin Co Savannah Ga
3u0 30 iiBaldwin Co Savannah a

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Special Circular No 5
New Series

REPORT OF
ETC
AREAS PLANTED GROWING
FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL
CROPS
RETURNABLE MAY 1st 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTRUE
Atlanta Ga April 15 1880
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the I St day Of
May or a few days beforeif necessary and mail promptly so that your re
port may reach this office by the Third of May
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
Am AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or any
thing with which comparison is made is always taken as
IOO Thus if the corn crop at any time is IO per cent better
than last year or IO per cent better than an average it
should be reported as HO in each case and if ton per cent be
low these standards it sliould be Never report IO per
cent better or IO per cent worse but HO or 90 as the
case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some
better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use
the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate esti
mate leave the space blank Very Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you reportcounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 12
CORX
1 Acreage compared to last yearPer cent
2 Preparation of soil compared to last yearper cent
3 Stand compared to a good standPer cent
4 To what extent injuredby frostpercent
5 To what extent injured by insectsPer cent
OATS
6 Acreage compared to last year Pcr cent
7 What per cent of the crop sown last fall P3r cent
8 What per cent of fal sown winter killedPer cent
9 To what extent injured by rustPer cent
10 Give facts as to varieties of oats conditions as to soil preparation and time of sowing
which seem to have contributed to producing rust
11 Condition and prospects of fall sown ccompared to an averageper cent
12 Condition and prospects of spring aowu compared to an averageper cent
13 Condition and prospects of the whole crop compared to an averageper cent
WHEAT
14 Acreage compared to last yearP61 cent
15 To what extent injurid by rustPe cent
111 To what extent injured by fly or other insectsPer cent13 QUESTIONS FOE MAY CROP REPORT
17 Give facts as to varieties conditions as to soil preparation and time of sowing which
seem to have contributed to producing rust or favoring inj uvy by insects
18 Condition and prospects compared to an averageper cent
COTTOX
19 Acreage compared to last year9
0 Average time of planting compared to last year
Earlier days
Laterdays
21 Amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton compared to last yearper cent
22 What per cent of area fertilized is fertilized with home manures and compostsper cent
23 What per cent of the cropis up per cent
24 Condition of plants compared to average per cent
25 Compared to the whole area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat100 representing
such area what is the area in cottonper cent
26 What is average quantity of commercial fertilizers applied to cotton per acre in your
county lbs
SUGAR CANE
27 Area compared to last year per cent
28 Stand compared to average per cent
SORGHUM
29 Area compared to last yearper centariririf4iriMi r ijiatnigfTnililiiinirJiiift
4 DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA lj
BICE
per cent
30 Area in lowland rice compared to last year
per cent
31 Area in upland rice compared to last year
MISCELLANEOUS
32 Area in clover and cultivated grasses compared to last yearper cent
33 Condition and prospectscompared to an averagePer
34 Which of the cultivated grasses has given best results
35 What class of soils has proven best adapted to clover and grasses
36 Has fall or spring sowing given better results
37 Does sowing with smail grain or alone give better results
FRUIT
38 What is the fruit prospect including apples peaches pears and grpes compared to
per cent
an average
89 What per cent has been added to the area in orchards and vineyards during the past
per cent
fall winter and spring
STOCK
0 per cent
40 Condition of cheep compared to an average
per cent
41 Drop of lambs compared to an average
per cent
42 Condition of work stock compared to average
B per cent
43 Stock of hogs all ages compared to last year
44 What diseases if any have affected stock this spring
SEASONS
45 Has the spring been favorable or unfavorable for farming operations in your county
46 What was the date of the last killing frostCircularNo 6 1
New Series
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL 1880
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE MAY 1
1880
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga May 12 1880
CORN
The area in corn in the whole State compared to that of last year i 98
or two per cent le8s The stand however is reported 2 per cent higher than las
year The acreage in the different sections are North Georgia 97 Middle Geor
gia 95 South West Georgia 101 East Georgia 97 and South East Georgia 100
The reduction therefore is not so great as has been anticipated under the influ
ence of the price of cotton which prevailed last winter The crop has not been
materially injured by either frost or insects that by frost being 2 6 per cent and
by insects 48 The advance in the price of corn last year has had the effect of
counteracting the influence of the price of cotton in the distribution of areas de
voted to the two crops While there has been a material increase in the area
devoted to cotton there has not been a corresponding reduction in that devoted
OATS
There was an increase in the area sown to oate but the tall sown were
winter killed in some sections and have been subequently affected by rust so that
the prospect of the crop compared to an average is only 79 for the State In
North Georgia 95 in Middle Georgia 96 South West Georgia Cl East Georgia
72 and South East Georgia 59 The iajury from rust in the whole State i re
ported as 22 per cent On this subject see notes from correspondents
WHEAT
There is a small increase In the area devoted to wheat over that of last
year but has been injured 31 per cent bv rust and 14 per cent by insects and
hence although the crop during the winter was very promising its condition an
prospects compared to an averageon the first of May was only 03 See nof
from correspondents on another page
fi
2
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1J
COTTON
The improvement in the price received for the last crop of cotton has
materially increased the area devoted to this crop in all of the sections of the
State except in Southwest Georgia In North Georgia the area compared with
last year is 114 in Middle Georgia 112 in Southwest Georgia 104 in East
Georgia 110 and in Southeast Georgia 134 For the whole State 111 There
beiDg usually very little cotton planted in the Southeastern section a small in
crease in the area increases unduly the percentage There having been no in
crease in the supply of labor and no material diminution in the area devoted to
other crops there is risk of the cotton crop suffering for work unles the seasons
are unusually favorable
The crop was planted a few days earlier than last year in the southern part ot
the State and from six to ten days later in Middle and North Georgia
The heavy cold rains during the month of April in the latter sections have
been extremely unfavorable to farming operations generally and especially so to
the cotton plant
Sixteen per cent more commercial fertilizers have been used on cotton than
last year and yet 27 per cent of the whole area fertilized have bet n m inured with
home manure or composts Fortynine per cent of the crop was up May 1st
The condition of the plant at that date compared to an average was 97
In order to ascertain the relative area planted in cotton compared to that de
voted to grain crops the following question was asked viz Compared to the
whole area in grain cropscorn oats and wheat100 representing such area
what is the area in cotton The replies show that for every 100 acres in grain
crops in Georgia there are this year 72 acres in c itton In North Georgia 53
Middle Georgia 84 Southwest Georgia 78 East Georgia 69 and Southeast
Georgia 62
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
are applied throughout the State at the average rate of 131 pounds per acre In
North Georgia at the rate of 147 pounds in Middle Georgia at the rate of 127
pounds in Southwest Georgia 120 pounds in East Georgia 140 pounds and
Southeast Georgia 127 pounds
The reduction in the quintitv of commercial fertilizers applied per acre within
the last five years have been most marked
Farmers have learned from experience the risk of heavy applications in the
drill injuring the cotton in times of drouth
Sugar Cane has the same area devoted to it as last year but th stand is 3 per
cent better
Sorghum has experienced a small decrease in area Trie early amber variety
from which sugar has been successlully made in the West will no doubt stimulate
the production of Sorghum in Georgia
Rice is slowly gainiDg favor as an inland and an upland product The area
in lowland has been increased 3 per cent and that in upland 5 per cent The at
tention of the farmers of Georgia is invited to this crop as probably more certain
than wheat and much more profitable
Clover and GrassesThere has been a small Increase in the area devoted
to these in Upper Middle and in North Georgia Red clover orchard grass17
APRIL CROP REPORT
and herds grass are recommendedclover and orchard grass only on stiff clay
clay loam and sandloam soils with good clay foundation and herds grass on moist
bottoms In Middle Georgia nearly all correspondents recommend Bowing in the
fall and alone A very few reporting good results from sowing with small grain
In North Georgia many prefer sowing in the spring with oats
The sentiment in favor of orchard grass as the best cultivated pasture grass for
Georgia is almost universal
Fruit has been seriously injured in every section of the State This is espe
cially true of the peach and pear crops Apples and grapes though injured to
some extent promise an average crop The average fruit prospect in the State
is reported at 59 as compared to an average la North Georgia 57 in Middle
Georgia 54 in South West Georgia 68 in East Georgia 55 and in South East
Georgia 71
There is very little doubt that these estimates so far as they are based upon the
peach crop are too high since the peaches have continued to grow since the frost
though fatally injuredmany correspondents report them falling off rapidly
The area devoted to orchards and vineyards has been increased in the State 12
per cent during the last planting season
The largest increase is reported in Southeast Georgia where it is said to be 21
per cent In East Georgia it is reported at 17 per cent In Southwest Georgia
13 In MiddleGeorgia 10 and in North Georgia 6
Notwithstanding the immense nursery stock sold by the agents of Northern
nurseries the home nurseries found themselves unable to fill large orders early in
the season The demand for the last two seasons has been in excess of the supply
Sheep are reported 4 per cent above an average condition and the drop of lambs
one per cent above an average This is due to the mildness of the winter The
condition of work stock and supply of hogs in the State is reported at 100
The Spring season has been favorable for farming operations in all of Southern
Georgia but quite unfavorable in Middle and North Georgia on account of the
excess of cold rain which notwithstanding the mild winter have so far retarded
vegetation as to make it unusually late
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
WHEAT AND OATS
NOBTH GEORGIA
ChattoogaRust appears on all early sown cropsnot much yet on late crops
either oats or wheat
DawsonNo rust on oatsrust proof variety generally sown The purple
straw wheats mainly sown Warm winter favored injury by insects and exces
sive rains have caused some rust
ForisythOat crop looks fine and no appearanee of rust January sown nearly
as far advanced as fall sown Grazing oats sown in the fall and rust proof in
spring
WheatPreparation better than ever before 20 per cent of crop manured
with cotton seed and compact Purple straw sown principally some Tappahan
nack and Fultz sown rust just making its appearanee all injured some by fly
GordonRust proof grazing and black oats mostly sown fall sown badly
injured some spring oats are very fine
WheatEarly sown injured by insects preparation or soil seems to have made
no difference late sown the best
GwinnettWheat Bill Dallas has no rust Pultz has a little where early j other
varieties in certain localities badly rusted most of the crop not vet injured
Wheat manured with cotton seed on cotton land generally escapes rust and
makes a goo J crop
Sowing when the ground is wet causes more rust than everything else
Late sowing on light or sandy soils without a good clay subsoil most injured
by rust
OatsNone except the rust proof exempt from rust the weather has more to
do with producing rust than anything else all look well at present
The blue oat much sown and usually succeeds well
HabershamOne correspondent reports no rust in his section of the county
says the wheat now is as fine as he ever saw it and is a good average crop appa
rently Another says owing to heavy rains in October wheat in his section was
sown later and is seriously injured by rust All injured by insects
OatsODe correspondent says No rust to date in my part of the county
Another reports 40 per cent injury
HartRed rustproof oats seem to be almost exempt from rust Wheat injured
by fly
Madison Early sown wheat more injured by insectslate by rust Purple
Straw Red May and Bowman favorite varieties19
APRIL CHOP REPORT
lowns One says Very little wheat sownentirely destroyed by rust An
other says Our wheat was never better than at this time Oats sown in Februa
ry and March look exceedingly well
UnionNo ru3t in either wheat or oats
Polk One says I sow winter grazing never had any rust always make a
good crop when sown in August September or October They stand the winter
and can be grazed to 1st of April and then make a good ciop Another says
All except rustproof varieties rust in wet springs
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BibbWheat Purple Straw the favorite variety no rust
OassRed and yellow rutproof grow well on any soil no rust
ButtsWheat sown on dark red land well manured has so far escaped some
rust but with favorable weather an average crop will be gathered No rust on
oats
CampbellAll varieties rusted but red flint least No rust on oats
Carroll Red rustproof oats have never taken rust here All wheat sown about
1st of November has escaped rust and fly so far
CowetaAi varieties of wheat and all sowings have rust on the blade
ElbertSowing when land is wet causes rust
Fayelte All wheat rusted some think entirely ruined Oats on sandy or gray
soils injured except the rustproof and winter grazing varieties
FultonAW oats sown early in January are looking well Red rustproof the
best variety
BeardNo rust in oatswheat almost a failure
Henry Wheat on fresh land and gray land rusted woree Early sown injured
most by fly Early red May doing better than late white varieties
Fall sown oats generally rusting the rust proof varieties excepted spring sown
aot rusting
JasperA oats sown on gray damp soil are injured by rust the red rust
proof variety sown early promises a very fine yield
While or late wheat early sown on rough damp land seems to be mostly injured
by rust
Jones Sow red rust proofhave heard of no rust in oaftneither soil nor pre
paration seems to have influenced rusting in wheat All seriously iojured
LincolnThe blaek and the white varieties of oats seem to rust without regard
to soil time of sowing or preparation while the rust proof seems to be proof
against all contingencieshave heard of no rust in them and they are booming
Wheat of the Bill Dallas and the blue stem varieties seem to escape rust whilst
that brought from more northern latitudes suffers most and this without Bpecial
regard to soil its preparation or time of sowing while dry rolling lands are more
subject to depredations of the fly
McDuffie All oats exceptthe rust proof varieties badly rustedthey are fine
all wheat has rusted on the gray lands the Dallas has rusted less than other va
rieties wheat on red lands not much injured
MeriwetherAll oats except the rust proof are now taking the rust all wheat
xcept a little oh fresh land is rusting
MonroeAll varieties of wheat seem to have suflvred alike on gray landsthatDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
20
All varieties of
on red lands has fared better November sowiDg hRs suffered more than that
sown in December 90 per cent of the oats in this county are rust proofall other
varieties injured more or less by rust
MinganHal proof oats sown almost exclusively and free from rust other va
rieties rusting Bill Dallas wheat apparently free from rust wheat sown after
December 1st does not seem to be much injured
Newton All oats except the rust proof variety affected by rust wheat sown
early on grassy land has been seriously injured by fly late sown is doing better
OglethorpeThere seems to be very little if any difference as to soil prepara
tion or time of sowing as regards rust in oats The white known as the Jones
oatin this section seems to be worst injured the black next and the rust proof
WheatNo difference as to soil preparation or time of sowing the purple
straw seems to be most hardly and least injured
Pike All varieties of oats except the rust proof have rusted
wheat are more or less injured the purple straw least
PutnamAll except the rust proot varieties of ous have rusted
Rochdale Nothing but rust proof varieties of oats sown and no rust red pur
ple straw and little white wheats have suffered least
Talbot All varieties of wheat injured by rust and fly that eu grassy land has
suffered most and that following cotton least but it has suffered on all classes of
soil All varieties of oats except the rust proof injured by rust one correspondent
says even they have been somewhat injured by rust and fly but that they have
improved very much within the last few weeks
TaliaferroNo rust on rust proof varieties all others rusted wheat sown early
upon red land highly fertilized U least injured by rust all late sown wheat is a
failure
Troup Neither the time of sowing nor the preparation of the soil seems to
have had anything to do with the rust in either wbeat or oats climatic influences
alone seem to have produced it The best prepared and richest lands seem to
have suffered most
jjpgonEarly sown wheat and oats seem to have rusted worse oats sown early
in Jauuary are doing best both have suffered most on foul land and least on cotton
land
WaltonJones and rust proof oats sown in fallthe Jones have rusted afl
wheat more or less affected with rust
WarrenBlack oats and rust proof varieties sownthe former rusted but none
on the rust proof Dallas wheat is least affected by rust Red May next all other
varieties badly rusted
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakerWe have sown here exclusively the rustproof Fall winter and spring
sown are all affected except a few spots Injured more on old light soils than o11
fresh or more fertile spots We regard the insect as the immediate cause
of rust in wheat and oats
On all soils every variety regardless of time of sowing has rusted except when
highly fertilized
BrooksThe red rustproof oat3 when mixed with other varieties has rusted 21
APEIL CROP REPORT
but the gTeater damage has been inflicted by an insect Spring sown oats are al
most a failure
ClayAll our oats are rusting without regard to soil though I believe those on
sandy soils are worse Fall oats injured more than January
DoughertyI am satisfied that the rust is caused by lice or some kind of insect
that has sacked the oats
My first and latest sowing suffered moat from ruu There are places acres in
extent on which the oats are entirely dead Oits s wn ou stff laud after cotton
suffered least while those on sandy land after corn will make nothing
Early It is impossible to attribute the failure in oats to any other causes than
the mild winter and licethe latter nevet seen here before
Houstonla this section oats were injured more by insects than by rust
I have no doubt that insects or fly was the cause of rust or dry mould in wheat
the weather not being cold enough to kill them
ZeeGood manuring is an entire preventive o rust in oats unless too thick
say over three bushels per acre on good land The trouble is most undoubtedly
caused by depredations of insects and oats on po r land cant hold up under it
Marion No rust iu my oats where sown in the fall ou land that hsclay with
in eight or ten inches of the top Will make a lull crop but hear much com
plaint from those who sowed on old sandy land that had much old grass on it
Wheat sown on com land that was foul with old grass and pea vines and of a
sandy character has rusted badly fertilized or not but on stiff clay lands clean ot
grass and that had been in root crops last year no rust or other injury has resulted
Mitchell All oats seriously injured bv some kind of insect Those who have
examined the insect say that is similar to lice in cotton Manured land suffered
east Poor land will make nothing
bumterOMB on cold open sandy land esptcially if bare of vegetable matter
are worse injured also those from seed that were cut before ripe Highly ma
nured oats composts or guanos have come out
TerreUl think the warm winter and lice and other insects are the causes of
the rust in this section The roots are covered with lice similar to those on col
lards when seeding It is really not rust the leaves are red and dried up
EAST GEORGIA
weBadry drained land poorly broken and pulverized and seed slovenly
put in is the chief cause of rust here No variety exempt under these conditions
Oatsdrilledandcultivaed and well fed with ammonia and phosphoric acid are good
SemenThe variety known as Mexican rustproof seems to be exempt and
where rust appears it seems to be owing to defective seed
TvnggNearly all of the spring oats except rustproof have more or less
rust Those sown very early in the fall are good
The opinion of most farmers is that rust was caused by dry warm winter
followed by excessive rains as rurt has now nearly disappeared
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
ClinchThe mild warm and dry winter and the attacks of a small green
louse similar to the cotton louse seem to have conspired to produce rust It is the
fiist time I have seen rust in the rustproof yellow oat with black beard

8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
22
RUST IN OATS
Some correspondents in Southern Georgia seem discouraged and despondent in
view of the fact that the variety of oats called rust proof which had come to be so
highly valued on account of its exemption from rust appears at last to have lost
its peculiar hardiness in this respect They are apprehensive that the seed irom
the present crop will be unfltfor sowing next season acd are now anxiously in
quiring for rust proof seed oats I have no information of any distinct variety that
has so high a reputation in this respect as the red or yellow rust proof which has
so recently disappointed the expectations of many farmers The reports of cor
respondentsjustify the belief that the rust proof oat has been deteriorated by al
lowing the seed to become mixed with those of other varieties having less ability
to resist rust and other diseases whereby a mongrel variety has been originated
having the general appearance of the rust proof but lacking in the most highly
valued quality of the latter This result is not contrary to frequent experience in
crossbreeding of animals and cross fertilization of plants especially when allowed
to occur at hapbazardwithout judgment
Some correspondents state that those farmers who have been very careful in pre
serving the purity of the original seed have no rust in their crops
The remedy is simple Seed must be selected that have escaped rust and the
original type of the rust proof variety must be reestablished This may bedone
with great assurance of success by selecting from a field that is infested with rust
such heads as are entirely free from it and are satisfactory in other respects Even
by this plan every farmer may in a few years reestablish the genuine rustproof
oat In the meantime seed from the present crop may be sown next season with
probably no more risk of rust than if the present crop had not been affected with
it It is altogether probable that in the localities where the rust has been most
damaging to the crop the season has been peculiarly favorable for its develop
ment and such a season may not occur in many years It is wis however to
provide against such a recurrence as the oat crop is gowing into such importance
in Georgia that the loss of a single crop or its serious injury would be a public ca
lamity
Another fact is suggestive Some correspondents say that on highly fertilized and
lean lands the oats have escaped with little or no iniuryan illustration of that
exemption from disease and insect depredation which is often the result of high
culture Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureCrop ReportTABLE No I Comparative Areas and Condition of Crops etc May 1 1880
NORTH GEORGIA
Corn Oats Wheat Cctton Sugarcane s o 11 ce ft 3 O S3 V OJ a O t 80 Mce CZotrc cfe rwl Live Stock
i OJ a 03 O T3 C c3 P o oJ M OJ u a 2 1 c3 O rj CJ H g P s o V iS a 03 u 03 s a O H s ft S o o of bo 63 0 o 3j g a c OB a aj o a eg a c O o 0 P o hi P d p 03 03 bl S 5 P o o O u ca i O T3 a cs P M 05 O o a u c3 P g O CJ cj 0J p O h P 13 So 2 p o o O 1 w Commercial fertilizers used on this crop compared to last year Per cent of the area fertilized with home manures and composts Condition of plants compared to an average 2 S3 l Ps E3 C O P x 2S si gS P 2 p s 3 S2 8 o P u h CD CJ 3 bea CDS a o 3 s 0 eg 1 a p ft o 1 J 1 aj c3 O o 3 ft 3 c CJ 1 13 3 C3 ft 3 1 b y a So 8 Pg 5 ft ag i l p cj ft a S p s tj C i p fe 60 4 10 10 50 10 60 5 5 12 50 10 87 2 5 8 p C3 O 03 a a o P o m O P J O b S D Of O p 03 s 1 a o CJ 3 a 11 d h bi J3 SS P o3 15 T3 c 03 p a o CJ j o o DO a o 0 bfl i S a O 03 5 p s PS o o a i p a o CJ o cS 3 co bo o 1
COUNTIES 3 3 c J 0p i s of be d ccj P p o 0 S 0 fcf C hi oj 5 m R O a a as P 3 o i be OJ 5 cj CO R u o M o Xi o ft o cj tC cj p OS O D s o CJ a T3 ft 3 o i ti bO a g O Q3 5 3 a o 1 100 100 100 6U 100 no 100 100 aj be 03 c3 O V u P a o a o 9 8 D 100 100 110 112 100 105 10J 100 O 1 bo p 3 00 11 O OJ c3 R
97 10 100 lOo 100 90 100 97 90 90 100 ico 100 100 90 ioo 102 100 85 100 100 90 97 110 46 60 50 69 60 28 22 30 101 95 103 80 60 65 60 70 75 80 50 90 111 8 10 20 10 5 10 12C 10 100 112 76 90 150 115 30 50 25 50 25 16 20 37 lOu 50 75 60 160 100 150 150 300 140 200 200 120 100 ion 100 105 ioo 100 100 102 100 10 102 100 80 100 100 91 90 105 April 13
65 100 80 87 93 100 101 IDS 101 125 HO 120 100 60 100 65 77 95 no ioo 10 K0 ion id i 11 12
100 22 100 50 100 111 TO

Cobb 90 105 00 93 105 111 100 100 95 101 105 95 12 10 12
Bade
100 25


Forsyth 90 110 30 110 100 00 ne no 30 40 1C0 105 80 40 100 100 120 no 12


100 95 100 90 10 10 95 100 86 87 105 95 95 100 100 00 50 95 96 80 110 no 97 100 70 lOu 95 105 iia 10 60 85 85 90 100 112 80 125 116 IK 10c 118 117 107 io io o8 10 150 126 1 7 133 110 130 117 5 25 1 20 On 20 ao 100 75 95 100 100 100 21 75 18 33 75 40 90 100 150 176 126 IS 175 150 126 105 103 95 102 125 100 98 100 100 25 40 60 55 60 45 50 10 100 102 102 100 110 105 75 ioo 105 105 103 110 95 100 100 no 10 115 111 95 100
95 105 80 110 110 101 35 S3 30 88 30 60 105 85 100 tin 100 ICO 18 14 14 13 12
Habersham Hall 3 6 10 10 5 103 103 no 10 92
Haralaon Hait
100

90 75 110 90 100 100 110 90 95 SO 60 85 110 100 110 76 75 Oil 120 125 5 10 io 125 125 150 20 10 40 90 111 60 180 85 101 100 125 41 1 In 100 100 100 100 105 125 100 105 110 110 May 1 Vprll 12 16
111 10
110 60 100 50 120 Wl 100 140 6 no
3
ft
O
1

2
o
a
I1
H
g
w
w
o
M
O

5
to
Paulaing 9a 95 105 37 116 93 87 117 10 100 37 93 100 95 10O 100 100 75 10 110 15
Pickens
60 105 8 83 115 10 10 11 115 150 117 111 150 116 62 25 50 50 60 82 IO0 75 95 100 100 94 53 40 15 30 53 150 125 150 1U 121 1 11 95 iao

11U 10i 100 90 94 97 76 i6 lOi 98 911 10 100 96 110 10M mo 45 50 25 45 47 76 100 90 Jlr 100 95 14U 11 107 90 8 98 160 120 55 90 60 81 110 112 125 125 114 100 100 io 100 10 10 100 110 110 100 102 60 66 125 lllO 57 6 15 6 125 112 125 80 100 75 Inn 103 100 no 93 125 98 101
13 13
Walker 112 100 100 92 105 I08 90 90
White 105
Wliitfidd 10
Average 1 101 ino

Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDuffle
Meriwetker
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Talbot
MIDDLE GEORGIA
93
95
110
92
91
90
97
92
98
100
94
91
97
93
95
115
10 I
87
103
100
90
95
95
100
101
86
103
122
ISO
9
105
115
100
100
115
103
120
105
125
inn
100
110
150
ion
130
115
goo
120
11
115
105
115
130
117
125
108
117
no
115
1071
sr 105
85 100
91 100
86 87
107 116
100
105 93
95
111 97
S 100
80 95
ai 115
102 100
91 100
105 120
no 120
110 100
102 93
1117 no
100 150
105 100
103 110
112 97
86 101
103 105
105 125
110 100

110 108
SO 115
ion 98
125 96
70 95
125
13
10
115
130
151
1
182
130
120
125
12i
115
no
110
100
125
112
115
101
IK
10 127
10 113
100
102 96
1101 110
100 100
10
iOil
120
100 100
1O0
10
April
April
12
13
12
29
10
11
14
13
12
12
19
12
18
13
15
15
12
12
13
18
13
12
13
12
12
14
13
18
13

P

o
K
S
oBaker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhouu
Chattahoochee
Clay
Colquitt
Crawford
Decatur
Dooly
Dougherty
Early
Houston
Irwin
TABLE No I Continued
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Corn Oats Wheat Cotton Sugar Cane 3 OJ T 03 O a CJ OS P a c OJ o3 H o3 a 3 jd o cc 10 J 25 100 100 81 Bice Clover Grasses Fruit Live Stock
i V o Oj b eS P a o oj o a 98 75 108 95 95 100 13 P CO OS c3 O t3 K JJ Pi B o T3 a 3 CO 90 100 97 93 90 100 97 h 03 0J 1 a J5 o OJ a o 9 of i 0J 110 100 us no 130 100 5 i o 00 00 3 Pn 75 85 50 4 75 51 a OS a Q CJ cj o A a O a is so O o 85 100 85 92 75 110 i a t to ai Q N a a o cj of fclfl c3 OJ 3 125 KO 110 90 108 110 0J C 03 P 1 u CJ 0J M a a CO 0J M c s o O 40 76 50 65 53 i OJ tl CO cj O n3 oj j Ph a o y of to 0J cj m 125 115 110 IIV 1110 tii 2 a a o 3 0J u cj P a o cj CD o d d O SB gs T 0J a o lJO 100 10ir 95 95 So 0J Sj o t 1 Is sl 5 ol oo o 9 o a 2 5 il 45 125 120 li 2 90 2 03 o g u OJ tJ O s3 K A 0J J3 Pi tHO ja Sa d p 135 HlO 85 175 128 o t OJ oj P a o CJ 1 a a 03 i o T h CO 03 O t3 oj cj P a o CJ 1 a a 03 S a d cj 0 T3 0J a 0 CJ a OJ CO d 0 d 0 0 tc J2 o3 d H t3 a O 0 a OJ 03 0 a 0 oj if 13 so bfl O S tM OJ O 3 en
COUNTIES 03 p o oj 0J S 0J 1 0J CD Q Same Smo t i L 5 cj a 0J S SO o 10 Same 10 5 10 a a o 0J 3 2 a 1 5 sa 9 2 8 o 110 150 120 120 115 150 N Q l 3 0J JO 0J D a d oj a SI 25 2n 12 8 20 CO o3 O 13 OJ 1 a o OJ e3 Cv 3 oj 03 c 0J s d 03 g 13 e 03 P a o OJ t3 d 03 a OJ a a o CJ 03 E be Is OJ af3 go 10J 100 o JD a H 0J fa o d OJ c3 a a o OJ a o S 0 o o Hill 100 g i i tZ So 11 55 a i 1 a 1 OJ g 5 0 CD 55S 25 55 60 60 50 51 03 a OJ 0 g 03 0J d t3 c 9 OJ E J s CJ 0 0 C3 a a 0 0 aT a sj 4m oi to 0J 13 ll a 03 03 a 0 OJ jjo 0J 0 O fe OJ bo o a 0 00 3 a CO 0 o i I a O 0J oa O
5 10 7 8 5 10 tool no April 12 6 20 12 14 12
Trcmp 10i 103 100 110 105 100 104 IDS 100 103 100 1112
103 1011 97 inn 102 10s 98 103 99
Walton
ion 10 96 125 106 102 101
Wilkes

95 115 52 96 105 60 112 6 18 20 98 81 127 101 S9
SOUTH VEST GEORGIA
10
50 ll 66
21 112 1U8
50 1011 75
10 100 110
110 120
100 I115
jiio
January 15
Decerabr 26
February 16
Deceitii 11
February 11
April 12
April 12
DecciQr 25
Decemr 25
April 12
Decemr 26
O
H
D
fe
W
H
B
a
H
O
o
q
H
a
w
w
Q
W
0
H
5
to 110 103 97 95 95 100 180 95 99 ICO 80 90 90 130 101 125 109 100 25 07 53 75 62 40 60 46 75 75 45 45 100 111 10 100 ioo 25 25 60 50 50 100 101 111 110 107 100 107 111 110 12 no 105 70 115 104 9 5 5 10 9 12 6 S 10 10 11 tallio 5 Same 125 106 122 r20 95 12ft 111 115 130 115 125 118 90 127 100 HE in 3 86 26 15 60 76 3 10 55 10 18 20 110 87 104 H5 92 110 Mil 101 ico 100 80 102 80 100 36 88 68 5 100 65 88 50 70 125 7 7i 82 90 78 125 125 115 ICO 112 50 85 112 I5o 125 10 80 150 147 160 120 75 05 99 100 100 400 75 109 105 ICO 120 97 100 90 75 100 110 100 97 100 100 10 107 100 112 95 120 115 100 205 100 109 80 1C0 ICO 96 101 100 ioo iiio 110 0 42 50 75 60 25 10 10 8 10 20 10 100 10 ICO 110 95 100 100 103 110 100 100 83 101 105 90 75 100April 16 85 Decemr 26
Miller 105 100 76 75 Decenrr 20 Decemr 26
Mitchell Decemr 26

Km 50 80 80 64
Schley Stewart Tayhr 100 100 100 90 97 120 95 101 97 105 92 78 78 80 96 93 no no 122 102 100 93 lid 122 110 57 57 30 72 60 60 100 62 68 62 75 95 82 40 50 50 70 61 80 110 110 H 101 60 911 10 97 65 50 60 57 30 45 50 37 50
105 ico ICO 100 10 100 106 103 100 100 ioo lliO 100 100 60 32 60 70 25 57 70 62 100 68 15 10 10 10 10 12 20 17 33 13 112 90 110 110 100 107 IOO lfO 110 107 100 iii 105 10 107 80 85 IOO 103 117 5 82 100 100 88 90 82 75 95 103 105 110 107 100 100 SO 91 110 101
Decemr 26 Decemr 26 February 14
Terrell April 12 April 12 March 26

10 05 Decemr 26 Decemr 26
83 SO 101 101 110 107
Bullock
Burke
Dodge
Emanuel
Glascock
Jefferson
Johnson
Laurens
Montgomery
Pulaski
Richmond
Screven
Tatnall
Telfair
Twiggs
Washington
Wilkinson
EAST GEORGIA
Average I 97
105 m
105 70
98 105
70 72 j 103
61 110
To
2C
same flame
122
100
100
IOO
105
100
1C0
82j 961 611 14o 9t 97J 85 101 lOol IIC
100
100
101
10
110 60
40
ICO
lor
February
April 12
12
13
March
12
12
12
12
April 13
Decemr 26
April 12
Decemr 26
April 12
i3
12
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Appling Bryan Camden Clinch 100 ioo 100 97 ioo 82 ioo 95 6i 76 60 ioo 60 100 301 is 8 110 45 6 100 im 2 soo 137 76 ioo KM 101 ICO 95 115 100 ioo ioo 115 100 105 ioo 100 75 36 100 90 15 5 5 102 lOO 106 100 100 100 io3 100 90 101 100 100 90 105 100 March April March 81
JU 108 100 5 75 26 100 75 200 January 15
bo
7

o
K
c
s
o
w
HTABLE No I Continued
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
H
Corn Oats Wheat Cotton Sugar Cane u S3 V OJ C ft cd s i bfl 0 TO Rice CZover Grasses Fruit Zie StocA
u oS CD CO S3 o i a 8 oT 60 OS 0 u 13 a at a 1 o d cd u s a a 8 d a 2 TO o3 a co CD 03 O s o o oT bO 3 9 V as d 1 a cd u v Ph d o S3 ft a o o u CD co O P d p CD bt p os 5 c O e3 CD o d cd ft a o CD blj eS m o T3 CD ft a o o ft od O ti ft d a as p d 2 S 3 a o c3 V o T ft s o O v cfl D N cd woo P os 03as og o a O O Mo a a o 3 sis Kj C r fd ft CD II o o p S So s ft cd c o3rr Eg 03 o c S s P cd P4 p o d 09 03 ft a o QD a C3 ft O c a t as o n q Is n PS o c O cj DC IS SB S3 O a o a O Kj a O gd a fcco a n tia s3 O d o PH 03 ft 6 o o i d c s3 o T a S3 01 C3 o d a in ej ft a o i d s c3 ft P 1 H cj 5 O Id p 55 O d 0 03 ft a o ft 0 o P 01 C fct E S3 d r p 3 o a V OS ft 0 o y so S3 o 6 if IE d QjcS ft a o u o o fcl o CD be 4 03 s c p d35 BO o o 0 H S3 ft a o w co CD to S3 cJ aT b 0 A J o t TO
COUNTIES u o3 03 O d sc3 ft a o u 0 S 5 CD bo 03 U 03 o d a H o3 ft 0 o o a p 03 TO QJ c3 ft a O 00 g bo d P o3 9 S 5 as3 S3 5 b0 o3 O cS ft a o o p 2 p o u a to TV cfl c3 S d gl ll 1 1 co E i 03 d o COs 3 o a 53 a o v dr t 1 or eg Ph CO 5 g bf P 13
a CD en 1 o3 ft ti cd aj 00 S3 P CD O CD ca P
Offee 100 101 100 10 95 90 80 95 125 110 200 125 90 50 100 60 20 60 50 50 85 110 10 me so 120 50 50 90 90 15 25 100 20 100 125 ioo ifO 100 100 100 100 125 100 100 75 25 25 50 95 100 75 K0 75 100 100 Decemr 26
125
Efflngham 10 50 100 100 100 126 110 April 13

110 m 10 ieo 4 1C0 110 10 HO Mar 30
1



100 9n 118 71 59 134 2 89 81 97 127 97 IPS 71 21 97
Average 62 10 11 1061 81 I 99 104
RECAPITULATION
Worth Genrgia
Middle GJrgia
Southwest Georgia
East Ge rgffl
fcoutheast Georgia
Average 1880
Average 1879
11 96 IU0 47 n HI U 11 116 32 94 68 147 9 105 Ml 102 57 6 101 100 10i 103
15 97 116 2 96 H5 105 Id 113 1 118 ill 98 S4 127 114 99 f 96 1H6 H2 104 54 10 It I0 in 99
Mi m 11 i il 97 60 loq ft 115 31 101 78 120 li i 109 6 IU3 li 68 IS 107 I 95 MO
117 9S 106 7 1i 18 11 no same 12 2 91 69 1 11 98 91 il 10 in 55 17 I u5 15 99 in
101 982 It 95 96 lib 109 10V 71 58 5 79 90 1 100 63 101 131 11 101 2 K9 116 92 31 27 29 97 97 92 62 72 127 131 97 100 16 103 10 83 84 108 103 103 106 105 Ml 9 102 94 71 21 12 18 97 104 39 Ml 99 HO Ml 101 M2
59 55
94 103
0
H
IS

1
Si
o

0
a
a
a
S
q

a
S
M
O
00
29
ArRIL CROP REPORT
TABLE II
15
Synopsis of Weather Reports from January 1st to April 30th 1880
NORTH GEORGIA
STATIONS
anton
Ellerslie
Gainesville
LeoWhiteCo
Alt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Toccoa
Means
JANUARY
0
650
740
8
700
690
710
730
87 0
27 il
300
870
300
810
81 0
280
604
ISO
629
61I
618
487
529
653

in
187
J01
2
382
375
841
882
FEBRUARY
TemieratYe
C60 24 0
660 210
71010
720
72u
700
73il
7SII
6 I
260
160
26 I
80
407
440
190
47
488
431
19 4
496
276 511 323 710 832 472 373 726 326 6S8
34n
835
296
879
270
1Y
292
6 1
AIARCH
TemperaVre
190
720
78 0
690
740
750
760
270
34
0
0
880
0
390
500
548
540
733
60
658
650
975
831
1130
1227
1040
1041
985
APRIL
Teriperatre
801
820
B40
30 ii
330
361
300
840l3iO
800
860
3 0
8 io
319
590
021
022
020
570
03
648
61fi
940 April 11th
590 April 12h
0 59April 12th
6 36 April 12th
90 April 13th
925
10S1
April 13th
April 18th
Athens
Atlanta
Tarrollton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Woodbury
Means
MIDDLE GEORGIA
681
710
710
780
780
710
760
700
0
30
3iO
310
401
820
3 70
380
727 287
ia7 26ii 1130
528 20274 0 2i
534 220 750 27 0
68
570
532
561
67 0
548
184 76121
195SO 320
277 72 3U 0
310 i 300
8 87 77 J iO
4813
4903
5022
593 3
3602
494 2
5492
58 6
70
02 79
4277
67181
036
0 34
Ill
0 51
0 550
0 566
0 579
0600
0 554
0 597
14
911
1144
925
1162
568
110
665
52
571 875
1800 36
810 33
88i 86
860 37
880 38
86034
890 34
8839
866J3i
589
080
640
608
656
S82
2
669
034
Americus
Nashville
Ihomasville
Means
10
780
770
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
787 April 12th
575J April 42th
527April 12th
850 April 12h
435 April 12th
70AprU 12th
450 vpril 12th
300 April 12th
516
36061ri2i80il 340 654 73
iS 0 580 825 800 84 590 800
400 593 447 8 Io 340 576 314
700 3971595 8 9ys0 0 40 Kl 3
8601390
880450
851410
07
OS
i7fi
350
420
290
O1870
88 0 460
870 440
724
10
85
JMJtKTeiU 3 53 38o483 706 25o
410
200
139
Augusta
McRae
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Means
730
770
77 o
77 0
340 662
EAST GEORGIA
April i2th
340
36 0
820
586
592
574
370 77030
7
SO
8 111
361
34 0
0
517
777
546
205
12
240
270
755 341578 2 5179 2 2 550 309 832 377 607 321
800
860
SOO
870
330
440
360
570
7
623
590
2 00
250
244
85 0
940
850
900
330
45i
431
420
605
3
089
7 400 64 7 39
Blackshear
Brunswick
St Marys
Walthourville
Means
870
750
790
750
790
380
420
410
850
390
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
50
20o
040
48
April 13th
April 12th
For State 739 319 553 28 761 29
608180 73
30
620
004 280
189
Meriwether county
39 i64
80 570
39 0 586
566
380
4 21
1 80
10
39S
86051 0071
880470eO
880 430 674
860400651
857 4521664
1081930071
180 890459
1 88 90IH440
110 880 400
129 900 490
340 798374l587 64 4l69 381 35 2 50 i
71 0
o0
08O
17
iTb i February 4th
120 February 4th
191
April 13th
20
100Special Circular No 6 1
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF MAY 1880
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga May 12 1880
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the I St day Of
June or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so thatyour re
port may reach this office by the Third of June
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or any
InoUh WWc comParison is made is always taken as
io inns i te cora CPOp at any time fs lft pep cent oetter
than last year or 1 per cent oetter than an average it
should be reported as HO in each case and if ten per cent he
low these standards it should he OO Never report IO per
cent better or IO per cent worse but HO or OO as the
case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some
better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside oras far in every direction as jour knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use
the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate esti
mate leave the space blank Very Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report
county
II Your name
III Your postoffice f2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 32J
CORN
1 Condition as to Btand size compared to an averagepercent
2 Condition compared to this time last yearper cent
OATS
3 Yield compared to averageper cent
4 To what extent injured by rustper cent
WHEAT
5 Yield compared to average per cent
6 To what extent injured by ruatper cent
7 If any what variety has escaped rust
8 What variety has given the best results
COTTON
9 St tnd 1st June compared to average percent
10 Condition as to size work compared to averageper cent
CLOVER
11 Yield of clover hay compared to an averageper cent
SUGAR CANE
12 Stand compared to good standper cent
13 Size and condition compared to an averageper cent
POTATOES
14 Prospective yield of Irish potatoes compared to an averageper cent
15 Area in Sweet potatoes compared to last yearper cent
16 Condition compared to an average per cent
MISCELLANEOUS
Condition compared to average of
17 RicepercentT33 QUESTIONS FOB MAT CROP REPORT
18 Ground peas
19 Chufas
21 Melons
FRUIT
21 Fruit prospect compared to average
STOCK
3 Clip of wool compared to last year
n Price obtained by farmer forcommon unwashed wool
SEASONS
21 Have the seasons been favorable or unfavorable during May
3
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
Nte Report on next page any facts of general Lateral to farmer of the State Oilv short
pointed notes will be published
RBQtrcn Hiring aiuwend all the question please fold thle i and Mil
the blank on IkCounty
ReporterMAY CROP KEPORT1880
Circular No 7
New Series
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Stc
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1880
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULfURE JUNE 1
1880
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga June 8 1880
CORN
wmmmm
dMruothe to wta Hi prlg W beo aauuUy
iirrrjrriS
SoXrrnrrsrroraMta
OATS
Thr rustproof variety of oats has sustained itself this season the most prom
tious for the growth of the rust fungus known for many years eXceD if heT
reme Southern part of the Bute where trJJSDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
32

favorable circumstances Other varieties have almost invariably proved total
failu e It has been difficult for correspondents to make report satsfactoi
ZTo thenXe as to the yield of the oat crop because of the absence ot accu
I a inform asl what part of the crop sown was rustproof The report
are a mot unanimous in all section except in the Southern ter of countes
rpting the rustproof varieties almost if no entirely exempt from rust while
Jo her varieties have been utterly ruined by rust The reports of yield comj
pared to an average are in North Georgia 54 the lowest because the rustproof
P ti are less sown here than elsewhere In Middle Georgia 74 Southwest
SSf E stZrgia 75 and Southeast Georgia 61 average for the State
68 The tits of this years experience demonstrate the importance of a judicionj
selection of seed TU rustproof varieties are all hearted Farmers shouh
guided by this in selecting seed for the next crop
WHEAT
aB a crop is a failure in the State this year Georgia is not strictly speaking
wheat S ate though under favorable circumstances as to seasons soil pre
para on and fertilization good crops are made Under these circumstances
a ma ter of utmost importance that judicious selection of the most nardy varete
thonldbe made Wheat in our climate is subject to two serious casualtes the rust
tfl and to birdspring frosts to avoid which increases the risk of rust The
SSretgwers in Georgia is to seect stiff lands under clean culture
and the early hardy varieties Early sowing is hazardous on account of the tij
and a e sol except of very ear varieties are apt to rust Early varetes
sownlfter vegetation and theft with it has been killed by frost ordmaniy
rTve successful Late varieties seldom succeed The vaneties whch hC
EE3iJ May Ked purple straw Dallas and some
L bearded varieties The estimate lor the State is only fiftytwo and it
thought that the half bushel and the scales will reduce it still lower as the effects
of rust cannot be fully realized until the wheat is threshed The mld wnter has
enabled the fiv to continue its depredations during the seasons when it is usually
dormant Tile fly and rust have been the principal agencies in the destruction of
the crop
COTTON
may be said to be promising at this time the stand being rep uted a one hundred
compared to an average and condition as to size and work ninetysix It will
be remembered that in a large part of the State the planting was some ten dag
laer than usual and hence in that part of the State the size could not be expected
to be large while there being about sixteen per cerr more planted it has been
impossible during a favoable May to work the crop thoroughly since the sup
plv of labor has not increased in proportion to the increased area planted Ma8
correspondents reportas will be seen by notes from correspondentsdI
labor scarce and commanding unusually high prices The plant however is
generally reported in a healthy condition
CLOVER
and the grasses where cultivated are reported unusually fine on account of the
moist spring which has been favorable to their growth The yield ot the clov
compared to an average is reported as one hundred and five or five per d33
MAT CEOP REPORT
above an average No question was asked about orchard grass which is super
ceding clover and the other grasses but many correspondents report it as very
fine
SUGAR CANE
as to stand is one percent below a good stand but as to size and condition com
pared to an average is one hundred
IRISH POTATOES
notwithstanding the injury from frost are making one per cent above average
yield
SWEET POTATOES
show an increase of five per cent in area and four per cent improvement in con
dition compared to an average
RICE
is annually attracting more attention in the interior where the upland rice is being
cultivated to some extent
GROUND PEAS
Jhufas and Melons are all below an average condition
FRUIT
prospect is reported at only 43 per cent of an average crop This is quite a re
duction since last month as was anticipated since a large portion of the fruit
which remains after a severe frost usually drops from the trees before maturity
The prospect in North Georgia is reported at 50 in Middle Georgia 39 in
Southwest Georgia 42 in East Georgia 40 and in Southeast Georgia 46 This
involves a serious loss to the State since the cultivation of fruit for market has
within the last five years assumed large proportions
THE CLIP OP WOOL
has been 3 per cent better than last year This is probably due more to the
mildness of the winter and the resulting good condition of the sheep than to any
material increase in their number The average price at which unwashed wool
has sold iB 31 cents the price varying in different sections of the State In North
Georgia the average price is 30 cents in Middle Georgia 27 cents and in South
west East and Southeast Georgia 35 cents If the sheep averaged only three
pounds per head this will make a very handsome profit on the value of the
sheep and the cost of keeping them
THE GENERAL OUTLOOK
in the State is at present very favorable for the staple crops With the excep
tion of the small grain crop and fruit the outlook is very promising Some cor
respondents report plowing up the damaged oats and planting the land in corn
and peas If this course is generally pursued the loss of the oat crop will not
be very seriously felt It is not too late to repair the loss to some extent by sav
ing hay from the natural grasses fodder corn and field peas Large crops of
sweet potatoes may be planted bv using the vines from the early planting The
sweet potatoe is not fully appreciated as a food for stock It is about nine times
as nutritious as turnips and much more easily and cheaply produced in the South
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculturenotes from correspondents
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksNearly all the best bottom land is still implanted in corn Fall sown
oats are promising a good yield Spring sown are not headingare low and rusty
Sugar cane and upland rice are being introduced with quite favorable results
Since the last report wheat has improved but oats have fallen behind all expecta
tion There was drouth ending the 20th of May Good rains now and prospects
looking up
One fays Rustproof oats very good black very sorry and yellow an entire
failure
BartowAcreage in cotton too great for a wet spring coupled with great
scarcity of labor much of the cotton must be injured and some lost Much of
the corn not yet planted especially on bottom lands That planted is being in
jured by tbe heavy rains
ChattoogaRather poor prospects for corn owing to so much rain on low
lands Wheat seriously injured by rust and insects Oats almost a failure on
account of rust Those who have time are plowing up and planting peas Early
planted cotton goodlate planting poor stand
CnEROKEE Hundreds of acres of spring oats are so entirely killed that they
look as though they would burn if set on fire On very high rolling lands the
lall sown oats will make an average crop The same is true of wheat on such
lands There is no peach crop except on elevated lands and southern exposures
CobbOats have rusted more than tver known before in this countymostly
the grazng oats sown in springthose sown in the fall will make a crop Far
mers who counted upon outside labor for chopping cotton have had a hard time
risky business and demoralizing to the labor
FloydLate rains have helped oats but the yield will be fully onethird
short Wheat may avearage five bushels per acre Cotton never looked bet
ter at this date nor was there ever a better stand
GordonPoorest wheat crop in thirty years Farmers well up with their
work
GwinnettFarmers have planted large crops and are buying few provisions
on time Prospects generally good The farmers are in high spirits not caring
who is President oGovernorbut making rapid strides towards independence
The rustproof oats alone have escaped rust The dry spell in May has caused
wheat to losk well think a half crop will be made
Another says The farmers are in better condition than for years Most of
them in the northern part of the county have corn for sale with few buyers most
of tbem also have money brought over from the last cotton crop but few are go
ing in debt Labor is scarce and commands 75 cents per day cash with partial
board for first class hands cheaper for common laborers35
MAT CBOP EEPOET
HabershamRecent freshets have injured the com crop very materially so
that most of the bottoms will have to be replanted
Worms have been moie destructive this year by several hundred per cent than
ever known before in this section and we would like exceedingly well to find out
some effectual preventive or remedy for this great annoyance and destruction
MadisonFarmers are generally in a more favorable condition than usual No
wheat in the county has entirely escaped rust
MurrayFarmrrs began planting cotton very early when planting was sus
pended for two weeks by rain The result is some very late planting of cotton
and corn Since May 1st wheat and oats have suffered greatly from rust Wheat
now being harvested
UnionProspect good for wheat Red rust plenty but not seriously injured
yet
WalkerHeavy rains in April caused a bad stand of cotton then planted
Much of the fruit especially peaches has dropped from the trees so that the crop
will not be nearly so good as reported last month
WhitfjeldBut little wheat will be harvested I have sixty acres in wheat
and oats which I have offered to any of my neighbors free if they will harvest
them
Throughout the county there is the best stand of cotton we have ever had
Labor to work it is all that is required to make us a cotton growing and money
making people
MIDDLE GRORGIA
BaldwinBoth corn and cotton are looking well where they have been prop
erly cultivated
BibbOats short but have exceedingly fine heads Labor scarcecotton
choppers receiving seventyfive cents per day
ButtsThe wheat crop has not all been gathered but we cannot report more
than half a crop Fly injured itmoreithan rust All varieties of oats except
rust proof are a total failurenot one cut Very few peaches and they are fall
ing off Apple prospect above an average There was too much rain during the
first half of May but the latter half has been as fine as the farmer could desire
CampbellWheat is being harvestedwill not make much over half a crop
Rustproof oats goodother varieties a failuredestroyed with rust Most far
mers over their crop the first timesome cotton squareslaborers scarceweath
flne for farm work Stock mules and horses in good condition
ClarkeThe rust proof oats whether fall or spring sown have escaped rust
and are yielding well All other varieties are ruined with rust so that few ot
them will be worth cutting
ColumbiaMany planted large areas in cotton expecting to hire day labor
which is scarce Much of the cotton is not yet chopped out
CowetaRustproof oats above an average but all other varieties especially
spring sown almost a failureruined by rust The rainfall for May has been
unusually heavy consequently the farmers are delayed with their work Crops
generally foul daylaborers are scarce and command a dollar per day and board
in some parts of the county Our lands both upland and bottoms have washed
badly Wheat crop almost a failure caused by rust and fly
DeKalbOne correspondent says At the time of my last report May 1DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
36
oats never looked finer but now all varieties that were sown in the spring except
rustproof are ruined by rust so much so that it is my opinion that not more than
one acre in ten will be harvested Had it not been for the rustproof oats and a
few early sown fall oats the crop would have been a total failure Wheat gener
ally sown here is purple straw which is early and hardy but I think from two
years experience with Fullz that it is equally hardy aud more productive
Another says Farmers badly behindcotton rather small fruit almost an
entire failure A great many cattle have died with murrain distemper some
farmers having lost all they had One man lost six in two weeks Not one in
ten got well after taking it Is there any remedy for them Wheat is hardly
worth cutting in a great many placessome farmers have offered to take the
amount of seed they planted for their whole crop Spring oats are worthless
DotjglasOats sown on cotton at laying by deadwith rust dead Some fields
have produced a full crop of chesscheat Cotton planted since the April rains
splendid stand and looks fine that planted before little cotton and big grass Corn
the stalk is tall enough but too slender Ravages by budworm extensive
Elbkkt Worms have been very destructive to young corn on lowlands
Cant some one give us a remedy Rust and fly have injured wheat and oats
not much wheat and oats harvested yet
FayetteRepeated overflows and budworms have prevented a stand of corn
on bottoms Rust has destroyed all oats except the rustproof and they are affect
ed to some extent Not more than onethird of the farmers have finished chopping
cotton Wheat harvest over from ten to fifteen days earlyall varieties alike
have rusted on red sandy and mulatto lands Late sowing decidedly the best
less rust and less injured by insects
HarrisOnly unadulterated rustproof oats making any yield 600 bushels
for sale by Cataula Orange that have stood the test
Heavy rains May 21stthe heaviest known for yearsdid much damage to
crops and lands which cannot be eotimated
Corn has been injured by cut worms wheat nearly ruined by rust and flv
HeardAll oats ruined except rustproof and many fields of these injured
Labor scarce and some farmers getting in the grass
JaspekRustproof oats sown in lali are very fine small white oats sown in
spring a total failure from rust
Wheat crop injured more by the Hessian fly than by anything else
LincolnCotton crop ten days to two weeks later wheat badly damaged by
rust Bill Dallas only partially escaping All oats except rustproof rusted badly
owing to too much wet weather in March and April
McDuffieThe Dallas or rust proof wheat is the only variety that has paid
a profit this year
MonroeThe oat crop of Monroe is one of the finest ever made Where rust
proof oats were not sown they are nearly ruined by rust but very few except
rustproot sown
There is very little rust on the rustproof variety and it is thought that where
they are affected at all it is supposed to have come from adulterated seed Wheat
was ruined by insects very little complaint of rust
There never was a finer prospect for corn on the first of June It presents a
most healthy and vigorous appearance37
MAY CROP EEPOET
MorganAll oats except rustproof are mined with rust The larger part of
our oat crop was sown in the fall and are of the rustproof variety They are
fine
Full blood Merino ewes clipped from seven to nine pounds of wool half Merino
ewes from five to five and a half pounds while the native sheep only clipped from
two to three pounds
NewtonRustproof oats very fine all others ruined with rust Farmers are
overcropped and much grass is the consequence Hands hard to get and wages
high
OconekThe red May wheat has suffered less from rust than any other of
several varieties sown in this cunty Fall sown yellow ruatproof oats have suf
fered least and promise a fine yield
OglethorpeSpring oats an entire failureabout half the crop of the county
was rustproof which are good We have a variety of wheat which we call rust
proof which is not injured by rust though it has it slightly It is a vigorous and
hardy grower and I think as sure a crop as rustproof oats
PikeEarly planted cotton very finesome farmers had to plant over on ac
count of defective seed
Rustproof oats fineall others a failure Not more than onefourth of a crop
of wheat will be havested
PutnamRustproof oats have stood the test again although some rust was
in them Other varieties almost a failure Winter Grazing oats planted by the
side of the Yellow Rust Proof at the same time treated alike in every respect as
to land etc were not worth gathering Planters are behind with work and have
a good deal of grass in their crops
RockdaleWheat was injured by rust fly and the last frost Rustproof
oats are good other varieties a failure About 75 per cent of the crop is rust
proof
SpaldingRuRtproof oats comparatively free from rust and very fine Other
varieties are dead and many farmers have plowed them up and planted the land
in corn and peas
TalbotStands of corn very poor on account of cut worms All kinds of
wheat injured by rust more or less and some was winter killed No oats have
escaped rust except the Red Rust proof variety This year has proven that pure
Rust Proof oats will not rust
TroupWheat was injured by both fly and rust Oat crop a failure except
the rustproofthey are very fine Peaches nearly a failure Apples some bet
ter Pear crop very light some blight appearing on the trees
Corn on upland badly thinned by cut wormsotherwise better than last year
Bottoms not in good condition yet
Cotton in size is fully up to an average but in some localities is dying fearfully
and much of the crop remains to be chopped There are very few sheep in Troup
county and these are found in small flocks Rice does remarkably well but
there being no mills for cleaning it very little attention is given this crop Can
you not encourage some person to erect a mill in this county
WaltonOats a total failure except the rustproof varietya good crop of
them sowed and fine yield Wheat badly injured by fly and rust Corn and col10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
38
ton look well though there is some grass in the latter but both farmers and la
borers are working well
Warren Good stands of cotton and corn Gardens forward and good
Crops generally in good condition Wheat except the Dallas variety badly
rusted Rustproof oats sown in the fall good Black oats sown at the same
time ruined
WilkesWheat crop a failure except two varieties of rustproof Oats
ruined by rust except the rustproof variety and in some places they have not
entirely escaped
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakbrThe oat crop has fallen below the expectation entertained at last re
port We shall have to import seed oats here from more favored sections
BrooksOat crop a failure cotton looking unusually well and stand good
Corn not as good as last year stalk small and pinched All other crops looking
well Hogs doing well
ClayCorn cotton sugar cane and ground peas were never so prosperous as
now Our farmers are greatly enoouraeed they smile all the time over their
prospect and many even fall asleep with smiles on their faces God grant that
their anticipations may be fully realized
DooltThe red rustproof oats have given satisfaction The Irwin oats have
generally rusted while the red rustproof have escaped Plenty of rain through
April and May plenty ot grass cotton chopping not over The outlook for a
good corn and cotton crop is very promising
LeeThe incessant rains during May have caused the farmers to be behind in
chopping cotton and a good deal of grass in consequence and will somewhat in
jure stand in cleaning it
LowndesMay season fine for corn rice chnfas potatoes cane oits Too
much rain for melons and renders it difficult to destroy grass in cotton Red
Rust Proof oats exempt from rust Some fields of horned oats exempt Others
rusted Rust here is manifestly largely attributable to condition of seed When
different parcels of seed of similar variety have been sown in same field and as
nearly at the same time as possible the whole of one parcel has rusted while
the other has entirely escaped
MarionOats will deteriorate planted continuously on the same soil Mine
planted twenty years on the same farm had no cockle or cheat at first but be
came so infected with both that last year I had to obtain new seed which were
called Texas Rust Proof They have proved rust proof grew tallr and made
the best crop Ihave made in twenty years
MillerThe corn crop is fine The stand was injured by a small worm that
bored into the stalk just above the root The crops where properly worked are
exceedingly fine
Quitman All oats except rustproof are a total failure while rustproof has
not been troubled by rust and is full up to last years crop and will aid farmers
greatly in making their crops
StewartThe Bancroft is the only oats that escaped the rust Little red wheat
with purple straw had less rust than any other
SumterAll fertilized oats escaped rust some few of us have a purple or red
straw oats that has made a fine crop
39
MAY CROP REPORT
11
EAST GEORGIA
MontgomeryApple trees are doing strangely Some are just beginning to
bloom others are laden with a full crop of apples about half grown and are al
most perfectly white with blooms Will the tree with half grown apples and
blooms mature both crops
WilkinsonThe oldest inhabitants say that the rains have been heav than
they have been in the last twenty years Lands never worse washed Grass
growing luxuriantly Impossible to get hands at reasonable prices Some far
mers pay seventyfive cents and one dollar per day for hands with rations for
cotton hoeing
Mexican Rust Proof oats has escaped rust in this county this year and for several
years before All other varieties the Irwin Couuty Rust Proof have rusted more
or less Wheat rusted The Tappihannoc and Red May the favorite here
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
PierceCrops taken ail in all are the finest I have ever seen in the county
and all of one month earlier than in former years Oorn in full silk and tassel
and forward planting is in mutton condition A good season now will make it
I have seen no cotton blossoms but there will be plenty of Ihem in a few days
The fruit comparatively speaking will be a failurenot more than onefourth of
crop12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
40
TABLEShowing the comparative condition of Corn and Cotton the
yield of Oats and Wheat etc
NORTH GEORGIA
Com Oats Wheat Cotton Corn Oals WArf Cotton
JS j
s ep 9
V
rt
o 3 3 a d a o o h 3 s a
t3 tg CJ s S3 a at tJ TS O 01 o s O a o o 3
COUNTIES u CO a a o p 3 1 3 31 3 t3 a o COUNTIES cO O o 3 s 3 a 53 H SJ 3 5 d a a o
J a H H
B
O o C o o o
8S a CO S CD M T3 13 a tL 3 CO a a ci x be a
0 90 O 99 SO 0 70 32 101 100 u u JM w r W 32 o

100 90 50 50 60 40 125 00 Hart 100 95 97 97 75 65 25 35 70 65 SO 80 105 100 105
97
Ohattooga 75 90 25 75 50 25 ion 100
Cherokee 100 100 as 73 25 7fi 100 100 Madison 97 95 40 55 37 HO 100 95
103 112 18 80 55 40 103 85
105 100 60 40 45 50 100 107
80 85 10 50 0 105 100 Paulding ton 95 70 30 60 40 105 9

Floyd Forsyth Franklin 92 80 90 95 80 85 50 60 30 60 40 85 70 50 56 80 40 100 100 inn 100 105 100 Polk 100 105 60 25 70 an 100 90


Walker 100 105 100 97 100 56 50 35 65 98
93 100 50 40 40 fiO 103 100 97
Gwinnett 95 95 50 50 50 50 100 fcO White 75 50 125 51 50 110 100
Haberuham 86 90 61 40 50 50 100 95 Whitfield too 101 62 30 4C 55 105 106
Hall 1X 85 69 37 70 30 90 90
Average 95 91 54 4 51 421 102 VI
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglass
Elbert
Favette
Fultou
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
m 107 70 30 501 4n 100
100 105 97 80 100
95 97 50 50 50 50 95
96 96 60 SO 60 50 OS
100 100 60 30 75 15 105
105 KM 80 20 75 20 101
100 90 90 10 80 in 100
80 78 90 10 65 80 95
85 90 70 25 40 55 95
85 77 to 61 45 60 93
85 SO 65 25 50 40 100
95 10 75 25 50 35 105
90 85 30 65 40 61 95
101 100 75 25 50 5f 100
105 115 90 10 50 30 105
105 107 90 10 50 50 95
91 97 65 30 45 5 85
81 76 511 bO 5 45 90
95 97 45 50 6 Bf 108
101 115 101 71 30 100
10J 107 75 1 25 35 1 6 92
90
90
88
99
100
100
90
90
85
76
100
103
80
90
100
go
so
83
Lincoln
McDuffie
Merwether
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
fockdsle
palding
Tulbot
iTaliaferro
Troup
Upson
Walton
Warren
93 Wilkes
110
lOOll Average
97
94
10
10
100
95
OS
112
100
100
105
106
90
I 97
90
95
101
101
100
100
103
100
111
100
95
100
100
102
110
110
106
95
100
95
95
105
100
105
95 101 74
98
76
110
90
80
85
50
70
105
72
45
90
85
55
90
70
8
80
28 54 40 99 93
92
105
90
90
90
90
90
98
95
105
too
80
97
100
90
80
102
100
10041
MAT CROP REPORT
TABLE IContinued
13
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Corn 1 Oats Wheat Cotton Corn Oats Wheat Cotton
li ii u CM s
oS s p oj d 3 0 a at 3 a a el a OS o oS o o 3 4 U as a t SJ a as 3 a a at m 3 H a a OS as a at O
COUNTIES a o V 5 s o o v p a1 s o c 0 o M 31 o c 3 5 V kS ClS 13 a o o COUNTIES H P a 0 u a o 3 H a a d O 3 P as Si a o u s c1 o T3 h OS V 3 a o o a
o o 6 0 o 3 a u o s u T a
a S a 1 M 3 to 3 3 a S 3 a bo 11 3 a 8 3 e 9 s 3 ID 3Sf 9 3 d JJ 5 3 tc o
i o 112 110 40 00 W 00 40 25 75 110 115 115 108 u 94 100 o 95 105 iM 60 90 w 40 20 40 50 w 60 50 107 110 O
100 112 Marion 108
100
Brooks 98 Hill 55 40 100 105 Miller Mitchell 00 98 60 III I0K 9K
100 105 60 25 75 50 105 110
85 m RR Oil 15 80 75
Cl y 100 125 00 10 00 40 100 108 Qultman 90 10 i 80 21 15 85 95 90
110 110 50 50 100 100 Randolph 10b 107 60 40 36 65 97 97
Stevrart luu 100 97 no 105 97 82 87 60 18 12 40 40 37 37 60 60 60 100 100 103 100
85
100 105 on 40 45 50 105 106 97
ion luo 35 65 85 65 90 y5 jTaylor 90 100 100 in 50 2o 93 100
95 116 45 90 50 10 30 40 60 60 97 no 95 no iTerrell 10b 115 107 126 42 50 62 50 27 72 100 90 90
110 no 95
lift 101 50 50 110 100 Webster 100 125 65 35 35 t 105 97
100 112 105 112 5 50 50 50 40 10 60 90 106 87 90 87 100 100 110 110 75 81 25 2 90 50 10 50 90 90 80
Lowndes 100
Average 104 106 63 37 43 55 100 98
EAST GEORGIA
Bulluch no 112 82 20 100 107 Pulasld Richmond 120 110 97 125 115 99 85 95 85 20 20 75 90 25 95 no 94 105
105
100 111 50 50 75 25 100 100 93
100 H10 80 20 7o 25 100 100
100 105 87 25 50 50 85 100 107 110 45 55 102 9
98 99 78 22 54 40 93 90 Twiggs 98 99 65 35 62 iio 104 95
105 105 72 27 90 22 100 91 WushiogtD 96 90 8o 25 20 Y5 90 90
110 100 75 25 125 133 Wilkinson 100 105 75 li 4o bo 110 100
Mtgmery 105 110 72 25 100 100
Average 1041 105 75 29 64 40 101 100
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Charlton 75 90 15 75 67 25 10 85 25 50 100 100 80 100 102 100 95 70 104 100 Emnghuni Mclutosh 100 100 102 9C 125 10 67 32 50 50 50 25 110 90 105 9o 100 1110
110 100 102 102 100 103 107 mi 50 95
105 90 150 50 f0 75 15
120
15


98
103 108 61 40 99
RECAPITULATION
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
General Average
95 94 54 41 51 42 102
95 101 74 28 54 40 99
104 106 63 37 43 55 100
104 105 75 29 64 40 101
103 108 61 40 98

98 101 6s 34 52 44 100
97
93
98
100
9914
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
42
SUMMARY OF WEATHER REPORTS FOR MAY 1880
North Georgia
STATIONS
Canton
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Leo White county
Mt Airy
Eabun Gap
Rome
Toccoa
Means86
S
860
880
S30
30
70
890
860
0
500
550
440
480
490
450
44 0
48 0
71
670
699
2 4
0
672
10
370
647
544
890
2 3300
7361302
Days on which rain fell
3 21 24 30
5 10 21 24 28 29 81
345 132122 23 282930
3 4 5 11 14 21 22 23 24 27 29 30
231112212223242930
3 21 22 23 24 30
4 21 29 30
2122 23 29 30
Middle Georgia
Athens
Atlanta
Carroll ton
LaGrange
Maeon
Oxford
Thomson
Woodbury
Means
870
890
880
SSO
878
580
56 0
460
530
860 460 755 432 2 34 1021 22 23 29 80
890 44 0 713 426 3 49212229 30
730
72 0
717
740
50 5 729 350
470
322
305
145
2 3 4 10 21 30
2 3 10 22 23
1 9 21 23 30
3 1221 22 30
Southwest Georgia
860 620 754 375 2 3 4 5 9 10 12 22 23
920 870 883 600 550 590 760 743 752 320 1081 592 3 9 10 12 13 23 24 25 3 4 8 9 10 11 13 22 23 24 30



East Georgia
84 0 980 880 950 912 520 600 570 570 565 725 792 755 748 755 317 360 170 170 254 3 4 12 21 22 23 30 4 11 22 422 2 3 13 21




Southeast Georgia
Blackshear
Brunswick
St Marys
Walthourville
Means
Means for State
920
890
880
640
620
640
633
534
789
740
734
754
732
366
693
840
4 14 21 23
2 3 4 5 9 10 11 12 21 22 25 26
13459101213 21222543
MAY CROP EEPOET
SEED WHEAT AND OATS
15
N BTbose farmers who have seed for sale of wheat and oats that have es
ment the f 9 t0 theirinterest to communicate to th Depart
ment the facts in each case giving name of variety time of sowing and reaping
yield per acre and the extent of injury by rust together with a staement of
number of bushels for sale price and postoffice address Strictly rus proof Its
will be n reat demand next season Even now inquiries are frquen 1deceived
m regard to the best varieties Oats that have escaped the rust the pas 3on
may be regarded as absolutely rustproof and the opportunity hue sZ dby
the survival of the fittest to determine upon the very lest seed and to SelJ
disseminate them ought to be seized upon and improved y
Such tarmers are therefore requested to give the information desired and at
the same time send samples of such seed both in the sheaf and clean that thev
may be placed on exhibition in th offlcej and for 1j
ent specimens of varieties called by the same or different names with a view to
perfecting and harmonizing our nomenclature
inqTuleersfrmai0n fUrDiShed WU tim6S be communicated to allSpecial Circular No 7 1
New Series J
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF JUNE 1880
RETURNABLE JULY 1st 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga June 9 1880
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the I St day Of
July or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your re
port may reach this office by the Third of July
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or any
thing with which comparison is made is always taken as
lOO Thus if the corn crop at any time is lO per cent hetter
than last year or lO per cent better than an average it
should he reported as HO in each case and if ten per cent he
low these standards it should he 3fever report 1 per
cent better or lO per cent worse but HO or 90 as the
case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some
better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use
the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate esti
mate leave the space blank Very Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you reportcounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice JSSSCSSKSSSSS
46
per cent
per cent
date
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CORN
Condition and prospect compared to an average
COTTON
Condition and prospect compared to an average
Date of first bloom in your regular field crop
OATS
Total product of fall and spring sown compared to last yearper cent
Average yield per acre this year of rustproof fall sownbushels
Average yield per acre this year of rustproof spring sownbuskels
Average yield per acre this year of other varietiesaS sweatbushels
Average yield per acre this year of other varieties spring sown bushels
Total product in your county compared to last yearer cent
Average yield per acrebushel9
MISCELLANEOUS
Condition and prospect compared to an averge of
11 Rice
Sugarcane
Sorghum
Sweet potatoes
What varieties of corn are principally planted in your county
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
16 W1iat varieties of cotton
are principally planted in your county47
QUESTIONS FOE JUNE CROP REPORT
BEQUESTIf you or any of your neighbors have a variety of wheat that has proved to be practi
cally rustproof this year please procure and send to this Department a small bundle of the same
and also about one pint of the clean seed If any state quantity for sale and price and name of
variety
Persons who have seed for sale of oats that have entirely escaped rust this season are also r
quested to notify this department stating namt of variety number of bushels price etc
NotesReport any facts of general interest to the farmers of the State remarkable or excep
tional yields of oats or wheat with methods of culture varieties sown etc
30
CD
T3
O
CDCircular No 8 1
New Series j
Consolidation of the Reports of Drops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1880
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE JULY 1 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga July 10 1880
CORN
Has been injured in some sections by drouth on uplands but it is believed that
the recent rains have come in time to save the crop in Middle and North
Georgia It is feared that in some counties in East Georgia the crop was too far
advanced to entirely recover from the effects of the drouth Insects of all kinds
have been unusually destructive this year having commenced propagating earlier
than usual The condition of corn in the entire state compared to an average is
875 At the same time last year it was 835 In 1878 107
Its condition in the different sections of the state compared to an average is in
North Georgia 96 Middle Georgia 84 Soutbwest Georgia 88 East Georgia 79
and in Southeast Georgia 92 The comparative failure in the oat crop this year
increases the interest in the corn crop Fortunately however our seasons are so
long that auxiliary crops may be planted to supplement both corn and oats For
this purpose field peas may yet be planted for forage and German and Hungarian
millet sown now on rich land will have ample time to mature and if sown thick
and harvested as My while in bloom make good winter forage A large quantity of
native grass may be converted into hay on most farms the principal difficulty in
making hay of them arising from the fact that they must be harvested in August
and September when the dews are very heavy and the weather warm Bottom land
corn has not been injured by drouth but in many instances great difficulty has
been experienced in securing a stand on account of the ravages of the budworm
COTTON
though retarded in its growth by drouth is not thought to be materially injured
On the contrary planters have availed themselves of the dry weather to put their
crops in good condition Enough rain during the month of June to make a full
corn crop would probably have caused the abandonment of a large area of cotton
many having been disappointed in securing day laborers on whom they relied
for much of the work in their crops There is an unusual complaint of scarcityDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
50
of labor The cotton prospect compared to an average in the whole State is 34
better than at the same date last year though far below that of 1878
This year it is 96 in 1879 it was 926 in 1878 105 The production will
depend upon the seasons during July and August the critical months for this
crop
By sections the average condition is in North Georgia in which the area de
voted to this crop increases annually 102 in Middle Georgia 88 in Southwest
Georgia 100 in East Georgia 95 and in Southeast Georgia 101
OATS
have been threshed in a large portion of the State and the test of the half bushel
fully sustains the reports of last month as regards ihe rustproof varieties a few
only reporting disappointment in the anticipated yield Notwithstanding the rust
if the rustproof varieties had been universally sown as they should have been
the crop of the State would have been almost a full one As it is only 63 percent
of last years crop has been harvested
In North Georgia the total yield compared to that of last year is 47 in Middle
Georgia 72 in Southwest Georgia 00 in East Georgia 06 and in Southeast
Georgia 54 In Middle and North Georgia the rustproof varieties entirely
escaped rust In the extreme southern part of the State they did not
The average yield per acre of the rustproof varieties this year fall sown is 16
bushels per acre spring sown 126 Other varieties fall eown 43 spring sown
27 The yield in the State all varieties notwithstanding the loss by rust is 106
showing that the larger part of the crop was of the rustproof varieties It is
hoped and believed that none who can procure seed of the rustproof will sow
any other kind this year
For further information on this subject attention is invited to Notes from
Correspondents in this circular
RICE
In the section of the State specially devoted to its cultivation Southeast Georgia
is reported 102 or two per cent above an average The cultivation of upland
rice is regularly increasing A correspondent from Habersham county says it can
be successfully cultivated on any land that will make good corn Its cultivation
affords an inviting field for increased diversity of production in the interior of the
State
SUGAR CANE
Is reported for the State at 92 but in the two sections in which it is principally
grown Southwest and Southeast Georgia it is 95 and 98 respectively The
introduction of the improved shallow evaporators has greatly facilitated the con
version of the cane juice into syrup and sugar and it is hoped will materially
increase the production of this important crop in the southern portion of the
State where soil aad climate tavcr its cultivation
SORGHUM
Is receiving less attention than formerly Two causes have contributed to this
result viz the generally prevalent impression that is is an exhausting crop and
the fact that it demands attention while cotton planters are busily engaged pick
ing cotton None is reported in Southwest Georgia Its condition in North51
JUNE CEOP REPORT
in Eaat Georgia 74 and in Southeast
Georgia is 91 in Middle Georgia
Georgia 100
SWEET POTATOES
are reported 100 in North Georgia 95 in Middle Georgia 96 in Southwest Geor
gia 87 in East Georgia and 100 in Southeast Georgia This crop does not re
ceive the attention as food for stock that it importance justifies Our soil and
climate are peculiarly adapted to its production while the season for growing
turnips is generally too dry for their successful production and they are subject
to depredation by various insects but the sweet potato is entirely exempt from
injury from this source Again the potato has better keeping qualities and is
about nine times as nutritious as turnip Mr Munro of Marion county fattens
his pork almost entirely on potatoes For this purpose the vines are better than
slips for planting and rriay be planted later in the teaon
WHEAT
as a crop has been a failure in the Sate except with a few hardy varieties nota
bly the Dallas Mediterranean and Red Purple Straw The impression is very
prevalent that Northern wheats are better for seed than those that have been
planted for many years in Georgia while experience teaches just the reverse
The most successful varieties are those that have been sown in Georgia for many
years and the most successful growers are those who have sown the same wheat
produced on iheir own farms for a quarter of a century See notes from corres
pondents on this subject
GENERAL OUTLOOK
While the crop prospect in the State is not flattering it is not discouraging
and with favorable seasons from this date a full crop of the great staples cotton
corn rice and cane may be harvested The multitude of letters received at this
office making inquiry for the better varieties of wheat and oats are encouraging
since they manifest a determination on the part of the farmers of the State to
profit by the experience of the last small grain crop the disaster in which will
probably prove advantageous in directing attention to a most imnortant matter
which has hitherto been too much neglectedthat of a judicious choice and care
ful selection of seed Farmers need to follow the example of horticulturists who
have devoted themselves to the improvement of old and the development of new
varieties with results hardly less than wonderful Fifteen years ago the earliest
peach ripened about the 24th of June Now a number of varieties ripen by the
24th of May The tomato formerly no larger than a plum has been improved
until now single specimens often weigh more than a pound Farmers need to
devote more attention to the improvement of agricultural seeds The inquiry as
to the varieties of corn planted develop the fact that with rare exceptions we have
in Georgia no distinct varieties bat generally a mixture of various kinds and
colors The nomenclature in cotton is more distinct but there is room for im
provement in this also Agricultural Societies State and local are urged to take
his matter under consideration

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
IMPORTANT CONVENTIONS
52
The Georgia State Agricaltural Society which has done so much to advance the
productive interests of the State will hold its next semiannual convention at Hart
well Hart county commencing on the lOih of August
These conventions are both interesting ard instructive and farmers in every sec
tion of the State whether delegates or not will find it profitable to attend It is
matter of regret that the programme is not at hand for incorporation in this circular
Attention is invited to the following circular of the Georgia State Horticultural
Society
GEORGIA STATE tORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FIFTH ANNNUAXi SESSION
The fifth annual session and exhibition f fruits vegetables and plants will be
held in the city of Atlanta on the 3d and 4th of August 1880 commencing at 10
oclock a m
The past annual meetings have been numerously attended and the exhibitions of
fruits and vegetables practically demonstrated the vast resources of Georgia as a
producing State The impetus given to fruit culture and horticultural tastes through
the influence of the labors of this Association are visible throughout the whole
commonwealth Th forthcoming sessioD it is confidently expected will be one of
the most interesting and useful ever held by the Society
All horticulturalists fruit growers progressive agriculturalists and especially the
ladies of Georgia are earnestly and cjrdially invited to attend personally and
bring such articles for exhibition as will mike the display of Georgiagrown fruit
flowers and vegetables creditable to the skill and cultivation of its people
It is earnestly hoped that there will be a full attendance of members from every 1
section of the State that concentrated information and experience of fruit growers
may be obtained thus aiding the Society to perect its several catalogues of fruits
and vegetables adapted to each geographical division of the State These catalogues
are now the rebgnized reliable guides of the fruitgrowers of Georgia and have had
a most wo derful influence in developing its fruit growing interest
The Southern Express Company with its usual liberality and interest evinced in i
the success of the Society will carry free of charge all packages of fruits flowers
and vegetables intended for the exhibition Packages should be addressed as fol j
lows B J Wilson Atlanta Ga for Sate Horticultural Society and the name of
sender plainly marked on the package All articles f r the exhibition should be
sent to reach the hall on Monday evening August 2d or by Tuesday morning at latest
A full list of varieties should also be sent with the articles Co tributed that a full
leport may be made by the Society
The several railroads of the State have also generously offered to carry members
and delegates at reduced rates The Central Atlanta and West Point Southwest
em Macon and Brunswick Railroads will return members free over their several
lines on presensation to conductors of certificates signed by the presiding officer of
the Convention showing that the holder was a delegate had bevn in attendance on
said Convention and paid full fare going
The Western and Atlantic Railroad will sell to the members of the Society at
their local depots halfrate tickets on which they can attend the Convention and re
turn for half the usual fare
i
53
JUNE CROP REPORT
The Atlanta and Charlotte AirLine Railroad return members at one cent per
mile on the certificate of the Secretary that they attended the meeting They pay
full fare going
The Georgia Railroad will sell round rip ticket at any ticket station on line of
road and branches at three cents per mile each way Tickets gcod for ten days from
date of issue
Annual membership 2 New embers will be supplied with back numbers of
the proceedings of the Society as far as possible
P J Bebckmans President Autusta Ga
T L Kinsey Secretary Savannah Ga
The horticultural interests of Georgia are rapidly growing in importance
Geargia peaches pears and melons have a national reputation and contribute no
small amount to the income of our people
This Convention will be largely composed of the most skilled and experienced
fruit growers of the State and the exhibition will illustrate the fruit production of
Georgia
It will be seen by reference to the circular that the Express Company transport
fruit vegetables and flowers for exhibition by this Society of charge Those
having fruit which they desire named or which they wish to bring into notice
will do well to exhibit it at this fair Those having seedling fruits of special
merit are especially requested to send specimens since it is upon Southern seed
lings especially of apples that we must rely mainly for our successful varieties
One can learn more about the varieties of fruit in two days at one of these Con
ventions and exhibitions of the State Horticultural Society than in two weeks
under almost any other circumstance
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
CherokeeBad stands of corn on late planted bottoms on account of bud
worms Experience for fifteen years is in favor of planting bottoms early to
escape bud worms
Cobb Some crops of cotton have suffered for work where day labor was de
pended upon Day hands are paid from 75 ceals to 100 per day Some patches
of rustproof oats will thresh out 50 to 60 bushels per acre
DadeFall sown oats were winter killed All spring sown except rustproof
killed by rust J C Nisbet at Cloverdale has about 400 bushels very fine rust
proof oais for sale Mr W A Chambers of Morgansville has 100 or 300
bushels for sale
GwinnettCotton crop well worked and very fine H D Lowe at Law
renceville has rust proof oats for sale S H Cheek of Suwanee has them tor
sale also J R Hopkins of Norcross and some of his neighbors have rustproof
oats for sale
HabebshamEvery variety of wheat rusted Dr James P Phillips sajs
For over twenty years I have sown a variety of cats nameless have sold seed
oats every season This season will thresh from 45 to 50 bushels per acre field
crop without any manure I sow in August aud September Stand of
crn poor but the crop has been much improved by recent dry weather
HaktCrops in fine condition general rain June 29th Those who sowed
Dallas wheat made good crops though it rusted some It was much better this
year than any other variety Red rustproof oats sown in the fall on low ground
made fine oats and had no rust
MadisonNo wheat escaped rust No oats escaped rust except the rustproof
MiltonOats and wheat all injured by rust bearded wheat has done best this
year Blight of apple twigs general
TownsBottom land corn badly injured by bud worm Oats and wheat badly
injured by rust Peaches none apple and grape crop very good
Walker All wheat rust very tew rustproof oats sown Prospect good for
corn and cotton
AViiitpieldOther crops have been neglected for cotton which looks well
Small grain almost a failure
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinCorn seriously injured by drouth Cotton small but looking healthy
G T Whilden made 121J bushels of rustproof oats on one acre He weighed
100 pounds in sheaf and it threshed If buhels He has 100 bushels for sale55J
JUNE CROP REPORT
BiB3Drouth for 27 days has injured corn and highly fertilized cotton is begin
ning to fire and shed both forms and bottom leaves
ButtsCrops have suffered for rainplenty now Cotton late and small
Planters up with their work
CampbellSouthern part of the county suffered for rain Oats sown in
January the time preferred iu this county 50 percent better than those sown
later
Some of the cotton crops abandoned to grass and weeds on account of laborers
leaving the farm
F H Steed Palmetto has a few bushels of Bret oats for sale said to be ten
days earlier than the rel rustproof
ColumbiaCrops suffering for rain to 24th Jane Dallas wheat has escaped
rust where pure seed were sown CoUon clean and looking healthy
CowetaCol W S Bailey near Turin P O has the only crop of wheat in
the county that entirely escaped rust It was drilled on ordinary gray land and
the yield 10 bushels per acre A very remarkable yield when other crops ranged
from 3 pecks to 3 bushels per acre J H Wynn A W Hill and others made
fine crops of rustproof oats Will send samples of wheat and oats Cotton
plant small but fruiting well
DeKalb M A Steele Deeatur Kiwley Shipley Doraville and John Kilgore
Stone Mountain have rustproof oats fir sale
ElbertAll varieties of wheit rusted and all except strictly rustproof oats
Mr F P Thornton Cold Water has a variety known as the North Carolina oat
which has so f3r escaped rust and proven very productive He has 75 bushels
for sale
Greene Every variety of wheat rusted in this county Rustproof oats
escaped
C M Sanders Penfield has several hundred bushels for sale Crops have
suffered from drouth
HancockCrops have suffered from drouth Plenty of rustproof oats for
sale in the county
Heard Seasons have been good in half the countythe other halt has
suffered for rain Corn small on upland and bad stand on bottom Crops well
worked and clean
HenryRustproof oats the only reliable variety Those sown in January
far excelled the fall oais thieyear
LincolnMr J M Dill Clay Hill writes Toe weather is extremely dry
no rain of consequence in six weeks upland corn bids fair at this writing to be
almost an entire failure in consequence of drouh and the depredations of a small
brown worm that bores into the first joint at the ground and consumes the heart
stalk of the up to the tassel numbers of stalks fall down and the fodder on the
balance hangs down around the stalk The momentious question with every one
is what is the remedy Can the Department indicate one
Mr T H Remsen Goshen writes The Dallas wheat on both uplands and
bottoms where sown late has escaped rust A neighbor of mine on bottom land
mide eighteen bushels of the above wheat per acre after having been overflowed
by high water in March It had no rust He will have one hundred and fifty
bushels for sale The Dallas wheat is the only one that has yielded anything in

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
56
my neighborhood All others almost entirely ruined by rust The fly proved
the only eDemy of the Dallas wheat The red rustproof oats escaped rust alto
gether as far as my knowledge extends
Mr N A Crawford says There is very little wheat of any variety sown
VP this county but the Dallas Other varieties have often been tried but in the
end prove failures The Dallas wheat originated in this county It was intro
duced here from EiJgefield county S C by William Sims and William Dallas
p eminent farmers The latter took a great deal of pains in improving it and hence
it4took his name Since his death ten years ago D B Cade whose post office is
Dan burg Wilkes county has taken even more pains than Mr Dallas Mr N
W Stevenson whose post efflce is Goshen has more and better quality of this
wheat to sell than any man I know in this county The Dallas is evidently a
mixed wheatmakes over n average quality of flour and can be made to pro
duce twentyfive or thirty bushels per acie This wheat was known as the Wil
liams wheat when introduced here
McDcffikMr A E Sturgis says All oats except the rustproof prove
a complete failure this year You will see from my weather report that I have
no rain to reportnone has fallen in six weeks This is the first month in twen
tyeight years during which it failed to rain enough to record Corn will be a
complete failure unless we have rain in a few days Some portions of the coun
ty have had partial showers
MekiwethebNo wheat escaped rust Red rust proof oats entirely free
from rust Mr Peter M Martin has 2000 bushels for sale Some portions of the
county very dry Corn suffering
MonroeMr Thomas G Scott says Persons who did not sow the rust
proof oats failed in almost every instance I dont remember indeed to have heard
of a single case where other varieties than rust proof were sown that they were
cut There are cases of farms adjoining each other where good crops of rust
proof oats were made while the other kinds were not even worth cutting I have
abcut 300 bushels of yellow rust proof oats for market Mr H J Howard
a near neighbor 300 or 400 of the same kind and Mr M J Parks another neigh
bor about 200 bushels
On about 17 acres sown the last days of October last I gathered the rise of
580 bushels The land has been in cultivation 20 years Made a good crop of
corn and peas on the land last yearplowed up stalks sowed about 11 bushels to
the acreand turn them in with turning scooterno manure
MorganSeveral thousand bushels of rust proof oats for sale in tiis county
Mr E Hyzer Madison says Mr Grigg one of our thrifty farmers says oats well
drilled will make from 2 to 15 bushels more than when harrowed in and 20 to
25 per cent more than when pbwed in He thinks no crop pays better for a fair
and judicious use of fertilizers
OglethorpeMore than half the county suffering for rain Early planted corn
has suffered and will be a complete failure unless rain falls soon
PikeG K Wilson Hollonsville has 300 bust els rustproof oils for sale
PutnamCrops suffering for rainnone in four weeks Upland corn will be
ruined unless there is rain in a few days Cotton small but healthy
TalbotNo rain for three weeks with drying winds which materially shortens
the corn crop on old lands Mr L 3 McCrorry Bell View says Where whea457
JUNE CROP REPORT
9
was sown by She 15th October and coton feed used freely it has made from ten to
twelve bushels per acre Late sowing with the same use of cotton seed yielded about
one to two bushel per acre I have noticed for twentyfive years that when wheat is
sown ry the 15ih October it seldom fails to make a good yield
TaliaferboA large portion of the county has been dry for several weeks
causing crops to look badly though they are generally clean
TrotjpSome parts of the county have suffered for rain Corn on upland small
but has a good color Col C W Mabry LiGrange has 100 bushels rust proof oats
for sale All cats except rustproof a failure Dr H H Cary reports threshing
sixty bushels per acre of rustproof oats Other varieties in the same field worth
less
WaltonMr V H Crawley of Social Circle says Mr 1 P Upshawmade
1700 bushels red rustproof oats on 40 acres of upland and has 1500 bushels for
sale I have 150 bushels lor sale All other varieties a total failure except the
yellow rustproof which is as good as the red No other oats will be sown in this
section next year
Warren Suffering fromdrouih in some portions of the county no rain for
six week All crops except cotton suffering seriously
Wilkes Suffering from drouth Upland corn seriously injured No general
season since May 20th Season in lower part of county June 29th
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Chattahoociiee Very dry in this county No rain to do any good in over
five weeks Very cool for June No prof pect now for rain
ClayOur experience is that the best time to sow oats is January
CrawfordI am satisfied from several years experience that pea vines are the
cheapest fertilizer for small grain especially oats I believe they are to a consid
erable extent a preventive of rust
DoolyThe red rustproof is the best vaiiety planted There could be several
thousand bushels obtained from this county These oats stood the test much better
than any other Geo Trippe Drayton Ga
DoughertySeasons very wet to May 22 Since then no general rain June
24 some got good seasons Corn is badly hurt Part of cotton crop is very early
and good the other got very grassy and was chopped late
HoustonWe are suffering from a five or six weeks drouth Com is seriously
injured A great deal of cotton is as small as ever seen in ths county Mr H
C Harris made 771 bushels per acre on four acres of rustproof oats
LeeThe wheat crop of this county was a complete failure did not average a
peck to the acre The old red rustproof oats have been sown here for six years
and escaped rust but this year they have failed If the drouth continues the corn
prospect will fall to 50 in the next ten days
Lowndes June season dry enough to favor cleaning cropsslight suffering for
rain in some places but in main season favorable to growth Poor stands of cot
ton offset by condition of crop and thrift of plants
Have some doubt about correctness of report as to varieties ot corn planted
not being expert in the nomenclature of different varieties of this cereal would be
pleased to have information on this point
MaconNo rain in 28 days Corn cut off in coDscquf nee Pea crop a fail
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGEICDLTUKEGEOEGIA
58
ure up to date Commenced raining yesterday Cotton looking fresh and grow
ing
MarionCrops suffering very much for rain Last good rain 23d May
Worms are injuring the ears of corn very much Crops of all kinds are in better
condition than I ever saw them
MillerCrops very fine The early corn is made No casualty to cotton
yet and the weed is large and full
QoitmanThe Burt oat is perhaps the earliest and most rapid in growth free
from rust The Horn pat is perhaps more extensively grown than any other
variety free from rust and black heads L P Dozier W P McLendon T J
Nuthvin and other have them for sale
The Newmans White Prolific corn sent to our society this spring we think
will prove a complete success We are suffering greatly for rain E Smith
Hatchers Station
SumteeI am not satisfied that any particular variety of oats has escaped
rut but there is a vast difference
We have had a very dry time until the 25th when we had a good rain
WebsterMy oats seed were rustproof last yearwere not so this year
The red oat I sowed in the spring escaped rust entirely They were the
Bancroft oat and I bought them in Amefieus Mno for sale
WilcoxWeare very dry No rain in four weeks Corn is failing fast
while cotton is little injured
EAST GEORGIA
BdllociiBains have been partial Drouth has seriously injured crops in
some localities If we do not get rain soon there will not be titlf a provision
crop made this year
BurkeCrops generally in good condition Cotton small I do not think
there can be an average crop of cotton made this reason and the corn crop will
be cut off unless rains begin early in July
DodoeNo rain of consequence since May 6th A few localises have had
rain enough Drouth terrible with no prospect for rain
At this writing we are having a severe drouihsix weeks today July 3
Forward corn is too far spent and late corn except swamp looks as if it would
not make an crop at all
JeffersonJune has been very dry and hot Corn almost ruined Many
have not planted peas Cotton not much injured Still dry
No variety either of wheat or oatshas escaped rust this season and our farmers
have very generally decided to try new varieties from a more northern latitude
An impression prevails that any variety of wheat or oats if sown consecutively
for a number of years will rusthence the determination to procure seed from
noithern latitudes
LaurensMy yield of oats this year was about thirty bushels per acre The
variety sown was the Irwin county rustproof Used about fifteen bushels cotton
seed per acre Sowed about the first of January and plowed in deep with half
shovel There is a great demand for seed oats I have sold out
MontgomeryThe only variety of oats in this county that did not rust is
called the Mexican I got seed of its about ten years ago in Berrien county59
JUNE CROP REPORT
11
Those that have them here have already had more applications than they can
supply
We are now having a most damaging drought No general rain since June 1
Stock are suffering in some places for water
ScrevinThe drought has well nigh ruined the corn Cotton stands it better
In some localities rain has fallen but once since Aprilon the first of June Corn
cannot execeed 60
I am satisfied that corn cannot yield more than half a crop I have never seen
cotton so small Hog cholera is having full sway
TelfaikJust passed passed through a drought which commenced on 22d of
May No rain of any consequence till June 24 when good showers fell in some
localties Crops look well having stood the drought remarkably
Twiggsla some Bedions of the county the droulh has continuedwith the ex
ception of one light showerfor eight weeks and the corn is almost ruiued and cot
ton U very small
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
ChARltonOate almost an entire failure There were none sown except those
called rustproof and they were destroyed by rust On some farms not a bundle
was saved The crop was sown from seed that had not been destroyed by rust in
any previous year
ClinchCorn is much above what it was this time last year but there has been
a great falling ofi in thirty day I remarked in my last that the cold easterly rain
we had about 26th May that the corn showed red or purple at the base of the stalk
It went on firing up to the silks We had hot days nd cool nights and twentyfour
days drought which injured the corn crop 10 per cent
CoffeeCrop in good condition and looking well Several cases of blind
etaggors in horses which generally is fatal Can some one give a remedy
PierceCrors injured very much by the long drouth If we do not get rain in
a very short time all crops wiil be seriously damaged

RUSTPROOF OATS FOR SEED
In addition to those named in the foregoing Notes from Correspondents
the following farmers also have rustproof oats for sale
R L Mclntosh Blakely 500 bushels Mexican rustproof 150 per bushel at
the crib
Thomas Hardeman Davisboro 200 bushels Twenty acres made 1000 bushels
No rust
J V Duke Cuthbert 1500 bushels Mexican rustproof at 200 per bushel
W N Coleman Culverton 300 bushels at 100 per bushel sacked and delivered
at depot
Thos V S Meegher Oconee 50 bushels of Bland Oat rustproofat
200 per bushel sacked and delivered atdepot
S S Swindel Taylors Creek 250 bushels Camp Rustproof Oats at 125
in lots of 50 bushels 150 for less than 50
Geo White Sparta 500 bushels rustproof oats Price on application
R B Harrison and S S Everett Lumpkin 200 or 800 bushels genuine rust
proof oats at 150 per bushel12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
60
WHEAT
D B Cade Jr will sell 200 bushels of pure Bill Dallas rustproof wheat in
twobushel sacks at 600 per sack delivered at depot Mr Cade claims to be
thfi first to publish the merits of this variety aud says this is the twentyfirst
crop without rust
HORN OATS MEXICAN CLOVER
Mr Daniel A Horn Boston Thomas Co writes
I introduced the red rustproof bearded here about 10 years ago For the
last five yeara there have been but few of any other kind planted But from bad
management of farmers in selecting seed and cutting too green they had in many
insfances deteriorated until they were not fit to be planted I had anticipated
this for several years and two years ago selected by hand enough of the pure
red oat to sow two acres Prom this crop I planted last fall 60 acre and they
have entirely escaped rust though injured by lice They were carefully examined
just before cutting by a number of planters and not a stalk could be found with
rust I also had 25 acres planted with seed not selected They had considerable
rust but a most careful examination failed to find a single stalk ol the red with
rust on it but all the white and black oats were killed out and while cutting
the 25 acres I found only two or three heads of the white oats
I am fully satisfied that fully matured seed will make much better crops In
1860 I planted the yellow rustproof which had then just been introduced here
There were some black oats mixed with them which rapidly increased In 1864
I think it was the rust was very badalmost destroying the old kinds of oats
The next year there was not a black oat in my crop and never afterward as long
as I planted the yellowwhich was until 1870
The oat I plant is the red rustproof bearded but is known generally in
Southwest Georgia as the Horn Oat from the fact that I introduced them here
The price at which seed oats have sold for the last few years hardly pays the cost
of produwion and I have produced but few above my own wants
My advice to all is to plant the oat we have pure seed I have tried every va
riety that I could get for the last twenty years and this is the only one that has stood
the test I have no axe to grind and only make these statements so that if you see
anything that would throw light on the subject or be of value to the farming inter
est you might ue itgiving me a back seat
Some two yearj ago Dr Janes sent me a small paekage of Mexican
clover seed I planted them in my garden andsaved sejd enough to plant a ew
patches It grows finely and mystock appear fond of it Hogs will leave pindars
to et it mules cows and pigs eat all they can get of it It does not grow much
until after crops are laid by and grows finely after all other grasses are doneand
until hard frosts My belief is that it will supply a much needed wantpasturage
in the falland that it will make a firstrate fertilizer Wen once set it will keep
the ground seeded and I think will come up after crops are laid by and make a good
pasture and a good coat of manure to turn in It may become a pest would
you advise setting my farm with it
The plant above described is the Riehardsonia Scabra described and illustrated
in the annual report of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1878 This
report contains several favorable allusions to the plant among them the following
from Mr Charles Mohr of Mobile Ala61
JUNE CHOP EEPOET
13
Along the seaboard of this State the socalled Mexican clover is fcund spreading
extensivsly it covers the sandy upland soils completely with its prostrate succulent
leafy steins bearing the small white funnelform flowers in terminal heads and axi
lary whorl In regard to nutritive value it is ecarcely inferior to clover horses
cattle and sheep aie fond of it particularly of the hay As a green manure it is of
the greatest benefit to the farmer in the lower pine region
A plant with such Valuable qualities will hardly be considered a pest when it be
comes fully known
li
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
62
TABLE IShoiving the comparative condition of Corn and Cotton the yield
of Oats and Wheat etc
NORTH GEORGIA
COUNTY 3 o a a g a M a s 3 9 I z vz 1 F 5 SO V a p 3 a a a z 5 w sO g 0 o a 0 0 O 3 0 i 4 0 d 3 a 9 0 3 3 is ca 3 3 3 0 1 OS R CD be a 0 9 0 100 O a a S a to 5 q g c SI a CO O H a 3 be S 0 r a I to 3 87 10 90 90 100 60 95 90 C3 a 6 at w s 3 a x c 0 c If OS 5 li c It B Ji 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 101 COUNTY a 0 0 u a ftO a 5 So 0 0 O O 3 P jtC 0 c Z 3 a I 0 a 0 0 3 0 p O O TO O 0 0 uv 3 3 a 0 u 3 O U a g so 00 0 3S a I r s fi 19 OS s 0 3 a 0 t a S p n at a 5 0 a dT rs a 33 i 0 S a ac re a S 0 cs T3 a cw 3 5 tc ca s u CD a 0 a g i c 3 3 3 a 3 3 a s CO at a oj Is 0 0 t 0 a S 3
100 82 100 90 87 96 95 98 105 90 100 110 100 98 105 99 Jne20 22 Oil 83 100 25 25 20 65 25 7 Haralsou Hart Jaokson Luinpkin MadiBon Milton Murray Jaulding 105 95 OS 100 100 0 95 95 105 92 98 100 105 90 125 10 Jne 22 IS 18 40 60 70 60 60 20 f0 25 4 11 7 7 12 9 2 100 90 98 100 98 90 97 00 105
96
12 100
Chatioogu 23 18 20 July 2 100
Cherokee Cobb Dade 18 19 12 16 100 80 110
2M 110

Flovd 100 100 Jnel4 60 80 100 Polk 911 100 80 90

Frankiiu 95 110 100 101 95 105 97 101 102 100 20 50 9 100 100 110 87 85 105 SO 105 110 95 90 102 Union Walker White Whit field Average 90 SO 98 87 90 00 90 90 98 100 70 100
100
25 20 23 25 27 25 50 100 10 24 37 37 40 5 9 101
7 6 20 112 108 100 112
HaVeham 100 17 95
Hall
90 102 Jne 20 47 8 1 100 91 100
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglass
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
68 85 95 93 80 100 92 50 68 87 100 92 93 103 90 63 7S 80 108 82 83 100 90 85 90 OS 100 00 85 85 102 103 100 95 100 95 75 84 95 105 95 90 June 8 12 24 13 19 90 80 45 40 70 50 50 107 65 55 75 60 60 35 95 110 82 100 85 1P0 110 15 10 11 3 15 22 12 8 10 7 25 S 22 19 7 9 9 22 21 90 75 95 101 110 100 93 75 98 102 100 100 105 100 100 87 95 103 109 110 95
60 80 100 65 97 100 70 80 95 90 100 80

10 17 16 20 20 15 18 15 15 22 17 10 13 12 16
81



100 85 87 80 100 80 110 80 100

100
Lincoln 68 85 Ine2 85 10 90 85
McDuffle 60 90 14 9t 15 8f M 75 85
Merweth 85 91 1 5 16 91 75 95
Monroe Morgan 90 75 95 9ft 20 14 115 100 100
15 80 91
Newton 98 108 16 85 18 90 120
Oconee Oglethpe 97 87 103 95 10 13 40 55 6 12 80 100 95
90
Pilte 101 105 19 50 12 100 fii 101 100
Putnam Rockdale 75 95 75 95 20 19 110 75 75
15 100 100 95
Spalding 78 72 22 53 9 100 100 100
ralbot 83 102 15 80 15 97 100 103
70 70 80 98 20 6 125 40 17 12 80 85 75
Tionp 100 89
Upsou 100 100 12 60 9 95 95 10O
Walton 90 103 16 65 25 80 100
Warren 65 93 20 75 12 100 100 90
Wilkes 75 85 90 75

Average 84 SS Jne 16 72 13 90 83 89 95
63
juste cnor eepoet
TABLE IContinued
15
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
COUNTY a o u o o JM s s 2 is es 3ft j 100 110 10 1 30 o p p a q a s S3 3 r o o w 110 I0U 104 ou 120 g o o a a o q o D OS a t3 o H a a o o P a o h A y w 0 s 1 S u V a 2 R 4 3 o o o 03 o II q es o 5 o q 8 5 s s u B a a a 1 s S C a o 0 o If 100 110 ioa 100 110 o o o Is 1 is 9 r1 a a s 75 80 o as P W as a po ea 3 a a c o C i COUNTY g S o V a o s P ed so cs 3 n P 3 o 70 90 95 90 63 7n 90 75 o Q i a o 3 m a 0 o fl n 2 a o O a o 2 q o o o o 0 O V 3 Ph 3 q o q q 3 b cc IS O 3 a 1 u el 4 a o oc a H g o o as a o h a a og a 5 2 c S K 3 o 2 P5 o a as a 2 M o n 9 CS O CO CD O Ph a K a O rt S 0 G c C 3 w o l a O as iu II s s a
Baker Berrion Brocks Chatchee Cl y May 29 JrielO 1 13 18 60 60 57 100 55 50 55 72 12 8 100 110 95 95 100 100 98 no 105 Macon Marion Miller Mitchell Muscogee Qultman Kandolph Schley 99 105 100 100 90 95 HO 120 May 29 JnelO 10 May 25 Jne 9 11 8 8 60 75 40 50 75 80 65 eo 8 5 3 45 10 12 12 10 85 80 95 96 90 90 100 100 100 10 CO 80 90 75 90 100 100 85 80
Crawford Decatur DGoly Dogartv Early Houston 90 95 85 77 105 75 90 10 100 85 100 90 95 110 100 110 110 104 15 12 1 1 1 6 5 10 5 75 50 60 40 55 90 40 50 40 15 8 3 45 16 4 6 100 eo 100 loo 100 ioo 100 100 95 92 105 95 SO 100 100 80 100 110 95 92 115 90 110 100 100 100 60
suniter Terrell Thomas Webster Wilcox Worth Average 87 65 90 110 85 80 100 100 90 105 100 85 90 100 8 May 15 Jne i0 May 11 Jne 11 60 00 65 50 57 40 60 12 5 6 7 13 6 8 8 100 75 100 105 80 100 95 103 so 105 110 90 70 90 9i 80 94 100 97 117 90
Lowndes 75 100
88 100 Jnn 6 60 96
EAS r G 20RGIA
Bullocli
Burke
Dodge
fimanuel
Glsiscock
Jefferson
Johnson
Lauiens
Mtgery
Jne 7
12
4
15
4
10
s
3
12
75

Pulaski
Ricmond
Screven
Tatnall
iTelfair
Twiggs
Washton
Wilkinsn
Average
Jne 10
June 1
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
72
70
100
92
100
110
90 105 50 105 100 100 EffiDghm Glynn fffl
M0 ico ii ioo ioo ioo Liberty 75
2o 6 1H 90 50 1W1
100 June 5 75 6 101 101 100
92 lou 5 50 5 110 100 125 Wayne
Average 92
RECAPITULATION
JnelO
101 June 8 54 8 103 98 10C 100
100
100
100
1J5
Jnokih Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
General Average
96 84 88 79 92 102 88 100 95 101 Jne 20 16 6 7 5 47 72 60 66 54 8 13 8 13 8 100 90 93 90 103 88 95 87 98 92 91 89 74 100 87
875 96 62 106 95
100
9S
96
87
100
96
16
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
64
SUMMARY OF WEATHER REPORTS FOR JUNE 1880
North Georgia
STATIONS
Canton
Elleislie
Gainesville
Leo White county
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Borne
Toccoa
Means
930
8S0
S90
J10
981
If 0
i2o
990
C5i
540
590
dlO
621
60 I
590
640
767
710
747
70 8
762
17
7 0
92
918 GO5 740 819
100
090
215
4
334
185
2
8 22
35 1
Last Good
Season
Days on which rain fell
June 6
May 28
June 6
Iune25
June 26
June 6
une 25 to 28
June 25 26
29
13 15 25 26 28
1 6 8 2526 29
1 6 7 11 25 26
1 611 152629
1 6 8 25 26 28
1 2 3 25 26
Middle Georgia
96 0 920 950 940 92 94d 980 65 li 59 0 650 65 0 670 640 600 821 760 761 78 7 785 771 792 324 530 335 180 140 305 000 Juie26 June 25 June 23 to 26 JuDe 6 to 10 June 30 June 25 May 21 1 72526 29 17 10 138123 1 7 23 24 26 1 6 10 15 25 10 23 25 80 1 8 24 25 26 26 29





944 04 4 781 252
Southwest Georgia
950 650 817 165 June 25 9 10 24 25 10 21 1 8 10 1114 21

950 950 95 i 710 710 819 80 5 175 384 June 24 June 24
23 24

68 0 811 274
East Georgia
95 0 102 990 102 087 66 01785 0 72 May 23 June 24 May 22 June 25 216 2930 2 24 25 2 7 24 1 7 25
67 0 818 640 836 180 0 20 1 4


663817 080
Southeast Georgia
990 101 67ll 710 820 84 6 114 284 June 22 June 24 21 22
23 15 16 21 23 24 25 30

Walthourville 990 990 949 080 801 102 June 24 to 27 1 2 5923 24 27 29
700 645 816 782 2 55

222

Special Circular No 8
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF JULY 1880
RETURNABLE AUGUST 1st 1880
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga July 10 1880
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the I St day of
August or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that your
report may reach this office by the Third of August
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or any
ioJ7it7iCl1 comParon is made is always taken as
IOO inns if the corn crop at an time is lO per cent wetter
than last year or lO per cent better than an average it
should be reported as HO in each case and if ten per cent be
low these standards it should be OO Never report lO per
cent better or lO per cent worse but HO or OO as the
case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some
better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use
the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate esti
ate leave the space blank Very Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
III Your poetoffice

2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 66
CONDITION AND PROSPECT AUGUST 1ST COMPARED
to an average of
i CottonPer cent
I Cornpercent
3 Ricepercent
4 Sugar cane Per cent
5 SorghumPer cent
6 Field peasper cerft
7 Chufas percent
8 Sweet potatoespercent
9 If any what casualty is affecting cotton
10 To what extent has it injured the prospect per cent
II What is the prospect of pork hogs for next winter compared with last yearper cent
12 Have seasons during July been favorable or unfavorable
13 Date of last good raindate
14 Date of making this report date
AGRICULTURAL CLUBS
I will be obliged if you will give below the name and postoffice address of the Secretary of each
Farmers Club or County Agricultural Society in your county viz
Name of club or society
Name of Secretary
His postoffice address
GRANGES
If any active Granges please give the name number of Grange and name and address of Secre
tary viz
Name of Grange
Number of Grange3 QUESTIONS FOE SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET
Name of Secretary
67
His postoffice address
NOTKThe above information is desired for the purpose of fair and equitable distribution of
seeds pamphlets etc
REMARKS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to the fanners or any valuable or instruc
tive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers Such remarks should p ointed and con
cise and plainly written
I

73
CD
o c
O
CD
9Special Circular No 9
New Series
STATE OF GEORGIA
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta July 13 1880
Dear SlRBelieving that a concise history of the manufacturing industries of
he State would not only be of general interest to the business pubfic but tend to
IZSTTn and inve8tment of additional ca p in
Zl fSpmt have PrePared a imber of questions for the purpose of elicit
ing from manufacturers of cotton and wool the necessary inform
ST r reCJ invd rb 14 i Jt
I am very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1 Your name
2 Postoffice address
8 Name of your factory
4 ame of owner or company
5 When did the factory commence operations
fi Where locatedtownCounty
On what line of railroad
8 Cost of plant
9 Capital used in business
10 Number ring spindles for cottonMule spindles
11 Number of looms for cotton
12 What numbers of cotton yarns spun
IS What kind of goods manufactured
70j
14 Principal market for cotton goods
15 Operatives employedadultsChildren under 15
MalesFemales
16 Average pay per hand per day
17 Average hours run per day71 QUESTIONS TO MANUFACTURERS OF COTTON AND WOOL 3
18 Average profitsper centon capital employed
19 Pounds cotton used per day
20 Number bales used during last fiscal year
21 What powerwater or steam
Fuelwood or coal
Cost per cord or ton delivered
22 If waterwhat amount in H P nsed
23 Extent of rapids or shoals
Aggregate fall in this distance
Total available horse power
24 Character of surrounding countrylevel hilly clay or sandy soil health water etc State any
facts exhibiting the advantages as a manufacturing locality
Questions 10 1112 and 13 refer to cotton manufacturers only and therefore will not be answered
by those who manufacture wool only The other questions refer to both cotton and wool The
following refer to wool manufacturers only
25 Number of sets of wool cards
26 Number of roll cards for custom work
27 Number of looms
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 72
28 Pounds of washed wool used per daylbs
29 What hank yarn pun
30 Pounds rolls made per year lbs
31 Do you make jeans or any fulled and finished goods fHow many yards of each per annum
jeansyds fulled and finished yds
S2 Number yards all wool goods warp and filling made per annum yds
33 What proportion of wool used is grown in Georgiaper cent What is the
principal source of the remainder
34 Percentage of loss of wool in manufacturingper cent
35 How does the loss in cleaning and working Georgia wools compare with the same of other
wools
36 Average price per pound of wool in the dirtcents
37 Average price per pound of tubwashed wool cents
38 Is the business of manufacturing wool in Georgia on the whole encouraging
39 Is there much attention paid by growers to rolling and tying each fleece separately 1
40 Would this plan of putting up the fleece be of advantage to the manufacturer
CIRCULAR No 9
New Stries j
ANALYSES AND STATISTICS
CF
Commercial Fertilizers
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE
IN GEORGIA
DURING THE SEASON OF 1S7980
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
ATLANTA GEORGIA
1880
Jas P Harrison Co Printers and Binders
Atlanta GeorgiaCircular No 9
New Series J
Analyses and Statistics of Fertilizers
Season of 1879m80
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga July 24 1880
EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLES OF ANALYSES
After the chemical determinations are the Y9t
estimate of the comparative 0fthe valuable olreZTf Ue8 or
ysisina ton of each fertilizer If each fertile g I fouad by ana
grcdient the percentages of that inrediem S contained but one valuable io
ttive value of the fertilizer But Italaree Hur lT thecompar
more ingredients differing widely Sffl JL CDtain tw or
percentages in which they enter taSXIlt commercial value and in the
mation to their true value at Savannah v P S a Practcal approxi
Available Phosphoric Acid
Ammonia 13i cents per pound
Potash 18 cents per pound
The relative commercial values are calculated LirXr 8 cents per pound
phosphoric acid ammonia and potash hri Sfollwl he iMle
which the farmer pays his monev thev onlv thValable ingredients for
commercial value The numbers in tie r Confldered in ascertaining the
indicate the number ofpounTs oeachAn onePhnnHrJ1Umnf fAhese gedients
To ascertain the value of the availam ZI d PTds of tbe terr
the number in that co umn b m ffi vlfieKn n m Hfc muItiPly
of that element in 100 pounds which nrodict iiDf EunA for the value
100 pounds makes 2000Ppouuds oT one Sn whlriTWtrny mf
phosphoric acid in one ton g value of the available
Multiply the number of pounds of ammonia hv 18 th i
Pound This product mulled by givl Vetfthe Zlt
wSMl KSS V U P0UQd d Pd by 20
JZlVtrmZgeth BDd 70U Wi hae the commercial
TABLES of Analyses Relative Commercial Values etc of Commercial Fertilizers inspected analyzed and
admitted to sale in Georgia for the Season 187980
TABLE IAMMONIATED SUPERPHOSPHATES OF LIME
H
NAMES OF FERTILIZERS
Alta Ammoniated Guano
Americus Am Bone Superphosphate
Ammoniated Alkaline PhoBphate
Arlington Fertilizer
Atkins A Co Am Bone Superphos
Baldwin 4 Co Am Dissolved Bone
do Subsequent inspection
Baldwins Bone Compound
Kakers Standard Am Bone Sup Phos
Bales Guano
Bahama Soluble Guano
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer
Barrys Granger Fertilizer
Baughs Raw Bone Sup Phosof Lime
Blue Bone Soluble Phosphate
Bradleys Patent Sup Phos of Lime
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Brightons Am Bone Sup Phos
Burgess Fertilizer
Calvert Guano
Carolina
Cairo Guano
Chesapeake Guano
Chesapeake Soluble Am Phosphate
Charleston Soluble Phosphate
Chappells Champion Am Sup Phos
Coiton Food
Cotton Compound patapsco Co
Colgates Manure
Cumberland Sup Phos of Lime
do Av 4 subsequent inspections
Phosphoric Acid
1470
1380
1313
1102
1135
1211
1830
1610
11 02
lOlf
1062
975
1287
16
1587
1177
1314
1220
1300
1417
1311
1435
1261
1145
12 80
1520
1860
1295
1047
1232
192
828
162
S43
435
276
113
252
250
420
407
437
384
275
174
250
290
315
546
348
345
026
370
4 i0
180
375
215
383
484
595
420
189
03
5 10
745
680
670
601
8 50
670
870
710
630
690
480
450
700
701
819
781
569
690
620
956
275
4 06
395
605
820
670
393
560
615
060
M
328
292
123
446
4
838
1037
1116
1012
186 10 42
3561226
810
394
178
227
370
422
290
865
148
130
231
266
343
161
540
811
580
398
3 10
3 30
456
94
1180
1104
803
917
820
872
990
1070
967
911
800
956
963
1116
815
1217
975
1003
1130
1000
849
954
240 855
49811153
204
300
2 00
270
203
310
252
204
200
2 06
291
270
204
312
202
335
316
234
202
216
31
228
248
2
375
880
204
256
240
228
220
2 a
o
0S4
106
240
223
238
147
129
112
084
240
032
036
06
025
025
088
0 52
266
060
060
190
070
202
106
162
120
118
118
29 64
38 63
31 1
41 18
32 Cl
41 02
42 07
38 91
36 59
28 84
37 39
34 54
2D 72
35 98
37 32
36 64
34 65
29 88
32 00
36 10
39 35
2954
431
37 78
39 69
4336
35 00
33 03
By Whom and Where Sold or for
Whom Inspected and Analyzed
Lorentz A Rittler Atlanta Ga
B J Cubbedge Savannah Ga
B J Cubbedge Savannah Ga
Holmes Durham Charleston S C
II Atkins Co Gainesville Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin A Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin A Co Savannah Ga
A C K F Wyly Atlanta Ga
J A Bale Rome Ga
Walton Whann k Co Savannah Ga
Ed Barry A Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry A Co Augusta Ga
George Shaeffer Hampton Ga
P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
iangaton Crsrne Atlanta Ga
Langston A Crane Atlanta Ga
Winfield Peters Baltimore lid
B J Burgess Athens Ga
P Zcll A Son Baltimore
H M Comer Savannah Ga
B J Cubhedge Savannah Ga
B J Cubbedge Savannah Ga
J W Goldsmith A Co Atlanta Ga
Gen W Scott A Co Atlanta Ga
P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
J C Bruyn Savannah Ga
By Whom and Where Manufactured
Lorentz Rittl r Baltimore Md
Rafferty A Williams New York
Chesepeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Dambman Bros Baltimore Md
Chemical Co of Canton BaliimoreMd
Baldwin k Co Newark N J
Baldwin A Co Newark N J
Baldwin Co Newark N J
Chemical Co of Canton BaltimoreMd
J A Bale Rome Ga
Walton Whann A CoWilmingtonDel
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry A Co Augusta Ga
Baugh Sons Baltimore Md
P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
Bradley Fertilizing Co Boston Mass
Bradley Fertilizing Co Boston Mass
Winli Id Peters Baltimore Md
E B Burgess Son Burgess Store Va
P Zell A Son Baltimore Md
Bradley Manufactory Co BostonMass
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake iuano Co Baltimore Md
Chesapeake Guano Co Baltimore Md
Stono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
P S Chappell Son Baltimore Md
Maryland Fertilizing CoBaltimoreMd
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
inat mis BKsa adsssas s as

t
a
H
H
o

2
o
a
F
H
a
w
w
0
H
o
i
5iiiii
in

1010
1436
DeLeonsComplete Cotton Fertzer
Dixie Guano
Dixie Phosphate
Dixie Amnioniated Phosphate
Dissolved Bone 1502
Double Anchor Guano2125
Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Guano n6
Dobbs Chemicals2125
Eagle Amnioniated Bone Phosphate 1405
East St Louis Packing Co Fertilizer 1460
E Frank Coes Anid Bone 8up Phos iix65
English A Huegeuin Acid Phosphate iss5
Empire Guano 1550
Etiwan Guano 1532
Eutaw Fertilizer1375
Eutaw Fertilizer deep black1250
Eutaw Fertilizer brown 915
Eutaw Fertizer light brown 915
Eureka Amd Bone Sup Phos of Lime 1215
Excellenza Fertilizer1475
Farmer Friend 612
Franklin Amd Dis Bone g 6
Georgia Fertilizer 1503
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer 1639
Giant Guano 14
Gossypium Phospho 5 73
Grange Mixture1295
Grange Mixture16 6G
High Grade Am1d Sup Phos 1382
High Grade NitroPhosphate jo32
Hope Guano 1435
Homestead Guano 14
Homers South ISea Guano 1290
Inuians Imperial Guano1617
Inmans San Domingo Guano 1215
King Guano1435
Lion Acid Phosphate 1835
Lion Guano 1370
Liebigs Auid Dissolved Bone 1295
Lister Bros Stand Pure B me 1777
Lister Bros Crescent Bone Fertilizer 1273
do Subsequent inspection 1415
Lowes Georgia Formula 1455
L A R Amd Soluble Phosphate 1372
Lillys Early Opener 1435
Maddox Kucker tc Co Cotton Guano 135
Mapes Nitrogeuizod Superphosphate 16 20
Mastodon Amd Superphosphate 16 60
Mathis Chemical Fertilizer 1262
Merrymans Amd Dissolved Bone 143
Minors Superpuosphate 1560
248
370
030
250
220
con
0S7
350
240
250
48S
250
301
405
255
255
471
425
325
434
2 50
274
370
2S8
48
21
22f
638
370
06
L6I
251
101
370
25H
310
4
210
316
225
4 50
5 40
370
435
529
215
525
140
450
460
275
545
6 90
715
055
817
150
1030
485
675
1
760
850
860
860
6 70
1055
770
515
843
914
275
4 53
3
394
800
38
275
8 95
795
530
650
2 75
485
385
303
835
6 12
630
425
550
275
600
3 05
3 91
57i
9 96
516
495
540
814
206
226
119
234
050
055
470
227
25
170
20
22i
223
266
110
170
511
071
090
955
815
13 59
896
941
10 74
1051
800
10S5
961
802
10S1
930
1059
1083
1083
936
1165
940
1025
9
1004
40 815
602il055
450
561
300
590
5 40
74
2 7
200
362
540
476
4
450
2 50
3 57
326
411
386
540
252
086
5 61
2 61
193
352
849
955
1100
975
815
96
106
820
1015
815
961
869
849
10 8
969
956
835
936
815
8 52
A II
955
839
1180
8 67
202
228
202
228
270
200
200
642
306
210
270
222
2 81
806
360
360
246
270
282
312
232
836
228
281
5i
261
222
222
2
282
251
3iio
2
228
210
209
256
2 28
238
220
204
201
228
227
22
264
210
2 80
2 70
064
060
225
106
115
002
125
060
176
162
23
100
660
158
84
0
225
48
162
OOi
117
110
194
121
00O
155
232
1 77
029
9
32 17
29 54
42 43
30 60
33 25
34 05
33 48
4 11
88 14
35 18
31
36 os
33 37
37 49
40 04
40 04
32 26
38 84
33 65
38 33
33 25
37 20
29 54
89 31
33 03
37 09
87 09
32 3
29 54
31 37
38 34
32 64
3 23
29 54
35 18
30 Ol
33 03
P M DoLeon Savannah Ga
R W L Kaisin Co Baltimore Md
Alex Cou cher Augusta Ga
Alex Conacher Augusta Ga
A A Fletcher Marietta Ga
Staflord Bialock Co BarnesvilIeGa
8 C Dobbs Athens Ga
S C Dobbs Athens Ga
Barrett Cantweli Augusta Ga
A P Youngblood Atlanta Ga
II G Purse Savannah Ga
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
H T Inoian Atlanta Ga
C A Chisolm Charleston S C
Robertson Taylor CoCharlestonSC
Robertson Taylor CoCharlestonSC
Robertson Taylor CoCharlestonsC
Robertson Taylor CoCharlastonSC
J M Johnston Co Macon Ga
P M DeLeon Now Y ork
a W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
Dixie Fertilizer Co Augusta Ga
Dixie Fertilizer Co Augusta Ga
Northwestern Fertzr CoSt LouisMo
Read Co New York
Read Co Barren Island
Read A Co New York
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
EastSt Luis Packing CoSt LouisMo
E Frauk Coe Philadelphia Pa
Atlantic Phosphate Co Charleston SC
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore Md
Etiwan I hosphate Co Charleston SC
RobertsonTaylor CoCharlestonBC
RobertsonTaylor CoCharlestonSC
RobertsonTaylor Co CharlestonC
RobertsonTaylor Co CharlestonSC
AtlaoticA Va Fertilizer CoOrient LI
Jno K Long A Co Baltimore MdJohn R Long Co Baltimore Md
Stafford Bialock Co Baruesville GaiRead A Co New York
P M DeLeon Savannah G
Chos C Hardwick Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Wright A Craoe Augusta Ga
Geo W Scolt Co Atlanta Ga
D B Hull Savannah Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
M W Johnson Co Atlanta Ga
J W Strawn Philadelphia Pa
Wright Crane Augusta Ga
West Bros Savannah Ga
Dunn Ogletree 4 Co At anta Ga
J II Iujnan Jo Atlanta oa
J M Inman Co Atauta Ga
R W L Raisin A CoBaltimore Md
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
N L C ArigMf Atia ta Ga
D B Hull Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
35 35 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
33 58 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
31 32 M A Stovall Augusta Ga
32 57 Lorentz Rittler Atlanta
29 54 Hugh T Inman Atlanta
31 95 Maddox Ruckor Co Atlanla Ga
1 5E Z Lane N Y
37 09 M A Stovall Augusta Ga
31 5S1K J Baker A Co Baltimore Md
40 2T Jno Merryman A Co Baltimore Md
32 83IB B Minor Jr SavaunahGa
P M Deleon New York
Preston Fertilizer Co New York
Baldwin A Co Newark N J
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Wm Davidson A Co Baltimore Md
Farmers Boneand FertzCoPbilaPa
R W L Raisin Co Augnsta Ga
Michigan Carbon Works Detroit Mich
Joshua Homer Baltimore Md
John H Inman Co New York
John W Inman Co New York
W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
Atlantic Pbosph Co Charleston SC
R W L Raisin A Co Baltimore Md
atapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Lister Bros Newark N J
Lister Bros Newark N J
Lister Bros Newark N J
G oigia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Li rentz Rittler Baltimore Md
R W L RaMii Co Baltimore Me
P Zoll A Son Baltimore Md
Mapes Formula Peruvian Co N Y
Georgia Chemical Works Auguta Ga
1 J Baker A Co Baltimore Md
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guauo Co Baltimore Md

o
w
00
co

00
TABLE IContinued
y
NAMES OF FERTILIZERS
Mound City Guano
Monarch Guano
National Bone Dust
National Amd Soi Phosphate
Nava sa Guano
None Such Guano
Nnmher One Alberuiarle Guano
Ober Sons Sol Sup Phos of iiiue
Old Dominion Fertilizer
Old B
Orient Complete Manure
Oriental Amd Bone Phosphate
Patapsco Guano
Patapsco Amd Sol Phosphate
Patapsco Amd Sol Phosphate
Pendletons Amd Super Phosphate
Planters Favorite
Plow Brand Raw Bone Super Phos
Pollards Soluble Bone
Pomona Guano
Potomac Guano
Preston Sons Amd Bone Sup Phos
Pure Dissolved Raw Bone and Potash
Pure Dissolved S C Bone
Pure Amd Dissolved Bone S 0
P G Amd Super Phosphate of Lime
Pure Dissolved Bono
Ragsdale John C Amd Dis Bone
Reeves NichoJu A Co CotnGrower
Roanoke Guano
Royal Superphopsphate
R D Coes Original Bone Phosphate
Russell Coes Amd Bone Superphos
Bamana Guano
Sea Fowl Guano
Sinclair Fertilizer and Chemical
1282
1470
1650
1080
1402
14 55
77
1140
1160
16 66
1566
773
1666
1295
1066
1025
1615
1062
183
1542
1435
1260
1303
2005
845
1235
485
1220
1437
1435
10 33
1452
1880
1606
964
515
Phosphoric Acid
058
305
07
210
525
820
180
32
510
215
286
224
215
484
215
290
129
437
250
120
370
225
180
015
270
180
525
546
225
370
1 17
461
097
215
430
365
540
1070
215
705
430
100
560
800
580
3 94
650
640
391
393
3 94
935
945
690
48
710
275
780
525
603
900
525
563
569
675
275
840
500
1053
394
775
205
673
22S
598
440
678
750
280
112
282
561
174
25S
56
456
561
200
110
227
476
230
540
180
650
141
324
330
516
231
440
540
205
4
060
561
182
706
12
12
813
1145
1008
850
840
912
862
9 55
821
898
955
8 49
955
1135
1055
917
961
940
815
9 60
1175
804
1224
855
10
800
1115
815
1045
840
1113
955
967
911
a

212
240
288
228
2 22
240
426
306
200
264
261
276
264
256
264
302
210
295
210
282
228
312
216
247
324
252
210
234
210
228
306
204
260
264
282
717
155
071
225
147
112
232
211
2 32
162
282
1
240
225
060
261
111
073
068
oco
025
074
232
js a
By Whom and Where Sold or for
Whom Inspected and Analyied
837 96 A A Kletcher Marietta Ga
42 57 I H Inman k Co Atlanta Ga
30 69 A A Fletcher Co Marietta Ga
39 31 U S Fer and Chein Co Philadelphia
34 32 Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
33 49 G W Garmany Savannah Ga
36 84 Ketchum Co Savannah Ga
3i 69 G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
30 54 Maddox Rucker Co Atlanta Ga
37 09 M A Stovall Augusta Ga
33 37 I M Johnston Co Macon Ga
32 39 Barrett Carswell Augusta Ga
37 09 M A Stovall Augusta Ga
33 03 D B Hull Savannah Ga
37 09 M A Stovall Augusta Ga
42 12 E M W N Peudleton Atlanta Ga
33 9lJno R Long Co Baltim re Md
37 39 VVallon Whann Co Savannah Ga
35 8 Robertson Taylor A Co Charleston 8C
33 65 M DeLeon Savanuah Ga
29 54 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
35 23 T F Shi Forsyth Ga
41 82 G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
30 76 J R Sheldon Savannah Ga
42 26 M VV Johnson Co Atlanta Ga
31 61 Piedmont Guauo Co
34 59 McFarland Barnard LiGrangc Ga
29 83 Winfield Peters Baltimore Md
35 43 Reeves Nicholson Co Athens Ga
29 54 R W L Rai in Co Baltim re Md
37 14 H M Comer Co Savannah Ga
28 71 VV C Hnuser Wadley Ga
38 01 T Henly Smith Atlanta Ga
37 09 Maddox Rucker Co
34 08 Langston Crane Atlanta Ga
48 58 A Hutchinson Co Palmetto Ga
By Whom and Where Manufactured
North Western Fer Co St Louis Mo
J H Inman Co New York
North Western Fer Co St Louis Mo
U S Fer and Chemical Co Phila
Navassa Guano Co Wilmington N C
J N Spencer Havre De Grace
Ktchum Co Savannah Ga
G Ober Son Baltimore Md
E B Burgess Son Burgess Store Va
Georgia Chemical Works Aigusta Ga
Atlantic and Va Fer Co Orient L I
Reed Co New York
Ge Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
E M W N Pendletou Atlanta Sa
John R Long Co Baltimore Md
Walton Whann Co Wilgton Del
Robertson Taylor A Co Charleston SC
P M DeLeon Baltimore Md
R W L Raisin k Co Baltimore Md
Preston A Son Green Point L I
G Ober k Sons Baltimore Md
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore Md
Win Davidson Co Baltimore Md
Piedmont Guano Co Baltimore
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Winflild Peters Baltimore
Reed Co New York
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
II D foe Linden N J
Russell Co Linden N J
Geo Chemical Co Works Augusta Ga
Bradley Fertilizer Co Boston Mass
T M Sinclair Cedar Rapids Iowa
b
I
i
K
O
Q
5
o
i3
d
w
g
CDmmmm
M
Snowdens Cotton Compound
Suowdens Sea Gull amd Diss Bone
South American Guano
SouthLiud Guano
Soluble Sea Island Guano
Soluble Pacific Guano
Sparks Amd Bone Superphosphate
Star Brand Complete Cotton Manure
Standard Fertiliser
Standard Superphosphate
Sterns Amd Bone Superphosphate
Sterling Guano
Stockbridge Manure
Wando Fertilizer
Watson Clarks Superphos of Lime
Wilcox Gibbs A Co Manipulated
Guano average of eight inspections
Whitlocks Vegetator
Wright Cos solid Guano
Zells Auimoniated Bone Phosphate
Zells Economizer
These being among the first analyses
tion of Dr Pratt himself the Commissioner
1295 1295 484 484 398 39S 466 456 849 8 49 256 256 162 1 62
1436 370 275 64C 815 228 060
450 275 663 370 540 315 820 815 978 270 228 308 032 060 107
1435 1256
210
14 87 500 611 33I 9 40 2 64 0 7
1167 274 550 284 R34 276
1895 285 655 28E 938 200 1 56
is n 2SY 625 175 800 240 0 97
1377 240 695 484 1179 8 82 111
2005 015 663 141 804 247 111
1487 7o 750 175 925 2 58 260
943 454 653 148 R01 231 270
1374 329 552 882 934 208
1419 167 786 178 958 2 80 193
1022 521 681 410 1040 318
1527 192 550 34fl 8 90 2 51
1466 386 6 55 103 818 2 10 276
1605 3401 586 298 883 204 121
S3 03 D B Hull Savannah Ga
33 03 D B Hull Savannah Ha
29 51 H T Iunian Co Atlanta Ga
30 73 Ed Barry Co Auguste Ga
29 51 R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
37 07 AdairA Bro Atlanta Ga
34 15 J J Sparks Sandersvllle Ga
30 78 West Bros Savannah Ga
33 14 Standd Fertilizing Co DuxberryMasB
30 19 Standd Fertilizing Co DuxberryMass
39 24 H T lnman Co Atlanta Ga
30 76 St L C Angier Atlanta Ga
36 56 Jas Martin Savannah Ga
32 66 T B Thompson Conyers Ga
30 84 West Bros Savannah Ga
37 12 Wilcox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
37 45 Hibley WhelessA Co Augusta Ga
31 28 A P Wright Co Thomasville Ga
23 43 P Zell Sons Baltimore Md
Patapsco Guano Co Baltimore Md
Q A Leibig Baltimore Md
B w L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
Ed Barry Co Auhusta Ga
R W L Raisin Co Baltimore Md
Pacific Guano Co Charleston 8 C
R J Baker Co Battimore Md
Allison Addiaon Richmond Va
Standd Fertilizing Co Dux berryMass
Standd Fertilizing Co DuxberryMass
Sterns iert ChemCo NOrleans La
Manhattan Chemical Co New York
W H Bowker Boston Mass
Wando Phosphate Co Charleston 8 C
New Jersey Chemical Co PhilaPa
Wileox Gibbs Co Savannah Ga
W Whitlock Co Baltimore Md
Read Co New York
P Zell Sons Baltimore Md

31 35 P Zell Sons Baltimore Mdp Zell Sons Baltimore Md
made by the Chemist of the Department after his appointment and their correctness being challenged at the suedes
tt it wasadgremVduUtttarao0rrit7ihCa0n C WUte C U Jr W W btv
determinations by Dr Pratts method are more reliable and just to all pa
dtermTnatton by Dr PrJtPs meSod LreToreIStahKnH SAW 9ouldfiraTf ter td Investigation have satisfied the Commissioner that the
among whom are Pro fa 8 W Johnson fT Hl iJ v FarAies Theytaye been sustained in repeated tests by some of the most eminent ehemistsl
analyfesVSesebr
analyses of these brands as made byDr Pratt Ire givcn 0 toether witt necatedcomUeaT valuTo theme
Baldwin Cos Amd Dis Bone
Lister Bros Crescent Bone Fertilizer
Merrymans Amd Dis Bone
Soluble Pacific Guano
1628
1273
1371
1256
281
5 30
251
208
8801
589
1014
638
085 907 199
181 720 205
lnK 1122 248
258 896 289
1071
300
31 56
30 18
86
32 SO
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
Jno Merryman Co Baltimore Md
Adair Bro Atlanta Ga
Baldwin fc Co Newark New Jersey
Lister Bros Newark N J
Jno Merry man k Co Baltimore Md
Pacific Guano Co Charleston S C

o
g
P
N
H
00

GO
oTABLE IIACID PHOSPHATES AND DISSOLVED BONES
NAMES OF FERTILIZERS
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Bales Acid
Barrys Biphcs of Lime Compound
Barrys Acid Phosphate
Burgess Dissolved S C Phosphate
Chas D Coes Am B S Phosphate
Cotton Plant Dissolved Bone
Coles Compound Acid Phosphate
Charleston Acid Phosphate
Davidson Co Acid Phosphate
DeLeons Dissolved Bone
Diamond Acid Phosphate
Diamond Soluble Bone
Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Dissolved Bone and Potash
Dunbar A Cos Chemicals
Eagle Acid Phosphate
Ktiwan Dissolved Bone
Etiwan Potash Compound
Eutaw Acid Phosphate
Fertilizing Compound
Georgia Dissolved Bone
Georgia Grange Dissolved Bone
Georgia S G Acid Ph03phate
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos
Longs Prep Chemicals
L R Acid Phosphate
Merrymans Acid Phosphate
Navassa Acid Phosphate
Obers Dissolved Bone 8 C
Our Acid Phosphate
Pacific G Co Compound Acid Phos
Palmetto Acid Phosphate
Patapsco Acid Phosphate
Pioneer Acid Phosphate
Phosphoric Acid
295
362
275
268
439
375
242
211
375
475
670
258
530
215
240
220
258
220
888
67
633
093
174
3 81
3 0C
332
560
346
360
385
680
320
25b
570
175
GO
755
719
750
780
880
800
1124
600
987
950
715
750
825
819
945
925
750
1187
1044
71
558
1035
1355
907
977
1088
655
1272
252
1015
570
1080
750
HP
1032
325
283
410
862
350
201
301
42
246
290
326
522
414
573
372
3 70
522
147
3 88
326
44
180
21
347
39
136
350
065
940
151
5
310
52
679
077
10
1002
1160
1112
1230
1094
1432
1020
1233
1240
1041
1272
12 3b
1392
131
1295
1272
1335
1432
1041
1006
1215
1573
1254
1375
1224
1005
1337
11 92
1173
1139
1390
1272
1114
1109
053
006
079
084
236
111
L47
076
060
060
0
228
179
09S
189
0 60
160
076
072
063
125
098
183
225
a
SI
By Whom and Whore Sold or for Whom
Inspected and Analyzed
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
J A Bale Rome Ga
Ed Barry A Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry A Co Augusta Ga
B J Burgess Athens Ga
WT Hauser Wadley Ga
H C Harris Fort Valley Ga
W T Cole Griffin Ga
Geo W Scott Co Atlanta Ga
M W Johnson A Co Atlanta Ga
Perry M DeLeon Savannah Ga
telzer Rogers Co Charleston S C
Walton Whann 4 Co Atlanta Ga
M A Stovali Augusta Ga
MA Stovali Augusta Ga
W M Dunbar Co Augusta Ga
Pelzer Rogers Co Charleston 8 C
C A Chisholtn Charleston S C
C A Chisholm Charleston S C
Robertson T Co Charlesttn S C
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Chas C Hardwiek Savannah Ga
Baldwin Co Savannah Qa
Baldwin Co Savannah Gft
M A Stovali Augusta Ga
Horn McGhee Rome Ga
Lorentz A Rittler Atlanta Ga
Reeves Nicholson Co Athens Ga
Navassa G Co Wilmington N C
G Ober Ions Baltimore Md
J M Johnston Co Macon Ga
A F Crowell Charleston S C
Robertson T Co Charleston S C
Patapsco Gu Co Baltimore Md
H Atkins Co Gainesville Ga
By Whom and Where Manufactured
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S O
J A Bale Rome Ga
Ed Barry A Co Augusta Ga
Ed Barry Co Augusta Ga
10 B Burgess Son Burgess Store Va
0 D Coe Linden N J
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
W T Cole Charleston S C
Stono Phos Co Charleston S C
Wm Davidson Co Baltimore Md
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Walton Whann 4 CoWilmington Del
Geo Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Geo Chemical Co Works Augusta Ga
Dunbar A Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S C
Etiwan Phos Co Charleston S O
Atlantic Phos Co Charleston S C
Chemical Co of Canton Baltimore
Preston Fert Co New York
Baldwin Co Passaic river N J
Baldwin Co Passaic river N J
Goo Chemical Works Augusta Ga
John It Long A Co Baltimore Md
Lorentz Rittler Baltimore Md
John Merryman Co Athens Ga
Nevassa G Co Wilmington N C
G Ober Sons Baltimore Md
Atlantic A Va F Co Orient Long Id
Pac Ga Co Charleston S C
Robertson T Co Charleston S C
Patapsco G Co Baltimore Maryland
Stono Phos Co Charleston 8 C
0
i
w
A
H

O
3
ft
I
M
o
ft
5
o
Planters Acid Phosphate
Pomona Acid Phosphate
Preston Sons Add Phosphate
Pride of Lancaster
Robsons Acid Phosphate
Russell Coes Acid Phosphate
Slinglufls Pure Dissolved Bone
Soluble Bone Phosphate
Wando Acid Phosphate
Walton Whann Cos Acid Phos
Yorks Favorite
Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate
592 320 1075 491 1566 LID 41 05
1401 297 640 36R 1008 106 26 90
1440 000 900 260 1160 29 00
575 280 1050 350 1400 2 02 38 23
565 335 1025 250 1275 230 35 55
1682 000 900 310 1210 147 32 60
vr m 210 1120 990 460 281 1580 1271 39 50
723 2 07 35 09
1321 080 880 417 1297 227 36 06
1125 375 695 805 1000 1380 084 26 34
661 850 1045 335 214 87 92
1290 4 3 700 356 1056 093 27 89
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
Coleman lewsome Macon Ga
Z N Shi Forsyth Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
J Henly Smith Atlanta Ga
Ketchum Co Savannah Ga
T B Thompson Conyers Ga
G E Gibbon Charleston S C
Walton Whann Co Savannah Ga
M A Stovall Augusta Ga
P Zell Son Baltimore Md
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Perry M DeLeon New York
Preston Son Greenpoint L I
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Ga Chemical Works Augusta Ga
Russell Coe Linden N j
Boykin Conner Co New York
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Wando Phos Co Charleston S C
Atlantic Pnos Co Charleston S C
Georgia Chemical Works Augusta Ga
P Zell Son Baltimore Md
TABLE
IIIChemicals and Compounds other than Arnmoniated
Bones
Superphosphates and Aeid Phosphates or Dissolved

o
i
N
CO
cr
CD
oc
o
NAME OF FERTILIZERS
Burgess Potash
Bone Meal Pure
Dixie Amd Phosphate
Dixie Phosphate
Johnsons Chemicals
Poppliins Silicated Phosphate
Raw Bone Meal
Raw Bone Meal
Siono Phosphate Co Ash Element
Vulcanite Guano
Soluble Silica 1613
740
760
127
1697
1245
713
8 so
665
125
Phosplwric Acid
2280
300
2255
301
273
600
545
885
1468
165
025
625
100
015
170
4
10
016
293
217
771
8 10
863
382I
444
231
1S0
821
872
8741 0
8251 4 50
1088 462
4271
144
174
299

By Whom and Where Sold or for
Whom Inspected and Analyzed
374
189
29 E B Burgess Son Burgess StoreVa
15 9S M W Johnson Co Atlanta Ga
34 Alex Conacher Augusta Ga
8 10 Alex Onacher Augusta Ga
24 58 Baldwin Co Savannah Ga
80 03 George J Popplein
3 8SM W Johnson Co Atl inta Ga
42 45jM W Johnson a Co Atlanta Ga
16 06 Stono Phosphate Co Charlastoo 6 CIStono Phosphate Co Charleston S C
15 57H P Grant Savannah Ga Vulcanite Guano Co Baltimore Md
By Whom and Where Manufactured
E B Burgess Son Burgess Store Va
Wm Davidson Co Baltimort Md
Dixie Fertilizer Co Augusta Ga
Dixie Fertilizer Co Augusta Ga
Baldwin Co Newark N J
PoppleiiiSillcateCo Baltimore Md
Geo E Curry Louisville Ky
Win Skowne Louisville Ky
TABLE IVIAst of Brands whose Analyses were below the Standard required by Law and the Sale of which was
therefore Forbidden
Kentucky Cotton Fertilizer
Loess Superphosphate of Lime
Natural Guano
1015 2015 1613 275 155 420 100 410 290 560 111 447 660 524 737 252 096 051 092 174 088 27 01 19 34 21 78
M W Johnwn Co Atlanta Ga
Dunn Ogletree Co Atlanta Ga
C W Anderson Savannah Ga
Kentucky Fertilizing Co Louvi11eKy
Manhattan Fertilizing Jo New York
Zell Burton Baltimore Md10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
KEMAEKS
82
The foregoing analyses were made by Dr N A Pratt Analytical Chemist of
the Department whose genera report appears on page 10
During the season of 187980 there were 11958306 tons of commercial fertil
izers inspected and analyzed for the Georgia market all of which with the ex
ception of 40 tons being admitted to sale The following table shows the amount
inspected by each inspector
O T Rogers Inspector at Savannah 3537670 tons
W P Harden Inspector at Augusta 3318078
J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta 1724306
Troup Butler Inspector at Brunswick 2282382
E L Thomas Inspector at Macon 621930
G W Rosette Inspector at Columbus 473940
Total11958300 tons
Although distinct inspections were made and samples drawn of each brand a
considerable number are duplicates differing only in name being actually taken
from the same bulk and branded accordiBg to the fancy of dealers A number of
manufacturers have no proprietary brands and do not sell directly or through
agents to farmers but to nominal manufacturers who sell them under their own
brands One large manufacturer sells one fertilizer under no less than twelve dif
ferent names
The following table shows the number of distinct inspections made by each in
spector for the seasoD the average number of tons in each inspection the whole
number of inspections made and the average of each
Number
of
Inspections
Average Amt
of each
Inspection
O T Rogers
W P Harden
J S Lawton
T Butler
E L Thomas
G W Rosette
861
142
151
193
43
135 tons
283
114
113
144
79
Total
140 tons
CONDEMNED FERTILIZERS
Of the above amount 40 tons comprising three brands were shown by analy
sis to contain less than the minimum percentages of ammonia and phosphoric
acid required by law and the sale thereof was accordingly forbidden by the
Commissioner of Agriculture in pursuance to section 2d of the act of 1877 from
which the following is an extract
J It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of
any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bme which is shown by official analysis to
contain less than ten per centum of available Phosphoric Acid and also to forbid
the sale of any Ammoniated SuperPhosphate which is shown by official analysis
to contain less than eight per centum of available Phosphoric Acid and two per83
ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS187980
11
centum of Ammonia A copy of the official analysis of any fertilizer or chemical
under seal ot the Department of Agriculture shall be admissible as evidence in
any of the courts in the State in the trial of any issue involving the merits of said
fertilizer
The analyses of these forbidden brands with the names of persons for whom
they were inspected and of the manufacturers appear in Table IV
At the time of making application for an inspection and in consideration of
being allowed to proceed to sell and distribute the same before the official analysis
thereof is made the dealer or applicant is required to give a written obligation
whereby he agrees and binds himself to cancel and make null and void all sales
that may be made thereof and forfeit all right to compensation therefor if after
the official analysis is made the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its
snle in accordance with law
These written obligations in every case are on file in the office of the Commis
sioner
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last five
seasons
There were inspected for the season of 1875655316 tons
There were inspected for the season of 1876T75 824 tons
There were inspected for the season of 1877893478 tons
There were inspected for the season of 1878985 049 tons
There were inspected for the season of 187980119 583 tons
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID
PHOSPHATES
Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the past
season 104838 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates and 13906 tons were Acid
Phosphates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those brands which con
tain not less than eight per cent ot available phosphoric acid and two per cent
of ammonia are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those containing
less than two per cent of Ammonia and not less than ten per cent of available
phosphoric acid are clawed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This classi
fication is made without regard to the name of the brand as will be seen by refer
ence to the tables Those fertilizing materials which do not claim to be either of
the foregoing are classed as Chemicals and Compounds other titan Ammoniated
Superphosphates and Dissolved Bones Of this clasB there were 839 tons inspected
and analyzed and are exhibited in Table III
The number of tous of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones used in Georgia
during the past five seasons is as follows
For the season of 18756 g 409 tong
For the xeason of 18767j2 842 tons
For the season of 18778M8m tons
For tho season of 18789jq 291 tons
For th season of 187980iUm tons
Of the whole quantity put upon the market the percentage of Acid Phosphates
for each season is as follows
For 18756
For 1876 7
1166 per cent
1282 per cent12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
84
For 18778 19 62 percent
For 187891222 per cent
For 1879801163 per cent
The following tabulated averages for the past five seasons will be found inter
esting viz
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
Available Phosphoric Acid 923 1094 1087 1143 1195 1024 Ammonia Potash Relative Commercial Value
255 253 252 279 270 2B8 5 17 249 275 225 166 133

35 51
37 33
33 31
84 17
These are he general averages of all fertilizers including acid phosphates for the
seasons named The commercial values are all based upon thy present valua
tions per pound of the valuable ingredients in feriiiz3rs
It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those
brands only which are shown by analysis to contain these elements and not ot the
whole number of brands analyzed
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Available Phosphoric Acid 873 1086 10 51 10 83 1152 9 53 Amuioaia Potash Relative Commercial Value
281 293 273 279 270 259 5il 279 243 225 164 135

36 82
For the season of 18778 38 36
39 76
34 78
AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Available Phosphoric Acid Potash Relative Commercil Value
Season of 18745 1105 1199 1168 1310 1320 1244 385 461 454 216 1 63 123

3257
Season of 187778 34 51
3398
8241
The averages of valuable ingredients for the years 18745 to 18789 inclusive wera taken from
similar exhibits in Circular 67 old series The average commercial value given io that cir
cular page 11 instead of being an average of the calculated values of all the brands of each season
is found on examination to have been the calculated value of the average of all the analyses of such
season The method there employed was wrongin principle and failed to present a just compar
ative view In the exhibit presented above the calculations have been revised and corrected and
in addition they are based on the same classification of fertilizers adopted in this Circular
The average values for the seasons 1874518756 are not given because the prices of elements
were different85
ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS187980
13
These exhibits show an apparent reduction of the average standard of fe tilizers
as indicated by analysis But this apparent reduction is probably due mainly to
the difference between the method of analysis employed by the present Chemist
snd that used by the former Chemist Prof W J Land used what is known as
the Oxalate process for determining reverted phosphoric acid while Dr Pratt uses
the Citrate process These are known to yield materially different results There
are probably differences in other details Hardly any two Chemists agree in their
methods and the effect of such diversity of methods is to cause considerable dis
satisfaction to persons interested in the analyses of fertilizers and well illustrates
the importance of a uniform method of analysis to be adopted and used by all
Chemists
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed upon the market for
each season since the organization of the Department is as follows
For the Season of 187175110 brands
For the Season of 187576101 brands
For the Season of 187677125 brands
For the Season of 187T78127 brands
For the Season of 187S79162 brands
For the Season of 187980182 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or com
posting manures at home
The number of brands of Ammoniated and NonAmmoniated Fertilizers for
each season is as fallows
Ammoniated NonAmmoniated
86 68 85 90 119 1S5
83 40 37

47
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPEOTION OF FERTIL
IZERS SEASON OF 1 87980
Fees on 11958306 toDS inspected during the season559791 53
Inspectors salaries to Sept 1 183084871 17
Chemists salaries to September 1 1830
Cost of 1279200 Inspectors Tags
2900 00
2582 00
Total expenses of Inspection10353 17
Leaving a net balance ia the Treasury of 49438 36
59791 5369791 53
It is proper to remark that of tin salaries paid to Inspectors the sum of 34179
was paid a3 a b dance due to Inspectors at the time the present Commissioner
came into his officeSept 23 1879and the Bum of 50000 was paid to Prof W
J Land Chemist of the Department as balance due him to the date of his resig
nation making in all 84L79 The present Inspectors received their appoint
taenta and their salaries commenced on the 15th of October 1879 and the Chem
ist on the 12th of November 1879
14
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
86
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
GEORGIA STATE LABORATORY
Atlanta July 20 1880
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear SirPursuant to your orders I have the honor to present herewith a
Report of Operations and work done for the Agricultural Department during the
passed season together with a few reflections suggested by the results attained
Your Chemist received his appointment on November 121879 nearly six weeks
after the season had opened and at once proceeded to put the Laboratory into fair
working order This Labaratory originally supplied only for analysis of soils
after thiee years disuse was in shockingly bd condition and required refitting
out and out before any reliable work could be attempted Furnaces waterpipes
sinks balances boilers etc all were overhauled and refitted and a fresh supply
of chemicals and apparatus ordered It was the middle of December before sys
tematic work could be commenced
Up to this date the work done is as follows
Fertilizer analysesregular 211
Fertilizer analysesrevisions gg
Mineral analyses 4
Mineral water analyses 1
Total376
The amount of labor involved in this work is best exhibited in this table of
analysis or separate determinations made
ANALYSES
Phosphoric acidsoluble og
Phosphoric acidreverted 266
Phosphoric acidinsoluble 266
Phosphoric acidtotal 251
Potash 76
Ammonia 2 no
Moisture 277
Nitric acid
Sulphuric silicia acids linre magnesia etc 47
Total determinations 1747
This amount of chemical work is far beyond the capacity of any one man and
I have only been able to accomplish it by reason of the labors of two and some
times three asststants in covering the expense of which you have generously87
ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS187980
15
assisted me Exclusive of your assistance I have been to an expense of about
1200 exclusive of rent chemicals etc leaving me an income of 800 for eight
months work
The experience of the season induces me to say
1 That the fertilizers offered on this market while mostly coming up to the
minimum required by law present a wonderful variation in quality by reason
both of material used in the manufacture and the percentages of valuable ingredi
ents contained The acid phosphates range all along from 1630 per cent to 650
per cent of available phosphoric acid The guanos from 13 per cent to 5 per
cent of phosphoric acid and from 7 per cent to less than 2 per cent of ammonia
and from 3 per Icent to less than 1 per cent of potash and still these each of
its own class respectively are sold to the farmer at practically the same price
2 In regard to the inspections my observation shows that they have been well
and carefully made Revisions and analysis of samples of the same fertilizer
uuder different inspections have given uniform results and samples drawn by
myself from lots already inspected have yielded results varying but slightly from
those drawn by your inspector
3 The low price of nitrate of soda notwithstanding the ChiliPeruvian war
has induced some manufacturers to add this salt as part of their ammoniating
material and they ask that under the law the nitric acid contained be counted
at its equivalent in ammonia 100 parts of refined nitrate of soda contains nitrogen
equivalent to 20 parts of ammonia Their claim is a just one and worthy your
consideration even though its estimation adds 25 per cent to the cost and labor of
an annlysis
4 The question of what should be considered reverted phosphoric acid
under the law is an important one As it has your attention and will soon be
discussed ia a convention of chemists which you have the pleasure to have suo
ceeeded in calling together I will not refer to it here
I have the honor to be Very respectfully
Your obedient servant
N A PRATT
JTJLY CHOP REPORT
Circular No 10
New Ser
No 10 1
CRIES
Consolidation of ths Reports of drops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1880
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AUG 1 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga August 9 1880
CORN
Is reported in the whole State at 23 per cent below an average crop This is
mainly due to drouth at the critical period of earing Some correspondents farm
ing in the dry localities report partial exemption from injury by drouth as the
result of deep and thorough preparation and rapid and clean culture This experience
is of the utmost importance and fully sustains the soundness of advice repeatedly
given in the publications of this Department Drouth is the principal obstacle to
successful corn culture in Georgia and ne farmer should fail to avail himself of
all practical means of preventing its injurious effects
In the different sections the corn crop is reported as follows compared to an
average crop In North Georgia 86 in Middle Georgia 75 in Southwest Geor
gia 78 in East Georgia 68 and Southeast Georgia 77 Drouth has been the princi
pal cause of the injury to the crop in every section Some report good crops by
planting early varieties which mature in advance of the usual period of drouth
COTTON
Is reported generally in the State as promising well The weed is small in a
large portion of the State but is green healthy and well fruited The caterpillar
is reported in most of the counties of Southwest Georgia but not yet in sufficient
numbers to cause serious apprehension for the present but the recent rains will
induce a succulent growth favorable to the rapid increase of the worms Serious
injury may therefore be expected before the plant reaches maturity The crop
however in that part of the State in which the worm is reported is well advanced
and a good crop will probably be made in spite of the worm Farmers in whose
fields they have appeared should take immediate steps to destroy them before they
become sufficiently numerous to seriously injure the crop London purple seems
to be the cheapest insecticide as yet available It is much easier to destroy the
worms while they are in small numbers than after ihey have multiplied The
worms now preying upon the plant if allowed to mature and transform to the
moth aletia will greatly multiply the next crop of worms
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
92
Tobacco growers are careful to destroy the first crop of worms and also to de
stroy as many of the moths as possible
Cotton growers should pursue the same course with the caterpillar and the pa
rent moth
It will not be sufficient for a few individual planters to do this but there must
be concerted warfare made upon the common enemy
The condition of the crop is reported aa follows in the different sections as com
pared with an average crop In North Georgia101 in Middle Georgia 93 in
Southwest Georgia 98 in East Georgia 92 and in Southeast Georgia 105 In
the whole State 97
Injury to the crop thus far by drouth worms or rustis reported in North Geor
gia 7 in Middle Georgia 9 in Southwest Georgia 8 in East Georgia 10 by
drouth and in Southeast Georgia 8 Average in the State 8
RICE
Is reported at 94 for the State 103 in Southeast Georgia where the bulk of the
crop is produced 99 in Southwest Georgia 92 in North Georgia 86 in Middle
Georgia and 82 in East Georgia
SUGAR CANE
Is reported for the State at 87 in Southwest Georgia 89 in Southeast Georgia
88 and in East Georgia 88 While efforts are being made at the North to produce
sugar from beets sorghum and corn the true sugar plant is not receiving the at
tention at the South which its importance justifies
SORGHUM
Is reported for the State at 83 in North Georgia S6 in Middle Georgia 84 in
Southwest Georgia 75 in East Georgia 78 and in Southeast Georgia 100 Its
cultivation is not receiving the attention that was formerly given it
FIELD PEAS
Are reported for the State at 80 in North Georgia they are reported at 87 in
Middle Georgia at 80 Southwest Georgia 82 East Geogia66 and in Southeast
Georgia 69 In the sections in which the drouth has prevailed farmers complain
that they have not been able to plant the usual area in this crop Many have
been prevented from sowing peas on small grain stubble for manurial purposes or
forsupplementing the short supply of forage
SWEET POTATOES
The average condition of this crop in the State isreported at 94 in North
Georgia it is 94 in Middle Georgia 97 in Southwest Georgia 93 in East Geor
gia 88 and in Southeast Georgia 93 The area devoted to this important crop
has been somewhat reduced by the difficulty in securing plants and the want of
suitable seasons for planting in those localities in which protracted drouth has
prevailed
PORK PROSPECT
The prospect for pork hogs for next winter compared with last year is for the
State 94 for North Georgia 95 Middle Georgia 94 Southwest Georgia 94
East Georgia 88 and Southeast Georgia 94 Some correspondents complain that
the grain crop has been so short that difficulty will be experienced in fattening93J
JULY CROP REPORT
the hogs on theirfarms In some localises the drouth hag been of such long con
tinuance that supplementary crops such as peas and sweet potatoes could not be
planted
GENERAL OUTLOOK
The prospect at present is thata short provision supply and a large cotton crop
will be made in the State There is evidence of a disposition to sow rust proof oats
this fall to supplement the short crop of corn The disaster to the oat crop caus
ed by rust on all except therust proof varieties will have the effect of inducing
more than usual care in the selection of seed for the next crop An effort is
made by the publication in the crop reports of the Department of the address of
farmers having genuine rust proof varieties for sale to encourage a careful selec
tion of seed The object of the publication of the names of farmers having pure
seed for sale is to afford to those desiring them information which will enable
them to secure saed at first costand directly from producers
To the credit of Georgia farmers be it said a spirit of progress and enterprise is
abroad among them which must result in their prosperity and that of the whole
Commonwealth In no State in the Union are farmers more earnestly Btudying
the interests of their industry and in none are they progressing more rapidly Im
proved implements and improved stock are being introduced and improved
methods of farming adopted More attention is beingjgiven to the improvement
and selection of agricultural seeds Waste lands are being improved and
swamps drained A careful study of the agricultural interests of the State gives the
gratifying assurance of progress and thrift
FISH CULTURE
Is attracting more attention than ever before and it is being conducted with more
intelligence than formerly The surprising success of those to whom the German
carp were distributed lastfall has given an impulse to this important industry
which must result inan important addition to the food supply of thefState Spec
imens of these fish that were only three inches long when sent out from this De
partment last November are now more than twelve inches long They seem pe
culiarly adapted to pond culture in our climatewhere they do not hibernite as in
colder climates but feed and grow throughout the year An additional supply
will be secured and distributed by the Department next fall to those who have
ponds suitable for their reception Those who would make fish culture in ponds
successful must determine to feed them The carp is less costly than other varieties
of pond fish because they feed upon vegetable food
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureNOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks CountySuffering for raincotton commenced to shed form unless
it rains soon will lose much fruit and open prematurelysome parts of the coun
ty have had partial showers but no general rain since 1st of June
CherokeeDry in neighborhood of Woodstock for six weeks some showers
in other portions of the county
CobbCotton small but well fruited and two weeks earlier than last year corn
not more than twothirds of a cropneeding rain
DadeToo much rain for cotton
FloydThere is great necessity for reducing the area of cotton and increasing
that of grain and grass Owing to the press of work there has been but a small
crop of field peas planted or sowed There have been some good rains in parts of
the county during July but many sections have not had a full season Cotton is
fruiting very well
FobsythSome localities have suffered for rain and at this date 30thJuly it
is generally needed Land sowed in peas and the vines turned under and clover
fallow made the best yield of wheat
GordonSome portions of the county have had fine rains others very dry
GwiNNETTMany farmers have decided to sow none but rust proof oats next
year Personal inspection and extensive inquiries from all parts of the county
make my estimates at 15 per cent less for corn and 11 per cent less for cotton
With a favorable August we may reach an average number of bales in this coun
ty from the increased acreage planted Land should not be cultivated the first
year after breaking with a two horse plow except to sow in peas or wheat I
break all my land with a twohorse plow and cultivate only one year at a time
I then sow in peas and let it rest My ground is always loose I have pasture
for my cattle never let them go out in the woods Some of my neighbors cattle
are prowling around with head chained to foot and are troublesome 0 how long
until we can have a stock law I could carry this neighborhood in favor of it now
HallCrops generally in good condition cotton very small on account of
drought corn cannot make half a crop unless it rains soon Flowery Branch
suffering for rain in the lower end of the county in the upper end crops
were never better The drought has continued for over eight weeks in
part of the county and not over half a crop is expected On the Chattahoochee
Little River Wahoo and other streams north of us the crops are better than for
fifty years past A few farmerB have adopted deep plowing with much benefit If
land is subeoiled twentyfour to thirty inches no ordinary drought would affect
the crop95 JULY CROP REPORT 7
HartRains have been partial some settlements have suffered Upland corn
in places will make from a fourth to a half crop The low lands are promising
In Franklin county for some thirty miles from this placeParkers Store the
drought is worse than in Hart
MADISONDrought has ruined crops in this neighborhood Our last season
was too long ago to recollect Danielsville A small area around Dowdy was sea
sonable to 13th Jjly most of the county has been suffering for rain since last of
May Crops are now losing rapidly Dowdy
MliTONSeven or eight weeks drought in portions of the county in other
places rains or partial showers no general season since the spring rains ceased
MUERAYEains very partial good seasons in some localities others extremely
dry Cotton well fruited but drought has checked the growth of weeds
WALKERDry summers should teach us that to succeed in growing corn we
must plow deeper before planting cultivate more thoroughly and give it good distance
There is far more loss every season from too thick planting than from duth
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin Cotton prospect very fine corn and pea crops injured by dry
weather in June and July but will make threefourths crop
CampbellThe southeastern part qf the county has suffered from fdrouth
have not had a season since the last of May cutting off the crop 50 per cent
Threefourths of the county have a good crop In one section of the county hogs
have died with the cholera
CarrollCotton prospects very fine It is heavily loaded with bolls Some
will be on the market by August 15th
ColumbiaCotton is very large well fruited reen vigorous and doing well
and without some unforeseen mishap in August the crop will be a large one
De KalbCrops in a portion of the county have been somewhat injured by
drouth but cotton is now promising well A correspondent says My turn
plow of 3mule power has undeceived my neighbors who presumed my cotton and
all other products would fail therefrom and has taught me that cereals of the first
succeeding crop would be injured this on oki red hills
Douglas Corn somewhat injured by drouth cotton prospect good August
1st but beginning to suffer
HaerisCotton never better corn not so good all other crops fine
Sugar cane is a good and sure crop on good second bottom land well ma
nured rice is also a good and profitable crop on bottoms Dr Franklin Barnes
has a fine field of otton planted on land after oats
Heard Corn crop very poor cotton unusually promising
LincolnDrouth and budworm have blighted the prospects for upland corn
Cotton is neahhy but too small to make an average crop with the best of seasons
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BebrienNo particularly noteworthy developments save that deep tillage in
early spring and frequent shallow culture afterkeeping the grass and weeds
well out of the crop during the long dry weatherhas done wonders for our farm
ing this season as the reports show We have fallen short of a supply of rain
since March We are astonished when we look at our cropsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
96
BrooksCaterpillars have made their appearance in different localities but a
yet have done no harm but the weather is and has been for ten days favorable for
their rapid development and no doubt they will injure cotton materially in the
immediate future
Too much rain in the last five days for cotton
DkcatdkCaterpillars have appeared in small numbersno damage done yet
dont think they will eat off the cotton before September 1 Cotton is two weeks
earlier than usual London Purple will be used t destroy the worms Wherever
the cotton has leceivedits first and second plowings with scooters and shovels it
has done remarkably well
ikawfordSome sections still suffering for rain Within the last five days
rust has developed to an alarming extent and unless it stops it now seems that
on light lands picking will be completed in September
DoolyDooly will barely make corn enoughcotton has not looked so well in
several years Daring June scarcely any ran fell but we had plenty in July
which has caused a great improvement in corn that was not too far gone
We think the recent heavy rains will injure cotton The Aletia moth has made
its appearance and we are apprehensive of severe injury from the worms
DouaaaaTrWe have suffered terribly from drouth No general rains from
May 21st to July 33d Most of the cotton has not grown any in a month and has
shedded everything but grown bolls With good seasons we hope to make two
thirds of a crop Cane chufas and ground peas are badly injured
EarlyOur first caterpillars appeared on the 16th of July and are now get
ting to be numerous
LkeCaterpillars are becoming numerous in bottoms
MaconThe rust has made its appearance within the past week and bids fair
to inj ure cotton materially
The cotton crop generally is very fine Corn will be short
MarionEarly planted corn imall and stunted from over two months drouth
relieved by very light showers Where planted in water furrow and well fertilized
and cultivated corn will make onehalf to twothirds of a crop
Muscogee Some parts of the county will not make half crop of cornthe
sandy landsbut the clay lands will make a full crop
RandolphAll the farmers who sowed Mexican rust proof have raised find
crops of oats Col ft E Kennon ol Cuthbert can furnish them in any quantity
We want reliable seed wheat from abioad Where can we get it
Sumter1 would suggest the sowing onefourth of an acre per mule in oats
well fertilized They will come in two weeks earlier than the regular crop also
plant early in the spring an early variety of corn for bread In this way we cart
splice out the short corn crop I had corn this year ready to grind on the lOtt
July
ThomasThe prospect of cotton up to the 15th of July was very flattering
Since then it has been seriously injured by excessive heat We are now having
constant rains which is causing the cotton to shed
EAST GEORGIA
BullockIn some portions of the county fair corn crops will be made Many
portions will not make one bushel per acre on account of nine weeks drouth Cot
ton is shedding badly971
JULY CROP REPORT
DODGECorn is much better than was once anticipated Cotton generally is as
good as ever known Land was better prepared better fertilized and better culti
vated than usual Fertilizers all seem to be good hence our fine cotton crop
GlascockThere will be a greater deficiency of grain in this county than has
ever existed and I would suggest to farmers early sowings of rye and wintergrazing
oats for winter and spring pastures Oats sown in September will not rust
JeffersonCorn that was neglected or worked slowly will make hardly any
thing
ScrevenIn the middle portion of the county we did not have a rain to wet the
ground from April until the middle of July
Telfair We have in this section a kind of corn that ripens by the 4th of
July sufficiently to be used It is a very prolific variety I consider it an extra
ordinary coin
WilkinsonThe first good season in this portion of the county since May 28th
was on the 27th of July Cotton has shown considerable rust or scald and is shed
ding badly This is from near Irwinton
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
BryanRust is the worst enemy to cotton in this section but it has been
found by exparimin that by not breaking the lanl until late letting the vegetation
pring up a3 much as possible before breaking cotton will not rust
RUST PROOF OATS FOR SEED
The names of quite a number of farmers who have rust proof oats and hardy
varieties of wheat for sale were given in Circular No 8 June crop report
An additional list reported since the publication o that circular is given below
for the benefit of farmers who wish to purchase seed directly from the producers
M Travis and W L Cox Jonesboro Ga have five hundred bushels of rust
proof oats for sale
G W Warren Conyers Ga has fifty bushels of red rust proof oats which
rusted very little for sale
C A Sorrier Arcola Ga has two hundred and fifty bushels of rust proof oats
which he says are genuine selected every second year for ten years
Frank White Sparta Ga has one hundred and fifty bushels rust proof oats for
sale
Grant D Perry Madison Ga will sell several hundred bushels of rust proof
oats of seed that he has sown for sis years without rust
Col M Dickerson Llind Shoah Gi has 1800 busfaes of California Foxtail
rust proof oats for sale They will weigh 43 lbf per bushel
N Pattrick Drayton Dooly county has Iwj o three hundred bushels of red
rust proof oats
J T Palmer Hephzibah Georgia has 600 bushels of what he calls The Ban
croft oats rustproof for sale
WrightBrady Americus Georgia has 500 bushels of pure rustproof oats for
sale

iHUBHHBHBHBHl
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
J C Franklin Eudora Jasper county Georgia has from 500 to 800 bushels of
rust proof oals for sale
John S Johnson Warrenton Georgia has pure rust proof oats for sale quantity
not stated
A C Zachry Madison Georgia has 2000 bushels rust proof oats for sale
W H Luttrell Waverly Hall Harris county Georgia has 600 busheu rust
proof oats for sale
T J Toland Jonesboro Georgia has 100 bushels of rust proof oats for sale
N M Gunn Byron S W E E has 100 bnshels of Horn rust proof oats for
sale
DALLAS WHEAT
James H Camp Borne Georgia has Dallas Wheat for sale
William Sims Lincolnton Ga has 50 bushels of Bill Dallas rust proof wheat
for sale William Elam of Lincolnton also has 50 bushels of the same variety as
the above for sale
NoteThose farmers and others who fail to receive the Crop Keporte and Circulars of theJDe
Pir1 r ary aJ Promptly will confer a favor by reporting the fact to the Commissioner
that the fauft may be discovered and correctedJULY CROP REPORT
11
TABLE 1Showing the comparative condition and prospect of Corn
Cotton etc August 1 1880
NORTH GEORGIA
COUNTY
Banks
Bartow
Catoosa
Chattooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Dade
Dawson
Fanoin
Floyd
Forsyth
Frankiin
Gilmer
GoTdon
Gwmnett
Habsham
Hall
Baldwin
Bibo
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasptr
Jones
Condition and prospect
compd to an average
100
110
100
no
88
90
106
105
100
108
7t
10
fc
101 July 10
Jne 6
July 21
J21
Jne 30
July 20
21
Jne 1
July 22
COUNTY
Haralson
Halt
Jackson
Lumpkin
Madison
Milton
Murray
Paulding
Pickens
Polk
Rabun
Towns
Union
Walker
White
Whittield
Average
Condition andprospect
camped to an average
94 871 94
1
Jne 20
July 21
15
21
10
6
Jne 7
15
15
May l
MIDDLE GEORGIA
85 100
70 80
JO1 75
70i IBS
100 103
95 100
iob
95
100
102
100
110
100
101
90
100
95
105
90Jne
100
100
90
90
105
105Jne21
July 23
May30
July 6
J27
14
May2l
July 7
S7
14
17
7
22
Lincoln
MeDuffie
Meriwtther
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oeonee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Talbot
Talialerro
Troup
Upson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
Average
93 76
95
100
80 Jne 25
94
29
Apl 29
29
29
28
24
iHHi
HOBHI
12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
100
TABLE IContinued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Condition and 2rospecl compd to an average IE O 3 It d 0 0 bo 0 c 0 COUNTY Condition and pr ispect compd to an average Is O tt O g s 8 5 0 I8 G 3
COUNTY a g o D a o o ID a C3 es a GO ED a o o 0 CO St CO a E C O 90 90 87 c 0 O c 03 t u 515 bo QQ ID eo P r6 E ID O ccj O Hi CD CS CO 0 0 bo M c g a 0
90 97 102 85 87 81 85 82 100 85 95 98 95 95 100 100 105 99 J80 31 26 23 n 24 24 29 23 20 11 24 12 25 30 67 60 90 80 75 90 67 T5 50 70 75 100 95 100 75 July 30
28
Miller 28

Chathoochee Crawford 97 100 90 IK 102 78 100 100 120 90 104 64 66 85 87 83 78 92 75 75 85 99 80 75 87 10ft 9C 65 92 100 no 90 97 78 Bu so no 90 60 75 90 80 95 90 100 80 112 88 90 92 101105 100 100 98 85 87 100 80 90 105 100 50 75 97 QuHnian Schley 95 105 110 90 110 95 107 100 102 85 70 77 60 75 75 75 75 75 87 80 100 82 75 101 100 93 93 95 95 75 75 75 50 100 80 100 80 105 95 80 82 120 106 50 75 110 90 90 112 100 75 110 105 90 110 10 1 100 80 100 100 100 24 i 29 24 29
DoKrty 29
30
30
29

98 78 89
93 94
EAST GEORGIA
65 97 88 100 8i 96 82 100 95 63 60 72 75 38 60 82 75 90 70 82 80 87 90 70 85 90 87 60 50 80 45 70 50 72 60 62 80 75 100 93 87 80 July 29 J24 27 30 22 29 29 30 30 Richmond 102 101 97 100 7i 60 60 80 80 78 85 75 80 80 60 9o 80 84 95 92 88 85 8C July 31
29
90 90 75 92 75 85 90 92 125 110 85 75 Telfair 29

Washington Wilkinson 9J 90 92 55 70 68 75 93 82 60 90 66 65 118 88 85 105 29 29
Montgomery 88
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
85 50 50 48 50 90 Juiy 2b Emnaham 981 60 80 55 78 95
97 75 100 90 100 75 ios 90 90 125
ioo 100 50 90 90 90 101 95 1C0 95 90 75 85 125 102 100 20 25 110 150 80 125 90 100 100 126

Coffee 105 77
88 69 93 98
RECAPITULATION
North Georg Middle Gbok Southwest G East Georgia 101 93 98 92 105 9 86 94 87 80 82 66 69 94 9
rlA SORG 75 78 68 77 77 88 89 82 88 97 93 88 93 94 91 8c99



General A vera 87 8 94 94

101
JULY TR
SUMMARY OF WEATHER
North Georgia
ULY
STATIONS 6 c 5 a Eh E a E 1 3 d a a d s 1 a 5 3 o En Last Good Season Days on which rain fell

880 920 930 o 610 660 660 67 i 703 771 300 78 i 560 276 2SO 1 08 July 21 July 15 July 29 July 21 July 21 July 14 July 15 3 5 6 7 14 21 30 1 2 4 6 9 1516 22 28
Leo White county 1361521 22 23 29 1 6 9 15 2123
920 61 96065 0 9101700 72 5160 793265 SO8329 23 10 15 21 24 29
8 7 14 15


92o 651 768331
Middle Georgia
Athens
Atlanta
Carroll ton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Woodbury
940
920
930
970
95 I
940
98 0
Means948 71 1 817
740
68 0
720
72 0
700
700
710
a41
785
802
81 4
83 0
829
851
321July 15
2471 July 30
2991 July 22
4 06July 28
267
815
405
July 28
July 27
July 29
2 3 5 7 12 14 15 28 28
3 5 6 7 13 20 21 22 30
3 5 13 14 15 21 22 29
3 5 11 12 14 21 22 24 28 30
3 6 10 15 16 22 23 28
8 5 7 13 14 22 27
2 5 9 10 13 14 21 22 24 29
Southwest Georgia
970 930 930 949 740 710 75 0 71 0 815 832 820 801 465July 27 5 8July28 6 10 21 23 24 27 29 2 1621 22 2426 28 2930
31b 4 55 July 30 July 30 3 9 12 28 26 28 30 4 610 12 14 1617 21 to 31 inclusive

72 7 819 454
East Georgia
Augusta
McRae
Ogeechee
Swain sboro
92 0
101
960
102
Mean977 735 833 435
720
75 0
730
740
810
856
810
85
430
390
485
434
July 23
Julv 24
July 29
July 29
1 579 1011 14 21 2228
5 12 15 21 282426
7 14 16 22 23 29
91214212329 T
Southeast Georgia
Blackshear
Brunswick
St Marys
Walthourville
990
960
95 0
970
Means
Means for State94 t 703807 313
7501830
710 820
74082 0
070818
967
726822
566
4 62
3 45
645
July 28
July 26
July 24
July 29
5 04
4 6 7 9 11 12 17 26 2728
5 6 10 11 16 17 2223242628293031
2 5 10 1217 1822 2431
3 5 10 11 15 16 22 2325 26 282930
The maximum temperature is the highest observed temperature at 2 p m The minimum
temperature is the lowest observed temperature at 7 a inBBBBmBSSBBmm
HHH
The Georgia Stock and Fair Association
will hold its Third Annual Fair at Oglethorpe Park Atlanta Ga commencing
Monday October 18 1880 and continuing one week
B W WBENN Secretary Atlanta Ga
The Ocmulgee Farmers Club
will hold its Second Annual Fair at the Fair Grounds and Premium Hall Howard
District Bibb county Georgia August 12th and 13th 1880
W D H JOHNSON Secretary Bolingbroke Ga
The Western Georgia Fair Association

will hold its Annual Fair at LaGrange Ga commencing October 26ih and
gontinuing four days
T H WHITAKER Secretary LaGrange Ga
The Americns Fair Association
will hold its Fair at Americus October 26th and continue five days
JOHN W WHEATLEY Secretary Americus GaSpecial Circular No 10
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF AUGUST 1880
RETURNABLE SEPTEMBER 1st 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga August 10 1880
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the I St day of
September or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that
your report may reach this office by the Third of September
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVERAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or any
irir1 J1 coPJism is made is always taken as
1WO I us if the corn crop at any time is lO per cent better
than last year or I per cent better than an average t
should be reported as IIO in each case and if ten per cent be
low these standards it should be no Never report I per
cent better or 1 per cent worse but II or as the
case may be So avoid vague comparisons such as some
better hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
simply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use
the character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate esti
ate leave the space blank Very Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
III Your postoffice
REQUESTHaving answered the above questions and those on the following
pages please fold the report as you received it and fill the blank on the106
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CONDITION AND PROSPECT SEPTEMBER 1ST COMPARED
to an average of
1 Cottonpercent
2 Cornpercent
3 Sugar canepercent
4 Field Peas per cent
5 Sweet Potatoespercent
6 Sorghum per cent
7 Chufaspercent
8 Rice yield of to averageper cent
9 Turnips acreage compared to last year per cent
10 Stand compared to average percent
11 What casualty has affected cotton since 1st August
12 Extent of injury from this or other causes per cent
NoteCorrespondents wishing to communicate with the Commisioner on any subject not con
nected with this report will please write the same on a separate sheet
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to farmers or any valuable or Instructive ex
periments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers The remarks should be pointed and as concise
as possible and written very plainlyQUESTIONS FOR AUGUST CROP REPORTS
73
n
o
p
n
3
v
00
O
n
o

Circular No 11 1
New Series j
Consolidation of ths Reports of drops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1880
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE SEPT 1 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga September 91880
COTTON
Is reported for the entire State at 919 compared to an average In the sections
it is reported as fellows In North Georgia 98 Middle Georgia 92 Southwest
Georgia 875 East Georgia 867 and Southeast Georgia 915 Rust is report
ed on sandy lands in every section of the State and worms generally prevalent in
the counties of Southwest Georgia
The casualties affecting the crop are rust drouth worms and in some sections
too much rain during August
The estimated injury from all causes in the whole State is 12 per cent Not
withstanding these casualties the indications in the State point to a large yield
The plant is generally well fruited for its size and the crop some dayj in advance
of last year in opening This is especially true of North Georgia in which many
correspondents report it ten days in advance of last year As was to be expected
the general average for the State is below that of last month but farmers gener
ally are hopeful and in good spirits except in some localities in which long con
tinued drouth has shortened the crop
The large receipts incident to the early maturity of the crop will probably have
a depressing effect upon the price of the staple since speculators will endeavor to
create the impression that it indicates an unusually large crop The recent con
tinued rains however which have been general over the cotton belt accompa
nied by the ravages of the bollworm and caterpillar and injury by rust will se
riously reduce the yield of the crop The promise seems to be more favorable in
Georgia than in any State west of her the early maturity of the crop being due to
a large extent to the use by her farmers of fertilizers thus enabling them to gather
the bulk of the crop before the approach of cold weather
11n the July Crop Report Circular 10 the words Cotton and Corn were transposed in the head
ings of Table I The first column should haye been headed Cotton and the second column
CornDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
112
CORN
Though still reported low811 for the Statehas improved since August 1st
The improvement is due mainly to the late planting and that on bottom lands The
crop nevertheless will be small and should be supplemented as far as possible by
a liberal fail seeding of rustproof oats in all of that part of the State in which it
can be done without risk of winter killing Indeed in view of the experience of
the past season it i folly to sow any other variety on account of the risk of rust
in the spring As large an area as possible should be sown this fall and this sup
plemented by January and spring sowings The oat as a forage crop for farm
stock is cheaper and better especially in summer than corn under ordinary cir
cumstances and hence should largely take its place in the cotton belt but the
sowing of a large area is imperatively demanded by the deficiency occasioned by
the partial failure of both oat and corn crop this year
The demand created for rustproof varieties by the experience with the last
crop will increase the risk of imposition upon farmers by unscrupulous and per
haps misinformed dealers anxious to supply the demand at prices commauded
by the genuine rustproof varieties The names of farmers who have grown tie
genuine rustproof varieties which escaped rust last spring which was a crucial
test oi their genuineness have been given in the last two crop reports to enable
those who wish to purchase seed to get them pure So far as observed all of the
rustproof varieties are bearded Farmers may protect themselves by confining
their purchases to bearded varieties
The most successful growers of oats now sow on good or well manured land
from two to four buehsls per acre according to the fertility of thesoil or the
quantity of manure applied
TESTS OF NEW VARIETIES OF CORN
Farmers who received from this department last spring samples of corn for test
will please report results as soon as the crop is gathered
Those also who are planting any other variety which has given satisfactory
results will confer a favor upon the farmers of Georgia by reporting facts con
nected with such varieties and by sending to this office specimens for permanent
exhibition It is very desirable to have in this office every distinct variety of
coru successfully grown in the State with the name of growers date of planting
and maturity and the yield per acre Too little attention is given to the selection
of seed corn by the farmers of Georgia The Commissioner desires to collect the
different varieties grown pure in the State for the information ot those who wish
to change their seed Seed corn should be selected from the field and this re
selected when shucked This continued from year to year will materially im
prove the corn xnd increase its productiveness TheNewmau White Prolific
variety sent out from this department last spring and which so far as reported
has given generally good results has been selected for twentyfive years taking
only top ears from stalks with two or three ears to the stalk with a view to in
creasing its prolific qualitieswith what effect those who have planted it on good
soil this year can testify Every farmer who would reap the greatest profits and
highest pleasure from his occupation should carefully select each yeor his plant
ugseed for every crop cultivated on his farm In nothing is this more important
than in corn which hybridizes more readily than any other plant which we culti
vateAUGUST CROP REPORT
SUGAR CANE
Is reported ten per cent higher than last month Tlie rains which hnve pre
vailed in Southern Georgia where the cane is principilly grown hive stimulated
its growth so that it is now reported at 93 per cent of an average crop
FIELD PEAS
Are reported at 87 per cent of an average as to coudition The area devoted
to them is however less than usual on account of the drouth which prevailed in
a large portion of the State during the usual period of plantiug them in the
corn
SWEET POTATOES
Are reported at 98 per cent of an average crop As this crop continues to
grow during September the yield will depend to a considerable extent opon the
seasonableness of this month
SORGHUM AND OHUFAS
Are reDorted respectively at 90 and 96
ited extent in the State
RICE
Is reported in Southeast Georgia the section principilly devoted to it at 103
three per cent above an average crop In Southwest Georgia 9 East Georgia
95 Middle Georgia 92 and North Georgia 98 The average for the State is 97
TURNIPS
The area devoted to this crop is three per cent above an average and the
stand 89 Owing to fall drouths and insects this is a very nncertaiu crop
These crops are planted to a very lim
SHHB3BM2i
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks CountyCotton seriously injured by rustno rain since August 6th
late corn and other fall crops injured by drouth More blast on corn than known
since 1845 Cotton small but well fruited Farmers generally picking cotton
ChattoogaCotton has been seriously injured within the last ten days by
rust and drouth Cotton opening earlier than at any time in the last ten years
FloydCorn has improved since last report Cotton has not realized expect
ations Cotton opening rapidly Rain needed now
GordonCotton earlier than last year Drouth in August reduced the pros
pect in part of the cunty
Hall Corn has improvedwill make nearly an average crop Cotton is bet
ter than last year in consequence of better culture Farmers are using better
implements preparing deeply and cultivating shallow
HartUpland corn injured by drouthon bottom lands it was never better
A correspondent says Improved cotton seems to stand drouth better than that
made from ordinary seed This may result from a change of climate as most of
our improved or prolific seed were brought from a lower latitude or itmay result
from an increase of vitality in the improved plant
LumfkinToo much rain in the spring made a poor stand of corn in low
lands Corn has done well since the rains in July and August To prevent
budworms from injuring corn soak the seed in a solution of blue stonetable
spoonful to a peck of corn
MiltonBottom corn goodupland sorrycause drouth Cotton opening
earlier than usualsome are picking cotton
PolkA correspondent fays Onr corn crop will be necessarily short be
cause1st The spring was too dry 2d Its cultivation was much neglected that
more time might be devoted to cotton The spur in the price of cotton last fall
while t gave temporary relief to farmer will in the end I fear prove a curse
The reason is bvious In this one of the finest corogrowing counties in North
Georgia the supply of corn will not be at all equal to the demand This alarm
ing deficit is caused partly by unpropitious seasons but more by criminal neglect
Another bad feature we have no small grain to supplement our corn crop the
former having proved an almost unprecedented failure this year Pea prospect
the poorest I have ever had in my limited experience The first sowing of tur
nips nearly all killed by hot dry weather
WhitfieldIn a portion of the county cotton has shed badlyin another
the crop is eitra fine Picking began 20th of August and first bale expected at
Dalton between the 1st and 5th of September Last year the first bale was re
ceived on the 18th of September115
AUGUST CROP REPORT
MIDDLE GEORGIA
ButtsRust general and spreading rapidly causing cotton to open prema
turely farmers preparing to sow largely of fall oats
ClarkeCotton manured with ammoniated superphosphate has ceased to
bloom and has shed its forms much more than that manured with compost sta
ble manure cotton seed and dissolved bone
CowetaCotton rusting badly on light sandy soils
DeKalbCotton fifteen days earlier than last year Bottom corn very good
upland has suffered slightly for want of rain Much excitement on the subject of
a stock law More depredations on potato patches and fruit than usual and
more wages hands leaving the farms than ever before
ElbertCotton picking ten days in advance of last year A correspondent
says The best plan I have tried to prevent worms from killing young corn on
bottom lands is as soon as the corn begins to come up run round it as close as
possible with small rooter following with a common garden rake drawing
the rake directly over each hill of corn this removes all clods and exposes the
roots of the corn to the warmth of the sun driving the worm from the corn After
trying some half dozen socalled preventives the above is by far the best that I
tried
HenryA correspondent says Salt and land plaster put into the compost
heap prevents rust in cotton and makes that plant stand three weeks or more of
drouth without shedding It also prevents corn blades from firing Another
says I use four hundred to six hundred pounds of good dry lot compost scrap
iDg of cow lot thrown into the stable with cotton seed make an excellent com
post scattered along the furrow and then put in one hundred or one hundred and
fifty pounds of commercial fertilizer This I find gives me better results than any
thing I have tried
JonesA correspondent says The corn cotton pea potato and hay crops
of this county are good We have plenty mada to live upon through another crop
season if properly gathered and preserved
LincolnMr Zichariah Willingham P O Lincolnton has fifty bushels of
fine Dallas wheat for sale
McDuffieCotton on gray lands injured by rust fine on red lands Cotton
picking progressing well lint fine labor never more efficient nor more easily con
trolled
PutnamA correspondent says Field peas may be made to fill the place of
corn for stockcan be raised on poorer land with less work Horses will not eat
peas enough in the hull to hurt themselves unless famished We presume our
correspondent means that the vines are to be gathered with the peas so as to have
fodder and corn together This makes a very superior forage for stock cattle or
horses but require great care in curing to prevent the leaves from shedding To
do this they must be either put into very small shocks in the field as cut or spread
in layers not over a foot in thickness under shelter If exposed to the sun while
curing they will lose their leaves
TaliaperroNotwithstanding favorable seasons since July 15th cotton is
not doing well and some rust is appearing Bottom corn fine upland very poor
TroupRust and worms reported on cotton One correspondent expects one
8
nBHBHBBHH
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
116
hundred bushels corn per acre on bottom laud planted very thick Complaints of
blight of apple trees
WaltonForward upland corn poor bottom especially where planted late
fine But little cotton made since July This is opening rapidly
WilkesCotton has rusted on red land where it was never known to rust be
fore A portion of the county has been excessively dry Cotton opening very
rapidly
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BerrienRust in cotton has always commenced in the poorest spots of the
field Should this not satisfy the farmer that proper fertilizers would keep cot
ton growing
BrooksCotton injured by excessive rain and wind for the last three days
One half the cotton crop is now open in the field We never had cotton so for
ward
Chattahoochee Late plowing of cotton has proved very beneficial this
seasonespecially on lands where crowfoot grass predominates The plant has
kept green growing and taking on fruit and the late working has checked the
tendency to rust The late planted corn on the Chattahoochee river was never
more promising It is thought the yield will be from 50 to 100 buahels This is
on lands that were first planted in cotton I think the Department should by
every possible means encourage the sowing of wheat It is true rust is a great
barrier but a calculation for a series of years will show that there is more money
in a wheat than in a corn crop and quite as much as in an oat crop It is gen
erally conceded that our lands will make twice as many bushels of oats per acre
as wheat but wheat weighs nearly twice as heavy as oats Hence the product of
an acre in wheat is worth quite as much as that of an acre in oats Does not
our correspondent mistake in putting the average yield of wheat at half that of
oats Is not the yield of wheat corn and oats in Southwest Georgia more cor
rectly represented by the proportionwheat 1 corn2 oats 4
DoolyDooly will be compelled to purchase 20 per cent of her bread sup
plies next year Cotton is rusting badly caused by heavy rain in the first part
of the month and now a drought of Ihree weeks It is opening fast and if it
continues so all will be open by 1st of November
DougiikrtyCaterpillars appeared in large numbers about August 20 and
many fields are now stripped of all foliage as well as young bolls and forms
Nothing left but grown bolls and 90 per cent of them open Favored spots had
rain and will make good crops Rust has destroyed cotton on gray landsmany
fields being dead Most of the crop will be gathered in September
HoustonLast year I planted afield of tolerably thin gray land in cotton
applying 75 pounds of guano in the drill The crop was promising until August
when rust set in and it made nothing but a bottom crop This year I planted the
same field in cotton using 400 to 500 pounds per acre of a compost composed of
5 bushels cotton seed 50 lbs guano and 400 lbs lot manure The cotton has no
rust is much better than last year and is in flourishing condition Will double
last years yield This seems to prove that lack of a good fertilizer is one of the
principal causes of rust and that a good compost is the cheapest and best ferti
lizer for cotton1171
AUGUST CROP REPORT
9
IrwinCotton injured very much by rust Some farmers think the cause is
too much rain But I think it is caused by the exhaustion of fertilizers as the
disease is confined chiefly to poor spots of land
LowndesMr Joshua Moore of this county cultivates a field on which cot
ton has rusted very badly for several years Last year the field was sown in
cowpeas the vines turned in and the field again planted in c tton this year
without manure and with oidinary culture The cotton is excellent and entirely
Iree from rust On my own farm a small plat of poor laud was richly manured
by throwing cotton seed on it for composting The adjacent area manured with
200 pounds per acre ot Wilcox Gibbs guano rusted while the cotton seed
plat was entirely exempt
The same result occurred on a small plat heavily manured by accidental wash
of Wilcox Gibbs guano These facts indicate the relation between rust and
scarcity of plantfood in the so
MaconVery destructive rains to cotton on 3d 4th and 5th of August caus
ing cotton to shed and in many places rust to spread at a fearful rate Picking
is general and some farmers have out onehalf of their crops There will be a
larger area in oats than last year
MarionCotton is opening more rapidly than I ever saw it before Where it
rusted it is nearly all open and much of it blown out by the heavy gales of wind
and badly injured
RandolphThe purple straw or red May wheat is the best for our county
but we have run out of seed Where can we procure god sound ripe seed
In our opinion a good dressing of land plaster in the fall will save wheat from
the fly Try it farmers
Caterpillars are numerous all over the county and the cotton crop will be short
WorthMr James Gregory of this county cleaned up three acres of cypress
pond which had a loose loamy soil It was so rough that he could not plow it
but chopped trenches 18 to 24 inches apart with an old axe and sowed in rice
He cultivated once with hoes and now the rice is five feet high with heads ten
inches long and rice growers say he will be sure of 100 bushels per acre S ve
ral others are ditching and preparing ponds and if successful our heretofore
waste lands will become our most profitable
EAST GEORGIA
BullochThe extreme heat longcontinued drouths and then a little good
season have caused the cotton to shed all but the first fruit which is nearly all
opened and picked out Farmers are preparing for a large oat crop
JeffersonA very material change in the cotton crop since my last report
Rust completely stopped all growth of the plant but the rains aused it to make
a second growth which gave promise of a late crop But alas for human hopesl
The irrepressible worm has begun its depredations and the end can be easily seen
Our farmers will sow largely of fall oats to supplement the short corn crops
My experience is that cotton never rusts when the mercury does not go above 90
and rains are not delayed more than 10 to 20 days during July and August
WilkinsonRust has been the only serious drawback affecting the cotton
crop Altogether the prospect was never better than it was a month ago but
since the ravages of that enemy only an average is maintained
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
118
ClinchThe Agricultural Department at Washington sent out some small
packages of golden hull rice last season the yield of which was immense and
the sample far superior to the varieties heretofore planted
GlynnThis county has planted but little cotton since the war an unhealthy
effort having been made in 1866 and 67 resulting in disaster The long staple or
Sea Island is the only kind grown and the price then was too low to encourage
the farmers to continue a doubtful crop Not so in South Caroliua There a per
sistent effort has been naaje to reestablish its culture and with marked success
The attention of our Sea Island planters has been attracted monthly to the change
and after this year I doubt not that the culture of Sea Island will again become
a profitable industry
LibertyField peas can be cheaply made if the land is well prepared and the
seed put in with horse planters8 feet rows 2 to 3 pecks seed per acre With
half sweep run close to drill and sweep out middles Never work them when wet
with dew or rain Before the leaves fall mow the vines and stack immediately
around scraggy poles An old field pine with the limbs trimmed from tour to six
feet long isjust the thing Pour poles to the acre will answercut 14 feet long
and buried two feet deep As the vines shrink the limb keep them up allowing
a free passage of air There will not be a mildewed leaf or dcayed pea In
three weeks they can be housed or they may stand three months if well capped
Haul in early in the morning or on a damp day You can stack as they are cut
but it is best to cut in the morning and stack in afternoon I have practiced this
plan successfully since 1866119
AUGUST CROP REPORT
11
TABLE IShowing the comparative condition and prospect of Corn
Cotton etc September 1 1880
NORTH GEORGIA
Condition and prospect compd to an average 3 3 ja o CO 70 90 1 o 90 o of s 95 COUNTY Condition andprospect compl to an average 3 a A L o CO 66 98 100 80 75 100 75 95 3 A
COUNTY d o o D O a re re co re V fit E n a o re o f CO 95 c c o O 75 100 100 80 75 110 90 100 B u O U 70 96 80 90 75 95 85 80 0 a re 5 CO SO re u q s 100 ioo 60 90 05 100 100 50 n a o o fU o n 80 102 100 105 90 102 100 100 o 2 3 8 3
Barlow 94 1U0 87 100 85 90 Hart
Lumpkin Madison Milton Murray Paulding Polk
Ohattooga 90 100 100 100 100

Cobb 100 100 105 97 110 125 95 107 87 85 105 120 105 78 90 95 87 100 107 100 80 120 105 100 95 110 125 no 90 100 90 112 90 95 92 93 100 110 100 75 100 100 90 100


Floyd
Forsyth 11
Franklin 100 100 87 90 100 100 75 90 75 105 90 80 110 91 100 ioo 100 90 no 100 90 100 100 85 100 91

Gwinnett 95 110 97 100 White Whitfield Average 100 125 110 100
HabVnam 100
Hall 95
980 890 98
MIDDLE GEOKGIA
McDuffie Meriwether Newton Oglethorpe Pibe 90 101 97 95 95 92 90 100 100 85 70 75 80 95 80 90 85 80 92 65 60 77 82 65 90 75 85 83 65 77 75 75 73 75 80 50 50 765 106 80 100 100 100 87 100 97 95 100 100 75 97 90 99 102 80 105 102 80 105 100 97 105 60 85 87 80 80 75 60 89 95 90 107 95 110 112 100 100 105 100 110 90 100 90 110 97 80 80 99 75
Bihn 90 83 97 115 87 95 90 100 100 75 90 100 90 75 100 105 115 100 50 85 67 95 55 60 77 85 80 75 90 85 53 70 77 100 85 75 75 100 90 100 87 87 HO 100 93 102 97 85 80 90 60 95 95 100 110 100 95 105 100 110 93 100 90 80 50 100 100 90 95 75 70 75 100 30 90 100 90 70 90 100 go 87 ioo 90 100 100 103 80 100 87 50 100 100 110 108
Butts
Campbell Carroll Columbia ioo 100
100 75 100 100
DeKalb ioulas Elbert 100 100 Spalding Talbot Tallalerro Troup Walton Wilkes Average

Greene 110 95 100
Hancock SB 100 100 75 65 108 90 110 90 90 95 112 115 115 97 85 50 100 100 90 100
75 100 100 85
87 94 92
12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE IContinued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
120
COUNTY
Baker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhouu
Chthchee
ClT
Coluuitt
Crawford
Decatur
Dooly
Doghrty
Early
Houston
Irwin
Lee
Lowndes
Condition and prosper
compdloaii average
110
COUNTY
Condition and prospect
compel to an average
Macon
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Museogee
Quttmun
Randolph
Setiley
Siewart
S muter
Taylor
Terrell
Tiiomas
Webster
Wilcox
Worth
Average
875813 9i
97
102
971 m
ioo
lO
li0
65
100 100
100
112
EAST GEORGIA
Glascock Jefferson Johnson Montgoiny oo 95 05 85 80 70 99 It 70 40 70 87 SO 82 8o TO 85 80 95 85 94 00 80 50 70 85 90 75 92 75 75 89 100 105 95 90 92 80 80 lOil 100 85 8 82 95 100 105 100 ioo 90 80 Pulaski Richmond Tatnall 80 97 9 75 85 55 90 77 90 85 45 90 85 87 110
87 95
Telfair Twiggs iagton vVilkiuson 85 83 100 857 OS 70 70 701 97 90 10l 87 47 6 100 71 97 91 its 92 75 8li 100 85 too 93 95
SO UTH EAS T GEORGIA
Appling 101 82 85 100 97 1110 102 90 110 105 l25 102 110 1110 ioo 90 100 97 ioo 9H 110
Mclutosh Perce Average
Charlton 80 99 97 95 60 97 92 100 100 94 97 70 90 75 87 1C5 100 92 100 100 100 108 103 ioo 100 ioo 10 100
Chatham Clinch Coffee ioo ioo 100 100 915 125 830 iw

108
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Southwest Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
General Average
980
920
87
867
91
890
65
813
706
880
91 9 811
93 98
100
90 96
92
99
9
lo3121J
AUGUST CROP REPORT
13
SUMMARY OF WEATHER REPORTS FOR AUG 1880
North Georgia
STATIONS o M V ft e H E as CD ft B H S a 03 ft a a Eh c 3 o Last Good Season Days on which rain fell

Ellerslie
89 0 U 0 754 792 755 71 S 566 707 8 75 1 S Aug 27 All 26 Aug 24 Aug 26 Aug 23 Aug 22 3 4 5 6 10 18 26 27 28 31 3 4 5 6 10 1117 18 24 25 26 28 31 3 4 5 10 20 23 24 27 28 31 3 4 510 17 18 26 27 30 3 10 12 28 1 to 5 22 23
LeoVhite comity Mt Airy 900 670 890 640 870 640 910610 9001670

77 S 75
768 777

8936h760 681
Athens
Atlanta
Carroll tin
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Woodbury
Means
Middle Georgia
900
940
910
951
92 0
940
650
640
69 0
680
641
76 4
778
783
800
76
3 22 Aug 6
3SO Aug 25
670793
10 6661781 549
48
673
70
o 70
Aug 25
Aug 80
Aug 24
Aug 27
3 5 6 101122 2425 2681
3 4 5 9 22 25 31
3 4 5 9 10 23 24 25 80
34568112325263031
3 4 5 6 9 24 25 31
3 4 5 6 18 25 26 27 30
Southwest Georgia
960 960 720 710 3 456 8 9 10 11 20 30 31 3 4 5 6 8 12 26 30 31
814

95 5 957 730 720 79 7 805 1273 Aug 31 3 4 6 7 8 911 18 2425 262729 8031

904
East Georgia
9101690 940 73 6 100 690 95070 3 Aug 31 Aug 31 4 56 1025 2627 30 31 3 to 7 10 17 25 26 23 to 81 2 to 6 8 24 25 29 30
81 5 828 4 40 616


607 588
Southeast Georgia
990 940 700 720 807 807 250 254 Aug 29 Aug 19 3 4 24 29 1 2 4 6 12 1417 1929 30


920 950 92 8 700 707 681 726 78 0 781 400 301 Aug 29 1 to 6 9 10 17 25 28 to 31



Means for State n90
Special Circular No 11 j
New Series
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF SEPTEMBER 1880
RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1st 1880
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga September 10 1880
Dear SinPleas answer the following questions on the 1st dav f
October or a few days before if necessary andmai pomp JyTthJ
your report may reach this office by the Third Of October
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVKKAOE CROP or AVERAGE COrWTIOIV or anv
t an Ist v CrP a aDy ime iS 10 ce better
than last year or lO per cent better than an average it
should be reported as HO in each case andiftenper cenTbe
low these standards it should be OO Never report lo
cent better or lO per cent worse bnt HO or OO as the
case may be W avoid vagne comparisons snch as some
better hardly so good above an averages etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you resale or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
wmplytoyourownfhrm J ceuu nm
thfrwZrbtTfhiChrStinSareaSkediS n0t gIWn in ur county use
ate leave the L Jl e aPPre esti
ate leave the space blank yery Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
1 For what county do you report
county
II Your name
III Your postoffice
REQUBSTHaving answered the above questions and those on the following
pages please fold the report as you received it and fill the blank on the
back
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 1243
Prom present indications what will be the probable
1 Total yield of Cotton compared tolast yearpercent
2 Total yield of Corn compared to last year fper cent
3 Total yield of Sugar Cane compared to last year per cent
4 Total yield of Sweet Potatoes compared to last yearper cent
5 Is cotton picking as well advanced as at this time last year
6 What per cent of the crop has been gathered i
per cent
In what condition has it been gathered compared to perfect per cent
8 What will be the probable injury from Caterpillars j
per cent
9 Have the seasons been favorable for picking Cotton
10 Has the comparative failure of the Wheat and Oat crops of the last season had the effect of
discouraging farmers from sowing the usual area in these grains
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
Under this head correspondents are invited to give their experience on the following or such
other subjects as may occur to them as may be of general interest
ChufasConclusions reached after several years experience of the profitableness of this
crop for hogs
PotatoesExperience of the value of the sweet potato for feeding hogs horses cows etc
How does it compare with the turnip in certainty and amount of yield and cost Best method of
keeping f
Pka VinesGive experience of the value of pea vines for hay and as a renovating crop
Give actual and comparative results Is there any increased disposition to sow peas for fertilizing
purposes
Cotton FibreIt is suggested that the following test be instituted and the result reported in
this report Ascertain by carefully weighing the relative yield of lint and seed from cotton un
manured andthat manured with different fertilizers respectively Have experts to examine the
samples of each and report the comparative quality and value of the staple
It is not expected that every reporter will write on all or either of the topics suggested The
object is to get facts and actual experience
Note Correspondents wishing to communicate with the Commissioner on any subject not
connected with this report will please write on a separate 6heet125 QUESTIONS IOR SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT
c

70
n
o
i
rf
3
US
Ihl
bill
Special Circular No 11
New Series j
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE MONTH
OF SEPTEMBER 1880
RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1st I860
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga September 10 1880
Dbah SirPlease answer the following questions on the I St day Of
OpIOber or a few days before if necessary and mail promptly so that
your report may reach this office by the Third of October
Answer every question that will permit of it in numbers indicating per cent
An AVKRAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or any
IViSVicU comPslrisoi is made is always taken as
lOO 1 lius U the corn crop at any time is lO per cent better
lliail last year or lO per cent better than an average it
should be reported as 110 in each case and if ten per cent be
low these standards it should be 0 Never report lO er
cent better or 10 per cent worse but HO or 90 as the
case may be Mo avoid vague comparisons such as some
bettor hardly so good above an average etc
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county in which
you reside or as far in every direction as your knowledge may extend not
amply to your own farm
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your county use
he character X If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate esti
ate leave the space blank Very Respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you report
county
II Your name
III Your postoffice
RequestHaving answered the above questions and those on the following
pages please fold the report as you received it and fill the blank on the
back
2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 124
Prom prebent indications what will be the pbobable
1 Total yield of Cotton compared tolastyeartpercent
2 Total yield of Corn compared to last pear f per cent
3 Total yield of Sugar Cane compared to last year fper cent
4 Total yield of Sweet Potatoes compared to last year fper cent
5 Is cotton picking as well advanced as at thi9 time last year
6 What per cent of the crop has been gathered percent
7 In what condition has it been gathered compared to perfect percent
8 What will be the probable injury from Caterpillars fpercent
Have the seasons been favorable for picking Cotton t
10 Has the comparative failure of the Wheat and Oat crops of the last season had the effect of
discouraging farmers from sowing the usual area in these grains
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
Under this head correspondents are invited to give their experience on the following or such
other subjects as may occur to them as may be of general interest
ChcfasConclusions reached after several years experience of the profitableness of this
crop for hogs
PotatoesExperience of the value of the sweet potato for feeding hogs horses cows etc
How docs it compare with the turnip in certainty and amount of yield and cost Best method of
keepi ig t
Pka VinesGive experience of the value of pea vines for hay and as a renovating crop
Give actual and comparative results Is there any increased disposition to sow peas for fertilizing
purposes
Cotton FibreIt is suggested that the following test be instituted and the result reported in
this report Ascertain by carefully weighing the relative yield of lint and seed from cotton un
manured and that manured with different fertilizers respectively Have experts to examine the
samples of each and report the comparative quality and value of the staple
It is not expected that every reporter will write on all or either of the topics suggested The
object is to get facts and actual experience
NoteCorrespondents wishing to communicate with the Commissioner on any subject not
connected with this report will please write on a separate sheet125 QUESTIONS IOR SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT 3New Series
Circular No 12
RULES AND REGULATIONS
FOR THE
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
SEASON OF 188081
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta September 15 1880
The Commissioner of Agriculture has adopted the following rules
and regulations for the present fertilizer season
I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the
same or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the
State of Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analysis
placed upon or securely attached to each package by the manufac
turer If the fertilizer is in bags it shall be distinctly branded
stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be either
branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly
printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each
barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the
head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufac
turers guaranteed analysis shall show the following determinations
viz
Insoluble Phosphoric Acidper cent
Available Phosphoric Acidper cent
Ammonia by Nitrogen determinationper cent
Potash K Oper cent
If Nitrogen in the form of Nitrate is claimed the fact must be stated
to the Inspector when the guaranteed analysis is presented to him
II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer
dealer agent or other person who procures the inspection of a fertilizer
may after it is inspected and has the inspectors tag attached in com
pliance with law proceed to make sales thereof before the official analy
sis is completed provided he gives a written obligation to cancel all
sales in case the fertilizer is condemned by the Commissioner of Agri
culture
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
128
III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to
any fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless
the manufacturers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each
parcel or package before offering the same for sale or distribution
claiming in the case of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it con
tains at least 8 per cent of available Phosphoric Acid and 2 per cent
of Ammonia and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it
contains at least 10 per cent of available Phosphoric Acid neither shall
any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is
in a damaged or unmerchantable condition
IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples
shall have applied under their personal supervision when practicable
inspectors tags one toach package of fertilizer of tlie exact lot in
spected unless otherwise specially instructed by the Commissioner be
fore the same is offered for sale or distribution Inspectors tags will
have printed upon each the words and figures Inspected188081
Georgia also a fac simile of the signature of the Inspector and the
consecutive tag number Whenever it is found to be impracticable for
Inspectors to personally supervise the application of tags they may be
delivered to the order of the person procuring the inspection In such
cases Inspectors must avail themselves of all practicable means to
satisfy themselves that the tags so delivered have been properly applied
and to the packages for which they were issued
Manufacturers and dealers are hereby particularly cautioned against
the indiscriminate application of tags It is equally important to their
interest as to that of the purchasers that the packages of fertilizer
comprising each lot inspected may be identified in the hands of pur
chasers This can only be done by applying the tags issued for each
inspection to the packages only included in such inspection and a
failure to observe this Rule will be deemed a misapplication of tags
and may result in serious embarrassment to the manufacturer or
dealer
V The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance with
law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has the
consented the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the
conditions prescribed in Rules I and II above recited
VI All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribution
within the State must have been subject to all the requirements of the
law and regulations and the Inspectors fee must be paid before it can
be removed from the mill or factory
VII For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws
and regulations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers the following
persons have been appointed Inspectors with offices at the places an
nexed to their names viz129 RULES FOE THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
O T Rogers Savannah
W P Harden Augusta
Troup ButlerBrunswick
J S Lawton Atlanta
E L ThomasMacon
Geo W RosetteColumbus
Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation the Inspectors
at Macon Brunswick and Columbus will cooperate with the Inspectors
at Savannah Augusta and Atlanta Inspections can be made at other
points in Georgia than those named above when necessary but if in
such cases the fertilizer shall have come into the State at any port or
station where there is an Inspector the necessary expense of the In
spector in going to make such inspection must be paid by the party
procuring the same
VIII If necessary to facilitate transportation inspections may be
made outside of the State or in bulk by special permission of the
Commissioner of Agriculture to whom application must be made by
the party procuring it In all such cases the expenses of the Inspector
incurred in making the inspection must be paid by the party procur
ing it
IX In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by
the Inspector in person He must provide such samplers as will pene
trate to the centre of the package and samples must be taken from a
sufficient number to fairly represent the wholenot less than one tenth
of the packages in lots of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth
of the packages in lots of less than ten tons
X Inspectors at the time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the
season must request of the person procuring the same three packages
of eaeh distinct brand to be selected by the inspectors to be used under
the directions of the Commissioner of Agriculture in making a thorough
soiltest These three packages must be taken at once by the Inspector
and carefully stored till called for by the Commissioner
XI Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside of the State
before making each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or
distribution are required to notify the Commissioner of Agriculture
directly and also the Inspector at the port or place where the same is
to enter the State in writing of such shipment giving the name of the
vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each distinct brand
and the number of tons of each the number and kind of packages and
their weight the name and place of the consignee and accompany this
information by a copy of the guaranteed analysis Let this notice be
timely to both the Commissioner and the Inspector It will facilitate
business and result in advantage to those who give such timely notice
XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port
of entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors areDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
130
required to be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the
interior of the State to whom fertilizers coming into the State at
points where there are no inspectors are consigned must give timely
notice to the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector nearest
to the point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish
the Inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obliga
tions and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizer
arrives All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizers or
have fertilizers shipped to them during the coming season for sale or
distribution will please take due notice and make all necessary
arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fer
tilizer reaches the State and thus save delay and embarrassment The
law must be enforced and parties interested will greatly oblige by
taking such timely steps as will insure its easy execution without
annoyance to themselves or others
XIII An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia
from imposition in the sale of fertilizers etc approved February 26
1874 provides in section I That from and after the passage of this
Act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer manu
factured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and distribu
tion any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the State unless
before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same there
shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Section III of
the same Act provides for the punishment according to section 4310
of the Code of 1873 of any person selling fertilizers without inspection
An jct to render more efficient and economical the inspection and
analysis of fertilizers etc approved February 26 1877 provides that
Any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or
chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this
State without having a brand tag or such other device as the Com
missioner of Agriculture may require showing the analysis thereof
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall
be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873
Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28 1874
requires the inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the Inspectors held to a strict
performance of their duties
XIV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be from September
1st to the 31st of August following
XV The method of analysis recommended by the recent Convention
of Agricultural Chemists held at Washington D C on the 28th of
July 1880 is hereby adopted and will be employed by the Chemist of
the Department in the analysis of all commercial fertilizers Copies
of the proceedings of said Convention will be sent to applicants
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureNew Series
Special Circular No 12
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
TO
INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
SEASON OF 188081
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta September 15 1880
To
Inspector of Fertilizers
Oa
Dear Sir It is of the utmost importance to the planters and people
of Georgiato yourself andthe Department of Agriculturethat your
duties be well and faithfully performed You are placed as a sentinel
lo see that the interests of the farmers of Georgia are well guarded in
their purchases of commercial fertilizers that they are protected from
imposition in every purchase that they make and that the laws defin
ing your duties and the regulations of the Department are rigidly
executed in every case You are in your official acts to render full
justice to all parties The strict execution of the law and full protec
tion from imposition to all farmers will not work injustice to any
manufacturer or dealer
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the Rules and Regula
tions laid down in Circuluar No 12 you are to be governed by the fol
lowing special instructions giving some details which could not well
be set forth in that Circular viz
I Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer or farmer
in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution shall be2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 132
permitted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires it pro
vided it is sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consigned to
him personally and not directed to or passing through the hands of
a commission merchant or third party You must as far as practica
ble report all such shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture
giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees and
the number of tons and enter the same in your official record
II You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desir
ing inspection has
1 Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every
ton to be inspected
2 Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected
upon each package and placed the guaranteed analysis upon each
package
3 Given an obligation in writing to cancel and make null all sales
which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis thereof
is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture shall
in pursuance of law prohibit its sale
Soiltest packages of every distinct brand of fertilizer are to be requested
only once during the season viz at the time of making the first insp ec
tion of any brand
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum per centage of
any of the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is less
than that required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric acid
and 2 per cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or 10 per
cent of available phospohric acid in acid phosphates or dissolved bone
III Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in
the manner described in Rule IX of the Regulations for Inspections
they must be thoroughly mixed but not trituated or ground in a mortar
or otherwise When samples are forwarded to the Department for
analysis they must be in the same mechanical condition in which they
are offered for sale to the planters in the State After the samples are
thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture fill two glass bottles
common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp your
private seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label them
one with a label showing the inspection number name of the fertilizer
inspected the place at and for whom inspected the date of inspection
and the other with a label showing the number of inspection You
must then deliver both in person to the Commissioner or carefully box
and ship them to him by express
IV You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record or
minute of every official act performed by you and of everything con
nected with the movement of or trade in fertilizers that may be
important giving name dates and facts in full as indicated in the
blank forms furnished you133 INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
V Record the date of forwarding all samples to the Commissioner of
Agriculture for analysis
Report promptly to the Commissioner any violations of law
The hook of records or minutes is the property of the Department
and must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the Depart
ment with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer season
You will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping
soiltest samples under instructions from the Commissioner of Agri
culture
When you make the first inspection for the season of any braud of
fertilizer outside of the State you must then and there request the soil
test samples to be put up and shipped to your address freight prepaid
by the manufacturer or dealer and the same to be stored by you as
before directed
Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries
and reports and stationery for official correspondence
Inspectors tags and sample bottles will be supplied to you on your
requisition freight prepaid and you must retain the cost of the same
and all charges from fees received and pay the amount to this office at
the end of each month
The Act of 26th February 1877 requires you to pay over to the
Comptroller General on the first day of each month all moneys received
for inspection fees during the preceding month This must be done
in whatever manner the Comptroller may prescribe and you must
satisfy the Commissioner that this duty has been performed before a
salary certificate will be issued to you
You are specially required to guard against any misappropriation of
Inspectors tags or for any violation or evasion of the law or of any
attempts to do 30 and make full reports to the Department of Agricul
ture
You will be required to render a strict account of all tags issued to
you and held liable to the Treasury for the amount of fees represented
by any tags not satisfactorily accounted for
Any information you may need will be given at any time Instruc
tions will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire them
or about which you are in doubt
Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required
of them by the law and the rules regulations and instructions defining
their duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of their
duties will be tolerated J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureMANUAL ON CATTLE
FOR THE TJSB OF
THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture for the State of Georgia
ATLANTA GEOEGIA
JAMES P HARRISON CO PRINTERS
1880INTRODUCTION
The Act establishing this Department approved Feb
ruary 18 1874 section 7 defining the duties of the Com
missioner of Agriculture says Said Commissioner shall
report as hereinbefore set forth upon any matter of inter
est in connection with the dairy that he may deem of
interest to the people of this State
While this section relates particularly to matter of
interest in connection with the dairy this work will not
be confined to the dairy but will treat the general subject
of cattleraising in Georgia in such manner as will convey
to the reader in the most condensed form the information
needed by every owner of cattle to insure profit and guard
against loss by disease and neglect The reception ac
corded the Manual of Sheep Husbandry in Georgia
and the Manual on the Hog by the reading public
inspires confidence that one on the Cow in which every
family however humble is interested will not be an un
welcome visitor to the homes of the farmers of Georgia
The facts connected with rearing cattle in Georgia with
the practice pursued by stockraisers in different parts of
the State have been collected in the usual manner by
means of questions sent to those best informed on the
subject in hand in every countyINTRODUCTION
138
The answers to some of these questions have been con
solidated and the results given others have been used as
the basis of remark
The leading authors on cattle have been liberally con
sulted and the information derived from them blended with
the results of a large experience and extensive observation
condensed into the smallest space compatible with perspi
cuity and made applicable to the circumstances by which
the farmers of Georgia are surrounded
Reference has been made to Flint on Milch Cows
and Dairy Farming Youatt Martin on Cattle
American Cattle by Allen American Cattle Doc
tor by Dadd How to Select a Cow by Willis
P Hazard Practical Butter Book by Willard The
Dairy CowAyrshire by Sturtevant Practical Dairy
Husbandry by Willard Cattle their Breeds Man
agement and Diseases by Youatt Soiling Cattle
byQuincy American Dairying by Arnold Grasses
and Forage Plants by Flint and Howards Manual of
the Cultivation of Grasses and Forage Plants Free use
has been made also of such illustrations found in these works
as suited the purpose of this This method is taken of
making proper acknowledgments for assistance derived
from these works which are recommended to those who
desire to make a thorough study of the subjects on which
they treatA MANUAL ON CATTLE
CHAPTER I
QUESTIONS ON CATTLE RAISING IN GEORGIA
The following questions were sent to stockbreeders in
every county in the State for the purpose of collecting
facts from their experience and observation
1 What distinct breeds of cattle have you tested
2 Which have proved most profitable
3 What crosses have you tested
4 Which have proved most profitable
5 How many cattle do you keep
What kind do you breed at this time
What breed or cross have you found most profitable
for beef
What breed or cross gives the largest yield of milk
What breed or cross gives the largest yield of butter
10 What breed or cross do you recommend for general
purposes or combinationfor beef and dairy
11 Give the results of any experiments that have been
made in your county in the production of cheese
12 What is the annual average cost per head of keeping
cattle in your county
13 What per cent per annum on the investment and
annual cost of keeping do they pay
6
7
8
9
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
140
14 What is the average daily yield of milk to the cow
15 What is the average quantity of milk in pounds or
quarts required to make a pound of butter
16 Give the results of any experiments that you have
made to test the effects of different kinds and com
binations of food on the flow of milk and the
quantity and quality of butter
17 What is the average price at which butter sells in your
county
18 What is the average price per pound net at which
beef sells in your county
19 What is the average price per pound gross at which
beef sells in your county
20 What is the average weight of beef cattle as they are
sold in your county
21 What is the average price at which milch cows sell in
your county Report also maximum and minimum
pric s
22 What summer pasturage have your cattle
23 Give the results of experiments if any in your county
in soiling cattle
24 Give the results of experiments in tethering out cattle
on grass
25 How do you rank Bermuda grass as pasture for cattle
26 Do you feed your cattle in winter
27 If so on what do you feed them principally
28 How long do they require it
29 If not fed on what do they subsist during winter
30 What crop yields the largest amount of forage for
winter food at the least cost
31 What for feeding green in summer
32 Do you pen your cattle at night
33 Do you pen them on cultivable land or in permanent
pens in which the manure is saved to be hauled out
34 Give facts as to the area annually fertilized by a given
number of cattle so as to double the crop 141
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
35 Give facts as to the results of soiling in the production
of manure
36 Give facts as to results attained in crops produced
from manure saved from cattle
37 Give facts as to the quantity of manure saved per head
from cattle penned under shelter with the usual
mixture of litter
38 Give the results of experiments in dairy farming
cost yield and profits
39 What diseases have proved most destructive to cattle
in your county
40 What remedies have been successfully used Describe
each disease and its remedy
41 What per cent of cattle in your county are annually
lost by disease
42 What breed or cross gives the best work oxen for
farm use
43 Have you used beef corned or pickled as a substitute
for bacon on the farm
44 If so give the result of your experience as to its
economy
45 Do you select heifers to be reserved for milch cows
with reference to the escutcheon or milk
mirror according to the Guenon system
46 What has been the result of your observation as to
the correctness of the sign as indicating milking
properties
47 At what age do your heifers commence to breed with
best results for dairy purposes At what for
beef
48 To what age do you find it profitable to keep milch
cows
49 What is the per cent of increase per annum in calves
on the number of cows kept
50 Do you allow the calves to suck their mothers or do
you raise them by hand from their birth A MANUAL ON CATTLE
142
51 Which plan has given better results
52 What are the principal obstacles to successful cattle
raising in your county
53 What remedies do you suggest
54 Give any other information in your possession that
may be of value to the farmers of Georgia
CHAPTER II
FACTS ELICITED FROM THE QUESTIONS ON CATTLE
RAISING IN GEORGIA
The following breeds are reported as having been tested
to a limited extent viz
Short Horn Devon Ayrshire Hereford Brahmin and
Jersey the Devon and Jersey being the only ones that
have been tested to any extent as thoroughbreds There
are only a few herds of Devons and only about two dozen
herds of Jerseys The great majority of tests however
have been limited to the introduction of thoroughbred
males which were crossed upon the common cows
In fact therefore the Devons and Jerseys are the only
breeds proper which have been tested to any extent as
such the test of others having been confined principally
to their grades There have been no thorough compara
tive tests of the different breeds to ascertain which is best
adapted to the farm in different parts of the State the
readiness with which sales of the offspring could be made
having generally been the controlling influence in deter
mining the variety kept by the principal breeders
There has been to some extent comparative tests of
grades but these have been too general in their character
to afford the data necessary to the formation of intelligent
143
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
opinions of their comparative merits and profits Few
simultaneous tests have been made under circumstances
which enabled the breeder to keep accurate records of the
cost yield and profits of the different breeds crosses or
grades and hence the reports of which have proved most
profitable being based upon mere casual observations of
tests made probably at considerable intervals of time are
mere opinions and not absolute facts The opinion how
ever is almost unanimous in favor of the pure breeds and
their grades as improvements upon the common stock
The average number of cattle kept by the correspon
dents is twentynine and with few exceptions they are now
breeding either grades or common stock known as na
tives They report grades of Jersey Devon ShortHorn
Ayrshire Brahmin Hereford the crosses of some of these
and a few the thoroughbred Jersey Devon Ayrshire or
ShortHorn
A few report a little cheese made for family use but
none for market
The average annual cost per head of keeping cattle is
five dollars This varies from nothing in Southern Georgia
to as high as thirty dollars in one instance in North Geor
gia Where the high cost is reported reference is made to
milch cows which are fed through the larger part of the
year A large majority of those who report any cost at
all range from two to five dollars per head
They report an average annual profit per annum of forty
per cent upon the investment and the annual cost of keep
ing cattle The average daily yield of milk per cow for
the whole State is reported at five quarts and the average
quantity of milk required to make one pound of butter is
reported at ten quarts
The average price received for butter per pound is twenty
cents
The average price per pound of beef sold from the farm
is net five cents gross two and a quarter cents10
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
144
The average net weight of beef cattle as sold from the
farm is reported at three hundred and fortytwo pounds
The average price at which milch cows sell in the State
is reported at 1832 the reports ranging from 800 to
100 00 as minima and maxima prices
The maximum is for common cows giving extraordinary
yields of milk or for thoroughbreds
The minimum is reported from those sections where but
little attention is paid to milch cows as such but where
the principal attention is given to the production of beef
For summer pasturage the native grasses embracing
wire grags broom sedge Bermuda crab grass and other
varieties of less note are used
Many report the range which means that their cattle
run out during summer on the commons and in the woods
some of which afford very superior pasturage during the
late spring and early summer months and except in cases
of severe drouth throughout the season
A few only report inclosed pastures of clover orchard
grass and herds grass
All who have utilized Bermuda grass concur in the opin
ion that it is unsurpassed for summer pasturage a large
majority reporting it the best
Very few have experimented with soiling or tethering
cattle but those who have tried either generally report
favorably as to results
Milch cows and calves are fed during the winter in every
section of the State from one to six months according to
latitude but in Middle and Southern Georgia dry cattle
are fed but little especially where they have access to the
wild cane along the creek and river bottoms
Among the substances reported as fed to cattle in winter
are shucks cornfodder oats straw from small grain and
Bermuda though not a native is generally so classed because it
grows spontaneously145
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11
rice canefodder cottonseed turnips peas and peavines
barley cut green crabgrass hay German millet hay clo
ver and grass hay rice flour and sweet potatoes
When not fed they have the range of the whole planta
tion except the small grain fields and subsist upon the
gleanings of the fields and upon the wild cane and grass
about the creeks
In answer to the question What crop yields the
largest amount of forage for winter food at the least cost
a large majority report drilled corn some report peavines
some crab grass hay some the millets some turnips
and others clovers and the cultivated grasses
For feeding green in summer the majority report in
favor of cattail millet some in favor of drilled corn
some peavines and others clover
All the correspondents report penning their cattle at
night during the whole or a part of the year some on
cultivable lands and some in permanent pens from which
the manure is collected and carted out to the fields
None have conducted accurate experiments as to the
amount of manure annually saved per head or the area
annually fertilized by a given number of cattle so as to
double the crop All however testify very strongly as
to the great value of cow manure many giving it a decided
preference over that from horses on account of its conserv
ative action upon summer crops in our climate
No accurate experiments as to the cost yield and
profits of dairy farming have been made and except in
the immediate vicinity of the cities no strictly dairy farm
ing has been done
Forty correspondents report no destructive disease forty
one report murrain or redwater many make no report at
all on the subject Some report no disease since 1860
Others report no disease since the black tongue prevailed
in 1856 There is perhaps no country in which cattle are
more remarkably exempt from disease than in Georgia12
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
146
The annual loss by disease in the State is reported at
4 per cent but many of the most intelligent correspond
ents say that many cases of death which are attributed to
disease are the result of neglect and often of starvation
during winter
Very few have given any attention to the selection of
heifers to be reserved as milch cows with reference to the
escutcheon or milk mirror according to the Guenon
system Those who have experimented in such selection
almost without exception express the opinion that its indi
cations are generally correct
Quite a number say they make no selection but reserve
all of the heifer calves as breeders This is especially true
of the southeastern portion of the State where large herds
are kept on what is known as the wire grass range
Heifers are generally allowed to breed at will and com
mence at from two to three years of age
Milch cows are kept in use from ten to fifteen years
The per cent of increase in calves per annum on the
number of cows kept is sixtyfive
Very few report raising calves by hand Those who
have tried it however report in its favor almost without
exception and many who do not practice it say it gives
better results than allowing them to suck their mothers
In answer to the question What are the principal ob
stacles to successful cattle raising in your county nearly
all of the correspondents say none except neglect on the
part of farmers to supply the necessary pasturage and to
bestow proper attention upon their stock
The rearing of cattle being merely incidental to other
more important branches of agriculture on the part of
most farmers in the State but little attention is bestowed
upon them further than to secure a supply of milk and
butter for family use and the cattle generally being allowed
to run out on the commons the owners of the cows have147
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
13
no choice of the sires of their calves Occasionally enter
prising breeders are so generous as to turn improved bulls
out for the public good to the material advantage of the
stock of the neighborhood but such are exceptional cases
CHAPTER HI
HISTORICAL SKETCH
While we have no authentic history of the early usages
in the management of cattle we have both in sacred and
profane history repeated mention of the ownership of cattle
In the fourth chapter of Genesis 20th verse we read that
Jabel was the father of such as dwell in tents and of
such as have cattle It would seem therefore that the
owners of cattle in that day which was during the lifetime
of Adam led a pastoral life and dwelt in tents Later
after Jacob the most noted cattlebreeder of ancient times
of whom we have any record had left Laban whose herds
he had tended for twenty years we read in Genesis chap
ter 33 17th verse And Jacob journeyed to Succoth and
built him a house and made booths for his cattle Succoth
has about the latitude of Savannah Ga and yet this vete
ran stockbreeder saw proper to make booths for his
cattle
Though Abel is spoken of as a keeper of sheep the
word sheep is supposed to be used as a generic term repre
senting different kinds of domestic animals
It is a well settled fact that the use of cattle as domestic
animals is coeval with mans existence on this globe and
that in the early stages of mans development and progress
towards civilized life cattle have been largely relied upon
as a source both of food and profit14
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148
Profane history is equally clear in representing the do
mestication of cattle since they were objects of worship
among the Egyptians and of veneration among the In
dians The traditions of the Celtic nations as well as the
sculptures of the Egyptians place cattle among the earli
est productions and represent them as constituting as in
the days of Abraham and Jacob one of the principal ele
ments of the wealth of nations and individuals and con
tinued so until agriculture became more generally practiced
when less attention was given them until within the last
two centuries when they received more attention and im
provement commenced
When Julius Caesar invaded Britain he found the Britons
neglecting tillage and living principally upon milk and
flesh
The unsettled political condition of the country at that
time and the consequent insecurity of property made that
class of property which could be removed to a place of
security with the greatest expedition most desirable Cattle
being of this class and but little tillage practiced the Brit
ons relied mainly upon them for food not only during the
baronial period but even after one sovereign reigned over
the whole kingdom Contests at arms being still of fre
quent occurrence and fixed property consequently inse
cure the rearing of cattle continued to be the leading pur
suit of the people
When the political condition of the country became more
settled agriculture received more attention and the rearing
of cattle less until within the last two centuries when a
few breeders commenced improving their stock by judicious
crossing and selection
There are two remarkable facts in connection with the
history of cattle in England
1st The number of breeds with distinctive characteris
tics in a territory of such limited extent149
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15
2d That the first classification of cattle should have had
reference entirely to their horns
The former was perhaps due principally to selection and
close breeding without intermixture from other sections as
well as to the variety of climate and pasturage in different
sections of the kingdom Indeed we are told by Youatt
that the Glamorganshire farmers admitted of no mixture
of foreign blood
On this subject Mr Youatt says
The breeds of cattle as they are now found in Great
Britain are almost as various as the soil of the different
districts or the fancies of the breeders They have how
ever been very conveniently classed according to the com
parative size of the horns the long horns originally from
Lancashire much improved by Mr Bake well of Leices
tershire and established through the greater part of the
midland counties the short horns mostly cultivated in the
northern counties and in Lincolnshire and many of them
found in every part of the kingdom where the farmer
attends much to his dairy of a large supply of milk is
wanted and the middle horns not derived from a mixture
of the two preceding but a distinct valuable and beautiful
breed inhabiting the north of Devon the east of Sussex
Herefordshire and Gloucestershire and of diminished bulk
and with somewhat different character the cattle of the
Scottish and the Welsh mountains The Alderney with
her crumpled horn is found on the Southern coast and in
smaller numbers in getlemens parks and pleasure grounds
everywhere while the polled or hornless cattle prevail in
Suffolk and Norfolk and in Galloway whence they were
first derived
The middle horns seem to have been the original breed
of British cattle the long horns of Irish extraction the polls
though they have existed in certain districts from time
immemorial were probably an accidental variety

16
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150
The short horns lay no claim to this honor having had
their origin in careful selection a little more than a century
ago
The improvement in the form beauty and adaptation of
cattle to the uses of man during the last century has been
most remarkable and has been effected by careful and
skillful selection of breeding animals and judicious crossing
Indeed the different varieties have been so bred as to
develop peculiar characteristics and adaptation to specific
purposes as well as to combine such characteristics into
one harmonious whole in the same breed
IN AMERICA
The first introduction of cattle was by the Spaniards
about 1525 into Mexico the next into Virginia in 1610
and 1611 from England They were introduced into New
York from Holland in 1625 and into Massachusetts from
England in 1624 The Dutch settled New Jersey in 1624
and the Swedes Delaware in 1627 and brought their cattle
with them In 16311632 and 1633 cattle were imported
into New Hampshire from Denmark English cattle were
brought into Maryland in 1633 into North Carolina in
1660 into South Carolina in 1670 and into Pennsylvania
in 1682 Georgia was not settled until 1732 and there is
no record of the introduction of cattle at that time It is
probable that the first that were brought into the State
came with settlers from other colonies151
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17
CHAPTER IV
DIFFERENT BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
Before proceeding to the discussion of the different breeds
it will be well to define definitely some of the terms which
will occur in this chapter
A breed is a race class or kind of animals having cer
tain peculiarities of form and other characteristics different
from others of the same family
Thoroughbred animals are those which have been bred
in a direct line sufficiently long to establish a fixed type
which they have the power of transmitting with uniformity
to their offspring
FullBloodIn Kentucky the results of the sixth
cross are called fullblood This should not be confounded
with thoroughbred as an animal that is called fullblooded
is only 6364 of the blood of the thoroughbred used in
the cross Thus the first cross of a thoroughbred bull on
a native cow produces a half breedthe next cross of
the thoroughbred on the half breed produces 34 the third
cross of thoroughbred on the 34 produces 78 on 78
1516 on 1516 3132 on 3132 6364 which is called
fullblood The uninitiated are liable to be and sometimes
have been imposed upon by confounding fullblood with
thoroughbred
Crossbred animals are the offspring of a thoroughbred
male of one breed out of a thoroughbred female of another
Grades are the offspring of a thoroughbred male or
female and what are known as common stock which belong
to no particular breed or any other than thoroughbred or
crossbred
2taS
mm
18
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152
High grades are those having a preponderance of pure
blood such as the offspring of a thoroughbred bull out of
a halfblood cow which is called threefourths Fullblood
animals are high grades
Low grades embrace half breeds and all the gradations
below so long as the impress of the thoroughbred is
visible
Common Stock Scrubs or Natives are those
which have been indiscriminately bred until there is no
recognizable trace of any breed and no uniformity of type
To this class belong nearly all of the cattle in Georgia
The only breeds which are bred pure in America are
the Devon Durham or ShortHorn Ayrshire Jersey
Alderney Holstein or Dutch and Hereford In Europe
the Angus Polled the Galloway and the Scotch Highland
are highly esteemed but as yet none of consequence have
been imported into and bred pure in this country We
have polled cattle in America and in Georgia but none
have been bred pure on this side of the Atlantic
Devon Bull
PFVONS
This beautiful race of cattle is of such great antiquity
that there is no record of their origin some claiming that
they date as far back as the Roman conquest153
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19
The Devons occupy the relation to other breeds of cattle
that the Southdown does to other breeds of sheep and the
Essex to other breeds of hogs No other breed is more
fixed in its type none more distinct none of greater
antiquity and none with more points of excellence as a
combination animal There are some that excel them as
beef producers others as butter producers and others still
at the pail but no other breed equals them in symmetry
of form uniformity of type or as combination beef dairy
and work animals Allen in his work on American cattle
describes the typical Devon as follows
The head lean in flesh is rather short the forehead
broad the face slightly dishing and tapering gracefully to
a fine clean yellow muzzle The eye bright prominent
and surrounded by a ring of orange colored or yellow
skin The horn upright and curved outward cream
colored black at the tips graceful in its setting and rather
long for the size of the animal The ear well set and
lively in action The neck on a level in the bull slightly
arching with the head and shoulders full at its junction
with the breast clean and without dewlap The shoulders
fine open somewhat slanting like those of the horse
and on a level with the back The neckvein full and
smooth The arm delicate and the leg below the knee
small terminating in a clean dull brown and somewhat
striped hoof The brisket full and projecting well forward
The crops well filled and even with the shoulders The
back straight from the shoulders to the tail The ribs
springing out roundly from the back and running low
down to enclose a full chest and setting well back towards
the hips giving a snug neat belly The flanks full and low
The hips wide and level with the back The loin full and
level The thigh well fleshed and full the lower part some
what thin and gracefully tapering to the hock the leg
below small flat and sinewy The twist the space be
20
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
154
tween the thighs well let down and open The tail taper
ing like a drumstick and terminating with a brush of white
hair The color invariably cherry red sometimes showing
a lighter or deeper shade and the skin under the hair a
rich cream color The bull of course will show the
stronger and masculine character of his sex while the ox
will develop the finer points of his condition and the cow
all the delicacy and refinement belonging to her race
The earliest records of the Devon as a breed show that
from time immemorial they were bred in the Northern
part of Devonshire whence the name of North Devon
They have since spread into other counties of England
and been imported in considerable numbers to America
Unlike other breeds of more modern origin there seems
to have been no infusion of other blood of which there is
either history or tradition By selection their size has
been somewhat increased their beef producing qualities
improved and their milking qualities diminished thereby
AS WORK OXEN
All things considered they have no superior for ordinary
farm use They are muscular active and durable Their
uniformity of color and type causes them to match readily
and when turned off for beef they fatten readily and pro
duce beef of fine quality
AS A MILCH COW
The Devon may be classed as medium in the quantity
and superior in the quality of yield The yield depends
of course somewhat upon the object for which they have
been bred In herds in which selection has been made
with a view to the development of milking properties they
have made good records while in others in which the pro
duction of beef was the leading object they have de
teriorated as milkers155
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21
Devon Heifer
They are docile easily kept managed without difficulty
and so tidy in form and appearance that the owner has
every inducement to bestow proper attention upon them
A few parties have been breeding the Devon in Georgia
for years with satisfactory results Correspondents from
Burke county speak in especially favorable terms of the
Devon Mr J B Jones of that county says For
Middle South Southeast and Southwest Georgia I would
breed only Devons for any and all purposes
Dr W B Jones of the same county says Grades
of any good breed are more profitable than natives
thoroughbred cattle of any class or breed means thorough
keeping and feeding Grades are much hardier than na
tives and for milk beef or work oxen Devons have proved
to me to be the cattle fitted for my especial latitude and
climate
A large number of common cattle especially in Middle
Georgia which are known as red English are thought
to be the result of a remote cross of the Devon on the
Natives It is proper to say that the red English
are highly esteemed wherever they are found in Georgia
22
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
P56
for their good qualities at the pail on the shambles or under
the yoke
The Devon breed of cattle is of such antiquity and con
sequently so firmly fixed in type that it gives a very de
cided impress upon its offspring even when crossed upon
very inferior animals and hence the improvement resulting
from their cross is perceptible even after the source of the
improvement has been forgotten In speaking of the
Devon
AS A BEEF ANIMAL
Allen says We must place the Devon in the first class
for fineness of flesh and delicacy of flavor Its compact
bone gives it the one and its rapid and thorough develop
ment under good feeding gives it the other In growth
and size it matures early equal to the Shorthorn and its
meat is finer grained juicy and nicely marbled the lean
and fat intermixed
In the London markets Devon beef bears the highest
price of any except the Highland Scottusually a penny
a pound over that of the larger breeds and our American
butchers quickly pick the Devons from a drove when they
can find them before most others They feed well take
on flesh rapidly and in the quality of their flesh are all
that can be desired
The first importation of Devons of which there is any
record was made by Messrs Caton and Patterson of Balti
more Maryland in 1817 There have been various im
portations since but they have never excited the enthu
siasm that the Shorthorns have in some sections and the
Jerseys in others157
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
23
Jersey Heifer Lady Babon Herd Register 10109 Property of
R Peters Atlanta Ga
CHANNEL ISLAND OATTLEALDERNEY JERSEY
AND GUERNSEY
This valuable breed of dairy cattle is supposed to have
come originally from Normandy in the Northern part of
France They were formerly called Alderneys from the
fact that the first that were introduced into England were
sent from the Island of Alderney by some officers of the
British army as presents to friends in England
From this circumstance all of the channel island cattle
were for a time called Alderneys notwithstanding the fact
that twice as many are exported from Jersey as from
Guernsey while very few are exported from Alderney
Jersey contains 39580 acres 25000 of which are in cul
vation Its population in 1861 was 56078 Guernsey has
15560 acres 10000 of which are in cultivation Its popu
lation in 1861 was 29780 Alderney has only 2500
acres of which 1500 are cultivated Its population in24
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
158
1861 was 4933 The impropriety of the Island of Alderney
giving name to the cattle from all of the islands is there
fore apparent The cattle from Alderney and Guernsey
are somewhat larger in size and coarser in type than those
from Jersey So few however are reared on Aldarney
that they are hardly worthy of consideration
The large majority of Channel Island cattle now in
America are either importations from the Island of Jersey
or their descendants and the name of Jerseys is now often
applied to all the Channel Island cattle as Alderney was
at first
The Alderneys Guernseys and Jerseys are all remarka
ble for the richness of their milk and the large quantity and
superior quality of the butter produced from it
With few exceptions the importations into Georgia have
been of the Jerseys proper They are emphatically butter
cows and are no doubt the best breed for Georgia
where the production of giltedged butter is the object
of the breeder provided he is willing to bestow the neces
sary attention upon them If the sale of milk is the object
other breeds will prove more profitable to the dairyman
but even in that event it may be advantageous to keep
several Jerseys to every eight or ten of other breeds to
give richness and color to the whole of the milk
There are some very fine herds of Jerseys in Georgia
and the number is being rapidly increased by purchase
from the best herds of the Middle and Eastern States
The great docility of Jersey cows peculiarly fits them to
become family pets and their marked difference of type
from the common stock of the country and their blood
like appearance impresses the observer with their purity
and superiority of breeding There is a characteristic
expression of meekness and gentleness of disposition about
the Jersey cows possessed by no other breedJersey Bull Baron op Belmont Herd Register 4821 Property of
R Pbtbbs Atlanta Ga
Taking the best herds seen in this country which proba
bly have as high qualities of breeding and excellence as
those on their native Island some of which indeed were
direct importations the following description will enable
even the novice to recognize the thoroughbred Jersey
The head is fine and tapering muzzle black or dark
brown sometimes yellowish with a ring of lighter color
encircling it and shading off to a darker color towards the
head the jaws clean throat tapering and free from dew
lap The neck is usually a little drooped sometimes
ewenecked but many of the best specimens now
straight from the rump to the horns There is a peculiar
mealy appearance about the lighter colors on the face
belly legs and twist gradually shading off into a darker
smoky hue above The ears are rather large for the size
of the animal and hang off from the head in a peculiar26
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
160
mannerthey should be of a rich orange color within
The horns curved inward small waxy towards the base
and black towards the ends There is a peculiar deerlike
blooded appearance about the head The shoulders are
wide and prominent tapering down to delicate trim legs
Fore quarters somewhat thin and ribs a little flat and defi
cient in arch belly deep and large hips wide apart
thighs thin twist wide affording room for a capacious
udder which is square reaching well forward teats rather
small but standing well apart and tapering gracefully The
modern Jerseys have much more symmetry than those of
twenty years ago the best specimens having the peculiar
wedge shape tapering from their hips forward so indica
tive of good milkers
The color varies with the fancy of breeders from a light
fawn to a smoky gray and even black sometimes splashed
with white but the skin should be invariably yellow
The bull will of course have the masculine features pe
culiar to his sex and though the cows are noted for their
docility and amiability the bull is usually vicious at two
years of age and often dangerous as he grows older
A Jersey ox is seldom seen as yet in this country and
though they may feed well and make a moderately fair
quality of beef no one would seek the Jersey for either
work or beef animals Their peculiar use is for butter
production in which they excel As a pet in a gentle
mans lawn or in a family dairy they are unrivaled or
even in a dairy the object of which is to make highpriced
butter they excel any other breed but the chief profit
at present from breeding thoroughbred Jerseys is derived
from the sale of young animals They have not been suffi
ciently tested in Georgia to determine to what extent
they are adapted for general purposes of the farm but it
is believed that a cross of Jersey bulls on our common
cows will materially improve the cattle of the State espe
cially in butter production161
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
27
BUTTER YIELD OF JERSEY COW EUROTAS
This remarkable cow Eurotas H B Register 2454
has been on trial nine months and six days to August 9th
during which time she has yielded by actual and accurate
weight 706 pounds and 3 ounces of butter The test was
commenced on the 10th of November 1879 the last
report was to August 15th Her largest yield was June
15th and 16th when she yielded in the two days six pounds
and six ounces or three pounds and three ounces per day
It will be observed that the greater part of the test was
made during the winter and spring when she had no green
food
The high price at which the thoroughbred Jerseys sell
will for some time at least prevent their very general pur
chase by farmers in moderate circumstances
Short Horn Heifer of JBeef Strain
SHORT HORN OR DURHAM
This magnificent breed of cattle has during the present
century received more attention in England and America
than all others together They seem to have originated as
such in Durham county England whence the name Dur28
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
162
ham on the river Tees whence the name Teeswater which
divides the county of Durham from that of York They
are supposed to have come originally from the northern
part of Denmark at the time of the conquest by the Danes
of the northeastern coast of England
They seem therefore to have had the same origin as
the Dutch or Holstein cattle now so celebrated for their
large yield of milk
As early as 1738 Milbank and Croft were noted as
cattlebreeders but not until the time of the Collings
about 1780 was the great merit of the short horns brought
prominently before the public Mr Charles Colling
adopted an efficient method of advertising the breed and
especially his own herd
He reared an ox of extraordinary size and sold him
when five years old to a Mr Bulmer to be taken around
the country for exhibition His live weight was then
a 024 pounds After traveling with him for five weeks
Mr Bulmer sold the ox to Mr Day who traveled with
him nearly six years He was butchered when eleven
years of age after he was much reduced by the effects of
an accidentthe dislocation of his hip boneand weighed
carcass tallow and hide 2620 pounds Mr Colling after
wards fed a thoroughbred heifer which was exhibited in
the same way through the country She was known as
the White Heifer that traveled When slaughtered
her live weight was estimated at 2300 pounds
Through the exhibition of these remarkable cattle public
attention was directed to the merits of the Short Horns
and to Mr Charles Colling as a breeder who thus acquired
such celebrity that he soon realized a fortune from the
sale of his stock
The first importation of Short Horns into America of
which we have record was made by a Mr Miller of Vir
ginia in 1783 These were celebrated as milking stock163
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
29
Some of the decendants of these were taken to Kentucky
in 1797 by Mr Patton after whose name they were long
called the Patton Stock Others were carried to the
Morefield valley along the south branch of the Potomac a
fine grass region where they became very celebrated
They are popular in all the fine grass regions of the
United States where beef is the principal object of the
breeder
Some families of them which have been bred with special
reference to milk production have given satisfactory results
as dairy animals but the Short Horn is essentially a beef
animal no other breed that has been introduced into Amer
ica except the Hereford making any pretense to rivalry
in this respect As a combination animal for beef and
milk however the Short Horns far surpass the Herefords
the latter making however superior work oxen
CHARACTERISTICS
The Short Horns may be divided into two classes beef
and dairy stock The early importations were selected
with reference to their milking properties and some of
them were quite celebrated for their large yields In the
Eastern states Virginia and East Tennessee the Short
Horns have been bred mainly to the dairy type while in
Kentucky and the Western states they have been bred
chiefly for beef
Where there is a full bite of grass they make superior
dairy animals and when turned off have the advantage
over the smaller dairy breeds in feeding more readily and
affording a larger yield of fine beef
There are few farms in Georgia at present however on
which the pasturage is sufficiently luxuriant to justify the
hope of satisfactory results from the use of Short Horns
the more hardy and active small breeds are better suited to
our present condition30
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164
When more attention shall be paid to cultivating the
grasses in North Georgia the Short Horns may be profit
ably employed in that section of the State and their grades
in other sections
In those states of the Union in which beef is the princi
pal object of the herdsman the Short Horn of the beef
type has been bred at the expense of the milking proper
ties The earlier importations having been to the Atlantic
States where milk was an important consideration selec
tions of imported animals were made with reference to
their milking properties and the selections for breeding
purposes from their offspring were made with the same
view
The later importations made after the English breeders
stimulated by the increased demand for beef and enticed
by the natural tendency of the Short Horns to beef pro
duction had bred to that end by the selection of the best
looking animals for propagating their kind were mainly
carried to Kentucky and west of the Ohio river where
grass was abundant and beef more marketable than dairy
products
Under the same influences selections were made of the
most precocious animals giving the best promise of beef
production
The influence of selection upon the type of the breed
has nowhere been more fully illustrated than in the estab
lishment and perpetuation of the beef and milking strains
of Short Horns
The early maturity of the Short Horns gives them a de
cided advantage over other breeds A Short Horn bullock
will make more and better beef at two years of age than
a native will at four but the Short Horn to obtain the best
development must have abundant food from calfhood to
maturity165
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sn
Short Horn Bull
Allen thus described the typical Short Horn
HEAD
The muzzle fine and yellowish or drab in color not
smoky or black the face sUghtly dishing or concave the
eye full and bright the forehead broad the horns show
ing no black except at the tips and standing wide at the
base short oval shaped spreading gracefully out and then
curving in with a downward inclination or turning upward
with a still further spread as either form is taken without
prejudice to purity of blood in the animal of a waxy col
or and sometimes darker at the tips the throat clean
without dewlap the ear sizable thin and quickly moving
the neck full setting well into the shoulders and breast
with a slight pendulous hanging of the skin not dewlap
just at the brisket the shoulders nearly straight and wide
at the tops the shoulderpoints or neckvein wide and
full the brisket broad low and projecting well forward
sometimes so much as almost to appear a deformity the32
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
16G
arm gracefully tapering to the knee and below that a leg
of fine bone ending with a well rounded foot the ribs
round and full giving free play to vigorous lungs and
running back well towards the hips the crops full but as
a rule scarcely equal in fullness to the Devons the chine
and back straight from the shoulders to the tail the hips
uncommonly wide and level with the back and loin the
loin full and level the rumps wide the tail set on a level
with the back small and tapering the thigh full and heav
ily fleshed the twist wide the flank low and full the
hock or gembrel joint standing straight as with a horse
or nearly so the hind legs like the fore ones clean and
sinewy and the foot small
The dairy strain have less of the rotundity of form than
the beef strain the cows tapering well from rear to front
but when they are turned off they feed readily and make
a large quantity of excellent beef
The beauty of the Short Horn as a beef animal consists
m the small amount of waste in the carcass either in infer
ior flesh or in bone and in the large amount of superior
flesh on the most valuable parts
In color thoroughbred Short Horns are found pure white
deep red and with every conceivable mingling of the two
according to the fancy of different breeders
AS A DAIRY COW
The Short Horns have strong advocates and where bred
with a view to the development of milking properties they
have made good records
Being large they of course consume more food per head
than smaller milking breeds but have the advantage of
yielding a large quanty of good beef when no longer needed
at the pail
Allen says That the inherent quality of abundant milk
ing exists in Short Horns no intelligent breeder of themtl67
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
33
need doubt our own observation in more than thirty years
experience with hundreds of them first and last under
our own eyes is to ourself evidence of the fact both in
thoroughbreds and grades
Few men in America if any have had so large and
varied experience and observation as Mr Allen and his
testimony is therefore valuable forthe section in which he
lived New York There is no question however of the
fact that the cross of the Short Horn bull on native cows
in Georgia has invariably resulted in an improvement of
the stock both as to milking properties and beefproduction
The effects of the introduction of a Short Horn bull into
neighborhoods in Georgia have been observed in the im
provement of the stock of the neighborhood for many
years afterwards This is particularly true where reasona
ble attention has been paid to cattle and the pasturage is
good In some portions of the United States the milking
qualities have been bred out until good milkers are rare
When importations have been made from such herds there
has been a deterioration rather than an improvement in
the milking properties of the stock resulting from the cross
while there has been decided increase in size
Those in Georgia who desire a cross of the Short Horn
should be careful to select from herds that have been bred
to milk rather than beef as the former is generally the
leading object in raising cattle in this State
Before purchasing however good pasturage must be
supplied or the Short Horns will rapidly deteriorate
AYRSHIRES
The origin of this breed which has become so popular
for the dairy seems to be involved in some degree of un
certainty They seem to have had for the foundation of
the breed the Scotch Kyloe cattle and improved by crossesu
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
168J
Ayrshire Bull
of Short Horn and Holderness and probably with an infu
sion of Dutch blood
Mr Allen says From no other race of cattle Scotch
English or Irish could the improved Ayrshires get their
shape color and milking qualities combined
They have been bred with special reference to the devel
opment of their milking qualities by selecting for breeding
purposes only the offspring of good cows which gave
promise of developing into good milkers Allen says
That they are a good breed of cattle useful and emi
nently qualified for the dairy and capable of perpetuating
among themselves their good qualities are facts now well
established both in Scotland and America
The first importation into America of which we know
was made in 1831 and their fortyeight years trial in this
country has been quite satisfactory They are hardy
healthy docile and eminently adapted to our climate and
pasturage They will thrive where the Short Horn or
Hereford will rapidly decline in size
Though their yield of milk is less in our climate than in
the more moist one of their native Ayrshire in Scotland
in proportion to their size they yield more milk than anyC69
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
35
other breed except perhaps the Dutch or Holstein Their
milk is less rich in cream than that of the Jersey but it is
of fair quality and so far exceeds the Jersey in quantity
that the average yield of butter per cow is fine in quantity
though inferior in quality to that from the Jerseys
Ayrshire Co
DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL AYRSHIRE
In the prize essays of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland 18667 we find the following descrip
tion of the Ayrshire Head short forehead wide nose
fine between the muzzle and eyes Muzzle moderately
large eyes full and lively Horns wide set on inclining
upwards and curving slightly inwards Neck long and
straight from the head to the tip of the shoulder free
from loose skin on the under side fine at its junction with
the head and the muscles symmetrically enlarging towards
the shoulders shoulders thin at the top brisket light
Forequarters thin in front and gradually increasing in
depth and thickness backward Back short and straight
spine well defined especially at shoulders short ribs
arched Body deep at the flanks pelvis long broad and
straight Hook loins wide apart and not much overlaid
with fat Thighs deep and broad tail long and slender
36
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
170
and set on level with the back legs short the bones fine
and the joints firm Milk vessel capacious and extending
well forward hinder part broad and firmly attached to the
body the sole or under surface nearly level Teats from
two to two and a half inches in length equal in thickness
and hanging perpendicularly their distance apart at the
sides should be equal to about onethird of the length of
the vessel and across to about onehalf of the breadth
Milk veins well developed skin soft and elastic hair
soft close and woolly color preferred brown or brown
and white the colors being distinctly defined Brown is
a rather deeper shade than is usually seen in this country
Indeed they are usually described in the herd book as red
and white or white and red as the one or the other color
predominates and this depending largely upon the fancy
of the breeder
The well developed Ayrshire cow viewed from the front
presents the appearance of a blunted wedge such is the
taper from the hips forward
They yield readily to kind and gentle treatment and
resent harshness with angry gestures
They are naturally less amiable than the Jersey cows
but respond as readily to kind treatment while they are
more disposed to resent unkindness
The annual yield of milk in some of the principal Scotch
dairies in which Ayrshire cows were kept is reported at
from 550 to 1000 gallons Ayrshire cattle being of medium
size and hardy are well adapted to Georgia farms where
a reasonable bite of grass is available and are especially
suited to use in dairy farms near cities where there is a
market for milk
The cross of the Ayrshire bull upon our native cows
would rapidly build up dairy herds
The fact that Ayrshires have the colors usually seen in
our common cattle militates against their introduction171
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
37
those not familliar with their type being often suspicious of
them as thoroughbreds
Flint says The Ayrshires have been developed to such a
degree that they may be said to produce a larger quantity
of rich milk and butter in proportion to the food consumed
or the cost of production than any of the purebred races
So exclusively did the farmers of Ayrshire breed to milk
that Aiton says The Ayrshire farmers prefer their
dairy bulls according to the feminine aspect of their heads
and necks and wish them not round behind but broad at
the hookbones and hips and full in the flanks
HEREFORDS
This breed takes its name from Hereford a county in
the western part of England where they are said to have
originated
Their improvement seems to have commenced about
the middle of the last century They were formerly of a
brownish red color with mottled faces
The most fashionable color now is pale red with white
faces the white often extending along the throat under the
brisket and belly and along the back The origin of
the white face is thus accounted for by Mr Rowlandson
in his Farming of Herefordshire
About the middle of the last century 1750 the cow
man of the herd of Mr Tully came to the houe announc
ing as a remarkable fact that the favorite cow had produced
a whitefaced bull calf This had never been known to
have occurred before and as a curiosity it was agreed that
the animal should be kept and reared as a future sire He
further remarks that the progeny of this very bull became
celebrated for white faces
The Herefords are quite celebrated in England as
beef producers and have their advocates in America butHereford Prize Ox
i ii 40
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
174
have not attained to the popularity that other breeds have
probably on account of their deficiency in milk production
It is an old and well established breed and stamp their type
in a marked degree upon their progeny For years after
the use of a Hereford bull upon the common cows of a
neighborhood the effects of the cross are observable in the
progeny possessing only oneeighth Hereford blood Very
fine Herefords have been introduced into Georgianot
enough to give them a fair trial A bull now in use in
Clinch county Ga is reported to have materially improved
the size of the cattle in his neighborhood
Like the Short Horn they require a full bite of grass
and are hence not well adapted to sections in which natu
ral grasses are the only dependence for pasturage When
our market facilities for beef increase and more attention
is paid to the cultivation of the grasses the larger breeds
of beefproducing cattle will become more profitable and
popular At present the smaller milk producing breeds
are better adapted to Georgia and give better satisfaction
As beefproducers the Herefords rival even the Short
Horns under the same circumstances but the latter are so far
superior as milkers that the partiality already established
for them will be difficult to overcome
THE HOLSTEIN OR DUTCH CATTLE
Comparatively few of this valuable milking breed have
been brought to America notwithstanding the fact that
they have been long celebrated as a dairy breed and are
claimed to have been the source from which the Short
Horns and Ayrshires derived their milkproducing qualities
In color they are blackandwhite not mingled but each
color distinctly marked and clear In form they some
what resemble the Short Horns of the milking strains
though less rounded in outline In size they are some175
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
41
Holstein or Dutch Cow
what smaller than the Short Horn The four cows im
ported by Mr Chenery of Boston Mass in 1861 had
an average live weight of 1325 pounds
They as far as tested in this country have given great
satisfaction as dairy stock their milk being similar in qual
ity to that of the Ayrshire and yielded in greater quan
tity
Mr Allen speaking of the milking qualities of the
Holsteins imported by Mr Chenery says The milking
qualities of the breed may be judged by the following
memoranda one of the imported cows when six years old
dropped a calf on the 15th of May weighing 101 pounds
and from the 26th of May to the 27th of July by a care
ful and exact record gave 4018 pounds 4 ounces of milk
The largest yield in any one day was 76 pounds 5 ounces
35 yi quarts
In ten days she gave 744 pounds 12 ounces or an av
erage of 74 47100 pounds per day She gave a good
flow of milk during the season continuing to the 24th of
May following and on the succeeding day droppod twin42
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
176
heifer calves which weighed 155 pounds Six
days milk of this cow were set for cream and the produce
was 17 pounds 14 ounces of good butter nearly 3 pounds
per day and it is claimed by her owner that she is not the
very best cow of the herd The milk though in very large
quantity is of good quality and is especially rich in casine
It is not a little remarkable that more of this valuable
breed have not been imported into the United States so
satisfactory has been the experience of those who have
tested them The grade heifers by Dutch bulls inherit
much of the fine milking qualities of the thoroughbreds
Judge John L Hopkins of Fulton county Ga has im
ported a few of this breed and is well pleased with them
Uolstein or Dutch Bull
The fact that their color corresponds with that of many
of the native cattle will prevent to some extent their rapid
introduction as has been the case with the Ayrshire An
experienced breeder remarks that while he considered
the Ayrshire the most valuable breed he had tested he
could not sell their offspring because their color corres
ponded so nearly with that of the native cattle Their
characteristics are not sufficiently distinctive so take the
eye of the average farmer177
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
43
AS BEEF ANIMALS
The Holsteins have been but little tested in this country
but they are represented as giving satisfactory results where
thoroughly tested Allen says A pair of oxen five
years old gave a live weight of 4600 pounds and proved
superior workers showing that they were trained for labor
and not for beef alone
THE GALLOWAYS
Have never been bred pure so far as is known in the
United States but from the early settlement of this coun
try their grades have formed no inconsiderable part of
what are known under the name of native cattle They
are known through the country as mulies or polled
cattle Apart from their good qualifies which consist in
docility combined with fair milk and beef production
many prefer them on account of their being hornless and
consequently harmless to each other and less dangerous
to those who manage them than those with horns Some
of the grade poled cattle have made very fine records at
the milk pail where they have been bred for the dairy
ANGUS POLLED CATTLE
This fine breed of polled or hornless cattle has not until
recently been introduced into the United States They
were brought into especial notoriety as the premium fat
cattle at the recent Worlds Fair at Paris The country peo
ple in Angus call them humlies or dodded cattle
The attention of breeders on the coast of Kincardineshire
seems first to have been directed to them on account of
their docility and the facility with which they fattened
Like the Herefords and the beef strains of Short Horns
they have been bred so persistently to beef that their
44
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
178
milking qualities have declined They resemble their an
cestors the Galloways in many respects Their prevailing
color is black with occasional white spots
WHAT ARE NATIVES
While of course there are no native cattle in the proper
sense of the term on this continent by general consent
the common cattle of the country which have been indis
criminately bred for so long that they have no distinctive
characteristics are called natives They constitute the
great bulk of the cattle of this State embracing all those
which cannct be traced back to purebred ancestry They
have no fixed type and though some of their characteris
tics are transmitted to their offspring being without uni
formity themselves there is no certainty as to the character
of the offspring They have every variety of form color
and quality some are superior milkers when well cared
for and when selection is made with a view to the dairy
qualities of the offspring for a number of years their im
provement is often very marked
As beef animals they vary as much as in other qualities
some attaining with good treatment large size and making
excellent beef
As work oxen they are often superior when they attain
sufficient size which they will generally do under good
treatment
Among the socalled natives individuals are often found
showing decided marks of improved blood even in neigh
borhoods in which there have been no thoroughbred stock
for years
They answer a good purpose perhaps better than
thoroughbreds under circumstances of neglect and poor
pasturage and under good treatment on abundant pastures
they attain good size make serviceable work oxen and pay
well at the pail They and grades of a few of the pure179
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
45
breeds will be the dependence in Georgia for many years
to come
Thoroughbred bulls of either beef or dairy breeds
crossed on large native cows give very superior animals
for general farm purposes
CHAPTER V
ADAPTATION OF GEORGIA TO THE PRODUCTION OF
NEAT CATTLE
Georgia possesses every requisite for the successful pro
duction of neat cattle whether they are grown for the dairv
or for beef if man will do his part
The climate of Georgia embraces a variety ranging
from a mean temperature of 64 to 68 F in the southern
to 52 to 56 F in the mountainous belts
On this subject the following extract from the Hand
Book of Georgia is appropriate In nothing regarding
us is a greater mistake made abroad and indeed in some
parts of our own country than in the climate or atmos
pheric condition of Georgia The State being in the
southern portion of the union lying between parallels of
latitude 30 39 27average and 35 the stranger naturally
concludes that our climate is mild and delightful in winter
and in this he is correct We have but little snowin
more than half the State none at all for years together
We import or manufacture all our ice and field work may
be kept up at all seasons of the year The difficulty with
strangers is in determining the character of our climate
during the summer months
The winters being pleasant and genial they conclude
without further investigation that the summers must nee46
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
180
essanly be hot and sultry This is a serious mistake as
all will testify who have any practical knowledge of the
subject No finer summer climate is to be found on the
continent east of the Mississippi river than that of many
parts of Georgia and as a whole it will compare favorably
with that of the states northwest Carefully conducted
observations year after year show that the mean annual
temperature of the city of Atlanta our state capital is the
same with that of Washington City Louisville Ky and
StLouis Mo which are from 800 to 880 miles further
north
The mean annual temperature south of a line drawn
across thestate from Augusta to Columbus is between
64 and 68 F between the same line and another parallel
to it and running twenty miles south of Atlanta we have
a mean annual temperature between 60 and 64 F in an
other strip of territory including Atlanta we havea mean
temperature for the year of between 56 and 60 F In
what is known as upper Georgia it is between 52 and 56
F while in the mountains it is below 52F
The mean of Gainesville in Hall county and of Clarks
ville and Mt Airy in Habersham county corresponds with
that of central Ohio Indiana Illinois upper Missouri and
lower Nebraska In explanation of these facts
certain features in the geographical situation and physical
conformation of the state must be taken into consideration
In lower Georgia we find the greatest degree of heat in
summer the mercury sometimes rising as high as 96o
rarely above that figure It lies however between the Atlan
tic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico in close proximity to both
and the temperature is greatly modified by the strong cur
rents of sea air which continually pass from one of these great
bodies of water to the other The mean temperature of Savan
nah the southeastern portion of the state during the months
of June July and August is 79 to 80 and in no part of181
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
47
southern Georgia does the mercury often rise above 90
whilst in winter it seldom descends to the freezing point
Sunstrokes so common in the northern and northwestern
states are almost wholly unknown in Georgia Eleva
tion affects temperature on an average 1 Fahrenheit for
every 300 feet This alone would make a difference in
Georgia of 16 by reason of relative elevation between the
shore level and the highest summit
It is also affected by latitude and there being a difference
of about 4J between the northern and southern limits of
the state the thermometer should show a differefice of
about 9 in the temperature
But latitude without the aid of elevation may not
always materially affect temperature There are other
natural causes that may antagonize its influence The diff
erence in the length of the days may increase the summer
range in more northern latitudes
At New Yorkfor instance in midsummer the days are
nearly an hour longer than they are at Savannah and at
Quebec in Canada nearly one hour and a half longer
and the nights correspondingly shorter the consequence
is at New York there is one hour longer for the heat to
accumulate from the direct rays of the sun and one hour
less time at night for the heat thus accumulated to be car
ried off by radiation This is said to be the cause why
Northern latitudes are hotter in summer than Southern
latitudes
Finally we have no hesitation in saying that take it
the year round the climate of Georgia is equal to any to
be found on the globe whether we regard personal com
fort in indoor and in outdoor work or for the production
of crops for the support of man and beast both in the
summer and the winter months We may mention a fact
in this connection
The city of Atlanta is situated within a few miles of the
48
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
182
southern line of what is called northern or upper Georgia
which contains the mountainous region and yet we know
many farmers in the immediate vicinity who have pastured
their stock throughout the past winter and kept them in
excellent condition on the growing crops of wheat rye
and barley As regards
RAINFALL
Georgia has an abundant annual supply generally well
distributed through the year
The following from the Farmers Scientific Manual shows
that there is no lack of rain for the production of crops for
cattle The average annual rainfall for five years from
1871 to 1875 inclusive at West End near Atlanta is found
to be 5332 inches and at Macon 5488 inches From
observations through a long series of years by the Smith
sonian Institute it has been found that the average annual
amount of rainfall in the several sections of the State is
approximately as follows north Georgia fifty inches
middle and east Georgia the northern part of southwest
Georgia and southeast Georgia 55 inches the middle por
tion of southwest Georgia 60 inches and the extreme
southern part of southwest Georgia 65 inchesaverage
for the State about 54 inches
There is every variety of soil from the sandbed to the
stiffest clay and every variety of topography from the
broad plains in the south gradually passing into the hill
country of middle Georgia which in turn rises with in
creasing elevation to the mountains of north Georgia
Throughout these varied circumstances of soil and cli
mate cattle thrive and under the careless neglectful system
generally pursued yield an annual interest upon the in
vestment and the annual cost of keeping of forty percent
according to the reports of those who keep cattle in differ
ent parts of the State183
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
49
In nearly the whole State cattle can be fed in part at
least upon green food every month in the year if proper
attention is given to planting crops for their use
VEGETATION NATURAL AND CULTIVATED
It is hardly necessary to say more under this head than
to state that Georgia soil produces all the cereals grasses
and other forage plants grown in the Northern and Middle
States of the Union and some of great value not grown
in those sections but in order that the capacity of our soil
under high culture may be appreciated a few instances of
unusual production will be given to illustrate the facilities
for cheap feeding which our peculiar climate soil and pro
ductions afford
In 1873 Mr R H Hardaway produced on upland in
Thomas county 119 bushels of corn on one acre
In the same county the same year Capt E T Davis
produced 96J bushels of rustproof oats per acre After
the oats were harvested he planted the same land in cotton
and in the fall gathered 800 pounds of seed cotton From
this he got 18 pushels of cotton seed making in all 114
bushels of excellent stock feed from one acre
In 1874 Mr Wiley W Groover of Brooks county pro
duced with two hones on a farm of 126J acres without
the use of commercial fertilizers cotton corn oats peas
sugarcane and potatoes to the value of 325825 of
which 221325 were net profit The stock raised on
the farm were not counted in this estimate
Mr Joseph Hodges of Brooks county produced on one
acre 2700 pounds of seed cotton From this he got be
sides 900 pounds of lint cotton 60 bushels of seed which
makes excellent stock food
In Bulloch county Mr Samuel Groover produced on one
acre 3500 pounds of seed cotton or 1166 pounds of lint
and 77 bushels of seed
4
m
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184
Mr J R Respass of Schley county gathered in 1878
500 bushels of oats on five acres of upland
Mr H T Peeples of Berrien county reports to this
department 800 bushels of sweet potatoes gathered from
one acre of pine upland
In Wilkes county 123 bushels of corn were gathered
from one acre of bottom land
In the same county Mr J F Madden produced in 1876
137 bushels of oats on one acre
Mr R M Brooks of Pike county produced in 1873500
bushels of rice on five acres of bottom land
Mr R B Baxter of Hancock produced in 1872 4862
pounds of dry clover hay on seveneighths of an acre of
upland at one cutting
Dr T P Janes of Greene county harvested in 1871
five tons of clover hay per acre in one season at two cut
tings
Mr Patrick Long of Bibb county after harvesting from
an acre a crop of cabbages cut from the same ground the
same year 8646 pounds of native crabgrass hay
Mr S W Leak in 1873 harvested 40 bushels of wheat
from an acre sowed the stubble in peas and harvested 10
726 pounds of peavine hay in the fall of the same year
from the same acre
Mr Edward Camp of Coweta county harvested 1000
bushels of oats from ten acres
Mr J T Manley of Spalding county harvested 115
bushels of oats from one acre
Mr L B Willis of Greene county in June 1873 har
vested from one acre and one third 20 bushels of wheat
and in October following harvested from the same acre
27130 pounds of corn forage
Dr W Moody of Greene county harvested at one cut
ting from one acre of river bottom in 1874 13953pounds
of Bermuda grass hay185
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
51
Mr J R Winters of Cobb county produced in 1873
from 1 acres 6575 pounds of dry clover hay at the
first cutting of the second years crop
Mr T H Moore of the same county produced on one
acre 105 bushels of corn and Mr Jeremiah Daniel 125
bushels
Mr R Peters Jr of Gordon county harvested in 1874
from three acres of Lucerne four years old fourteen tons
and 200 pounds of hay or 9400 pounds per acre
Mr Thomas Smith of Cherokee county produced on
one acre 104 bushels of corn
In Monroe county in 1879 137 bushels of oats are re
ported gathered from one acre by one farmer and 56
bushels of wheat by another
In Oconee county 106 bushels of oats from one acre
are reported
Similar instances of large yield might be given in great
er numbers but enough have been given to show the
capacity of the soils of Georgia to produce in the greatest
abundance every variety of food for neat cattle
StraDgers from regions in which grain and stock are the
principal market products are impressed with the absence
of sod fields forgetting that the rearing of stock is a sec
ondary consideration in all that portion of the South where
cotton is cultivated as the staple money crop
Wheat rye oats barley Indian corn rice all the
grasses and leguminous plants grown in other parts of the
Union besides others peculiar to the South the medicks
etc grow profitably in Georgia
Bermuda Grass the bane of cotton fields but a boon to
the stock farm makes a more impenetrable sod than the
famous blue grass and once well set will afford pasturage
inferior to none in nutritive qualities for an indefinite
period
Small Grain sown early in the fall affords pasturage
through the winter months or may be repeatedly cut andBH
52
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
186
to cattle during the late fall winter and early spring
months
Lucerne one of the most nutritious plants grown may
be cut from four to six times during one season and once
well set will last for thirty years and perhaps longer if
properly cared for Mr Peters has a few acres in Gordon
county that were planted 24 years ago from which he
harvests several crops every year
The FieldPea peculiarly a Southern forage plant grows
most luxuriantly on ordinary lands and affords a superior
provender for cattle
The Millets thrive well though not extensively culti
vated and give heavy yields of forage for soiling or hay for
winter The cattail millet has been culivated for half a
century in small patches for feeding green during sum
mer It can be cut several times during the summer
Sweet Potatoes another crop peculiar to the South yield
immense crops per acre when well cultivated on sandy or
sandy loam soils as high as 800 bushels per acre having
been reported to this Department
Forage Corn affords an immense harvest of excellent
provender at small cost
Natural Pasturage is relied upon by the majority of the
stockowners of Georgia and in many sections of the
State it affords an abundant subsistance for cattle during
the summer months Where the river and creek bottoms
are inclosed during the summer the grass and wild cane
which grows upon them afford good winter pasturage for
cattle Where such are accessible in middle and south
ern Georgia dry cattle often pass the winter in good condi
tion without being fed at all
Indeed the only difficulty in the way of profitable cattle
raising in Georgia rests with the people rather than with
the climate and resources of the State The climate is
milder in winter and not warmer in summer than that of
those sections of the Union in which cattle are reared in187
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
53
the largest number and of the best quality Expensive
barns are not needed and less provision is necessary as
regards food to carry cattle through the winter
The attention of the people has not been specially di
rected to stockraising and consequently the capacity of
the State for cattle production has not been properly tested
the rearing of cattle has been merely incidental to other
industries of the farm which have been considered more
important and profitable
Again the demand for the products of the pasture and
the dairy has not been such as to stimulate attention to
cattle or justify farmers in making special investment of
money with a view to production for market
There can be no question as to the profit of better at
tention to cattle in Georgia even if a domestic supply of
beef milk and butter is the only object but with the pres
ent means of transportation our mild winter climate may
be made available in supplying Northern markets with fresh
yellow butter made from fresh green food
The cattle of Georgia have enjoyed a most remarkable
immunity from disease of every kind an occasional case of
red water being the only serious malady with which they
are affected
CHAPTER VI
THE BEST BREED FOR GEORGIA
This question cannot be answered definitely for the
whole State or for two farms even in the same neighbor
hood without taking into consideration the circumstances
of soil probable attention to be bestowed and the object
had in view by the breeder The best breed for any par
ticular locality is that which under all the circumstances54
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
188
will pay the owner the highest profit on the investment in
money and labor
There are so many factors to be considered in answering
this inquiry so often made that the subject will be dis
cussed from the various standpoints of farmers of Georgia
surrounded by different circumstances of soil climate
proximity to markets etc
No farm is complete without its milch cows The ques
tion therefore is not whether cattle shall be kept on the
farm but what kind will pay best and how much atten
tion should be bestowed upon them The first question
to be considered is the use to be made of catde whether
they are to be bred for beef or for the dairy and if for the
dairy whether the produce is to be consumed in the form
of milk or butter
If milk is the object of the proprietor and especial atten
tion is to be given to providing suitable and abundant food
and proper care bestowed upon the cattle themselves with
a view to their improvement a thorough bred bull of one
of the milk breeds should be crossed upon well selected
native cows and upon their female offspring for several
generations Some will object to this plan of breeding
the bull to his own offspring but if they will read the his
tory of some of the most noted herds of this country and
England their prejudices in this regard will be weakened
if not removed This however will be more fully dis
cussed in the chapter on The Principles of Breeding
Of course each individual must mike his choice of breed
to suit his soil climate pasturage and the uses which he
proposes to make of them
If he proposes to raise thoroughbreds for sale then the
selection should be made of that breed which is most pop
ular and hence will meet with the most ready sale At
present the Jerseys are the most popular and fashionable
in Georgia189
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55
The Ayrshire Dutch and Short Horn of milking strain
make the best sources from which to cross the native cows
where large yield of milk is the object the Ayrshire for
any part of the State where a reasonable supply of prov
ender is accessible the Dutch or Short Horn where an
abundant pasturage can be had
The latter being large animals require a liberal bite of
grass or abundant feeding to give good results
The Devons and their grades answer a good purpose
where a combination of beef milk and butter is the object
of the breeder
If the sale of butter is the principal object the Jerseys
and their grades are unquestionably the most profitable
The thoroughbreds of all the breeds are too expensive to
be used purely for farm purposes where the sale of their
products other than thoroughbred offspring is relied upon
for the income When the sale of thoroughbreds how
ever is the principal object the sale of dairy products
proves a material auxiliary in defraying expenses
If little attention is to be given the cattle and no special
provision made for their support good native cattle will
probably prove more profitable than improved breeds and
may themselves be greatly improved by continual judicious
selection
If good attention however is to be bestowed upon the
cattle and liberal provision made for their support a cross
of a thoroughbred bull of the breed suited to the sur
roundings and objects of the breeder will materially im
prove the character of the offspring and increase the profits
derived from the sale of their products
Pertinacity in breeding is often more important than the
first selection of a breed if the farmer has a clear concep
tion of what he needs and will practice an intelligent and
judicious selection of breeding animals It is too often the
case that breeders cross their stock with such different breeds56
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
190
as happen to be most convenient regardless of the char
acter of cattle they need until the type of the offspring
becomes as uncertain as a lottery and their qualities as
various as the sources from which they were derived If an
intelligent breeder will determine definitely the character
of stock he needs and select the offspring of each genera
tion with reference to the use he intends to make of them
never using other than thoroughbred bulls he can in a few
years build up a herd equal for farm or dairy purposes to
the thoroughbreds and much less expensive
If beef production is the leading object in view two
questions must be carefully considered in the outset viz
Can sufficient pasturage be provided for rearing the young
cattle and fattening the beeves in summer and enough
grain and forage stored away each summer and fall to carry
the young cattle through the winter in good condition or
stallfeed the beeves if the markets demand winter or
spring beef
The difference in the price of beef in winter and in sum
mer will often justify the expense and trouble of fattening
the animals on grain in the winter or early spring Whether
this will pay or not must be decided by each farmer for
himself But little of this has thus far been done in the
South
If abundant pasturage can be had for summer and for
age for winter the next question to be considered is
whether the grazier shall rear his own cattle or purchase
them in a lean condition and fatten them on grain or grass
according to the circumstances which surround him Graz
iers rarely rear all of their cattle on account of the neces
sit of keeping a large number of cows and young cattle
constantly on hand in order to supply the desired number
of beeves annually191
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
57
CHAPTER VII
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OP BREEDING
On this subject there is much difference of opinion
among experienced breeders especially as to the propri
ety of what is usually called inandin breeding The follow
ing general principles are extracted from American Cattle
by Allen who is probably the best authority on the sub
ject in hand on this continent He gives the following
rules for the guidance of beginners in the selection of a
herd to start with They should have
1st Sound health and freedom from constitutional
hereditary chronic or local disease blemish or infirmity
of any kind And such sound health and freedom from
any kind of fixed disease should appertain to every young
animal which is to be retained for breeding purposes there
after
2d As much perfection of form as may be possible to
obtain in the breed bearing in mind the chief uses for
which the animals are intended
3d That they possess the strong and marked character
istics of their breed in the various points belonging to it
4th That if of a distinct breed the blood be thorough
ly pure and that purity be substantiated by well authen
ticated pedigrees through as many generations back as
can be ascertained
5th Good temper and a kindly docile disposition in
the animals so selected or reared for breeding or other
purposes
To carry out these rulesan enumeration of certain points
which all cattle of any breed should possess is necessary
among them are58
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192
1st A fine head small and clean
2d A broad full and deep chest giving room for well
developed and vigorous lungs to play
3d Good lengthbreadth and soundness of bodyroomy
and full from shoulder to hip with low flanks thus giving
room for abundant action of the viscera or bowels and
expansion of the foetus if a female
4th Straight back broad hips and good length of loin
5th Fineness of bone and smoothness in the carcass
generally
These general and we may say universal requisites are
to be considered no matter what breed is adopted or what
use is to be made of the cattle bearing in mind however
the peculiar points and characteristics of the particular
breed adopted
To the rules and their subdivisions here laid down
relating to the general figure of the animal are to be added
certain requisites to be supplied by the breeder and of
these may be named as indispensible
1st Abundance of proper food in the various seasons
as grass or its equivalent in spring summer and autumn
nutritious wellcured and prepared food in winter and
plenty of good water always
2d Regularity in feeding no overstuffing no scanti
ness of allowance but enough always without waste
3d Shelter always when needed according to tempera
ture of climate and atmosphere avoiding extreme cold
violent storms and excessive heats
4th Kindly treatment thus promoting docility in the
animal contentment of disposition and a fearless confi
dence in its keeperall promotive of quietude and thrift
Dumb beasts though they be they appreciate good treat
ment much beyond what is usually supposed and all
these are indispensable to the successful efforts for the im
provement or even retention of their good qualities193
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59
The cattlebreeder must study nature learn her laws and
direct his efforts at improvement in accordance with them
if he would attain success Of these laws none is more
inexorable in its demands for consideration at the hands of
the stockbreeder or more potent in deciding the question
of success or failure than that which pervades all animated
nature animal as well as vegetable viz Like begets
like Without this Agriculture in all its various depart
ments would be a deception and a snare and all nature
perpetually continue in a chaotic state With this princi
pie however as a guide the stockbreeder need only ex
ercise a sound judgment guided by a close and careful ob
servation to effect the most marked improvement in the
character and type of his stock
Whether the influence of this principle enures to the
benefit or injury of the herd will depend upon the skill of
the breeder in selecting and mating his breeding animals
so that good rather than bad qualities shall have promi
nence in the offspring
Each breeder must decide upon the object to be attained
in breeding cattle select the breed that suits his purposes
and adhere to fixed principles in improving and develop
ing the most profitable stock for his purposes
If his object be to sell thoroughbreds he must make a
selection of the breed or breeds that will command the
most ready sale and best suit the wants of his prospective
customers for if they do not suit the wants of his patrons
however fashionable they may be his success will be tem
porary and another who better understands the wants of
the people will take his place
In order to succeed in rearing thoroughbreds the breed
er must make judicious purchase of registered animals with
good ancestral records both as to pedigree and profitable
yield of the peculiar product for which they are bred
A proper nucleus being obtained good attention care60 A MANUAL ON CATTLE 194
ful selection and abundant foodwill be necessary to success
The breeder must thoroughly acquaint himself with the
general points of a good animal and especially with the
type of the breed he keeps
If his object be the sale of beef his selections must be
made for breeding purposes of those animals which expe
rience has taught are best adapted to his purpose and
provision must be made for an abundant supply of food
for the rapid and full development of his animals
The beefproducing breeds require full pastures or liberal
feeding without which success need not be expected
When beef is the object those animals must be selected
for breeding purposes which promise the largest develop
ment of the most salable parts combined with early ma
turity and capacity for liberal feeding
If milk or butter is the object selections for breeding pur
poses must be made of one of those breeds which is noted
for large yield of those products and young animals which
give promise of development into the dairy type must be
selected for propagating their species Selection how
ever must be made with good judgment in order that
good qualities may be not only propagated but increased
in the offspring The natural tendency of improved stock
to retrograde necessitates constant watchfulness on the
part of breeders to counteract this tendency by selecting
for breeders those bulls and heifers which both by their
arcestral record and by their own points promise to pro
pagate good qualities in their offspring It must be remem
bered that in their natural state cows give only enough
milk to sustain their young for a few months and that the
present excess of yield over the wants of the calf is the
result of domestication cultivation and selection Turn
them out to breed promiscuously among themselves cease
to stimulate milk production by abundant pastures liberal
feeding and thorough milking and deterioration com195
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
61
mences at once and will continue until the original normal
condition is reached This is illustrated in the cattle on
the range in southern Georgia where they are never milked
The yield of milk is only sufficient to sustain the calf and
with the exception of where improved bulls are occasion
ally introduced the quality of the stock deteriorates into
very inferior animals small slow to mature homely and
unprofitable Yet these cattle may be steadily and surely
improved by continued selection and good attention This
fact is shown by the good qualities of some of the cows
which receive good attention from their calfhood The
breeder who gives the best
ATTENTION TO CALVES
will usually be most successful in building up his herd and
maintaining it in an improved condition Animals that
are stunted in their growth when young rarely recover
entirely from its effects no matter what be the subsequent
care bestowed upon them They should be kept in a
growing condition from their birth and not at any time
winter nor summer stinted in food
Their future usefulness and profit will depend in a large
measure upon their treatment during calfhood
IMPROVED BULLS
The fact that like produces like is most forcibly illus
trated in the use of thoroughbred bulls upon our native
cows The thoroughbred having a fixed positive type and
the power from long breeding in a line of transmitting
his qualities to his offspring and the female being destitute
of any fixed power in this direction the prepotency of the
bull in such cases is most marked and the improvement
in a herd of native cows by the use of thoroughbred bulls
is rapid and satisfactory Indeed the halfbloods often
equal in appearance and utility the thoroughbreds but
PBBBBB
MB
62
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196
breeders should not be induced by their fine appearance to
rely upon them either for the improvement of their herds
or for sustaining improvements already made by the use
of thoroughbreds
The type of the sire while showing prominently in the
halfbreeds is not sufficiently fixed in them to enable them
to transmit their good qualities with any degree of cer
tainty Grade males therefore should not be used when
it is practicable to secure thoroughbreds If however
thoroughbreds can not be obtained the next best that can
be done is to use the best grade male that can be had
Small males should be coupled with large females when
crosses of different breeds are made If the Jerseys or
their grades are crossed with ShortHorns or their grades
the Jersey males should be used on the female Short Horn
and so with other breeds of different sizes the males of
the smaller on the females of the larger
If large males are bred to small females the drain upon
the system of the small female to sustain the foetus which
will naturally partake of the size of the sire will severely
tax her digestive organs Again the capacity of the
womb of the small female will not afford sufficient room
for the full development of the large foetus and deformity
may result
If such fcetus is carried to maturity in small dams the
risk of death of the dam or calf or of both is imminent In
one herd in which grade Ayrshire cows were crossed with
a Short Horn bull five cows died during parturition and
the calves had to be taken from others
When small males are crossed upon large females none
of these difficulties are experienced
The large feeding capacity of the dam enables her to
sustain without extraordinary tax the small fcetus she
has ample uteral capacity for its full development and no
difficulty is experienced in its delivery197
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
PAMPERING OBJECTIONABLE
While breeding animals should be kept in a thrifty con
dition from calfhood extraordinary feeding or pampering
is for many reasons objectionable The tendency of over
feeding is to induce constitutional weakness rather than
vigor and if carried to excess often produces disease es
pecially if not continually and uniformly practiced when
once begun
It is especially objectionable in milking breeds since
the tendency to fatproduction may be developed at the
expense of milkproduction
The temptation to overfeed even breeding stock when
intended for sale is almost irresistable and may not be
very objectionable in those intended exclusively for beef
production if the young cattle receive similar treatment at
the hands of purchasers In the case of beefbreeds the
high feeding would probably have the tendency to develop
the beefproducing capacity of the breed Liberal feeding
has been practiced by many of the most celebrated breed
ers from Bakewell down to the present day but pamper
ing is seldom practiced by skillful breeders Observation
teaches that heifers and cows which are overfed are not
only less certain to breed than those kept in a goodthrifty
condition but that the calves from overfatted dams are
smaller and less fully developed than from those in only
good condition
The opposite extreme however is even more objection
able Cows should be in good condition when they bear
calves If they are very poor at parturition they will
neither bring good calves nor afford a profitable yield of
milk
CROSS BREEDING
Or the coupling of two thoroughbreds of different distinct
breeds seldom gives satisfactory results since both sides64
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
198
having the power of transmitting accurately their peculiar
type or both being positive in character the type of neither
parent is correctly represented in the offspring but an un
certain blending of the two The first cross sometimes
gives good animals but deterioration is rapid thereafter
It is generally better to cross thoroughbred bulls upon
good common cows and then if a mingling of pure blood
is desired make a second cross of the desired blood upon
the grades resulting from the first cross
Thoroughbred heifers of great value should be bred
from the first to bulls of the same breed since the first
male with whom they have connection may materially af
fect the character of their offspring by other bulls There
are very striking instances of this influence on record of
which a few will be mentioned
Alexander Harvey physician and lecturer in the Royal
Infirmary at Aberdeen Scotland in a pamphlet On a
Remarkable Effect of CrossBreeding gives some striking
illustrations of this fact from which only two will be given
A pure Aberdeenshire heifer was served with a pure
Teeswater bull by which she had a firstcross calf The
following season the same cow was served with a pure
Aberdeenshire bull the produce was a cross calf which
when two years old had very long horns the parents being
both polled Again a pure Aberdeenshire cow was served
in 1845 with a cross bull that is to say an animal pro
duced between a firstcross cow and a pure Teeswater bull
To this bull she had a cross calf Next season she was
served with a pure Aberdeenshire bull the produce was
quite a cross in shape and color The same author men
tions similar instances which occurred with mares sows
dogs pigs and sheep These facts are mentioned in order
that the owners of thoroughbred heifers of great value
from which they wish to breed thoroughbred animals of
their kind may avoid similar mistakes199
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65
INANDIN BREEDING
On this subject Allen says This mode of breeding to
obtain certain results has been practiced with all domestic
animalsamong quadrupeds from the horse down to the
rabbitand with the feathered tribes through all their va
rieties from the swan to the canary bird Such is the fact
and in support of it numerous instances might be named
in breeding other animals than cattle which are not now
necessary to notice as we state the principle on which the
practice has been adopted and the successful results which
have followed it
The most noted breeders in this country and Europe
have practiced close inandin breeding with the most sat
isfactory results only going out of their own herds at long
intervals for bulls Allen says Bakewell did so with
his Long Horns through his whole course of cattle breed
ing going only twice out of his own herd for a fresh bull and
then into the same family blood at the distance of a few
counties away and no breeder of his time had better if as
good cattle of the kind as he Price a noted breeder of
Herefords thirty years agono better in Englandassert
ed that he had not gone out out of his own herd for a bull
for forty years and at his final sale when he gave up breed
ing his cattle brought the highest pricesfor Herefords
that had been known The two brothers Colling began
breeding Short Horns from the best cattle they could
obtain from other breeders about the year 1780 They
soon got the bull Hubback a thoroughbred of their own
breed and although they retained him only three years
they bred pertinaciously from his blood until the year
1810thirty yearsexcepting only in Charles Ceilings
alloy family of the Galloway cross Charles in that
year sold out his stock at the highest prices ever known
His brother Robert so bred his stockno alloy about
themuntil 1818thirtyeight yearswhen he sold out
566
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200
at prices larger than any other Short Horn herd would sell
for at the time
Their stock stood in the very highest repute and no
men had bred so intensely inandin by every possible in
termixture as they adhering to their old blood to the last
Charles in some instances bred his bull Favorite to
his own dam and sister and granddaughters and so down
for four or five generations
So also bred Mr Bates who bought his first Duchess
deeply bred inandin of Charles Colling in the year 1804
He bred her and her near relations together all closely
allied in blood and never went out of his own herd for a
bull with any success as he frequently asserted until the
year 1831 when he obtained the bull Belvedere of the
same blood in another herd He also introduced into his
herd the Matchem cow an animal showing excellent
points of character a stranger to his own stock but which
he contended had a backcross of his favorite blood in her
and thus possessing good quality with which to reinvigor
ate the energies of his deeply inandin bred stock He
crossed his best bulls on that cow and then interbred her
produce with others of his old blood and adhered to that
blood thus crossed and still further interbred for the re
mainder of his life Mr Bates died in 1849 and for more
than fifty years was a Short Horn breeder
So also bred the Booth brothers John and Richard
long time breeders of great celebrity and their stock still
remains in high repute both in England and America
They bred deeply inandin So did the Wetherells
Mason Wright Trotter Charge Earl Spencer Sir Charles
Knightley and other noted breeders of their day although
we know less of their particular breeding only as we trace
them through the early herdbooks than of the Collings
and Bates All these herds were of high reputation and
their blood passing since through the hands of other201
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67
breeders is now widely by importation scattered over the
United States and the Canadas Every improved
race of cattle in Britain has been more or less so inand
inbred Devons Herefords Long Horns Ayrshires High
landers Galloways Alderneys and the famous Dutch
cows of Holland It was indispensible so to do to con
centrate their good qualities until a standard of excellence
had been attained from which the breeders could strike
out into more divergent blood
Thus the fact that inandin breeding of itself having
a tendency to deteriorate the quality of the produce is
shown to be fallacious so far as those breeders were con
cerned the manner of doing so is quite another thing
Interbreeding in such close relation is a nicepossibly a
hazardousthing and can only be practiced by experienced
men who are good physiologists have a just appreciation
of both the good and indifferent qualities which their cattle
possess and the knowledge how to couple them together
to produce favorable results The great merits and object
claimed for inandin breeding is the concentration of good
blood in the animal so bred enabling him or her to trans
mit that blood strongly not only in the herd where they
originated but in other herds to which they may be re
moved We do not in fact believe that many who object
to the socalled inandin practice of breeding really ap
preciate their own course of practice while they are con
stantly pursuing that which they condemn
Those who practice inandin breeding should bear con
stantly in mind the fact that while it is the most expeditious
method of intensifying good points bad qualities are also
propagated and intensified by the same practice and hence
unless the utmost care is exercised in the selection of ani
mals near of kin to be coupled together constitutional
defects will be intensified to the serious injury of the herd
It must be remembered also that bad qualities thus
intensified are not easily removed by subsequent breeding68
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202
To illustrate If a male and female of very close kin
each having the same defect are coupled together the
tendency of both being to transmit this particular quality
it will be materially increased in the produce
If the defect is an external one which may be readily
seen it may be avoided in the selection of animals to be
coupled but if the defect is in the heart or lungs such
organic defects may be seriously intensified before they
are discovered
Once established by such breeding it is no easy matter
to ever eradicate them even with the most careful selection
made by the best and most experienced judge of cattle
Hence while inandin breeding is perhaps the surest
means of rapidly improving a given herd under careful
selection by an experienced breeder it is by no means a
safe but is even a hazardous practice for beginners or the
inexperienced
The principles to be observed in breeding under any
other circumstances apply to inandin breeding but their
application in the latter case requires more accurate knowl
edge of the subject and much greater skill in selecting
breeding animals
If it is desired to propagate any particular good quality
the male and female to be coupled should possess this
quality well developed and if it is desired to rapidly
intensify it in the produce animals closely related and pos
sessing the desired quality should be selected Care
however should be used to avoid in such selection ani
mals having bad qualifies highly developed since the
principle that like begets like applies as well to the
transmission of bad as of good qualities
The first thing to be considered in the selection of breed
ing animals is soundness of constitution without which
no animal whether male or female should be allowed to
propagate its kind The next in importance is the form203
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
69
and peculiar points characteristic of the particular breed
in use
In ordinary breeding it is of great importance that the
animals selected for breeding purposes shall have good
qualities well developed and be as free as possible from
defects This is important in the females as they exert
probably an equal influence with the male upon their indi
vidual offspring but the character of the bull is of greater
importance than that of the cow in proportion to the num
ber of cows served by him To illustrate A cow can
affect the character of only one calf a year while a bull
may stamp his characteristics upon an hundred in a single
year if his resources are properly husbanded and judi
ciously directed One perfect service by a vigorous bull
is as effectual as a dozen and often more so
Now if the bull has any organic defect he is liable to
transmit it to each one of his produce and if subsequently
coupled with his own offspring the defect will be intensi
fied by transmission from both dam and sire The necessity
for the utmost care in the selection of the bull when in
andin breeding is practiced will therefore be readily
understood
The prejudice which exists in the minds of many persons
against what they call incestuous breeding is based largely
upon their preconceived ideas in regard to the intermar
riage of close blood relations in our own species There
is little analogy however in this regard between man and
other animals There is no such thing as incest in the
brute creation They have no family affections or sym
pathies no permanent likes or dislikes after the mother
has weaned her young and it has become able to provide
for itself The female when in heat freely receives the
male comely or uncomely no matter what if of her own
kind and the male with the same ungovernable pro
pensity seeks his gratification with her Blood relation70
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
204
among themselves amounts to nothing even if they had
the capacity to think of it which they have not The
indulgence of their lust is the sole object of their desire
and that is effected regardless of consequences
The conclusions therefore are
1 There is nothing wrong or improper in inandin
breeding among stock
2 It is a dangerous practice except in the hands of ex
perienced and skillful breeders
3 It has been in such hands a most potent agency in
building up the best breeds of cattle now known
4 It is the most expeditious method of establishing in
any given breed a desired type under judicious selection
of breeding animals
5 Promiscuous inandin breeding without the most
careful and skillful selection of both sire and dam will
result in degeneration both in form and constitution
CHAPTER VIII
GRADING UP NATIVES
Before discussing the subject it is important to under
stand exactly what is meant by the term native
In the ordinary meaning of the term there are of course
no native cattle in America since previous to its discovery
by the Caucasian race there were no cattle on this con
tinent
All cattle which not only do not belong to any distinct
breed but cannot be traced to any such breed are classed
by way of distinction as natives Thus understood
there is no impropriety in the use of the term native to
designate the common cattle of the country They con205
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
71
stitute a large majority of the cattle of this country and
among them we often find individual specimens of marked
excellence
They must form the basis of improvement in our herds
whether that improvement be made by the slow process
of selecting the best specimens of the natives male and
female for breeding purposes or whether purebred bulls
be used upon native cows
The natives having no fixed hereditary type cannot be
relied upon to perpetuate their good qualities in their off
spring but having strong constitutions the native cows
afford an admirable basis upon which to build by the use
of thoroughbred bulls of those breeds which are suited to
our climate and pasturage
The farmer who proposes to grade up his stock should
first consider well which one of the pure breeds will best
suit his purposes and after once making his selection
adhere to that particular breed using only thoroughbred
bulls on both native and grade cows There are cases in
which it is advantageous to cross the grades with a new
breed to accomplish a particular end as for instance the
cross of a Jersey bull upon grade Ayrshire or Short Horn
cows that are very deep milkers with a view to an increase
in the production of butter but as a general rule it is
better to adhere to one breed and grade up to a high
standard combining the constitution of the native with the
hereditary good qualities of the pure breed
The thoroughbred to be employed will depend of course
upon the use that is to be made of the cattle This each
breeder must determine according to his surroundings and
proximity to market In any event however he must
determine to give good attention to his stock since the
use of thoroughbred bulls alone without abundant food
and good attention will not secure the full benefit of the
cross72
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206
Good attention and abundant food are indispensable
requisites to improvement in stock and not only this for
without them deterioration is inevitable
With the exception of those sections in which cattle are
turned out on the range the production of milk and
butter is the leading object of the owners of cattle in
Georgia and hence in the selection of bulls with which
to grade up the natives choice will generally be made
from either the Jersey or Ayrshirethe former if the sale
of butter is the object and especial care is to be taken with
the stock the latter if quantity of milk is the object and
reasonable care given
The Short Horn of milking strain will meet the latter
requirements in those sections of the State where the
grasses are cultivated and abundant pasturage is available
but are not suited to Georgia generally at present on
account of deficient pasturage The Short Horns require
on account of their size more liberal feeding than the
smaller breeds
If combination animals are sought the Devon cross will
probably give satisfactory results
Whether resort is had to pure breeds or not heifers for
breeding purposes should be selected with reference to
future usefulness for the purpose for which they are bred
If intended for milch cows then those having the charac
teristic form and other marks indicative of future useful
ness at the pail should be selected If intended for beef
or for rearing beef animals then those giving promise of
the greater development of flesh at the least cost are to
be selected There is generaly too little attention paid
to the selection of breeding animals with direct reference
to the use to be made of them207
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73
CHAPTER IX
MANAGEMENT OF CALVESSELECTION OF HEIFERS
AND BULLS
Every true breeder appreciates the importance of proper
attention to calves and the influence of early treatment
upon their future usefulness unfortunately however
calves receive but little attention at the hands of the ma
jority of our farmers and too often become seriously
stunted in their growth by neglectful treatment and insuffi
cient food while they are young preventing full develop
ment and usefulness whether they are intended to supply
the dairy or the shambles
Few exercise any control over the time at which their
cows drop their calves allowing the bull constant com
panionship with the cows and consequently having them
coming in at all seasons of the year regardless of their
own convenience and profit or the usefulness of the cow
or the offspring
There are various considerations which should control
the owner of cattle in determining the time at which his
calves should be dropped the chief among which is the
use to be made of both dam and calf
If the rearing of stock for beef or sale as thoroughbreds
or for the dairy is the object chiefly had in view the spring
is beyond question the best time under ordinary circum
stances to have calves dropped for the following obvious
reasons
1 If they are dropped in spring after the grass has put
forth the cows having succulent green food afford an
abundant supply of milk to give the calves a good start
off and as soon as old enough they have the advantage of74
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208
tender pasturagenatural food upon which they will con
tinue to thrive and be in good condition to withstand the
winter The cows being in a healthy thriving condition
will naturally impart health and thrift to their offspring
It is important however that the cows be kept in good
condition during the winter preceding their parturition
that the foetus may be fully developed If cows are allowed
to become very poor during winter as is too often the case
on our farms the foetus will be dwarfed and enfeebled by
the defective nutrition derived from the dam
2 The cost of keeping both cow and calf will be less
when both have the run of pastures than if required to
be fed as they would be if the calves are dropped in the
fall If dropped in summer the calves go into winter
quarters so young that their growth will receive a serious
check during the winter unless more care is given them
than is usually bestowed in Georgia
A young animal never entirely recovers from the effects
of such severe check to its growth as calves usually receive
from neglect and insufficient food during winter
Good shelters and abundant food are even in our mild
winters necessary for young calves to prevent serious and
irreparable injury resulting from a check in their growth
from the want of these
Green food in the form of pastures of rye barley or
oats should invariably be supplied for calves passing their
first winter This may be done in any part of Georgia by
sowing the small grain early in the fall Dry food how
ever sweet will not answer so well for them as green pas
tures
REARING BY HAND
Since this method requires much care and personal
attention it is not likely to be adopted generally in Geor
gia but for the benefit of those who are willing to take
the necessary trouble detailed instructions are given em2G9
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
75
bracing the practice of the best and most successful breed
ers The most approved plan is to allow the calf to fill
itself once by sucking its mother and then remove it if
possible so far from its dam that she cannot hear its bleat
ings When it has become quite hungry teach it to drink
the warm milk freshly drawn from its mother as follows
Back the calf into a corner place itshead between the
knees with a pail of warm milk in front Moisten the
finger in the warm milk and induce the calf to suck it
pressing the head down at the same time and immersing
the finger in the milk The calf continuing to suck will
draw the milk from the pail and if the finger is gradually
withdrawn will learn to drink This done no further
trouble will be experienced
Mr Frank White an eminently practical and successful
farmer of Hancock county Georgia wrote in the May
number of Southern Enterprise 1879 as follows
Management of the CalvesWhen the calves are
dropped I let them remain with their mothers until dry
and allow them to fill themselves once with milk Then
I remove them from the cow so that they can neither see
nor hear each other In about twelve hours or as soon
as the calf gets hungry I have the cow milked and carry
the warm milk to the calf First get it to draw the finger
and while doing so hold the finger in the milk or for the
first time feed with a spoon as he draws the finger
It only requires a day or two to teach them to drink
from the bucket I feed them their mothers milk for five
or six days and then give them skimmed milk that is not
sour prepared as follows Take a tablespoonful of sifted
meal and pour over one quart of boiling water and add sweet
skimmed milk until the mixture is milkwarm I feed this
for four or five weeks and then give sour milk or clabber
but always scalding the meal with boiling water adding
more meal as the calf gets older76
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210
I have never lost a calf under this treatment and raise
them much finer than by the old method of letting them
suck their mothers Besides they all soon become pets
and run for the boy who feeds them whenever they see
him with a bucket in his hand It is better also for the
cows They give more milk which is all saved for use
and they are more quiet and much less trouble to manage
The calves too being handled while young make gentle
good cows
When the calves are weaned from the bucket the pre
caution must be used to have either good tender grass to
turn them on or have green succulent food to give them
that they may not be checked in their growth
The advantages of this method of rearing calves if
proper attention is given them are very great and the
trouble is no more than that accompanying the old plan
of allowing them to suck their mothers while both the
calves and the mothers do better under the former plan
Apart from the relief from the annoyance of having
the calf to nurse its mother at each milking the increased
yield of milk for dairy purposes is ample compensation
for the trouble and expense of feeding the calf
Besides heifers raised by hand make better milkers on
account of the docility acquired by being handled while
young All who have had much experience with milch cows
appreciate the importance of having them gentle when
they come to the pail There is no other plan by which
this can be more surely accomplished than by rearing by
hand or from the pail
In a large part of Georgia especially in the wiregrass
and mountain region this plan is of course impractica
ble since there the calves run with their mothers on the
range where they are seldom even seen by their owners
and the calves allowed to take all the milk
If proper provision is made for wintering the cows and211
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77
calves if good warm shelters are provided sufficient to
protect them from cold rains and winds and a liberal area
sown in small grain to supply green pastures or green cut
food during the late fall winter and early spring taking the
mildness of our climate into consideration calves dropped
in the fall may be made to do quite as well as those dropped
in the spring This however will necessitate better pro
vision for them and more attention than is generally made
or bestowed in Georgia
If however farmers will provide suitable shelter and
abundant winter pastures so that the calves may go upon
grass in the spring in good thrifty condition there is no
reason why a large proportion of the calves may not be
dropped in the fall
Besides this the price of dairy products being higher
in winter than summer if pastures are provided for the
cows also the annual profits of the dairy may be materially
increased by having the most of the cows come in during
the fall This branch of the subject will be more fully
discussed in the chapter on the Dairy
SELECTING BULL CALVES
When the fact that the bull impresses his peculiar char
acteristics upon such a large number of calves is consid
ered the importance of selecting the best specimens for
the purpose of propagating their kind will be appreciated
While not even the most experienced and practiced eye
can foresee what will be the development of any particu
lar calf some idea may be formed however of the char
acter of the future bull from that of the calf
The selection should be controlled by the use to be
made of the offspring of the animal
If the bull is to be used in a dairy herd selection should
be made of a calf from a line of cows having a good
milk record It will not be enough that his immediate dam78
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
212
shall have been remarkable for milk production since that
may have been accidental but it must have been a fixed
characteristic of his female ancestry and he will be the
more certain to give satisfaction if his sire was noted for
getting good dairy stock The calf himself should not
have the heavy points peculiar to his sex too prominently
developed but should have evidences of a strong consti
tution and good digestive organs
After the selection is made such attention should be
given as will insure continuous thrifty growth without
overfeeding or pampering
If beefproduction is the leading object had in view a
different type of calf should be selected giving promise
of greater size more muscular development and a greater
tendency to take on flesh Constitutional vigor is a neces
sary requisite in any animal selected for the purpose of
propagating its species no matter to what use its offspring
are to be devoted
As has been already remarked selection may improve
the common cattle but there is no certainty of the trans
mission of their good qualities Without selection any
herd no matter how carefully it has been bred in the past
will rapidly deteriorate
CHAPTER X
MANAGEMENT OF MILCH COWSTHE RELATION OP
THE COW TO CIVILIZATION
Like the Irish cottagers pig the cow is almost a mem
ber of the family so close is her relation to their daily
support and her usefulness will be proportionate to the
care kindness and intelligent attention bestowed upon
her There is no other animal which contributes in so213
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
79
many and in such important respects to the comfort and
happiness of man Cattle contribute in more ways to
production consumption and manufactures than any other
domestic animal
Oxen contribute their labor to mans assistance and
when too old to serve in this capacity they are still as val
uable as ever if made fat to contribute their flesh for
food and other products to manufactures Cattle contrib
ute to mans use beef butter cheese milk in various forms
and tallow their hides converted into leather shoe the
human race their horns are largely used in manufactures
and with the hoofs furnish an inferior source of nitrogen
their bones furnish to commerce phosphoric acid and
nitrogen the dried blood from the slaughterhouses fur
nishes an important source of nitrogen to the manufacturers
of commercial fertilizers their hair is used in the manu
facture of some coarse fabrics and by plasterers to incre se
the cohesive power of their mortar Every farmer fully
appreciates the value of their manure indeed in some of
the countries of Europe the graziers and feeders of beet
cattle consider the manure from their fat cattle a reasona
ble compensation for the expense and trouble of feeding
Much of the gelatine of commerce is made from the hides
and feet of cattle and especially from those of calves
It will be seen therefore that no other animal yields so
many or such valuable contributions to the necessities and
comforts of the human family
This being true it is not unreasonable to demand for
cattle generally such care and attention as will increase
their power of contributing to mans wants Such care
though prompted by the plainest dictates of selfinterest
is seldom bestowed by the Southern farmer It is even
rare that the
milch cow
receives such attention as to secure her maximum useful
ness notwithstanding the fact that she reminds her owner
80
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214
of her wants as well as of her usefulness by her daily
contributions to his table
If this chapter shall induce the owners of cows in Geor
gia to bestow better attention upon these useful animals
its object will have been accomplished the farmers of the
State will enjoy increased comfort pleasure and profit
the Commonwealth will have better and happier citizens
and will receive through increased revenue from the en
hanced value of live stock more than enough annually to
pay the cost of this Manual There are about 300000
milch cows in Georgia By judicious selection good feed
ing and proper care an average increase of one quart in
the daily yield of milk per cow may be effected beyond all
question and in many instances an increase of four quarts
will result An increase however of one quart per day
for four months would be 120 quarts per cow per annum
or 30 gallons per cow each year For the 300000 cows
this would give an increase of 9000000 gallons which at
an average price of ten cents per gallon it retails in
Atlanta at 40 cents per gallon would give an aggregate
increase in the value of the milk product of the State of
90000000 a year or 300 per cow
There are in the State about 500000 cattle other than
milch cows whose value would be increased by better
care at a very low estimate 100 per head or in the
aggregate 500000 These are low estimates easily real
ized and yet they figure up for the State nearly a million
and ahalf dollars It is safe to say that with proper care
the additional manure saved would be worth to the State
100000
Every one who has observed such matters at all has
noticed the superiority of the cows about the villages and
cities over those of the country owing mainly to the
better attention given them
The same difference is seen in the country on adjacent
farms with equal facilities for rearing stock the difference215
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
81
in results and profits being entirely due to better attention
on one than on the other to selection food shelter and
general care of the cows
The questions of breed and breeding having been dis
cussed in other chapters they will be introduced here only
so far as may be necessary to elucidate the subject in hand
The discussion too will be applicable only to such cows
as are bred and kept for their milk and not to those that
are kept solely for the purpose of rearing calves as is the
case on the range in Southern Georgia
ON THE SELECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HEIFER CALVES
Will depend in a considerable degree the success with
dairy cows Although native or low grade cattle have
not the power of transmitting with certainty their good
qualities other things being equal it is well to give pref
erence to calves out of the best milkers though attention
should be given to form and other peculiarities which give
promise of usefulness at the pail Among these are the
color of the skin breadth of hips taper of neck and head
large stomach development of the escutcheon or
milk mirror discussed in another chapter and general
feminine appearance as distinguished from masculine and
beefy characteristics
Those which make the most rapid growth and take on
flesh most kindly are not necessarily the ones to be selected
as the future milch cows but on the contrary unless pos
sessing other indications of future usefulness at the pail
are to be rejected Other things being equal cows of
gentle quiet disposition give best results at the pail and
hence calves should be subjected to gentle and kind treat
ment while young and where practicable accustomed to
the halter while young and easily managed
They should be kept in a thrifty growing condition
without pampering on the one hand or neglect on the82
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
216
other If pampered there is risk of impairing their
health while neget and the resulting check in growth
will reduce the size of the animal delay breeding and
thus postpone the commencement of their usefulness and
diminish the profit derived from them
The age at which they should be allowed to breed will depend
upon the breed the use to be made of themsome breeds
being habitually more precocious than othersand upon
the keep and thrift of the individual As a general prin
ciple if the owner has no preference as to the season of
the year in which the calves are to be dropped it is well
to let natural causes control the time at which heifers will
commence to breed provided they have abundant food
and good attention both during the period of gestation
and while rearing the first calf Under natural circum
stances they will seldom commence to breed too early for
their own proper development or the profit of their own
ers
Early breeding is desirable if the heifers are so well fed
or have access to such pasturage as will prevent a serious
check to their growth since the early exercise of their
milkproducing powers while yet growing will more fully
develop these powers and establish the habit while still
impressible
Nature indicates by the desire for the male on the part
of heifers the earliest period at which they can commence
to breed If milk is the object in view this impulse need
not be restrained except to control the time of parturition
THE AVERAGE PERIOD OF GESTATION 281 DAYS
This varies with individuals but calculations should be
based on the average and the male admitted as nearly as
the natural periods of desire which occur about every
twentyone days will admit that length of time before it
is desired to have the calf dropped1217J
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
83
One or two connections with the male will be as effectual
as more if the cow is removed from the annoyance of
other cattle until her passion passes off
Our native cattle that are well treated and supplied with
abundant food from calfhood will usually if left to their
natural instincts drop calves when from two to three years
of age The Jerseys unless restrained usually bear at a
much earlier age than any other breed many of them
dropping calves at the age of 15 to IS months In South
ern Georgia where cattle use upon the range without
attention they usually do not commence to breed until
more than two years of age and often not until they are
three or more years old If beef animals are to be reared
heifers should be well grown before commencing to breed
but there are several material advantages in having those
intended for the dairy commence breeding iurly The
heifer that commences to breed very young hao her milk
producing faculties more fully developed than one that
does not commence until her growth is fully attained One
that drops a calf at two years old commences one year
earlier to return pre fits to her owner than one that drops
one at three years of age reaches the period of greatest
usefulness earlier will usually other things being equal
make a more docile and profitable cow and as far as ob
servation goes continue profitable at the pail to an equally
advanced age
TREATMENT BEFORE CALVING
No special attention is necessary during pregnancy ex
cept to keep the cow in a healthy thrifty condition until a
week or two previous to calving when stimulating food
should be withheld for a week or two previous to the time
when the record if one is kept shows the calf is due If
no record of the date of service by the male has been kept
the springing of the udder will indicate the approach of84
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
218
parturition If there is such an accumulation of m k in
the udder before calving as to cause risk of fever or garget
a sufficient quantity of milk should be drawn daily to le
lieve the distention and remove all danger of inflammation
or caking of the udder There is a very general impres
sion that drawing the milk before calving causes serious in
jury to the calf since the first milk is correctly supposed
to have medicinal properties beneficial to the calf Expe
rience however of the best and most careful breeders has
demonstrated that no injury results to the calf from such a
course while the safety of the cow especially if a deep
milkeroften demands it Besides all of the milk is not taken
at any one time before calving so that the calf is in fact
not deprived of the benefits of the first milk If cows are
properly fed before calving on food moderately laxative or
have the run of pasture not one in a thousand will expe
rience any difficulty in calving Heifers with their first
calf are more liable to be troubled with caked bag or gar
get than older cows and deep mikers are more subject to
it than poor ones
Close attention however should be given to all cows
or a few days before and after calving but there should be
no interference with nature unless absolutely necessary
and then natures process should be aided not forced
Drawing a portion of the milk hefore calving will usually
prevent all danger of injury to the bag The milk how
ever will not always flow though the udder is distended
and hard In speaking of such cases Allen says A
washing of salt and water weak soapsuds or bath
ing in water alone is good An ointment of camphor
mixed with cream or hogs lard or fresh butter may be
used well rubbed in by hand all over the udder and teats
These failing a sack or woolen clothpart of an old blank
et or carpetmay be made large enougi to enclose the
udder and forward along the belly and in rear up inlo the219
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
85
twist secured by strapping it over her back This sack
should then be kept thoroughly saturated with mildly
warm water which may quite relieve her difficulty when
the washes and ointments fail
Mr Peters uses in such cases hogs lard and arnica He
says in Southern Enterprise Melt the lard and pour
in the arnica equal quantities of eachrub the cows bag
with this three times a day He has used this repeatedly
with most satisfactory results If cows are properly man
aged before calving however they will usually pass
through parturition safely and without assistance from the
keeper When the calf is dropped the dam should be al
lowed to follow her natural instincts and lick it dry This
removes the slimy coatings and her breath warms thnew
comer who is soon able to stand and find the teat which
it does instinctively A soon as the calf has sucked all it
needs the udder of the cow should be milked to empti
ness A warm bran mash diluted with bloodwarm water so
that it may be drank should be given at the first milking
and if the cow appears much weakened by the trying or
deal through which she has passed this may be repeated
for several days until she gives evidence of restored
strength The udder should be entirely emptied twice a
day and as soon as all fever has subsided the quantity of
food should be increased or free access to pasture allowed
If the placenta is voided promptly as it will usually be by
a healthy cow it should be immediately removed and
buried If a portion of it remains hanging in the vulva
as it will often do in cows in low condition no violence
should be used in removing it but a laxative drink such as
boiled flaxseed salts or meal gruel should be given Only
in exceptional cases however will more than ordinary pru
dence and care be necessary The quantity and strength
of the food given should be gradually increased using care
never to give more than will be consumed with a relish If86
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
220
given in excess the appetite will be cloyed and a reduction
in the flow of milk if not sickness result
Animals like men prefer a varied diet and thrive better
on a variety of food even if not so rich than upon the
same rations day after day A cow turned into a pasture
in which there is variety will not confine herself to any
one plant but will partake of the grasses clover and
weeds apparently with equal relish and will consume
much more in consequence of the variety In the spring
when vegetation is very succulent a little corn meal and
wheat bran one part by measure of the former to two of
the latter given twice daily will conduce to both health
and profit
Gentle treatment of milch cows is of much greater im
portance than is generally understood by owners of cattle
Cows should never be struck nor scolded while being
milked A full flow of healthy milk need not be expected
from cows that are excited to fear by ill treatment The
utmost gentleness kindness and quiet should be exercised
by the milkers
Punctuality as to the time of feeding and milking is also
important Cows acquire habits and become restless if
not fed or milked at the hour at which they expect it
Quiet contentment and regularity of habit ire necessary to
secure the maximum yield of either beef or milk
Thorough milking is another essential to success in dairy
ing It will be in vain to secure fine stock and feed liber
ally if the milking is not thoroughly and regularly done
Milk left in the udder will either be re absorbed or be
come caked and injure the bag In either case a reduction
in the flow of milk results In all cases where cows are
driven to the lot to be milked each should have her stall
under a shelter close overhead but well ventilated at the
sides A little meal and bran should be placed in a tub or
trough in each stall before the cows are turned in Each

221
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
87
cow will soon learn to go quietly to her stall where she
should be at once secured by a rope or stanchel The ra
tions of meal will not only induce the cows to go willingly
to their stalls but will increase the flow improve the qual
ity of the milk and prevent scouring so common when
cattle feed entirely upon grass
Cleanliness both in the management of the cows and
in milking should be scrupulously observed The stalls
should be kept clean and free from all offensive odors and
the milker should be provided with water and a cloth with
which to thoroughly cleanse the udder and teats before
milking No matter what ones fondness for milk his
stomach would naturally revolt against drinking that
drawn from a cow whose sides are caked with manure or
whose escutcheon is coated with ticks and yet how often
do we see cows in one or the other condition
The treatment of milk subsequent to drawing from the
udder will be noticed under the chapter on Milking and
Management of the Milk Young cows with their first
calves require especial attention They are then in a form
ative stage so far as the development of their milkpro
ducing capacity is concerned and should receive that treat
ment which will best conduce to such development They
should be well fed thoroughly milked kindly and gently
handled and kept at the pail as long as practicable to ac
quire proper habits If they have been accustomed to the
halter from calfhood there will be but little difficulty
either in their management or in establishing such habits
as will render them useful animals during the remainder of
their lives
A mistake very common in the South is keeping more
cows than can be properly cared for Cattle poorly fed
and cared for are seldom profitable while there is no ani
mal which gives a more profitable return for food and at
tention than a good cowBHB
BHH

88 A MANUAL ON CATTLE 222
The following schedule of values graded according to
the yiekTof milk will be suggestive to those farmers who
keep large herds of inferior cattle If cows are kept for
their milk and valued solely on account of their yield in
this respect one that yields one gallon of milk daily is worth
about 1000 less than her value as beef when fat if of or
dinary size One that will yield two gallons daily will be
worth 2000 three gallons 4500 four gallons 75000
five gallons 12000 and six gallons 20000 This may
seem at the first glance somewhat arbitrary but when re
duced to a calculation will be found to be based on sound
reason It will require the same outlay for food the same
attention and the same houseroom for the cow whose
capacity is one galon as for one yielding six gallons per
day The one gallon cow will not pay for her food and
attention unless she runs on the commons during summer
andin the swamp in winter If one gallon is the limit of
her milking capacity extra feeding will only improve her
condition as a beef animal and the sooner she is con
verted intoabeef the better for her owner Ordinarily one
good cow well fed and cared for will not only prove
moreprofitable to her owner than three inferior ones poorly
fed andcared for but yield as much milk in quantity
and of far better quality
FEEDING THE COWS
A milch cow shouldbe regarded as a complicated piece
of animated machinery peculiarly adapted for supplying
food for man and dependent upon him to a large extent
for the food necessary to insure her maximum usefulness
It should be remembered that the cow in her natural state
yields only enough milk to supply the calf and that for
only a few months until its stomach is prepared to digest
the natural food of adult cattle The large yield of milk
gotten from cows is due to the effects of domestication223j
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
89
care and selection The modern cow is in an abnormal con
dition produced by mans skill from which there is a con
stant tendency to return or deteriorate to the normal state
To maintain therefore the vantage ground now occupied
the exercise of the same skill that has been used in the im
provement must be exercised in its perpetuation The
best herd in America turned out on the commons to eke
out a bare livelihood will rapidly degenerate into mere
scrubs inferior to the common native cattle of the country
which have more vigorous constitutions and are better able
from habit to endure neglect
The fact that both the quantity and quality of milk are
influenced by the abundance and character of the food con
sumed by cows is well known to every one who has ever
owned a cow but very few make the most profitable use
of such information
Numerous instances have been brought to the notice of
the writer in which the owners of valuable cows desirous
of rapidly increasing the flow and improving the quality of
the milk have defeated their object and injured their cows
by ignorance of the character of their stomachs
The cow has our stomachs The first and largest the
rumen or paunch into which the food is deposited
when first swallowed with very little mastication is the
largest and occupies the larger portion of the abdominal
cavity The food after passing through this cavity and
into the reticulum or second stomach remains until the
animal has a period of rest when rumination commonly
called chewing the cud commences The esophagus
gullet or duct leading from the pharynx to the upper ori
fice of the stomach has an opening into each stomach
Solid food however when first swallowed invariably pass
es into the rumen or paunch in which it is passed around
through its different compartments and finally forced by
combined peristaltic and spasmodic action a pellet at a
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
224
time into the second stomach or reticulum whence the
pellets are by a contraction of the reticulum forced again
up the sesophagus into the mouth for more thorough mas
tication This done it is swallowed and being now softer
and more pliant passes down to the manyplus or third
stomach in which it is still further comminuted and reduc
ed to a pulpy mass when it is passed on to the fourth
stomach or abomamm in which the process of digestion
proper takes place under the agency of the gastric juice
which converts the food thus prepared by the first three
stomachs into a fluid called chyme Thus reduced to a
solution the food passes through the pyloric or lower ori
fice of the stomach into the first intestine or duodenum
where its separation into the nutritive and innutritive
portions is effected and the former begins tobe taken up
and carried into the system
Now if a cow is fed too exclusively upon concentrated food
the rumen or first stomach is not sufficiently distended for
healthy peristaltic action and the food is passed through
without proper and thorough digestion The cow as well
as other ruminants is supplied with the rumen or large re
ceptacle for the purpose of storing and preparing large
quantities of roughness and should be fed in accordance
with these indications of nature The natural food of the
cow is green grass and if she can get a plenty of this she
needs nothing more In our climate the provident farmer
can have an abundance of green food every day in the year
During the summer months it will not be necessary to feed
if good pastures are provided though a small ration of
bran and peameal or bran and cornmeal three quarts of
the bran to one of the meal twice a day will prove bene
ficial when the grass is unusually succulent in spring or
rendered so by excessive rain during summer Another
advantage of feeding daily throughout the year is that the
cows f turned to pasture during the day will come to be225
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
91
fed punctually at the hour for milking and will submit
more quietly to being milked if engaged in eating at the
same time Bran and boiled cottonseed or bran and
cottonseed meal three quarts of bran to onehalf gallon
of the seed or three quarts of bran to one pint of the meal
answer a good purpose
On every farm on which milch cows are kept in Georgia
and especially in the cotton belt where no especial atten
tion is given to providing pasturage a small area of rich
land should be devoted to seme forage crop with which to
supplement the pastures in case of severe drouth and conse
quent failure of pastures Frequent sowings of drilled corn
or several plantings of cat tail millet will answer the pur
pose The preference should be given to the drilled corn
from the fact that if not needed for feeding green it makes
better cured fodder than the millet It often happens
when no provision of this kind is made that cows fall back
in their milk on short pasturage and never recover after the
grass becomes abundant Fodder corn or millet fed at
such times would prevent such loss
Provision should be made also for supplementing pas
turage in the early fall before pea fields are opened Mil
let and peavines cut and fed night and morning will best
serve for this purpose Late sown drilled corn is usually
destroyed by the boll or corn worm and hence cannot be
relied upon
For a supply of green food during winter and spring a
quarter of an acre of rich land for each milch cow kept
should be thickly sown in rye or barley or both mixed
This should not be pastured but cut and fed to the cows
twice a day in connection with dry roughness of some
kind and a mixture of bran with some kind of meal or
cotton seed or cotton seed meal Turnips parsnips pump
kins sweet potatoes beets or collard leaves may be used
in connection with the green small grain and dry foodwa
92
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
226
There need be no difficulty about having plenty of ap
propriate food for cows in Georgia if advantage is taken
of our advantages of soil and climate
One acre of small grain cut and fed to cows will supply
as many as four acres pastured in the usual way
Rye sown very thick early in September or the latter
part of August on rich or well manured land will be ready
for cutting for feeding purposes by the 15th of November
and may be cut daily from that date except in unusually
cold spells when it is better not to disturb it until May
when the ground may be planted in another crop
When pastured the hoofs of the cattle destroy much
of the tender grain besides except when the ground is
quite dry injuring the soil Again the cut grain may be
fed regularly while the cows are often deprived of the
pasturage for weeks at a time when the ground is too
wet to admit them without injury to the soil For the
last two winters the writer has cut rye daily except a few
days when frozen from the 15th of November to the May
following
The same area grazed would not have supplied pastur
age onefourth of the time There is no excuse there
fore for a scarcity of milk nor for any farmer to have in
ferior butter upon his table at any season of the year in
any section of Georgia and yet so little attention is given
to dairy gows and dairy products that country butter
has become synonymous with poor butter Those
who give proper attention to feeding and milking their
cows and to the management of the milk and butter pro
duce as fine an article as can be found anywhere but such
are as yet the exceptions
The following tables of nutritive values of different
feeding stuffs will be useful to those who desire to give
attention to economical Ceding227
A MiNUAL ON CATTLE
93
NUTRITIVE VALUE OP DIFFERENT FEEDING STUFFS
Prof W O Atwater of Counecticut reported the following
tables to the American Agriculturist during the early part of this
year They will repay careful study
TABLE No 1
Average Composition Digestibility and Money Value as given by Dr
Wolff for Germany 1880 in Farmers Almanac
IHay
KIJTD OF FODDER
Meadow Hay poor
medium
very good
Red clover poor
medium
very good
White Clover medium
Lucerne medium
Swedish Alsike Clover
Fodder Vetch medium
Peas iu bloom
Fodder Rye
Timothy
Italian Rye Grass
Upland Grasses average
Hungarian Grass
Grass just before bloom
Pasture Grass
Rich Pasture Grass
Italian Rye Grass
Timothy Grass
Upland Grasses average
Fodder Rye
Fodder Oats
Fodder Corn
Sorghum
Hungarian in blossom
Pasture Clover young
Red Clover before blossom
Red Clover in full blossom
PER CENTORGANIC SUBSTANCE
S
143
143
150
150
160
165
165
160
160
167
167
143
143
143
1431
134
Total
50 75
62 9
70117
51111
53J123
60135
60145
62144
60
8
70
51
45
78
58
57
150
142
143
104
97
112
95 28
108 29
382
414
416
377
01382
037l
3391
0279
03271
5328
2342
1445
7458
9400
7 391
43851
1
25
28
21
22
29
35
25
33
25
26
28
30
32
26
22
S2
349
410
417
379
34
54
74
57
7038
85
Sl
94
86
94
94
05106
10 80
382
359
283
348
325
331
66J443
584341
714151
53409J
611410
13
10
12
17
20
10
lS
1
16
13
14
14
11
09
61
71
59
048
064
075
059
070
50J079
50076
33J071
46076
39077
40077
72072
810 70
63074
82064
71066
IIGreen Fodder
750
800
782
734
700
700
760
810
829
773
750
830
830
804
21 30
20 35
22 45
28 36
22 34
2 34
16 33
14 23
13 12
11 25
18 31
15 46
15 33
13 30
6013
40 97
40
71
80
101
79
65
52
67
101
121
163
i34
104
83
88
117
85109
28 72
45 70
581 89
08 201130
08
10
10
11
10
os
05
05
07
07
09
07
06
25 99
34109
23I126
21160
19142
19110
13 89
07 84
16119
18118
36
23
17
74
74
04
04
06
04
05
05
04
02
03
0
03
06
05
04
70IU22
44021
36027
59 023
82
81
63
72
130
74
70
2
38
57
028
023
020
015
012
019
020
025
019
017BH
94 A MANUAL ON CATTLE 228
TABLE No 1Green Fodder Continued
PER CENT ORGANIC SUBSTANCE 4
Total Digestible n
KIND OF FODDER 3 O VI O O at W 0 O
S3 a E B 9 S A o Jl o O s a V 0 0 A
White Clover in blossom 805 20 35 60 72 08 22 79 05 42016
Alsike Clover beginning of blossom 850 15 33 45 51 06 21 58 04 32017
Lucerne 740 20 45 95 92 08 32 91 03 31023
Fodder Vetch 820 18 35 55 66 06 25 67 03 30018
Fodder Peas in blossom 815 15 32 56 76 06 22 74 03 3701g
Buckwheat in blossom 850 14 24 42 64 06 15 66 04 5IOI4
Fodder cabbage 847 16 25 24 81 07 18 82 04 5201
Carrot leaves 822 86 32 30 71 10 22 70 05 38 Olfi
Rutabaga leaves 884 2 3 21 16 52 05 15 51 03 39019
Fermented Corn Fodder 7S6 17 12 84 90 11 07 104 O51I66OI5
III Straw
Winter Wheat 143 46 30 400 369 12 08356 04 458 037
Winter Rye 143 41 301440 333 13 08365 04 469 035
Summer Barley 143 41 3 5 400 367 14 13 406 05 322 044
Oat 143 40 40395 362 20 14 401 07 299 0 45
Fodder Vetch 160 45 75 420 290 10 34319 05 98 046
Pea 1160 45 65 380 340 10 29334 05 120 044
Field Bean 1160 46 102 340 342 10 50 35 2 05 73055
Seed L lover 160 56 94 420 250 20 42 285 OO 74049
Corn Stalks 1150 42 30 400 367 10 11370 03 344039
Chaff Hulls etc
Wheat
Rye
Oats
Barley
Pea
Bean
Corn Cobs
143 92 463603461 14
14 31 75 36435299
143100 40340362
143130 30300382
150 60 81J320369
150 55 105330340
140 28 14 378 426
12
15
15
20
20
14
14 328
11 349
16366
12350
40362
51J347I
06417
041241
04326
06238
06304
12 98
12 74
04 71
U37
037
039
038
05
053
041
Roots and Tubers
Potatoes 750 09 11 11217 02 111228 02i216i02b
Jerusalem Artichokes 800 10 20 13 155 02 20168 02 87024
Fodder Beets 880 08 05 09 97 01 05106 01 217012
Sugar Beets 815 07 10 13154 01 10167 01 170019
Carrots 850J 09 14 17 108 02 14 125 02 9301S
Rutabagas 870 10 13 11 95 01 13 106 01 83 015
Turnips 1920 07 11 08 53 01 11 61 01 58011
Parsnips 883 07 16 10102 02 16 112 02 73 018
229
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
TABLE No 1 Continued
Gbains and Fbdits
95
PER CENTORGANIC SUBSTANCE on 4 1 o M 3J
Total DigeshUe 1
KIND OF FODDER o s o XI GO o M to 1 C be O o S
x CD a o 55 J3 o Q
Wheat 144 17 130 30 664 15 117 64 3 12 58113
Eye 148 18 110 35 674 20 99 65 4 16 70108
Barley 148 22 100 71 639 25 80 5S9 17 79 095
Oatsi 143 27 120 93 557 60 90 43 3 47 61 098
Indian Corn 144 15100 55621 65 84 no fi 48 861111
Buckwheat 140 18 90 1501587 15 68 470 12 74 077
Bice hulled 140 051 77 22752 04 691727 03 P7 096
Peas 143 24224 64525 20 202 544 17 9144
Field Beans 145 31255 94459 16 230502 1 4 f 151
Linseed 123 34J205 72196 370 172189 35 3 247
Rape seed 118 39194 103121425 155102 40 4 2 55
Hemp seed 122 45163 121213336 122 16 2 302 01
Cotton seed 77 78 228 160J154 303 171147 7 3 R
Apples and Pears 831 04 04 431181 03 129 43 0 t 13
Pumpkin0 891 10 06 27 65 01 041 71 01 184008
IVManufacturing and Wast Products etc
Sugar Beet cake
Potato
rye I Kesidue from man
Wheat J ufacture of starch
Brewers Grains
Malt Sprouts
Wheat Bran fine
coarse
Rye Bran
Wheat Meal
Indian Corn Bran
Buckwheat Bran
Rice Meal
Linseed Cake
Linseed Meal extracted
Palm Nut Cake
Cotton Seed Cake
decorticated
Flesh Meal
Dried Blood
Cows Milk
Skimmed Milk
Buttermilk
Condensed Milk
Whey
Cream
8 6
3
2
4
6
7
1
7 3
8 3
5j 3
510
7 1
6 2
3118
01117
7189
4154
2110
3 48 7
7550
T522
02
Olj
15
22
11
18246
08137
52181
37151
39108
211128 516
38118444
32
45
33
586
635
618
464
476
299
387
4101100
305 61
195137
120
44
99
99
23
26
50
50
54
529
51
05
36
07
10
129
06
126 427
122462
108J540
79566
02
01
12
18
08
1
30
26
36
2
34
135J440 39
86 472
248275
278339
161554
175 149
291318
310
692
541
32
35
30
102 529
10 51
27l 29
88
89
21
95
55
183123
112
26i 05
50 36
501 07
54 10
129
06
318
139 030
174016
41J044
53037
34030
47109
44104
39104
45110
57108
82
40
80
20
14
49
17
16
04
44
19
26
83
66
05
099
115
116
172
161
161
114
207
354
232
034
023
022
148
011
15496
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
230
EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE
The table herewith is taken with some slight altera
tions from a much larger one by Wolff in the German
Farmers Almanac These figuresfrom European products
mostly German represent the average results of many hun
dreds of analyses but they enable American farmers to
estimate the probable composition of their own feeding
stuffs So far as analyses made up to the present time show
the American and European products in general agree
pretty closelj The most marked exceptions are in grasses
and hays ours averaging poorer than the European proba
bly because of poor manuring and much poorer culture
WaterThe figures in the first column give the num
ber of pounds of water in 100 pounds Thus 100 pounds
of young grass contain from 75 to 80 pounds of water
while 100 pounds of dry hay contain only about 14
pounds In 100 pounds of bran there are about 13 pounds
of water while 100 pounds of potatoes contain 75 pounds
of water and 100 pounds of turnips 92 pounds of water
The bran thus has 10013 about 87 per cent or of dry
substance the potatoes 25 per cent or and the turnips
only 8 per cent or onetwelfth dry matter
Ask or Mineral MattersThe mineral matters potash
soda lime phosphoric acid etc which remain as ashes
when the material is burned vary from f pound in 100
pounds of milk to from 5 to 8 pounds in 100 pounds of
bran or linseed cake These substances are necessary for
supporting animal life but there is generally an abundance
of them in all the foods used on the farm
Organic Substance Total and DigestibleColumns 2 6
give the Albuminoids Carbohydrates and Fats which to
gether make up the combustible or Organic Substance
Columns 7 8 and 9 give the amounts of these that are di
gestible The figures represent general averages as231
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
97
shown by the results of probably more than 1200 actual
feeing trials with oxen cows horses sheep and swte
The digest of the materials as Hungarian grass
which have not been tested is calculated from the known
digestibility of similar foods
Nutritive RatioThz nutritive ratio expresses the
ratio of dgestble albuminoids to digestible carbohydraT
and fats each pound of fats being assumed equal to 25 of
carbohydrates that is to say it shows the number o
pounds of dgestible carbohydrates to one pound of digel
oouTTk FinStanCC thC Pr hV C0tLs
1 pound of albumnods to 106 pounds of digestible car
bohydrates The nutritive ratio is 1106 The verv
good hay has 1 of albuminoids to every 61 of carbohy
drates The ratio is 1 61 Linseed cake and cotton seed cake
are rich n digestible albuminoids having 1 pound to every
2 pounds of carbohydrates while straw is very poor the
nutritive rate being 1 to 30 or even 1 to 45 The value
of a food in practice depends mainly upon the amounts
and proportions of digestible ingredients it contains and
he way t is fed The as 1 at head of column Nu
tntive Ratio means as one to
The Money Value of the Foods in the table are calculated
by assigning a certain price to each pound of digestible
ingredients The prices assumed by Wolff for the Ger
man market in 1880 are for digestible albuminoids and
fats each 4J cents per pound and for carbohydrates nine
enth cents per pound They vary a little but not widely
from the values in many of our American markets Of
course these values are relative and apply only when
ma0rker y P cLenin
markets and the intrinsic facts of the case would require a
revision of these rates to make the valuations entirely cr
rect with us Nor can such computations be absolutely
accurate at best but they do give a general idea of the98
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
232
comparative values of the materials as food for stock
when properly used
TABLE No 2
ECONOMY IN CATTLE FEEDING COMPOSITION OF FOODS FEED
ING STANDARDS AND RATIONS FOR FARM ANIMALS
Table No 1 gave the average amounts of the food ingre
dients albuminoids carbohydrates and fats contained in
different foods and likewise the amounts of these that are
from feeding trials estimated to be actually digestible It
is the digestible parts of the food that supply the wants of
the animal that are made over into flesh and fat skin and
bone milk and progeny and are used to produce heat to
keep the body warm and muscular power for work It is
with these therefore that we have mainly to do in feeding
FEEDING STANDARDS
Having noted how much of the nutritive ingredients
our feeding stuffs contain the next step is to learn how
much of each different animals need for maintenance and
for production of meat milk work etc The German ex
perimenters have studied into this matter very carefully
in two ways first by experiments feeding animals with
different kinds and amounts of food and noting the ef
fects second by observing the methods and results of
feeding as practiced by the most successful farmers On
the basis of these two kinds of observations feeding stan
dards have been calculated as shown below In brief it
has been found that fullgrown oxen at rest in the stall
can be kept for long periods in fair condition with food of
such sort as to supply them per 1000 lbs live weight
with o6 lbs albuminoids and 70 lbs carbohydrates in
forms to be digested and taken into the circulation It
has been found well to have this supplied by 1415 lbs dry
substance in the food With rations furnishing these
amounts of digestible ingredients there has sometimes1288
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
99
a small Z V but perhaps oftener
a small falhng off m condition It appears on the whole
better to increase the ration so as to give o7 lbs nitrogen
ous and a httle over 8 lbs nonnitrogenous nutrients with
a nutritive ratio of II2 It seems to make little differ
ence m what forms these are given whether in hay straw
oat meal orotherwise provided the food be wholesome
and palatable These materials suffice to make up for the
wastes of the animals body to keep it warm and to pro
duce the small amount of muscular power needed when
the animal is at rest
If now the ox is to be worked or fattened food for
production of meat or force is required Or if instead of
an ox we have a milch cow she will need food for pio
duction of milk addition to what is necessary to ma n
tarn her body in good condition And this food for pro
faction must be not only larger in quantity but different
noids as the Germans say the nutritive ratio must he
narrower Thus Wolff recommends for a daily ra fo
milch cows per I0oo lbs live weight 2S lbs digestive
albuminoids 2j digestible carbohydrates andIn
lbs digestible fats with a nutritive ratio of zS 4 Thit
just about what would be contained in o lbs o
fine quality young cut hay or 120 lbs of
grass either of which would make a very ood 7
ration for milch cow The following table by W0lf 1
the Farmers Almanac referred to gives Lnl 7
dards for various domestic animal firs fo
gIves the total amount of organic substal eth t Til
whole food less water and ash in the daily rat on Th
next three columns give the amounts of diLtioh
noids carbohydrates and fats The fifth TZ
nutritive substance is the sums of the digestTble nutri
ments m the previous three columns The la t cof100
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
Feeding Standards
234
iNutritive diges
tible substances
KIND OF ANIMAL WEIGHT AGE ETC
APerDay and per 1000 pounds
WEIGHT
Oxen at rest in stall
2 Wool sheep coarser breeds
Finer breeds
8 Oxen moderately worked
Heavily worked
4 Horses moderately worked
Heavily worked
5 Milch cows
6 Fattening oxen 1st period
2d period
3d period
7 Fattening sheep 1st period
2d period
8 Fattening swine 1st period
2d period
3d period
9 Growing cattle
Aae months Average live weight
o 3 15 lbs
Z 6 300
612 500
1218
1834 8o0
18 Growing sheep
5 6
6 3
811
1115
1520
Growing fat pigs
2 3
3 5
5 6
6 8
812
B Per Day and per head
Growing cattle 1Kft1Ka
2 3 150 lbs
3 6 300
612 500
1218 700
1828 850
LIVE
H
lbs
175
20 0
225
240
260
225
25 5
240
270
260
250
260
250
per hd
360
310
235
lbs
07
1 2
1 5
16
24
18
28
25
25
30
27
30
35
50
40
27
J2
6 g
lbs
80
103
114
113
132
112
134
125
150
148
148
152
144
56
67
75
82
85
50 lbs
100
125
170
250
220
234
24 0
240
240
40
32
25
20
10
lbs
015
020
025
030
050
060
080
140
050
070
060
050
0 50
275
200
175
13820
13510
13 5 06
130 04
120 03
280 32
250
230
225
220
420
340
31 5
270
210
27
21
17
14
75
50
43
34
25
156
133
114
109
10 4
08
06
05
04
03
lbs
885
1170
1815
13 20
1610
1360
17 00
1540
1800
18 50
1810
1870
1850
3250
2800
2020
19 8
177
166
154
139
196
166
140
130
121
300
25 0
239
204
162
23
70
120
168
204
06
10
13
14
14
21
41
68
9 1
103
030
030
080
0 28
026
375
300
28 0
238
187
as
1
12
9
8
75
6
7
55
54
65
55
60
55
45
55
60
65
47
50
60
70
80
55
55
60
70
80
40
50
55
60
65
300
540
840
1078
1196
47
50
60
70
80235
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
Feeding StandardsGentinued
10
1 Nutritive digesti
WEIGHT AGE ETC ble substances D 5 2
KIND OP ANIMAL li 1 S
a X3 j 0 T

H lbs lbs o
BPER DAY AND Growing sheep PER HEAD lbs lbs lbs as 1
5 6 6 8 811 1115 1520 56 lbs 16 0 18 087 9045 1095 55
67 17 017 085 0040 1060 55
75 17 016 085 0037 1047 60
83 18 014 089 0032 1062 70
85 lfl 012 08810025 1047 R0
Growing fat swine 50 lbs 21 088 v 188
2 3 3 5 5 6 6 8 812 150 40
100 34 150 250 300 150
125 3 9 154 2 96 350 55
170 4 6i058 347 405 60
250 405 467 165
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONCALCULATION OF DAILY
RATIONS FOR FARM ANIMALS
To use the feeding standards let us take some of the
feeding stuffs in table No I and leaving out of account
the water ash and total amount of the ingredients note
the amounts of digestible ingredients as shown in the
condensed table below
Digestible Ingredients of Fodder Stuffs
KIND OP FODDER
Digestible food
ingredients
IHay
a a
Meadow Hay poor
medium
a very good
tied Clover poor
medium
vry good
per per
ct ct
34
54
74
57
70
85
349
410
41 7
379
381
382
per
ct
05
10
13
1 0
12
17
c
i s
as
1
106
80
61
71
59
5e102
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
236
Digestible Ingredients of Fodder StuffsContinued
Digpetible food
ingredients
KIND OF FODDEK
Winter Wheat
Winter Rye
Oat
IIStraw
S3
a 0
per
ct
IIIRoots and Tubers
Potatoes Irish
Sugar Beets
Turnips
IVManufacturing and Waste Products etc
Sugar Beet Cake
Malt Sprouts
Wheat Bran coarse
Rye Bran
Linseed Cake
Palm Nut Cake
Cottonseed Cake
Cotton seed Cake discorticated
Flesh Meal
08
09
5g
S
per per
ct ct
356
3651
as
1
0 4 458
0 4469
14 401 0 7 299
11
10
11
18
128
126
122
248
161
17 5
310
692
228
167
61
246
516
427
462
275
544
14
183
02
01
01
216
170
58
02139
17 47
26 39
36 45
20
49
17
16
04
95
551
1231
112
Suppose now that I wish to feed my oxen that are
standing in the stable doing no work on medium quality
hay and oat straw and add enough wheat bran to keep
them in good store condition By the above figures there
will be contained in
Albuminoids Cc
lbs
6 pounds medium hay 032
12 pounds oat straw 017
2 pounds wheat bran 025
Whole daily ration074
Standard ration08
That is 6 pounds of medium hay 12 pounds oat straw
and 2 pounds wheat bran will furnish just about the
ybratet Fats lotal
hi lbs lbs
25 006 288
48 008 505
08 005 110

81 019 903
80 015 885
237
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
103
quantities of digestible albuminoids carbohydrates and
fats that the standard per day for 1000 pounds live
weight requires
My friend and former assistant Prof W H Jordan of
the Maine Agricultural College has made use of the feed
ing standards above given in calculating the following
rations for various farm animals It is not meant that
just these proportions must be used There are wide
variations in the composition digestibility and flavor of
the same feeding stuffs So likewise the individual pecu
liarities of the animals their size condition varying
capacities for digesting and more especially for their
food differ greatly Hence the rations need to be adapted
to particular cases The important thing is to mix the
foods on hand or to be bought so as to secure the best
results at the lowest cost These are simply examples of
mixtures that contain the nutrients in about the pro
portions believed to be best adapted to the purpose I
cannot give what seems to me the right view of this sys
tem of calculating food rations better than in the words
of a shrewd and intelligent German farmer who has had
considerable experience in their use As indications of
what is best they are invaluable to follow them blindly
would be folly
DAILY RATIONS FOR 1000 POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT
A MAINTENANCE FODDER FOB
lbs No 1
6 Medm meadow hay
12 Oat straw
2 Wheat bran
lbs No 3
6 Poor timothy
17 Corn stalks
4 Corn meal
lbs No 5
10 Poor Tinin tiy
20 Sugar beets
2 Corn meal
FULL GROWN LABORFREE OXEN
lbs No 2
5 Clover hay best
18J Wheat straw
Linseed cake
lbs No 4
15 Oat straw
20 Potatoes
1 Cottonseed nueal
lbs No 6
6 Clover hay best
15 Oat straw104
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
238
B FODDER PjR
lbs No 7
20 Good meadow lay
6 Com meal
lbs No 9
12 Good meadow hay
13 Oat straw
3 Liuseed cake
lbs No 11
12 Clover hay good
10 Wheat straw
7 Wheat bran
OXEN AT MODERATE WOUK
lbs No 8
20 Medium timothy
2 Coarse bran
4 Corn meal
lbs No 10
12 Clover hay best
10 Rye straw
22 Potatoes
lbs No 12
10 Clover hay best
14 Oat straw
20 Manglds
1 Cottonseed meal
lbs No 13 lbs No 14
20 Best meadow hay 17 Clover good
10 Corn meal 3 Wheat bran
10 Corn meal
lbs No 15
25 Medium meadow
3 Whfiit bran hay
3 Linseed cake
D WINTER FODDER FOR MILCH COWS
lbs No 16 lbs No 17
20 Best meadow hay 20 Go d Clover
5 Wheat bran 20 Beet pulp
3 Palmnut meal 2 Cotton seed meal
lbs No 18 lbs No 19
17 Best meadow hay 10 Clover hay best
16 Corn stalks 15 Poor timothy
3 Wheat liran 20 Turnips
2 Cotton seed meal 3J Liuseed cake
lbs No 20 lbs No 21
20 Hungarian hay 20 Clover bmy best
20 Mangolds 2J Wheat bran
3 Wheat bran 50 Turnips
2 Liuseed cuke
lbs No 22 lbs No 23
10 Best meadow hay 20 Clover hay medm
15 Wheat straw 30 Mangolds
5 Wheat bran 4 Malt sprouts
3J Cottonseed meal
239
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
105
lbs No 24
20 Clover hay best
30 Turnips
6 Corn mcal
FODDER FOR GRO WING CATTLE
lbs No 25
15 Medinm meadow hay
18 Rye straw
2 Cottonseed meal
lbs No 27
15 Medium meadow hay
20 Corn stalks
If Meat scraps
lbs No 28
10 Good clover
10 Oit straw
8 Corn stalks
2 Cottonseed meal
lbs No 30
20 Good meadow hay
20 Mangolds
4 Coarse wheat bran
ONE TO TWO YEARS OLD
lbs No 26
20 Oat straw
30 Turnips
5 Wheat bran
2 Cottonseed meal
lbs No 29
20 Poor meadow hay
20 Potatoes
1J Dry ground fish
G FODDER
lbs No 31
22 Clover hay best
8 Corn meal
8s No 33
20 Good meadow hay
100 Pumpkins
3J Cottonseed meal
Vs No 35
22 Best meadow hay
50 Turnips
5 Corn meal
FOR FATTENING CATTLE
lbs No 32
20 Medium meadow hay
10 Oat straw
30 Mangolds
3J Cottonseed meal
lbs No 34
20 Best meadow hay
30 Sugarbeet pulp
2 Linseed cake
lbs No 30
15 Clover hay best
10 Barley straw
40 Mangolds
3 Linseed cake
FODDER FOB SHEEP PRODUCING WOOL
15 Clover hay good 10 Medium hay
10 Poor hay 15 Bean straw
3 Oats 4 Corn
106
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
240
lbs No 39 lbs A o 40
20 Pea straw 20 Oat straw
20 Potatoes 30 Mangolds
2 Cottoneel mea 11 Dried flesh
lbs No 41 lbs No 42
10 Best clover 20 Poor meado v hay
10 Barle straw Clover hay best
1J Pish scrap 4 Corn
MORE ABOUT FEEDING STUFFS AND FODDER RA
TIONS
By Prof W O Atwater of Wealeyan University Middleton Conn
There are too very important matters connected with
the economical feeding of stock which the teachings of
modern science explain but which too few farmers under
stand how to adapt the food most economically to the
wants of the animal and the purpose for which it is fed
and how to feed so as to make the richest and best ma
nure
Either the concurrent testimony of the most advanced
science and the most profitable practice is false or the
farmers of our older States especially must improve their
methods of feeding to farm most successfully For this
they need especially toist Produce better foods by
better manuring and culture and by more careful gather
ing and housing 2d Carefully save the poorer food and
waste products and feed them so as to utilize the large
amount of nutriment they contain 3d Use a greater va
riety of feeding stuffs and in proper mixtures 4th Use
more nitrogenous foods e a Raise more clover and
where circumstances will allow beans peas lucern and
leguminous plants Buy cottonseed meal linseed
meal palmnut meal bran and other nitrogenous foods
c mix these rich materials with poor hay straw corn
stalks and the like in such proportions as are fitted to the
wants of the animals and the purposes for which they are
fed This will bring excellent fodder and rich manure at
at very low cost To see why these facts are so note the
table on next page241 A MANUAL ON CATTLE 107
Nutritive Ingredients of Foods and Feeding Standards
Digestible Food Ingre
dients
FOODS AND FEEDING STANDAEDS 3 to 6 1
o a a 3 a 2 a
oS ft 3 c
Feeding Stuffs as
IHay pc pc pc pc to
Meadow Hay poor 34 349 05 388 lIO6
medium 54 410 10 474 80
very good 74 417 13 504 61
Red Clover poor 57 379 10 446 71
70 381 12 463 59
very good 85 382 17 484 50
IIStraw
Winter Wheat 08 356 04 368 458
Winter Eye 08 365 04 377 469
Oat 14 401 07 422 299
11 37 0 03 38 4 344
IIIRoots and Tubers
Potatoes Irish 11 228 02 241 216
Sugar Beets 10 167 01 178 170
Turnips 11 61 01 73 58
IVManufacturing and Waste Products
ETC 1 8 24fi 02 26 6 139
Malt Sprouts 128 516 17 661 47
Wheat Bran coarse 126 427 26 579 39
Rye Bran 222 462 36 620 45
Linseed Cake 248 275 89 612 20
PalmNutMeal 161 554 95 810 49
Cottonseed Cake 175149 55 379 17
Cottonseed Meal decorticated 310183 123 616 16
Flesh Meal 692 112 804 04
Dry Ground Fish 446 86 532 05
Feeding Standard
Per Day and per 1000 Lbs Live Weight lbs lbs lbs lbs lbs
1 Oxen at rest in stall 07 80 015 885 12
2 Wool Sheep coarser breeds 12103 020 1170 8
finer breeds 15114 025 1315 8
3 Oxen moderately worked 16113 030 1320 75
heavily worked 24132050 1610 6
4 Horses moderately worked 18 112 060 1360 7
heavily worked 28 134 080 1700 55
5 Milch Cows 25 125 040 1540 54
6 Fattening Oxen first period 25 150 050 1800 65
second period 30 148070 1850 55
third period 27 148060 1810 60
108
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
242
RICH VS POOR FOODSPROPORTIONS OF DIGESTIBLE AL
BUMINOIDS CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS
Now let us take a poor food as oatstraw and compare
it with good hay One hundred pounds of very good
hay contains about 50 lbs of digestible material while the
same amount of oatstraw furnishes some 42 lbs At this
rate 120 lbs of oatstraw would supply as much nutritive
material as 100 lbs of first quality upland hay But it
would not be worth as much for fodder Why the straw
is worth less appears when we compare the amounts of the
different ingredients The 100 lbs of hay with its 50 lbs of
digestible matter furnishes 74 lbs of albuminoids against
only 14 lbs in the straw So likewise the hay contains
13 lbs of fats the straw only 07 lbs But when we come
to the carbohydrates we find just about the same amounts
in both The straw lacks albuminoids and fats and these
are the most valuable ingredients of the food The al
buminoids make all the nitrogenous tissues of the body
the lean meat muscle the gristle skin etc all the al
bumen and caseine of the milk and part of the fat of the
body and of the milk butter besides sharing in the pro
duction of animal heat and muscular force The fats of
the food are transformed into fats in the body and share
in the production of heat and force They can not be
made into muscle or other nitrogenous tissue however
because they have no nitrogen At least the present
evidence is entirely in this direction The carbohydrates
do not make nitrogenous tissue in the body They are
probably transformed in ats but only to slight extent
They serve for fuel and seem to aid in producing muscu
lar force They thus do a work of their own which if it
were not for them would be left for the costlier albumi
noids and fats So even if the carbohydrates are not
made into flesh fat butter and caseine themselves they
doubtless do what amounts in practice to the same thing
by saving the other ingredients to be used for these pur243
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
109
poses Starch and sugar are carbohydrates but they are
at the same time valuable foods
The reason for the inferior worth of the straw may be
seen from another standpoint in the last column of the table
Nutritive Ratio The very good hay has I lb albu
minoids for every 6 lbs carbohydrates i lb fat being
reckoned equal to 2 12 lbs carbohydrates while the straw
has one pound of albuminoids to 30 lbs of carbohydrates
According to the feeding standards for a milch cow a
ration with 1 lb albuminoids to 54carbohydrates will be
appropriate while an ox at rest in the stall will do well
with only 1 lb albuminoids to 12 lbs carbohydrates
The best hay will serve well for making milk while the
straw has not enough of the albuminoids and fats to make
it a proper food for even store cattle There is a great
difference between
GOOD AND POOR HAY
Upland hay cut during the period from early blossom to
full blossom is easily digestible and has a good per centage
of albuminoids But as it grows older the proportion of
nitrogen decreases and that of woody fibre grows larger
the hay becomes less digestible the digested material is
poorer because it lacks albuminoids and finally the old
hay is not so palatable For all these reasons the late cut
hay is worth far less for feeding Grass grown on rich soil
is richer in albuminoids than on poor soil Marsh and bog
hays lack albuminoids and fats Clover timothy redtop
bluegrass and the like grown on good soil cut early and
well cured and housed make excellent fodder Poorly
manured cut late and badly cured they are very poor
stuff Much of the hay that lies in the barns all through
the country is very little better than straw
THE WAY TO USE THESE POOR FOODS
economically then must be to supply what they lack To
make boots of neck or split leather or to throw the poor
110
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
244
leather away would be bad economy With good leather
for the parts where the wear comes the poor leather may
be used for backs and linings and thus be made valuable
So we may feed straw cornstalks and overripe or marsh
hay to advantage provided we put other foods with them
to supply the albuminoids and fats Now note in the
table the figures for clover bran beans peas oilcake
meat scraps and dry ground fish They have very little
carbohydrates but are rich in albuminoids and fats
COTTONSEED MEAL LINSEED MEAL PALMNUT MEAL AND
BRAN
are foods whose value farmers in this country are just be
ginning to appreciate European farmers long since found
out how much they are worth and thousands of tons of
American oilcake and meal have been carried across the
Atlantic to enrich English French and German foods and
soils The time has come when we must keep them at
home if we are going to redeem our farming The great
value of these foods is due to two facts 1 They supply
the albuminoids and fats in which poor hay straw and the
like are lacking 2 They make rich manure How they
may be used with poor foods to make good rations at
small cost is illustrated in fodder rations Chemistry indi
cates experiments prove and experience corroborates that
foods as late cut hay marsh hay straw cornstalks etc
can be utilized and made very valuable by feeding with
them nitrogenous foods such as oilmeal bran and clover
hay to supply what they lack It is proved that such mix
tures make the very best rations and still urther that
this is one of the cheapest ways to get good manure
DRIED BLOOD MEAT SCRAP AND FISH AS FOD FOR STOOCK
Years ago oilcake used to be employed as a fertilizer
Chemistry said it ought to be first fed to stock that it has
a hgh nutritive value that in going through the animal
machine but little of ths valuable material is consumed245
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
Ill
and that the residue is worth more for manure than be
fore Experience proved that all this is true and now
nobody would think of using linseed cake or cottonseed
meal for manure Of late immense quantities of slaught
erhouse refuse dried blood dried intestines and the like
and still larger quantities of the refuse left after the ex
traction of oil from fish are being prepared and used as
fertilizers These ought like the oilcake to be first util
ized for food The idea though novel to most farmers is
an old one and has been put into successful practice in
many places In its favor is the unanimous testimony of
chemical composition careful experiments and the expe
rience of farmers who have used the materials with suc
cess Against it are the difficulty of preparing whole
some materials which can be overcome and the prejudice
that only time and trial are needed to dispel
THE MANURIAL VALUES OF NITROGENOUS FOODS
is a matter worthy the thoughtful consideration of farmers
Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid and Potash are the most valu
able ingredients of manure Farmers buy them in the
better kinds of commercial fertilizers at the rate of from
fifteen to thirty cents per pound for nitrogen six to
eighteen cents per pound for phosphoric acid and
three and a half to nine cents per pound for potash
Cottonseed linseed and palmnut meals bran dried
blood meatscrap and fish are rich in these ingredients
Mr Lawes has made some calculations of the money val
ues of the manures produced from different foods This
he does by assuming that certain percentages of nitrogen
phosphoric acid and potash are consumed and lost that
the rest go into the manure and that they have there
about the same value pound for pound as similar ones in
commercial fertilizers in which their value is pretty well
settled I give Mr Lawes estimates of the value of ma
nure from a number of foods and with them the feeding
values as estimated by Wolff per table I 112 A MANUAL ON CATTLE T2461
FEEDING VALUE MANURIAL VALUE
Wolff lMwei
Cottonseed Cake41 40 per ton 27 86 per ton
Linseed Cake34 40 per ton 19 73 per ton
15 20 per ton 15 73 per ton
Wheat Bran20 80 per ton 24 59 per ton
Clover Hay 14 00 per ton 9 64 per ton
ndanMal32 20 per ton 6 64 per ton
Meadow Haj 12 80 per ton 6 43 per ton
2 f9 00 per ton 2 90 per ton
tateS5 80 per ton 1 50 per ton
iUT2 20 per ton 86 per ton
Ieat ScraP 55 60 per ton
Dry Ground Fish46 00 per ton
Mr Lawes rates the ingredients pretty high and prob
ably allows too little for loss in passing through the animal
and in the keeping and handling of the manure Wolffs
rates doubtless require modification for our markets and
the actual worth of the nitrogenous food stuffs would come
up to the valuations only where they are properly used
with other foods
In addition to the necessity for an abundance of whole
some food having in proper ratio the albuminoids and car
bohydrates milch cows should have free access to
AN ABUNDANT SUPPLY OF PURE WATER
Analyses of milk of cows show that it contains on an
average 86 per cent of water This being true an abun
dant supply of water is necessary to a liberal yield of milk
and water is essential to the production of good milk
It has been found however that food containing an excess
of water or inducing the consumption of large quantities
of water by cows will cause the secretion of milk to be
poor in quality Cows should not be compelled to walk a
long dstance for their supply of water nor should they
be required to labor over a large area to fill themselves
with grass Moderate exercise is no doubt beneficial but
when excessive it is at the expense of production of milk
or beef The pasturage should be such that they can fill247
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
113
themselves in a few hours and then lie quietly in the shade
and ruminate Some object to
SHADE IN PASTURES
on the ground that it offers an inducement to the cattle to
idle when they would otherwise be feeding but no expe
rienced stockbreeder or dairyman would from any such
contracted view deprive his stock of the comfort and
protection of shade during our long summer days So far
from removing the shade from pastures clumps of trees
should be left in pastures not only for the comfort of the
stock but for the pleasing effect upon the landscape
A cow subjected to pain worry or discomfort of any
kind cannot yield a full supply of milk of good quality
DRYING OFF BEFORE CALVING
Cows should be dried off a month before bringing an
other calf since yielding milk and sustaining a large foetus
at the same time severely taxes their vital powers A
month should be given in which to recuperate from the
tax of milk production and in which to accumulate flesh
and strength preparatory to a new period of usefulness
Care should be taken in drying off to draw all of the
milk from the udder at intervals commencing with once
in twentyfour hours and increasing the intervals until
secretion of milk ceases If a portion of the milk is left
in the udder it becomes a source of irritation and often
results in the loss of a portion of the bag
FEEDING WHILE DRY
Many farmers make the mistake of neglecting their cows
while dry allowing them to grow poor before coming in
and depending upon feeding up after calving This is
mistaken policy which results in loss to the owner of the
cows It should be remembered that there is a severe
draught upon the system to sustain the growing foetus and
while under good treatment all animals have a tendency
to fatten during pregnancy this tendency needs to be
encouraged by liberal feeding or abundant pasturage
8114
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
248
Good feeding before coming in so that the cows come
to the pail in good condition not only insures a good flow
of milk as soon as the calf is dropped but actually saves
food in the end Cows should be vvell fed while dry and
kept in good thriving condition but not made fat
They cannot be expected to yield a full flow of milk
and lay on fat at the same time If in good condition
when they come in all the food given afterwards except
that required to maintain the thrifty condition already ac
quired will be devoted to milk production
Salt should at all times be accessible to cattle so that
they may satisfy their cravings for it at pleasure A block
of rock salt should be placed in a box in each stall or at
some convenient point in the pasture where they may go
and satisfy their appetites at will This is better than giv
ing it at stated periods or mixing it with their food If
given at stated periods they are apt to take too much
at one time or in their greed after it to fight and injure
each other If given in the food there is not only risk of
their getting too much and injuring themselves by drinking
too much water or of rejecting their food on account of the
salt
If too much salt is taken by cows giving milk it will
either result in their taking too much water and thereby
injuring their health and impoverishing their milk or if
relief is not found by access to water in are duction of the
flow of milk
SOILING
Or cutting food and feeding cattle in inclosed lots
or in stalls may be profitably resorted to where a large
number of cattle must be kept on a small area
The advantages of soiling over grazing are
1 Economy of land A given area will support more
cattle if sown or planted in a succession of forage crops
which are cut and fed to cattle either in their stalls or in
inclosed lots249
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
115
2 A larger amount of manure of better quality is saved
and if proper arrangements are made the liquid manure
the most valuable part may be saved and thus the fertil
ity of the farm increased
3 Having a uniform supply of good succulent food
given at regular intervals without waste of vital force by
unnecessary exercise cattle keep in better condition when
soilfed than when allowed to run at pasture
4 They acquire habits of quietude receive good and
regular attention and choice and abundant food and
hence yield a greater flow of milk untainted by noxious
weeds and uncontaminated by stagnant impure water
5 If abundant provision is made for a full succession of
soiling crops the cows receive a uniform supply of food
regardless of the weather and do not fall off in their milk
as when pastures tail
6 The owner has absolute control over his herd and
may by proper selection and judicious mating improve his
stock
7 The animals are less exposed to the influence of sud
den changes of temperature and hence less liable to be
come diseased
A SUMMARY
The main points of importance in the management of
milch cows may then be summarized as follows
1 Select good cows as the first requisite for success
2 Bestow upon them and their offspring kind and gen
tle treatment
3 Feed liberally and regularly or supply them with
good pastures
4 Provide sufficient shelters to protect them from in
clement weather
5 Provide an abundant supply of pure water
6 Feed and milk regularly and punctually at the same
hours daily
116
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
250
7 Keep their stalls or milking pens scrupulously clean
and free from all offensive odors
8 Milk quietly rapidly and gently and draw the strip
pings thoroughly as they are from five to fifteen times as
rich as the first milk drawn
9 If the calf is nursed by the cow allow it to draw
the first milk from each teat and not all from any
10 If keeping a regular dairy wean the calves when not
more than three days old
11 Keep no more cattle than can be well fed and cared
for and let these be of good quality
12 Grade up common cattle by the use of thorough
bred bulls of the kind best suited to the purposes for
which the cows are kept If for butter the Jerseys if
for milk one of the deepmilking breeds if for combina
tion of butter milk and beef the Devons
13 Give personal supervision to feeding and milking as
far as practicable
Of course much of the above is not applicable in those
sections of the State in which cattle roam ad libitum in
the pine forests or over the mountains and receive little
more attention than to collect them once a year for the
purpose of marking the calves
251
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
117
CHAPTER XL
SELECTION OF MILCH COWSTHE GUENON SYSTEM
ILLUSTRATED
The foundation of success in dairying is involved in the
judicious selection of the cows The dairyman who is a
skillful judge of cows in reference to their milkproducing
capacity will have such an advantage over the unskilful
as almost to preclude the idea of competition
The importance therefore of conveying clear and accu
rate information on this subject will be appreciated by the
reader and an effort will be made in this chapter to
enumerate as concisely as possible the principal points
indicative of dairy qualities in cows
In the space allotted to a treatise of this character it
will be impracticable to enter into minute details involving
the distinctive peculiarities of the different breeds The
reader however may make the necessary allowance for
variations arising from the characteristics of different
breeds by reference to the chapter in which the different
breeds and their characteristics are described
The remarks in this chapter will be based upon the pre
sumption that the dairy stock are supplied with abundant
nutritious food and receive proper attention as to shelter
milking and gentleness of handling
The results which might reasonably be expected from
the character marks of animals will of course be modified
by neglect in any of these important particulars
As a rule cows to give promise of profitable yield at the
pail must have a general feminine appearance as regards
form compared with the masculine appearance of the
other sexBBHVO
118
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
252
The dairy cow should have a small head well set upon
a tapering neck With the exception of the Devons the
horns should be small with rather a drooping tendency
Viewed in front there should be a gradual taper from
shoulders to hipsribs well arched giving full play for
vigorous vital organs
A side view should present the same wedgeshape rising
from the neck to the rump and descending from the
brisket to the udder with ample stomach and liberal
capacity for the consumption of food The udder should
be large and attached well forward under the belly The
milk veins should be large irregular in shape and knotty
entering the body though large holes All the better if
these veins ramify over the rear of the udder and percep
tably over the perineum The skin should be loose and
pliant and covered with soft fine hair These points are
taken in by the practiced eye at a glance and suggest
good milking properties If added to these we find a
capacious escutcheon of upward growing hair extending
well up the perineum to the vulva and out on the lower
part of the thighs the other marks are well sustained If
on closer examination the upward growing hair which
marks the extent of the escutcheon is found to be short
and soft and if on passing the finger nails downward over
it a yellow oily dandruff is discovered and if the area of
the escutcheon is uninterrupted except by two bunches
of downward growing silky hair on the rear of the udder
the cow may be entered as firstclass so far as quantity of
milk and continuance at the pail are concerned If in ad
dition to these points she shows a rich yellow skin with
the oily dandruff on the escutcheon milk rich in butter
may be expected
THE ESCUTCHEONWHAT IS IT
The escutcheon on cattle is that portion of the twist or
space between the thighs which is covered with upward
growing hair which is usually darker and softer than that253
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
119
adjacent on the thighs which grows downward This in
cows commences on the front or lower part of the udder
and extends more or less out upon the thighs above the
hock and up over the perineum or space between the
upper part of the thighs varying in form and extent on
different individuals
Mr Willis P Hazard the Secretary of the Pennsyl
vania Guenon Commission in his book entitled How to
Select Cows or the Guenon System Simplified Explained
and Practically Applied says The hair of the
escutcheon should be short soft and fine and the skin
very soft like a kidglove thin and oleaginous and if the
cow gives good rich milk this skin will be of a rich golden
or nankeen hue Often when you handle a skin of this
character the hand will feel oily and soiled with dan
druff
THE SHAPE OF THE ESCUTCHEON
The escutcheon varies in shape and Guenon named
his ten classes from their shapes
The first class he called Flandrine or Flanders because
it is the best and he named it from the best cows he
knew those from Flanders or the Flemish breed and they
had more of this shaped escutcheon than any other breed
a quiet but sure proof of the truth of his system
The second class he called Flandrine a gauche because
although it had the Flanders shape it was on the left
flank he called it therefore the Left Flanders
The third class are the Lisiere or the Selvage from
its resembling in appearance a selvage or binding of a
piece of cloth
The fourth class are the CourbeLigne or the Curve
line because their escutcheon is lozengeshaped formed
by a curved line which sides to the right and left and
rises to about five or six centimeters two and a half or
three inches from the vulva
120
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
254
The fifth class he denominated Bicorne or the Bicorn
cow because the upper part of the escutcheon forks in
two horns
The sixth class DoubleLisiere or DoubleSelvage
has an entirely arbitrary name and it is an odd freak of
nature
The seventh class he called the Poitevine or Demijohn
from a fancied resemblance to some kinds of demijohns
The eighth class is Equerrine or Square escutcheon
as it is square at the upward part
The ninth class is the Limousine as it was on a cow
from that Province that Guenon first saw this shaped
escutcheon
The tenth class is called Carresine or Horizontal be
cause the upward part of the escutcheon is cut off squarely
by a horizontal line
In each class Guenon grades the escutcheons down
from the best to very inferior These he calls orders
For practical purposes it is not necessary to follow him
in his six orders as cows with escutcheons ranking below
the fourth order are rarely worthy of consideration
There are however escutcheons well worthy the careful
consideration of both breeders and purchasers of cows
since they are apt to mislead the casual observer These
are what Guenon calls Batard which has been rendered
into English by his translators Bastards though the word
does not clearly convey the idea intended to be repre
sented
The Bastards in each class have finely developed
escutcheons and soon after calving give a good flow of
milk but rapidly decline in yield when impregnated
An illustration of the escutcheon of the first order in
each class is given as a guide to those who desire to study
the system the cuts having been copied from Mr Willis
P Hazards book entitled How to Select Cows For
the protection of those who wish to purchase cows or255
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
121
select heifers for dairy purposes the Bastard of the first
class is illustrated and the others described
Those who wish to study the system more in detail are
advised to purchase A Treatise on Milch Cows by M
Francis Guenon or How to Select Cows or the Guenon
System Simplified etc by Willis P Hazard Westches
ter Pennsylvania
HOW TO STUDY THE SYSTEM
The first thing to be done is to fix the form of the
different classes of escutcheon well in the mind associat
ing with it the number of gallons of milk a cow of each
class of good size wellfed and cared for should give
remembering that a large animal other things being equal
will generally yield more milk than a small one and keep
ing in view also the variations due to different breeds
Then the distinguishing marks of the bastard cows
of the various classes must be studied These will be ex
plained in connection with the illustrations
This says Hazzard must be supplemented by the
careful examination of the hair and the skin of the es
cutcheon and the udder of the hair whether it is short
fine soft and furry of the skin whether it is soft and
closegrained like a kid glove thin oleaginous and yellow
or golden For if the hair is harsh and long particularly
on the back part of the udder it will shorten the time of
giving milk and indicates a poorer quality The more
oily or greasy the feeling of the skin of the udder and
perineum is the more it indicates good quality and richness
of milk for the oil or fat is there showing it is the nature
of that animal to give butyraceous milk So for the
color of the skin if it is golden it is indicative of rich
milk and the majority think it will make a finercolored
butter There is one point more in judging by the es
cutcheon and that is its size and position and the general
rule is the higher up it is on the thighs and the broader122
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
256
it is on the thighs together with the higher and broader
it is on the perineum even up to the vulva then the better
it is Then remember the escutcheon has two principal
parts called the thigh escutcheon and the vertical es
cutcheon the thigh escutcheon extends over the udder
and the thighs and the vertical is over the perineum or
that part of the posterior which extends from the udder
up toward the tail under and often around the vulva
If the thigh escutcheon is high and broad therefore
very large and extends far outward onto the thighs it in
dicates a large flow of milk If the vertical or upper part
is broad and smooth it indicates a prolonged flow of milk
If the thigh or lower portion of the escutcheon is
narrow the flow will be proportionately small If the
vertical or upper part is narrow and irregular it is un
favorable to a prolonged flow
It should be remembered that the size and form of the
escutcheon indicate the quantity of milk a cow will give
the color oiliness and softness of the skin and the soft
ness and furry nature of the hair with the presence of
oily dandruff on the escutcheon are evidences of good
quality A white dry harsh skin with long coarse
bristly hair indicate poor quality of milk
Bulls show the escutcheon in all its forms and though
smaller in extent should be considered in the selection of
an animal intended for the sire of dairy stock
The outline of the escutcheon may be seen on calves
only a few weeks old and has long been used by breeders
of dairy stock as a guide in selecting heifers to be reserved
for dairy purposes This is one of the most important
applications made of the Guenon system since it relieves
the breeder of much expense and disappointment by ob
viating the necessity of waiting till the heifers drop their
calves to decide which will prove profitable for the dairy
Besides a heifer is more valuable for beef before having
the first calf than she ever is afterward
257
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
123
A gentleman in Virginia who has selected his heifers
for breeding purposes with reference mainly to the indi
cations of the escutcheon has never in twentyfive years
had to discard one so selected after a practical test at the
pail
Cows with this escutcheon are
very rare The first order of this
class if of good size give twenty
quarts when in full milk The en
graving needs little explanation
The white spots on the udder rep
resent what are called ovals They
are small hunches of silky down
wardgrowing hair in the midst of
the escutcheon
These cows never go dry
The second order has a smaller
escutcheon than the first with on
ly one ovaland has a tuft of down
wardgrowing hair on the right
side of the vulva from two to three inches long and from
one to two inches broad
They yield eighteen quarts of milk for eight months
The third order has a still smaller escutcheon They
have a tuft of downwardgrowing hair extending around
and below the vulva They are generally without the
oval They yield sixteen quarts of milk and continue at
the pail six months
In the fourth order the escutcheon is still smaller and
less regular in shape and has a strip of downwardgrowing
hair below the vulva extending down five or six inches
Another peculiarity of this order is a half oval on the
right thigh extending into and interrupting the thigh es
cutcheon which is lower down and much smaller than the
other orders
FirstclassFlahdbbs Cow
First OrderJ
124
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
258
There are two bastard
marks of the Flanders cow
i A tuft of descending
hair in the middle of the
perineum varying in size
usually about two inches
wide and three long The
larger this tuft the sooner the
cow will fail in her milk All
do no have it
2 The interference of the
bastard Flanders ascending and descending
hair on the edge of the escutcheon giving it a bristling
bearded appearance is another indication of bastardy In
every other respect the escutcheons of bastards of the
Flanders cows are like those of the first order They
even have the ovals well developed
The escutcheon of cows of
this class is similar to that of the
first except that the vertical
escutcheon is entirely on the
left of the vulva and conse
quently the right thigh es
cutcheon larger than the left
They yield eighteen quarts and
milk eight months
The second order has a smaller
escutcheon with only one oval
and a small tuft of downward
growing hair on the left of the
vulva They yield sixteen quarts
and milk seven months
still smaller escutcheon with a
larger tuft on the left of the vulva They yield fourteen
quarts and milk six months
SecondclassLeft Flanders
First Order
The third order has a259
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
125
Those of the fourth order have still smaller and more
irregular escutcheons the tuft of downward growing hair
being longer There are also two invasions of the thigh
escutcheonone on each sidea curved invasion on the
right and an angular one on the left They give ten
quarts and continue at the pail five months
The bastard of this class has the full escutcheon of the
first order as seen in the engraving but have a large tuft
usually of coarse hair on the right of the vulva
This escutcheon extends well
out on the thighs terminating
in an acute angle thence de
scending to the vertical es
cutcheon which is narrow and
extends to the vulva The en
graving represents the first or
der The cows of this order
have yellow skins and soft and
oily escutcheons They give in
full milk nineteen quarts and
milk from eight to nine months
The second order is similar
to the first only of reduced
size It has a tuft to the left of
the vulva and only one oval on
The hair of the escutcheon is
generally more glossy than that around it Cows of the
second order give seventeen quarts and milk seven months
The third order escutcheon curves downward on each
side of the vertical mirror which rises narrowing to a point
at the vulva To the right and left of the vulva are tufts
the one on the left being the longest On the left of the
udder is sometimes an oval Cows of the third order give
fifteen quarts and milk six months
The escutcheon of the fourth order is of similar shape
but still smaller but the tuft on the left of the vulva is
ThirdclassSelvage
First Order
the udder on the left side126
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
260
much larger than on the right and there is no oval on the
udder Cows of the fourth order give twelve quarts and
milk five monthsHazard
The bastard of the third class has a large tuft on each
side of the vulva The rapidity with which cows having
this mark decline in milk will vary with the character of
the hair on these tufts and the surface covered by them
The finer the hair and smaller the tufts the longer the cow
will give milk The balance of the escutcheon resembles
very closely that of the first order of the third class
The Curveline cows are very
plenty and are of a very good
grade approaching the first
class The escutcheon is
broader than the last two classes
in the upper part Their skin
is of delicate texture and nan
keen shade of color on the es
cutcheon The higher and
broader the curved line rises
toward the vulva which it
never reaches the better it is
There are two ovals on the
udder Cows of the first order
Fourth Class Ctikveune
First order of the fourth class give nineteen
quarts and milk eight months and sometimes up to
their next calfHazard
Those of the second order have smaller escutcheons of
the same form as the first except that there is a narrow
tuft on the left side of the vulva They give about seven
teen quarts and milk about seven months
The third order has still smaller escutcheons with tufts
on each side of the vulva that on the left longer than the
one on the right they give fifteen quarts and milk six
months
The fourth order have still smaller escutcheons with
261
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
127
They give twelve
larger and longer tufts by the vulva
quarts and milk five months
The Bastards of this class have escutcheons similar to
the first order but have large tufts on each side of the
vulva The rapidity with which they will decline in
milk will depend on the size and shape and the character
of the hair on these tufts If the tufts are large and
pointed and have coarse bristly hair they will decline very
rapidly as soon as they are impregnated
This class is not so common
as the last nor do the cows
having this escutcheon yield as
much milk as those of the
fourth class The illustration
explains itself Cows of the
first order of this class yield
seventeen quarts and milk eight
months
The second order have simi
lar escutcheons to the first but
smaller with only one oval on
the left of the udder The left
Fiftn UassThe bicobn
First order horn ot the escutcheon is larger
than the right They give fifteen quarts and milk seven
months
The third order is still smaller and has a half oval on
the right thigh escutcheon which reduces its size They
give thirteen quarts and milk six months
In the fourth order the escutcheon is not only much
smaller but has an angular invasion of the thigh
escutcheon on the right They give ten quarts and milk
five months
All the cows of this class have the tufts by the vulva
which increase in extent from the first order to the fourth
that on the left being longer than that on the right
The Bastard has the tufts by the vulva much enlarged
128
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
262
and covered with coarse hair In other respects the
escutcheon of the bastards is similar to that of the first
order
The cows of the first order of
this class have a strip of de
scending hair reaching from the
sides of the vulva to the lower
part of the udder This strip
of descending hair is bordered
on each side by bands of upward
growing hair As in other
classes the cows of the first
order of this class have a fine
yellow skin over the region of
the escutcheon which is covered
with soft silky hair They give
eighteen quarts and milk eight
months
In the second order the central strip of the vertical es
cutcheon terminates higher upon the bag and the es
cutcheon is smaller than the first
In the third order the descending belt terminates at the
upper part of the udder and the escutcheon is very much
smaller The cows of this order yield fourteen quarts
and milk six months
In the fourth order the side lines of the vertical es
cutcheon terminates before reaching the vulva in coarse
feathery looking hair The outlines of the thigh escutch
eon are also irregular and in size small Cows of this
order yield ten quarts and milk five months
The Bastards of this class differ from the first only in
the enlargement of the prongs of the vertical escutcheon
on each side of the vulva
Sixth ClassDouble Selvage
First Order263
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
129
Seventli ClassDemijohn
First Order
The first order of this class
has the yellow color of the
skin fine hair and oily dandruff
on the escutcheon indicative of
good milk The thigh es
cutcheon does not rise so high
as in the first orders of the
classes already described Cows
of this order yield seventeen
quarts and remain at the pail
eight months
In the second order the es
cutcheon is smaller and lower
down It has one oval on the
left and the tufts by the vulva Cows of this order yield
fifteen quarts and milk seven months
In the third order the escutcheon is still smaller and
instead of running to a point on the thighs curves down
from the vertical portion which is shorter than in the
second order the tufts by the vulva are longer than in
the first and second orders Cows of this order yield
thirteen quarts and continue at the pail six months
In the fourth order the escutcheon is still smaller and
more irregular sometimes having a triangular invasion of
the thigh escutcheon on the right side The tufts are not
well developed and the hair coarse and bristly Cows of
this order yield ten quarts and milk five months
Bastards of this class have an escutcheon similar to
that of the first order except that they have the large
tufts by the vulva130
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
264
This escutcheon resembles very
closely that of the seventh class
Demijohnthe principal difference
being found in the vertical es
cutcheon which turns squarely off
to the left ascending in a narrow
strip to the left of the vulva The
color of the skin is good and the
hair short and fine The finer the
hair the more oily the dandruff and
more nearly the square approaches
the vulva the better the cow Cows
of this order give seventeen quarts
Eighth ClassSquake Kscutch
eon First order and continue eight months
The second order is similar to the first but smaller and
curved on the thighs There is a small tuft on the right
of the vulva and two ovals on the udder Cows of this
order should yield thirteen quarts and continue seven
months
In the third order the escutcheon is still smaller has
one oval and the tuft on the right of the vulva is larger
and covered with coarse hair Cows of this order yield
thirteen quarts and milk six months
In the fourth order the escutcheon is very much smaller
and irregular having an angular invasion on the right
thigh and bristly hair on the vertical portion Cows of
this order yield ten quarts and milk only five months
The bastards of the eighth class have escutcheons sim
ilar to those of the first order but have a large tuft of
coarse hair on the right of the vulva and an enlargement
of the vertical escutcheon of similar character on the left265
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
131
The peculiarity of the escutch
eons of this class is the termina
tion of the vertical portion in a
sharp point below the vulva It
has the good features of other first
orders Cows of this order give
fifteen quarts and continue at the
pail eight months
The second order differs from
the first in being smaller in extent
terminating farther below the
vulva in having the points of the
thigh escutcheon rounded and the
Ninth ciaseLiMTusmn tufts by the vulva longer There is
Km order one oval on the udder In this
order thirteen quarts may be expected and a continuance
of seven months
down thf rderuiS StJ11 SmallCr thG thjgh portion curved
downward from the vertical and the tufts by the vulva
Jr of this order yieid ten quarts d
The fourth order is still smaller than the third the tuft
by the vulva covered with bristly hair and the left one
much longer than the right Cows of this order yield
only eight quarts and milk but five months
Bastards of this class have escutcheons similar in every
respect to those of the first order but have large tufts of
bnstly hair on both sides of the vulva132
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
L266
Cows of this order have the
characteristics of the escutch
eons of other first orders but
have no vertical escutcheons as
shown in the illustration They
yield only thirteen quarts and
milk eight months
In the second order the es
cutcheon is smaller than the
first the thigh portion larger on
the left than on the right The
vulva tufts are larger There is
only one oval Cows of this
order yield only ten quarts
Tenth ClassHouizontal
First Order and continue seven months
In the third order the escutcheon is lower down smaller
and more irregular in shape with a triangular invasion by
the descending hair on the right The vulva tufts are
also larger with bristly hair
The escutcheon of the fourth order of this class is very
small and defective having a triangular invasion of the
thigh portion on the right and one of an inward curve on
the left The tufts are large and composed of coarse
bristly hair
The bastards of this class have good large escutcheons
similar to the first order but having the vulva tufts well
defined
It should be remembered in reference to all the bas
tards that the size and form of these tufts indicate the
rapidity with which the cows will decline in their yield of
milk after impregnation If they are large and pointed
at the ends with coarse hair they indicate not only that
the cow will fail rapidly in milk but that the milk will be
poor in quality
The escutcheon is observable also on bulls and takes
the same forms as on cows but is of less extent The
Curveline and Limousine are most commonly met with267
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
133
Bulls for use with dairy cows should be selected with
reference to their escutcheons which they transmit prob
ably with more certainty especially if thoroughbred than
do the cows
Every farmer who cares to breed good milch cows
should master this system It is not necessary to pay
much attention to the orders lower than the fourth and
hence descriptions of them have been omitted Guenon
gave eight orders
The estimates made of the yield of the different classes
and orders are based upon the supposition that the cows
receive from calfhood good attention and abundant food
If these have been neglected the actual yield will most
probably fall below the estimate As already remarked
the characteristics of the different breeds of cattle must
also be taken into consideration134
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
268
sffifG0msi
CHAPTER XII
MANAGEMENT OF MILK AND BUTTER
The first requisite and one to which too little attention
is given is to have good healthy cows kindly and humanely
treated Nutritious food and pure fresh water are abso
lutely necessary to the production of good milk It is
not sufficient to guard the milk while being drawn and
during its subsequent management to secure purity If
the cows drink stagnant water or that polluted by sewer
drainage or other impurities they cannot produce pure or
even drinkable milk Such water is infested with micro
scopic animalculae and the spores of fungi which taken
into the system by the cow produce a feverish condition
of the animal and passing into the milk secretions are
drawn with the milk in which the animalculse propagate
and the fungoid spores germinate causing disease in those
who consume the milk Milk may be polluted also by
cows breathing impure and offensive air arising from filthy
stalls or decaying animal or vegetable matter It is not269
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
135
unusual to see cows especially in cities leave their stalls
with manure caked on their sides such cows kept in such
stalls cannot yield pure milk Milk has been known to
be tainted by cows inhaling the offensive odor of carrion
exposed in their pastures When the carrion was removed
the milk from the same cows grazing in the same pasture
and with all other surroundings the same as before was
no longer tainted
BAD ODORS ABSORBED BY MILK
The room in which milk is kept should be scrupulously
neat used for nothing but milk and thoroughly ventilated
with pure air If meats or vegetables are kept in the
same room with milk it will absorb odors from them
which will affect the flavor both of the milk and of the
butter made from it
Willard in his work on Practical Dairy Husbandry
mentions a case which came under the observation of Mr
Lawson Tait F R C S of Birmingham England in
which the milk of a dairy was tainted by a peculiar smoky
taste by asphalting the floor of the dairy and the surface
adjacent to it This suggested to him that it would ab
sorb other things which were not so innocuous and he
instituted some experiments to test its absorbing power
He says I at once set going a series of experiments
which have led me to the belief that milk is an extremely
dangerous agent for the spread of contagion By
inclosing fresh milk under belljars with tar turpentine
assafcetida feces urine etc I found that in most in
stances the milk became impregnated with the smell and
sometimes with that intensely disagreeable sensation
known as the taste like the smell of the substances em
ployed The degree to which this was acquired seemed
not so much to be in proportion to the amount employed
either of milk or of infectant substance but to the amount136
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
270
and quality of the cream which rose to the surface of the
milk the oleaginous molecules seeming to act as the
menstruum of contagion This is not unlikely when we
remember that the best solvent for nearly all odoriferous
principles is oil If we bethink ourselves of any
instances of diseases which might in certain instances be
communicated by milk typhoid fever stands out with
fearful probability
The necessity therefore of pure water clean stalls and
wholesome food for dairy cows as well as the importance
of setting the milk in a pure atmosphere free from the
presence of any matter from which it could absorb offen
sive taints will be appreciated
Those having the care of milk cannot be too scrupulous
as to cleanliness not only in the apartment in which it is
kept but in the vessels used to contain it and the water
employed in cleansing them
There are two principal systems now in use where much
attention is given to dairy husbandry viz the Cooly and
kindred systems in which the milk is set in deep pans
immersed in cool water and the Furguson plan in which
a cool current of air instead of water is used Neither is
practicable in the South under ordinary circumstances
since ice is required in each system
Those who have cool springs conveniently located can
use the Cooly system There has of late years been
much discussion in the Agricultural press upon the merits
of these systems and the appliances used in each have re
ceived from year to year such improvements as the expe
rience of practical dairymen have suggested until now
they seem to have almost reached perfection
The relative merits of deep or shallow pans for raising
the cream have also been freely ventilated through the
agricultural press but the advocates of the different plans
have viewed the matter from such widely different stand
points that often both have been right when their sur271
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
137
roundings have been ascertained while both were wrong
in endeavoring to insist upon the universal adoption of
either system regardless of surrounding circumstances In
this as in every other department of husbandly one must
be controlled to a large extent by the surrounding circum
stances In the South the deep pans may be adopted to
advantage by those who have springhouses or who have
their dairies adjacent to wells of cool water with appli
ances for running the water around the milk at short in
tervals of time In the absence of these conveniences a
cool basementroom on the north side of the house into
which the cool morningair is admitted and from which
the heated noonair is excluded but with ample ventila
tion from above will probably give most satisfactory re
sults
The subearth ducts by which a cool current of air is
conducted for some distance under the earth into the dairy
and the warm air conducted out through the top the cur
rent being induced by a heated flew or large lamps at the
top of the dairy if on a small scale have been successfully
adopted in some localities The air is cooled and purified
by its passage through the subearth ducts and enters the
dairy cool and fresh and is constantly renewed by the re
moval of the warm air from above
On ordinary farms in the South so little preparation is
made for the care of milk that it cannot be said that any
system prevails either as to arrangement of dairies or as
to the manner of setting the milk
If the surroundings are such that the milk is necessarily
exposed to a high temperature and consequently sours in
a short time shallow pans are best since they admit of a
more prompt rising of the cream If a low temperature
can be maintained the deep pans are more convenient
Milk should be set as promptly as possible after it is
drawn since if the cream has begun to rise before strain
ing it is remingled with the milk and will not so readily
separate itself again138
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
272
WHAT IS CREAM AND WHY DOES IT RISE TO THE
SURFACE
Cream is an aggregation of globules of oily matter
varying in size in the milk of different breeds of cattle as
well as in the milk of the same cow These globules con
tain the butter inclosed in sacs They having less specific
gravity than the watery parts of the milk rise to the sur
face the larger ones first and the balance in the order of
their size the smaller rising last In the milk of Jersey
cows the globules are larger than in that of those of other
breeds and hence the cream rises more promptly in the
former than in the latter In the milk of the same cow
however the globules differ in size The larger ones
having a greater quantity of the oily matter in a body are
lighter and hence rise first In deep pans this arrange
ment of the globules in the cream in the order of their
size is more complete than in shallow pans
CHURNING
Is simply such an agitation of the cream separately or
of the cream mingled with the entire milk as will rupture
the enveloping cases of these globules liberating the oily
particles which cohering to each other collect and
form butter The globules in Jersey milk being larger
than those in other milk and the encasing sacs more
tender it requires less agitation and a shorter time to get
the butter from it The globules also being more uniform
in size the butter comes more nearly all at once and
hence there is less risk of overchurning and the grain is
better preserved
In milk in which there is greater difference in the size
of the globules the larger ones are ruptured some time
before the smaller ones and hence the grain of the first
that comes is destroyed by overchurning before the oily
matter is liberated from the smaller globules273
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
139
The same effect is produced by churning old cream with
new The sacs of the older cream are more tender and
are ruptured more easily than those of the new and as
before overchurning occurs
The same effect is produced by too rapid churning or
by the use of dashes with cutting edges such as the tur
bine wheel dash perforated tin funnels etc
Avoid all dashes and churns which claim to get butter
from new milk in five minutes While this is possible the
texture and consequently the quality of the butter is in
jured
To secure good results in butter milk should be kept
at as nearly a uniform temperature as possible and should
be neither too warm nor too cold when churned If too
cold it will foam and require long churning to get the
butter if too warm the butter when it comes will be
too soft to gather and of poor quality both as to color
and texture From 65 to 70 F is the best temperature
that can be attained in this climate under ordinary circum
stances and one at which churning is easily done
Butter is often injured by overworking after it is taken
from the churn When this is the case it has the same
clammy and tallowy texture that results from overchurn
ing The grain is destroyed by heating or excessive
working especially when it is warm during the operation
The only object in working butter at all is to free it from
the milk that becomes entangled in it during the processes
of churning and collecting it There are various mechani
cal appliances in use for removing the milk from butter
some of which are highly recommended by practical dairy
men
140
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
274
That represented by
the accompanying illus
tration is in use in some
of the largest Jersey
dairies in this State and
is perhaps the best in
use It effectually re
moves the milk without
injuring the grain of the
butter There is no ex
cuse for the production
of white or inferior but
ter in Georgia if the
proper food is provided
for the cows and milk
and butter are correctly
managed yet country
butter in our cities is almost synonymous with poor
butter especially during the winter With our facilities
for providing green food for cows during winter our best
butter should be made then and is in some dairies which
are carefully and judiciously managed
So rich and yellow was the butter from the dairy of
Mr J B Wade of DeKalb county last winter that pur
chasers objected to it on account of the color suspecting
the use of artificial coloring matter
The use of annotto for coloring butter is quite common
in Northern dairies during winter when green food cannot
be had for the cows This is a red coloring matter ob
tained in South America and the West Indies from the
pulp surrounding the seeds of the annotto tree Bixa
orellana It is considered perfectly innoxious but since
it adds nothing to the flavor of the butter and is used to
impart the appearance of firstclass butter to what is in
reality an inferior article it is a species of deception
which to say the least of it is not commendable275
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
141
OLEOMARGARINE
Is an imitation of butter which so nearly resembles it in
appearance as to deceive the unsuspicious Large quanti
ties of it are sold as butter without detection even by the
consumer It retains its consistency under a warm tem
perature better than butter and hence bears shipment
better and keeps longer Analysis shows it to contain
substantially the same ingredients as pure butter and to
possess no properties deleterious to health Recent ex
periments with this compound however show that it
forms an emulsion less readily than pure butter and hence
is supposed to be less readily absorbed by the system
If sold as oleomargarine there seems to be no reasona
ble objection to its sale but if sold as pure butter as is
generally the case a fraud is perpetrated upon the pur
chaser and consumer which should be punishable under
the law
It can be detected very readily by the peculiar odor
derived from the oil of tallow used in its manufacture
The fat of beeves is ground or finely cut by machinery
made for the purpose and then subjected in steamheated
vats to a temperature of 1500 F causing the greater part
of the fat to separate from the fibre and rise to the surface
This is drawn off with a syphon into a waterbath and
salt added to hasten clarification It is then drawn off
and allowed to solidify somewhat It is then pressed the
part remaining being principally stearine is rejected the
part which flows off is churned with milk to impart some
what of the flavor of butter to it and then seasoned with
salt and colored with annotto The whole process of
manufacture is cleanly and the product an excellent imita
tion of butter and if fresh healthy fat is used for its
manufacture it contains nothing injurious to health
Vegetable oil such as peanut oil is sometimes used in
its manufacture when much stearine is retained for the142
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
276
purpose of reducing its melting point more nearly to that
of pure butter
KEEPING BUTTER
A cheap and effectual method of keeping butter through
the winter is as follows Work the milk from the butter
as thoroughly as possible pack firmly in stone jars cover
with an inch of fine salt even with the top of the jars tie
a cloth tightly over them and invert in a cool dry room
The butter thus packed in September will be perfectly
fresh and sweet when opened in spring Another plan
practiced by some is to wrap pound packages in cloth and
immerse in sweet brine made of strong salt
A Virginia lady writes I have tried two methods of
keeping butter successfully from September to the follow
ing May or June one by packing in stone jars covering
an inch deep in salt binding a cloth tightly over it and
turning it upside down The other is to tie each churning
in a clean cloth and drop it into brine keeping it well
pressed under This brine must be as strong as it can be
madeboiled skimmed and strained In either of these
methods the butter must be pure to keep well It is such
an absorbent it is all important to keep it free from all
odors and to have all vessels in which the milk is kept or
in which butter is packed kept exclusively for that pur
pose Butter must of course be well worked taking care
not to break the grain If the grain is broken it will not
keep at all The brine effectually excludes the air and
keeps the butter in exactly the same condition in which
it was put away If some rolls have less salt than others
they will not be altered by the brine as one would sup
pose I prefer this method to packing in stone jarsit is
more reliable and far less trouble If wooden vessels are
used they should be of oak
If however dairy farms are properly managed in
Georgia there will be no necessity for packing butter for277
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
143
winter use Winter dairying with our facilities for pro
ducing green food during the entire year should be made
a specialty and giltedge butter sent from Georgia to
the Northern markets
This will be further discussed in the chapter on Grasses
and Other Forage Crops
CHAPTER XIII
HOW TO JUDGE A BEEFBUTCHERING AND HOW IT
SHOULD BE DONE CORNED BEEPCOOKING BEEF Etc J
It is important that those who sell as well as those
who buy should be able to judge of a beef on the hoof
There are certain points which indicate the degree of
fatness and the quality of the meat a few of which will
be noticed As remarked in the chapter on the
different breeds of cattle beefproducing qualities vary
with the breed Like capacity for milkproduction that
of beefproduction has been developed by careful selection
and breeding The Texas steer or one reared on the
range in Georgia contrasted with an improved Short
Horn or Hereford ox both as to size form and quality of
the meat illustrates better than any description can the
wonderful improvement wrought by skillful selection
breeding and feeding In the former the flesh and fat are
taken on irregularly and often as otherwise in the less
desirable parts of the carcass while in the latter they are
more uniformly distributed and placed principally on the
most desirable parts It is economy therefore if beef is the
object of the breeder to select one of the early maturing
easy fattening beefproducing breeds since they give
more and better beef for a given quantity of food than the
slowgrowing less compact kinds For beef animals in144
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Georgia a cross of a Short Horn or Hereford bull on
the common cow will give fine results Many who
will read this are familiar with the influence of such a
cross on the native cows of a neighborhood in the
improvement in the size and appearance of the cattle
The effects of such a cross made in Hancock county in
186162 and 63 are still visible
The ratio of flesh to offal determines the true value
of an animal for beef purposes
The body of a properly formed beef animal when
thoroughly fatted should to use Allens expression be
nearly an oblong square In such an animal there is
very little offal compared with the valuable parts
Such form implies wellarched ribs giving ample chest
capacity for the accommodation of full lungs and sound
digestive organs broad hips a well filled twist a heavy
brisket and full flank
The hind quarters furnish the most valuable part of the
beefsuch form implies full development of these parts
with small bone wellrounded hams marbled flesh and a
uniform distribution of fat over the entire carcass
An animal with a narrow flat chest long legs small
hips heavy head large bone and flat hams will prove
profitable neither to the breeder grazier the butcher nor
the consumer Few animals with large head and large
bone and flat hams will prove profitable feeders or good
beef while one with small head fine bone and a flexible
skin will generally fatten well and yield tender fine
grained juicy beef Experienced judges of cattle rely
much upon what is technically called the handling
which has reference to the feel of the skin and the flesh
immediately under it A hard handler says Allen is
one with a tight close skin with little or no yielding of
the flesh beneath a soft or good handler denotes an
elastic or springy touch both skin and flesh yielding like
a small hollow Indiarubber ball to the pressure of the279
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fingers and the skin easy of movement over the flesh
not flabby as is sometimes the case with a very thin
skinned and sleazily madeup animal A hard handler
denotes a bad and slow feeder and tough meat A
soft or good handler denotes tender juicy meatand
a quick profitable feeder
To the eye there are also certain points which reliably
indicate the degree of fatness and the quality of the meat
Besides the size and fineness of the head and bone the
following points should be carefully noticed as indicating
a high degree of fatness and being well developed only
on well fatted cattle These are the roll back of the
shoulder shown as the animal walks a plump and well
let down flank full twist or breeching as sometimes
called and if a bullock a full round cod Rolls of fat on
each side of the root of the tail also indicate an advanced
stage of fatness The ribs of a very poor ox show prom
inently those of a moderately fat one show but little
while those of a very fat animal appear prominent on
account of the accumulation of fat on the outside A
careful observation of these points together with the
handling and general square plump form of the animal
will rarely deceive one in judging a fat beef
BUTCHERING
Should be understood by every farmer whether he
expects to perform the operation himself or not since
under our system of labor with the frequent changes
occurring in the labor employed on the farm the farmer
can have no assurance that he will have in his employ a
man who knows how to butcher a beef
It is not proposed to give detailed directions for butch
ering but simply to make a few suggestions which may be
of service to the inexperienced The best way to learn
how to butcher is to assist an experienced butcher in
the performance of the operation observing closely every
part of the process
10U6
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The animal to be slaughtered should be prepared for it
by a fast of twelve or eighteen hours in order to relieve
somewhat the distention of the intestines and thus facil
itate their manipulation
It matters not whether the axe or the rifle be used for
killing provided it be so executed as not to injure the flesh
of the beast and provided the knife is promptly used on
the neck veins to insure thorough bleeding and the animal
be placed in a position favorable to the effusion of the
blood As early as possible after the bleeding the hide
should be stripped from the hind legs a gambrel inserted
and the animal hung up The practice of skinning on the
ground is a slovenly one and seriously injures the appear
ance and quality of the meat so slaughtered If one has
not a scaffold with rope and windlass a stout pole with
one end resting on the ground and the other in the fork of
a tree on a side hill will answer very well Have the beef
to drop with head down hill at the end of the pole and as
soon as ready slip the gambrel up the pole until the animal
swings If no suitable tree stands on a side hill at a
convenient distance from the farmhouse a fork or post
may be substituted The utmost neatness should be
observed in the preparation of the meat which should
not be cut until cold and firm
When beef is butchered in cool weather say in Decem
ber so much of it as is intended for steak may be hung in
a cool place without salt and steak cut from it as needed
rubbing a little dry meal over the freshly cut part to pre
vent drying and crusting The longer the meat hangs
without salt the more tender the steak will be Salt
hardens and toughens meat and should be used on beef
only when necessary for its preservation No matter how
well fatted beef may beor how carefully and neatly butch
ered steak must be cooked well to be eatable A poor
steak well cooked is better than a choice one poorly pre
pared Broiling steak is a very simple process and yet we281
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rarely find a properly broiled steak on either public or
private tables
The too common practice of pounding or chopping
steak for the purpose of making it tender has the effect
of depriving it of its juices its very essence leaving
only the fiber of the cellular structure The prime object
in broiling a steak should be to preserve the juices in the
steak itself and not in the gravy Pounding steak before
cooking and then extracting its juices into the gravy to
be used with it reminds one of grinding apples pressing
out the juice and then pouring the cider over the pulp to
season it to make it palatable The gridiron was formerly
used exclusively for broiling steak but this is by no means
necessary An ordinary pan will answer quite as well
Place the pan on the stove until quite hot Cut the steak
of uniform thicknessfrom half to threefourths inchlay
it in the pan using care to have every point of it come in
contact with the hot pan and turn rapidly to avoid burn
ing Have butter pepper and salt in a hot dish at hand
with a little of this baste the steak when nearly done to
increase the flavor if desired or simply lay the steak in
the dish and with a spoon pour some of the butter over
it The object in having the pan hot when commencing
to broil the steak is to sear the outer surface to coagulate
the albumen and thus prevent the escape of the juices
Rapid turning is necessary to prevent overcooking the
outside before the interior is sufficiently done When
rare done the inside of the steak will be red but when
cut no blood will escape At this stage it is more tender
better flavored and more digestible than when cooked
more The best steak will be tough if cooked slowly
The ordinary method of frying beaten steak with lard
destroys the flavor of the steak and renders it less digesti
ble than when properly broiled
In baking or roasting beef it should be subjected at first
to a high degree of heat as in broiling steak to coagulate148
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the albumen of the surface to prevent the escape of its
nutritious fluids this done it should be subjected to a
slow heat until the interior is cooked to redness but so
that the juices which escape when cut will not be
tinged with blood A little water should be put into the
pan in the commencement of the operation and the sur
face of the meat basted repeatedly during the progress of
the cooking with the gravy from the pan or oven When
the slow heat is applied dredge the meat with flour to
serve the double purpose of closing the pores of the
surface and of imparting a pleasant brownness to the meat
when cooked Roasting and baking are used to indicate
the same process the only difference being the exclusion
of air in the latter and its admission in the former process
If fresh meats are to be boiled they should first be
immersed in boiling water for a few minutes and then cold
water added to reduce the temperature to a mere simmer
ing which should be continued until the meat is done
The usual rule as to time is twenty minutes to the pound
of meat The scum that rises to the top while boiling
should be removed In boiling meat to be eaten as such
we desire to retain the juices as much as possible in the
meat and hence it is first immersed in boiling water to
coagulate the albumen of the surface In boiling for soup
we desire to extract the nutritious juices from the meat
and hence it is put into cold water over a slow fire and
gradually brought to the boiling point If vegetables are
used in the soup they should be boiled separately and
added to the soup before it is done If put fresh into the
boiling soup they will be toughened and will not boil
to pieces The head and hoof of beeves are thrown
away by some while by others they are highly esteemed
Several choice dishes may be made from the beefs head
If boiled thoroughly and cut fine it may be made into
pies or stews or placed in a dish with bread crumbs on
top and thoroughly browned These dishes are seasoned283
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
149
with pepper salt and perhaps a little onion to suit the
taste and are both good and economical Another dish
is made from it by chopping it fine and mixing it with
some cold hamfat and leanbread crumbs and an egg
or two Knead them well together form into round or
oval balls roll in a little flour and fry a light brown
The head of a large beef will not cost at most more
than twentyfive cents and will supply an ordinary family
for several days with choice dishes
The feet nicely dressed and thoroughly boiled besides
making nice neatsfoot oil if cut up fine rolled in flour
and egg and fried make a choice dish
soup no part of the beef is equal to the tail
For making
CORNED BEEF
Should be in the storeroom of every farmers wife
during winter and spring An experienced housekeeper
of Virginia sends the following recipe for preparing it
Salt the beef as usual adding a pinch of saltpetre to
each piece Let it remain in salt three days drain off the
bloody brine formed by the salt and wipe each piece with
a clean towel and repack in the tuba syrup or molasses
cask will answer For the brine take as much water as
will cover the beef and add salt until it will no longer dis
solve it a teacup of ground saltpetre and a quart of
molasses or its equivalent of brown sugar Boil this and
skim well When entirely cold pour over the beef and
keep it well pressed under the brine These proportions
will answer for 200 pounds of beef Should the brine
mould in warm weather reboil and skim adding half
pound of bicarbonate of soda and when cold return to
the beef Corned beef should be boiled until the bones
can be taken out and allowed to cool in the liquor in
which it was boiled It should not be cut while warm
Pieces of the beef which would be inferior if cooked while
fresh make delicious meat when corned by this recipe
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The round of beef or a piece cut from the thigh where
the best round steak is taken cutting entirely through
with a thickness of six or eight inches makes when
corned by the above recipe a delicious dish either boiled
and eaten cold or broiled with butter and pepper
CHAPTER V
SOME DISEASES TO WHlCH C ITTLE ARE SUBJECT
IN THE SOUTH
There is probably no country in the world in which
cattle are more exempt from disease or in which they
are subject to so few diseases as in the South In
colder climates where it is necessary to protect cattle in
warm houses during winter they are liable to many seri
ous complaints almost unknown in Southern herds such
as consumption pneumonia and other diseases resulting
from climatic influences and defective ventilation in the
barns in which they are kept in winter
A full discussion of the diseases of cattle cannot be had
in a single chapter of a work limited in scope as is this by
the small fund which can be devoted to printing nor is
such full discussion necessary in a work prepared espe
cially for Georgia farmers who will be better served by
confining the discussion to diseases which are likely to oc
cur in their herds
REDWATER
is the only disease which is at all fatal to cattle in Geor
gia and hence the larger part of this chapter will be de
voted to its discussion Fortunately for the objects in
view this disease has recently prevailed in some of the
finest Jersey herds in the State and has received at the
hands of the Jersey breeders the most careful attention
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Advantage is therefore taken of their so recent experience
and observation the results of which are given for the
guidance of others whose herds may in the future suffer
from the attacks of this our most fatal cattle disease
At the request of the Commissioner of Agriculture sev
eral gentlemen who have had practical experience with
this disease have given the results of their experience and
observation for the benefit of the farmers of the State
In July last this disease broke out in the choice herd of
Jerseys of Maj W B Cox of Atlanta on his farm in De
Kalb county Under date of Sep 1st 1880 Dr H L
Wilson who attended Maj Coxs cattle writes
At the request of Maj W B Cox I give you some
facts relative to the recent sickness in his herd of Jersey
cattle Immediately succeeding the heated term in July
his cattle that were then at the pail began first to decline
in milk and in from twelve to twentyfour hours refused
to take food With drooping heads they stood in a drawn
position evidently in pain The urine was quite red at
first hence the common name of the disease RedWater
and continued to deepen in color until it was like port
wine just before death
After he had lost one or two I went out to his farm to
endeavor to assist him if possible in saving the balance from
death I had a postmortem examination and found the
last stomach in a high state of inflammation extending
through the duodenum or first intestine The gallblad
der was distended until it was as big as a large cocoanut
the bladder almost ready to burst from distention with
bloody urine
The kidney and in some instances in subsequent post
mortems the liver was congested
His herd had been grazing on a very rich bottom cov
ered with clover and grass My opinion was that the
succulent feed that was in a high state of development
and the excessive heat were the causes of the trouble IHM

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therefore advised active purgation but all attempts at
thorough purging failed save in one animal I gave salts
and lard freely but with no good results One cow Op
tima the queen of his herd was powerfully purged and
directly afterwards I ordered fluid extract of ergot one
ounce and spirits of turpentine two teaspoonfulls given
with drench of flaxseed tea and limewater She con
tinued to improve and is now well but seven others died
Now remember that all of those that died failed to purge
and died in from twelve to thirtysix hours after
failing to give milk or to eat Immediately after this
sickness Maj Cox removed all of his stock to a highland
pasture in which there is plenty of shade and a spring
branch Here they did well until the last week in Au
gust when seven more were attacked in the same way two
of which died making his loss within a few weeks amount
to nine in number Now is it epidemic or heat or ex
cessive feed in damp lowgrounds or what is the cause
I am informed that quite a number of cattle have been
similarly attacked and have recovered but I do not be
lieve that they could have been so malignantly sick as
those I saw I am satisfied that unless actively and
promptly purged they invariably die
Mr J B Wade under date of Atlanta Aug 26th 1880
writes
During last year and the year before nearly all of my
Jerseys at Oak Shade Farm in DeKalb county were
sick As all of them were brought from the North I
think the sickness was caused by a change of climate
None have as yet had a second attack The first case
occurred in July the last on the 29th of October The
symptoms among those of mine that were attacked were
all similar in their characteristics and were so marked that
the most inexperienced person would not fail to detect
the sick animal In the case of milch cows the first symp
tom noticed was a total cessation of milk secretion In
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every case the animal would lie down with its neck stretch
ed forward under jaw resting on the ground ears droop
ed eyes half closed and running water a clear ropy dis
charge from the nostrils no sweat on the end of the nose
which an animal in good health always has a constant
gritting of the teeth The worst cases would utter a low
plaintive moan and seem to be in much pain and would
offer no resistance when drenched or injected If stand
ing the back would be drawn up and the head drooped
A rapid emaciation begins with the commencement of the
disease With the exception of one or two cases out of
probably twenty obstinate constipation was a symptom
Two cases began with bloody urine but with all the
others this was an after symptom In every case there
was high fever quick pulse and hot dry skin
To move the bowels as quickly as possible was my
aim To effect this I gave a cow a quart of lard warmed
sufficiently to liquify it and immediately followed it with
a quart of flaxseed tea If there is no action from the
bowels in two hours repeat the dose in smaller quantity
say one pintif still no effect from the lard in four hours
more give another pint I gave a quart of flaxseed tea every
two hours until four or five doses were taken I injected
the first cases I had with soapsuds but do not think this
did any good
In cases of constipation the first operations will be
very compacted hard dry and black and in small quan
tity For this I did not stop giving the lard but contin
ued it in pint doses till the feces became softer of lighter
color and more copious Then another trouble began
When the lard did take effect it would produce a violent
case of the scours and if the cow was with calf this would
produce abortion Several persons told me that Epsom
salts should have been substituted for the lard and I tried
it in a few cases but found it was slower in its effects and
so went back to the lard thinking it better to lose the
calf than to let both die154
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The object of the flaxseed tea was to operate on the
kidneys and in every case at the beginning this was given
whether they had bloody urine or not and when they did
have it I continued to drench with the flaxseed tea till
the urine changed from the bloody color When the attack
was broken and they began to convalesce the first food
they were given was two or three pieces of dried beef the
size and length of the little finger The first piece would
have to be forced into the mouth and held there till they
chewed and swallowed it After that they would follow
around for more They were given a few pieces of the beef
several times a day for two or three days or until they had
an appetite for bran and hay The beef is an appetizing and
nutritious diet Every case I had recovered and in two
or three weeks they were as fat as ever and livelier than
they were before they were sick I should have men
tioned that I gave them shorts or bran with a very little
ground flaxseed as soon as they would eat If much flax
seed is put in the bran they will not eat it I have had
only one case of an animal being sick that was to the
manor born and that was a calf three months old He
had no Redwater symptoms but in all other respects was
sick just as the others were
Judge John L Hopkins whose stock farm is near At
lanta in Fulton County under date of September 2
writes
Immediately after Major Coxs losses from the disease
called Redwater I reported the cases to the National
Live Stock Journal and also to the Country Gentleman
The matter was referred by the Journal to Dr Paaran and
by the Country Gentleman to Dr Moore both of whom
are educated competent veterinary surgeons I enclose
their replies Dr Paarans prescription was received first
and I used it mainly but Dr Moores was used also both
with satisfactory results I had in my herd five severe
cases four of them my very choicest animals They were289
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155
all saved and undoubtedly it was accomplished by this
treatment It should be understood that death cannot be
averted unless the disease is promptly and courageously
met at the start A few hours delay and death is almost
certain I inspect every animal on my place twice a day
and all during the day they are under the eye of Mr Mar
tin the herdsman The very moment that a change oc
curs it may be observed The practical observant man
who is familiar with his cow can tell in an instant whether
there is anything wrong with her just as certainly as he
can say whether it is joy or sorrow that is depicted in the
countenance of a familiar friend When that change
comes it must be met then and there as it will be too late
Should the flow of milk fall off suddenly without a known
causesuch as fright excitement etc or should the appe
tite fail do not wait for more it is safe to resort to the
remedies at once The linseed tea should be made from
the seed unground to be sure that it is pure and the tea
should be as strong as it can be made Let the portion
be over rather than under a quart and let the medicine be
administered by the watch A negligent or unfaithful at
tendant will be of no service With the first discharge of
red water the animal appears to almost let go of life and
then after the bowels are moved the hope lies in linseed
the gentian and iron Drs Paaran and Moore unite with
others in attributing the disease generally to low land or
inferior pasturage and that may throw some off their
guard Helgaone of my cows and the very queen of
Jerseyshad the disease and hers was one of the most
stubborn cases About three weeks before she took sick
she slipped a horn She was tethered in a lucerne field
within reach of the shade of some apple trees The
tether was moved from day to day and she was kept on
that purest and best of pastures lucerne and crabgrass
She was given bran and had oilcake also The other cat
tle were fed freely on green corn bran oilcake and cotton
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290
seed meal and ran on young orchardgrass pasture I am
satisfied that Helga was gorged with her green food and
the others with the green corn I at once purged every
animal on the place and let them down for a few days
from the high feeding and then gradually and cautiously
returned to a proper diet The disease has not reap
peared
Dr Paarans reply to Judge Hopkins inquiry taken
from the National Live Stock Journal of August 1880
According to the description the disease from which
the cows died was no doubt the socalled Redwater It is
stated that the cows were kept in a low meadow with
high and rank grasses Such land besides containing
coarse and innutritious grasses very frequently contains
also plants or shrubs possessing acrid bitter or astringent
principles The consumption of such herbage in un
limited quantities is often productive of serious disorders
and especially of irritative fever and inflammation of the
urinary organs We are requested to suggest preventive
and corrective measures Prevention consists in discon
tinuing the use of such grounds for pasturage and remov
ing the animals to grounds preferably higher ones and
which contain no deleterious herbage In the beginning
of the disease a purgative dose should be given consist
ing according to the age of the animal of from one pound
to a pound and a half of Epsom salts dissolved in a pint of
hot water to which has been added a pint of treacle mo
lasses Also give every hour a quart of linseed tea
besides injection per rectum of linseed tea When
the bowels have been attended to stimulants and
tonics should be administered to counteract the prevailing
great lassitude and weakness such as an ounce each of
aromatic spirits of ammonia and compound tincture of
gentian or an ounce each of compound tincture of gentian
and tincture of perchloride of iron either of which should
be given in a pint of cold gruel or linseed tea and repeated291
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157
every two or three hours Give all the linseed tea the
animal will drink and feed on gruel or steamed or boiled
food
The following inquiry by Judge Hopkins and reply by
Dr Moore are taken from the Country Gentleman of Au
gust 12 1880
REDWATER IN CATTLE
A terrible cattle disease has recently been prevailing
here Its first symptom is the passage of red urine and
the discharge of matter from the nose that scalds the skin
of the nostril As the disease progresses the urine turns
darker and when finally it gets dead black there is no
escape from death The cows were sick two or three days
They had every possible attention and every known rem
edy was applied but to no purpose One of the cows
was cut open after death and it was found that her blad
der contained over a gallon of perfectly black water The
poor things appeared to suffer terribly but could not be
roused from a dull sort of stupor that seized them after
the disease had fairly taken hold The disease is not con
tagious or infectious nor is it confined to Jersey cattle or
to any sort of fine cattle There are many common cows
that have died of the same trouble What is it how
should it be treated and how may it be prevented We
greatly need a competent veterinary surgeonan educated
experienced skilful man Such a person would do well
here A large amount of money has been invested in
Jerseys in this county and we are full of anxiety The
herds have all been doing well J L H
Atlanta Ga
ANSWER BY DR EDWARD MOORE
Haemoalbuminuria black water bloody urine red
water etc are among the titles given to a disease of cat
tie characterized by the color of the urine which accord
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292
ing to the stage of the disease is red coffeecolored or
black It is loaded with albumen and contains considera
ble coloring matter from the blood It is noncontagious
but owin to the fact that its immediate cause is to be
found in the nature of the food which the animals receive
and inasmuch as oftentimes a large number are fed alike
consequently the majority are stricken down with this ter
rible disease Those who do not understand it are apt to
look upon it as contagious Food containing flesh and
fatforming matters in small proportions with excess of
water is the great factor in the commoner form of this
disease and unquestionably the case in the instance before
us It is a much rarer disease in this country than on the
Continent or in Great Britain It follows bad weather
and results from inferior pasturageinferior both as to
quantity and quality The same may be said of roots
that is those poor in quality are known to be productive
of this disease The blood is thus robbed of its richness
and purity and in consequence some of its components
which are unfitted for the performance of their natural
functions are excreted in large quantities by the kidneys
and with the urine gain exit from the body The vital
fluid the blood thus impoverished is not capable longer
of keeping up the tone of the system and various organs
give way to disease and depending upon the particular
ones which sympathize we notice peculiar symptoms
The liver intestinal canal and kidneys are usually affected
largely often followed by brain sympathy The heart is
also very abnormal in action owing to the changed con
dition of the blood There is another form of this dis
ease which sets in about a week or two after parturition
but it is not necessary to speak of that now In the treat
ment we find that a knowledge of the cause is necessary
in order to render either prevention or treatment rational
To prevent it should be the first aim and this indicates a
study of the condition of pastures seasons and weather293
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159
land undrained low and wet rank innutritious food and
roots grown on rich moist lands should be avoided and
the disease will disappear Remedial measures for those
affected are often unsatisfactory for the reason that ani
mals become so anaemic and prostrated before they receive
any treatment that it is of no avail Give them in prefer
ence to quack nostrums and drugs large quantities of
blood or albumen in the shape of eggs beaten up with
milk giving also something to strengthen the system
weakened by the causes enumerated We can now sug
gest with a hope of success a line of treatment simple
and complete Give daily for several days from a pint to
a quart of raw linseed oil even if diarrhoea is present
chlorate of potash 3 dr in water thrice daily chloride
of sodium 6 oz powdered capsicum 1 dr powdered
gentian 1 oz and sulphate of quinia 30 gr twice daily
Without skilled treatment the fatality is very great
Col Richard Peters says
My first experience with Redwater was in 1856 and
1857 I nad collected from all parts of the United States
and from England a herd of 100 head of thoroughbred
North Devon cattle with a few of the Durham and Ayr
shire My improved Devons from England cost nearly
50000 per head I had sent three of them to my farm
in Gordon county and retained three of them in Atlanta
keeping them stalled or in the shade They reached
America in February or March
Those at the farm ran in the fields with the other cattle
Early the following August the Devon bull was attacked
with Redwater He was drenched with 1 lbs of Glau
ber salts and some spirits of turpentine In about three
days he diednot then knowing he had the Redwater
About the last of August other cases appeared and at the
same time my English cattle at Atlanta were taken I
used freely salts and spirits of turpentine on the entire
herd both at the farm and in Atlanta giving a dose twiceHnnHBnaBSBSB

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a week I sent to the farm an Irish cowdoctor who had
some reputation in Atlanta with a collection of medicines
which he said were used in the ould country promising
him 1000 a head for every cow he saved He used
drenches and injections extensively but all the cows under
his treatment died On his return I asked him why he
was unable to save them He replied They are differ
ent from the cows of the ould country they died too
quack for me meaning that the disease was more viru
lent than he had seen it in Irelandthe animals dying
generally in from twentyfour to fortyeight hours after
they were taken I lost all of my Durhams part of my
Ayrshires and about twentyfive head of Devons in
cluding the six imported from England Three of the
latter died in Atlanta and three at the farm five within
the same week though separated from each other at a
distance of eighty miles north and souththose in At
lanta in the shade on dry food and those at the farm on
pasture
The disease reappeared at the farm the next season
but in a milder form On its reappearance the entire
herd were drenched twice a week with salts and spirits of
turpentine I lost but few cases the second year and
from that date to the present time the disease has not
been on the farm as an epidemic
During the years 1876 and 1877 I was engaged in large
shipments of beef cattle to Edisto Island near Charleston
S C Without exception all the cattle purchased during
the summer from the mountains of Georgia became more
or less affected with Redwater within ten or fifteen days
after their arrival at the Island About half of them died
and the others required six or eight months to recuperate
and get fat enough for market
The Durhams purchased in Middle Tennessee died of
Redwater even more rapidly than the Georgia mountain
cattle while those purchased in Middle Georgia were sel295
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
151
dom affected and those from Florida appeared to be ex
erhpt from the disease
During the war at the time of the invasion of Ken
tucky by the Confederate forces a large number of Dur
ham cattle were purchased and sent South for the use of
the army Several herds were pastured on my farm
during July and August I noticed one herd of over 200
head in charge of a herdsman with whom I was acquainted
The cattle were all driven to the banks of the Etowah
river where they remained until after the battle of Chick
amauga On my visit to the battlefield I saw the rem
nant of the herd of 200 head referred to It consisted of
a small Georgia bull yearling and one Durham heifer
The man in charge told me they had all died of murrain
between the Etowah river and Ringgold I saw in a lot
in which the drove had remained two or three days ten or
fifteen of the dead cattle
Cattle should not be moved in the cotton States be
tween the months of March and October unless they are
under six or eight months of age
In July of this year 1880 a gentleman from Tampa
Fla visited Kentucky and purchased a lot of very hand
some Durhams old and young together with some very
fine Cotswold sheep I cautioned him as he passed
through Atlanta to keep them out of the sun I heard
from him a few days since September 3rd and he had
lost all of his Durhams except the calves and the Cots
wold sheep were doing badly and would he thought die
before winter The lot must have cost him not less than
150000
My experience has taught me that the Durhams are
more liable to this disease than any other breed probably
on account of their size and plethoric habits the Devons
next then the Ayrshires The Channel Island cattle
seem to be about equally with the natives subject to Red
water
11aassm
tmM

162
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
296
The great secret in doctoring cattle affected by Red
water is in taking the disease in its incipiency A herd of
improved cattle should be closely watched when there is
danger of the disease in the neighborhood or where any
have been recently brought from abroad It occurs gen
erally between the middle of June and the last of Sep
tember The first symptoms in milch cows is immediate
cessation of milk secretion In twelve hours the cows
will be entirely dry With others than cows in milk the
first symptoms are refusal to eat standing apart from the
rest of the herd and when driven lagging behind If
offered fresh water they will usually urinate and then the
color of the water can be observed Every animal at
tacked should be immediately drenched to bring about an
action of the bowels using IM lbs of Epsom salts for a
grown animal and a pint of castor oil in extreme cases
adding two or three drops of croton oil The doses should
be repeated every six hours until the object is accom
plished Drenches of flaxseed tea should also be given
in quart doses Mr J B Wade of DeKalb county has
been very successful in the use of quart doses of melted
lard with flaxseed tea As soon as the animal is relieved
it usually recuperates rapidly and is liable to a second
attack only in exceptional cases
The evidence derived from the above reports estab
lishes nothing as to the cause of Redwater other than the
fact that it usually accompanies acclimation It discredits
the hitherto general belief on the part of veterinarians
that low rank pastures produce it The necessity of
prompt purging is clearly shown by the experience of all
the gentlemen whose herds have been affected
HOOVE
This disease is caused by the fermentation of green veg
eatble food in the rumen of cattle It usually occurs
when cattle are taken from a poor pasture to one contain297
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
163
ing luxuriant vegetation such as succulent grass field
peas etc The hungry animals eat too much and so over
load the rumen that it ceases to circulate the food and a
rapid fermentation takes place which generates a volume
of gass which in its effort to escape causes serious un
easiness and often intense suffering in the animal affected
Youatt mentions the following symptoms of Hoove viz
The animal gradually becomes oppressed and distressed
It ceases to eat it does not ruminate it scarcely moves but
stands with its head extended breathing heavily and
moaning The whole belly is blown up this is particu
larly evident at the flanks and most of all at the left
flank under which the posterior division of the rumen
lies The rumen in cattle is scantily supplied with either
bloodvessels or nerves and therefore the brain is seldom
much affected in an early stage of Hoove Swelling un
willingness to move and laborious breathing are the first
and distinguishing symptoms In proportion as the rumen
is distended by the gas the possibility of its escape is les
sened and the difficulty of administering medicine increas
ed since the entrance to the rumen is closed by thedisten
tion of the latter The unnatural size of the stomach
causes it to press upon other vital organs producing la
bored breathing interrupting the circulation of the blood
and finally causing inflammation which extends to the brain
Unless speedily relieved death must ensue In simple
cases the gas may be extricated by causing the animal to
move rapidly and by the concussion occasioned by the
jolting of the contents of the stomach open the entrance
to the rumen and allow the escape of the accumulated gas
Alkalies or oils are also efficacious in the early stages of
the disease before the entrance to the rumen has been
close against their admission by too great distension In
severe cases either the probang stomach pump knife or
trochar must be used
The probang which consists of a flexible tube termi164
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
298
nated by a rounded and perforated solid may be passed
down the throat of the animal and the rounded extremity
forced through the cesophagean canal by means of a stilett
within the tube the stilett withdrawn and the gas allowed
to pass out As soon as the belly falls and but little gas
escapes the tube should b withdrawn If the animal
swells again the probang may be rcintroduced Thisne
cssity may often arise as the probang simply removes the
gas already generated and does not remove the cause
The tube should not remain in the gullet long at a time
The stomachpump is superior to the probang since by
its use the gas may not only be removed but medicines
injected to remove the producing cause of the disease
While the knife inserted into the rumen above the flank
effectually removes the gas there is danger of portions of
the contents of the rumen falling into the cavity of the
abdomen and proving a source of irritation inflammation
and finally of death To prevent this the trochar which
consists of a stilett encased in a triangular silver tube is
substituted for the knife the stilett is withdrawn from
the wound leaving the silver tube in the wound This
penetrates several inches into the rumen and out through
the skin and effectually prevents the escape of the con
tents of the rumen into the cavity of the abdomen while
it allows the free and continuous escape of the gas
Youatt describes the point at which the knife or trochar
should be inserted as follows Suppose a line be drawn
close along the vertebra from the haunchbone to the
last rib and two other lines of equal length to extend
down the flank so as to form an equilateral triangle the
apex of the triangle or the point where these lines meet
would be the proper place for the operation for there is
no danger of wounding either the spleen or the kidney
After the animal is relieved the following treatment is
suggested by Mr Youatt A pound of epsom salts
should be administered with an ounce of carraway powder299
A MANUAL ON CATTLEw
165
and half an ounce of ginger and on several successive
mornings four ounces of Epsom salts two of powdered
gentian and half an ounce of ginger should be given to
restore as speedily as possible healthy action of the rumen
If an animal is gorged with grain soda and Epsom salts
should be promptly administered
PUERPERAL FEVER
This disease may generally be prevented by proper at
tention to the cows just before during and immediately
after calving
Before calving and as maturity approaches if the cow
or heifer is not on grass she should have laxative diet
such as bran mash but no heating food such as corn meal
cotton seed meal etc If her condition is already very
high she should be kept on lean pasture for some weeks
before calving It is generally cows in high condition
and deep milkers that are affected with milk fever
The udder should be carefully watched for some days
before the time for calving when there is a rapid secretion
of milk taking place and prompt measures adopted to
prevent hardening or caking of the udder If the milk
will flow a portion of it should be drawn each day to re
lieve the distention and prevent inflammation If as is
sometimes the case the milk cannot be drawn the udder
and teats should be thoroughly rubbed with arnica and
hogs lard mixed in equal quantities using the hand for
rubbing as the warmth of the hand will assist the absorb
tion of the ointment If these precautions are used the
cow carefully fed on warm laxitive mashes for several days
after calving and kept from cold rains and winds cases of
puerperal fever will be very rare If however a case does
occur prompt attention is demanded It usually occurs
the second or third day after calving when there is a rapid
determination of blood to the udder to supply the milk
secretions If such secretion is then interrupted by coldBBBBBBBBB

166 A MANUAL ON CATTLE 300
or an inflamed condition of the udder the whole system
becomes deranged and what is known as puerperal or
milk fever ensues Allen gives the following
SymptomsThe disease is first perceived by the ani
mal refraining from food and looking dull and heavy A
cold shivering fit comes on accompanied with so much
debility that the beast commonly drops and is unable to
rise until she obtains some relief from medicine The an
imal becomes very restless and appears to experience
great pain in the body as she often looks towards the
flanks and kicks with her feet and seems very much dis
tressed The head as the disease proceeds is in general
so severely affected that the cow loses her senses and will
knock and bruise her head against anything and do her
self much injury if great care is not taken The pulse is
quick being about 70 in a minute and the tongue parch
ing dry The bowels are costive and there is no secretion
of milk As the disease advances the belly becomes
enlarged if purging medicines lessen the swelling in the
body it is a good sign but if they are made use of and
the belly still increases in size there are little hopes of her
recovery
A purging drink should always be administered as
early as possible The following is highly recommended
by some practitioners
Nitre 2 ounces
Ginger powdered 1 ounce
Epsom salts 1 pouud
Anise seed powdered 1 ounce
Treacle 4 oun s
Pour three pints of boiling water upon the ingredients
and let them be given when new milk warm
Epsom salts alone or lard will answer if the other ingre
dients are not at handdose one pound to one and one
half pounds of the salts or one quart of melted lard
to be repeated in half these quantities if no action is se301
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
167
cured in eight or ten hours If the medicine does not act
freely clysters may be used to advantage As soon as
the bowels are opened and the fever reduced an effort
should be made to restore the tone of the system The
following is recommended by Allen in his work on
American Cattle
Salt of tartar i ounce
Oil of turpentine 1 ounce
Ginger powdered ounce
Flour of mustard 2 ouuces
Grains of Paradise powdered J ounce
Treacle 4 tablespoonfuls
Caraway seed powdered 2 ounces
Anise seed powdered 2 ounces
Mixed and given in a quart of warm gruel to which
may be added a wineglass of gin or brandy
This drink will tend to invigorate the system and pro
mote the secretion of milk It may be repeated once a
day or every other day for three or four times Should
the bowels be inclined to be bound any time during the
complaint recourse to a purging drink should be had im
mediately Cows afflicted with the milk fever should be
taken great care of and be well nursed It is requisite
that the stall where they lie should be well littered and
it is frequently necessary that when they are cold and
shivering they should be covered with a blanket or some
other warm clothing To assist in subduing the inflam
mation of the udder it should be rubbed two or three
times a day about half an hour each time with soft soap
or pipeclay and cold springwater
To solicit the flow of milk the paps should be drawn
occasionally it is a good sign when the milk begins to be
secreted As they are frequently unable to take a suffi
cient quantity to support themselves it becomes necessary
to horn some nutritious food into them Good gruel is
well adapted for this purpose and two or three quarts
should be given three or four times a day Linseed por
sBma
168
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
302
ridge sweetened with treacle is also proper to be given at
this time The beast must be constantly attended to
when the head is much affected otherwise she may do
herself some serious injury Watercure has been satis
factorily used in this and all other inflammatory diseases
of cattle
CHOKING
Cows are liable to be choked by attempting to swallow
ears of corn potatoes etc When this occurs resort must
be had to the probang to force the obstruction forward
into the stomach If a regular probang is not at hand a
temporary one may be constructed of a piece of grape
vine or rattan about five feet in length wrapped at the
ends with thread and covered with a disc of soft leather
This well greased may answer as a substitute for a pro
bang in cases of emergency
GARGET OR SWELLING OF THE UDDER
This disease like puerperal fever is generally the result
either of neglect or bad management It usually attacks
deep milkers or heifers with the first calf Cows in high
condition are more subject to this disorder than those in
a lean or moderately good condition If the bag fills t
such an extent before calving as to risk inflammation a
portion of the milk should be drawn daily to relieve the
distension If this is not done the milk remaining in the
udder so long will coagulate and produce inflammation in
a portion or all of the udder and caking of the udder
results If such symptoms are observed after the birth of
the calf it should be induced to suck the teat of the affected
part before too great inflammation and hardening occurs
If not relieved in its early stages the udder should be
thoroughly rubbed several times daily with melted lard
and arnica mixed in equal quantities This well rubbed
in with the hand will generally give relief If much fever303
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
169
prevails in the udder an Indiarubber sack large enough to
cover the udder should be tied over it and kept filled
with soft water of about 6o or 650 F The water should
be frequently renewed
WOUNDS SPRAINS AND BRUISES
Are best treated with cold water keeping the injured
parts bound with cloths which are kept saturated with
cold water This keeps down local fever and allows a
healthy action in the parts affected thus insuring speedy
recovery Even refractory animals soon become manage
able under this treatment so great is the relief afforded
LOSS OF CUD
Is not a disease but a symptom or consequence of dis
ease It results from either debility or some inflammatory
disease The remedy should be applied to the disease of
which the loss of cud is the symptom The character
of the cause must first be determined by a careful exam
ination of the animal before attempting a remedy It
generally results from some derangement of the digestive
organs
LICE AND TICKS
Cattle in low condition are often seriously injured by
these parasitesby the former in winter and spring the
latter in early summer Lard and Scotch snuff or Cayenne
pepper well rubbed over the hide will destroy them Lard
or oil of any kind used alone will also prove effectual
Mercurial ointments and sulphur should not be used on
account of their danger to the animals themselves Kero
sene oil rubbed on the hides of the affected animals will
prove effectual for the removal of either lice or ticks
ABORTION
Has never been troublesome in Southern herds though
quite troublesome in some localities at the North As a
cow that has once aborted is likely to repeat the accident170
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
304
she should be either fattened for the butcher or removed
from the rest of the herd to avoid all sympathetic influ
ence on others
HORN AIL OR HOLLOW HORN
Is a symptom of some derangement of the system and
not a disease Boring the horn and pouring into it all
sorts of villainous compounds only increase the suffering
of the animal without striking at the cause of the trouble
POISONING
Cattle are sometimes poisoned in early spring by
eating plants such as ivy and wild parsnip water
hemlock etc The symptoms are principally sudden
swelling with a peculiar stupor in the early stages
of the attack cessation of rumination a change in the
quality of the milk which becomes thin and serous and
presently ceases to be secreted the refusal of all the solid
food and eagerness after water quickening of the pulse
which yet becomes small and in some cases scarcely to
be felt and the animal frequently grinds the teeth and
paws and rolls as if it felt severe colic pains In a few
instances the stupor passes over and a degree of excite
ment and blind fury succeeds which has been mistaken for
madnessYouatt These vegetable poisons cannot be
neutralized by medicines the only remedies are to be
found in the use of the stomachpump and active purga
tives Give a quart of melted lard or one and half pounds
of Epsom salts and repeat the doses if no action is had in
from four to six hours With the pump repeatedly inject
and withdraw warm water and finally fill the rumen with
warm water If poisoned by the use of corrosive sublimate
give the whites of several eggs beaten with thick gruel
repeating it every hour305
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
in
CHAPTER VI
GRASSES AND OTHER FORAGE PLANTS ADAPTED TO
GEORGIA
As success in rearing cattle depends upon the abundance
and quality of food suited to their consumption available
to the breeder A Manual on Cattle would not be com
plete unless it conveyed some information as to the most
economical and profitable means of supplying the food
necessary for securing the best results in rearing them
Since cattlebreeding has hitherto received but little
attention in Georgia but little thought has been given to
the production of forage more than to supply food for
horses and mules used in the cultivation of the farms In
the larger part of the State neither summer pasturage nor
winter forage is supplied artificially except to work oxen
and milch cows
Now that the stock of cattle in the State is being rapidly
improved by the introduction of thoroughbreds which are
either bred pure or used to grade up the natives the
farmers of the State recognizing the fact that to secure
and maintain improvement good pastures or abundant
forage for soilfeeding are necessary are turning their
attention more than ever before to the subject of forage
production
The object of this chapter therefore will be to supply
to those who desire to improve their stock the needed
information in a concise and condensed form A general
discussion of forage plants will not be undertaken but the
attention of the reader will be invited to a practical dis
cussion of those plants which may be profitably cultivated
within the borders of this State Technical names will be
avoided as far as practicable
172
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
306
The grasses which have been and may i profitably
cultivated in Georgia are orchard grass herd grass or red
top tall meadow oat grass Italian rye grass blue grass
timothy Bermuda grass crab grass and wild rye or Terrell
grass To these may be added since they are true grasses
rye barley oats Indian corn and themillets
Among the leguminous or podbearing plants may be
mentioned red clover white clover lucerne spotted
medick common vetch and the cowpea
ORCHARD GRASS
Is the most reliable of the cultivated grasses for Middle
and NorthGeorgia It affords abundant pasturage in the
late fall and early spring or if not grazed during the fall
affords good pasturage during the winter months It
grows in tussocks and hence is not suited for lawns where
a smooth even surface is desired In order to secure a
full stand very heavy seeding is necessary The seed
is light and chaffy and hence not less than two bushels
should be sown to the acre The best results are obtained
by sowing on wellprepared land in September Like
most other grasses it succeeds best on stiff lands failing
on those below the grade of sandy loam Orchard grass
is valued more for grazing than as a hay grass If how
ever it is cut when in bloom it makes very good hayif
not cut till the seed are formed it becomes woody and al
most valueless for hay
Unless saving pure seed is the object it should never
be sown alone but mixed with other grasses as hereafter
directed
When cut for seed the stems above the undermath
should be cut and then the balance which will embrace
the bulk of the crop may be cut and cured for hay
Orchard glass grows very well on land partially shaded
by trees Many of our woodlands may be converted into
valuable pastures by cutting out the undergrowth thinningA MANUAL ON CATTLE
173
307
the larger s preparing the land and sowing orchard
grass Ore J grass being perennial affords many suc
cessive crop rom one seeding if not overrun by weeds
and other es and annually topdressed to compensate
for the rem d of annual crops in hay or pasturage
TALL MEADOW OAT GRASS
iluable grass very similar in its habits of
iard grass more valuable for hay will grow
ly lands but requires greater fertility It
aly with the orchard grass and has the pe
nning seed while the straw is yet green In
if this habit the undermath makes excellent
seed are saved In many respects this is su
rd grass but requires richer soil Just here
remark that no grass need be expected to
m very poor soil The meadow oat grass is
i hence other things being equal more val
iual grasses
sown in August or September at the rate
i per acre
hard nor meadow oat grass should be pas
rie summer their chief value consisting in
urage which they afford Ripening at the
y may be sown together to give variety to
as to the pasturage If sown together one
h should be used
This is a
growth to
better on s
ripens very
culiarity 01
consequen
hay after tli
perior to 01
it is proper
succeed we
perennial a
uable than
It should
of two bush
Neither o
tured during
the winter p
same time t
the hay as w
bushel of ea
BLUE GRASS
Is more valua le in Georgia as a lawn grass than for stock
In the north i part of the State however especially on
lands abound ig in lime either naturally or artificially
supplied blui rrass will afford a valuable addition to per
manent past es on which however if heavily grazed it
will eventual root out other grasses
Since it is loniferous spreading from the root underIT
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
308
ground the trampling of stock and close grazing seem to
facilitate its spreading and enable it the better to resist
our climate It is not valued as a hayproducer but like
orchard and meadow oat grass affords superior winter
pasturage if not grazed in the fall Stock are perhaps
more fond of it than of any other perennial grass except
Bermuda It will not live through our summers on sandy
soils unless partially shaded and supplied with an abund
ance of moisture
When sown with other grasses it is scarcely perceptible
until the second year If sown alone on rich and well
prepared soil free from weed and grass seed it makes a
sod the first year
HERDS GRASS OR REDTOP
Is particularly adapted to moist soils and will grow even
on pipeclay land where nothing else useful will grow It
is perennial makes good hay and affords very good pas
turage in early spring It grows on uplands but succeeds
best on lands too moist for orchard or meadow oat grass
it should be sown in September on bottom lands It
ripens later than orchard and meadow oat grass but is
sufficiently advanced when they are in condition to cut
to make good hay and hence may to some extent be
mixed with them It does better however mixed with
TIMOTHY
which gives satisfactory results only on drained bottom
land This is recommended only for hay for which it is
admirably adapted It makes very little aftermath and
hence affords poor fall grazing Having tuberous roots
it is injured by grazing It will succeed only in the north
ern part of the State in mountain coves and on creek and
river bottoms It will not answer for general cultivation
in the State309
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
175
GUINEA GRASS
Has been cultivated successfully by some farmers for hay
Its root is perennial but the top is killed by the first se
vere frost It has a fleshy cane root which propagates
rapidly under ground under favorable circumstances and
which is exterminated with great difficultythe principal
objection to the plant
It should be sown only on land intended to be perma
nently devoted to grass on account of the difficulty of
exterminating it when once well set On rich land it af
fords several cuttings of hay of medium quality
It should be cut when about three feet high and before
it blooms If left standing as long as is usual with other
grasses it becomes too hard and woody to make good hay
BERMUDA GRASS
Is the only perennial grass which can be relied upon for
summer pasturage Those already mentioned are pe
culiarly adapted to furnishing winter pasturage but to do
this they must not be grazed in summer
The Bermuda affords summer pasturage unsurpassed in
richness and reliability and none is more relished by stock
of every description It affords an impenetrable sod
which completely protects the soil from washing and in
jury by the trampling of stock while in common with
other perennial grasses it makes annual contributions of
humus to the soil and gradually improves its fertility It
can be relied upon to produce hay only on bottom land or
on land supplied with moisture throughout the summer
On such lands it yields an immense quantity of hay of
very superior quality On uplands it does not attain suffi
cient height to be cut for hay
Bermuda grass propagates by root under ground and by
surface runners which take root at every joint It bears no
seed and hence is easily confined within any desired limits176
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
310
if reasonable precaution is used by the proprietor of the
lands to prevent scattering the root by means of the plow
washing rains or creeks
It can be readily and rapidly propagated by burying
portions of the root as follows Prepare the soil as for
corn lay off rows three feet apart with a small plow which
will not render the surface of the soil very uneven drop
pieces of the root a few inches long every two feet in the
drill cover with the foot and tread on it to bring the earth
in closer contact with the root and thus facilitate its
growth This should be done in early springsay at the
time of planting corn The runners will rapidly spread
over the space between the rows taking root as they ad
vance so that on good land there will be a good sod by
the second year The land should be rolled after planting
Bermuda is eminently the summer grass of the South
and will prove a blessing to Southern agriculture when the
prejudices which now prevail against it shall have been
overcome and it shall take the place in our system which
it is beyond question destined to fill
SPOTTED MEDICK
Sometimes called burr clover though it is not strictly
speaking a clover at all sown on Bermuda sod grows
while the Bermuda is dormant and affords winter and
spring pasturage thus supplementing the Bermuda and
affording perennial pasturage It gets its name from the
form of its seed pods which resemble small burs These
burrs are formed by the spiral coil of the seedpod
The seed should be sown in August or September on
and prepared for their reception if intended to be grown
alone or on Bermuda sod early in August Those who
have grown medick on Bermuda sod have been highly
pleased with the results311
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
177
VETCH
There is a variety of wintergrowing vetch which grows
during winter and spring on Bermuda sod as does the
spotted medick They both have slender stems which
trail upon the ground if not supported by other vegeta
tion both make a quantity of seed and both spring up
spontaneously year after year where the seed matures and
falls The pods of the vetch turn black as they mature
and as soon as ripe burst and scatter the seed It is hence
very difficult to save the seed of this plant
The burrs of the medick fall upon the ground when the
plant matures early in June and may be raked up in
quantities This burr is troublesome on account of adher
ing to the wool of sheep when they lie upon the ground
where it has fallen
Both of these plants are annuals but have the merit of
propagating themselves spontaneously after they have been
once started They do not interfere with cultivated crops
and are easily exterminated Their principal value arises
from the facts that they grow on the Bermuda sod during
winter and spring and reseed themselves
ITALIAN RYE GRASS
Affords excellent winter pasturage but being an annual
will not be cultivated so long as we have such perennials
as orchard and meadow oat grass
CRAB GRASS
Next to the Bermuda is our best reliance for summer
pasturage and produces a large quantity of hay when har
vested at the proper stage of maturitywhen in bloom
Heavy crops of hay may be made on good land by pre
paring thoroughly in May killing all growth then on the
soil and allowing the crabgrass to take entire possession
There is generally seed enough already on soil that was
12178
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
312J
cultivated the year before to secure a full stand Stock
of all kinds are very fond of wellcured crabgrass hay If
seasons are favorable fine crops of this hay may often be
saved from land from which small grain has been har
vested The principal value of crabgrass however arises
from the summer pasturage it affords being a spontane
ous growth and costing nothing The hay from this grass
is difficult to cure and analysis shows it to be little supe
rior to oatstraw
OTHER GRASSES
Besides the foregoing which are generally recognized
as grasses there are other true grasses which are usually
cultivated for their seed and hence are ordinarily classed
in accordance with the use made of them but which are
nevertheless valuable for the purposes for which the fore
going are commonly cultivated Among these are rye
barley oats Indian corn and the millets
BARLEY
Has been sown on Southern plantations for winter
grazing on a small scale for more than half a century and
is esteemed highly for that purpose by all who have used
it It should be sown on very rich soil in August at the
rate of not less than three bushels per acremore will be
better Thus sown it affords good pasturage from the
time the summer grasses begin to fail until Spring A
more economical method of using it however is by cut
ting it daily and feeding it on the soiling plan to the
stock Fed in this way a given area will supply four
times as many stock as can be pastured upon it besides
avoiding injury to the land by trampling while wet
Besides there are very few days during our winters in
which the barley may not be cut and fed to the stock
while there are sometimes weeks at a time when the soil313
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
179
is not in a suitable condition for pasturing There is
no waste in cutting while much of the barley is either
pulled up soiled by the excrement of the animals or de
stroyed by their hoofs in grazing It is but little more
trouble to cut and feed the barley than to turn the stock
to and from the pasture
RYE
May be treated in the same way as barky and does not
require such fertile soil to make a profitable crop The
two may be mixed to give variety and sown if intended
for soiling in drills a foot or fifteen inches apart at the
rate of two bushels of barley and one of rye to the
acre Sown thick the stalks are forced to grow up
straight and consequently cutting may be commenced as
early in the fall as it is needed If intended for grazing
the same quantity may be sown broadcast
No other grass or combination of grasses will supply so
much green food of such good quality as barley and rye
mixed Where orchard grass and meadow oat grass
will grow however every farm should have a liberal area
devoted to them
With the facilities offerred by the soil and climate of
Georgia for supplying green food throughout the winter
it is surprising that more attention has not been given
to winter dairying As before remarked there is no ex
cuse for white or otherwise inferior butter anywhere in
Georgia at any season of the year If the people of
Georgia will fully avail themselves of their natural ad
vantages of soil and climate no prophetic vision is nec
essary to discover happiness and prosperity in the near
future
OATS
While not especially adapted to winter pasturage may
be made to an important extent supplementary to180
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
31
other more valuable winter grasses but whether cut
when in bloom to make hay or allowed to ripen for the
grain furnish perhaps the cheapest forage crop for the
middle and southern parts of the State
INDIAN CORN
Sown broadcast on very fertile soil or planted very
thich in drills at the rate of from four to six bushels
per acre will yield perhaps more forage per acre than
any other plant adapted to the South the only obsta
cle to its culture lying in the difficulty of properly
curing the forage when cut green It should like other
grasses saved for hay be cut when in full bloom It
is excellent whether cut for soiling purposes or cured
for winter forage If cut the first time before the joints
are formed it will put out and make a fine second crop
The blades which are harvested at the first cutting
would if not so harvested be of little value if allowed
to remain as is usually done until the plant blooms as
they usually die from the influence of the shade before
the crop is gathered
GERMAN MILLET
If sown very thickly on fertile soil so as to reduce the
size of the stalks and cut when in bloom before the
stems have become hard and woody makes a large quan
tity of hay of rather inferior quality Being of very
rapid growth it is an exhausting crop and hence has not
met with very great favor with the farmers of Georgia
HUNGARIAN MILLET
Being smaller in growth than the German and making
in as short time answers the purpose of an annual hay
plant better than the latter and makes in consequence of
the smaller stem a better quality of hay Neither how
ever has met with much favor with those who have tried
them315
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
lSl
CAT TAIL MILLET
Recently named by Peter Henderson Pearl Millet
has been planted for half a century in small patches
for the purpose of feeding green to mules and milch
cows during the summer It is very valuable for
this purpose affording repeated cuttings of succulent
food which is relished by stock moderately well but not
so much as green corn clover or lucerne It should be
sown in drills on fertile soil and cultivated It supplies
an immense amount of green forage in good seasons may
be cut half a dozen times and supplements pastures in
dry weather better than any other plant because of the
repeated cuttings that can be made from it during the
summer It should be cut before it joints to ensure a
prompt renewal of the growth The principal value of
this plant is for soiling purposes While it may be saved
for winter feeding it cures with difficulty and makes
Tather inferior forage The only circumstances under
which it should be cured for hay are when the supply is
greater than the immediate demand In good seasons
when other forage is abundant and the growth of the
millet very rapid this will sometimes happen as it is
necessary to keep it cut down before it joints if repeated
succulent crops are expected Whether needed therefore
for immediate use or not the whole patch except that
reserved for seed should be cut over every few weeks to
keep up a succession of succulent crops The plant is
very small and tender when it first germinates and hence
the seed should not be planted until the soil is warm in
springabout the time of planting cotton
LEGUMINOUS PLANTSRED CLOVER
The cultivation of red clover need not be attempted in
Georgia except on soils containing a large per cent of
clay and those of a fair degree of fertility It is very
justly highly prized in climates better adapted to its182
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
316
growth than ours as a soil improver but in Georgia does
not compare with the field pea bean for this purpose
In our climate red clover may be sown in September or
March if sown alone or with grass seed but if sown with
small grain it should be sown in September Even if
sown alone September is the better time that it may
acquire sufficient root to withstand our mild winter but
more especially that it may acquire sufficient root by
summer to pass uninjured through the droughts which
usually occur in July or August In the Northern and
Middle States clover seed are generally sown in early
spring to avoid being winter killed here we must guard
more against summer killing and hence sow in the fall
for the reasons stated above The soil should of thor
oughly prepared before sowing the seed which should not
be covered exceeding half an inch in depth If sown just
before a rain on freshly prepared soil they need not be
covered at all Where sown with small grain the return
for the labor of preparing the soil and the fertilizers used
is in the crop of small grain harvested no hay crop is
gathered till the second If sown alone two crops of hay
are gathered the first year which will usually equal the
value of the small grain crop gathered when sown
together The objection to sowing with small grain in
our climate is that the clover is dwarfed by the occupancy
of the soil by the grain until the latter is harvested when
the tender plants are suddenly exposed to the heat of
the sun to which if drought ensues they usually succumb
All experience in Georgia is in favor of sowing clover and
the grasses without small grain as the surest means of
securing a stand
Red clover however should never be sown alone
unless seed are to be saved from the aftermath and
even if this is expected the grasses will not materially
interfere with it since they will not mature seed in the
aftermath317
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
183
Orchard grass and meadow oat grass mature with red
clover and hence are ready for the hay harvest at the
same time One or both of these grasses should be mixed
with cloverthey interfere with each other very little
require to a large extent different elements of plant food
and present a variety of diet to the stock in the hay
The second crop of clover which salivates horses has
no such injurious effect upon cattle either in its green
state or when cured as hay
Red clover is a biennial plant but reseeds itself very
well in our climate The seed will lie in the ground many
years and then germinate when brought sufficiently near
the surface
If sown alone twelve pounds of pure seed will give a
good stand on an acre This is more than is usually sown
but the additional cost is well repaid in the greater cer
tainty of securing a stand
WHITE CLOVER
Is never sown alone but when mixed with the grasses
such as orchard meadow oat grass herds grass or tim
othy it makes a valuable undermath though being peren
nial like blue grass it is disposed to crowd out its neigh
bors It does not grow tall enough to be valuable for hay
when planted alone but in connection with red clover and
the grasses adds much to the pasturage
LUCERNE
Is exceedingly valuable either for hay or for green soil
ing on account of the early and repeated cuttings it af
fords and for its superior nutritious qualities It should
never be grazed for the reason that the continued close
biting of stock destroys the plants It should be sown
alone in drills sufficiently wide to admit the plowfifteen
or eighteen inches apart Lucerne is very tender when
young and is easily overrun by weeds and grass It is184
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
318
hence important to have the soil to be planted as free as
possible of the seeds of weeds and grass and very thor
oughly prepared by repeated plowing and harrowing
It should be planted early in September after the sum
rner weeds and grasses have ceased to germinate and yet
early enough for the lucerne to take good hold on the
ground before winter If planted thus early on fertile
soil it will be sufficiently advanced before ordinary spring
vegetation starts to admit of thorough working This
working is necessary to protect it from being overgrown
by wild vegetation and hence all attempts at broadcast
sowing have proved failures It needs annual cultivation
and manuring but amply repays by its large yield of most
nutritious green food or hay those who will give it the
attention necessary to success in its cultivation It needs
to be cut whether to be fed green or cured for hay when
the first blooms appear If left till in full bloom the
stems become hard and woody It may be cut as often
as six times in very favorable seasons and seldom less
than three times in the most unfavorable seasons
After a stand is once secured if properly cultivated and
manured it will afford a number of cuttings annually for
more than a quarter of a century It sends its taproot so
deeply into the soil that it is affected less by drouth than
most of our cultivated plants It has been known to de
scend eight feet vertically into the subsoil Satisfactory
results in the cultivation of lucerne may not be expected
on poor or poorly prepared soil It will succeed well in
any part of Georgia with proper preparation of the soil
and annual manuring and cultivation Every farm should
have a few acres of it
MIXED GRASSES AND LEGUMES
As before remarked unless saving pure seed is the ob
ject of cultivation none of the grasses or legumes except
lucerne should be sown alone either for pasture or for319 A MANUAL ON CATTLE 185
hay Stock of all kinds prefer a variety of food and will
consume more and thrive better if supplied with a variety
than if fed on a single article however nutritious
For pasturage or hay the following mixture is recom
mended on uplands
Orchard grass per acre1 bushel
Tall Meadow oat grass 1
Bed Cl ver 8 lbs
White Clover 3
If the meadow oat grassseed cannot be obtained sow
two bushels of orchard grasss
If a permanent pasture or lawn is desired sow in ad
dition to the above one bushel of bluegrass seed
On bottom lands sow of
Herds grass per acrei bushel
Timothy 12 lo
White Clover 3
If practicable sow all the grasses and legumes in Sep
tember without small grain
Neither the grasses nor legumes should be grazed the
spring after they are sown Cut for hay once the first
year and allow the aftermath to grow till late fall when
stock may be turned on Neither should the cultivated
grasses or legumes be grazed closely no matter of how
long standing during our summer monthstheir roots
need protection from our summer sun
The Bermuda and crab grass are preeminently our sum
mer pasture grasses The cultivated grasses and clovers
afford pasturage during the late fall winter and early
spring and supplement Bermuda and crab grass Add to
these lucerne and a mixture of rye and barley for winter
and spring soiling the cattail millet for summer soiling
and forage corn for summer soiling and dry food in win
ter and we have a supply of forage for cattle unsurpassed
in any country on the globe All that is needed is for the
farmers to turn their attention to these matters to make186
A MANUAL ON CATTLE
320
winter and summer dairying not only possible but emi
nently successful in Georgia Very few have given the
subject the attention its importance would justify Good
butter sells in our markets at from 40 cents to 45 cents
poor butter at from 20 cents to 25 cents
ENSILAGE
Within the last few years the experiment of storing
green forage in silos or pits in the ground has been sue
cessfully made in the United States It has been prac
ticed in Europe for some years but has been successfully
introduced into the United States during the last three
years What effect this will have upon Southern hus
bandry it is impossible to foresee but it promises to
increase our already superior facilities for winter feeding
by enabling the farmer to promptly harvest such rough
provender as drilled corn and preserve it by packing it
into the silo and excluding the air from it for winter use
in almost the same condition as when cut There is
nothing to prevent those who farm on a large scale in
Georgia from availing themselves of ensilage but the first
cost of the silo will be too great to justify its use by
small farmersINDEX
Abortion
Alderney
Analyses of Feeding Staffs
Analyses of HayGreen Fodder
Analyses of StrawI haffHootsTubers
Analyses of Grains FruitsManufactured Products
Angu Polled Cattle y
Ayrs hires
AyrshiresOrigin of
AyrshiresDescription of

169
23
9395
9394
94
95
43
33
34
85
Barley
BarleyFor Winter
Beef aHow to Judge
Beef Corned
BeefCooking
BeefBaked and Roasted
Bermuda Grass
Blue Grass
Bicorn Cow Illustrated
Boiling Fresh Meats
Breeds tested
Breeds of Cattle
Breed a
BreedsBest for Georgia
BreedingGeneral Principles of
Bruises
BulsImproved
BullsSelection of
ButcheringMode of
Butchering
ButlerYield of Cow Eurotua
Butter Managt ment of
Butter Worker Illustrated
ButterKeeping
178
9192
143
113149
113
147
173
172
127
148
89
17
17
53
67
169
61
7377
143
145
27
134
140
143188
INDEX
C
CalvesAttention to
CalvesAnnual Increase
CalvesManagement of
CalvesRearing by hand
Cattlelodder for Growing
CattleChannel Island
CattleFodder for Fattening
CattleDiseases of
Chaff etcAnalyses of
Channel Island Cattle
Churning
Choking
ClimateOf Georgia
CloverRed
CloverWhite
Comninn Stock
Corned Beef
CowsPrice of
CowsMilch Management of
CowsPeriod of Gestation
CowsTreatment before Calving
CowsSlomach of
CowsWinter Pastures for
CowsDrying off
CowsFeeding While Dry
CowsSoiling
CowsKeation to Civilization
Crab Grass
Cream What is it
Crossbred
Crossbreeding
Cnd Loss of
Curveliue Cow Illustrated
01
IS
737S
74
105
33
105
ISO
94
23
138
168
4548
181
183
IS
149
10
78
82
83S5
89
91
113
118
1141111
78
177
138
17
Go
16V
lie
D
Devons
DevonsOrigin of
DevonsDescription of
DevonsAs Work Oxen
DevonsAs Milch Cows
DevonsAs Beef Animals
Demijohn Cow Illustrated
Diseases of Cattle
Double Selvage Cow Illustrated
1819
20
19
20
20
11
129
11ioo
128
E
Ensilage
EscutcheonWhat is it
EscutcheonShape of
180
118
lluINDEX
189
P
FodderAnalyses of Green
FOdder Stufla Digestible Ingredients of
Facts from Questions on Cattle
Feeding StallsNutritive Value of
Feeding StuffsAnalyses of
Feeding stuffsNutritive Eatio
Feeding StuffsMoney Value of
Feeding Standards
FeedingDaily Rations per 1000 lbs live weight
Fianders Cow tIllustrated
Foods Nutritive Ingredients of
FoodsIlich vs Poor
FoodsHow to use Poor
FoodsMauurial value of
Fall Bloods
9394
101102
8
9395
9395
97
97
93101
1C3I0S
123
107
108
109
111112
17
G
Galloways
target
GargetTreatment of
Gestation Peiod of
Georgia Adaptation to Cattle
Grades
Grading up Natives
Grains Analyses of
Grasses and Forage Plants
Grasses mixed with Legumes
Green Fodder Analysis of
Guenon System
Guenon SystemHow to Stady it
Guernsey
Guinea Grass
43
168
85
83
45
17
70
95
171
1845
93
117121
121
23
175
H
HayAnalyses of 93
HayNutritive Ingredients of 107
HayGood and Poor 109
Herds Grass 174
Hereford s 37
HerefordsOrigin of 37
Heifers Selection of 73
Heifer Calves Selection and Management of 81
Heifers Age to commence breeding 82
High Giades 18
Historical Sketch 1316
HollowhiTn 170
Holstein or Dutch Cattle 40
Horizontal Escutcheon Illustrated 132
Hornail 170
Hoove 16216
M190
INDEX
s




J
Jerseys a
JiereyDescription of 252
JerseysButter yield of 2T
K

L
Left Flanders Cow Illustrated ii
Legumes 181
Lice on Cattle 160
Limousine I ow Illustrated 131
Loss of Cud 169
Low Grades 18
Lucerne 18
M
Management of Milk and Hutter 184
Manufactured Products Analyses of 9
Meadow Oat Gras 173
Meal Coiton Heed Linseed etc 110
Medick Spotted 176
Milch CowsManagement of 7880
Milch CowsProper Feeding of 88
Milch CowWinter Fudder for 104
Milch CowsSelection of in
Milk Management of 134
MilkBad odors absorbed by 1351M
Milking M
MilletGerman and Hungarian ISO
MilletCat tail 181
Mixed Grasses and Legumes 184J
N

NativesGrading up 78
o

Oleomargarine

Oxen Fodder for 104
INDEX
191
Pampering
Pastures Shade in
Pastures Summer
Poisoning
Puerperal Fever
Questions On Cattle
Q

113
10
170
1658
Rainfall in Georgia
Red English Cattle
Redtop Grass
Red Water in Cattle
RootsAnalyses of
RootsNutrtive Ingredients of
Rye
Rye for Winter
4S
21
174
150163
94
107
179
91M
Scrub Cattle
Selvage Cow Illustrated
Shorthorns
Short hornsAs Dairy Cows
ShorthornsOrigin of
Shorthoi asCharacteristics of
ShortbomsDescription of
SoilingEconomy of
Sprains
Square Escutcheon Illustrated
SteakHow to Broil
Stock common
StrawAnalyses of
StrawNutritive Ingredients of
kuinmer Pasturage
18
125
2T
32
2S
29
81
114115
169
13
146
18
94
107
110
Thoroughbred
Ticks ou Cattle
Timothy
TubersAnalyses of
17
189
174
94
Vegetation in Georgia
Vetch
w
Water Supply of Pure important
Winter Feed
Wounds
4B
177
118
10
ies
muttffiHiinviH
IB
INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Heifer
Bicorn Cow
Butter Worker
CarBoy Jersey Bull back cover
Curveline Cow
Double Selvage Cow
Devon Bull
Devon Heifer
Demijohn Cow
Flanders Cow
Flanders Cow Bastard
Hereford Bull SeventySix
Hereford Prize Ox
Holstcin Cow
Holstein Bull
Horizontal Escutcheon
Jersey Heifer Lady Baron
Jersey Bull Baron of Bellmont
Jersey CowLucy
Left Flanders Cow
Limousine Cow
Selvag Cow
Snort Horn Heifer
Short Horn Bull
Square Escutcheon
34
35
127
140
128
128
18
21
128
123
121
38
39
41
42
131
23
26
184
124
131
15
27
31
ISOCircular No 31
New Series
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1880
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OCT 1 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta GAOctober 8 1880
COTTON
The estimated total yield of coton in the State compared to that of last year is
97 which is small when the increased area d voted to this crop this year is consid
ered and it is apprehended that tome of the correspondents misunderstood the ques
tion as regards the standard of comparison In North Georgia it is reported at 96
in Middle Georgia99 in Southwest Georgia 101 in Eist Georgia93 and in South
east Georgia 95
Fortysix per cent of the crop of the State is reported gathered33 per cent in
North Georgia 41 in Middle 56 in Southwest Ga 56 n East Georgia and 62 in
Southeast Georgia
The condition in which cotton has been gathered compared with perfectis for the
State 87 the lowest average beiDg reported in Southwest Georgia82 and the
highest in Southeast Georgia96
The injury by worms in the entire State is reported at 2 per cent The highest
repoted is 5 per cent in Southwest ai d Southeast Georgia
Fifty seven correspondents report the seasoi s unfavorable for picking cotton and
sixtyeight report favorable
SAVING SEED FOR PLANTING
The attention of farmers is again called to the importance of saving the best seed
for planting The yield of the next crop will depend to a considerable extent upon
the care used in saving seed Seed chould be saved from the bst landthe best plants
and the best bolls Again there was much complaint last spring of the failure of
cotton seed to geiminate Since seed are generally saved from the early pickings
which are often ginned before the seed are sufficiently dry to be safely stortd in large
bulk farmers are cautioned against risking their planting seed from early picked and
early ginned cotton in large bulk unless frequently examined and stirred to guard
against the injurious effects of heating
REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS
Those who received samples of different varieties of cotton seed from this De
partment last spring will please report the results of ilieir experiments and obserm4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
tions as soon as the facts are ascertained The object of the distribution of seeds is
not only to disseminate useful varieties but to secure results of experiments with
them for the information of the farmers of the State Blanks for reports of the re
sults of experiments with fertilizers will be forwarded to those to whom samples of
commercial fertilizers were sent for test last spring early in November
CORN
The estimated yield of corn in the State is compared wih that of last year In
North Georgia it is 103 in Middle Georgia 86 in East Georgia 82 and in South
east Georgia 95
Those to whom samples of seed corn were sent last spring are again invited to
report to this Department the result of their experimentswhether favorable or un
favorable It is necessary to accomplish the objects of seeddistribution to have re
ports from those who receive the seeds and it is earnestly hoped that they will be
made as promptly as possible
SUGAE CANE
The probable total yield of sugar cane is estimated at 95 in the state compared
with laat year The estimate in Southwest Georgia is 95 and in Southeast Georgia
98
SWEET POTATOES
The estimated total yield of this crop compared to that of last year is for the
State 108 in North Georgia 109 in Middle Georgia 109 in Southwest Geor
gia 111 in East Georgia 100 and in Southeast Georgia 104 It is gratifying
to note the increasing appreciation of this important crop both as an article of
food for man and as a cheap and valuable source of supply of winter stock feed
It is beyond question the root crop for the South The vines gathered before
frost make a superior food for milch cows The attention of the reader is
invited to the notes from correspondents on this and other subjects of special
interest to the farmers of the State
CULTIVATING WHEAT
The Department has distributed 100 bushels of Dallas wheat which proved
under the unfavorable climatic influences of last spring more hardy than other
varieties sown in the State Those who have received these samples are re
quested to sow them in drills where practicable and cultivate like rice Recent
experiments in cultivating wheat demonstrate its utility in increasing both the
quantity and quality of the product
OATS
It is gratifying to learn from correspondents of the Department all over the
State that the partial failure in the small grain crop last spring has not discour
aged farmers from sowing the usual area in these crops and that unusual effort
is being made to seed a large area in rustproof oats this fall Indeed from the
experience of last spring no one who can secure seed of the rustproof oats
should sow any other variety
NoteAs usual the crop reports will be suspended until the Supplemental Re
port questions for which will be sent to correspondents about the 15th of DecemberNOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
Under this head correspondents were invited to give their experience on the
following or such other subjects as might occur to them as might be of general
interest
ChotasConclusions reached after several years experience of the profitableness of this
crop for hogs
PotatoesExperience of the value of the sweet potato for feeding hogs horses cows etc
How does it compare with the turnip in certainty and amount of yield and cost 1 Best metliod of
keeping t
Pba VinesGive experience of the value of pea vines for hay and as a renovating crop
Give actual and comparative results Is there any increased disposition to sow peas for fertilizing
purposes
Cotton FibreIt is suggested that the following test be instituted and the result reported in
this report Ascertain by carefully weighing the relative yield of lint and seed from cotton un
manured and that manured with different fertilizers respectively Have experts to examine the
samples of each and report the comparative quality and value of the staple
It is not expected that every reporter will write on all or either of the topics suggested The
object is to get facts and actual experience
The reports in the line above suggested are more full than usual and many
have not been published for want of space and the comments of the Commiss
sioner have been limited for the same reason
NORTH GEORGIA
IIaetChufas are not yet introduced with us Potatoes are decidedly better
for hog fattening than turnips The former when properly cooked and some
corn meal mixed with them start hogs sooner than almost anything Potatoes
are much the surer crop Pea vines are our best fertilizer but a poor go to save
for forage Any of the natural grasses properly looked after will ay better
BartowFrom our experience of the last two seasons with wt norwill
peas for renovating ordinary lands we judge the growth to be too scanty o be
worth the labor and the seed Worms rust and rot in cotton August croD of
fruit generally dropped off July crop never better but much of that rotten on
account of wet weather An early frost would do great damage to what there
is of late bolls
CherokeeChufas are a good food for hogs and sweet potatoes are excel
lent Pea vines for hay and for fertilizing are a very profitable crop
CobbPotatoes have never been fed to any extent but enough to prove them
to be of great value and I think they would be a profitable feed for butter dai
rying Pea vines are too difficult to cure to become a favorable cropfor profit
millet is far superior They are not used as a fertilizing crop in this section
though known to be valuable
DadeI bought chufa seed at 500 per bushel and my experience is that
they are not a paying crop in this county I dont think it will pay to raise
sweet potatoes to feed stock Clover is the hay crop here and pays better than
peas either for hay or as a fertilizer
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

ForsyteCotton three to four weeks earlier than last season and three
fourths open but less than onethird gathered Some farmers will galher from
twelve to fifteen hundred pounds seed cotton per acre
GwinnettI have 20 acres in peas sown broadcast 15th June I broke the
land in March with 2 horse plow crossplowed with same at time of sowing
and harrowed in the peas The weather has been very dry but I think I will
get eight or ten bushels per acre Will sow the land in wheat last of October
I prefer them as a fertilizer to anything of the sort My neighbors get in tha
notion to use them in this way every fall when they see my crop but fail in
the spring because they are too busy
FloydCaterpillars made their appearance so late that no material injury
has resulted from them Cotton opened earlier by ten days than last season and
is being sold as rapidly as it can be got to market
From my limited experience with sweet potatoes as a hog feed I place them
first on the list as flesh fat producers I have no experience in feeding them
to horses and cows The potato is a more certain crop than the turnip though
it costs three times the amount of labor to produce them and it will make two
thirds as much as turnips Potatoes are worth six times as much as turnips for
hog feed To preserve potatoes Put them on a bed of cotton seedabout 20
bushels in a pilesmooth the sides up nicely and cover with cotton seed six in
ches thick Shelter securety against weather chickens and dogs
Habbusham For thirty years I have grown yam potatoes for fattening
hogs and feeding milch cows I can grow 300 bushel of potatoes at less cost
than 000 bushels of turnips I would not exchange one bushel of potatoes for
six bushels of turnips for cows or ten bushels for hogs Turnips are an exces
sively exhausting crop The ground improves when potatoes are grown and fed
upon it After no crop doe3 wheat and clover do so well with me as after po
tatoes i e a given amount of manure induces the heaviest yield The potato
is t7te root crop for our sunny landthe turnip for a cooler and moister climate
So says experience
Pea vine hay is equal to clover but more time and labor are required to cure
it it i as good or better as a renovator
all The cultivation of the pea increases yearly as a preparation for
wheat and oats Sweet potatoes are better for any stock than turnips They
are sure easily kept and last longer Put them up in dry chaff and when cold
weather sets in cover securely with dirt and they will seldom fail to keep
Murray Next to clover pea vines yield the best crop for hay and are re
garded as the best renovator in use They are more extensively sown every
year
WalkerClover is the crop for pasture and hay and to improve land I
plant my forest land in peas and let my hogs take them in the fall I find this
prepares the land for a set of clover Once well set in clover I call the land rich
and well worth 2000 per acre
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BibbI consider potatoes the best and cheapest food for stock Turnips
too uncertain a cropworth but little over half as much as potatoes The latter
keep well in dry sheltered hills or banks of 40 or 50 bushels eachwell covered
with dry earth as the cold advancesSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT
The pea is to the South what clover is to the Northboth as a hay crop and a
fertilizer The only trouble is negligence in curing for hay
ButtsTo keep sweet potatoes Pile thern on a thin layer of shucks in
50 bushel lots cover them with shucks and thin dirt to keep out cold all
under shelter Corn stocks and pine leaves are also good to cover with Peas
turned under while bearing are our cheapest fertilizer
CampbellHogs still dying with cholera in this county Cotton some twelve
days earlier than last yer and twothirds open
CarrollJ J Beverly of this place tried chufas last year He says be kept
an account of the cost and that hU meat only cost him threeand ahalf cents a pound
Chufas not much cultivated here nownot thought profitable They fatten hogs
well but the land is injured by rooting Potatoes are the best crop raised here for
hogs and cattle Pea vine hay cannot be surpassed and as a renovating crop there
is no superior Greatly increased disposition to sow for this purpose For hay Cut
and take them up in an hour if the sun is shining or as soon as they are wilted
Build a square railpen put in a layer of vines run rails or poles through the pen
above them then another layer of vines and so on until the pen is too high to get
any more upthe higher the betterand cover with a good roof
DeKalbMy experience with sweet potatoes as a fold for stock is very satisfac
tory I regard them as being worth about half as much as corn by the bushel and
the most certain of all the crops we raise It costs no more to grow potatoes than
turnips if the latter be cultivated For certainty of crops I would say potatoes three
and turnips one The best way to keep sweet potatoes is to convert them into pork
milk and beef from the first of October to the 15th of November Undertake to save
no more than is required for seed and family purposes and select those from your
late planting Potatoes that have had two growths almost invariably rot under any
kind of treatment They are frequently damaged before being dug When pota
toes have been assorted I have never found any difficulty in keeping them in banks
by keeping them dry and protecting them from severe frost
Tne best method of keeping potatoes or which has succeeded best with me is to
wait until they are fully matured before digging lake them up when the ground is
dry place them in banks around a post four or five inches in diameter to the amount
of from fifty to one hundred bushels in a bank and shelter them Should the weather
turn cold enough to freeze them take corn stalks and stand them up all abound the
potatoes thick enough to prevent the dirt from coining in contact with the potatoes
then throw on dirt to the thickness of from four to six inches draw out the post
which leaves a hole for ventilation Should the weather turn very cold stop the
hole with a bunch of hay or some such thing taking it out again when the weather
turns warmer When managed this way I never fail to keep them
ElbertSweet potatoes are the most valuable crop I raise te the area planted
yield more takes less labor and less expense to cultivate and are the most remu
nerative They are excellent for milch cows hogs etc to say nothing of their value
at the table used in so many ways much more nutritious than turnips do not injure
land liks turnips etc
Pea vines saved just before frost are excellent substitutes and even much better
than hay Stock eat them better and they thrive faster fed on them
By turning vines under just before frost and sowing plat in wheat increases the
yield from fifty to one hundred per cent owing to quantity of vines on plat etc8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
McDuffibChufas are a very remunerative crop Superior to peas for hogs
Sweet potatoes are 100 per cent better than corn tor hogs horses etc taking
cost of production of both into consideration Pea vines make excellent hay if
gathered at the right stage They are the best and cheapest fertilizer used
and many are resorting to it after small grain
OconeeI think the chufais greatly overrated A potato crop on the same
area of land is equal to the chufa and far superior to the turnip
WaltonMy experience is that one of the best crflps we can raise for hogs I
is chufas but they should be turned on them before it is too late in the sea
son as it injures land for hogs to root them up when very wet and cold
I raised 1000 pounds of meat last year on a onehorse farm and fattened
mostly on chufas It cost me not exceeding four cents per pound Had I fat
tend exclusively on corn it would have cost me double that price I notice
from observation that potatoes are very good not only for hogs but also for i
cattle and horses I find pea vine hay an excellent hay for horses or cattle I
cut after the peas are matured in order to get peas too But some prefer it
when in bloom The disposition to sow peas as a fertilizer is on the increase
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakerAfter six year9 experience I am of the opinion that on light sandy
lands of of Southwest Georgia the chufa is incomparably the most profitable
crop for hogs and poultry that we can raise I find that one acre of good land
planted in them will after my hogs have had the benefit of the harvest and
pea fields fatten ten head ready for slaughter and that after the pork hogs
have been taken off ten head of stock hogs vi ill keep in a thrifty condition for i
two months gleaning the same acre
The chufa is the only root crop from which I can without corn or other i
process to harden the flesh kill my hogs and have firm white meat and lard
BereienChufas are the best hog crop raised potatoes good to start on
chufas to finish To keep put up dry after the vines are killed and keep
dry by shelter not too hot at start Peasmore disposition to renovateless
for feed
Early rust prevented the caterpillar in our county this season We have
received no damage from his depredations Cotton about all open
ChattahoocheeWe find chufas a profitable crop to plant on waste or i
spare land They require but little cultivation and answer well for hogs
Sweet potatoes yield more food for man and beast than any feedcrop we i
plant to the same outlay To feed stock three bushels are about equal to one
of corn Very healthy for all stock To preserve them exclude all air from
them as soon as possible
ClaySweet potatoes are very valuable for feeding any stock They are
more certain and pay much better than turnips
My father has been raising sweet potatoes for seventy years and has but
little trouble or loss in keeping them When a frost kills the vines he has
them dug and banked ere they are so long exposed as to chill Throw up
earth one foot high in a circlesay eight feet in diametercover the inclosed
area about six inches with dry pine straw carefully put the potatoes on the
traw gradually forming a cone until there are as many potatoes as can liei

SEPTEMBER CROP R2KR1 9
in the cone then if they are eating potatoes place slats extendingfrom the
outside of the circle so as to meet at the apex or top of the bank put straw
9ix inches thick on the slats and cover it ten inches in dirt leaving a small
apperture in the top over which put a piece of bark or board If they are
seed potatoes omit the slats In arranging the slats make a door in order to
get potatoes when desired
The above never fails
Many thanks for the Dallas Wheat I will ever be thankful for seeds
and will be careful to experiment with them
ClayI know of no crop that compares with the chufa for hogs but they should
always be planted on clean land say sedge The only trouble is to gel a perfect
stand Prepare the land as for cotton work once wit 1 sweep and hoe and the crop
on sedge landis secured
PotatoesAll stock are fond of them but they should be fed in limited quantities
to cattle and horses They are at leost two to one better than turnips as a food
There is no need of a failure as we hive five months in which to set the vines
With turnips the time is shorter and they are more subject to disasters
HoustonI have for several years past raised sweet potatoes to fatten my
meat hogs and find them to be an excellent food for hogs and a great sav
ing to the corncrib
LowndesToo much rain for cottonpicking in August and part of Septem
ber Weather fine now
ChufasGood fatteneryield well on good land Exhaustive crop
PotatoesExcellent for fattening especially when mixed with pindars
or chufas Much surer crop than turnips
Pea VinesIncreased disposition to raise for fertilizing purposes Growing
disposition on part of farmers to fertilize in every practicable way My own
judgment is that on exhausted soils the beggarweed will prove a better re
claimer than peas Expense of setting it being nominal and crop much surer
without expense of cultivation Once set it holds its place as tenaciously as
crab grass but is not difficult to prevent from growing among other crops
They are easily kept back with any dull plow but fresh crops start after plow
ing ceases
MarionMyself and neighbors from foHr years experience have decided
that the Chufa is the least profitable of any crop in cultivation for hogs and that the
St Domingo sweet potato is the most profitable of all root crops for man and stock
of all kinds also poultry My neighbor S supplemented his corn crop last year
by feeding his horses mules and oxen almost entirely through the winter on
potatoes and fattening his hogs on potatoes almost alone They are fine for sheep
much more nutritious than turnips and fully five times more profitable and require
not more than onefifth of the fertilizing Up to this date I have kept eighty or
more hogs well supplied with food on two acres of potatoes and twelve of peas sown
among corn and began the feed on the 29th of August
RandolphBy actual account kept by Messrs Trapp and Smith it was ascer
tained that pork could be raised in our county on chufas at two and a half cents per
pound
I feed my cows every winter on sweet potatoes and cotton seed boiled together and
my daily yield of milk can be measured by the bushel when I attend to the milking10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
myself My co ts keep fat and seem thankful I use wheat straw for long forage
For the feeding of cows cleanliness is an absolute necessity
SumterI have been cloiely observing the cotton crop and contrary to previi
ous convictions I have been convinced that we need improved cotton seed A harM
dier plant that lints well and will hold the fruit and if possible an improved staplei
How would seed from Louisiana Mississippi or Texas do here The Dep irtmeaj8
distributed a considerable quantity of improved seeds last spring Among themj
were Petit Gulf seed from Mississippi The reported results of the test of these and
other seeds will be given in the supplemental report
TerrellThe sweet potato is better in this section for feeding hogs horses andj
cows than turnips and the yield is much better per acre if the same amount of ferfl
tilizers is applied to potatoes that is required to make turnips Dig when ripe and
put up in stacks of from twentyfive to thirty bushels cover with dry earth and keep
them dry and Ill insure their keeping
Oats will be sown more extensively this fall than ever before Chufm are
highly appreciated by many farmers and the area is increasing The stock potato isl
the cheapest and surest food crop grown in Southwest Georgia Turnips are very
unreliable and wont pay as a stock feed Pea vines considering cost and profit are
the greatest renovator of anything we have If properly cured they make the best ofl
WebsterThe best plan to keep potatoes is to put them up in hills of thirty to4
fifty bushels Then put on boards bark or anything to keep the dirt out of themj
Cover well with earth and a good boaid shelter
WorthThe caterpillar has come in the last ten days and cleaned up every I
thing but the young bolls of which there is the heaviest crop I eversiw on the
second growth
EAST GEORGIA
BullochChufas are very profitable for hogs but they are very injurious to landl
Ground peas are better and less injurious to land Potatoes are good or feeding all
kinds of stock They are far better than the turnip and much easier made The
best way to keep them is to build a shelter let the eaves come to the ground then
put a layer of potatoes and then a layer of dirt until all are in and then cover well
dirt
EmanuelThe farmers are not making efforts to sow oats so early this year as
formerly The early sowed crop last year proved to be worse hurt by rust I suppose
to be the reason We have plenty of the rustproof oats saved to seed us a
larger crop which will be surely sown as our corn crop in some sections has been
cut off by drought
Glascock The cultivation of chufas is much increasing as the farmers have
found them to be valuable for fattening hogs My opinion is that more pork can be
raised from one acre of chufas than can be from one acre of anything else that could
be planted on it and they are easy of cultivation not subject to any kind of blight
and will grow on any kind of land that is strong enough to bring them The chufas
should be substituted for field peas on all old flat or swampy lands Plant between
the corn rows as you would the peas cultivate asyou would the peas and you will
find them to be remunerative

SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT
11

JeffersonChufas are growing in favor and deservedly so as they make an
exellent supplement 10 a short corn crop for fattening hogs i
Sweet PotatoesThe best and cheapest root crop raised for either man or beast
I have had them on my table the year round the old crop on my table a month af
ter the new was dug and equally as sound
Pea VinesThey unquestionably mike excellent hay when gathered in due time
befire the leaves sled and are a valuable and cheap fertilizer Except clover it is
perhaps the best green fertilizer known
MontgomeryTue rule to be observed in bauking potatoes is to put
them in a dry plice where they will not be affected by any change in the
weather They must be kept at as uniform temperature as possible all the
time To secure this throw up a bed of earth about six inches high cover
it with straw pile the potatoes on the straw and then cover the latter with
dry corn stalksafter taking off the shuck Over the stalks apply straw
and then 7 or 8 inches of earththe deeper the bettertaking the earth
round the hill so as to form a circular ditch which will assist in pe
rving dryness Put a large piece of pine bark or a wide boird over the
apex to keep the rain from washing down the bank The old idea of leav
ing a hole in the top to let the heat escape is a great mistake All the
moisture and heat that arises from the potatoes is absorbed or neutralized
by the straw and the latter being separated from the potatoes by the stalks
the moisture cannot get back to injure the potaoes
PcxaskiChufas were almost entirely unknown and uncultivated in this
county until 5 or 6 years ago They have now grown in favor and nearly
every farmer cultivates them who takes any interest in hograising as
they produce more feed than any known thing on the same area of land
and with less culture While they grow well on poor land there is noth
ing on which fertilizers pay better Well fertilized and worked they will
make from 200 to 25 bushels to the acre Sweet potatoes are also a fine
hog crop have never fed them to horses or cows The yellow ruta baga
turnip is equal dr superior to potatoes for hogs and other stock particularly
in the enormous yield But the great trouble is to get stand in July when
they should be sown the hot sun soon kills them out
TelfairChufas in sandy soils are the most profitable of all things
grown for hogs Potatoes are best for cows Pea vines make the best hay
and renovating crop
TwiggsMy experience with chufas as also most of my neighbors is
that they are not near so good for hogs as groundpeas or potatoes I have
ceased to plant them I have never fed potatoes to horses but nothing sur
passes their value except grain when fed to cows and hogs The turnip
with me is a more certain crop but do not consider an acre of them worth
as much as one of potatoes I have never had any trouble in keeping
them in a house or hills when put up dry
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
ChathamWe rely very much on the sweet potato for hog food and
in some instances they are fed to horses with good results We are begin
ning to realize the importance of peas as a fertilizer The agricultural12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREOEORGIA
interest of this county is confined almost entirely to rice and truck farm
ing The prospect for both these interests is satisfactory
CoffeeSweet potatoes is the main crop for fattening pork and has
been for many years though the chufa is coming into notice and some
farmers are making a success planting them
LibertyFor hogs and cattle potatoes are a good food A few fed to
horses with their usual dry food is an advantagebut do not drive a
potatofed horse at all fast Pea vines are our most valuable stock forage
On our sandy soils I do not find them valuable to turn in though a pea
crop puts the sand in superb condition for all following cropsexcept cotton
Sweet potatoes far exceed turnips in certainty of yield and cost and are
best adapted for feeding hogs horses or cows and I think it is a mistake
that our farmers dont plant more potatoes and thereby save corn in fat
tening hogs
Pea vines pay better for a renovating crop than for hay
Green pea vines plowed in will almost double the yield of the following
cropsSEPTEMBER CROP REPORT
13
TABLE IShowing the condition and prospect of Cotton Corn etc
October 1 1880 compared to the actual yield of 1879 etc
NORTH GEORGIA
Condition fb prot Oolton Crop COUNTIES Condition it pros Cotton Crop
pect compared to the actual yield of 1879 c SO CD U Ch 50 20 1 15 H 5 pect compared to tJie actual yield of 1879 si A s M SB O C H s 52
COUNTIES a O a C o a a o OJ bl 3 CO o CO s 0 E s s S M Q 90 80 a a 3 x ft 3 o O e o o a OS I o CO Q O K O P 5 0 t ug CD h PM
110 85 10li If 105 90 89 92 95 125 90 75 110 90 75 87 95 75 108 75 100 75 125 100 100 100 110 110 100 125 35 45 125 20 50 25 60 20 90 90 75 100 100 60 100 100
38 Hart
120
79 80 100 98 90 150 80 125 115 1 125 38 30 50
91 90 10 90

HI

90 80 T5 100 108 100 95 100 88 90 105 105 90 HI 100 100 MO 118 100 110 126 98 111 85 30 40 4C 3C 35 F 851 6 95 95 2 90 93 97 88 Polk 83 83 105 25 85 1

125 75 113 75 125 103 92 125 100 106 110 110
43 16 5 lOO 100 100 91
10S 150 IK 9
Hall Whitfield

109 33 1
MIDDLE GEORGIA
90 90 94 100 85 100 90 95 99 65 93 87 92 60 90 80 78 92 70 110 118 109 110 105 105 100 118 105 Lincoln 97 113 100 187 90 90 100 62 70 80 135 100 93 120 105 115 95 103 115 130 125 95 125 27 40 40 22 50 50 40 85 93 83 7 75 95 100
61 50 43 28 40 40 20 38 45 95 SS 85 82 90 75 100 90 93 2 2 2
Meriwether


Oconee 10



10i 78 80 100 85 85 95 95 80 99 75 60 75 90 68 70 90 78 50 86 100 100 95 95 100 100 100 95 80 125 90 125 95 100 100 105 109 40 40 40 45 45 60 40 58 50 41 80 50 75 90 80 80 75 90 95 85 5
80 80 50 118 45 83

Fulton 180 10 100 105 105 75 90 110 125 95 97 120 23 40 66 90 93 100 Taliaierro
3

Walton 4
88 110 75 120 80 115 125 30 40 78 85 10

1
14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE I Continued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Baker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhouu
Chattahoochee
Oy
Colquitt
Crawford
Decatur
Dooly
Dougherty
Early
Houston
Irwin
Lee
Lowndes
Condition pros Cctton Crop
pect compared to
the actual yield of
1879
11
90 102
100 95
951 100
125 91
80 92
82 100
ICO
gs sS
IS
COUNTIES
Macon
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogee
Quitnian
Randolph
Schley
Stewart
Su inter
Taylor
Terrell
Thomas
Webster
Wtlcox
Worth
Condition pros
pect compared to
the actual yield
1879
80
95
Average 101
85
100
95 111
Cotton Crop
3
s
M gS
28
80
90
10
2
EAST GEORGIA
Bulloeh 9o 80 75 90 73 98 100 75 100 8 85 75 75 70 80 100 125 100 lOd 99 111 luu 110 100 100 100 100 9 J5 25 60 60 75 12 50 100 9 101 9i 100 97 93 1 95 90 75 80 72 30 110 50 110 80 50 60 75 50 75 90 90 1

Dodge 10
Tatnall
Telfair 114 95 95 95 80 80 82 110 97 100 100 93 110 95 101 115 100 65 85 10 00 56 92 80 110 75 80 8 2
Jefferson


Montgomy 96 8 91 10 93 05
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Appling 95 100 100 100 25 no 110 90 100 100 100 100 75 77 95 90
90 95 5

67 102 110 95 100 100 100 101 125 125 95 110 95 10i 98 150 1C4 50 62 90 10
Clinch 100 80 75 60 95 100 10 10


5
RECAPITULATION
96 99 101 93 95 97 108 86 95 82 95 92 9 109i S3 9 109 41 951 lll 56 93 100 56 98 104 62 ia toel lo 1
85 82 86 96 87
SoOTUWEST GEOKGIA 5 05


2
SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT
15
SUMMARY OF WEATHER REPORTS FOR SEPT 1880
North Georgia
STATIONS u 0 P a i it 3 oi E p s o H 3 a h a S d 13 a o H Last Good Season Days on which rain fell

800 840 850 860 820 860 500 480 460 450 450 460 660 681 68 6 68 7 740 650 487 5 71 Sept 27 Sept 28 Sept 27 Sept 27 Sept 27 Sept 23 1 2 9 10 24 26 27
12789 11 12 13 24 25 27 28
Leo White county 1 2 789 11 12 13 24 2527 1 2 7 811 132427
638 550 124 7 8 1124 27
701 512 2 7 11 13 23


838 467 675 575
Middle Georgia
1 5 6 7 8 11 12 13 24 25 2568 111324 27 6 811 13232427 811 13 24 25 27 12 11
880 880 920 S60 900 470 460 52 0 560 550 691 695 66B 70 9 743 5 98 590 210 490 140 Sept 24 Sept 27 Sept 25 Sept 27 Sept 11 27


Oxford


888 51 2 70 405
Southwest Georgia
880 890 900 900 892 600 600 621 600 750 79 1 780 754 135 350 330 267 Aug 30 Sept 25 Sept 13 Sept 13 8 18 27 3 13 24 25 1 8 11 18 1 2 8 11 12 13 25 2


627
605 770 270
East Georgia
Augusta
3hauncey Dodge Co
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Means
880
940
910
940
910
630
5S0
600
600
570
73 0
808
753
770
155
320
075
166
763
Sept 11
Sept 13
Aug 31
Sept 27
16
1 6 11 13
1 2 8 13
2 8 27
127
Southeast Georgia
7 8 10 11 12 13 1 7 to 13 28
880 640 760 645 492 Sept 13

WaHhourville 900 890 610 675 741 750 Sept 13
573

Means for State 877 537 7l 412

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Commissioner of Agriculture
OP THE
STATE OF GEORGIA
J T HENDEKSON Commissioner
ATLANTA GA
JAS P HARRISON CO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS
1880REPORT
Department of Agbiculture
Atlanta Ga Oct 15th 1880
To His Excellency A H Colquitt Govetnor
Sir In compliance with law I have the honor of sub
mitting the following report for the first year of my ad
ministration of the Department of Agriculture
ORGANIZATION
Mr Wm H Howell was appointed Clerk of the De
partment Col R J Redding Assistant Commissioner and
Mr J S Newman Editing Clerk These gentlemen have
constituted the clerical force of the office Mr Pitt M
Brown was appointed to take charge of the mineralogical
collection placed under the charge of the Commissioner
of Agriculture by resolution of the General Assembly
CHEMIST
Dr N A Pratt was appointed State Chemist on the
12th of Nov 1879 in the vacancy occasioned by the
resignation of Dr W J Land
Finding it impossible for one chemist to perform the
work required under the act of 1877 in time to furnish the
desired information to the farmers in advance of their pur
chases Prof H C White of the University of Georgia
will be appointed analytical chemist of the department with4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 348
the understanding that a number of past graduates will
be engaged in the work of analyzing fertilizers during the
pressing season and in making such other analyses as
may be required at other times
The superior completeness of the laboratory of the
University will it is thought expedite the chemical work
of the department
This arrangement was not intended to and does not
reflect in the least upon Dr N A Pratt the present
analytical chemist of the Department of Agriculture who
has performed all work required of him in the most skill
ful and satisfactory manner but it has been made with the
hope of accomplishing the work required by law more
expeditiously It has been found to be a physical impos
sibility for one chemist to do the work required during
the active fertilizer season Notwithstanding Dr Pratt
labored far into the night during the last season he found
it necessary to employ assistants for several months
Besides the above consideration of expediency it is
hoped and believed that the connection of the analysis of
fertilizers and that of other substances with the State Col
lege of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts will prove of
great value to the students of the college
INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
For the season of 187980 the following inspectors were
appointed viz
Col O T EogersAt Savannah
Dr W P HardenAt Augusta
Dr J S LawtonAt Atknta
Capt Troup ButlerAt Brunswick
Gen E L ThomasAt Macon
Mr G W EosetteAt Columbus
The only change made for the season of 188081 will
be the appointment of Hon Samuel Hawkins at Augusta
in the place of Dr W P Harden resigned349 ANNUAL REPORT 5
SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES
Dr H H Cary of Troup county was appointed Su
perintendent of Fisheries January 14th 1880 and has
discharged the duties of that position with energy and
fidelity without salary since that time
INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS
The fertilizer trade of the State has grown to such pro
portions that much of the time of the clerical force of the
office for four months during winter and spring is required
to keep the records and conduct the correspondence
arising from it the labor imposed upon inspectors is much
greater than formerly and that required of the chemist ex
cessive in amount
The difficulties and expenses of the chemist were se
riously increased by the necessity of refitting the Labora
tory long in disuse after the season had commenced and
the results of his analyses being generally lower than those
of his predecessor it was not until his work was repeat
edly verified by the most experienced chemists in the
United States that manufacturers and dealers were satisfied
as to its correctness and accuracy
CONVENTION OF CHEMISTS
It was in consequence of the discrepancy in the methods
used by different chemists in the analysis of commercial
fertilizers that I called a Convention of Agricultural Com
missioners and Chemists at Washington D C The fol
lowing circulars will explain in brief the object of the Con
vention
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 20 1880
Dear SirThe experience of the last fertilizer season
has suggested to my mind the importance of securing such
niformity of method in determining by chemical analysis6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 350
the per centage of valuable ingredients in commercial fer
tilizers as will give more uniform and hence more satis
factory results This is especially desirable in determining
Reverted Phosphoric Acid
With a view to accomplishing so desirable an object as
well as others which may be deemed proper I have the
honor to suggest the calling of a Convention of the several
Commissioners of Agriculture State Chemists and Pro
fessors of Chemistry in State Universities aud State Agri
cultural Colleges in those States using large amounts of
commercial fertilizers to meet at some convenient point
early in the month of July next
I would be glad to have your views on the subject and
if favorable to the suggestion please nominate some gen
tleman who by general assent may be informally author
ized to fix the time and place of such Convention and issue
the necessary notices
You are also requested to give me the names and post
offices of gentlemen in your State holding either of the
positions above indicated which do not appear in the list
below that copies of this circular may be sent to them
An early reply is desirable
Very respectfully
J T Henderson
Commissioner of Agriculture
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 1 1880
Dear SirI am gratified to announce that the recent
circular letter which I had the honor to issue suggesting
the calling of a Convention for the purpose of adopting a
uniform system for the analysis of commercial fertilizers
has met with favorable responses from a large majority of
the gentlemen to whom it was sent A like majority has
imposed on nte the duty of fixing the time and place of351
ANNUAL REPORT
said Convention and issuing the necessary notices for the
same After correspondence with others ajid due con
sideration of the interests involved I have decided upon
Wednesday the 28th of July as the time and Washing
ton D C as the place for the assembling of the proposed
Convention You are accordingly respectfully and ear
nestly invited to be present and participate in the Conven
tion
Every reasonable facility for the deliberations of the
Convention will be afforded by the Hon Wm G LeDuc
Commissioner of Agriculture who is in hearty sympathy
with the object sought to be accomplished I have ap
pended hereto a list of the names of gentlemen to whom
this circular will be sent
Trusting that you will find it convenient to attend and give
the Convention the benefit of your experience and re
questing that you will at once inform me by letter whether you
will attend I am respectfully
J T Henderson
Commissioner of Agriculture
PROCEEDINGS
Libkary Hall July 28 1880
In response to these circulars there assembledin one
of the spacious halls of the Department of Agriculture
which was kindly set apart by the Commissioner of Agri
culturethe following gentlemen
Prof R M Ballentine United States Department of
Agriculture
Dr C Elton Buck Manufacturing Chemist Wilming
ton Del
Hon A P Butler Commissioner of Agriculture State
of South Carolina
Dr Peter Collier Chemist of the United States Depart
ment of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
352
Dr M G Ellzey Professor Virginia Agricultural and
Mechanical College
Mr C A Goessman Agricultural College Amherst
Mass
Prof W M Habirshaw Analytical Chemist New York
City
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
State of Georgia
Dr E H Jenkins Connecticut Agricultural Experi
ment Station
Dr A R Ledoux North Carolina Agricultural Exper
iment Station
Dr G A Liebig Analytical and Manufacturing Chem
ist Baltimore Md
Prof Arthur T Neale New Jersey State Experiment
Station
Dr N A Pratt State Chemist Georgia
Prof R W L Rasin Manufacturing Chemist Balti
more Md
Dr Charles U Shepard Jr Chemist State of South
Carolina
Dr W Simon Analytical Chemist Baltimore Md
Dr C C Wellington United States Department of
Agriculture
Dr H C White Prof University of Georgia
Dr P B Wilson Analytical Chemist Baltimore Md
Dr Theo R Wolf Prof and State Chemist Delaware
The Convention was called to order at 330 p m by Dr
C U Shepard Jr who nominated Hon J T Hender
son for President of the Convention reminding the gentle
men that it was owing to Judge Hendersons earnest efforts
that they were brought together Judge Henderson be
ing called to the chair after thanking the Convention for
the honor done him stated the object of the meeting as
substantially set forth in the circulars above given353
ANNUAL REPORT
9
Dr A H Ledoux was then elected Secretary of the
meeting
Dr M G Ellzey addressed the Convention saying that
he heartily endorsed the effort which Judge Henderson
was making to secure uniformity in the analysis of commer
cial fertilizers He recognized the need of some general
understanding in the matter and hoped that the discus
sions would take no limited range but deal with more
than one of the questions which have been the cause of
difficulty between producers and farmers throughout the
country
Letters were read from Prof S W Johnson of New
Haven and others heartily endorsing the object of the
meeting and thanking Judge Henderson for his action in
calling the same
On motion of Dr Ellzey the chair appointed a commit
tee on a programme or order of business to recommend
to the Convention what topics should be discussed The
following committee was appointed Drs Goessman
Buck and White The committe recommended the follow
ing programme The report was received and adopted
PROGRAMME
1 Preparation of the roll of the Convention and decis
ion of the rights of parties present to participate in the dis
cussion of various topics and to vote upon the final judg
ment of the same
2 Discussion of the method of estimating soluble
phosphoric acid
3 Discussion of method of estimating reverted phos
phoric acid
4 Estimation of insoluble phosphoric acid
5 Estimation of nitrogen
6 Estimation of potash
The Committee consider the above the main topics
which should receive the consideration of the Convention10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
354
Other points proper for discussion should time allow
are perhaps as follows
7 Method of arriving at commercial valuations
8 Agricultural and commercial valuation of reverted
phosphoric acid
In accordance with section 1 of the Order of Business
the Secretary was ordered to make out and read the roll of
the Convention together with the occupations and profes
sions of the gentlemen present
Dr White moved that only those who are practicing
analytical chemists be considered entitled to vote on the
final judgment of the meeting
Dr Ellzey opposed the motion saying that he would
very much regret to see the Convention limited in that
way
The Secretary called attention to the fact that all the
gentlemen present but three were practicing analytical
chemists and entitled to vote under the resolution
After some further discussion the resolution was
adopted
The Convention then on motion took up the discussion
of the 2nd section of the programmedetermination of
soluble phosphoric acid
Drs Goessman and Ellzey gave their opinions as to
the extent and direction which the discussion should have
It was moved by Dr Ledoux that a committee of three
be appointed by the chair to propose to the Convention a
method for the determination of soluble phosphoric acid
Dr Collier moved to amend by substituting five for
three
Dr Shepard moved as a substitute that the entire ques
tion of the determination of phosphoric acid in all its
forms be referred to a committee of five
After discussion the following resolution was adopted
Resolved That a committee of five be appointed by355
ANNUAL REPORT
11
the chair to consider sections 2 3 and 4 of the Order of
Business and report thereon
The following gentlemen were appointed by the chair
Drs Shepard Goessman Liebig Jenkins and Wolf
On motion of Dr White it was ordered that a committee
of five be appointed to take into consideration sections 5
and 6 of the Order of Business and report thereon Drs
Habirshaw Wilson Neale Buck and Pratt were appointed
On motion section 5 of the Order of Business was
amended so as to include nitrates
The convention then took a recess until 630 p m to
allow the committee time to report
The Convention came to order at 7 p m The commit
tee on sections 2 3 and 4 Phosphoric Acid offered the
following report which after reading and being discussed
by several gentlemen at length was received and adopted
REPORT
It is recommended by your committee to whom was
referred the selection of a method for the determination
of Phosphoric Acid in commercial manures
That this convention shall agree to adopt provisionally
the methods recommended by Fresenius Neubauer and
Luck in their article On the best methods for the
analysis of artificial manures
Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie X pg 133 with tlie
following suggestions
1 That the flask containing the residue after the ex
traction of the Soluble Phosphoric Acid and the solution
of citrate be introduced into a cold water bath whose tem
perature shall be rapidly raised to 40 C and there main
tained for one half hour the flask being shaken every five
minutes
That the determination of the Reduced Phos
phoric Acid be indirect
3 That all the determinations be gravimettic12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
356
4 That a committee of twoto be named by the
chairmanbe appointed to prepare on the above basis
a detailed method for the analysis of commercial manures
and to distribute the same among the members of this
convention and others interested by this action
Charles U Shepard Jr
Chairman of Committee
The following report of the committee on sections 5
and 6 of the programme Nitrogen and Potash was re
ceived and adopted
REPORT
Of Committee on Estimation of Nitrogen and Potash in
Commercial Manures
I Determination of nitrogen total
a when the three 3 forms of nitrogen are present
nitrates ammonia salts and organic nitrogen a
combustion with oxide of copper or plumbic chro
mate
b When nitrates are not present a combustion with
sodalime and the resulting ammonia estimated with
Platinum chloride or titrated with a normal solu
tion alkali
II Determination of nitric acids when in presence of am
monia salts and organic nitrogen
a Nitrates and ammonia salts are brought into water
solution and the nitric acid is converted into am
monia by Harcourt Siewerts processFres
Zeits 1871 334 Jour Chem Soc 1862 381
An Chem und Phar 125 293 Sutton Vol
umetric Analysis London 3d Ed 1876 102 et
sea
b Nitrates are brought into water solution and the
nitric acid estimated by Schlossings method mod
ified by Schultz viz distillation in presence of
Ferrous chloride with excess of hydro chloric357
ANNUAL REPORT
13
acid The N O gas is collected and measured
Schlossings Original Paper Annal de Chim 3
ser torn 40479 Jour fur Pract Chemi 62142
III Determination of nitrogen existing as ammonia salts
The solution in water is distilled with magnesium
oxide and the ammonia estimated either by the
Platinum meth d or by titration with normal acid
IV Determination of the nitrogen when existing in a
substance in separate forms as nitrates ammonia
salts and organic nitrogen
a Estimation of total nitrogen by I a
b do nitric acid by Ilb or IIa
c do ammonia salts III
d do organic nitrogen by difference
V Estimation of potash
Only salts of potash soluble in water are considered in
this report except when the potash occurs in seeds in
which case previous calcination is recommended
a Solution in water removal of sulphates phosphates
and magnesia by Barium hydrate clearing with ox
alate or carb ammcnia and precipitating with
Platinum chloride
W M Habirshaw Chairman
On motion it was ordered that the two reports be re
ferred to a committee of two who should copy them
giving details of the methods to be employed and to send
to each member of the Convention a copy of the same
On motion a letter of Dr S A Goodale was consid
ered and referred to the above committee
After remarks and discussion of the above reports it
was suggested that since so many agricultural chemists
were present it would be desirable to effect a permanent
organization to meet from time to time and discuss topics
of interest to the profession Dr Goessman offered the
following resolution14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
358
Resolved That this Convention form a section in the
subdivision of Chemistry in the American Association
for the Advancement of Science and that their next meet
ing be held in Boston during the regular meeting of the
aforesaid Association
On motion Dr Goessmanns resolution was adopted
Dr Shepard thought it would be well to refer the matter
to a committee to draw up a plan for a permanent organ
ization and offerred a resolution to that effect Drs
Goessman and Wilson were appointed to arrange for a
permanent organization of the Convention as called for
in the resolution of Dr Shepard
On motion section 7 of the Order of Business was
taken up by the Convention A long discussion followed
which was participated in by Drs Ellzey Collier Jenkins
and others No final action was taken upon this section
but it will be further considered at the forthcoming meet
ing of the Convention in Boston The Committee on Per
manent Organization made the following report which was
received and adopted
REPORT
The Committee on Permanent Organization propose
that Dr Goessman be made Chairman until the next an
nual meeting in connection with the American Associa
tion for the Advancement of Science and that Dr Ledoux
be appointed Secretary
P B Wilson Chairman
On motion the thanks of the Convention were tendered
Judge Henderson for his courtesy and skill as presiding
officer
On motion the following resolution was unanimously
adopted
Resolved That the thanks of this Convention are hereby
tendered to General LeDuc Commissioner of Agriculture
for his courtesy and also to Prof Collier the Chemist
of the Department for his kindness and attention359
ANNUAL REPORT
15
On motion the Convention adjourned
The committee who were appointed to write out the
details of the methods of determination of Phosphoric Acid
have forwarded to the Secretary the following
REPORT
Method for the Determination of Phosphoric Aeid in Commercial
Manures
1 Preparation of the sample It is not to be ground
but may be broken up by hand and should be thoroughly
mixed as rapidly as possible and transferred to a tightly
stopped bottle
2 Determination of the Soluble and Undecomposed
Phosphoric Acid
a Two grammes of the material transferred to a suit
able vessel are rubbed up with a small quantity of cold
water carefully avoiding any pulverization transferred to
a filter and there washed with cold water which is added
at first in small successive portions until the washings no
longer react acid
Soluble Phosphoric Acid is determined in the filtrate
b The filter containing the Reverted and Unde
composed Phosphates is carefully spread on a glassplate
With the aid of a washbottle containing one hundred
cubic centimeters of a perfectly neutral solution of Am
monium Citrate sp gr 109 the residue is washed into
a lipped porcelain mortar The coarser portions are al
lowed to settle and the fluid with the suspended particles
is poured into a small flask The residue remaining in the
mortar is rubbed to a very fine paste and brought with
the remainder of the Ammonium Citrate into the flask
which is then corked
This flask is put into a cold waterbath the temperature
is rapidly raised to 40 C and there maintained for one
half hour care being taken to shake the flask every five
minutes It is then removed and the contents imme
diately filtered16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 360J
The residue is washed two or three times with a mixture
of equal parts of water and Ammonia Citrate solution
and used for the determination of Undecomposed Phos
phoric Acid
3 The total Phosphoric Acid is determined in a sepa
rate portion of 12 grammes
The other details are as given by Fresenius Neubauer
and Luck loc cit
The committee have read with great interest the com
munication of Dr S L Goodale referred to them and
beg leave to return it to the Secretary for presentation at a
future meeting of the Convention when its contents may
receive the attention they deserve
Charles U Shepard Jr
Ewd H Jenkins
Committee
The above is respectfully submitted
A R Ledoux Secretary
J T Henderson Chairman
It is believed that the results of the labors of this Con
vention will greatly facilitate the chemical work in connec
tion with the inspection and analysis of commercial fertili
zers since the adoption of a uniform system by all chem
ists private and official will remove the difficulties hither
to encountered resulting from the employment oi different
methods giving widely different results
Anxious to do full justice to all parties at interest nu
merous verifications of results have been made for the sat
isfaction of manufacturers and dealers when I was satisfied
the fault was either with their chemists or in the different
methods employed
The uniform method to be employed by all the chemists
in future will render fewer verifications necessary and
hence give more time for original work
3G1 ANNUAL REPORT 17
In order to convey more clearly an idea of the amount of
work involved in the analysis of fertilizers I submit the
following
REPORT OF THE CHEMIST
Georgia State Laboratory
Atlanta Jnlj 20 1880
Hon J T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
Dear Sir Pursuant to your orders I have the honor
to present herewith a Report of Operations and work done
for the Department of Agriculture during the past season
together with a few reflections suggested by the results at
tained
Your chemist received his appointment on November
12 1879 nearly six weeks after the season had opened
and at once proceeded to put the Laboratory into fair
working order This Laboratory originally supplied only
for the analysis of soils after three years disuse vas in a
shockingly bad condition and required entire refitting be
fore any reliable work could be attempted Furnaces
waterpipes sinks balances boilers etc all were over
hauled and refitted and a fresh supply of chemicals and
apparatus ordered It was the middle of December before
systematic work could be commenced
Up to this date the work done is as follows
Fertilizer Analysesregular211
Fertilizer analysesrevisions66
Mineral analyses4
Mineral water analyses1
Total276
The amount ot labor involved in this work is best exhib
ited in the following table of analysis or separate deter
minations made
ANALYSES
Phosphoric acidsoluble266
Phosphoric acidreverted266
Phosphoric acidinsoluble266
2
i4r18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
362
Phosphoric acidtotal251
Potasli176
Ammonia192
Moisture277
Nitric acid6
Sulphuric silicic acids lime magnesia etc47
Total determinations1747
This amount of chemical work in the time allowed for
it is far beyond the capacity of any one man and I have
only been able to accomplish it by reason of the labors of
two and sometimes three assistants in covering the ex
pense of which you have generously assisted me Exclu
sive of your assistance I have been to an expense of about
1200 exclusive of rent chemicals etc
The experience of the season induces me to say
1 That the fertilizers offered on this market while most
ly coming up to the minimum required by law present a
wonderful variation in quality by reason both of the mate
rial used in the manufacture and the percentage of valuable
ingredients contained The acid phosphates range all
along from 1630 per cent to 650 per cent of available
phosphoric acid The guanos from 13 per cent to 5 per
cent of phosphoric acid and from 7 per cent to less than
2 per cent of ammonia and from 3 per cent to less than 1
per cent of potash and still these each of its own class re
spectively are sold to the farmer at practically the same
price
2 In regard to the inspections my observation so far
as it goes shows that they have been well and carefully
made Revisions and analysis of samples of the same fer
tilizer under different inspections have given nearly uni
form results and samples drawn by myself from lots al
ready inspected have yielded results varying but slightly
from those drawn by your inspectors
3 The low price of nitrate of soda notwithstanding the
ChiliPeruvian war has induced some manufacturers to add363 ANNUAL REPORT 19
this salt as part of their ammoniating material and they
ask that under the law the nitric acid contained be count
ed at its equivalent in ammonia 100 parts of refined nitrate
of soda contains nitrogen equivalent to 20 parts of ammo
nia Their claim is a just one and worthy your consider
ation even though its estimation adds 25 per cent to the
cost and labor of an analysis
4 The question of what should be considered re
verted phosphoric acid under the law is an important
one As it has your attention and will soon be discussed
in a convention of chemists which you have the pleasure
to have succeeded in calling together I will not refer to it
here
I have the honor to be very respectfully your obedient
servant N A Pratt
The following extract from Circular No 9 Analysis and
Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers will give an insight
into the statistics of the inspection and analysis of fer
tilizers in the State
During the season of 187980 there were 11958306
tons of commercial fertilizers inspected and analyzed for
the Georgia market all of which with the exception of
40 tons were admitted to sale The following table
shows the amount inspected by each inspector
O T Rogers Inspector at Savannah 3537670 tons
W P Harden Inspector at Augusta 3318078
J S Lawton Inspector at Atlanta 1724306
Troup Butler Inspector at Brunswickf 2282382
E L Thomas Inspector at Macon 621930
G W Rosette Inspector at Columbus 4739 40
Total11958303 tons
Although distinct inspections were made and samples
drawn of each brand a considerable number are dupli
cates differing only in name being actually taken from
the same bulk and branded according to the fancy of20 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 364
dealers A number of manufacturers have no proprietary
brands and do not sell directly or through agents to
fanners but to nominal manufacturers who sell them
under their own brands One large manufacturer sells
one fertilizer under no less than twelve different names
The following table shows the number of distinct in
spections made by each inspector for the season the
average number of tons in each inspection the whole
number of inspections made and the average of each
Number Average Amt
of of each
Inspections Inspection
O T Rogers 261 135 tons
W P Harden 142 233
J S Lnwton 151 H4
T Butler 193 118
ELThomas 43 144
GW Rosette 60 79
Total 850 140 tons
CONDEMNED FERTILIZERS
Of the above amount 40 tons comprising three brands
were shown by analysis to contain less than the minimum
percentages of ammonia and phosphoric acid required by
law and the sale thereof was accordingly forbidden by
the Commissioner of Agriculture in pursuance to section
2d of the act of 18N from which the following is an ex
tract
It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul
ture to forbid the sale of any Acid Phosphate or Dis
solved Bone which is shown by official analysis to con
tain less than ten per centum of available Phosphoric
Acid and also to forbid the sale of any Ammoniated
Superphosphate which is shown by official analysis to
contain less than eight per centum of available Phosphoric
Acid and two per centum of Ammonia
At the time of making application for an inspection365
ANNUAL REPORT
21
and in consideration of being allowed to proceed to sell
and distribute the same before the official analysis thereof
is made the dealer or applicant is required to give a
written obligation whereby he agrees and binds himself
to cancel and make null and void all sales that may be
made thereof and forfeit all right to compensation there
for if after the official analysis is made the Commis
sioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance
with law These written obligations in every case are on
file in the office of the Commissioner
COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS
The following table shows the number of tons inspected
for each of the last five seasons
There were inspected for the season of 18756 55316 tons
There were inspected for the season of 18767 75824 tons
There were inspected for the season of 18778 93478 tons
There were inspected for the season of 18789 85049 ton
There were inspected for the season of 187980119583 ton
AMMONIATED AND NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID
PHOSPHATES
Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the
market during the past season 104838 tons were Ammo
niated Superphosphates and 18906 tons Were Acid Phos
phates or Dissolved Bones It is well to remark that those
brands which contain hot less than eight per cent of
available phosphoric acid and two per cent of ammonia
are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates and those
containing less than two per cent ot Ammonia and not
less than ten per cent of available phosphoric acid are
classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones This
classification is made without regard to the name of the
brand as will be seen by reference to the tables Those
fertilizing materials which do not claim to be either of the
foregoing are classed as chemicals and compounds other22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
366
Of
than Ammoniated Superphosphates and Dissolved Bones
this class there were 839 tons inspected and analyzed
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved
Bones used in Georgia during the past five seasons is as
follows
For the season of 18756 6499 tons
For the season of 1876712842 tons
For the season of 1877815332 ton
For the season of 1878910291 tons
For the season of 18798013906 tons
Of the whole quantity put upon the market the per
centage of Acid Phosphates for each season is as follows
For 187561166 per cent
For 187671282 per cent
For 1877781962 per cent
For 1878791222 per cent
For 1879801163 per cent
The following tabulated averages for the past five sea
sons will be found interesting viz
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
Available Relative
Phosphoric Ammonia Potash Commercial
Acid Value
For the season of 187475 923 255 517
For the season of 187576 1094 253 249
For the season of 187677 1087 252 275 35 51
For the season of 187778 1143 279 223 37 38
For the season of 187879 1195 270 166 38 31
For the season of 187980 1024 258 133 34 17
These are wW averages of all fertilizers including acid
phosphates for the seasons named The commercial val
ues arc all based upon the present valuations per pound
of the valuable ingredients in fertilizers
It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and
Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analy
sis to contain these elements and not of the whole num
ber of brands analyzed367
ANNUAL EBPOET
23
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Relative
Phosphoric Ammonia Potash Commercial
Acid Value
For the season of 18745 873 284 531
1036 298 279
1051 273 243 36 82
1083 279 225 38 36
For the season of 18789 1153 270 164 39 76
For the season of 187980 953 259 135 34 78
AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
Season of 18745
Season of 18756
Season of 18767
Season of 1877 8
Season of 18789
Season of 187980
1105
1199
1168
1310
1320
1244
Potash
Relative
Commercial
Value
385
464
454
216
163
128
3257
3451
3398
3241
The averages of valuable ingredients for the years 18745 to 18789 inclusive were
taken from similar exhibits in Circular 67 old series The average commercial
value given in that circular page 11 instead of being an average of the calculated
values of all the brands of each season is found on examination to have been the cal
culated value of the average of all the analysis of such seaBon The method there em
ployed was wrong in principle and failed to present a just comparative view In the
exhibit presented above the calculations have been revised and corrected and in ad
dition are based on the same classification of fertilizers adopted in this Circular
The average values for the seasons 1874518756 are not given because the prices of
elements were different
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed
upon the market for each season since the organization of
the Department is as follows
For the season of 187475110 brands
For the Season of 187576101 brands
For the Season of 187677125 brands
For the Season of 187778127 brands
For the Season of 187879162 brands
For the Season of 187980 182 brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations
for making or composting manures at home
The number of brands of Ammoniated and NonAm
moniated Fertilizers for each season is as follows 24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
36S
Amrt
For the Season of 187475 sg
For the Season of 187576 68
For the Season of 187677 35
For the Season of 187778 90
For the Season f 187879 119
For the Season of 187980 135
Non
Amd
33
40
37
43
47
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION
OF FERTILIZERS SEASON OF 187980
Fees on 11958306 tons Inspected during the season59791 53
Inspectors salaries to Sept 1 18804871 17
Chemists salaries to Sept 1 1880 2900 00
Cost of 1279200 Inspectors Tags 2582 00
Total expenses of inspection10353 17
Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of 49438 36
59791 5359791 53
It is proper to remark that of the salaries paid to In
spectors the sum of 34179 was paid as a balance due to
Inspectors at the time the present Commissioner came into
his officeSept 23 1879and the sum of 50000 was
paid to Prof W J Land Chemist of the Department
as balance due him to the date of his resignation making
in all 84179 The present Inspectors received their ap
pointments and their salaries commenced on 15th of Octo
ber 1879 and the Chemist on the 12th of November
1879
The Inspectors have performed their duties faithfully
and the protection to the farmers has been as complete as
is practicable under the law which is defective in some
respects Much difficulty has been experienced in ad
ministering the law on account of its ambiguity and the
impracticability of executing some of its requirements
strictly according to its letter An entire revision of all
the laws relating to the inspection and analysis of com
mercial fertilizers is therefore recommended369 ANNUAL REPORT 25
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS
Believing that much good can be accomplished by a
judicious distribution of seeds of approved varieties
among the farmers of the State diligent inquiry has been
made for the best varieties and these purchased in such
quantities as was deemed necessary to introduce them
into the different sections of the State The distribution has
been made principally through the local Agricultural Clubs
and Societies and the cot respondents of the Department
but generally to any citizen who desired to test them A
record of all to whom seed were distributed has been kept
in this office and a summary of the results of the various
tests will be published for general information when re
ports are received The following seeds have been dis
tributed in the quantities and at the cost named in the
following statement
SEEDS DISTRIBUTED
Quantity Cost
Tobacco Seed
Orinoco 2 lbs
Havana 4 lbs 6 lbs 5 25
Cabbage
Georgia Collards If lbs
Buncombe Cabbage 5 lbs 6 lbs 22 30
Oats
Burt 10 bus 15 00
Wheat
Dallas lOObus 250 00
Corn
Newman Prolific 10 bus
Hudson 2 bus 12 bus 12 00
Cotton Seed
Herlong 20 bus
Barneses 4 bus
Jones Improved 10 bus
Jones Long Staple Upland 10 bus
Petit Gulf 30 bus 74 bus 172 30
Medick
Spotted Medick 20 bus 20 00
496 8526
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
370
The reports thus far received indicate very general satis
faction with the results of the tests
The distribution will be continued and confined mainly
to the dissemination of varieties of approved excellence
which are so far confined to limited localities in this or
other States But little will be done in the way of intro
ducing seeds of experimental crops The distribution will
be confined principally to improved varieties of the crops
already cultivated in the State Considerable impetus has
been given within the last few years to the cultivation of
upland rice in the interior of the State Arrangements
are now being perfected for the distribution of seedrice to
those who wish to experiment with it in interior counties
EXPERIMENTAL STATION OR FARM
Much good could be accomplished for the agriculture of
the State and much expense saved to individual farmers
by the establishment of an experimental station or farm for
the conduct of experiments under scientific observation
On such a farm seeds of various kinds could be subjected
to comparative experimental tests different methods of
cultivation compared the effects of different fertilizers and
combinations of fertilizing elements experimented with
the different breeds of stock reared and compared as to
their relative profit for different purposes improved im
plements tested and accurate and reliable information
secured for dissemination among the farmers of the
State Individuals engaged in agriculture are rarely
possessed of a combination of wealth with practical and
scientific knowledge together with public spirit sufficient
to conduct the various experiments necessary to the ac
quirement of accurate information such as is needed in
the present age of progress in Agriculture Even if indi
viduals conduct experiments the results are rarely given
to the public and hence others find it necessary for their371
ANNUAL REPORT
27
own information to go over the same ground thus in
volving time and expense in each locality to accomplish
what a State station or farm could do for the whole peo
ple Such stations have long been established in Ger
many France and some of the northern United States
whose superior advancement in agriculture is largely due
to the results of their labor
Our circumstances of soil climate and productions are
so different from those of Europe and the Northern States
that with the exception cf the general principles establish
ed by the results of their investigations they avail us but
little
Southern agriculture has ever been retarded by an effort
on the part of farmers to imitate Northern and European
practice The most of our agricultural literature has
emanated either from the North or from Europe where
the diversity of soil climate and productions render their
teachings inapplicable to the South The scientific and
practical experiments conducted for the last 20 years by
J B Lawes of England while of incalculable value to the
agriculturist of that Kingdom would only mislead South
ern agriculturists should they attempt to put into prac
tice the deductions derived from them The same is
true with some modifications of the results of the ex
perimental stations on the continent of Europe and those
of the northern United States We need such a farm con
ducted under systematic scientific observation from which
results may be published to the people of the State with
the sanction of official authority The means for the es
tablishment and maintenance of such a station are already
at hand furnished by the farmers themselves in the sur
plus derived from the fees paid for the inspection of ferti
lizers The accumulated surplus which has been paid in
to the Treasury from this source within the past three years
has aggregated 10159150 that from the past season28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
372
187980 alone amounting to 4943836 As this tax was
not imposed for revenue purposes but merely for the pro
tection of consumers of commercial fertilizers and since
according to the accepted principles of political economy
the inspection fees are paid by the consumerthe farmers
of the Statethere is no reason why they should be re
quired to contribute annually this surplus as a class to
the general fund of the State It is therefore recommend
ed that the surplus fund atising from the inspection of fer
tilizers be devoted to the purchase equipment and conduct
of one or more experimental stations in the State under
such provisions and restrictions as the General Assembly
may in its wisdom enact Such an appropriation of this
fund would not only be just to those who pay it but con
tribute to the advancement of all productive industries of
the State and by its results not only increase production
but would lead to an enhancement of real estate which
will result in an increased revenue from that source
Georgia is and must for many years to come be essen
tially an agricultural State It is wise statesmanship
therefore to foster by all legitimate means this fundamen
tal source of our wealth So dependent are all other indus
tries as well as the professions upon a prosperous agricul
ture that every citizen of Georgia whatever be his calling
is vitally interested in all measures looking to its advance
ment Such a station or stations as are here recommend
ed would prove valuable auxiliaries not only to those now
engaged in agriculture but to the various schools and col
leges established for the instruction of our youth prepara
tory to embarking in that industry It would tend to stim
ulate a spirit of inquiryand practical and scientific investiga
tion on the part of individual farmers which could but lead
to an advancement in knowledge and a material increase in
productions This is essentially an age of progress in
which Georgia should not be a laggard to stand still is to
be left behind373 ANNUAL EEPOKT 29
PUBLICATIONS
The following publications have been issued from the
Department since October 1st 1879
No Circular SubjectMatter Paces Copies
Cir No 1 Septmber Crop Report 1879 14 16000
2 Bules and Regulations for the Inspec
tion of Fertilizers 187980 4 1000
3 Soil Tesis Report of 1879 94 5000
4 Supplementary Report 1879 30 16000
5 Analyses and Value of Commercial
Fertilizers five editions 4 11000
6 April Crp Report 1880 16 16000
7 May 16 16000
8 June 16 16000
9 Analysis and Statistics of Commercial
Fertilizers 187980 16 17000
10 July Crop Report 1880 16 17000
11 August Crop Report 1880 16 17000
242 148000
MANUAL ON CATTLE
A Manual on Cattle adapted to the use of the farm
ers in Georgia is now in press This will make a volume
of about 150 pages fully illustrated with representations of
the different breeds reared in the United States and such
other illustrations as were deemed necessary to elucidate the
subject in hand together with a chapter on grasses and for
age plants adapted to our soil and climate It is believed
this work will supply in a condensed form information
needed by every family thpt keeps even a single cow and
result in a decided improvement in the attention bestowed
on neat cattle in the State as well as in the character of the
stock kept
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
Samples of sixtyseven brands of commercial fertilizers
were distributed to farmers in every section of the State last
spring for soil tests The following instructions were furn
ished each person to whom these samples were sent30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
374
DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE SOIL TESTS OF
FERTILIZERS FOR THE YEAR 1880
Dear Sir You will please comply as far as practicable
with the following Directions in conducting the soil
test of fertilizers sent you from this Department Without
the utmost care and accuracy in all observations and in
every detail of the work from the preparation of the soil
to the gathering of the crops experiments are valueless
Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less
than questions asked of Nature If a question is not ac
curately and clearly asked the interpretation of the an
swer will be difficult if not impossible
Experimenters are therefore urged to give their per
sonal supervision to every detail connected with the soil
tests of commercial fertilizers received from the Depart
ment in order that they may possess when the crop is
gathered all the data necessary to give a full and accu
rate report not only of results but of every essential cir
cumstance connected with the experiment
t Reports are expected whether the experiment results
in success or failure
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character
and fertility as possible
2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any
crop planted in rows apply each fertilizer to four consecu
tive rows 35 or 70 yards long leaving four rows unfer
tilized between those fertilized with different brands thus
A four rows without fertilizer four rows B four rows
without fertilizer four C four etc through the plat
When the crop matures gather the two middle rows of
each fourfertilized and unfertilized and weigh and record
the same accurately If it is cotton weigh and record
carefully each separate picking and the date of each If
the test is made with small grain or any crop sown broad
cast lay off plats 35 or 70 yards long and 6 feet wide375 ANNUAL EEPOET 31
with a vacant space one or two feet wide between the
plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and
when the crop is gathered record separately the product
of the fertilized and unfertilized plats In all smallgrain
tests give the weight of the grain and of the straw after
the grain is threshed out
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost
at the rate of 200 or 100 pounds per acre regardless of
cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds broadcast on small
grain
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the
quality of the soil the preparation planting stand and cul
tivation identical on each four rows the only difference being
in the kind or quality of fertilizer used Without this the test
will not be reliable
5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in
composting giving the quantity and character of each in
gredient and the method employed in composting
6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the
same brands as those submitted for test and report the
result as directed in No 2 above
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you
may have
8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in
contrast with any others you may have on any other
crop on your farm or garden and report result
9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bonenot am
moniatedis tested compost it by formulae for compost
ing given in the circulars of this Department
10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may
prefer and report results and facts as above requested
11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as
it is done or as it takes place Let your record also con
tain the following viz
a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 376
test is made whether sandy clayey marley or calcareous
and whether upland or bottom how long in cultivation
and the character of the original growth
b Its previous treatment both as to crops cultivated
and fertilizers used for several previous years and if prac
ticable select a plat which was not fertilized in 1879
c The time and manner of preparation time and man
ner of planting modes of cultivation seasons both as to
temperature and rainfall and any other fact of interest
connected with the test of fertilizers
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the
Department embracing everything laid down in the fore
going or that is connected with the experiment Blanks
on which to make out this report from the record made
by you during the year will be sent to you in November
next
These experiments to be valuable should be conducted
with great care and the results accurately reported by the
first day of December next or a soon thereafter as the
results can be ascertained
The results of these experiments when reported will
be published and distributed to the farmers of the State
The samples for these experiments were taken by the In
spectors from the packages offered for market and shipped
by them as directed by the Commissioner to the various
experimenters carefully selected throughout the State
These experiments while as accurate as could be expected
when conducted on the farm do not carry with them the
authority which would accompany similar tests conducted
at a State experimental station The thanks of the Com
missioner of Agriculture and of the farmers of the State
are due these gentlemen for their voluntary assistance
rendered in the careful conduct of these testsAnnual REioirf
83
377
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES OF
GEORGIA
HonJ T Henderson Commissioner of Agriculture
I beg leave to make the following report for the year
just closed
With the limited appropriation placed at the disposal of
the Department it has been an exceedingly grave ques
tion to determine how to conduct the work so as to best
subserve the purposes for which it was intended In
making a careful study of the geographical arrangement
of the streams of Georgia it becomes obvious that no
State in the Union is so well adapted as this for the culti
vation of anadromous migratory food fishes
Beginning at the Savannah river which fortunately is
under the exclusive control of Georgia and extending
westward across the State we meet in turn the
Ogeechee the Oconee and the Ocmulgee the last two
uniting and forming the Altamaha a few miles from the
Atlantic Ocean and all these emptying into the same
next the Flint and Chattahoochee uniting near the extreme
limit of the State and forming the Apalachacola which
empties into the Gulf of Mexico The Chattahoochee
from West Point down so far as Alabama is concerned
forms the western boundary of Georgia and like the
Savannah is exclusively under the control of this State
Near West Point this river ceases to be the boundary of
this State but having its headwaters in the extreme
northeast part of the State among the mountains of that
region where it can almost shake hands with the head
waters of the Savannah it passes diagonally across the State
nearly parallel with the AirLine and Atlanta and West
Point Railroads being but a few miles from Gainesville
andNewnan and six or seven miles from Atlanta The
Etowah and Oostanaula with their confluence at the city
of Rome by their numerous ramifications liberally
Su
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
378
supply Northwest Georgia At Rome they form the
Coosa which empties into the Alabama which flows
finally into the Gulf of Mexico These rivers being so
uniformly distributed over the State and our system of
railroads generally crossing them would make the distri
bution of fish from the rivers very easy To illustrate
A line drawn from Augusta by Macon to Columbus
would pass through sixteen counties every one with a
single exception touching a railroad
SHAD
In former times the shad passed freely up all the rivers
emptying into the Atlantic Ocean to find their spawning
grounds Why they did not pass up the rivers emptying into
the Gulf of Mexicohas no explanation but numerous exper
iments which it is not necessary to mention here have de
monstrated the fact beyond a cavil that they will just as
freely pass up the rivers emptying into the Gulf The Genu
ine white shad of the Atlantic have been taken from the riv
ers at Rome and Columbus Ga and from numerous streams
emptying into the Gulf in other States and in each and
every one of these cases the result is clearly traceable to
artificial hatching In view of all these facts and many
others that could be mentioned it was determined to com
mence the work of restocking our barren rivers with the
shad The habits of this fish render it peculiarly adapted
to this purpose and it is no longer an open question that
barren rivers can be restocked with entire success by arti
ficial propagation There is a fine economical view of
this subject The young shad deposited in the river pass
down the stream to the ocean and in three years return
to their spawning grounds to reproduce their species and
the fact seems well established that during the passage to
and from the ocean they draw no supplies from the river
as they eat nothing during the transit and the run of theANNUAL EKPOKT
35
379
fish lasting many days an excellent opportunity to cap
ture them for food is thus furnished It is too a fish of
great fecundity A shad ripe for spawning will yield at
least ten thousand eggs to every pound of its weight These
eggs are hatched with great facility artificiallyhatching
in fiftyeight hours with the water at a temperature of
seventyfive degrees and best of all when young shad
are hatched they are measurably able to take care of
themselves and hence can at once be turned into the
stream It is only by artificial hatching that we can ever
again make shad plentiful in our rivers The most careful
estimates which have been made show that not more than
one egg deposited in the natural way out of forty thou
sand produces a fish The eggs are the prey of almost
everything that lives in the water while by the artificial
process under ordinary circumstances ninetyeight per
cent will hatch The young shad artificially hatched
when turned into the river are put into deep water where
their natural enemies the small fish do not go from fear of
the large ones These diminutive shad do not attract the
attention of the larger fish and hence few are lost Enor
mous quantities of shad can be annually hatched and de
posited in the streams at very small expense There has
been great difficulty for the past several years in finding
the spawning grounds of the shad owing to the limited
number which have been passing up the streams Seth
Green the great pioneer of fishculture wrote me that he
visited Georgia a few years ago with a view of artificially
hatching shad here but unfortunately could procure no
shad for the purpose In fact in some of the streams
they have become almost extinct as the result of over
fishing and the obstruction of dams
In June last my official duties called me to the city of
Augusta where I chanced to meet Col McDonald the
Commissioner of Fisheries for the State of Virginia and36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1380
Mr Page Superintendent of Fisheries of the same State
both experts in artificial fish culture We visited the dam
at the head of the canal where we found that shad had
been taken in large numbers and it was decided that this
would be an excellent place to establish a hatchery and
Mr Page consented to superintend the work A few
hatching boxes were prepared on the Seth Green plan and
we hoped that a few million of shad might be hatched be
fore the run was over but before we could get everything
in readiness the fish had ceased to run Our material
however is on hand for future work The expense incur
red was lightonly 1250 This is a most excellent
place for a hatchery and will doubtless be the initial point
for future operations The work of restocking our barren
rivers has been carried on to the extent of our means
We received from the U S Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries over one million of young shad during the month
of June last Three hundred thousand were placed in the
Oconee river at the railroad crossing near Greenesboro
over three hundred thousand were placed in one of the
branches of the Ocmulgee at the railroad crossing near
Covington and over four hundred thousand of these fish
were placed in the Chattahoochee at the railroad crossing
near Iceville Some of these streams have obstacles to the
return of these fish to their spawning grounds for it is a
well known fact that they return unerringly to the river in
which they were spawned or deposited The obstacles
alluded to arc milldams This difficulty can be overcome
by constructing fishways which can be done very cheap
ly and efficiently I most respectfully suggest that this
matter be brought before the General Assembly381
ANNUAr REPORT
37
TEMPERATURE OF THE RIVERS
In crossing the State for the purpose of planting these fish
in the waters of Georgia on the 7th and 8th of June last
the temperature of each and every river was noted and
found to be about 80 The waters are all more or less
turbid but this will not seriously interfere with artificial
culture The Oconee thirty years ago when teeming with
shad was equally as muddy as at the present time With
our water supply and the appliances within our power fish
can be taken from the list of luxuries and placed within the
reach of all With an appropriation which need not exceed
one cent per capita of all the people of Georgia fish may
be made so exceedingly plentiful that a fullsized shad may
be bought for ten cents I most respectfully and urgently
ask that such an appropriation may be recommended
GERMAN CARP
Much interest is now being manifested in the culture of
the German carp a fish introduced into the United States
from Europe in the last few years This fish for pond cul
ture is no doubt the best known Among its good points
may be mentioned great fecundity rapid growth living
largely on vegetable matter not predacious in its habits
and an excellent food fish Its fecundity is extraordinary
a fish weighing from 4 to 6 pounds will produce four hun
dred thousand eggs In the month of November last
about seven hundred of these young fish weighing about
onehalf ounce each were received from the U S Fish
Commissioner and distributed to various parties in the
State in small quantities to each They have done re
markably well so far as heard from one correspondent re
porting by letter received today that a fish of this distri
bution deposited in his pond on the 21st of Nov last now
weighs four pounds others report a growth nearly as
large These fish when well cared forattain a great38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
382
weight frequently from thirty to fifty pounds They are
usually captured at about four to six pounds as their table
qualities are perhaps best at about that size I have now
on file numerous applications for the carp from all parts of
the State and am promised a liberal shipment from the U
S carp ponds at Washington Circulars giving instruc
tions have been sent to all applicants and as soon as the
shipment is received the distribution will be made It is
very desirable to introduce this fish into the large natural
ponds of the State as rapidly as possible and to meet all
wants that may arise I suggest that hatching ponds be es
tablished in this State as soon as practicable
Respectfully submitted H H Cary
La Grange Ga Oct 16 1880 Superintendent
Your attention is respectfully invited to the foregoing re
port of Dr H H Cary Superintendent of Fisheries and
especially to that portion in which he shows the necessity
for a reasonable appropriation to carry on this most impor
tant work At no period in the history of the State have
the people manifested so much interest in fishculture It
is a question of vast economic importance to the people of
the Stateand one well worthy the consideration of the Gen
eral Assembly The present annual appropriation is utter
ly inadequate to accomplish results commensurate with the
importance of the interests involved
GENERAL OUTLOOK
Notwithstanding unpropitious seasons in some localities
Georgia has participated in the general prosperity of the
agriculture of the country This is noticeable in the im
provements in home comforts and conveniences the more
general introduction of improved implements and machin
ery on the farm and in improved methods of culture
The introduction of steam power on the farm to supply the
place as far as practicable of the more expensive mule383
ANNUAL REPORT
39
power is a striking feature in this advancement Five
years ago there were but few gins run by steam engines
at the rate at which they have been introduced in the past
three years in less than ten years steam power gins will be
the rule and mule power the exception
Another evidence of progress is shown in the demand
for improved seeds and the greater care exercised by the
farmers in the selection and improvement of farm seeds of
every variety
More attention is being paid to the improvement of
stock by the introduction of thoroughbreds This is par
ticularly noticeable in cattle and sheep The introduction
of thoroughbreds is invariably followed by the bestowal of
better attention upon stock Notwithstanding the contin
ued opprobrium upon sheep husbandry occasioned by the
unchecked ravages of dogs that industry offers so inviting
a field for enterprise and profit that it is receiving acquisi
tions especially among young farmers all over the State
The ravages of dogs furnish at present the only serious
obstacles to successful sheep husbandry in Georgia
The remunerative price at which cotton sold last winter
has unfortunately checked the interest which the previous
low prices had stimulated in pork production While this
is unfortunate it is a natural consequence of a paying price
for cotton and cheap Western pork
The dairying interest has received a decided impetus
from the introduction of Jersey cattle Not only have reg
ular dairies been established but butter production is re
ceiving more and better attention on the farms The small
industries of the farm the fruit and vegetable garden the
apiary and poultry yard while receiving more attention
than formerly are still having less than their importance
justifies Fruit culture for market on a large scale has
been materially stimulated by the work of the Georgia
State Horticultural Society and notwithstanding we have40
DEPARTMENT OF AGKICUIT0REGEORGIA
384
had two unpropitious fruit seasons nurserymen find it im
possible to supply the demand for trees The opening of
the Cincinnati Southern Railway affording rapid transpor
tation of perishable products to Western cities is exert
ing a wholesome influence on fruit and vegetable produc
tion
AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
One of the encouraging signs of the times is found in
the increasing numbers and greater activity of local agri
cultural organizations The success of local fairs in dif
ferent parts of the State and the greater disposition gen
erally amongst farmers to avail themselves of all instru
mentalities of progress none of which are more potent
than the local and county organizations is another evi
dence of improvement amongst the farmers The State
Agricultural Society has been an important factor in the
dissemination of information and the consequent advance
ment of agriculture in the State It is the only State so
ciety in the United States which is organized on a repre
sentative plan The delegates to its Conventions repre
sent local organizations
Another evidence of progress is manifested by the in
creasing interest felt by the farmers of the State in the
work of the Department of Agriculture This is shown
by the almost daily inquiries received at this office for
improved stock seeds and implements Altogether the
agricultural interests of the State seem to be on a healthy
basis The farmers are hopeful and manifest a determi
nation to make Georgia in fact the Empire State of the
South
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I desire to acknowledge the valuable services rendered
by the correspondents of the Department in supplying re
liable information in regard to the areas planted in differANNUAL REPORT
41
385
ent crops in their respective counties the condition of
growing crops their comparative yield and other infor
mation which has aided the Commissioner in the discharge
of his duties Soil test experimenters are entitled to my
thanks and to those of all who use commercial fertilizers
for conducting for the general information of the farmers
of the State careful comparative tests of the different
brands of commercial fertilizers These tests involve the
expenditure of much time and labor which these gentle
men have cheerfully bestowed for the general good
I take pleasure in acknowledging the valuable service of
numerous gentlemen all over the State who have received
and distributed in their respective counties the publica
tions of the Department
I desire to acknowledge valuable service rendered by
the meteorological observers who have given their time
to public work for the general good
The press of the State with their characteristic public
spirit have rendered valuable service to this Department
and the agricultural interests of the State by inviting the
attention of their readers to the work and publications of
the Department
Valuable assistance has been rendered the Department
by the hearty cooperation of the Georgia State Agricul
tural Society the Georgia State Horticultural Society and
by the local agricultural societies and clubs of the various
counties
To the United States Department of Agriculture and to
the Departments and Boards of Agriculture of other
States I am indebted for many valuable additions to the
library of this Department
To Hon Spencer F Baird United States Fish Com
missioner I am indebted for the shad and carp which
have been distributed in the State He has placed many
fish culturists in this State under obligations to him42 DEPARTMENT Of AGHICtTLTtrKEGEOEGlA 386j
To your Excellency I desire to acknowledge on behalf
of the farmers of the State your promptness in refitting
the rooms of the Department and making them as com
fortable as their location in the basement of the capitol
will admit
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureSPECIAL CIRCULAR No 13
New Series
OQUESTIONSc
FOR
Stop elemental ttpi of Crops
szeasohsts labor etc
iTOfllHEJp I8807f
RETURNABLE DECEMBER 13th 1880
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga December i 1880
DEAR SIR
Please answer the fallowing questions and return to tins office
by the 15th of December
Let the answers apply to the whole County for which you
reportnot simply to your 0201 neighborhood
XT New correspondents are informed that the crop or
standard with which comparisons are made is always 100 so
10 per cent better or greater or more would be indicated by
1 to 10 per cent less by go and so on
PJeaseamwen promptly so that your reply may reach this
office by the ijth of December
Very respectfully
T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureI For what county do you report Co
II Your name
III Your postoffice
IV Will you act as correspondent next year
Estimated Yield Compared
Last Year of
i Corn
2 Cotton
3 Sugar Cane
4 Rice
5 Wheat
6 Oats
7 Field Peas

8 Sweet Potatoes
9 Sorghum
10 Ground Peas
11 Chufas
12 Millet
13 Clover
14 Other Hay give name

Pek
Cent

No Bushels
Actual Average yield per Ache in Gallons Etc
Bushels Pounds Gallons Etc
Per Acre
Bushels Shelled Corn
Pounds Seed Cotton
Gallons of Syrup
BJUjJj

Bushels
Bushels
Bushels planted with corn
Bushels
Gallons of Syrup
Bushels
Bushels

Tons of Dry Forage
Tons of Cured Hay

15 Forage Corn
16 Aggregate crop of Cotton in your county in bales
Tons of Cured Hay
Tons of Dry Forage

17 Aggregate number of bushels of Corn produced in your county this yearbushels
18 Aggregate number of barrels of Syrup from Canebarrels
19 Aggregate number of barrels of Syrup from Sorghum barrels
20 Acreage of Wheat compared to last yearper cent
21 Acreage in Fall Oats compared to last yearper centAmount of homeraised Pork produced compared to last year
pounds
23 Average number of bales of Cotton of 450 lbs each
made in your county this year for each plow runbales
24 Are farmers generally in better or worse condition than last year
25 What is the indebtedness of farmers compared to last yearper cent
26 What per cent of a full supply of provisions for 1881
have been produced in your county this yearper cent
27 Have farmers in your county purchased more
or less farm supplies this year than last
1 f more what per cent
per cent
If less what per centper cent
28 What has been the average cash price per pound
of Bacon in your county this yearcents
29 What for Corn per bushel cents
jo What has been the average time price per pound of Bacon payable Nov 1stcents
31 Time price for Corn per bushelcents
32 Have farm hands advanced in price since last December
33 If so what per centper cent
34 Report any facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia
Jas P Harrison Co State Printers Atlanta GaCIRCULAR No 14
New Series
Results a wl fois
Commercial Fertilizers
And Seeds
FOR TIHIIE YEAR 1880
CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICUL
TURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA WITH COMMENTS ON
THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENTS
J T HENDERSON Commissioner
ATLANTA GEORGIA
JAMES P HARRISON CO PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS
1880SoilTest of Fertilizers for 1880
DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE SOILTEST OF
FERTILIZERS FOR THE YEAR 1880
The following circular bearing date of February 2 1880 was sent to each ex
perimenter as a guide in conducting the soil tests
D bar Sib
You will please comply as far as practicable with the following directions in
conducting the soil test of fertilizers sent you from this Department Without
the utmost care and accuracy in all observations and in every detail of the work
from the preparation of the soil to the gathering of the crops experiments are
valueless
Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked of
Nature If a question is not accurately and clearly asked the interpretation of
the answer will be difficult if not impossible
Experimenters are therefore urged to give their personal supervision to every
detail connected with the soil tests of commercial fertilizers received from the
Department in order that they may possess when the crop is gathered all the
data ntcessary to give a full and accurate report not only of results but of every
essential circumstance connected with the experiment
JSS Reports are expected whether the experiment results in success or failure
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible
2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted in rows apply
each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards long leaving four rows un
fertilized between those fertilized with different brands thus A four rows with
out fertilizer four rows B four rows without fertilizer four C four etc
through the plat When the crop matures gather the two middle rows of each four
fertilized and unfertilizedand weigh and record the same accurately If it is
cotton weigh and record carefully each separate picking and the date of each
If the tist is made with small grain or any crop sown broadcast lay off plats 35 or
70 yards long and 6 feet wide with a vacant space one or two feet wide between
the plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat and when the crop is
gathered record separately the product of the fertilized and unfertilized plats
In all smallgrain tests give the weight of the grain and of the straw after the
grain is threshed out
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 200 or 100
regardless of cost on cotton or corn 200 pounds broaJcast on
pou
peri
small grainDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
330
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil the pre
paration planting stand and cultivation identical on each four rows the only difference
being in the kind or quality of fertilizer used Without this the lest will not be reliable
5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the quantity and
character of each ingredient and the method employed in composting
6 If convenient purchase on the market someof the same brands as those sub
mitted for test nnd repsrt the result as directed in No 2 above
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have
8 Use a portion of the sample submitted for test in contrast with any others
you may have on any other crop on your farm or garden and report result
9 When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Boneno ammoniatedis tested compost
it by formula for composting given in the Circulars of this Department
10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and report results
and facts as above requested
11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is done or as it takes
place Let your record also contain the following viz
a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is made whether
sandy clayey marley or calcareous and whether upland or bottom low long in
cultivation and the character of the original growth
b Its previous treatment both as to crops cultivated and fertilizers used for
several previous years and if practicable select a plat which was not fertilized in
1879
c The time and manner of preparation time and manner of planting modes of
cultivation seasons both as to temperature and rainfall and any other fact of in
terest comected with the test of fertilizers
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department embrac
ing everything laid down in the foregoing or that is connected with the experi
ment Blanks on which to make out this report from the record made by you
during the year will be Sent to you in November next
These experiments to he valuable should be conducted with great car and the
results accurately reported by the first day of December next or as soon thereaf
ter as the results can be ascertained
RESULTS OF SOILTESTS FOR 18S0
NoteIn the following pages those fertilizers marked o were furnished by
the Department of Agriculture from samples taken hy the Inspectors when they
inspected the brands sa marked All not so marked were furnished by the exper
menters themselves
EXPERIMENT OF PROF M A McNULTY PRESIDENT OF THE
GRANGE COLLEGE CUTHBERT GA
Mr McNulty received from the Department samples of Gossypium Phospho
Vulcanite Guano No 2 for cotton and Mastodon Ammoniated Soluble Phos
phate331 SOIL TEST OF FRRTTLIZEKS 5
Character of SoilLight sandy eight years in cultivation original growth oak
an d pine
Previous treatmentIt has been cultivated alternaiely in corn and cotton since
1872 Previous to ihis year it has been lightly manured with a compost of stable
manure and cotton seed and a marl obtained from Randolph and adjoining coun
ties
Preparation of the SoilMarch 15th it was plowed east and west with a sixinch
turning plow The plat was 140 yards square and nearly level April 1st the
rows were bedded i feet apart running north and south
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre when the cotton was
planted
Time and Manner of PlantingApril 12th and 13th planted in rows 3 ft apart
opened beds with common scooter in this furrow applied the fertilizers at the
rale of 200 pounds per acre sowed the cotton seed in the same furrow and covered
with a board
CultivationSided the cotton May 10th and chopped out May 11th plowed it
May 12th and 28th and on the 29th brought it to a stand and plowed thoroughly
June 14th hoed and swept and July 13th laid it by with a sweep
Seasons were very favorable for the growth of cotton except during July from
the 10th to 25th when the crop suffered much from drouth yet the temperature
went very rarely above 92 in the shade
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
YieTdln
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
aGossypium Phospo
aVtilcanite Guano No 2
aMastodon Amtnod and Superphos
Cumberland Superphos of Lime
Avge on intervening unmanured rows
lbs oz
200
200
200
200
00
1st
Picking
Aug
lb oz
85
49
93
101
00
21
Fi eking
Sept
104
203
251
209
92
3d
Picking
Oct
4th
Picking
Nov
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
213
256
1G8
151
59
lbs
152
201
43
54
156
lbs
554
709
555
515
307
Professor MeNulty says I am convinced that guano in larger quantity than
100 pounds per acre will not pay especially on old land I applied the same
grades of fertilizers at the rate of 100 pounds per acre and could see no material
difference in the growth or yield of the cotton on which I applied 200 pounds per
acre I am very well satisfied that composting with phosphates at the rate of 400
or 500 pounds per ton is beyond a doubt the best way to apply fertilizers and
that the best grades in the market should be used The socalled Acid Phosphates
for composting are only gaudy traps
You can see from my tabular statement that the Vulcanite wherever made
suits my land bast used straight but in compost did not seem any better
than the rest I did not experiment for the Department this year in composting
nly or our own instruction Hereafter should the Department favor me with
means for soil test I shall use the compost plan as I am convinced of its superi
ority for the old lands in our section6
DEPARTMEMT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
332
RemarksProfessor McNultys conclusions in reference to acid phosphate for
composting do not agree either with the results attained by a large number of
practical farmers in every part of the State or with their conclusions in regard to
its value for that purpose His conclusions are probably drawn from too limited
observation
EXPERIMENT OF MR K W EVERETT ROCKMART POLK COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr Everett received from the Department samples of Albemarle Guano Hope
Guano and Sternes Automated Bone Superphosphate
SoilGray and gravelly and naturally thin and cold damp naturesubsoil of
a yellowish cast and very hard Had been a peach orchard for thirty five or
forty year Original growth oak and hickory with an occasional pine
Previous treatmentWas sown in clover in 1873 turned in in the fall of 1876
and planted in cottonhas been alternated in cotton and wheat every year since
cotton fertilized with Soluble Pacific Guanono fertilizer applied to the wheat
PreparationThe plat contains eight acres In August 1879 every tree
and grub was taken up by the roots The patch which hadon it a very heavy
wheat stubble having yielded about thirty bushels wheat per acre was turned 1 st
September with two horse Watt plow followed in same furrow by two horse sub
soiler of my own make It was not touched afterwards until 11th of April 1S80
when it was thoroughly pulverized with a homespun double V two horse har
row April 17th laid off with 16 inch scooter and 8 inch scrape the rows three
feet apart distributed the fertilizers and covered them with two furrows with a one
horse Watt plow April 21st split out the middles with scooter ard 18 inch
scrape one furrow to the row
Time and Manner of Planting Wanted to plant 15th of April but could
not do so until 3d of May Undertook to plant with Woodwards cotton planter
and made the worst miaake of my agricultural experience Lost good deal of
time trying to make the machine work and on the loth of May when it was too
late to replant found that my labor had been rewarded with a most miserable
stand For my kind of land the machine U worthies
CultivationMay 20th sided with double tooth harrow the ground being hard
and dry and stand poor May 24th chopped to a stand June 15th hoed 16th
sided with scooter and 8 inch scrape June 28th sided with scooter and 8 inch
scrape July 23d hoed July 24th laid by with three furrows using scooter and
scrape
SeasonsMny 21st good rainmuch needed 24th light shower 30h good
ram June 26th good shower July 14th good rain 22d good rain August
3d and 4th good tain October 18th first frost 24th killing frost Late fall
remarkably favoiable for the opening of the crop333
SOIL TK8T OF FERTILIZERS
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Lotion produced t in wlioh are given lie weight and dale of ah picking the yield
per acre resulting from thi use of different fertilizers and from the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
Sept 6
aAlbemarle Guano
Nothing
Bakers Standard Amd Superphos
Nothing
allope Guano
Nothing
Merrymans Amoniated Disd Bone
Nothing
Soluble Pacific Guano
Nothing
Pamlico Guano
Nothing
Rigdsales Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Nothing
uSternes Amd Dis Bone Superphos
lbs
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1st
Picking
2d 3d
PickingjPicking
Sept 33Oct 12
1 10
1 12
3 4
0 14
3 4
1 0
3 4
12
2 12
2 0
4th
Picking
Not 1
lbs
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
G
6
7
4
lbs oz
7 4
5 2
8 2
4
0
2
0
4
12
6
0
2
lbs
5
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
2
3
Mr Everett says The arrangement of my plat was as follows near the cen
tre of the eight acre field I selected a spot of as uniform fertility as possible judg
ing from the appearance of the soil There were in he patch sixtyfour rows
each thirtyfive yards long The first four were fertilized the next four noteach
alternate four throughout being not fertilized The fertilizers were weighed on
the spot by myself and distributed by myself and I know it was correctly done
In picking the two middle rows of each set of four were picked and weighed scp3
srately As I did both the picking and weighing I vouch for its accuracy
But Mark the Sequel There is a greater discrepancy in the yield of the unfer
tilized than in the fertilized rows This ought not so to bebut nevertheless
the facts exist and facts we are told are stubborn things Now the conclusion
that I arrive at after a years close attention is this My experiment proved one
thing at least towit My plat was not of uniform fertility nor do I believe that
on my whole place can be found half an acre that is uniform This conviction is
riveted on my mind as the result of several years experience in soil tests I do
not wish to do injustice to any manufacturer nor mislead any tiller of the soil
but I greatly fear that this report may do both I can safely say this much how
ever I have never used any brand of fertilizer that did not pay handsomely My
nucciHs I think attributable partly to always using it on stubble About the 15th of
February each year I compost my stable manure and cotton seed using equ 1
quantities of each in alternate layers I apply this compost no commercial in
gredient to my cotton just as I do guano only Using much more per acre I make
thi go as far as it will and then finish out with same brand or brands of commer
cial manurenever plait any cotlon without manuring it My compost makes as
good or better yield the first year as any guano and certainlyj pays better the
second yeir than any guano I ever triedDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
334
RemarksMr Everetts experiment is an interesting one and attention is spe
cially invited to his remarks about using fertilizers on slubble land well supplied
with vegetable matter His plat illustrates the importance of alternate plats of
unmanured rows to detect any want of uniformity in the fertility of the soil With
these plats no one need be misled and no injustice is done to manufacturer
EXPERIMENT OF MR G A McDANIEL VICTORY CARROLL COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr McDaniel received samples of Monarch Guano and Dixie Phosphate the
latter too late for use in the experiment
SoilFair gray upland has been in cultivation about nine years The original
growth was pine mixed with oak hickory chestnut etc
Previous treatmentIt was in wheat in 1877 planted in corn in 1878 and slightly
fertilized with compost in the drill In 1879 it was in wheat with 15 to 20 bushels
of cotton seed applied per acreproduced about 8 bushels per acre
PreparationThe land was first broken up in the winter with a common one
horse turnplow A level plat near the middle of the held was selected and laid
off in rows three feet wide and thirtyfive yards long Plat arranged as directed
in alternate sets of four rows
Fertilisers were applied in the opening furrows at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
on part of the plat and 100 pounds per acre on the balance All was applied on
the 6th of April and bedded upon with small turnplow
Time and Manner of Planting The cotton was planted on the 16th of April with
a Dow Law planter seed all rolled in guano
CultivationThe cotton was harrowed on the 8th of May with a onehorse iron
tooth harrow May 12th it was run over with a small double plow a plow run
ning on either side of the row May 14th chopped out May 17th sided with
small scooter and scrape June 3d sided with same plow June 10th hoed 25th
plowed Plowed out the middles July 6th
SeasonIt rained 29th of April 3d of May 21st of May June 1st and 15th
then rains regularly to August 15th then a short drouth caused the top cropjo
shed335
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
9
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and tliat from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
appied
per acre
1st 3d
Piciiii Picking
Sept ISIOot ir
3d
Picking
Yield iu
Seed
Cot ten
per
Acre
Chesapeake Guano
No fertilizer
Chesapeake Guano
No fertilizer
Sea Island Guano
No fertilizer
Sea Island Guano
No fertilizer
Colgate Manure
No fertilizer
Colgate Manure
Zells Amd Bone Phosphate
No fertilizer
Zells Am Bone Phosphate
No fertilizer
aMonarch Guano
No fertilizer
aMonarch Guano
No fertilizer
Stable Manure
lbs
200
be oy lb
10
3
100
260
Too
200
100
200
100
200
160
2000
1 7 8
8 8
8 6
1 8
6 4
5 8
1 4
8 5 8
a 4
8 8 5
12 7 8
8 ti
12 7 6 5 5 4
8 7
7 8
lbs oz
1 8
lbs
1330
910
1120
857
1207V
665
857
770
1067J
S57j
970
1242J
1015
1085
910
1295
7875
910
805
1225
The Dixie Phosphate was received too late for use in the plat but was used or
freshly cleared new ground as follows The Dixie Phosphate waa applied to a
portion of the land a few rows left unfertilized and then Zslls Ammonialed Bone
Phosphate on the rest The Dixie and Zll made each about 800 pounds seed cot
ton per acre and the natural soil about 300 pounds
Mr McDaniel says The average clear profits on guano used by me this year
was about five dollars per acre Good stable manure kept dry and well pulver
ized one ton per acre increased the crop 1000 After allowing 500 for the ton
of manure there was a net profit of 500 per acre From several years experi
ence I am satisfied that if farmers would build sheds and protect their homeraistd
fertilizers and spend the rainy days in saving and preparing it they could curtail
their guano bilk onehalf If however they cannot raise enough they do well lo
use guano on sedge and stubble lands and especially on new ground As good
cotton as I raised this year was produced on new ground manured partly with stable
manure and partly with guano
EXPERIMENT OP MR ROBERT BURTON ELLAVILLE SCHLEY
COUNTY
Mr Burton received from the Department samples of Russell Coes Ammoni
aled Bone Superphosphate Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime and Eureka
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Soj7Sandy with stiffclay subsoil has been in cultivation fifty years Orig
inal growth oak hickory and longleaf pine10
DEPARTMENT OK AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
336
Previous treatmentIt was cultivated in corn and peas in 1879 the corn fertilised
with cotton seed The plat has been cultivated alternately in corn and cotton for
thelast forty years Commercial fertilizers were used some years on the cotton
PreparationThe land was broken deeply in January April 1st laid off rows
eventy yards long and three feet wide with shovel plow bedded with turn plowi
and finished the middles with shovel
Fertilizers were distributed by hand in the shovel furrow 1st of April applying
5j pounds to every two rows which was as near 200 pounds per acre a3 it could be
gotten Compost made from South Carolina Phosphate was used
Planted April 12th through a trumpet the seed rolled in good ashe
Cultivation Barred with turn plow May 12th Chopped out stand good Miy
17th Hoed and thinned to a stand June 7th Split the middles with shovel and
scrape June 15th Plowed with shovel and scrape July 6th hoes following the
plows July 23d ran one furrow in the middles with shovel and scrape
SeasonThere was rain May 2d 3d 4th 7th 9th 11th and 21st June 25th the
only one in the month In July the 5th 16th 21st 25th 26th and 27th Rains
were very heavy in August causing rust in spots
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight ond date of each picking the
yieldper acre rendting from the use of different fertiliera and that from the nat
ural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs ofFertili zer 1st Picking 2d Pickin 3d 4tb Picking Picking Yield in Seed Cotiton
per acre Aug24 Sept 6 Sept21oct 11 i ere
aCumberland Superphosphate1 200 Unmanured lbs oz 7 8 2 8 6 12 2 4 7 8 2 8 8 2 2 7 4 lbs oz 8 8 8 8 6 6 7 8 6 8 7 6 8 lbs oz s 6 8 4 8 4 4 8 4 4 4 4 lbs oz 3 4 4 2 8 3 8 1 4 2 8 2 2 8 3 4 lbs 832 752 761 563 726 534 761 561 866
Russel Coes Amd Dissolved Bone 200
Eureka Auid Bone Superpho Unmanured 200
Jutnberland Sup Phos of Lime Unmanured 200
Baldwins Amd Superphospate 200 6 4
Mr Burton says On land containing a plenty of vegetable matter fertilizers
Pay On old land deficient in vegetable matter a small quantity pays best Com
post always paje on my old land a far greater percent than commercial a
uures
EXPERIMENT OF MR B F WILDER ALBANY DOUGHERTY
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Wilder received from the Department Georgia Fertilizer and Wando Acid
Phosphate He says I received Wando Acid Phosphate too late to use in com
parison with other tertiliwru and took in some Weed land that was poor and had
rested for two years I planted italnut the first of May putting 200 pounds per
acre with the planting see 1 I actually think it increased the yield 100 per cent
I failed to note the results on account of hinds getting to and picking it before I
knew h337
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
11
Soil of first plat dark sandy land in cultivation four years original growth
oak hickory and some pine
Soil of second and third plats dark sandy land in cultivation at least 30 year
The original growth was pine and scrubby oak
Previous treatmentPlat No 1 was in cotton in 1878 9 in corn in 18767 has
never had any manure applied to it before this year Nos 2 and 3 have been in
cotton for mnny years had from 200 to 300 pounds of cotton seed per acre ap
plied in the drill for two years previous to 1880
PreparationAfter knocking down the old cottonstalks opened deep furrows
with 7inch straight shovel plow between the old cotton rows applied the fertil
izers in these furrows and listed on them with 6inch turn shovels The rows
were 3 feet wide and 70 yards long
Fertilizers were applied as follows First plat 200 pounds per acre upplied on
231 day of March in fresh landNo 1 compost equal quantities of green cotton
seed and stable manure with 300 pounds Etiwan Dissolved Bone per ton mixed
well three weeks previons No 2 compost equal quantity green cotton seed and
stable manure mixed thoroughly No 3 green cotton seed 200 pound per acre
applied as above No 4 Georgia Fertilizer 200 pounds per acre Second plat in
old land in above order and with same fertilizer and same quantity per aero
Third plat in old land in above order and same fertilizer but at the rate of 400
pounds per acre
Time and manner of plantingApril 18h finished out cotton beds by bursting
out old cottonstalks with straight shovel plows and planted the same with Daw
Law cottonseed planter using coverer on the same
OultivationMay 10th barred off the cotton with straight shovel plow May
15th chopped out bringing it to a stand of from one to three stalks to the hill
May 28th plowed out with 28 inch sweep June 14th hoed and reduced the stand
to one and two stalks to the hill June 21st plowed with sweeps throwing some
dirt to the cotton July 15th plowed with sweeps again August 10th ran one
sweep furrow in the middles
Seasons The rainfall was favorable to June 1st after which there was no more
rain till July 12h when there was not a full season but enough to start the cot
ton to growing During August there was too much rain causing the cotton to
shed early in September12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEKGEOREIA
338
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which aregiven the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of I
Fertili j 1st
zer Picking
applied
per aerelAuet 19
1st PlatNew Ground
CompostCotton SeedStable
Manure Etiwan DisBone
CompCot Seed Sla Manure
Green Cotton Seed
aGeorgia Fertilizer
Uunianured
id PlatOld Land
CompostCotton Seed Stable
Manure Etiwan Lis Bone
CompCot Seed Sta Manure
Cottonseed
aGeorgia Fertilizer
Unmaiiured
3d PlatOld Land
CompostCotton Seed Stable
Manure Etiwan Dis lionc
CompCot feed Sta Manure
Cotton Seed
aGeorgia Fertilizer
Unman und
2d
Picking
Sept 1
3d
Picking
Sept 20
ZO
200
200
200
jibs oz
3
2 4
2
4 8
200
200
200
20
403
400
400
400
lbs oz lbs oz
4th
Picking
Oct 15
lbs oz
S 12
12 4
3 I 3
3
4
i 3
5th
Picking
Nov 8
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Yildin
Lint
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs oz
2
2
2
3
2
2
1 8
4
1 8
lbs lbs oz
499 161
508 104
420 iss
57 189V
420 135
35 113
438 141
464 1495
468 151
850 U3
525 169 V
433 141
584 172S 1694
525
350 us
EXPERIMENT OF MR J C MIDDLEBROOKS BARNE3VILLE PIKE
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Middlebrooks received from the Department samples of GossypiurnPhospho
and Albemarle Guano for soil test
Soil of first plat red of second plat gray and sandy cleared about 59 years ago
original growth oak blackjack and chestnut second growth oldfield pine re
cleared about 15 years ago
Previous treatment The land was in oats in 1877 in turnips in 1878 and in po
tatoes and sorghum in 1879 manured with scrapings from lot and barnyard
PreparationIt was broken in March with a 2horse Stark Dixie without wing
Width of rows 3 feet length 70 yards
Fertilizers were applied April 15th in the opening furrow and bedded on in the
usual way
Planted April 15th with DowLaw planter
CultivationHarrowed May 10th with irontooth harrow plowed 15lh with
sweep 18th hoed 28th plowed with sweep June 10th hoed 21st plowed with
sweep 25th hoed July 29th plowed with sweep and laid by
Seasons favorable during the growing months339
SOTL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
13
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotlor produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre let Picking 2d 3d Picking Picking 4th Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre
Ang30 Sept 16Oct 23Nov19
Plat No lJRed Land 2C0 200 200 200 lbs oz 4 4 8 0 8 1 1 8 lbs oz 14 8 11 11 8 4 5 9 8 11 lbs oz 8 7 lbs oz 1 1 8 lbs 962
840
7 118 910
5 8 8 7 8 7 8 2 4 1 2 10 10 10 577
Plat No 2Sandy Soil 512
200 5 200 6 4 792
888
Natural Soil 8 2 8 6 336
I have abandoned the use of commercial fertilizers for the past few years but
from my experiments the present year I am in favor of some of the guanos that I
have used this year I have been using compost for a few years made of cotton
seed scrapings of the lot lime and salt which has given satisfaction until this
year The fertilizers UBed this year have given perfect satisfaction
EXPERIMENT OF MR W J GOSS HARMONY GROVE JACKSON CO
Mr Gos received from the Department samples of Dobbs Amrnoniated Cotton
Fertilizer and Navassa Acid Phosphae
Soil red mulatto original growth oak hickory and blackjack was turned out
about 15 years ago and had grown up in oldfield pines In the winter of 1876
the pines were cut down and the land put under fence It was poorly cultivated
and lightly fertilized three years previous to 1880
Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated three years in corn except one
year when a portion of it was planted in potatoes
Preparaticn The land was thoroughly plowed with a 12 inch scooter and then
furrows were opened with a shovel plow 4 feet wMe and 35 yards long
Fertilizer were applied in the shovel furrows at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
and bedded with scooter plows
Planting April 20lh the beds were opened with a small scooter the seed dis
tributed and covered with an iron fork made for the purpose
Cultivation May 20th Ihe cotton was chopped to a stand it having been previ
ously sided wilh a small scooter June 1st it was plowed with a heelsweep and
shovel and hoed Plowed again June 15th plowed and hoed the second week in
July and laid by
Seasons were favorable to the growth of cotton until June 15th when a drouth
of six weeks injured the crop causing it to shed at least one fourth of its formsu
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
340
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cottvn produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking tie
yield per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and thai from the nat
ural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aDobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Natural soil
rtNavassa Acid Phosphate Compost
Natural soil
Snowdens Acid Phosphate Compost
Natural soil
lbs ot
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
1st
Picking
Sept 1
lbs Ibt oz
200 4
2d
Pickiog
Sept 15
200
200
lbs oz
7
3
11
2 12
14
8
sd
Picking
Oct li
lbs oz
5
5
7
4
4th
Picking
Nov 15
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre

lbs m lbs
a 323
3 187
408
165
476
187
Mr Goss remarks The laud on which the test was made was as poor as any
we have in this country I selected the poorest land I coud find in order to see
the difference satisfactorily I think it will pav to use fertilizers even on the poor
est land
EXPERIMENT OF MR J T LINDLEY POWDER SPRINGS COBB
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Lindley received from the Department samples of Dissolved Bone and Vul
canite Guano No 3 for truck
SotfDirk gray with clay subsoil has been in cultivation thirty years original
growth oak chestnut and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land was cultivated iu wheat in 1877 manured with
cotton seed was in cotton in 1878 manured with guano and was in wheat in 1879
manured with cotton seed
Preparation The land was lurned with onihorse turning plow rows three
feet wide and ihirtyfive yards long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the shovel plow
furrows an 1 listed on with turning plow April 3d
PlantingApril 17th the beds were opened with a small pow the cotton seed
sown by hand and covared with a harrow
Cultivation The cotton was plowed May llh and 21st June 10th and 23d and
July 5th and hoed May 17th and June 5th
Seasons There was rain Way 21st and 30th June 1st 7th 25th 26th and 30th
July 3d 15th and 231 and AugastSd 4th 5th 6th 11th and 20th
341
SOIL TE8T OF FERTILIZERS
TABULAR STATEMENT
Gotlon produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and thai from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
aVulcanite Guano No 3 for truck
aDissolved Bone
Unman ured
Sternes Aaimoniated Dissolved Bone
Baldwin Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Farmers Friend
lbs
200
200
200
200
200
1st
Picking
Aug 30
2d
Picking
Sept 14
Picking
lbs oz
2 8
3
1 8
3
3 8
3
3d Yield in
Oct 6
lbs oz
2 i
3 i
3 I
3 I
3
3 f
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
840
1050
700
1050
1050
1050
CommentIt is very remarkable that four different fertilizers should have given
exactly the same results especially in the metamorphic belt in which it is o ex
tremely difficult to find even a small plat of ground of uniform fertility
Mr Lindley says My experience with fertilizers is that they pay from twenty
five to fifty per cent I think 125 pounds per acre pay better than any other
amount Compost made from stable manure cotton seed and some good dissolved
bone is the best fertilizer a farmer can use as the cost is very little compared with
that of commercial fertilizers
EXPERIMENT OF MR T N DELANY WOODSTOCK CHEROKEE
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Delany received from the Department samples of Vulcanite Guano No 1
Vulcanite Guano No 2 Eutaw Acid Phosphate and Bales Acid Phosphate
SoilDark gray with clay subsoilhas been in cultivation fifteen years Orig
inal growth postoak and hickory
Previous treatmentCom and oats have been grown alternately on the land
for several years without fertilizers
PreparationThe land was broken deeply with scooter plow after which rows
were opened three feet wide and thirtyfive yarls long with one horse turn plow
Fertilizers were applied in the open furrow at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
and bedded on with turning plow Compost was made according to the formula
given by the Department
Planting April 15th the beds were opened with scooters the seed strewn by
hand and covered with a harrow
CultivationApril 28th harrowed off the ridges just as the cotton began to
come up May 4b chopped out and plowed with small cultivator May 15th
the same cultivation repeated Miy 30th plowed out with sweeps June 15th
plowed again with sweeps
Seasons were favorable during May and June and the crop then two weeks
earlier than last year but a drouth in July completely arrested the growth of the
crop and there was but little fruit made after that time16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
342
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer applied per acre 1st 2d Picking Picking 3d Picking Yield in Seed Cotton
Sept 3 Oct 25 Nov 25 Acre
iibs oz 3 8 lbs oz 4 8 9 9 8 ibs 07 1 1 1 4 1 8 1 8 lbs 730
aVulcanite Guano No 1 for cotton aVulcanite Guano No 2 for rice aEutaw Acid Phosphate aBales Acid Phosphate Bales Acid Phosphate Compost 200 200 200 200 200 4 12 6 7 12 6 6 856 9S0 1260 1115 1085
EXPERINENT WITH RICE
Lbs of
Fertili Rice
NAME OF FERTILIZER zer Bushels Date of Date of
applied per Planting Maturity
per acre Acre I
Without fertilizer
Navassa Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
aVulcanite Guano No 1 for rice
1 200 200 21 22 23
Apr 15Oct 25
Mr Delaney aaye Commercial fertilizers may be used to profit by judicious
application but composts are much more economical
EXPERIMENT OF MR W A STEWART McDONOTJGH HENRY
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Stewart received from the Department samples of Bradley Ammoniated
Dissolved Bone Baughs Raw Bone and Cumberland Superphosphate of Lime
SoilDark red with stiff red subsoil has been in cultivation about forty years
Original growth red oak black oak post oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThis plat was in oats in 1878 and 1879 without fertilizers
CultivationThe land was turned in December last with one horse Avery plow
followed by a subsoil plow Before planting it was rebroken with a square pointed
scooter two inches wide and about fourteen inches long This plat lay on the top
of a hill with a slight southern exposurea second plat had a northern exposure
These locations were selected to observe the effects of exposure on the young cot
ton but the cold winds came from the N E and affected the two equally The
rows were three feet wide and 210 feet long
Commercial fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre com
post of stable manure cotton seed salt and water was applied at the rate of from
300 to 500 pounds to the acre
Planted soon after the 15th of April with Garlington cotton planter using five
pecks of seed per acre
CultivationAs soon as the cotton came up it was harrowed and in five or
eight days regular plowing and hoeing was commt need and plowed one week and
hoed the next until July when it was laid by The cotton was plowed very shal
ow after the second time using sweep or scrape313
8 ML TE6T OF FEL4TILTZKR8
17
SeasonsCold wet weather in the spring retarded the growth of the ootton and
impaired the stand This continued to June 10th when it became warm and dry
till the first of August when rains commenced again
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the wAght and dale of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the we of different fertilizers and thai from the natural
toil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Jbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
First Plat
tfBradleys Animoniated Dissolved Bcne
Natural soil
Compost stable and cotton seed and 100 lbs
Baughs Raw Bone
Nothiug
atumberland Superphosphate of Lime
Nothing
aliangh s Haw Bone nperphos of Lime
Second Pint
aBradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Natural soil
Compost stable 3u0 lbs cotton seed 100 lbs
20 lbs Baughs Raw Bone Supphos
Natural soii
aOumbeiiand Superphosphate of Lime
Natural soil
oBaughs Raw Bone Superphos of Lime
lbs
200
1st
Picking
Aug 25
2d
Picking
Sept 23
200
200
200
200
lbs
1
Hi
i
sy2
3
3d
Picking
Oct 14
lbs
4
7
A
8
2
4th
Picking
Nov 24
lbs
4
4
6
V
vA

4
6

7
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
IX
2
fA
m
3
2
lbs
752
1365V
12772
770
1295
1170
700
1417
735
1285
my
1190
These plats were very much alike were planted same day worked same day
picked same day and were treated alike in every respect about all the difference
was the exposure
Mr Stewart says My experience is that where there is plenty of vegetable
matter in the soil fertilizers can he used to good advantage I have used guanos of
different kinds ever since they first came into the settlementhave used fourteen
different kinds and have never used bjt one brand that did not pay me I have
used from 50 lbs to 500 lbs to the acre and I am satisfied that 200 lbs per acre
pays me better than more or less I think by plowing deep and having plenty of
vegetable matter in the soil and broadcasting I could use 500 lbs and not lose by
it but 500 lbs applied in the drill will burn up the crop so that only a small July
crop is made and then just before frost it takes a second growth which does no
good except to make vegetable matter for the next year
EXPERIMENT OF MR JAMES M COX WOODVILLE GREENE
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Cox received from the Department samples of E Frank Coes Ammoniated
Bone Superphosphate and Lister Bros Standard Pure Bone
SoilLight sandy second bottom original growth sweet gum and oak has been
in cultivation twenty years
Previous treatmentToe plat has been cultivated in corn and wheat without
fertilizers was in corn in 1879
Preparation The land was broken 1st of February with onehorse tarn pow j
March 25 rows were laid off three feet wide and seventy yards long
218
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA
344J
Fertilizers were applied in these farrows March 25 and listed on in the usual
way
PlantingApril 18 opened the beds with Coulter sowed the cotton seed and cov
ered with harrow
CultivationThe cotton was plowed May 5 with a sweep and hoed on the 11th
then plowed every two weeks with sweep and hoed also until laid by
SeasonsThere were heavy rains April 19th and 25th there was then no rain
till July 28 and all growth stopped the crop was cut off about onehalf the season
was very unfavorable lor fertilizers on account of the drouth
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and dnte of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER lbs of Fertilizer applied pr Acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking 4 th Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre
Sept10 Oct 3 Oct 21 Nov24
oE Frank Coes ammontated Bone Superphos oLister Bro s1 Standard Pare Bone lbs 200 200 200 lbs 14 15 13 18 lbs 17 18 18 81 lbs 10 14 16 15 lbs5 4 4 6 lbs 1610
1785 1925
Mr Cox says During the last few seasons crops have done belter with little
fertilizers for where the lind was heavily manured vegetation fired worse This
years drouth has been an Unusually severe oe Up to the time of the drouth crops
were very promising When we have good seasons fertilizers increase the yield and
cause cotton to produce and mature earlier than the natural soil
EXPERIMENT OF MR ELIJAH BELLFLOWER DAWSON TERRELL
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Bellflower received from the Department samples of Crescent Bone Colgate
manure and Lister Bros Standard Pure Bone
SoilRed sandy subsoil hard and red has been in cultivation forty years
Original growth pine
Previous treatmentThe land was in wheat in 1878 with 100 pounds fertilizer
and laid out in 1879
PreparationJanuary 1st the land was broken twelve inches deep with two
horse Brinly subsoil plow March 13th furrows seventy yards long and three
feet wide were laid off with a ten inch shovel
Fertilizers were distributed in the bottom of these furrows and bedded on in the
usual way
PlantingApril 16th the beds were opened with a scooter the seed sown by
hand and covered with board
CultivationMay 7th sided with small turning plow 17th chopped to a stand
20th sided with small scooter June 15th plowed with four inch scooter
and scrape June 17th hoed July 5th plowed jwith scooter and scrape three
farrows to the row and laid by July 30th with hoeI

345
80IL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
19
SeasonsIt was very dry till first of May with favorable effects on cotton
then very wet till June 1st causing some injury to cotton then partial showers
till August 17th During this period extreme heat caused cotton to shed its fruit
TABULAE STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking
the yield per acre resulting from theuse of different fertilizers and that from
the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
9 i i i
lit im A SI 4 d yt 1
aColgate Manure
Lister Bros aCrescent Bone fertilizer
aLitser Bros Standard Pure Bone
Sea Island Guano
BlackB Patent Compost
Kainite Compost
Without Manure
1st
Picking
lbs
200
200
200
200
200
200
2d
Picking
Aag 24
Sept 23
lbs
5
6
6
4
2
2
1
lbs
7
5
6
0
2
2
3
3d
Picking
Seed
Yield in
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
2
1
4
2
4
4
2
lbs
1050
175a
1225
S57
647J
445
410
Note The Kainite compost was made as follows 700 pounds cotton seed 1000
pounds sheeplot manure 100 pounds common salt and 100 pounds Kainite were
composted together and applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
RemarksIt is not a little remarkable that farmers will purchase patent form
ula for composts when they can get better ones free of charge The results in Mr
Bellflowers experiment are not very strong endorsements of the formulea used by
him in composting The purchase of such patents and of trees from peddlers il
lustrates the disposition of our people to be humbugged
EXPEEIMENT OF MR M E EUSSELL OP CABEOLLTON CAEEOLL
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Russell received from the Department a sample of Zells Ammoniated Bone
Phos
SoilStiff clay has been in cultivation about twentyfive years Original
growth red black andpost oak
Previous treatmentSince 1865 the land has been cultivated in cottonjtwo
years and sown in wheat one year Commercial fertilizers were applied to the
cotton and cotton seed to the wheat It ws in sweet potatoes in 1879 without
manure
PreparationThe land was broken March 20th with onehorse turn plow
April 28th opened furrows three feet apart and thirtyfive yards long with ten
inch shovel
Fertilizers were appliedin these furrows at the rate of 250 pounds per acre and
bedded on with four furrows of onehorse turn plow
PlantingApril 29th opened thejbedswith a small scooter sowed the seed and
covered with a double stock
CultivationA poor stand was secured May 27th chopped out June 2d20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
346
plowed out June 8th sided June 16th hoed June 19th plowed out with
scooter and with scrape July 5th
SeasonsDuring April it rained on the 3J 8th 14th 19h 22d 24th and 27th
In May on the 2J 3d and 4th
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Hope Guano
Nothing
Chesapeake Guano
Nothing
aZells Amruoniated Bone Phos
Nothin
Eagle Ammoniattd Bone Phos
Nothing
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
lbs
250
250
250
250
1st
Picking
Sept 20
lbs
7
4
7
5
8
5
7
4
2d
Picking
Oct 4
lbs
13
9
15
12
17
9
14
9
3d
Picking
Nov 15
lbs oz
8
10
15
6
13
11
9
10
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Yield in
Lint
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
1015
805
1275
840
1347
883
10C0
805

lbs
389
304
495
304
526
334
405
305
Mr Russell says I have been using commercial fertilizers for many years and
am satisfied they will always pay if judiciously used and my experience is that it
pays best on our soil to use about 200 pounds per acre applied very deep running
off the rows with a scooter plow following in the same furrow with a long straight
steel shovel I put the guano in that furrow and run two first listing furrows
with three inch scooter following with two furrows of turn plow to finish the beds
I made this year 575 pounds of lint cotton on one acre of poor land with 200 lbs
of guano I broke the lard wJl laid off the rows three feet wide with a shovel
put in the guano and followed in the same furrow with scooter plow mixing guano
and soil together I would have made two biles but for the August drouth A
good compost of stable manure and cotton seed mixed in equal quantities and
penned up dry for six weeks is the best fertilizer for our land that we have either
for corn or cotton if we could only get enough of it
EXPERIMENT OF MR H T PATTERSON OF SUNNY SIDE SPALDINQ
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Patterson received from the Department samples of Star Brand Complete
Cotton Manure and Alta Atomoniated Guano
SoilStiff red has been in cultivation about thirty years original growth post
oak red oak hickory and chestnut
Previous treatmentThe land was in cotton in 1S77 corn in 1878 and oats in
1879 About 200 pounds of commercial fertilizers were applied per acre to cotton
in 1877 No fertilizers have been applied since until this year
PreparationThe land was turned with a twohorse plow in September 1879
The plat was as uniform as it could be gotten April 12th laid off rows thirtyfive
yards long and three feet wide with ten inch shovel In these furrows the
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and the land bedded
with common turn plow
347
80IL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
21
Planted April 15th using the Oxford planter
CultivationPlowed May 17th with double stock plow chopped out May 15th
plowed 21st with double stock hoed June 3d plowed the 11th with double Btock
and June 28th with sweep hoed July 6th and plowed July 15th and laid by
SeasonsApril 19th rain 20th 23d and 26th heavy rains May 2d and 3d heavy
rains 21st and 30th rain June 1st rain and on the 7th the heaviest known by
the oldest citizen in fifty years injuring the crops seriously June 23d light rain
25th and 26th rain July 14th rain after which there was no rain until August
when there was too much for cotton
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking tlie yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from Hie natu
ral soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Feitili 1st 2d M
zer Picking Picking Picking
applied

per acre Sept10 Sept28 Oct 29
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
200 8 8 6
4 8 7 8
200 10 8 7 6
200 13 6 8 6 8
6 8 8 8
2C0 15 6 6
7 8 8
200 15 5 8 G
7 8 8 8
200 13 6 8 6
7 9
200 12 7 7
7 8 9
200 12 8 7 8 8
8 9
200 12 7 7
7 8 9
200 12 8 7 8 8
Yield In
eed
Cotton
per
Acre
aStar Brand Complete Cotton Manure
Without fertilizer
Homers South Sea Guano
Boughs Raw Bone Sup Phos of Lime
Without fertilizer
Baldwins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Without fertilizer
Soluble Pacific Guano
Without fertilizer
aAlta Ammoniated Guano
Without fertilizer
Farmers Friend
Without fertilizer
Bradleys Patent Superphosphate
Without fertilizer
Patapsco Guano
Without fertilizer
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
lbs
770
420
822
910
525
915
542
927
560
894
560
910
578
980
596
910
578
980
EXPERIMENT OF MR O M WITCHER POINT PETER OQLE
THORPE COUNTY GA
Mr Witcher received from the Department samples of Navassa Acid Phosphate
and Piedmont Guano
Soilgray sandy loam subsoil yellowish red clay lightly porous recleared
three years ago growth a few pine bushes orlginal growth redoak spanish
oak blackgum and some hickory cleared the first time sixtyodd years ago and
cultivated nearly ever since
Previous treUmmtHas been cultivated in cotton continuously and had a light
application of Ammoniated Bones in 1878
PreparationApril 1st laid ofi rows 4 feet wide and 35 yards long running twica
with long ripper listed with the same and finished with Wixon turnplow break
ing middles with ripper22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 348

Fertilizerswere applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre in the opening furrowg
PlantedApril 22d opened beds with coulter and followingblock scattered
seed and covered with irontooth harrow
Cultivation May 7th sided pith ripper 10th chopped out 26th sided with
solid sweep June 1st hoed 18th plowed with solid sweep 25th hoed July
5th sided with heelsweep
SeasonsMay 7th having had rain a good stand was up 22d good rain 23d
good rain 29th light rain June 7th and 15th light rains 16th and 26ih heavy
rains July 1st 10th 14th 22d and 25th light rains 30th good rain August
3d good rain 4th light rain 5th cold east rain All the rains in July were BO
very light that cotton sufferedcommenced shedding on the 10th
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight ond date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
Si
la
Picking
Sept28
8d
Pickinj

Nov 12
Baldwins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
No fertilizer
Xiister Bros Crescent Bone Fertilizer
No Fertilizer
JBradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bones
No fertilizer
aPiedmont Guano
No fertilizer
Patapsco Acid Phosphate
No fertilizer
aNayassa Acid Phosphate
200
200
200
200
200
200
lbs 07
9 12
5
9
6
8 12
6 4
8 12
6 8
9 8
4 8
9 8
lbs oz
0 4
1 6
0 12
1 12
0 4
1 8
0 4
1 4
0 12
1 12
1 8
NoteThe above are the results of the 2d and 3d pickings The mem i
oranda of the 1st picking were lost
Mr Witcher says in regard to the 6r3t picking There was none picked at
that time from the unfertilized rows but the amount picked from the fertilize
rows was nearly equal to the second picking with the exception of the two phos
phates which had not more than half as much
EXPERIMENT OF MR J B MURRAY GARDEN VALLEY MACOff
vJOUSTY GEORGIA
Mr Murray received from the Department samples of Mastodon Ammoniated
Sol Phos Albemarle Guano and Sterling Guano
oilSandy with clay subsoil Has been in cultivation thirty years Original
growth pine
Previous treatment The plat was cultivated in sweet potatoes in 1878 with
200 pounds of fertilizer per acre in wheat in 1879 followed by potatoes the same
year with 200 pounds of Wilcoi Gibbs Manipulated Guano per acre349
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
23
PreparationThe plat was broken up with turn plow early in April April
SOth laid off rows three feet wide and thirtyfive yards long with seven inch
shovel plow
Fertilizers were applied April 30th in the shovel furrows
Planted May 1st with Dow Law cotton planter
CultivationMay 151h barred off with turn plow May 20th chopped out and
sided with winged sweep Continued plowing every fifteen days with sweep until
1st August
Seasons were very favorable to June 10th Had but little rain from May 30th
to July 28th This protracted drouth seriously injured all crops
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
iMastodon Amd Sol Phos
Without fertilizer
aAlbemarle Guano
Without fertililer
oSterling Guano
Without fertilizer
aWilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano
Without fertilizer
lbs
200
200
200
200
1st 2d
PickingPicking
3d 4th
Picking Picking
Ang 25 Sept
lbs
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
lbs oz
12
11 8
19 8
18
15
11
15
12
Oct 4 Oct 19
YieToTfo
Seed
Cotton
per
Acra
oz lbs oz
5 1
5 2
2 8
5 2
4 8 1
4 6 2
lbs
1260
1120
1960
1925
1400
1400
1645
1435
p sThe Albemarle fertilizer was through the best part of the plat
EXPERIMENT OF ME A A BELL ATHENS CLARK COUNTY GA
Mr Bell received from the Department samples of Orient Complete Manure
ttnd Navassa Guano
SoilThe Orient Complete Manure was used on red land the balance on light
gray soil Original growth on the red land oak and hickory on the gray laud
forest pine
Previous treatmentUntil this year the farm has been planted wholly in corn
and small grain No commercial fertilizers have been used but from year to year
large amounts of stable manure have been applied and green crops turned under
Peparation of the red landIn January opened rows threeandahalf feet apart
with long steel shovel applied in the drill ten bushels cotton seed and listed with
a long turn plow In April opened the list with fourteen inch scooter applied
fifty pounds Orient Complete Manure per acre and bedded as usual
The gray land was thoroughly broken in January and February and bedded in
the usual way All the rows threeandahalf feet wide
Fertilizers were applied in quantities as stated in the table The compost wag
prepared as follows Commenced with a layer of stable manuraix inches deep
then cotton seed same thickness and then Atlantic Acid phosphate and so on till
the heap was completed The cotton seed were thoroughly wet24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
350
PlantingThe seed were rolled and planted April 15th as follows The beds
were opened with sir inch steel shovel the seed sown and covered with harrow
CuUivaiionHay 8th sided with Lster subsoil plow and chopped to a stand
after two weeks plowed out with large steel shovel and every two weeks thereafter
with same plow ill July 8th when it was plowed out with sweep
Scions good till July when there was too much rain
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and dale of each picking the
yield per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the naU
ural soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
per acreiSfipt
Orient Complete Manure and
300 lbs cotton seed
Without fertilizer
Soluble Sea Island Guano
Without fertilizer
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
Without fertilizer
Compost
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
1st
Picking
2d
Picking
lbs libs
350300
1100
200500
110
200150
Oct
lbs oz
3d
Picking
Nov 1
300
85
50
350
125
300
200
200
100
170
100
lbs oz
300
190
200
150
238
210
200
180
4th
Picking
Nov 26
lbs oz
250
60
130
312
112
220
60
Yield in
Seed
Cat ton
per
t ere
lbs
1200
475
1000
640
900
322
675
390
Yi Id in
Lint
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
415
161
350
180
310
107J
230
EXPERIMENT OP MR THOS H STALLWORTII SANDY RIDGE
HENRY COUNTY
Mr Slallworth received from the Department samples of Wando Acid Phos
phate Sterling Guano and Bowker Cotton Superphosphate
Soilmulatto with fine dark clay subsoil original growth oak hickory doe
wood was cleared in 1866
Previous treatmentThe land was in corn and peas the first three years without
fertilizers Since then it has been cultivated in wheat cotton and corn When
m wheat about twelve bushels cotton seed were applied per acre and when in
cotton from 100 to 125 lbs commercial fertilizer per acre with only two vears
rest to date
PreparationThe land was broken deep in January with long steel threeinch
scooter The plat was arranged as directed in Circular No 4rows 3 feet wide
and 70 yards long
Fertilizers were applied April 12th on plat No 1 at the rate of 20O lbs per acre
wuh distributor On plat No 2 they were applied at the rate of 100 lb per acre
Both plats were prepared and planted at the same time and in the same way ex
cept that the Bowker Cotton SuperPhosphata was not received until May 5thand
hence the cotton to which it was applied was planted after the cotton on the bal
ance ofthe plat was up
PlantingApril 26th opened the beds with a twoinch scooter strewed the seed
by hand and covered with scooter throwing a good deal of soil upon the seed to
retain moisture May 5th knocked off the ridge above the seed May 14th sided 351J
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
25
with small scooter and when the budleaf was well formed thinned out to one
etalk every twelve inches following with small scootersifting the fine earth around
the stalks
Seasons Delightful with only a few days drouth which was beneficial as it
checked the growth1
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from Uie natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
appied
ptr acre
1st 2d
Picking Picking
Sept Oct 10
3d
Picking
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Plat No 1
aWando Acid Phosphate
aSterling Guano
aObers Dis Bone Phos S C
aBowkers Cotton Superphos recdlate
Average of unfertilized rows
Russell Coes Amd Bone Superphosphate
Baughs Raw Bone Sup Phos of Lime
Merrymaus Amd Dissolved Bones
Brightons Amd Bone Superphosphate
Orient Complete Manure
Plat No 2
Wando Acid Phosphate
Sterling Guano
Ober Sons Sol Superphosphate of Lime
Bowkers Cotton Superphosphate
Average of Unmanured Plats
Russel Coes Amd Bone Superphosphate
Baughs Raw Bone Superphos of Lime
Merrymans Amd Dissolved Bones
Brightons Amd Bone Superphosphate
Orient Complete Manure
lbs oz
36
30
200
200
200125
20024
20
200138
200 33
200
200
200
36
27
32
10024
10021
10025
100123
21
100
100
100
100
52
23
21
23
22
21
ibs oz lbs oz
16 1
14 1
14 3
13 1
13 4
14 2
14 O
13 3
13 4
14 2
14 3
14 4
13 5
12 2
14 2
15 2
14 6
14 5
14 5
14 3
1855
1592i
1470
1330
1295
1890
1715
1785
1540
1680
1435
1365
1505
129
1295
1400
1435
1470
1435
1330
Mr Stallworth says I will say in every instance with me when we have had
average seasons all the fertilizers that have been analyzed by the Department of
Agriculture have paid a good per cent I have nine tenants using different brands
of fertilizers that will average a 500 pounds hale for every two acres
EXPERIMENT OF ME W D H JOHNSON HOLSTON BIBB CO GA
Mr Johnson received as Secretary of the Ocmulgee Farmers Club from the
Department samples of Gossypium Phospho Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phos
phate Monarch Guano Orient Complete Manure and Vulcanite Guano No 3
for truck
SoilSandy loam been in cultivation 40 years original growth oak and hick
ory The plat is upland with western exposure Soil 12 inches deep with com
pact red clay subsoil Land well supplied with humus
Previous treatmentThe land was in oata in 18789 without manure6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 352
Preparation February 17th broke the land broadcast with 12inch scooter
April 16th laid off rows 70 yards long and 3 feet wide with long shovel
Fertilizers were applied in these furrows at the rate of 200 lbs per acre and list
ed on with castiron turnplow the beds finished with a shovel plow The acid
phosphates were composted by formula published by the Department Another
compost was made by mixing 50 lbs Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 1 bushels salt
1 bushels poullry scrapings 1 bushels wood ashes 5 lbs kainit and 50 lbs
woods earth
Planting was done April 17th with a planter applying the seed quite thick to
secure a perfect stand
OulUvaiionMay 16th sided with sweep and chopped to a stand plowed every
twenty days then till laid bytwice with solid sweep and once with winged sweep
Seasons were moderately good till June 3d succeeded by a drouth of 8 weeks
The dry and hot weather coming upon the cotton at that stage of its growth when
it should have been growing and fruiting caused it to be stunted The rains came
too late for a reaction causing a short crop
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each pickinq the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
sou
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
aGossypium Phospho
aPatapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
aMonarch Guano
oOrient Complete Manure
aVulcanite Guano No 3 for truck
Soluble Pacific
Acid Phosphate Compost
Compost No 2 Dis Bone etc etc
No fertilizeraverage of the two middle rows
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
lba
793
740
781
750
635
778
824
615
527
Mr Johnson says I am not prepared to say that commercial fertilizers pay
more than a small per cent on the capital used in a series of years The gain in
one year is more than probably lost in another Not so with the composts
have never known loss to occur from their use and have never even heard of com
plaint
EXPERIMENT OF MR B N SEAGO AUGUSTA RICHMOND CO GA
Mr Sesgo received from the Department samples of None Such Manipulated
Guano Pacific Guano Companys Compound Acid Phosphate and Patapsco Am
moniated Soluble Phosphate
Soilsandy with clay subsoil has been in cultivation ten years since the sec
ond growth of oldfield pine was cleared off original growth supposed to have
been oak pine and hickory
Previous treatmentIn the fall of 1877 jne land was sown in oats with 40 bush
els cotton seed per acre In 1879 it was planted in sweet potatoes with about 50
bushels cotton seed per acre353
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
27
PreparationThe first week in March the rows were laid off Z feet wide and
35 yards long and the land bedded out with turnplow April 27th a twohorse
shovel plow was run in the water furrow in which the
Fertilizers were distributed at the rate of 200 lbs per acre
Compost was made as follows To two lbs green cotton seed added one pound
acid phosphate wetting the cotton seed thoroughly and mixing well and leaving
in bulk three or four weeks before using After the fertilizers were applied and
before bedding a subsoil plow was run in the furrow to mix them with the soil
The land was then bedded in the usual way
Planted April 28th with DowLaw planter
CultivationMay 12tb barred with turnplow 19th chopped to a stand and
hoed 27th sided withbuzzard plow June 4th ran three furrows to the row
with same plow 18th hoed 26th ran three furrows with buzzard plow July
19th plowed every other middle with same plow 26th plowed out the balance
in the same way
SEASONS
Date Hour Temperature Rainfall in inches Date Hour Temperalure Bainfall In inches
1130 am 7 pm 9 pm 1 pm 115 pm 6 pm 515 pm 2 pm 5 pm 11 am 92 80 90 98 99 82 98 93 90 88 i 1 i J1 6 j1 16 116 A 8 2ft July 20 2 pm 5 pm 11 am 930 pm All day 1015 pm 4 pm 7 pm 94 82 85 83 SO70 82 86 80 4
July 21 f
July 2 July 22
July 5 July 22 is
July 7 July 7 July 9 July 23 li
August 5 August 5 l
July 10 1rV
July 14
July 15
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
Sept in
3d
Picking
Oct 19
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
aPatapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Without fertilizer
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
aNoneSuch Manipulated Guano
Without fertilizer
DeLeons Complete Cotton Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
Raw Bone
Without fertilizer
aPacific Guano Cos Compd Acid Phos
Without fertilizer
Chemicals and Cotton Seed
Without fertilizer
Zells Acid Phosphate
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
lbs oz
21
14
26
14 8
23
23 8
21 4
13
22
12 4
25
13
23 4
11 12
24 8
Ibii 02
9 8
7
9 8
8
10
7 8
7
6 12
7
6 4
7 8
7 8
lbs
1830
ii60
2100
1350
1980
1260
1695
1185
1740
1110
1980
1155
1845
1155
195028
DEPARTMENT OF AQKICULTUBKGEOKGIA
354
EXPERIMENT OP MR A W RHODES HEPHZIBAH RICHMOND
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Rhodes received from the Department samples of Piedmont Guano and
Potomac Guano
HLght sandy eight years in cultivation Original growth oak and pine
with a little hickory
Previous treatmentThe land has been cultivated in corn and cotton without fer
tilizer has been cultivated by freedmen
PreparationIn March the soil was run off in threefeet rows the land bedded
with two furrows run with turnplow and the balk plowed out with turnplow
length thirtydve yard These beds were opened May 21th the fertilizers dis
tributed and the seed after being rolled in oak ashes were sown on the guano and
both covered with a board
CultivationJune 23J chopped July 5th plowed with buzzard plow Aun
gust 16th hoed and plowed with same plow
SeasonsJune was very dry and hot and checked the growth of the plant June
15th light rain followed by hot sun which scalded the plant July 3d 7th 21st
22d and 231 rainfavorable August 5th and 6th rainfavorable August 7tb
cool east windunfavorable August 25th hard rainfavorable
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking lie yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
lbs of
Peitlli
zfr
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
Oct 11
Wilcox Gibbs and Cos Manipulated Guano
Without fertilizer
zPiedmont Guano
Without fertilizer
aPotomac Guano
Without fertilizer
200
200
2on
lbs 02
4
1 8
7
1 8
4
1 8
2d
Picking
Dec 2
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
15
3
7
3
4
3
lbs
2660
700
1960
700
1120
700
EXPERIMENT OF MRS J W BRYAN DILLON WALKER COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mrs Bryan received from the Department a sample of Vulcanite Guano No 3
for truck
SoilSandy loam with clay subsoil five years in cultivation Original growth
chestnut oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land was planted in Irish potatoes in 1875 and 1876
peas for hay in 1877 and 1878 and in parsnips and beets in 1879 haa had no fer
tilisers except ashes that have been applied around the pear trees between which
these crops were planted
PreparationThe land was oarefully plowed and harrowed seeds planted In
drills thirtyfive yards long and three feet apart355J
BOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
29
Fertilisers were applied at the rate of 100 pounds per acre for parsnips March
2d and for turnips July 28th
Banted parsnips in drills March 4th and rutahaga turnips in drills July 28th
Ouliivalion The parsnips were well up April 21st hoel May 20th plowed and
hoed June 16th and August 8th Stand not very good Tumipt were thinned
and hoed August 8th and plowed and hoed September 6th
Seasons were very unfavorable for root cropstoo much rain during the growing
season
ResultsParsnips fertilized in the drill with Vulcanite Guano No 3 for truck
100 pounds per acre yielded 3780 pounds unfertilized 2730 pounds Rutabaga
turnips fertilized in drill with Vulcanite Guano No 3 for truck 100 pounds per
acre yielded 2100 poundsstand very poor unfertilized yielded 1190 pounds
per acre
Mrs Bryan says Last year I applied DLons Complete Fertilizer 200
pounds compounded with 200 pounds landplaster to pearl millet of which you
have given report On this same fertilized ground I sowed winter or fall oats not
adding any more fertilizer and along side I sowed the same oats on ground which
had not been fertilized but was good ground The oats on the last was completely
frozen out but that where DeLeone Complete Fertilizer had been used was a com
plete success and the only winter oats on Lookout mountain that I heard of which
was not entirely winter killed Now I believe with this fertilizer we could make
fall oats a certainty with us The farmers hera have generally abandoned fall
sowing of oats owing to the heavy freezes
EXPERIMENT OF ME B FOKELLEY PLANTER MADISON COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr OKelly received from the Department samples of Empire Guano Piedmont
Guano and Navassa Acid Phosphate
SoilSandy with yellow clay subsoil has been in cultivation twentytwo years
Original growth pine oak hickory black jack and chestnut The test was made
on a very thin plat of land
Previous treatmentThe land has been rotated for several years in wheat oats
corn and cotton Within the last ten years commercial fertilizers have been used
on it about three times It was in corn in 1878 manured with compost in the
hill Jn 1879 it was in oats without any fertilizer
PreparationThe plat was broken first week in March with ripper land hard
and dry April 19lh laid off rows threeandahalf feet wide and thirtyfive
yards long with small shovel plow April 23d ran again in the same furrows
with a larger shovel and applied
Fertilisers at the rate of 200 pounds per acre covered and bedded by running two
furrows with ripper and two with turning plow
The Acid Phosphate was composted according to the formnlaj of the Department
Planting April 28th opened beds with small ripper and planted seed with cot
ton planter just before the cotton came up a small harrow was run over the
rows A good stand was secured
CultivationMay 20th sided with sweep and hoed June 16th plowed with30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
356
common shovel four farrows to the row and hoed second time July 18th plowed
with sweep
Seasons May 29th and 30th light rains June 8th light rain June 29th light
rain and very damaging hail July 1st light rain then no more till August 6th
This has been the worst out of three bad crop years Have had drouth hail and
rust The latter injured the test plats unequally
TABULAR STATEMENT
0 Cotton produced in which are given tlie weight each picking the yield per acre
resulting from tlie me of different fertilizers and that from tlie natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Cotton Seed and Stable Manure compost with
out Acid Phosphate
aEmpire Guano
Without Manure
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Without Manure
aPiedmont Guano
Keaves Nickolsons Cotton Grower
aNavassa Acid PhosphateCompost
Without Manure
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
lbs
200
200
200
200
200
200
1st
Picking
lbs
G
7
2
2d
Picking
lbs oz
3
2 c
1 8
2
2
1 8
1 8
2
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
570
570
240
480
330
480
390
270J
240
Rusty
In reply to the following question Give the results of your experience and
observation in regard o the use of commercial fertilizers and composts during the
past few seasons Mr OKelley says
I am greatly perplexed on the subject I have been using commercial fertil
izers for a number of years and am satisfied that they when properly applied
greatly increase the yield of cotton and have been of opinion that they were
equally as good for corn crops But my experience in the last few years has rather
shaken my confidence in them for corn crops It may have been on account of
the dry seasons which we have had for the last three years But there is one
thing in connection with the subject that I cannot understand which is that not
withstanding the boasted increase of the standard of the fertilizers which have
been on the market within the last few years none of it seems to yield like it did
for the first few years after I commenced using it But if you will suffer me to
diverge a little I would say that it is my opinion the use of commercial fertilizers
has been a source of great damage to the Southern people and that in many ways
has the use of it by them enriched the balance of fhe world at their expense If
I had time and space I would try to show in what ways or at least a few of them
But you ask me about my experience and observations concerning composts and
under this head I will say that in my opinion that is the only kind of manure it
is to the interest of the farmers to use And right here let me say that I do not
believe U is at all necessary for U3 to use in them what are called the acid phos
phates and I am more settled in this conviction by the result of my crop tests
this year for you will see that my compost without any phosphate is equal with
the highest standard fertilizer and the best corn crop I ever made was manured
with compost made from lot manure and cotton seed put up in a heap in my357
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
31
horselot and the beet wheat I ever made was manured with cotton seed with
ashes mixed with them
CommentsMr OKelley seems to have drawn some of his conclusions from
single experiments It is not safe to draw conclusions as to agricultural facts
from such limited data His experience and the results of his observations do
not correspond with that of the mass of farmers of Georgia in reference to the use
of acid phosphates in composts As he suggests the seasons materially affect the
results of the use of fertilizers especially those containing a large per cent of ac
tual ammonia or potential promptly convertible The ammonia in the compost
is potential and organic and only gradually convertible as the organic matter in
which itexists as nitrogen is decomposed and hence does not affect crops so inju
riously in drouth as does ammonia in the commercial fertilizers
EXPERIMENT OF ME JAS D FREDERICK MARSHALLVILLE
MACON COUNTY GA
Mr Frederick received from the Department samples of Wilcox Gibbs Cos
Manipulated Guano Orient Complete Manure and Giant Guano
Soil light gravelly with yellow clay subsoil has been in constant cultivation
35 years original growth pine
Previous treatmentPlanted in groundpeas in 1879 No fertilizers have been
applied to the land for several years
PreparationFurrows were opened April 16th with shovel 35 yards long and
3 feet wide Plat arranged as directed by the Department
Fertilizers applied in shovel furrow through a distributor aboul four inches be
low the surface of the soil at the rate of 200 lbs per acre Stable manure applied
at the rate of 420 lbs per acre
Manner of planting and cultivation not reported
SeasonsThere was very little rain from May 31st to August 2d Effect unfa
vorable upon the crop
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Lbs of Yield in
Fertili 1st 3d 3d 4th Seed
zer Picking Picking Picking Picking Cotton
applied

per acre Aug 18 Aug 28 Sept 22 Oct 15 Acre
lbs oz lbs oz lbs o z lbs oz lbs
A 1 2 13J 2 6 437J
200 1 13 2 12 3 4 10 590J
4 1 4 3 4 2 11 505J
420 1 5 2 15 3 12 13i 621
4 2 6 3 9 1 11 553
200 2 8 3 12 3 11 695
2 2 3 5 1 12 504
200 4 3 8 2 7 695
2 2 4 3 1 11 560
200 3 9i 4 10 3 9 822
2 2 12 3 8 1 7 542
20C 4 1 5 3 7 875
2 1 9 2 12 2 455
200 4 4 3 5i 1 9 3 654
Nothing
Poppleins Silicated Phosphate
Nothing
Stable Manure first quality
Nothing
Acid Phosphate Merrymans
Nothing
aWilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated
Guano
Nothing
aOrient Complete Manure
Nothing
Merrymans kind not stated
Nothing
aGiant Guano32
DPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
358
The following experiments were tried by special request The fertilizers named
below were applied upon eight rows each row one acre long at the rate of 200
pounds per acre The four middle rows in each plat were picked and carefully
weighed with the following results
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aOrient Complete Manure four rows
Foppleins Silicated Phos four rows
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone four rows
aWilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Guano four rows
oGiant Guano four rows
lliSOI Fertili 1
zer applied pr Acre
200 lbs 31
200 200 200 35 36 39
200 35
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
507
630
638
680
612
Two hundred pounds each of Poppleins Silicated Phosphate and Merrymans
Ammoniated Dissolved Bone were applied to an acre of land 203 pounds of each
per acre both cullivated and picked alike with the following results
Merrymans Ammoniated Dis Bone on one acre yielded
Popplein Silicated Phosphate on one acre yielded
This is a valuable exseriment and shows the importance of comparing the re
sults of fertilizers in the production of lint cotton since the production of lint
cotton is the object of cotton culture
EXPERIMENT OF MR W H ELLISON SHILOH TALBOT COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr Ellison received from the Department samples of State Grange Fertilizer
and DeLeons Complete Fertilizer
Soil Dark mulatto with clay subsoil was cleared forty years ago Original
growth oak hickory chestnut and poplar The land haiAiot been in cultivation
for fifteen years and had grown up in broomsdge and pines
PreparationThe land was broken twiee with small scooter rows were
opened with turnscooter three feet wide and thirtyfive yards los fertilizers ap
plied and the land bedded April 20th
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre The compost was
prepared 1st January according to the formula published by the Department
Planted April 21st with hand and covered with harrow
CultivationMay 12ih hoed and chopped to a stand leaving one stalk every
ten or twelve inches Plowed three times with scrape and hoed twice
Seasons unfavorabletoo wet in Miy drouth in August second crop destroyed
by rain and cold359
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
33
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Gotten produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the
yield per acre resulting fromlie use af different fertilizers and that from the nat
ural soil
Yield in
feeed
Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER
ciState Grange Fertilizer
State Grange Fertilizer
aDeLeons Complete Fertilizer
DeLeons Complete Fertilizer
Nothing
Chesapeake Guano
Chesapeake Guano
Bahama Guano
Bahama Guano
Nothing
Etiwan Compost
lbs of
Fertili 1st 2d 3d 4 til
zer ap Picking Picking Pick ing Picking
plied pr Acre
Srpt10 Sept 22 Oct 15 DdC 8
lbs lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
200 11 4 7 8 2
100 8 8 3 0 2
20ii 12 5 6 1
100 7 4 5 3
1 2 6 8 3 8
200 11 8 5 7 1 8
100 9 2 8 5 3 8
200 10 8 6 7 4 1
100 8 4 4 8 2 12
1 4 1 8 6 3 8
200 7 5 4 4 4
per
Acre
lbs
857
682
840
665
455
875
700
866
673
463
708
Mr Ellison says My experience is that no fertilizer either commercial or
domestic pays so well on corn or small grain as compost I think that the com
post is the most profitable fertilizer for the farmersof Georgiaits effect upon the
soil is more permanent All high grade guanos pay on rny land when well broken
and the seasons are favorable but best on lands abounding in vegetable matter
EXPERIMENT OF MR CHARLES C SHEPPARD AMERICUS
SUMTER COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Sheppard received from the Department a sample of R D Coes Original
Soluble Bone Phosphate
SoilLight graywith clay subsoil has been in cultivation thirty years or
more Original growth longleaf pine mixed with postoak and redoak
Previous treatmentCorn and cotton have been alternated on the land A
small quantity of fertilizer was used each year on cotton and some cotton seed on
the corn Sometimes the plat was rested and grew up in weeds each third year
PreparationThe land was broken in January with a turn shovel April 20th
laid offrows 70tyards long three feet wide and bedded in the usual way
Fertilisers were applied to plat No 1 at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the
drill April 20lh and beddedon On plat No 2 they were applied with the seed
April 26th at the rate of 100 pounds per acre
PlantingApril 26th the beds on plat No 1 were opened with a small scooter
and the seed planted with Dow Law planter On plat No 2 the fertilizers were
applied at the rate of 100 pounds per acre in the opening furrow and the seed
then plantediwith Dow Law planter
Cultivation May 17th sided with scooter and scrape 27th chopped out to
one stalk June 14th sided with sweep 24th hoed second time 30th ran one
furrow withfsweep July 7th hoed third time 21st sided with large sweep 30th
ran one furrow with twentyfourinch scrape
334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
360
Seasons were wet and cobI up to the middle of June succeeded by a long
drought which caused the cotton to shed July and August were wet and the cot
ton put on a good middle and top crop
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in wiiich are given the weight of each picking the yield per acre
resulting from the different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Flat So 1
aRDCoes Original Bone Phos
Natural Soil
Giant Guano
Natural Soil
Hope Guano
Natural Soil
Baldwin Co Amd Dis Bone
Natural Soil
Plat No 2
aRDCoes Original B me Phos
NaturalSoil
Giant Guano
Nalursl Soil
Hope Guam
Natural Soil
Baldwin Co Amd Dis Bone
Natural Soil
Lbs of Fertilizer applied pr Ace 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking 4th Picking lbs oz 75 Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre
Jbs 2C0 lbs oz 206 lbs oz 95 lbs oz 140 lbs 516
140 75 110 100 425
200 2117 09 142 75 523
139 77 108 95 422
200 207 97 145 78 529
140 76 109 98 421
200 213 110 146 80 547
139 77 110 96 422
100 160 130 160 60 510
140 76 111 90 427
100 167 130 158 62 519
139 77 120 89 425
100 162 139 162 62 525
140 76 118 91 425
100 165 140 168 70 551
139 78 120 90 425
Mr Siieppard says After a careful observation of the use of commercial fer
tilizers for a number of years I am clearly of the opinion that they increase the
crop to a large per cent I am also of the opinion that in the same ratio that the
crop is increased the price is decreased Compost mixed with commercial fertil
izers has proved satisfactory
EXPERIMENT OF MR E B HEARD ELBERTON ELBERT COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr Heard received from the Department samples of Eutaw Fertilizer Brown
Etiwan Dissolved Bone and Giant Guano
SoilDark porous upland with stiff clay subsoil supposed to have been in
cultivation about thirty years Original growth hickory redoak whiteoak and
postoak
Previous treatmentThe plat was sown in oats in 1878 and 1879 without fer
tilizer
PreparationThe land was broken in the spring with turnshovel and rows laid
off with shove three feet wide and thirtyfive yards long
Fertilizers were applied April 27th in the shovel furrows at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre and the land bedded with turn3hovel Compost was made by formula
from the Department
Planted seed with hand in small furrows opened in thebeds 3d of May and cov
ered with board3611
SOIL TE8T OF FERTILIZERS
35
CultivationMay 15th barred off with turnplow May 20h chopped June
2d plowed with sweep two furrows to the row 11th hoed and thinned to astand
29th plowed with sweep two furrows to the row July 13th hoed and plowed
with sweep two furrows to the row
SeasonsMay was dry and cool unfavorable June 1st to 15th seasonable and
favorable from then till 1st of August very little rain hot and unfavorable
There was a good deal of rain in August causing rapid growth and shedding
September fine for maturing the crop killing frost last of October
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in lohich are given tlie weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from tlie use of different fertilisers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
2d
Pickim
ept 27
3d
Picking
Dec 8
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Chesapeake Guano
No Guano
Patapsco Guano
No Guano
aGiant Guano
No Guano
aEutaw Fertilizer Brown
No Guano
aCompost with Etiwan Dissolved Bone
No Guano
aGiant Guano
No Guano
200
200
200
200
200
200
lbs
350
140
385
175
245
150
350
175
245
175
280
140
lbs
210
140
192
140
210
157J
175
140
175
140
210
140
lbs
105
70
105
87J
70
87
87
10
105
87
1221
10
lbs
665
350
6S2J
402J
525
395
612J
420
525
402J
612J
385
Mr Heard says My experience with fertilizers for the last several years is
I that they pay a better per cent than any other capital invested in farming with
proper cultivation nine years out of ten and that composts pay best when there
is plenty of rain After using commercial fertilizers for a number of years and
j observing closely the results compared with crops without their use I would un
der no circumstances attempt to raise a cotton crop without using them
EXPERIMENT OF MR W A ELDER WATKINSVILLE OCONEE
COUNTY GA
Mr Elder received from the Department samples of Wando Fertilizer and
Dobbs Ammoniated cotton Fertilizer
SoilRather gray sandy surface with fine red clay subsoil has been in culti
vation one year growth old field pine
Previous treatmentThe land was cleared and put in cotton in 1879 with an ap
plication of 100 lbs commercial fertilizer per acre Stock wintered on the land
until first of April
PreparationIt was broken closely with squarepointed scooter April 13th laid
ofl rows nearly East and West 4 feet wide and 70 yds long with squarepointed36
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
362
nineinch scooter and followed in the same furrow with a straight shovel Ap
plied the fertilizers in the shovel furrow and bedded with one horse Watt plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of from 100 to 300 lbs per acre Compost
was mixed in wagonbody at stable door at the rates of 500 lbs phosphate to the
ton of stable manure
PlantingThe beds were opened with short scooter seed sown by hand on 23d
of April and covered with common onehorse harrow
Cultivation May 14th not much more than half a stand uplooked very
sorry sided with squarepointed nineinch scooter May 18th hoed and replant
ed 26th barred with Watt plow June 9th hoed to a stand which was still bad
18th sided with scooter and scrape 25th ran 30inch scrape in the middies
July 7th chopped over with hoes very dry and hot 14th sided with 20inch
Bcrape August 1st ran one furrow through the middles with 30inch scrape
SeasonsApril 29th plenty of rain no more until 5th of August except a Jight
shower 11th of July which wet the ground about one inch During this time
the crop suffered severely with drouth and heat
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertil
zer
applied
per ncrt
1st
Picking
2d
Picking
jept23 Nov 16
3d
Picking
Dec 11
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Whanns P B Raw Bone Superphos
aWando Fertilizer
aDobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Compost
Without fertilizer
Stable manure
Whanns P B Raw Bone Superphos
Whanns P B Raw Bone Superphos
200
200
200
200
200
400
100
300
ilbs oz
10 2
11 3
8 6
8 8
9
3 13
7 8
6 2
15
lbs oz
21
18
22
15 8
16
15
16 8
12 8
15
lbs oz
2 6
1 8
2 6
2 13
2 1
1 9
2 8
8
1 2
oz
lbs
37
675 2
720 8
590
595 6
448 4
5S0 4
420 1
680 1
EXPERIMENT OF MR M A WOODS MADISON MORGAN CO GA
Mr Woods received from the Department samples of Pacific Guafco Cos Acid
Phosphate and Eutaw Fertilizer light brown
SoilGray gravelly with yellow clay subsoil has been cleared of second
growth pine six years had been previously uncultivated forty years Original
growth oak chestnut and hickory
Previous treatmentTwo years after clearing the land made a bale of 450 lbs
cotton per acre was next planted in corn then in oats and in 18789 was in corn
manured lightly with compost in the hill
PreparationIt was broken February 10th with Syracuse chilled plow one
horse rows laid off three feet wide across the field 200 yards long and bedded
with same plow that was used in breaking Took 70 yards on the ends of the
rows for the experiment363
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
37
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 lbs per acre in the row with the seed
Compost was applied in the same way at the rate of 200 lbs per acre The compost
was made as follows Twofifths stable manure twofifths cotton seed and one
fifth Pacific Guano Cos Acid Phosphate all mixed wet and thrown into a heap
and forked over until thoroughly fine
PlantingMay 6th opened the beds with small scooter distributed fertilizers
and seed and covered withthick board with small plows made of spring steel
bolted on ten inches apart
CultivationSided with scooter with old saw for board and chopped to a stand
June 10th July 2d plowed with scooter and scrape bolted under heel of Hainian
plow July 3d hoed 30th plowed with shovel and scrape August 26th laid
by with scooter and scrape and finished same day with hoes
Seasons from date of working were favorable By reason of a baking rain
soon after planting not more than half a stand was had on the whole field oth
erwise stasons were as favorable as could be required
TABULAR STATEMET
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertiliztr applied per acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking 4th Picking Yield in Seed Cotton per Acre
Sept10 Oct 1 Oct 27 Dec 14
Cumberland Superphos of Lime 100 200 100 iba oz 6 1 5 7 5 8 6 10 5 14 lbs oz 7 8 8 8 7 8 8 4 8 4 9 12 lbs oz 4 12 6 5 4 6 2 7 8 7 4 lbs oz 3 8 4 2 5 4 14 6 10 6 10 lbs 763 826
aPacificGuano Cos Acid Phosphate 866
866 1015
1032
Mr Woods says My experience with commercial fertilizers is that they have
not btnefitted cotton the past three year One trouble has been that I have
planted loo early and worked out to a stand and it fruited before the hot dry
weather in the latter part of June and July The fruit maturing prevented a
growth when rains came later until first crop opened and then too late X account
lordifference in unfertilized rows of plat by reason I think of cotton rows
striking on the corn rows of the previous year where it was manured and subsoiled
to the depth of eight inches in the rows but far the natural soil producing better
than fertilized I am unable to account as the reasons given for fa lure in general
crop did not operate in this case for it was planted late and never suffered for
anything38
DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
364
EXPERIMENT OF ME J T DENNIS EATONTON PUTNAM COUNTY
GEOEGIA
Mr Dennis received from the Department samples of Crescent Bone Georgia
Chemical Works Acid Phosphate Eutaw Fertilizer deep black and High Grade
Nitro Phosphate
SoilMulatto first year pine thicket land has been 25 or 30 years since it
has been in cultivation Original growth oak and hickory
PreparationIt was broken well twice with scooter rows 35 yards long and 3
feel wide Plat arranged as directed in alternate sets of four rows fertilized and
four unfertilized gathered the two middle rows of each set
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the drill
Planted April 7th in scooter furrow sowed with hand and covered with harrow
CultivationPlowed with turner the 15ih of May and hoed to a stand on 25lh
Plowed with sweeps regularly every two weeks until July 15ih hoed twice
Seasons favorable until about the first of June then very dry until last of July
then rain enough Crop would have been better with more rain in June and
July
TABULAE STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given tlie weight of each picking the yield per acre
resulting from the use of different fertililizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Nothing
aGt oigia Chemical Works Acid Phosphate
Nothing
Patapsco Guano
Nothing
Eutaw Fertilizer deep black
Nothing
aMapea High Grade NitroPbphate
Nothi g
Enssell Coes
Nothing
oMapes High Grade NitroPhosphate
Nothing
aCrecent Bone
Nothing
Lbs of i
fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
2d
Picking
lbs
200
200
200
210
200
200
200
bi oz
3 8
4 4
3 12
5 12
2 4
7
2 8
5 4
3 8
4 12
1 4
3 4
1
3 4
1 4
lbs oz
3 4
2 8
3
3 8
2 8
3 8
2 12
3 12
2 8
2 8
2 4
3 8
2 8
2 8
2 4
3d
Pickinj
lbs oz
2 12
2 4
2 12
i 12
2
2 8
1 12
2 8
1 12
2 12
2 4
Yield in
Seed
Cotto
per
Acre
lbs
525
630
525
840
455
910
490
805
525
700
402
700
402
700
Mr Dennis says Guano has paid me every year but not so well this year as
usual on account of excessive drouth followed by too much rain I use compost
mosjy in my crop and think it pays better than guano305
EXPERIMENT OF
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
39
MR J H CARSWELL HEPHZIBAH BURKE
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Carswell received from the Department samples of Alta Ammoniated
Guano and Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
SoilSandy with some gravel from the size of a pea down Subsoil yellow
clay has been in cultivation about 40 years Original growth oak and longleaf
pine about half of each
Previous TreatmentIt was in corn in 18756 without any fertilizer laid out
in 1877 In 1878 planted in corn with 20 bushels compost of cotton seed and sta
ble manure per acre In the fall of 1878 sown in oats without fertilizer Nothing
was planted in 1879 after cutting the oats
PreparationBedded the land in January with onehorse turn plow in rows 3
feet wide and 35 yards long
Fertilizers were applied by hand April 19th at the rate of 100 and 200 pounds per
acre Composts were made in several ways and applied in different quantities per
acre
Barrys Acid Phosphate was composted with cotton seed and stable manure in
three different preparations viz 100 pounds Pnosphafe to 100 pounds seed and
manure mixed 100 pounds Phosphate to 200 pounds seed and manure mixed
and 100 pounds Phosphate to 300 pounds seed and manure mixed The cotton
seed were put into the stable and trod by the horses until killed but not rotted
The seed and manure were raked up together mixed with the Phosphate and
applied at once The seed and manure were not weighed being quite damp but
one bushel was counted at 30 pounds The hen manure and Phosphate were
mixed dry by rubbing with a hoe 100 pounds Phosphate to 200 pounds of hen
manure and 133 pounds of dry unleached ashes
Alta Ammoniated Guano applied May 17th It was received too late to be
applied with the other brands
Planted the 25th of April in furrows opened with small scooter seed sown and
covered with a planter That where Alta Ammoniated Guano was used was
planted May 17th
Cultivation May 15th sided with sweep 26th chopped to a stand of ore to two
stalks to the hill June 4th chopped the Alta plat and plowed it first time and
all the rest second time with swefps two furrows to the row June 231 plowed
Alta plat second time and the rest third time with sweep two furrows to the row
July 19th plowed Alta plat third lime and the rest fourth time twosweep furrows
to the row No regular hoeing was needed after chopping out walked over twice
and chopped out bunches of grass
SeasonsThere was plenty of rain to 15lh of May Cold rain on the cotton
while it was coming up seemed to check its growth Only two inches of rain fell
between the 15th of My and 21st of Julynot enough at any one time to bring
up grass After the 21st of July there was plenty of rain during the growing sea
son40
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
366
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given tlic weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from Hie natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
aAlta Ammoniated Guano
aAlta Amim mated Guano
Natural soilV
aDobhs Ammnniated Cotton Fertilizer
aDobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer
Natural soil
Barry s Acid Phosphate 100 lbs and 100 lbs seed and manure
Barrys cid Phosphate 100 lbs and 200 lbs seed and manure
Natural soil
Barrys Acid Phos 100 lbs and 300 lbs seed and manure
Barrys Acid Phos 100 lbs to 300 etc but half quantity per H
Natural soil
Barry Acid Phns 100 lbs hen manure 200 lbs ashes 133 lbs
Barrys Acid Phos 100 lbs hen maunre 20u lbs
Natural soil
Hen manure alone
200
100
200
100
200
300
400
200
433
800
1st
Picking
ept 28
lbs oz
7 2
S 10
1 6
8 8
6 6
4 14
7 4
9 8
3 14
8 4
6 2
3 S
o 10
5 8
2 8
4 6
2d
Pickim
Dec 16
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs oz
3 0
3 14
4 6
1
1 2
1 HI
8
10
1 H
14
1
1 8
2 4
1 8
1
lbs
735
665
412H
665
525
435
512
40 I
608
498X
330
531
455
280
376
Mr Carswell says I applied compost of Barrys Acid Phosphate cotton Beed
and stable manure to my whole watermelon patch After the patches of every
one of my neighbors who left out the phosphate so far as I know had completely
failed I still had plenty of large melons both ripe and green Drouth seemed to
ruin theirs but did not appear to injure mine I observed similar results last
year on different parts of my own patch
EXPERIMENT OF MR JOHN T WINGFIELD WASHINGTON
WILKES COUNTY GA
Mr Wingfield received from the Department samples of Baughs Raw Bone
SuperPhophate of Lime Dixie Phosphate L R Ammoniated Soluble Phos
phate Empire Guano and Gossypium Phospho
SoilRather light and thin with clay subsol has probably been in cultivation
eighty years Original growth whiteoak postoak redoak and hickory
Previous TreatmentIt was in cotton in 18789 in grain in 1877 The same
plat was used for experimenting in 1878 but the rows cross the previous planting
PreparationIn January last the old stalks were turned under wiih a twohorse
plow after heavy rains crossed with double shovel after another heavy rain
and immediately before planting harrowed Rows 70 yards long and 3J feet
wide
Fertilizers were applied May 6th at the rate of 210 lbs per acre in small scooter
furrow
PlanUd May 6th in above furrows and covered with forked plow No stand
was secured until about the 24lh
CultivationMay 27ih ran one cultivator furrow to the row June 10th hoed
to a stand 20th ran two solid sweep furrows to the row July 1st ran one big
sweep furrow to the row 14th hoed after which the weather was so dry that no
more work was needed to keep the crop clean
367
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
41
ReasonsGentle rain May 30th July 9th the best shower since May 30th
August 3d good rain the first since May 30th After that seasonable or rather
too much rain with diastroua effects
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking tJie yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of l
Feuiii 1st
zer Picking
applied
per acre Oct 2
2d
Picking
Oct 2fi
3d
Picking
Natural soil
Burhs Raw Bone Superphos of Lime
aDixie Phosphate
aEmpire Guano
aGossypium Phospho
ah and R Ammomated Sol Phosphate
210
210
210
210
210
lbs oz
6
9
7 8
lbs oz
8
lbs
2
1
1
2
1
1
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
255
307J
435
476
502
288
Experiment ruined by Nos 1 2 and 5 being picked by carelessness of hands a
few days before second picking of plat though every precaution was taken to
guard against it
EXPERIMENT OF MR E TAYLOR BOLINGBROKE MONROE CO GA
Printups Shell Lime and Saughs Raw Bone SuperPhosphate of Lime were
assigned to Mr Taylor but he reports instead of Baughs Whanns Dissolved
Bones
SoilGray and gravelly with mulatto subsoil Original growth oak and
hickory regarded as exhausted and turned out in 1847 In 1859 it was refenced
and has since been used as a truck patch
Precious treatmentThe plat has been cultivated in melons squashes corn rice
etc Stable manure compost of land plaster woods mould salt and lime and
commercial fertilizers have been applied to the patch while used as a truck
patch
PreparationIt was broken witli Haiman turnplow February 21st and cross
plowed April 22d Furrows were opened with scooter fertilizers distributed at
the rate of 200 lbs per acre and cotton planted April 26th Plat arranged as
directed
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre In addition to the commer
cial fertilizers used the Home Fertilize Boykin Cramer Cocomposed of
20 bushels woods mould 3 bushels aslies 3 bushels dissolved animal bone 3 bush
els plaster 40 lbs nitrate of soda 40 lbs sulphate of soda and 33 lbs sulphate of
ammoniawas used at the rate of 200 lbs per acre
Planted April 26h in scooter furrow and covered with harrow with two teeth
CultivationSided May 14th with 12inch sweep chopped out May 20th
plowed out the middles with 14inch sweep June 10th 22d hoed second time 5
July 221 laid by with 18 inch sweep and hoed
Seasons mainly favorable as to rainfall and temperature42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given tlie weight and date of each picking the yieh
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the nalurd
soil
Un manured
Home Fertilizer
Whanns Dissolved Bone
qPrintups Shell Lime
Mr Taylor says I have used fertilizers for several seasons and think the
have paid me in early growth of weed and early maturity of the crops if in
nothing else
EXPERIMENT
W P EDMONDSON
COUNTY GA
Rows 35 ydsi
nd

la
Mr Edmondson received from the Department samples of Wilcox Gibbs Coi
Manipulated Guano Eureka Ammoniated Bone SuperPhosphate of Lime am
Sterns Ammoniated SuperPhosphate
Soil close stiff and red has been in cultivation about 30 vears was in cotfc
in 1879
PreparationApril 15th opened the old rows and listed on them
long and 3 feet wide The lists were reopened and the
Fertilizers distributed at the rate of 200 lbs per acre April 15th the land waa
faeddrd wiih scooter
Planted April 21th in small furrow opened in the beds sowed the seed and cov
ered wiili a cotton planter
CultivationMay 15fb sided 25th reduced to a stand 12th plowed 25th
hoed and July 2d plowed last time
Seasons good average
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the nuturim
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aWilcoxGibbs Cos Manipulated Guano
aEureka Amd Bone Superphos of Lime
aSterns Amd Bone Superphos
Without fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
ser
applied
per acre
1st 2d
Picking Picking
200
200
200
lbs
Septi5Oct 12
lbs
10
9
9
3
3d
Pickin
Nov
10
7
lbs
4
4
4
5
Yiedin
eed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
1610
1470
1610
1050
i
369 SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS 43
EXPERIMENT OF MR C W SPROULL ROME FLOYD COUNTY GA
Mr Sproull received from the Department a sample o Bales Guano
Soil chocolate loam has been in cultivation ten years Original growth post
oak hickory pine and walnut
Previous treatmentThe plat was planted in oats in the fall of 1878 the stubble
turned under in the summer of 1879 and planted in peas the vines were taken off
in the fall for hay Previous to that the land was planted in turnips manured
with acid phosphate
PreparationOpened furrows with a common plain shovel distributed the fertil
izers and bedded withonehorse turn shovel Rows 35 yards long and three feet
wide
Fertilizers applied as shown in the tabular statement
Planted 2d of May in the usual manner
CullivationSided May 28th with scooter and board July 21 chopped to two
or three stalks to the hill 25th put to a stand of one and two stalks after siding
with shovel and board Subsequent cultivation done with sweep
Seasons in the main were favorable
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of eich picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Compost
Nothing
aBales Guano
Compost
Compost
Compost 300 lbs Biles Guano 50 lbs
Lbs of
fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
PickiDj
i let I
2d
Picking
Dec IS
500
280
1000
300
350
lbs
9
5
10
13
13
12
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs
13
15
16
12
11
10
lbs
1540
1400
1820
1750
1080
1540
EXPERIMENT OF MR W A SPEER McDONOUGH HENRY
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Speer received from the Department samples of Nonesuch Manipulated
Guano Obers Soluble Superphosphate of Lime and Wright Cos S lid Guano
Soil red and thirsty with good clay subsoil Has been in cultivation four years
Original growth oak hickory and pine
Previous treatmentIt was planted in corn the first year without guano second
year in cotton with 150 lbs guano per acre third and fourth years in cotton
with a generous application of commercial fertilizers
PreparationIn January the old cotton stalks were knocked down and the land
thoroughly broken about six inches deep wih long half turners March 25th
laid off rows 70yards long and three feet wide with long shovel plow and bedded
with common turn plow
Fertilizers used without composting were applied at different rates per acre
March 25tb by hand as shown in the tabular statement44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
370
Compost was made of onethird leaf mould onethird cotton seed onesixth
Obers Soluble Superphosphate and onesixth salt This lay three weeks after
being mixed and was then hauled out and applied directly from the wagon
Planted April 10th Opened beds with small scooter Planted with cotton
planter putting thirty pounds of Obers Soluble Superphosphate per acre with the
seed used for planting green seed mixed with common variety in equal quantities
CultivationMay 3d harrowed with common sixtooth harrow May 10th
Plowed with double stock 30th plowed with double stock with small scooter on
ront foot and shovel behind June 15th plowed again with shovel June 28th
plowed and July 12th plowed wiili scrape and short scooter
ReasonsHeavy rains April 13th The seasons from May to June 10th were
good very heavy rains about June 5ih and 10th dry from June 10th to 25th
good rains July 16th dry from then till August 4th The cool nights in July and
the low temperature in August suited vegetation The heat was never great or
excessive
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from he use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
app ied
per acre
1st
Picking
2d
Pickirg
Sept 5ISept 23
3d
Picking
Oct 12
4th
Picking
Nov a
cRussell Coes Amd Bone Sup Phos
Meirymans Amd Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizers
aObers Soluble Superphos Lime
Co mi post
Baldwins Amd Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
Compost
lbs oz
Yield in
Seed
cutton
per
Acre
lbs oz lbs oz
100 17 8 20 0 20 15
100 9 11 25 3 10 4
1 4 3 4 2 4
125 25 28 16 12
800 14 26 12 29 6
125112 8 24 26 7
6 4 12 3 13 4
000 18 10 35 9 28 6
lbs oz
11 14
11 13
0 8
8 12
13 3
10
5
15 4
lbs
1180
1184
690
1335
1440
1290
630
1670
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Com and Fodder produced per acre
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
pur acre
Bushels Lbs of
of Corn Fodder
per acreiper acre
Date nf
Planting
aOhers Soluble Superphos Lime
a Wright Cos Solid Gusino
National Amd Dissolved Bone
aNonesnoh Manipulated Guano
Without fertilizer
Orient Complete Manure
Compost
150 20 200
150 12 150
150 21 201
110 20 200
12 150
150 15 175
500 25 250
Mch 20

Date of
Maturity
Oof 15
Mr Speersays In the years 1878and 1879 neith
post benefitted us much on account of dry weather
and seasonable commercial guanos and compost h
er commercial guanos nor com
this year it having been cool
ave paid well My preference
371 SOII TEST OF FERTILIZERS 45
being for compost on account of its being more durable compost made after this
formula 750 pounds leaf mould 500 pounds cotton seed 400 pounds stable manure
300 pounds commercial guanos 50 pounds salt is far better than any commercial
guano used alone if the compost is applied at the rate of 650 pounds per acre on
cotton The land is not impoverished on this plan as with mo3t commercial guanos
EXPERIMENT OP MRWM MBROWNE PROF OF AGRICULTURE
IN THE STATE COLLEGE AT ATHENS CLARKE COUNTY
GEORGIA
Prof Browne received from the Department samples of Bradleys Patent Super
phosphate of LUne Baldwin and Cos Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Lowes Geor
gia Formula Vulcanite Guano No 2 for cotton Obers Soluble Superphos
phate of Lime and Sterling Guano
SoilThin gray surface with red clay subsoil Not cultivated for thirty years
Orsginal growth pine and oak
Preparation The land was thoroughly plowed in January with Lesters two
horse suboil plow Crossplowed with the same plow in February Bedded in
March with onehorse Brinly turnplow The plat is almost perfectly level It
was laid off in thirtynine sets of thirteen rows each three feet apart each set con
tained exactly onequarter acre
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre with DowLaw planter
April 1213 and 14 Compost was prepared according to the formula published
by the Department and applied at the rate of 600 lbs per acre
Plunled April 15th and following days with DowLaw planter opening drop
ping and covering the seed at one operation at the rate of one bushel of seed
rolled in ashes to the acre
CultivationMay 1st sided with Lester subsoiler 11th hoed and chopped out
15th plowed out the middles with shovel 18th hoed to a stand June 7th plowed
with Dixon sweep 14th hoed 24th swept July 5th hoed and July 15th
swept and laid by
Seasons prior to September favorable The drouth in June seemed to do no in
jury owing to the deep preparation of the seil and early deep working of the crop
Continued rains in October and November caused most of the top crop to rot gut
ting off the yield probably onethird46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
372
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers andJhat from tlie natural
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
1st
Picking
Aug SO
2d
Peking
3d
Pickinj
4 th
Picking
ept15 Sept 3 Oct 21
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Etiwan Guano
Patapsco Guano
Etiwan Ciop Food
Mastodon Amd Superphosphate
aBradleys Amd Dissolved Bone
Grange Mixture
aBaidwin Cos Amd Bis Bone
Monarch Guano
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
aLowes Georgia Formula
Cumberland Superposphate
oSterling Guano
DeLeons Complete Cotton Fertilizer
aVulcanite Guano No 2 for cotton
Gossypium Phospho
Pomona Guano
Orient Complete Manure
oOber Sons Superphos of Lime
CompostCotton seed siable ma
nure and Acid Phosphate
Nonfertilized rows average
200
200
200
2i0
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
600
lbs
47
45
71
72
81
70
G7
63
71
62
40 6
40 6
41 14
19 12
62 5
66 13
44 1
62 3
71 14
6 12
ozlbr oz lbs oz
77 14
74 6
67 2
88 10
69 8
54 7
61 15
44 1
64 12
47 12
43 15
44 11
40 4
26
69 2
46 12
56 12
54 6
60 4
10 12
86 8
47 2
63 4
64 4
47 9
56
55 14
69 9
60 4
63 12
54 8
63 4
56 4
74
87 14
65 3
58
66 8
14
lbs oz
82 12
79 12
63 2
74 11
68 10
75 4
82 5
79 14
29 4
27 8
31 12
32
30 1
31 8
34
54
29 4
23 4
51 14
42
lbs
1193
994
1196
1134
990
1070
972J
939
791
719
686
701
534
953
1022
781
791
1002
294
The nonfertilized rows between each set of those fertilized as above yielded
nearly precisely the same amount of seed cotton I have thereforefore only
given the average
Prof Browne says My experiments with wheat as tolvariety of seed quantity
of seed per acre drilled or hroadcast depth of planting comparative value of
fertilizers etc were all frustrated by the rapid ravages of rust in May
Experiments with oatsA to time of planting one acre well prepared liberally
fertilized sown with rustproof seed September 13th covered with harrow and
cut June 9th yielded 28 bushels One acre adjoining similarly treated sown No
vember 12th and cut June 14th yielded 31 bushels One acre sown January 20
and cut June 22d yielded 22 bushels Half acre sown November 12th top dressed
February 18th with 40 lbs nitrate of soda and cut June 15th yielded 22 bushels
or at the rate of 44 bushels per acre The natural soil was very thin
In answer to the following Give the results of your experience and observa
tions in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers and composts during the past
few seasons Prof Browne says
I repeat with renewed confidence my remark under this head last year namely
that no farmer can afford to do without fertilizers The influence of those brands
containing a high per centage of phosphoric acid in the early maturity of the
crop is fully equal in value to their action in increasing the yield I am inclined
to believe that if manufacturers would increase the per cent of phosphoric acid
and diminish the ammonia their fertilizers would be improvedSOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
47
373
EXPERIMENT OF MR J M DILL CLAY HILL LINCOLN CO GA
Mr Dill received from the Department samples of Georgia Chemical Works
Acid Phosphate and Mastodon Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
SMSandy loam has been in cultivation sixty years Original growth oak
and hickory
PrevioustreatmentThe plat was cultivated in potatoes in 1879 and manured
lightly with cotton seed and stable manure compost It was in corn and peas in
1878 manured with compost
Preparation Bedded with turnplow the latter part of March Rows three feet
wide and seventy yards long April 28th opened the middle furrows with 12inch
shovel and applied the
Fertilizers at the rate of 200 lbs andcompost at the rate of 400 lbs per acre
The compost was made according to the formula of the Department
Planted in small furrow opened in the bed May 4th and covered with horse
rake Good stand up on the 12th of May
CultivationMay 30th barred off with turnplow June 14th chopped to a
stand 16th plowed with 20inch sweep running twice to the row July 5th ran
two furrows to the row with 20inch sweep 10th chopped through with hoes
Seasons were favorable until the 15th of June had no rain then for seven weeks
August was too wet causing too great development of weed First killing frost
October 23d but most of the cotton was matured and opened at that time
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the yield per acre resulting from the use of
different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without Fertilizer
High grade Isitro Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
SeaFowl Guno
Without Fertilizer
Mastodon Am SuperPhosphate
Without Fertilizer
Compost
Without Fertilizeri
Mr Dill savs I believe that commercial fertilizers applied economically
will pay butmy experience is that a compost of stable manure and cotton seed
with a good acid phosphate composted by the formula of the Agricultural Depart
ment of the State is the cheapest and best fertilizer that can be used48
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
374
EXPERIMENT OF CAPT F D WIMBEELY BULLARDS TWIGGS
COUNTY GA
Capt Wimberly received from theDepartment samples of Colgate Manure and
Vulcanite Guano No 2 for cotton
Soil red has been in cultivation about sixty years Original growth oak hick
ory pine and walnut
Previous treatmentThe plat was planted in corn in 1879 and in oats the two
years preceding Very little manure has ever been used on the plat except cotton
seed when the land was planted in corn
PreparationThe land was broken early in January with a twohorse Reese
plow and the rows laid off exactly three feet wide and 140 yards long with a good
shovel In these furrows
Fertilizers were distributed through a trumpet at the rate of 200 lbs per acre
and the land bedded with turn plow
Planted early in May in small scooter furrows sowing seed by hand and cover
ing with a board A stand was secured in a few days
CultivationMay 25th plowed with double stock using two small scooters on
each foot June 1st chopped to nearly a stand 8th plowed second time with
olid sweep 29th hoed and put to a stand July 7th ran round with sweep
August 2d sided with sweep and laid by
SeasonsThere was no rain after planting until June 24th when there was a
light shower then no more rain until July 25th when a light shower fell Au
gust 1st there was a good rain and too much from that time forward causing
very rapid growth and heavy fruitage but too late to mature
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the
yield per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the nat
ural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st
Picking
Sept20
2d
Picking
Oct 15
aColgates Complete Manure
Natural soil
aVulcanite Guano No 2 for cotton
Natural soil
Whanns Plow Brand
200
200
200
lbs oz
14
10
16
10
15
lbs
14
11
14
12
14
Picking
Dec 20
6 8
5
Yield in
Seed
totiton
per
ere
lbs
595
450
630
480
590
Capt Wimberly says For the past few seasons the use of commercial fertilizers
has not paid me but I attribute it to the very dry summers I have had for the last
two years and having my crop almost entirely destroyed by hail three years ago

375
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
49
IB
EXPERIMENT OF ME E S WELLONS PERRY HOUSTON
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Wellons received from the Department samples Eulaw Fertilizer deep
black and Obers Dissolved Bone Phosphate 8 C
Soil gray and rather sandy with good red clay subsoil Has been in cultivation
forty or fifty years Original growth oak and pine the latter largely predomi
nating
Previous treatment The land was planted in cotton in 1877 without fertilizer
in corn in 1878 manured with cotton seed two bushels per acre was sown in
wheat in the fall of 1878 with fifteen or twenty bushels cotton seed per acre
PreparationThe stubble was turned over with a Dixie Plow February 5th
rows seventy yards long and three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre Composts were made
according to the formula of the Department These were applied in deep furrows
and bedded on April 19th
Planted April 19th in small scooter furrows made in the top of the beds and
covered with board
CultivationMay 6th chopped to a stand ahead of the plow 19th sided with
sweep 27th hoed June 12th plowed with sweep July 7th hoed and plowed
with sweep July 21st plowed with sweep
Seasons were very good until June 1st when a drouth of seven weeks ensued
It was followed by rather too much rain causing the cotton to shed and the boll
worm to injure it somewhat Altogether I do not regard the season as favorable
for cotton on gray land
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
Gossypium Phospho
Not manured
Whanns Raw Bone Superphosphate
Not manured
aEutaw Fertilizer deep black
Not manured
aObers Dissolved Bone Compost
Not manuFed
Patapsco Acid Phosphate Compost
Without fertilizer
Wando Fertilizer Compost
Without fertilizer
1st I 2d 3d
Picking Picking Picking
Sept 1 Sept26lNov 11
200
200
200
400
400
400
12
lbs oz
4
3
3
2 8
5
3
6
2
4
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
lbs oz
7
7
lbs
805
507
630
429
840
490
787
376
752
429
735
402
Mr Wellons says My experience and observation also teach me that good
guano uniformly pays and my observation the present season in several instances
convinces me that sometimes it pays to use commercial fertilizers very heavily
particularly acid phosphate composted with stable manure and cotton seed
450
Department of agricultureGeorgia
376j
EXPERIMENT OF ME WM A TUBNEE NEWNAN COWETA
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Turner received from the Departmentsamples of Bradleys Patent Super
phosphate and L R Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Soil gravelly with good clay suboil Has been in cultivation five or sixyearc
Original growth oak red and post hickory pine and chestnut
Previous treatment The land has been cultivated in corn and cotton was ma
nured with compost of cotton seed stable manure and Acid Phosphate in 1879
Preparation The land was broken with onehorse turn shovel subsoiled with
narrow scooter in the rows manures put in and bedded on with turn shovelsrows
thirtyfix inches wide and seventy yards long
FertVigers commercial were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre other
manures 400 pounds per acre Compost made according to the formula of the
Department
Planted May 1st Beds opened with small scooter Seed sown by hand and
covered with double plow
Culkaiion May 28th sided with small scooter and board June 8lh plowed
with scooter and scrape June 28th plowed with short shovel and scrape July
10th plowed with shovel and scrape and again with the same plow August 6th
Hoed after each of the first three plowings and chopped through last of July
Seasons Too wet till middle of June interrupting cultivation Temperature
favorable up to that time After that there was rain enough to the middle of
July when a drouth commenced causing a loss of most of the fruit except the July
crop Cotton grew very well till August after which there was but little growth
till thet first of September
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of ifferent fertilizers and that from the natural
name op fertilizer
Four rows to each all picked
aBradleys Patent Superphos
Without Fertilizer
L N Amd Sol Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
Acid Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
King Guano
Without lertilizer
Atlantic
Without Fertilizer
ZJlls Economiz r
Without Fertilizer
Compost stable manure cotton
seed and acid phosphate
With out Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
applied
per acre
1st 5d
Picking Pickini
Sept 2 Sept
bs oz
20U 15 6
6
200 14
10
200 7
4 10
COO 14
6 2
200 17
6 6
200 11
1 9
401 16 5
1 5
lbs oz
37 6
21
24 8
31 8
23 8
20 8
40
24 14
46 8
22 2
26
15 2
41 5
11 11
3d
Picking
Oct
4 til
Picking
I Yield in
5th Seed
Picking Cotton
per
Dec s Acre
lbs oz
18
10 8
13
15
12
13
19 8
16 9
21 8
12 8
12 4
12
15 6
7 5
lbs oz lbs oz
9 6 1 6
9 1 8
7 1 8
7 8 1
7 12 12
8 6 1
6 8 1
U 7 2 8
7 8 1 4
7 1
6 1 12
9 5 1 8
7 8 1 12
7 5 3 6
lbs
1452
840
1050
1120
892
848
1417
1176
1640
57
997
691
1439J
M2f377
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
5L
EXPERIMENT OF MR J C BREWER ANTIOCH HEARD
COUNTY GEORGIA
Soil day original growth oak hickory and pine Cleared in 1864 Planted
in com last yeir Owing lo sickness in Mr Brewers family he did not keep the
usual records of preparation cultivation etc
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Collon produced in which are given the weight of each picking the yield ner acre
resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OF FERTILIZER tha of Fertili zrr applied imt acre 1st Picking 2d Picking 3d Picking 4th Picking field in Seed Cotton per Acre

200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 lbs 490 459 177 420 468 178 452 471 187 479 461 191 684 781 390 840 630 420 670 652 430 661 672 437 IS 490 457 490 49 528 420 501 521 429 518 507 431 lbs 289 293 320 270 347 430 351 362 438 341 301 439 lbs 1945
1989
Without Fitiliz 1477J
2020
1973
1438 1974
Baldwin Ci 2008
1489
1999
1941
1508

EXPERIMENT OP MR S P ODOM DRAYTON DOOLY COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr O lorn received from the Department samples of Star Brand Complete Cot
ton Yanure Pomona Guano and Empire Guano
Soil sandy with light clay aubsoil has been in cultivation four years Orig
inal srnwth pine mixed with oak
Previous treatmentThe land was cleared in the spring of 1877 and sowed broad
cast in field peas and in 1878 it was cultivated in corn in 1879 in cotton No
fertilizers were ever applied to the plat till this year
PreparationThe land was broken February 2d with bulltongue ecooter very
close Aril 1st the rows were run off forty inches apart and seventy yards long
with a small shovel plow arid in these furrows the fertilizers were applied and
the land bedded with halfshovels except the middles which were opened with
straight shovel
Ferti izers were received too late to be used in composts
Plinled April 22 1 by opening the beds with a small scooter followed by a V
block in this tli3 seed were sown and covered with a board A perfect stand was
secured in ten days
CultivationMay 20th plowed with 18inch sweep and chopped to a stand May
23 1 lie I iuae 7thand plowed agiin with an 18inch sweep June22d plowed
with sweep and hoed July 13ih plowed with sweep and hoed52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
378
Seasons were not favorable It rained April 27 28 29 and 30 May 1 2 3 9
1011 12 20 21 22 June 24 and 25 lightly July 710 11 accompanied with
damaging storms 21 22 27 28 29 and 30 August 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 18
25 26 28 29 30 31 November 4 5 6 7 S 9 11 12 17 18 19 21 22 23 2425
27 28 30
RemarkThis is a very remarkable record of rainy days making a season en
tirely too wet for the cotton plant
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natu
ral soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
lbs of Yield in Yield in
Fertili 1st 2d 3d 4ih Seed Lint
zer ap Picking Picking Picking Picking Cotton Cotton
plied pr per per

Acre Sept 2 Sept 18 Oct 13 Nov 22 Acre Acre
100 49 10 56 3 57 51 3 214 73 79
10P 55 3 63 7 61 10 52 232 4
50 23 2 39 36 42 3 140 5 48
49 54 182 141 8 426 8 132
200 192 199 173 158 722
113 143 129 100 485
Plat ho 1
aStar Brand Complete Cotton
Manure
Wbanns Plow Brand Raw Bone
Superposphate
aPomona Guano
Unmanured
Plat No 2
aEmpire Guano
Unmanured
EXPERIMENT OF MR A P WISDOM CARROLLTON CARROLL
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Wisdom received from the Department samples of Potomac Guano and
Soluble Pacific Guano
Soil Mulatto with red clay subsoil has been in cultivation 40 or 50 years
original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe plat was planted in corn in 1878 manured with stable
manure and cotton seed In 1879 it was sowed in wheat with 30 bushels of cot
ton seed broad cast per acre
PreparationThe stubble was turned in December with a onehorse turn plow
about four inches deep April 16th rows were laid off 3 feet wide and 70 yards
long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 147 pounds to the acre April 16th in
shovel plow furrow and ran a narrow scooter in the bottom of the furrow listed
with a scooter and finished the beds with turn plow
Planted April 23d in small coulter furrow and covered with harrow
CultivationMay 1st ran a harrow over the beds 8th sided with half scrapes
12th chopped to a stand two stalks width of the hoe 28th plowed outthe middles
with scooter and scraper repeated this June 4th plowed July 1st and 12th and
hoed 15th and laid by
Seasons were too wet for cotton until middle of August then there was a twelve
days drouth that caused the cetton to shed

379
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
TABULAB STATEMENT
53
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilisers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertili
zer ap
plied pr
Acre
1st
Pickinc
21
Picking
Date
Aug 3
3d
Picking
4th
Picking
Date Date
Sept 28 Nor 10
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per
Acre
Soluble Bacifio Guano
Eagle Amd Dis Bone
Potomac Guano
Bobersons Dis Bone for Com
Compost
Cob Ashes
All mixed
Nothing
lbs 147 u it u a a it a lbs oz lbs 8 7 8 6 6 4 9 2 oz 8 8 8 lbs 8 10 9 9 9 7 9 6 oz 8 8 8 lbs oz 3 4 4 5 5 3 4 3






lbs
443
525J
501
478
466
328
525
235
EXPERIMENT
OF MR GEO S BLACK
GEORGIA
ROME FLOYD COUNTY
Gen Black received from the Department samples of Bales Standard Guano
and Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
SoilDark mulatto upland with stiff red clay subsoil has been in cultivation
thirty years original growth oak hickory poplar and black walnut
Previous treatmentThe plat was cultivated in cotton in 1878 and 1879 lightly
manured broadcast with barnyard scrapings Previous to 1878 had been alter
nated in corn cotton and small grain without fertilizer
PreparationIt was broken in March with long squarepointed steel scooter
rows laid off 3 feet wide 70 yards long bedded with one horse Brinley turnplow
Fertilizers were applied in March and the land bedded in the usual way
Planted April 16th seed dropped with Dow Law planter and covered with iron
toothed harrow Peeler variety
CultivationMay 7th sided with half sweep bar next to the cotton followed
on the 10th with hoes chopping to two or three stalks to the hill May 29thi
plowed again with half sweep this time with wing next to cotton followed with
hoes and reduced to a stand June 22d plowed with narrow scooter and hoed
July 20th laid by with Dickson sweep
SeasonsApril 25th and 29th heavy cold baking rains May 1st and 2d frost
followed by cold east wind which injured young cotton No rain from April
29th to May 21st In the mean time the ground baked and checked the growth
of cotton May 27th had a light warm rain which was beneficial Light showers
on the 1st 3d 6th 18ih 25th and 27th June all of which were beneficial though
not good seasons In July there were light showers on the 3d 7th and 21st In
August on the 2d 12th and 23d the last was accompanied by a severe wind and
hail storm which did great damage to crops54
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
3S0
TABULAE STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which ore given rie weight and date ofearJi picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
lbs of 1st Td 1 11 Tti Id in
F rti i Tick ngPii king V kirg I i irp ml
fer up i nn
pliid pr Date Bate Di te I
Acie
Not Fertilized
flBules Standard Guano
Not Fertiliz d
aBradhys Ammoniad Disnlved Bmit
Not Fertilized
Lorentz it Bitters Sd Am Sop
Kot Feitilized
Merrvmans Am Dissolved Bore
Not Fertilized
Ph
1 ir
At re
lbs
266
00
206
ao
lbs oz 5 8 5 8 9 8 6 9 6 9 8 7 lbs 12 15 i is 11 14 12 15 12 oz 8 8 8 lbs oz 9 6 8 8 7 8 9 6 8 9 lbs oz






8
lbs
910
lr0
875
1120
910
1075
910
110
945
Gen Black says I know by experiments which I have made that c nimercial
fertilizers accelerate the growth of the cotton plant and maturity of the fruit and
to that extent is beneficial but aside from that I do not jrgs rd it a a y ying in
vestment on our stiff clay land On the ridges and on our piney woods land it
pays much better especially if thesoil be gray and and light It pays bst on
rich land especially where it contains a fair supply of hnmup
It is but fair to say however that a majority of our fanners regard it as a pay
ing investment and perhaps it is
EXPERIMENT OF ME SM H BYBr CEDAKTOWN TOLK COUNTY
GEOKGIA
Maj Byrd received from the Department samples of Gossypium Pluspho Ober
Sons Dissolved Bone Phosphate Merrymans Acid Phosphate and Charleston
Acid Phosphate
Soil a mixture of red and gray land being in a flat with gray land on one side
and red on the other Has been in cultivation twelve years Original growth
scrubby postoak and some pine
Previous treatmentThe land was in corn in 1876 and in cotton in 1877 1878
and 1879
PreparationThe land was broken with a long scooter plow in March Furrows
were opened the fertilizers applied a few days before planting and the land bedded
with a one horse turn plow Rows 3 feet wide and 140 yards Ion
Fertilizers used without compost were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per
acre Each brand was composted as follows 150 lb cotton seed and 150 lbs
stable manure were composted wiih 100 lbj of each of the brands used Major
Byrd estimates the cotton seed and stable manure 300 lb of the two as equal in
value to 100 lbs of the commercial fentlizrs for which they were substituted
Eesults show that their agricultural value was much greater

I
381
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
55
Planted middle of April in small furrow opened in the bed and covered with
O barred with small turn shovel May loth chopped through
h hoe sxteen days afterward sided with shovel and chopped to a stand June
pzrtir scoter
Mm were very good except that part of the land was too wet in the spring
TABULAE STATEMENT
Of Cotton produce in which are given the weight and date of each picking
the VnaltmUoUre the use dierent fertilizers and that from
NAME OF FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertilizer
apil ed
jer ncie
aGossypium Phospho
100 lbs and 300 lbs cotton seeded manure
aOber Sons Dis Bone Phosphate
100 lbs and 300 IbTcottonseedand
manure
aMerrymans Acid Pnosphate
100 lb and 300 lbs eottonseedandma
nure
aCbarleston Acid Phosphate
t 00h and 300ibcottonSeedand manure
i Acid Phosphate S C
T and 300 lbs cotton seed and manure
Without Fertilizer
lbs
200
400
200
400
200
400
200
400
200
400
Yield in
ieed
Jotton
pei acre
lbs
1250
1550
1200
1425
1150
1500
1100
1250
900
1300
809
Maj Byrd says in regard to the use of fertilizers They have all paid so
i I far as my experience and observation go Have not known of any worthless
articles used
The results of the compost with 100 lbs per acre of the commerciarfertil izers
estimating the cost of the 400 lbs of compost as Maj Byrd does as equal to that
of 200 lbs of the commerchl fertilizers is quite satisfactory
I I EXPERIMENT OF MR ED T SHEPHERD COLUMBUS MUSCOQE
COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Shepherd received from the Department samples of Wando Fertilizer P
i mona Guano and L R Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Soil sandy loam river flit cleared by the Indians and in constant cultivation by
i i whiles for over fifty years without rest Original hard wood growth oak hickory
i and poplar
Previous treatmentThe land was in oats in 1879 was in cotton for many years
previous and manured repeatedly with commercial fertilizers
Preparation The land was thoroughly broken with a threehorse Hughes sulky
plow then bedded on the fertilizer with Watts turning plow Rows 300 yards
long and 3 feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate 200 lbs per acre56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
382
Planted in the latter part of April using fine improved seed
CultivationAs soon as the cotton was up it was sided with solid sweep and
hoed out and subsequently plowed every two weeks with twohorse double sweeps
and hoed a few days after each plowing till it was ready to be picked
Seasons favorable until about the 20th or 22d of May when the heaviest rain
ever known here fellnearly ten incheswhich seems to have dissolved and taken
off all the soluble portions of the manures applied as they seem to have done no
good on the experimental plat nor on any other part of the cr p all of which
was manured with phosphates of other brands in equal quantities
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Cotton produced in which are given the yield per acre resulting from the use of
different fertilizers and that from the natural soil
NAME OP FERTILIZER
lbs of
Fertilizer
applied
per acre
Yield in
Seed
Cotton
per acre
aWando Fertilizer
aPomona Guano
L R Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
lbs
200
200
200
lbs
800
875
760
720
EXPERIMENT OF MR CHAS H SMITH CARTERSVILLE BAR
TOW COUNTY GEORGIA
Mr Smith received from the Department samples of Bales Standard Guano
Mound City Guano and Wando Acid Phosphate
Soil light gray Been in cultivation twenty years Original growth red oak
Previous treatmentThe land was cleared four years ago It was turned tinder
and the land planted in cotton in 1878 and 1879 and manured freely with barn
yard manure
The plat of five acres was planted in cornhills checked four feet apart each
way two slalks to the hill Bales Guano was received in time and distributed in
eight rows The other fertilizers were not received until the corn was tip and was
applied by the side of the corn each to eight rows with four unfertilized rows
between the fertilized plats
Fertilizers wereapplied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
Planted the corn March the 15th
Cultivated thoroughly plowing both ways through the checks
TABULAR STATEMENT
Of Corn and Fodder produced per acre
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Feitilizer apiiliod per acre Bushels of Corn pur acre Date of Planting Date of Maturity
200 200 200 38 44 48 32 Mchl5 a It it Sept 1

it
it

383
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
57
Mr Smith says the fodder on the rows to which the fertilizer was applied at
the time of planting was heavier than on those to which it was applied at the
first plowing of the corn though the latter produced more corn This is in ac
cordance with the experience of others who have experimented with applying the
manure at different stages of the growth of the corn The brace roots which do
not ordinarily put forth until the stalk has nearly completed its growth seem
to serve the double purpose of supporting the stalk in position and supplying
food for the production of the ear The later applications are utilized by these
roots
EXPERIMENT OF MR T J CASON HARTWELL HART COUNTY
GEORGIA
Mr CaBon received a sample of Gossypium Phospho which was sent to Mr
Seidell Secretary Hart County Agricultural Society from the Department for
soil test
Soil gray sandy with yellow clayey subsoil The plat was cleared from old
field pines eight years ago The original growth before first clearing was mixed
pine oak chestnut and other kinds of small growth such as hickory dog
wood etc
Previous treatmentThe plat was in oats in 1879 and has been in cotton and
oats since it was cleared with but little if any fertilizers
PreparationThe land was broken 1st of February with bull tongue plow five
or six inches deep Furrows were opened 30th of March with straight shovel fol
lowed with bull tongue plow in the same furrow running about seven inches deep
In these furrows the
Fertilizers were distributed at the rate of 200 pounds per acre March 30th and
covered with a patent plow called the Boy Plow a bull tongue following in these
furrows also The beds were finished by the same plow The rows were 35 yards
long and three and onehalf feet wide
Planted 16th of April in small bulltongue furrow covered with board and had
a good stand April 26th
CultivationSided May 4th with sweep chopped 12th May nearly to a stand
and plowed again 24th May with sweeps June 2d chopped again 17th plowed
again with sweeps and 29th plowed out middles July 5th chopped again
SeasonsWere good to June 1st very warm and dry first half of June Rain
fall March 9 inches April 625 May 240 June 3 July 160 August 550
September 245DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA
TABULAR STATEMENT
3S4J
Of Cotton produced in which are given the weight and date of each picking the yield
per acre resulting from the use of different fertilizers and that from the natural
NAME OF FERTILIZER l8 of F nilister Applied pr Acre 200 200 201 200 1st Pickin Aftgas 118 OZ 14 1 3 1 5 21 Picking Sept 8 3d Picking Mi Picking Yield in seed Co HOD per Acre
Sept 25 Oct 13
lbs oz 2 10 lbs oz 2 9 lbs oz 10 14 2 2 7 2 15 lbs 496
3 2 3 8 510
1 10 3 4 4 3 9 2 8 491
OiVT Sons Sol Superphns if Lime Unferhliz rowu avrffe 499 326
The unfertilized column is an average of all the unfertilized rows which were
between those fertilized
Mr J M Huie Jnnesboro Clayton county received Lyon Gnano and at ranged
his plat with care bit failed lo get a stand of cotton and hence was unable to
report accurate results
Mr Samuel F GraySunny Side Spadin county received samples of Russell
Coes Ammonia ted Bone Si per phosphate Soluble Pacific Guano Se Fowl Guano
and Stale Grange Fertilizer and applied them to corn on bottom land which as
ovetflowed and the experiment ruined He says I applied a Ion to the acre
and there were some spots on the acre not washed away that made at the rate of
140 bushels per acre
Mr A E Tarver Bartow Jefferson county received samples of Barrys Bi
phosphateof Lime Eliwan Dissolved Bone and Georgia Chemical Works Acid
Phosphate and applied them to cotton but failed to keep an account of the pick
ings
Mr F Grant Trotip Brunswick Glynn county received a sample of Vulcan
ite Giano No 1 for rice He applied it torice as directed hut had his crop
destroyed by a gale in October and hence was unable to report accurate results
Mr M S Paden Woodstock Cherokee county received samples of Bales
Standard Guano and Gossypium Poospho but had the misfortune to have his arm
broken in the spring which prevented the bestowal of his personal attention to the
experiment and hence was unable to report results
Mr James Harwell Covington Nwton county received samples of Mastodon
Ammoniaed Soluble Phosphite Sternes Anamoniated Boiie Superphosphate and
Vulcanite Guano No 2 for cotton and applied them as directed but failed to
secure a stand and hence could not report accurate results
Mr O A Adams Ainericu Sinhter county received only on of the three
brands assigned him viz Charleston Acd Phosphate with which he did not ex
periment
Mr Tnos W Gean Athens Clarke county Ga received samples of Dixie
Ammoniatel Phosphate and Ptintups Shell Lime and applied them but Bimply
reports a failure
BOII TEST OF FEETILIZEE8
59
3S5
Mr John Turner Culverton Hincoek county received samples of Barrys
Acid Phosphate Vulcai ite Guano No 2 for cotton and L and R Animoniated
Soluble Phosphate which he composted but during liis absence as a witness in
the U S Court in Savannah Ga his composts were mixed so that no accurate
report could be made
Mr W A Davis Macon Bibb county Ga received samples of E Frank Oes
Aramoniated Bone Superphosphate Crescent Bone and Eutaw Acid Poosphate
but had the misforlune to have his house with all his papers destroyed and hence
Was unable t report
Mr Robert Wayne Dublin Liurens countv received samples of Eutaw Fertil
izer Light Black Georgia Fertilizer and Potomac Guano which he carefully
applied for test and kept accurate records of every poc89 connected with the
test but had the misfortune to have his house with all of his pipers burned in
October thus losing his memoranda and hence could make no report
Mr S L Hdlingsworlh Buford Gwinnett county received samples of Lion
I Guano Eureka Ammoniated B ne Superphosphate of Lime and Navassa Guano
and commenced the experiment but turned it over to Mr R L Marbut Buford
Ga who did not have the necessary data for an accurate report
REMARK
This report lias been delayed by the unfavorable weather for picking cotton
during the months of Nobember and December which retarded the termination
of the experiment Quite a number of the experimenters have not yet reported
but it is not deemed proper to delay the report longer and hence it is put to press
without them J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureREPORTS OF TESTS OF SED DISTRIBUTED FROM
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF GEOR
GIA IN THE SPRING OF 1880
HERLONG COTTON
Banks CoMr Chandler says The yield and quality as good as the beat
Mr Martin Eesulta satisfactory in yield and quality
Mr Langford Fine crop of bolla killed by frosttoo late for this climate
yield poor quality good
Mr Brown Very fruitful but rather late for thia climate yield fair quality
good
Bartow CoMr Martin saya The three varieties of cotton yielded as fol
lowe Petit Gulf 400 pounds seed cotton per acre Herlong 840 pounds Jones
Improved 1360 pounds common white seed cotton 1000 pounds per acre
Cobb CoMr McElreth Yield not so good aa Petit Gulf rather late for this
climate
Mr BarnesRather late for this climate
Hall CoMr SimmonsNot more than twenty seed came up It is very
prolific and a fine cotton but rather late
Mr Rogers Planted 20th of May is well fruited but entirely too late for this
climate None picked Oct 22d while nearly every boll of the old green seed cot
ton is open and picked out
F M Johnson Superior to any of the prolific cottons in thia community
waa compared with half dozen other kinds
Bibb CoR B ParkProduced from onehalf to onethird more than the
ordinary cotton under 8ame circumstances
It Lee Holt It ia all that is claimed for it
Carroll CoB A Sharp Failed to get a stand only 200 plants matured
from which twenty pounds were picked to 28th October It was two weeks later
blooming than common cotton
Calhoun CoF A Parkins Thirtyone pounds seed cotton made eleven
and a half pounds lint
Clinch CoDavid Cowart Excels any I ever saw Have saved all the seed
for planting next year
H D OQuinn A splendid cotton I will save all the seed to plant another
year
Cowbta Co S L Steed A very prolifiic variety and valuable in every
respect
387
BOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
61
J C MixonYielded 10 percent more than Dickeon more easily gathered
lint 15 per cent better
Henry CoWm G Horsley It has large bolls short limbs and is prolific
quite superior to my old kind in yield
Morgan CoE E BrobstonPlanted April 16th in an old peach orchard
soil sandy loam no guano used was in oats in 1879 exposure southeast had
only threefourths stand on account of heavy rain followed by drouth Each va
riety was planted in fifteen rows forty yards long
HERLONG
Yielded in seed cotton 1st picking 10 lbs
2d 10
u ii ii qj ii 7
4th 10
5th 12
ii 6th 15
Total 64 lbs
Twentyseven pounds ginned yielded nine pounds lint
JONES LONG STAPLE PROLIFIC
Yielded in seed cotton 1st picking 18 lbs
ii ii ii 2d 19
ii ii 3d 13
ii ii i 4th 14
ii ii 5th 21
ii 6th 15
Total100 lbs
Fifty pounds ginned made eighteen pounds lint
JONES IMPROVED
Yielded in seed cotton 1st picking 4 lbs
ii ii 2d 10
ii ii ii ii 3d 19
ii 4th 15
5th 18
ii 6th 10
Total 76 lbs
Thirty pounds ginned made nine and a half pounds lint
The same number of rows of Dillard cotton made fiftyeight pounds seed cotton
with a full stand
John W Burney Herlong planted by the side of common cotton yielded one
third more62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTUREGEORGIA 388
McDupfie CoA E Slurgis Planted Herlong cotton seed in sandy loam
with loam city subsoil applied thirty bushels green cotton seed and 103 pounds
Patapco Guano broadcast per acre and turned it under applied seventyfive
pounds Patapsco per acre in the drill finished picking Oct 27th and on the 3d
ginned it and got at the rate of 610 pounds lint per acre
Ogletiiokpe CoS D Hardigree Fertilized and cultivated alike
Herlong yielded in seed cotton102 lbs
Jones Improved yielded in sted cotton 90
Petit Gulf 83
Improved Simpson 86
G B Smith Planted equal plats fertilized and cultivated alike in the fol
lowing varieties and with results as stated
Herlong J stand yielded in seed cotton104 lbs
Jones Long Staple f stand yielded in seed cotton105
Improved Simpson good stand yielded in seed cotton11G
The Jones is a very fine long staple cotton
Troup CoW K LordPlanted Herlong cotton on land that would pro
duce about 600 lbs seed cotton of ordinary varietyhave gathered 800 lbs per
acre and will get 200 lbs more
Toney Linam Herlong planted by the Bide of the Dickson cotton yield and
quality better I consider it an excellent variety
JONES IMPROVED COTTON
Bartow CoMrs S E MartinThe three varieties of cotton yielded under
the same circumstances as follows
Petit Gulf yielded in seed cotton per acre 400 lbs
Herlong 840
Jones Improved 1360
Common white seed cotton yielded in seed cotton per acre 1000
J T Lindley Did not give satisfactory results
Cobb CoH S BarnesPlanted on high red land and applied 200 pounds
Eureka Guano per acre Though there was not more than half a stand and in
jured by drouth the yield per acre was 910 pounds seed cotton
Floyd CoThos Reynolds Doesnt suit our country too late doesnt
mature well
S M II ByrdThink it a very desirable kind It is productive as early aa
any other the bolls very large cotton holds well in the burs and yet is not hard to
pick
Bibb Co Albert E Johnson It is a good cotton Planted on same day and
same plat of land will make onefourth more than my old stock of cotton Its
quality compares favorably with that of other varieties
Dr Lee HoltDid not prove a successtoo dry
MeriweTher CoWm J EllisHardly any difference between Jones Im
proved cotton and the ordinary seed used here and much inferior to what we call
the bigboll cottonmm

3S9 SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS 63
JONES LONG STAPLE UPLAND COTTON
Floyd CoTim Reynolds It is the best cotton I ever have seen Will
make from 250 hills 125 pounds cotton
Eibb CoA E JohnsonStaple fine but yield not so good as Jones Ira
provtd t
Clarke CoA S DorseyI find it a very large fine boiled long staple
cotton Planted three rows 100 feet longstand not very good I have picked
from the ihree rows 23J pounds seed cotton and expect to get ten or fifteen more
It is a fine as any cotton I ever saw
Hancock Co J E Lewis Had a poor stand on account of a baking rain
221 of May two days after it was planted The lint is longer and the bolls larger
than the varieties commonly grown The yield compares favorably with that of
short staple cotton The plant is a vigorous grower and branches early The
cotton does not fall from the boll and is somewhat harder to pick I expect to
plant it next year
PlKB CoK J PowellPlanted two sacks each of Petit Gulf and Jones
Long Staplehave gathered to date from Jones Long Staple 259 pounds seed
cotton from Petit Gulf 310 pounds Jones seems to be more backward than the
Petit Gulf as there is more still to openthe bolls are larger Weather unfavor
able to both but think both good cottons
Calhoun CoF A ParkinsLint whitest seen Fifteen pounds seed cotton
gave 5f pounds lint
Sumter CoT M MerrittIt is a fine variety as to quality but not quan
tity has fine large bolls fine staple and does not fall out but the yield not extra
large compared with common cotton
PETIT GULF COTTON
Banks CoC T Burgess Petit Gulf cotton seed badly mixed with other
varieties Yield fair quality good
H WadeThey were badly mixed with other varieties Yield fair quality
g Cobb CoW A McEIreth Lint fine and very white yielded 300 pourds
per acre more than common cotton the best for thin land of any I have tried
John P Martin Planted 28th April on red land fertilized with 150 pounds
Cumberla d Guano per acre yield 1722 pounds seed cotton per creonethird
more than other varieties
N E Williams Yielded on gray land 1000 pounds per acre 200 pounds
more than Jones Improved
Hall CoC C Sanders The staple is fine and yield wonderful
Pauldisg CoBenj T Drake The Petit Gulf is the best of four varieties
tested
Bibb CoA M Locket and J W Myrick Limbs too long and not prolific
enough hi s very large
Clarke CoA S DorseyBolls small staple short not desirable by any
means6t DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 390
Geo T Murrell Received packages of Jones Improved cotton seed Herlong
and Petit Gulf and planted each of them and some of the common Cotton in
nine rows three feet wide and sixty feet long The stand averaged a stalk every
twenty inches The production from the nine rows was respectively as follows
Jones Improved produced 34 lbs seed cotton
Herlong 30
Petit Gulf 26
Common Cotton 28
Jones Improved superior to the others in quality of staple sheds its forms less
in dry weather and has larger bolls than the other varieties The yield of each
was small on account of several weeks of drouth
CarroiIi CoM E Bussell It makes a large stalk with long limbs and
long joints bolls large fruited well is ten days to two weeks later than other
varieties planted will get at the rate of 1500 pounds seed cottonper acre
N T SkinnerIts growth was vigorous and healthy and it fruited heavily
but I find it a little later than other varieties and therefore not so well adapted
to this section of country
Coweta CoWH Steed A large boiled long limbed variety but not pro
lifiic enough to be valuable
J C Mixon Lint longer and finer than Herlong or Dickson but later
DeKalb CoT J Flake The Petit Gulf grew fruited and retained its
fruit and foliage It grew at least onethird larger than the common cotton that
Was planted next to it and treated in the same manner and I think made one
third more cotton It is my opinion that the Petit Gulf is an excellent poor land
cotton
HANCOck CoJohn R Lewis The Petit Gulf is an excellent cotton supe
rior in every respect to the prolific varieties which have run this section wild
Oglethorpe CoPaul W Durham Bolls very small did not yield as
well as the Simpson variety on the same land
Sumter CoT M MerrittAm particularly pleased with the Petit Gulf
cotton It makes slowly and retains its forms better than any other variety
planted The bolls are small fibre fine and yields onefourth more than the com
mon kinds It has stood drouth this year without shedding
R AMESES COTTON
Bibb CoDr Lee Holt Barneses cotton a failure
Henry CoWm G Horsley Quite Rimilar to theHerlong very good cot
ton quite superior to the old kind in yield
Clinch CoH D OQuinnRameses very much like the Herlong very
prolific splendid cotton will save all the seed to plant another year
NEWMANS WHITE PROLIFIC CORN
Banks CoJ W Chasteen Results satisfactory yield and quality good
Bartow CoMrs S E Martin Yielded 23J bushels per acre
R H Dodd Planted onesixteenth acre well prepared and manured yieldHUM
391
SOIL TEST OF FEKTILTZEKB
65
about five ihkpbm corn eara small grain hard ana mntyon popcorn order
not desirable
Cobb CoJ T Lindley Ears very small but will produce from two to six
ears to the stalk will not do to plant lor a crop
NoteC H Anderson says the Buncombe cabbage are the finest he ever
raised
J S CampIt did well and yielded well
W A McElreth Yields from three to five small ears to the stalk grain very
short dont think it valuable for general cultivation
H S Barnes Newmans prolific corn planted April 28tlf without manure
made at the rate of thirtytwo bushels per acre was ripe by the 20th of August
The result was satisfactory
Floyd CoH T KinnebrewPlanted the Newmans prolific white earn
April 20ih it was ripe for bread August 15th Oneeighth of an acre planted
yielded four or five bushels It yields nearly twice as much as other varieties
I think it advisable to plant a small portion of the corn each year on account of
its early maturity
Polk CoS M H ByrdNewmans prolific corn is very fine had from two
to four ears to each stalk the ears are not so large as the common corn but of
fair size and very sound
NoteThe tobacco seed were given to tobacco users who report good results
quality goodHavana best
Paulding CoB T Drake It is fine very prolific
WalkerJohn B Henderson Planted 2d May on very rich clay soil in
rows4J feet apart and thinned to sixteen inches in the drill It matured in twelve
weeks producing from three to four ears from six to nine inches long on each
stalk Two crops of this corn can be made on the same ground in one year in
this latitude I think it a very desirable corn for early and late roasting ears
Bibb CoA E Johnson This is an early corn produces a great deal more
than the common gourd seed corn but dont think it is quite so nutritious as the
large kind
W D H Johnson Season too dry had from one to four ears to the stalk
ears small and long Would do to plant a part of a crop to get the benefit of early
rains
NoteBuncombe cabbage did well considering the drouth better than those
from northern seed with the same attention
Dr Lee HoltSeason too dry but the corn is too small for our farmers
Hudson corn had from four to six ears to the stalk very small am not pleased
with it
NoteBuncombe cabbage given to laborers proved a great success
Clayton CoE Huie Am well pleased with Newmans prolific corn the
ears were small the grain firm and flinty The yield was goodam confident I
made onethird more on the plat than on those adjoining planted in the common
corn of the country Am not prepared to say it would be safe to risk a whol
crop in it will test it further next yearDEPARTMENT OF AGRICUtTLTKFGEORGIA
392
M B Russell Planted the corn 22d of June it grew rapidly
nred quick making from two to three ears to the stalk I think it a good
iting The distribution of seed from your department is
doing good n our section acting as a stimulus to the farmers
N T SkinnerPlanted 2d week in March its growth was rapid matured
irly made from two to four ears to the stalkthough they were small a
vry fin or early use ns roasting ears and for bread it is the best variety
I like it so well I txpoet to plant several acres with it next
XOTKUot a poor stand of Buncombe cabbage the few that lived made fine
it flavor
fenriA CoJ C Mixon A poor corn for me
V L MangumPlanted Hudson and Newmans prolific corn
i fine prolific varieties and valuable ripening ten or fifteen days
earli other varieties andthe yield is as good if not better than that of
rn Jadge Pegg ier delighted with his and thinks of planting it
CoTonyLinnin JrFind Newmans prolific corn from fourteen
iee weeks earlier than other varietieswill answer for garden crops but
nd it for a general field crop
Tiie Havana and Oronoco tobacco yielded splendidly both varieties
bellent quality Under the present law tobacco is not a salable ptoduct
but it would be advisable for every farmer to cultivate so much of it to keep his
dollars at home and have a pure and good article
Talbot CoW H Ellison Does not give satisfactory results as field corn
fnrs smallwould do well as a garden corn
NoteHavana tobacco gave satisfactory results the yield not so great as
other kinds but is far superior in qualitv
Clinch CoDavid Cowart Newmans white prolific corn was planted on
half acre March 27th yielded twenty bushels and two quartsland not fertilized
last two years
H D OQuinrvPlanted Hudson corn in May did not get a good stand seems
to be mixed cob too large grain short Will not save the seedINDEX
Adams A A
Acid Phosphate S C
Alberniarle Guauo
Alia Amd Guano
Atlantic Acid Phosphate
13
21
B
43 U
BahamaGuno iol5Vl 22S 44 46
Baldwiu ACos Amd SupPhos
Bales Acid Phos
Bales Guano
Bakers Standard Amd SupPhos
Barrys Cheml fertilizer
Barrys Acid Phos17 21 23
BaughsB B SupPhos of Lime
Bawkeis Cotton SupPhos
Bell A A
Belltlower Elijah
Black Geo 8
Blacks Pat Compost 6t
Bradleys Pat SupPhos 46
Bradleys Amd Dis Bone
Brewer J C
Brighton Amd SupPho
Browne Prof Win M
Bryan Mrs J W
Burton Rubert
Byrd 8 M H
C
Caiswell J H
Ofteon T J
Charleston Acid Fho 9 SO 88
Camsapeake Guano
Cob Ashes
33
51
16
S6
7
27
40
41
Coe It D Original Bone Phoi 9 U
cnuv v f i
CornNewmans White Prollflo
CornHudson gg
CottonHerlong
Jones Improred
JonesLong Staple Upland
Petit Gulf
11 BameKN
Oox JwumM 10 17i37
Cumberland BupFhos of Lint INDEX
D
Davis W A 59
DeLaney T Ni 15
DeLeons Complete Cottou Fertilizer 27 29 33 46
Deunis J T 38
ill J M
47
Directions for Conducting Tests 34
Dissolved Bone 15
Dixie Phosphate 41
Dobbs Anid Cotton Fertilizer 14 30 40
Eale Amd Bone Phosphate
2053
Edmondson W P 49
E Frank Coes Amd SupPhos IS
Elder W A 35
Ellison W H 82
Empire Guano 39 4 52
Etiwan Guauo 4g
Etiwan Crop Food 4g
Etiwan Compost 33
Everett R W 67
Eareka Amd Bone SupPhos 10 42
EuUw Acid Phost lg
Euiaw Fertilizer Brown 35
Eutaw Fertilizer 37
Eutaw Fertilizer Deep Black 33 49
Kxpeiiniut 61
Excellenza 51
Farmers Friend 15 21
Frederick James D
GeanTho W 5S
Georgia state Graoge Fertilizer 86 46 51
Georgia Chemical Works Acid Phos 38
Georgia Fertilizer 2
Giant Guauo 3j g 34
GossyptuuPhospho issii 466658
Goes W J
33
Grange Mixture 46
Gra F VVVV VVVVVV7VVV m
Harwell James
Heard E B
M
Johnson W D H
JonoiImproved Cotton
M J11oflg BtjlB Uidwid 1otton
J
GO
Herlons Cotton11ports of Tests
Holilngswoith S L
Home Feiilizer
Hope Guano on
Hortier South Sea Guano
Huie J
25
02
03
INDEX
in
Kainit Compost I9
King Guano 80
L
Ladds Lime and Ashes 18
Lindley J T 1
Lister Bros Standard Pure Bone 18
Lister Bros Crescent Bono Fertilizer 19 22 38
L R Amnioniateil Sol Phos 41 50 54 56
Lowes Georgia Formula 46
M
Mapes High Grade NitroPhos 38 47
Mastodon Amd SupPhos 52346 47
MeDauiel G A 8
McNulty M A 4 5
Merrymans Acid Phos 31 55
Merrymans Amd Dis Bone 7212530824154
Middlebrooks J CI2
Monarch Guano 9 26 46
Mound City Guano 56
Murray J B22
N
National Amd Sol Bone 4
Navassa Amd Sol Phos 16
Navassa Acid Phos 143230
Newmans White Prolific Corn 6468
None Such Manipulated Guano27 44
O
Ober Sons Dis Bone Phos 8 C 254955
Ober Sons Sol SupPhos 44 46 53
Odom S P 81
Orient Complete Manure 24252631324446
P
Pacific Guano Cos Coinpd Acid Phos 2737
PadenM S 58
Pamlico Guano 713
Patapsco Giiano 2135884658
Patapsco Acid Phos i 224
Patapsco Amd Sol Phos 2827
Peruvian Guano No 1i 61
Petit Gulf Cotton 6364
Piedmont Guano 22 28 30
Pomona Guano 46 51 52 56
Poppleins Silicated Phosphate 313251
Potomac Guano 23 53
Priutups Shell Lime 43
Ragsdales Amd Dis Bone 7
RamesesCotton 6
27
Raw Bone
Reaves Nicholsons Cotton Grower
Rhodes A W
Rol ersons Dis Bone
30
83
RusselCocs Amd D1b Bone 10t 25 88 44
RuBBeli M B
liiiK
lftIV
INDEX
26
24
47
60
65
s
eago B N
Sea Island GuanojJ lu
Sea Fowl G uano
SeedsReports of Tests
Shepherd El T
rd 0 C
SithChas 11
SnowJtus Arid Phos
Soluble Pacific Guano S 200
SerWA
Sproull C W
btallworib Toos II
Star Brand Complete Cotton Manure 21
Stale Grange Fertilizer
Stable Manure 931
Sterling Guano 23 2i
Stewart W A
bternea Anid Dis Bond SupPhos V 15
T
Tarver A E 58
Taylor Eden 41
Troup 1 Grant 58
Turner W A 50
Turner John 59
Vulcanite G uauo 6 16 16 26 29 46 48
W
WandoAcid Phos 25 56
Wando Fertilizer 364958
Wa neKobt 59
49
Wello
E S
Wlianiis P B K B SupPhos86 42 4S 49 52
Wilder B F 10
Wilcox Gibbs A Co Manipulated Guano 23 28 81 32 42
Winglield JT
Wiiuberly F K
Wisdom A V
Witcher CM
Woods M A
Wrglit Co Solid Guano
Z
Zells Amd Bone Sup Phos 20
Zells Acid Phosphate 27
Zells Economizer

Circular No 14
New Series j
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1880
SHOWING THE YIELD OF THE LEADING CEOPS OF THE STATE
COMPARED TO THAT OF 1879 AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE
ETC CONSOLIDATED FROM THE REPORTS OF
CROP CORRESPONDENTS
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
DECEMBER 15 1880
Also a Short Chapter on the Habits and Management of
German Carp
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga January 15th 1881
GENERAL STATE AVERAGES
For a concise view of the averages for the different sections and for the whole
State see the tabular statement on another page The seasons were unpropitious
for all grain crops and especially so for wheat and oats Only the more hardy
varieties of wheat such as the Dallas Purple Straw and Nicaraugua escaped
almost total ruin from rust All varieties of oats except the rustproof varieties
failed in every section of the State and in the Southwest even the rostproof were
injured where great care had not been exercised in preserving the purity of the
seed
CORN
Is reported very low when it is remembered that the crop of 1879 was a short
one being only 82 for the State and the average yield per acre 97 bushels In
North Georgia the comparative yield was 93 and the average yield per acre 14
bushels in Middle Georgia comparative yield 78 yield per acre 8 bushels in
Southwest Georgia comparative yield 98 yield per acre 7 bushels in East Geor
gia comparative yield 77 yield per acre 8 in Southeast Georgia cemparative
yield 106 yield per acre 11 bushelsi
DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTUEErGEOEGIA
COTTON
394
Is reported 104 or four per cent better than in 1879 in the whole State and
the average yield per acre 541 pounds or 79 pounds seed cotton more than in
1879
In the September Report consolidated from returns received October 1st the
estimated yield of cotton in the State compared to that of 1879 was 97 sevenless
than the present estimate notwithstanding the months of November and Decem
ber were so unfavorable for gathering the crop which is not yet all gathered in
some localities
The averages reported for the different sections are as follows Comparative
yield in North Georgia 10 3 yield per acre in seed cotton 584 lb In Middle
Georgia comparative yield 106 yield per acre 552 lbs seed cotton In South
west Georgia comparative yield 102 yield per acre 463 lbs seed cotton In
East Georgia comparative yield 102 yield per acre 538 lbs In Southeast Geor
gia comparative yield 106 yield per acre 550 lbs
SUGAR CANE
The latter part of summer and early fall were very favorable to the growth of
cane in those sections of the State in which it is principally grown and the yield
has been good The comparative estimate for the State is 92 and the average
yield per acre 190 gallons syrup 25 gallons more than in 1879
Two counties in North Georgia report cane and a yield of 137 gallons per acre
In Middle Georgia the comparative yield is 90 and the yield per acre 129 gallons
In Southwest Georgia the comparative yield is 100 and the yield per acre is 209
gallons In East Georgia the comparative yield is 88 and the yield per acre 182
gallons In Southeast Georgia the comparative yield is 85 and the yield per
acre 286 gallons
RICE
No separate estimate is made of upland and lowland rice but the number of in
terior counties in which it is cultivated indicates increased interest in upland
culture
The comparative estimate for the State is 99 and the average yield per acre 35
bushels of rough rice In North Georgia the comparative yield is 98 yield per
acre 37 bushels In Middle Georgia comparative yield 95 yield per acre 42
bushels in Southwest Georgia comparative yield 102 yield per acre 21 bushels
In East Georgia the comparative yield is 88 and the yield per acre 22 bushels
In Southeast Georgia the comparative yield is 95 and the yield per acre 25
bushels
Rice is reported by those who have cultivated it in the interior as a very profit
able crop Mr R M Brooks of Pike county produced more than 100 bushels
per acre on creek bottom by irrigation He has twenty acres of this bottom so
prepared by levees and watergates that he can flood it at pleasure He prepares
the land in spring sows his seed broadcast floods sufficiently to cause prompt ger
ruination and lakes off the water As soon as the plants are large enough when
they become entirely independent of the support of the mother grain the water
is turned on and remains until the rice is nearly ready for harvest when it is taken
595
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOKT1880
3
off to allow the soil to dry sufficiently to admit the harvesters By sowing broad
cast he has ro many more plants per acre than when sown in drills that his pro
duction far exceeds that on the old system His rice costs him no labor except
the preparation of the soil sowing the seed and harvesting the crop the contin
uous flooding removing the necessity for cultivation
WHEAT
The last season was perhaps the most disastrous to the wheat crop ever known
only the most hardy varieties escaping total ruin by rost The comparative esti
mate is only 52 in 1880 while it was 111 in 1879 comparison made in each case
with the year previous The comparative yield in North Georgia is 47 yield
per acre 4 bushels In Middle Georgia comparative yield 43 yield per acre 4
bushels In Southwest Georgia comparative yield 466 average yield per acre
31 bushels In East Georgia comparative yield 51 yield per acre 45 bushels
None reported in Southeast Georgia
OATS
With the exception of the rustproof varieties the oat crop of the State Was
almost a total failure much of them being so badly injured by rust that they were
not harvested at all The importance of good seed and the value of the rust
proof varieties of oats have been very forcibly impressed upon the farmers of
Georgia by the results of the last season
The crop of the State seems to have been injured worse in North Georgia than
in any other section of the Slate This is due mainly to the fact that a smaller
per cent of the crop in that section was sown with rustproof varieties than else
where
The estimated yield in the State compared to that of 1879 is 75 and the yield
per acre 11 bushels In North Georgia the estimated comparative yield is 47
and the yield per acre 7 bushels In Middle Georgia comparative yield 81 yield
per acre 14 bushels In Southwest Georgia the comparative yield was 56 yield
per acre 99 bushels In East Georgia comparative yield 75 yield per acre 13
bushels In Southeast Georgia comparative yield 56 yield per acre 8 bushels
FIELD PEAS
In consequence of drouth at the usual time for planting peas between the corn
rows the area devoted to this crop was somewhat reduced The comparative esti
mate is below that of 1879 except in Southeast Georgia where it is 3 per cent
above The comparative yield for the whole State is 81 and the yield per acre
S bushels
SWEET POTATOES
The month of August was very favorable for the growth of this crop but the
moist fall was unfavorable for maturing any gathering hence though a large crop
was made a considerable per cent of that gathered has been lost by rot owing to
the succulent immature condition ot the potatoes when dug
The estimated yield in the State compared to that of last year is 111 and theDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
396
average yield per acre 110 bushels The comparative yield in North Georgia is
110 and the yield per acre 105 bushels In Middle Georgia the comparative
yield is 120 and the yield per acre 93 bushels In Southwest Georgia the com
parative yield is 107 and the yield per acre 113 bushels In East Georgia the
comparative yield is 96 and the yield per acre 133 bushels In Southeast Georgia
the comparative yield is 98 and the yield per acre 171 bushels
SORGHUM
Tht yield of sorghum compared to that of last year in North Middle South
western and Eist Georgia is 83 87 45 and 89 The yield in gallons of syrup per
acre in the same sections in the order named is 68 57 75 and 88
The average yield of ground peas in the State is 23 bushels par acre of chufas
35 bushels per acre Tue average yield of millet hay in the State is 2 tons per
acre of cover hay 19 ton3 per acre that of other haysome reporting pea
vines some crab grass and others herds grass is 2 tons that of forage corn is
reported at the very low estimate of 35 tons per acre
ACREAGE INSMALL GRAIN
Owing to continuous rains during the months of November and December the
area sown in wheat and fall oits is less thin usual The comparative estimate
of the area sown in wheat is 83 against 100 in 1879 and in oats 82 against 98 in
1879
The following comparative statement of the rainfall in the different sections
of the State in 1879 and 1880 will be interesting
RAINFALL IN
North Georgia Middle Georgia S W Georgia East Georgia S E Georgia
4 41 in 825 282 in 565 140 468 165 650 2 06 396
November 1880
Means for the Statein 1S79 293 inches in 1830 6 inches
Usually a large per cent of the wheat crop of Middle and Southern Georgia
is sown in December but there has been no lime during December 1880 when
such work could be done Not only so but the weather thus far 14th in Jan
uary 1881 has not been suitable for stirring the soil for any purpose
The bulk of the oat crop for 1881 must be spring sown which are never so
profitable south of Atlanta as those sown in the fall
PORK SUPPLY
There is a small reduction in the amount of homeraised pork compared with
1879 in every section of the State except in Southeast Georgia where it is two
per cent greater In North Georgia it is reported at 96 in Middle Georgia 93
in Southwest Georgia 96 in East Georgia 86 and in Southeast Georgia 102 for
the whole State 94

397
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1880
BALES OP COTTON PER PLOW
The average ntimber of bales of cotton of 450 pounds each produced by each
plow ran on the farms 13 estimated for the whole State at five In North Geor
gia it is 4 in Middle Georgia 53 in Southwest Georgia 48 in East Georgia
5 and in Southeast Georgia 26
CONDITION OF FARMERS
In answer to the question Are farmers generally in a better or worse condi
tion than last year for the whole State ninetynine correspondents or a frac
tion over 64 per cent ef the whole number report better twentynine report
the same and twentysix worse
In North Georgia thirtytwo say better seven the same and six worse In
Middle Georgia thirtysix say better seven the same and nine worse In South
west Georgia fourteen say better six the same and three worse In East Geor
gia twelve say better four the same and nine worse In Southeast Georgia five
say better five the same and one worse
INDEBTEDNESS OF FARMERS
The indebtedness of farmers compared to that of 1879 is reported at 82 for the
State In North Georgia 71 in Middle Georgia 85 in Southwest Georgia 96
in East Georgia 78 and in Southeast Georgia 65 This sustains the report of
the condition of farmers and shows that the farmers are gradually recovering
from the disastrous effects of speculative farming and the low price of cotton
HOME SUPPLIES PRODUCED
Owing to the almost total failure of the wheat crop and the loss of the oat
crop except the rustproof varieties followed by a short crop of corn the sup
ply of farm products for home consumption is short In reply to the question
what per cent of a full supply of provisions for 1881 have been produced in your
county this year correspondents report for the whole State 71 percent For
North Georgia 80 Middle Georgia 62 Southwest Georgia 75 East Georgia 69
and Southeast Georgia 81
SUPPLIES PURCHASED
In reply to the question Have farmers in your county purchased more or less
farm supplies this year than last 93 correspondents say less 16 same and
SI more for the whole State and report 13 per cent less supplies bought In
North Georgia 24 correspondents say less 4 same and 5 more In Middle
Georgia 38 say less 5 same and 11 more In Southwest Georgia 12 say
less 2 sameand 8 more In East Georgia 14 say less 2 same and 6
more In Southeast Georgia 5 say less 3 same and 1 more In North
Georgia they report 33 percent less in Middle Georgia 17 per cent less in
Southwest Georgia 2 per cent more in East Georgia 13 per cent less and in
Southeast Georgia 18 per cent less These facts are somewhat more encouraging
than the following relating to the6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
398
COST OF BACON AND CORN
Many still contend that it is economy to buy instead of raising bacon and corn
on the farm The following tablf of facts from the farmers themselves needs no
comment to convince the most incredulous of the suicidal policy not only of pur
chasing at credit prices but of purchasing at all except perhaps sufficient bacon
to supplement a short home supply Indeed with the present system of employ
ing labor it is almost impossible to produce pork enough for a full supply on
farms devoted principally to the production of cotton The special attention of
farmers is invited to the following
Table showing the cash and credit prices of bacon and corn in the different sections of the
State the average for the whole State and lU percentages paid on the cash price
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
Souihwcst Georgia
East Georgia
Southeast Georgia
The whole State
BACON
lie
10 i
11
116
li
18
oo
222
15
20

444
374
51
444
30
0
CORN
640
r
84
86
NoteIn the abve table it i assumed that the average time for which
fix months
9
1
IIB
108
l 11
I 12
J3 JJ
I
c 5
40 6
29
88
28 fi
in 6
30
812
596
576
67
618
61 i
ad vances are made in
IMPROVED SEED
The selection and improvements of agricultural seeds receive much less atten
ion in the South than their importance demand A certain area of land should
be selected on each farm every year for the especial purpose of producing seed
for planting From these seedplats selections1 should be made every year from
the best specimens with a view not only of preserving the purily of the varieties
but of increasing their productiveness
The Commissioner of Agriculture will do all in his power with the means at his
disposal to procure and distribute among the farmers of the State the best varie
ties obtainable Such distribution however will be without profit unless those
who receive the improved seed use the means necessary to perpetuate their purity
The hope is entertained that those who receive from the Department packages of
seed will use the precaution to plant ihem sufficiently far from common varieties
of the same family of plants to prevent hybridizing or mixing the varieties and
select at maturity the best specimsns for planting for seed the next year
The object of the distribution is not to supply planting seed for crops but to
introduce improved and valuable varieties only in sufficient quantities to form
basis of improvement The benefits to be derived from the distribution of seeds
will depend entirely upon the use made of them by those who receive them The
Commissioner of Agriculture earnestly solicits the cooperation of farmers in his
efforts to improve the varieties of agricultural plants cultivated in the State

399
SUPPLEMENTAL BEPORT1880
IMPROVING LAND
Mr James Thorn Ivanhoe Bullock county says No farms pay unless in a
high state of cultivation The point for farmers to get at is to bring their farms
to that condition without using so much commercial fertilizers What is the best
mode to do it
This is a question of so much importance and of such general interest that at
tention is given it here rather than in a personal letter At once the cheapest and
most permanent means of improving lands without the use of costly manures is
by the combined use of green vegetable matter grown on the soil and lime
Nearly all of tliesoil of Bulloek county is deficient in lime and most of the
fields which have been in cultivation for any considerable length of time need
vegetable matter Nature has supplied the lime in the form of marl in all that
portion of the State in which it is most deficient in the soil though the latter
overlies the marl
The vegetable matter can be most conveniently and abundantly supplied by
sowing cow peas and turning in the vines Two crops of these if early varieties
are used may be turned in the same year or an oat stubble and a crop of peas
The lime or marl should be applied broadcast in the fall after the peas are
turned under at the rale of 10 bushels of lime or 100 of marl Mr B J Wil
son is burning lime at Sun Hill No 12 Central Railroad If Mr Thorn has no
marl accessible without too much cost lime in the quantities stated above will
answer his purposes
In the Supplemental Report of 1879 the results of supplying vegetable matter
alone to the soil even after taking off the crops is reported by Dr L C Mattox
of Clinch county as follows
In 1876 I turned a piece of land to crab grass and got 1 tons of hay the same
land would have made 15 bushels of oats After saving the hay I turned under
the aftergrowth and sowed oats In 1877 I got 30 bushels of oats turned un
der the stubble and sowed 2 bushels of peas per acre and got 3 tons of hay
Turned under again and sowed oats and in 1878 got 56 bushels of oats per acre
Turned under stubble and sowed peas got 3 tons of hay Turned under again
and put in oats but did not get a good stand on account of excessive rains In
1879 harvested 40 bushels of oats Did not get the peas in early enough this
year and got only 2 tons now fine prospect for oats on the land I pastured the
land from 6 to 8 weeks each year and increased the crops without manure
SUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS
Farmers are advised not to buy any fertilizer or chemical for compounding or
composting the same unless it has both the manufacturers guaranteed analysis
and the Inspectors tag upon or attached to it and all farmers are requested to
inform the Commissioner of Agricuhurt of any case where a fertilizer is sold or
offered for sale without having both the guaranteed analysis and the Inspectors
tag attached
Any farmer who desires to do so can save a fair sample of any brand of fertil
izer which he purchases and have it analyzed at the Department Laboratory Let
such sample be fairly takena small quantity from every sack or barrel of the
same brand or if a large quantity is purchased from a sufficient number of the8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEQIA
400
packages to fairly represent the whole lot Then very thoroughly mix but not
grind or triturate theBe small quantities taken from different sacks and from the
mixture fill a common quinine bottle or any bottle holding a like amount cork
it closely and seal it with wax and correctly label it Let this be done in the
presence of witnesses and place it in the hands of a disinterested party for safe
keeping Let a correct and certified copy of the guarantied analysis and the In
spectors tag which was attached to it be also carefully preserved by the same
party
Then after the crop is made if the farmer has reason to belive the fertilizer was
not such aB it was represented to be let the sample be sent to this Department
either by the hand of some reliable disinterested party or by express prepaid
and it will be analyzed without charge
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureTABLE SHOWING GENERAL AVERAGES BY SECTIONS AND FOR THE WHOLE STATE
Total Estimated Tield Compared to that of Last Tear and Average Yield per Acre of the following Crops
Corn Cotton
iNorth Georgia 1S80
r R i879
liUddle Georgia1880
r 1879
Is W Georgia 1830
i 1879
I East Georgia 1880
1879
S E Georgia If80
I r 1S79
S95
7S
995115
14
151
S Cane
Is
Afge for State 1880 88
1 1879182
103
951
106
463
137
100 100
90 129
801 85
538 88
104 Ml
859462 81
187
Eice Wheat
286 95
298 104
466
94
92
190 196
165 199
Oats
F Peas Pota
toes
Sor
ghum
e
V
47
988
7
107
14
101
4575
8 101
52
llll
39
8 5
99
11
81
908
78
854
11 4
11
125
52
4
110
SO4
1C5 88
798 916
SS
93
64
115
110
133
119
171
120
100 20
973 561
110
88
100
91
967
6G
Chufas
100
870560
96 19
903 61
5
10
Millet
fS a
78
137 17
87
828
99
lu2
a g

101
99
UK
971
71
815
85
848
119
2C
91
9 64
S5
786
90 112
7S
II
116
90
102
116
106
111
108
102REMARKS FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BabtowCrops have been damaged for want of labor The prospect is no
good for a sufficiency of labor for 1881 R R work furnaces etc and emigra
tion are taking too much labor from farms
DADEMr H L W Allison Rising Fawn has 500 bushels red rust proof
oats for sale at 60 cents per bushel
FloydCotton is the money crop of this section and since the price of
Western bulk meat has been low there is less attention given to hog raising at
home and added to this our hogs have had diseases both cholera and skin
disease which have destroyed a large per cent of the pork hogs for the present
season Our corn supply is ample also potatoes and sorghum The sowing of
wheat was progressing and a full crop would have been sown but for continued
rains for the last three weeks leaving fully onethird of the land intended for
wheat not seeded some of which will be sowed yet if the weather permits Fall
oats were not sowed extensively bnt will be supplemented by winter sowing
One thing we need is more and better pasturage and an increased interest in stock
raising particularly in horses and mules to supply the wants of the qountry
Many of us desire the stock law to do away with old rotten fences and the prac
tice of fencing up innocent crops and letting vicious stock have full range
GwinnettFarmers are nearly out of debtsmall farmers are doing beet
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Bald winBaldwin county has made a good cotton crop this year and op
to the last of November it was twothirds picked out but there have not been more
than ten days suitable for picking cotton since that time There in much cotton
now in the fields Dec 2d and roads very bad The rains have retarded the
sowing of small grain
CampbellSmall crops of wheat have been sown on account of scarcity of
seed and extremely bad weather Labor is very high and not reliable Many
farmers are behind with their work An immense amount of guano was purchased
and not all paid for by ten per cent Laborers are inclined to rent and not dis
posed to hire for wages Cotton picking by the hundred pounds was from fifty to
eightyfivecents Nearly all the cotton has been sold
DeKalbFarmers generally will sow rust proof oats and will not sow till
January There seems to be an increasing interest amongst farmers in procuring
improved seeds and making a better preparation of land for crops
JasperR Newton raised on fifteen acres of upland without fertilizers
thirty heavy bales of cotton
403
BTJPFLBMENTAL KEPORT1880
11
LincolnMany who have hogs cant fatten them for want of corn Very
few chufas ground peas or field peas were planted A good crop of these might
have made up the deficiency in the corn and small grain crops The prospect for
small grain now is gloomy Most farmers were caught by the late wet weather
with no wheat and but little oats sown The ground now is muddy with twothirds
of the wheat unsown Half of the oat crop will be sown in the spring
McDuffieTwothirds of the farmers of this county have abandoned
raising corn for their horses and substituted oat3 A better cotton crop has been
produced this than in any year in the last ten The farmers are better ofi finan
cially than they have been since the war
Another says In our county there is marked improvement in business of
every kind Farmers are making more thorough preparation before planting fol
lowed by better cultivation than ever before The large farms are giving way to
smaller ones and consequently things are booming
WaltonShort crops have increased the indebtedness of farmers There
is less disposition on the part of laborers to hire for wages for the next year The
share system works detriment lo both employer and laborer With our present
labor farmers cannot afford to furnish land stock and bear all other expenses ex
cept half thefertilizer and give onehalf for making the crop
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
ClayWe think there is no less disposition to sow oats than usual but the
decrease 13 owing to the top crop of cotton to pick There will be a heavy seed
ing thi spring
Mr Josh McLendon with one mule made eleven bales of cotton besides an
abundance of corn syrup potatoes rice peas etc
Mr Bright on one acre of old land gathered 65 bushels of corn and 1100
pounds of fodder
CkawpokdFarmers generally find it impossible to hire hands except on the
crop system The negroes are more than ever anxious to get rid of the super
vision of the whites Many negroes without money stock or provisions are
renting land and of course they as well as landlords will lose money when corn
meat and stock are all to be bought on credit
DooltWe are of opinion that planting largely of grainespecially oats in
this latitudeand also chufas is the surest way of getting rid of the great bur
den of heavy credit prices of corn and bacon Then we will become a selfsus
taining people Let us lose sight of the delusion that we can get rich by plant
ing cotton
MarionI have succeeded this season in raising the finest crop of turnips I
or any of my neighbors have ever seen It is the third crop produced on the
same ground since last February The first was a magnificent crop of Irish pota
toes the second a good crop of early table peas and the third a crop of red tops
7tops and rutabaga turnips mixed and sown broadcast on the 1st of September
and covered only by the showers that fell Without manure the land would not
have produced turnips at all as it was old and worn out I made a eompost of
five hundred pounds of acid phosphate one hundred pounds cotton seed meal
four hundred pounds of stable manure and one peck of salt After standing six12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
404
months under shetler I broadcasted the mixture at the rate of four thousand
pounda per acre and have made not leas than one thousands bushels of turnips
per acre They vary in sise from a small plate to two inches in diameter and the
ground ia almost solidly covered with them
EAST GEORGIA
Burke A disastrous successions of dry seasons in this county has cut off very
much all provision cropscorn oats peas and all grain particularly affected by
drouth All late maturing cropscotton potatoes cane etc did better There
is but little effort to feed hog or other meat animals and there is a prospect of a
short supply of provisions for 1881 Small farms furnish no exception to this
dependency but increase it here
GlascockFarmers as a class are gradually learning to live on less meat and
carry their mules and horses on less corn This is easily accomplished by rust
proof oats and the pasture when not at work There is less corn in the county
than ever before known but all will supplement with light purchases to meet oats
in the middle of May
Montgomery It is a very difficult matter to get farm hands at any price
nearly all have gone into the timber business
ScHEfiTEN Owing to the almost unprecedented drouth succeeded by very heavy
rains and hot sun during the summer and then another protraoted drouth in the
fall cur productions of all kinds are extremely light

405 SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOBT1880 13
TABLE II
Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1880
NORTH GEORGIA
STATIONS JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY
Temperature c Temperature 13 c 2 Temperature 5 A Temperature 3 B 3 K Temperature
a b B A a a 3 a a c a a a a a a a a 2 a 3 3 S R a S a a a 3 a a a a a S S a b a S S s a a s 1 a S 3 s a a a i a i 1
21 1 44 1 3 36 H9 27 5J 65 801 800 690 40li8U560870 510
74 n HO 0 52 912611 71 n 16 49 C 296 78 0 34t 54 976 86 J 33U 681 590 830 440 69S 3 70
LcoWhiteCo Mt Airy Rabun Gap 69 0 7U0 119 27 0 300 810 11 0 512 518 467 59 1 37 3 ss 375 244 720 T20 TOO 13 1 260 26 0 50 f 47 ISf 43 49 379 27C 4 5 9 95 73 1 691 74 C 75 33 J 39C 23 C 33 541 53 s 502 881 1181 122 1041 821 84 84C 86 C 361 36 0 25 C 33 C 62 V 62 C 67e 634 06984U 434 6 36 870 490 6 90 860 46C 926 860 440 708 672 722 5 44 899 800
Toccoa 780 23 55 a 332 780 831 i9601S 76C 391 564 104 86t 30 611 1081 93 U 484 141 802
Means 398 276 5tl 82 710 23 S 472I3 731726l32 53 98 84 31 61f 846 867 468 704 508

MIDDLE GEORGIA
Athens
Atlanta
Carrollton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Woodbnry
Means
0 30
031
40
727
052
052
053
0 62
057
Oil
0 56
0US7
2 66
86
221
I 84
195
i
3 10
as
2871556ll49
3011
280
270
250
320
300
301
300
290
481
490
608
508
543 0
494
549
536
514
317
302
42
367
219
235
95
306
513 911600
550 1144 860
923880
1162W60
568880
1100 860
666 890
626 880
8 75866
360
370
350
870 603
580
620
640
880
840
340
390
357
656
632
662
669
634
78786
675 87
52
36
435
705
450
300
516
460
480
450
580
560
0
580
508
56
71
715
780
720
717
740
432
426
280
470
822
305
145
840
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Amertcus
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomas ville
Means
180
i70
360
43
4id
580
o93
1251S0O
341
381800
447800
991800
340
340
561475
860
390
59080
576314 85
363863417
677
450
410
653
082
576
480
29c
368
880
S70
370724
460 710
440685
80
433M6
410
200
189
920
870
85088 i
620
600
550
760
748
752
1775
820
1081
592
EAST GEORGIA
Augusta730
ChncertDge
McRae770
Ogeechoe
Swain sboro
Means
750
770
310
360
20
5
586
592
574
578
350
770I3OO530
170
260
23D
2051800
820210
730830
800 340
792 332
548
57
546
52086 0
240 800
270870
33 C
440
360
377
570590
8501330
200
627j250
623244
607 321
940450
850430
900420
601
668
689
8971400
500
840
200
64c
480
980
80
5
520
6oc
571
5701
566
792
56
748
317
360
170
170
264
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
IJlackshear
Brunswick
St Marys
Walthourville
Means
For State
87 0
750
791
75c
390619
91
420
4111
36 0
60
604
9
360 840
558
180
23
3 00
780
821
820
i 78
180 670
390 585
6 0
380
560
380i60
431 830
4 80 880
31086 0
197525
610
470
430
400
398 85 7
3401798
152
374
671
660
674
681
664
587
181930
12 890
1 88 906
110 889
670
450
440
400
12J906
644869
490
38 0
171
710
701
68i
1 7
65 2
160
126
191
2CO
90
880
aOO
160
6 06
640789
620 740
640 734
840
470
692
44114
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 406
TABLE IIContinued
Synopsis of Weather Reports for the Year 1880
NORTH GEORGIA
JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER
Teinperatre Tern eratre Temperature Temperatre Temperatre
STATIONS
c S I S a a B 3 at a 1 p H a a 3 g 3 02 e a a 3 a 3 a a St 55 a 3 3 c 3 a s a H a a B a s d 3 a
Ellerelie 880 540 7 iO iiH 88 0 610 703 5 10 880000 3O0I601 ifili 7 40 7511 3a 11 57 l S n
Gainesville 3110 i90 747 2 15 920 160 771 271 89 0 640 754 565 840 480 03 1 6 5ii 751 35 0 VI 4 i
LeoWhiteCo Jlli 010 70S 2 71 630 000 800 230 900 670 792 707 850 ICO 68 fi 47 80 0 32 0 61 6 3ft
lit Airy J20 020 1 na 331 aao 070 81 208 390 641 75 5 375 360 451 637 571 si n 380 59 5 3 1
Raima uap 910 6lill 71li 185 920 lil 0 25 450 97 C 640 715 485 82 0 450 638 5 51 7311 6 0 54 7 in
Rome 921 590 770 2Xo 960 6j0 793 2 05 910 691 777 875 860460 70 1 5 1 76 0 34 0 lid 8 M
Toccoa 990640 79 21322 910 700 808 329 900 670 768 777

Means 9171598 77212 22 92 0 651 76S 331 893 63 8 760 831 8381467 675 575 767IS 10 587 294
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Athena
Atlanta
Carrollton
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
Woodbury
9601650
900 630
950 650
94 0 650
920670
940640
980660
821
757
76 I
78 7
78 5
771
792
824
580
88
t30
141
3
000
1401 740
920 0811
930 72 0
97 0 720
950700
94OJ7O0
930J710
84 1
785
392
81I
S3 1
329
831
321 9001 67HI792
24792ii650764
299 910f640 778
406940 690
2 67J95I630
315 920 640
403 940 670
783
80 0
768
793
485
3 22
38i
480
673
700
570
840
360
3811
l2il
920
860
900
57 0 710
470 69
4 1615
520 669
540 73 0
560 709
550 743
3 85I3U0
598 800
5 90800
ato 800
S si 0
430
410
200
S70
2 0
49 8 ol
6101313
608 27
59 9 185
646 250
660 261
6001370
140 850 3601648 390
Meana 944644 781 25g 948 71 0 817 32493 0066 781 549 8S8 512J701 105 8iOl37ol632 292
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Americas
CuthOert
Nasnville
Thomasvile
Means
817J1 65
8161145
319il75
805 381
96 0740 815
970 710 832
98 0 75 0 820
930 71 i 3l
4651P00
581960
315 910
455 95 5
0
710
720
781
so
814
800
F97
805
63
1025
1273
830
89li
900
900
945687 8141217 1149 727819 454 957 72 0 80 9 01
EAST GEORGIA
600
600
620
000
75 5
9 5
781
5 4
135
350
330
2 67
820430
840 480
S80 450
840410
616
726
700
664
60 5 770 270 845J442 684 356
257
3 65
369
4 25
Augusta
ChnceyDge
McKae
Ogeechee
Swainsboro
Meins
950166 0
102O
290
1020
67 ii
69 0
64 0
987
85 072
818 180
83002
836148
81708
1010
960
1020
20810
750
73 i
740
4B0
56
si I
357
833
390
l8i
i 31
4 85
910
690
940
100 0
950
3 0
690
70
fso
828
88 0
940
4 4n
616
53S
01 I
04
9I
580
580
60 0
00
730
80 8
156
320
o75
166
183
880
860
85 0
370630
440636
420 688
410J658
230
515
270
338
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Black shear
Bruus vvioli
St larys
SViUtaourville
Means
For State
jjO 870
1010710
970740
990 330
99O7O0
31
919161578
aiU 14
815 231
715 460
801 162
855
S12
9 0 7 i
950710
9V 710
970 700
967
91 3
830
82i
820
18
725
703
822
80 7313
4 62
345
61 i
9001700
940 720
02 II
950
02S
710
70 7
631
807
307
72 6
78 0
731
250
2 54
00
3 01
590
0
900
890
877
64076C
51Vi 711
626 750
587172 1
1870
643 82 0
492
578
11
830
84li
318
630
460
450
510
198
753
680
65 1
695
640
9U0
12
398
904
390 407 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOBT1880 TABLE IIConcluded NORTH GEORGIA t 15
STATIONS NOVEMBER DECEMBER ANNUAL MKAN TEMPEKATUHE 9 1 M 0 to n l a a EQ E
TemperaVre 3 3 1 126 580 841 827 830 610 Temperature 3 2 9 350 57 579 383 180 565
1 1 3 a B a a a o 390 455 i53 460 430 460 a a 1 610 040 65o 61P 631 a s a a S 2 0 30 ib 50 10 I a 301 99 39 7 6 3J5 NAME OF OBSERVER
O C1 QO CO 5671558 600622 GO6 605 509 60 P 565 563 62062S 0 6 C5 CO
iainesville otWhiteCo Ht Airy itabun Gap Rome 61 fl 1 7i 67 145 F Apr 11 Apr 12 pr 12 Apr 12 Apr 18 Apr 13 Anr 12 Mies E L Howard C B Lallatte Jdo m Dorsay F J Boond W A Curtis K S Norton
641 60 680 61 660 230 180 220 16 210 555 668 567 66e 612601 061838 506 43C Oct 23 Oct 24 Oct 24 Oct 23 Oct 18 Oct IK
Means 648 195 441 825 634 06 37 438 594159 61 157J
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Uhens arroilton jaGrange tfacon xford fhomson h60 650 70u 750 760 690 76i 250 26 0 211 260 80 240 250 430 168 452 48 7 530 4 6 01 57 782 530 49 44i 505 560 670 690 790 680 680 680 700 10 2 0 30 4 0 130 50 40 430 417 400 114 440 389 151 462 538 485 797 726 150 415 632 617 620 729 657 824 655 633 609 616 62 63 22 643 627 573 61I 01 53 142 575 434 475 467 415 380 427 319 Apr 12 Apr 12 Apr 12 Apr 12 Apr 12 Apr lz Apr 12 Nov 2 i ov 1 Vov 1 Nov 1 Nov 24 OV 1 Xov 2 W M Browne R J Bedding S J Brown II H Cary H J Peter Miss E S Stewart A E Sturgia TW Martin
710 250 482 5 55 702 06 418 553 522414
i SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
i mericus nthbert Nashville Thomas ville Means 750 70 soo 800 762 820 120 370 350 34 5 56515 80 540 525 5110 865 565 382 565 463 78 0 310 760 750 763 9i 90 140 130 120 190 00 528 598 505 iou 590 J55 178 3641 692 697 071 687 671 67V 675 162 ifi 83 4741 51 e i9 5 Apr n Nov21 Nov 24 NOV 23 Nov 23 Jno A Cobb B C Adama H T Peeples L S McSwain
EAST GEORGIA
i Aangusta 2VnceyDge 730 780 266 320 507 570 505 735 740 800 60 120 440 572 i851 646 640 64 i 420 345 Apr 13 Nov 13 Nov 16 W K Nelson 1 W 1 ucker
E F McRae
1 3wainsboro Means 720 743 280 287 527 53 5 610 650 760 77 0 80 90 458 249 57 516 676 658 663 650 415 117 351 348 Apr 12 Nov 24 J R Cooper E H Edenfleld
i SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Blackshear Brunswick Bt Marys Walthourville Means For State 730 780 750 6i 0 380 350 66 3 592 559 350 341 496 590 760 780 2111 170 150 415 62 488 650 860 6 72 696 066 68 8 6o3 500 ISo 501 526 4S2 Feb 4 Feb 4 Apr 18 Nov 16 Dec 8 T J Fuller H A Kenrick K A McWhorter J L Harden
753 443 605 396 770 16 0 52 f 1 66 681 636 679 645 19 2 531 48 2 166
713 283 609 600 70 9 45 43 4 l9

GERMAN CARP
THEIR HABITS FOOD AND MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION OF PONDS ETC
This valuable fish is supposed to have been introduced into Europe from Cen
tral Asia many centuries ago They have received the name of German carp on
account of the great attention bestowed upon them in Germany where no incon
siderable revenue is derived from their culture Dr Hessel says In Austria
which possesses the most extensive carpfisheries in Europe the culture of the
carp can be traced as far back as the year 1227 The magnitude of the enter
prise in Germany may be inferred from the fact that on a single estate 20000
acres are devoted to carp ponds the annual product of which is about 500000
pounds of marketable carp
Three varieties of carp are cultivated which are thus described by Dr Hessel
superintendent of the United States carp ponds at Washington D C
1 Oyprinus carpio communis the scale carp with regular concentrically
arranged scales being in fact the original species improved
2 Oyprinus carpio specularis the mirror carp thus named on account of the
extraordinarily large scales which run along the sides of the body in three or
four rows the rest of the body being bare
3 Oyprinus carpio coriaceus sive nudus the leather carp which has on the
back either only a few scales or none at all and possesses a thick soft skin
which feels velvety to the touch
These are all superior varieties well worthy of cultivation The mirror and
leather carp are shorter stouter and more fleshy than the scale carp and less
liable to be injured while being transported
HABITS GROWTH ETC
The carp is sluggish in its habits not very choice in its food and grows under
favorable circumstances with remarkable rapidity Under ordinary circum
stances where the winters are sufficiently cold to compel them to hibernate
they attain a weight of from three to four pounds in three years Under more
favorable circumstances in warm climates where they feed nearly or quite the
whole year they will more than double this growth They are peculiarly adapted
to Southern waters on this account In cold climates they bury themselves in
the mud arranging themselves in kettles with their heads tQgether and their
tails projecting out of the mud They feed naturally upon insects and the
leaves roots and seeds of grass and other aquatic plants and hence ponds in
which they are placed should be well supplied with such plants They may be
artificially fed upon boiled rice or grain upon dough or upon cabbage lettuce
etc chopped fine

409
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1880
17
Jto S fy r1 fiSh f 4 r 5 PUDds containing from 400
000 to 500000 eggs In the latitude of Washington city they spawn when 3
years o d tt is thought they will spawn one year earlier in South n Georgia
They commence to spawn in warm climates earlv in April and later as latitude
increases and temperature falls extendingeven to August n NorthernlaU ides
where they remain in winter quarters until late in the spring They do not del
posit all of ther eggs at once but continue to deposit a portion of them at a
me for some days and even weeks The eggs are surrounded by a gelatinous
substance which adheres to any object with which they come in contact Thev
attach hemse ves to blades of grass to weeds brush sines etc and all wW h
a 1 to the bo torn are lost The necessity therefore of an abundance of aquatic
Plants especiallym the hatching ponds will be apparent since tbey seiTthe
the ejgr086 SUPPyinS f0d the flSh Md a natUral Pace 5 ror
The Festucafluitans commonly called water grass seems to be preferred
by the carp as ood and its slender leaves form favorate supports for L eggs
days ifSfLWw t n faI1W Wdl Warmed Water in fr0m lwelve to xtfea
oX The Z XT P aDd COnSeluen cold twenty days may be r
S hatched n S gm t0 tak8 fd iQ frm three t0 five they
Sid to theS8 1DterVal SUbSlSt UPn theylk Cntailled
GROWTH
feeddurinT0 V deP6nd UPn CHmate whether they can
he natu aff Hnge1 7 T the year aDd the abunde of
area of V wil1 deP also upon the number kept in a given
nciy srf0rpon e care and skm of their keeper ia suppiyi
Dr Hessel in speaking of the wonderful adaptation of the waters of the
oTvef Unied Stat6S t0 arP CUlte after alluding to the abundant gowth
tLTM WatGr Hly WiId riCe aad ther aatic PaQtS and to the fact
Set Lv eyT thi nrmal grWth f frm 3 t0 4 PUDds ln three years
dousedTaffb mn thSn WhiCb t0 and grW 8ays li is to b
vear n t W6ight f from 3 to pounds in one
year in those warm climates when in colder regions it requires two years and
x months I do not think that I am mistaken In this I am ready to and by
epo T2T t refUtUreWm SUrely Verify TWS written for the
report of the U S Commisswner for 18751376 and his prediction has al
ZtZlToR Gergia th6 eXPeHenCe f thSe Wh Sed yli
iiyrrom the U S Commissioner through this department in the fall of 1879
bpecmens taken from a pond in Dougherty county last October weighed
seven pounds at two years of age weigned
InJin66T t0be n 0thCT fl8i S Wel1 adapted t0 Pnd culte as the carp
Indeed tis to other fish what the pig is to wild animals It is thoroughly do
mesticated bears transportation better than any other fish consumes a greater
ltni00l aDd f kiDdS that are 6aSily and cheaPy Provided and grows
more rapidly than any other cultivated variety of fish18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
410
CONSTRUCTION OF PONDS
Ponds for carp need not be very deep except over a small area near the outlet
in which the fish may collect for protection from extremes of either heat or cold
and for convenience of taking the fish intended for market or transferring to
other ponds when the water is urawn off for that purpose
Dr Hessel says Ponds must not be too deep as the water will be colder
and will harbor fewer insects larvje and worms which form part of the carpf
food besides this fish does not grow quickly in cold water A depth of three
feet in the centre of the pond is sufficient toward the outletsluice it may be
from 6 to 8 feet deep but only for an area of from 200 to 1000 square feet ac
cording to the size of the pond In the depths of this collector the fish seek
their resting place for the winter and also in the summer when the water is
too warm near the edge
The outer part of the pond should not be deeper than 1 foot for the distance of
about 70 or 100 feet so that the water there may be warmed more thoroughly by
the sun Toward the the centre of the pond and in accordance with its size a
cavity of from SO to 50 feet in length and 2 feet deeper than the rest of the
ground should be dug Transverse ditches are cut leading into thfs cavity
which empties into the outlet sluice The principal object of the deeper area at
the outletsluice and the ditches leading to it is to collect the fish into a small
area when the pono is arawn off They snoud be about 1 foot deeper tnan
the adjoining surface
Ponds for carp should have a loamy bottom rocKy or sanay bottoms are not
suitable for them Spring water is not so good for them as that from creeks
If spring water is used it should be conducted as far as practicable through a
broad shallow ditch before entering the pond Ponds should be so constructed
as to prevent a rapid rise or fall of the water they should be kept uniformly at
he same depth with inlets and outlets well protected by wire grating to ex
clude predacious fish and to prevent a rapid inflow or outflow of the water
Water from mineral springs should not be allowed to flow into the ponds
Before commencing to construct a dam a ditch should be cut the full length
of the intended dam four feet wide and of sufficient depth to reach firm soil
ree from roots or alluvial deposits This ditch should be filled with loam to
the depth of a foot and this compactly tramped down and this piocess contin
ued until the ditch is filled
The dam should then be constructed of loam not clay or sand having a width
at the top equal to its height
Every pond whether intended for amateur or market culture should be so
arranged that the water may be drawn off at pleasure This may be done at
a moderate cost by the use of iron piping three inches in diameter provided
inside the pond with a valve which may be opened or closed at will by means
of a long key Plank boxing provided with grating on the sides to admit
water but exclude the fish serves the double purpose of protecting the valve
and guiding the use of the key
If systematic culture is intended there should be three ponds One for
hatching the young fish one for breeding till they are a year old and one for
culture or reaving the fish for market or for the table
FffiMSi
411
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1880
19
The hatching pond need not be large should be shallow and full of vegeta
tion of a character suitable for receiving the deposit of eggs
Dr Hessell says The hatching pond should not be as largeas the breeding
pond its depth not to exceed 1 or 11 foot The outer portion or as it is
termed the lowwater margin should generally be from two to five inches in
depth and from SO to 40 feet in width Provision should be made that festuca
fluilans water grass grows there plentifully for the fishes give the preference
to this plant for the deposition of their eggs But the bottom of these
hatching ponds must be of a similar construction to that of the larger ones that
is they must be provided with the cavitiei4 kettles collectors and collector
ditches The collectors must be cleaned from the mud every spring A depth
of four or five inches will answer for the collectors for the small fish
The hatching ponds should have outlets and reserve sluices in the dam at
the lower end or on the sides to guard against overflows These ponds must be
secured against the intrusion of pike eels bass catfish tritons watersnakes
turtles frogs etc by means of gratings and a close plank fence let into the
ground not less than six inches
The spawners and milters are put into the hatching pond in the spring before
the spawning season arrives Prom three to six females to from two to four
males will produce enough young fish allowing for casualties to stock a culture
pond of an acre in area Prom 800 to 1000 eggs will hatch from each spawner
The breeding ponds are constructed in every particular like the hatching
ponds except that they should b deeper and larger The kettles should be
from four to five feet deep counting from the surface of the water and the
margins from five to eight inches deep They should also be well provided
with grass The breeding ponds are stocked by the removal of the fry from
the hatching pond in the latter part of March The process therefore will be
ollows The fish are hatched in the hatchn pond in the early spring and
su mer In March of the following year th y are removed to the breeding
pond where they remain until the spring of the third year when they are trans
ferred to the culture pond after the marketable fish have been removed from
the latter The culture or Jcarp ponds proper are constructed in the same way
as the hatching and breeding ponds except that they are larger and deeper as
before described
It is estimated that 1000 flshill stock an acre and thrive without artificial
feeding If more than this number occupy that area artificial feeding must be
resorted to
REMARK
The above condensed statement is published for the general information of
the people of the State and especially for the guidance of those who have em
barked or propose embarking in the culture of this most valuable fish
Emmamaamsmm
DATE DUE
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pu teorl
teznxnzxa
fm
u
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CHE
Returned
may n

IPlSa
BIO
Returned

W
DEMCO 38297
Returned

NIVERSITY OF GEORGIA LIBRARI
3 Eioa D3fi 14045