PUBLICATIONS

OF THE
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE
VOLUME V
L

FOR THE YEAE 1879

John T Henderson Commissioner
Atlanta Ga March 1880
Jas P Harbison Co State Printers Atlanta GaLIBRARY
MAR 6 1945GENERAL INDEX
t
A
15
Ammonia Value of 86
Ammouiated Dissolved Bone 86
Ammoniated Superphosphate 233 234
Analysis Blanks forg n
Analysis of Fertilizers
April Crop Beport 33
AreasPlanted 173 175
August Crop Beport
B
47
Beets 86
Bone Phosphate 47
Budworms
c
86
Chemicals g
Composting 3 513 75
Commercial Value
Credit Prices 196
Crop Samples 335
CropsYield of
Crop Reports 7 23
APril3741
May 55
Je 73 lfS
Juy 173175
AxSast 191193
September 23g 8g5
Supplemental
D
85 86
Definitions Of Terms j
Directions for conducting Soil Tests
Dissolved Bone Definition of
E
Explanation of System of Inspection etc
F
155
Fall Oats lg3
Farmers of Georgia To the
Fence Question The 7g
Fertilizers Analysis of8
Fertilizers Statistics of
SoilTestof 75
Rules and Regulations for Inspection of 278U I
Flarefly 223
Foreign and Northern born Citizens Circular to183
Formula for Composting sl
G
GeorgiaFrom the Immigrant Settlers Standpoint
GeorgiaSee Index to above Manual
153
H
Hydrophobia
49
I
Immigrant Settlers Standpoint Georgia from
Inspection System explained 93
Inspection of Fertilizers Rules and Regulations for
J
June Crop Reports
July Crop Report5557
73 153
L
Labor
341
M
Meteorology See Crop Reports and Supplemental Report
N
Northern and Foreign Bora Citizens Circular to
o
Oats Fallsown
Orchard and Vineyards 155 176
348
P
Phosphate Definition of
85
R
Receipts and ExpendituresInspection of Fertilizers
Reports of Growing CropsSee Crop Reports ffi
Rules and Regulations for Inspection of Fertilizers
8
Samples of Crops
September Crop Report 27 196
Sheep 191193
Sheep Killed by Dogs
Soil Tests of Fertilizers 44
Soil Tests of Fertilizers Indexto 207841329
Suggestions to Farmers 329
Supplemental Crop Report14
235335
T
Time Prices
340if
A
KJ

fpTu
2
LiBar
y
DIRECTIO
2OR6t
FOE CONDUCTING THE SOILTEST OF FERTILI
ZERS FOR 1879
Special Circular No 64
STATE OF GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta February 6 1879
The Commissioner of Agriculture in pursuance of duties imposed
upon him by the act of February 28 1874 requiring that a fair sample
of all fertilizers sold in this State shall be thoroughly tested by him
hereby issues the following rules for conducting said tests
Persons to whom samples of fertilizers are submitted for thorough
and practical tests are required to conduct their experiments in a man
ner that will set forth results fully and fairly and report the same
promptly by the first day of December 1879 to this Department
giving full details as follows
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility
a82PIfSthe test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted
in rows apply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70 yards
lone leaving four rows unfertilized between those fertilized with dif
ferent brands thus A four rows without fertilizer four rows B four
rows without fertilizer four C four etc through the plat When
the crop matures gather the two middle rows of each fourfertilized
and unfertilized and weigh and record the same accurately If it is
cotton weigh and record carefully each separate picking and the
date of each If the test is made with small grain or any crop sown
broadcast lay off plats 35 or 70 yards long and six feet wide with a va
cant space of one or two feet wide between the plats and apply the
fertilizer to each alternate plat and when the crop is gathered record
separately the product of the fertilized and unfertilized plats In all
small graintests give the weight of the gram and of the straw after the
grain is thrashed out
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of
200and 100 pounds per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn 00
nounds broadcast on small grain
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the preparation plant
inq stand and cultivation identical on each four rows the only difference
being in the kind or quantity of fertilizers used Without this the test will
5 f compost is used state the formula adopted in composting giving the
quantity and character of each ingredient and the method employed in comDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
2
6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same brands as
above811 r t68t aDd reprt the result as directed in No 2
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have
8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with
and repTresX7 th6r rP B you farm or Sarden
r2odnrCaLbeynftrmUl8e fOT COmPSting Ba in Circul3r n
VrSST may Pref6r andre
11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is done
or as it takes place Let your record also contain the following viz
xcw character of the sn and subsoil in which the test it made
whether sandy clayey marley or calcareous and whether upland or bot
tom how long in cultivation and the character of the original growth
L previ0Vs treatment both as to crops cultivated and fertilizers
TaL7TiZsyeamandif practicableselect a plat
mThll w ad manner f PParation time and manner of planting
Z ntliZUlYatlH SeaSnS b0th as t0 temperature and rainfall and
any other facts of interest connected with the test of fertilizers
rt ilfT a faA Tf fmery fertili yu test Put it in a bottle
ahit tl UP and labfl ectly A common quinine bottle full is
about the proper quantity to save and is most convenient
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Department
embracing everything laid down in the foregoing or that is connected
thP rnpeTt B1Tk n Which to make t this report from
vember next J 7U g year Wi be Sent t0 ou in No
These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with great
naexet fA hnreStUHtS acfcturately rePrted by the first day of DeenToer
next or as soon thereafter as the results can be ascertained
Very respectfully THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
N B These samples are furnished by manufacturers in compli
ance with law expressly to have them fairly and fully tested in the
soil according to rules prescribed by the Department When thus
furnished the manufacturers are entitled to have as fair a test made as
seasons and surrounding circumstances will admit and a thorough
test and a detailed report will be expected in every case unless provi
dentially prevented whether the experiment be a success or a failure as
failures are often instructive and in some eases have been more so than
successesCtcrulat No 63
SEASON OF 18789
ANALYSES
COMMERCIAL VALUES
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
INSPECTED ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN
GEORGIA TO THE 22d OF FEBRUARY 1879
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
THIRD EDITION
ATLANTA GEORGIA
MARCH 1879
JM r IWm Co 9t Prtnton AHUM INSPECTORS
For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws
and regulations in relation to tbe inspection of fertilizers the fol
lowing persons have been appointed Inspectors with offices at the
places annexed to their names viz
G P Harrison Savannah
TJ Smith Augusta
T Brunswick
E T Davis
JSLawtonAtlanta
BDLumsdenMacon
Q W RosetteColumbus
CHEMIST
Atlanta
m J Land
INTRODUCTION
The current volume and the four preceding are not Reports m to usual sense
of the term but as the title imports are compilations of all the publication Wthe
j every character issued during the year These include the questions
correspondents the replies to which constitute the basis of the Monthly Crop
Reports and to a considerable extent that of other publications
Blanks used in the system of Inspection of Fertilizers are aJBo given m connec on
with Rules and Begulations for the inspection of Fertilizers anL Special In hue
donate Inspectors in order that the details of the system may be more readuy under
wume V presents a sort of panoramic view of the work of the Department for tb
velr 8TO It vL not composed and printed in its entirety at the end of the year bn
i ac dance with the system adopted at the inauguration of the DepartmenVvi M
the time of printing a specified number of each of the publications Wanks etc is hied
in the office for binding in a volume at the end of the year
For convenience of indexing the same each publication is aouUe page the usual
mS figures denoting the pages of the Circular while the figures in the brackets
denote thePage of the Annual Volume The Generax Inpex at the end of the volume
refers to these bracket pages
The ManualGEORGIAFBOM AN IMMIGRANTS STANHPOrNT AND BOD TE T
Fertile for 1879 each has its appropriate Index and they are also referred to n
hThoadpted thus described expLins any apparent want of uniformity in
style and mechanical execution and in the quality of paperCONTENTS OF VOLUME V
CIRCULARS MANUALS ETC
Circular No 63March 6
Analysis and Commercial Values of Commercial Fertilizers analyzed for the
season of 187879 prior to February 22d 1879
Cibculab No 64May 1 3
Crop Report for April
Cibculab No 65June 9
Crop Report for May
Cibculab No 66July 9 57
Crop Report for June
Cibculab No 67July 12
Analyses and Statistics of Fertilizers season of 18789
GEOEGIAFkOM THE IMMIGRANT SETTLEBS STANDPOINTJuly 22
Cibculab No 68August 8
Crop Report for July
Cibculab No 69September 10
Crop Report for August
Cibculab No 1New SeriesOctober 10
Crop Report for September
Cibculab No 2October20
Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertilizers season of 187980 SSS8
Cibculab No 3January 1880
Results of Soil Tests of Fertilizers for the year 1879 41
Cibculab No 4January 151880
Supplemental Crop Report 1879 335
SPECIAL CIRCULARS BLANKS ETC
Special Cibculab No 64February 6
Directions for Conducting Soil Test of Fertilizers for 1879 1
Special Cibculab No 65March 8
Requesting names of Foreign and Northern born Citizens in each County 15
Special Circulab No 66April 15
Questions for April Crop Eeport
Special uiecular No 67April 25
Questions addressed to Northern and Foreign born Citizens
Special Cibculab No 68May 10
Questions for May Crop Report 6l
Special Circular No 69June 10
Questions for June Crop Report
Special Circular No 70July 10
Questions or July Crop Report
1177106
Special Circular No 71August 9
Questions for August Crop Report 173
Special Circular No 72September 10
Questions for September Crop Report 9j
Special Circular No 1 New SeriesNovember 1
Blanksfor Report of Soil Tests 207
Special Circular No 2October 20
Special Instructions to Inspectors of Fertilizers Season of 187980 229
Blank Form of Official Analysis 233
Blank Form Chemists Report of Analyses 334
Special Circular No 3December 5
Questions for Supplemental Crop Reprt 235Circular No 63
State of Georgia
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta March 6 1879
RE
I J
EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLE OF ANALYSES
The table commencing on next page shows the analyses of Commer
i w ti La fn the season of 18780 which have been inspected
analSed anTadmit ed to sale in Georgia up to the 23d February
analj zeQ anu chemical determinations to which no
IZffiffiA vrz Moisture and Insouble Phospho
rlNextdare given the valuable determinations viz Soluble and Precipi
fotrl Phnsnhorie Acid Ammonia and Potash
rrhe Soluble and Precipitated Phosphoric Acid are entered in sepa
ratetab bring of equal value the same money value is given
them hencethe sum of these two is placed in one column making the
Total Available Phosphoric Acid
suits ara not desired
The determinations in the analysis are given in percentages
After the Steal determinations are the commercial values or
approximate estimate of the real worth of the valuable ingredients found
bv analysis in a ton of each fertilizer
vaSvTnVedtnn Li nts than otherwise They represent approximately
mtme valve oite several fertilizers at Savannah
Commercial values are followed by the names and places of dealers
and manufelurers 1hese are given as reported to the Department
yThe foUowino prices per pound of the valuable ingredients or ele
ments of Xntfood found in the fertilizers by analysis have been
adopted as a practical approximation to their true value at Savannah
bailable Phosphoric Acid JJK cents per pound
Ammonia cents per pound
PotlLl
The commercial values are calculated as follows the Available
PhosVoric Acid Ammonia and Potash being the valuable m
gSnSfor which the farmer pays hisoneythey onlyarec
Srprl in ascertaining the commercial value Ibe numbeis inuic tupee
tive cZmn oftheseinuvedients indicatethe number of pounds of each
taat5 Phosphoric Add in a fertil
izeT mSy tne number in that column by 12 the value m cents of
nZnound for the value of that element in 100 pounds which product
Zlffid by 20 twenty times 100 pounds makes 2000 pounds or one
nwilorvyc the value of the Available Phosphoric Acid in one ton
Mult if The urn ber of pounds of Ammonia by 18 the value m cents
of wPound This product multiplied by 20 will give the value of
lhMSy1the1Pohy8the value b cents of a pound and the
nvnrliet hv 0 which will give the value of Potash in a ton
1 Then arthcseValues together and you will have the commercial
value of a ton of the fertilizerDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
6

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ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS18789
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9
COMPOSTING SUPERPHOSPHATES
COMPOSTING SUPERPHOSPHATES WITH HO VIE MA
NURES
When we consider the fact that the farmers in Georgia expended
four millions of dollars last season for fertilizers even on a cash
basis the question of the most economical mode of permanently
improving our soils and at the same time producing remunerative
crops is one of vital importance to our people
The Pnilosophy of CompostingStable manure is admitted on
all sides to be a complete manure in the sense of containing all of
the necessary elements of plantfood There are some of the
more important elements phosporic acid is the principal which
are contained in such small e that large quantities of the
manure must be applied in order to secure a sufficient quantity of
this essential element for the necessities of plant sustenance To
supply this deficiency superphosphate is added to the compost
heap A combination of stable manure and cotton seed in the
proportions recommended supplies enough ammonia for summer
crops but hardly sufficient for winter small grain unless applied
at the rate of 400 pounds per acre The sulphate ofi me contained in
every superphosphate besides being otherwise valuable as a chem
ical agent serves to fix the ammonia generated in the progress of
decomposition in the compost heap The fermentation reduces
the coarse material and prepares it for the use of the plant
Composting tender ShelterThis may usually be done on rainy
days or when the ground is too wet for the plow so that little
time need be lost by the manipulation of the heap There are two
methods practiced with equally satisfactory results
One is to apply the different ingredients in successive layers and
cut down vertically after a thorough fermentation has taken place
mixing well with the shovel at the same time
Theother is to mix thoroughly the ingredients at first and allow
the mass to stand until used
The effects of composts thus prepared far exceed the indications
of analysis and cost considered are truiy remarkable
Formulozfor Composting If the stable manure and cotton seed
have been preserved under shelter use the following
FOKMULA NO 1
Stable Manure650 lbs
Cotton Seed green 050 lbs
Superphosphate 700 lbs
Making a ton of2000lbs
Directionx for CompostingSpread under shelter a layer of sta
ble mailure four inches thick on this sprinkle a portion of the
phosphate next sprea a layer of cotton seed three inches thick
wet these thoroughly with water and then apply more of the
phosphate next spread another layer of stable manure three
inches thick and continue to repeat these layers in the above or
der and in proportion to the quantity of each used to the ton un
til the material is consumed over the whole mass with stable
manure or scrapings from the lot one or two inces thick Allow
the heap to stand in this condition until a thorough fermentation
takes place which will require from three to six weeks according
to circumstances dependent upon proper degree of moisture and
the strength of the materials used When the cotton seed areS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULRUREGEORGIA 10J
thoroughly killed with a sharp hoe or mattock cut down verti
cally through the layers pulverize and shovel into a heap where
thefermentation will be renewed and the compost be still further
improved Let it lie two weeks after cutting down it will then
be ready for use
The following plan of mixing gives equally satisfactory results
Mix the cotton seed and the stable manure in proper proportion
moisten them with water apply the proportion of phosphate and
mix thoroughly shoveling into a mass as prepared
There is some advantage in this plan from the tact that the in
gredients are thoroughly commingled during fermentation
For CottonApply in the opening furrow 200 pounds and
with the planting seed 75 or 100 pounds making in all 275 or 300
pounds per acre If it is desired to apply a larger quantity open
furrows the desired distance and over them sow broadcast 400
pounds per acre bed the land and then apply 100 pounds per acre
with the seed
For CornApply in the hill by the side of the seed one gill to
the hill An additional application around the stalk before the
first plowing will largely increase the yield of grain
If the compost is to be used on worn or sandy pine lands use
the following
FORMULA no 2
Stable ManureJJ00 lbs
Cotton Seed green00 bs
IS6woibs
Making a ton of2000 lbs
Prepare as directed for No 1 moisten the manure and cotton
seed with a solution of the kainit instead of water Muriate of
potash is the cheapest form in which potash can be used but kai
nit supplies it in a better form and combination for many plants
If lot manure or that which has been so exposed as to lose some
of its fertilizing properties is composted use
FORMULA NO 3
Lot Manure lbs
Cotton Seed green f
Superphosphate s
Sulphate of Ammonia s
Kainit140U8
Making a ton of 2000 lbs
The sulphate of ammonia and kainit must be dissolved in warm
water and a proportionate part of each sprinkled upon the other
ingredients as they heap is prepared Apply as directed under No
1 to cotton and corn To wheat or oats apply 400 or 500 pounds
per acre broadcast and plow or harrow it in with the grain11
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM OF INSPEC
TION ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
The act of 30th February 1877 requires that from and after the first
day of September 1877
All fertilizers or chemicals for manufacturing or composting the same offered for
sale or distribution in this State shall have branded upon or attached to each bag barrel
or package in such manner as the Commissioner of Agriculture may by regulation es
tablish thetrue analysis of such fertilizer or chemical showing the percentage of valua
ble elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain
This true analysis is not the analysis of the Chemist of this Depart
ment hut is simply a statement of what the manufacturer claims his
fertilizer contains and the law provides
That the analysis so placed upon or attached to any fertilizer or chemical shall be
a guaranty by the manufacturer agent or person offering the same that it contains sub
stantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein and said
guaranty shall be binding on said manufacturer agent or dealer and may be pleaded in
any action or suit at law to show partial or total failure of consideration in the contract for
the sale of said fertilizer
Hence it is commonly called the Guaranteed Analysis
The act referred to also provides
It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of any acid
phosphate or dissolved bone which is shown by official analysis to contain less than ten
percentum of available phosphoric acid and also to forbid the sale of any ammoniated
superphosphate which is shown by official analysis to contain less than eight percentum
of available phosphoric acid and two percentum of ammonia A copy of the official analy
sis of any fertilizer or ehemical under seal of the Department of Agriculture shall he
admissible as evidence in any of the courts of this State in the trial of any issue involve
mg the merits of said fertilizer
The act further provides for the appointment by the Commissioner
of a competent Chemist and not exceeding six Inspectors who shall
take tin oath faithfully to perform all the duties which may be required
of them in pursuance of the act and that the Commissioner
Shall have power to prescribe and enforce such rules and regulations as he may deem
necessary to carry fully into effectthe true intent and meaning of this act
Among the duties of Inspectors prescribed by law are the follow
ing
iitake samples in person of all fertilizersor chemicals for manufactur
ing the same intended for sale or distribution in this State and furnish Inspectors lags
or other devices prescribed for each and every package
In accordance with the law from which the preceding extracts are
given and the Rules and Regulations prescribed in pursuance
thereof the following is the method of procedure 10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 12
The manufacturer or other person desiring an inspection having
complied with the requirements as to the true analysis must now
make a written request for inspection according to the form pre
scribed by this Department addressed to I be nearest Inspector
In this request he stales tin brand and number of tons to be inspected
and signs an obligation that in consideration of being allowed to
proceed to sell and distribute the same before the official analysis
thereof is made he agrees and binds himself to cancel and make
null and void all sales that may be made thereof and forfeit all
right to compensation therefor if after the official analysis is made
the Commissioner of Agriculture shall forbid its sale in accordance
with law The reason lot requiring this oh cancel ales
etc will appear directly
The applicant for inspection is further required to furnish at once
to the inspector not less than 300 pounds of the fertilizi r each brand
to be held subject to the order of the Commissioner for the purpose of
a thorough wit t it The Inspector now collects the fee of 50 cents or
satisfies himself that it will lie paid before delivery of the tags and
proceeds to take samples For this purpose he is provided wit it a sampler
that will penetrate to the centre of the bulk or package He is required
in person to take samples from not less titan onefifth of he packages
when in lots of less than ten tons and not less than onetenth in lots
of over ten tons
These samples are then thoroughly mixed by stirring ami
from the mixture three glass bottles are tilled securely scaled with the
Inspectors private seal and properly labelled One of these bottles is
retained by the Inspector and the remaining two delivered in person or
sent by express to the Commissioner of Agriculture for analysis to
gether with an official report of the inspection
The Inspector then delivers to the applicant as many Inspectors
tagsas there are packages in the lot in ich tag bearing the
facsmtiU of the Inspectors signature and its own consecutive num
berno two tags having the same number They are not attached to
the packages by the Inspector but by the applicant s
The tags used for bis season in addition to the eliptical device fac
simile and number have also printed on them a blank form for the true
analymiot the convenience of such manufacturers as may desire to
use it This blank form is a mere appendage to the official tag and
the figures indicating the true analysis may or may not be inserted
as the manufacturer or agenl may elect in practice the form is lit
tle used it being optionaryas it is found to be more convenient to
brand I be analysis on the package
The tags being attached the applicant may proceed to ell or distri
bute to ag nts throughout the Stale if he were required to withhold
his fertilizer from sale or distribution until the official amtlym could
be made of the sample sent to the Commissioner a delay of from three
to six weeks would be the result greatly to the embarrassment of far13
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
11
mers us well as dealers For this reason as already intimated the dealer
is permitted at once to sell having given the obligation to cancel sales
etc in case the Commissioner after the official analysis is completed
shall forbid sales in accordance with law
Upon the receipt of the samples by the Commissioner they are at
once prepared to be placed in the hands of the Chemist The label on
one of the bottles having been properly recorded is removed entirely
and its place supplied by one having a simple number and the deter
minations required to be made If the Chemist is not already engaged
on a series a number of samples so preparedusually fifteenare
placed in his hands It will be observed that the Chemist has no in
timation of the name of Hie fertilizer or of the person for whom it was
inspected nor of the amount of the different valuable elements it is
claimed to contain He is simply required to ascertain by analysis
what percentage the sample contains of each of the elements claimed
by the true analysis to enter into its composition
To complete the analysis of a series of 15 samples requires about 15
davs When completed the chemist reports them back to the Commis
sioner according to the numbers the record is made with the names of
the brands inserted parties interested are furnished with copies of the
analyses and in due lime they are published in usual circular form
If a fertilizer comes up to the minimum required by law it is per
mitted to go to saU otherwise its sale is forbidden and the dealer in
accordance with his obligation forfeits all right to compensation there
for in case sales have been made
The following construction of the law relative to the minimum stan
dard is believed to be in accordance with the true intent and mean
ing of the act
Every fertilizer without regard to name is allowed to go to sale
1 If it is shown by official analysis to contain not less than 10 per
centum of available phosphoric acid or
2 If having less than 10 per centum but not less than 8 per centum
of available phosphoric it contains also not less than 2 per centum of
ammonia
Chemicals for the manufacture of fertilizers or for composting are
admitted to sale as such subject to the guaranty prescribed by law
If the work of inspection were uniformly distributed throughout the
seasonlst September to 1st Maythc Chemist could easily keep up
with his work but such is not the case During the height of the sea
son which usually occurs in February and March while the chemist
is engaged on a series of 15 samples it frequently occurs that twenty
or thirty additional samples are sent in by Inspectors and thus the
work accumulates
COMMERCIAL VALUES
The commercial value is not intended to indicate accurately the price
at which a fertilizer should be sold or the price which the farmer can
afford to pay for it but to enable a purchaser to compare the aggregate12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 14
potential value of the several ingredients in one fertilizer with that of
another It is estimated by assigning to each of the valuable elements
a value per pound which was deduced from the average cash
prices of standard brands as sold in Savannah At the beginning of
the season of 18745 the prices of these elements were fixed as follows
Ammonia18 cents per pound
Available Phosphoric Acid15 cents per pound
Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 4 cents per pound
Potash 64 cents per pound
Iu 18756 the same prices were adepted with the remark Though
these valuations are too high they answer for a comparison of the
different brands as well as a comparison of the quality of the same
brands during the two seasons 18745 and 18758
The present prices of the elements were fixed at the beginning of the
season of 18767 and were found at that time to result in commercial val
ue rather below the current cash prices of that season They are as
follows
Ammonia18 cents per pound
Available Phosphoric Acid12 cents per pound
Potash8 cents per pound
No value was assigned to insoluble phosphoric acid that of potash
increased to 8 cents and the others diminished as above During the
past two years there has been a steady decrease in the cash prices of
fertilizers while the values assigned to the valuable elements have re
mained unaltered hence the commercial values of the present season
are higher than the actual cash prices asked by dealers
The commercial values as published notwithstanding the apparent
discordance constitute a valuable guide in comparing the real value
as far as can be determined by chemical analysisof one fertilizer with
another The amounts stated in dollars and cents may be considered
as simple numbers indicating the relative values of the fertilizers to
which they are annexed
Commuzione1 of AgriculwSpecial Circular No 65
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga March 8th 1879
Deah Sir
I desire to get the names and post office address of some
of the most intelligent and reliable citizens of your county who were
born and reared in the North or a foreign country and have since
1865 immigrated to and become permanent citizens of the State
My object is to address to such citizens a circular requesting them
to state what has been the character of the treatment social and other
wise which they have experienced from Southern born citizens since
their settlement in the State I will then publish a circular embody
ing such facts as may be elicited for distribution in the Northern States
of the Union and in foreign countries in the interest and for the pro
motion and encouragement of immigration to Georgia You will
therefore oblige me by inserting names and post office addresses etc
of three or four of such citizens in the blank below and mailing your
reply at once Very Respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
Names Post Office






Sign your own name here
P O
CountySpecial Circular No 66
REPORT OF AREAS GROWING CROPS ETC FOR
THE MONTH OF APRIL 1879
RETURNABLE MAY 1st 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga April 15 1879
Dear SibPlease answer the following questions on the 1st
day of May or a few days before if necessary and mail
promptly so that your report may reach this office by the
Fifth of May
Answer every question that will admit of it definitely in num
bers indicating per cents
An 4VEKAGE CROP or AVERAGE CONDITION or
anything with which a comparison is made is always
taken as 100 Thus it the corn crop at any time is 10 per
cent better than last year or 10 per cent better than
an average it should be reported as 110 in each case and
if 10 per cent below these standards it should be 90
SEVER REPORT 10 per cent better or 10 per cent
worse but 110 or 90 as the case may be So avoid
vague comparisons such as some better hardly
so good above an average etc etc i
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county
in which you reside or as far in each direction asyour knowledge
may extend not simply to your own farm
In all cases where the crop is not grown in your section use the
characier X lf yu Dave not sufficient data to make an approxi
mate estimate leave the space blank
8 An X in ulue pencil indicates that no report was received
for last month if in red that it was received too late for use
Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you reportCounty
II Your name r
III Your postoffice DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 18
CORN
Acreage compared to laBt yearper cent
Preparation compared to last year percent
Stand compared to average stand per cent
What per cent of the whole crop is fertilized or manured per cent
What per cent of the whole crop is fertilized with composts of stable ma
nure cotton seed and acid phosphate per cent
OATS
per cent
per cent
per cent
11
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
82
Acreage compared to last year
What per cent sown last fall
Condition and prospect compared to average
WHEAT
Acreage compared to last year per cent
Condition and prospect compared to average per cent
COTTON
Acreage compared to last year per cent
Average time of planting compared to last year
Earlierdays
Laterdays
Amount of commercial fertilizers used on cotton compared to last
year per cent
What per cent of area fertilized is fertilized with home composts per cent
What per cent of the crop is xtp f percent
Condition of the plant compared to average percent
Compared to the whole area in corn 100 what is the area in cot
ton per cent
I1 oate percent
In wheat per cent
SUGAR CANE
Area compared lo last year per cent
Stand compared to average per cent
SORGHUM
Area compared to last yearper cen19 QUESTIONS FOR APRIL CROP REPORT 3
RICE
23 Area compared to last year per cent
MISCELLANEOUS
24 Area in clover compared to last yearper cent
25 Condition compared to averageper cent
26 Area in German millet compared to last yearper cent
27 Area in chufas compared to last year percent
ORCHARDS
28 Peach prospect compared to averageper cent
29 Apple prospect compared to averageper cent
30 Pear prospect compared to averageper cent
31 What per cent has been added to the area in orchards during the past
winterper cent
STOCK
32 Condition of cattle compared to averageper cent
3 Condition of work stock compared to averagepercent
34 Stock of hogs all ages compared to last yearper cent
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
35 Quantity purchased compared to last yearper cent
36 What percent of fertilizers purchased were used in compostper cent
LABOR AND SUPPLIES
37 What is the average wages paid this year for full hands men per month
with rationsdollar
38 Efficiency of hired labor compared with last yearpercent
39 Amount of farm supplies being purchased by farmers compared to last
yeirper cent
40 What per cent of farm supplies are purchased on timeper cent
SEASONS ETC
41 Has the spring been favorable or unfavorable for farming operations
42 What was dateof the latest killing frostdateSpecial Circular No 67
STATE OF GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta April 25 1879
Dear Sir
In response to the enclosed circular No 64 your name and ad
dress has been furnished me by one of my crop correspondents in
your county As intimated in that chcular my object is to prepare
a pamphlet which shall give from the standpoint of actual set
tlers a view of the natural resources of soil and climate of Geor
gia the moral and social condition of the people their disposition
towards immigrants and the social position which may be ac
corded to such immigrants as judged from your own personal ex
perience and observation
The pamphlet will be made up chiefly of short statements over
the name and address of the persons who may respond to this re
quest and a large number will be printed for free distribution in
the Northern and Western states of the Union and in foreign
countries with a view to giving emigrants reliable and accurate
information of our climate soil and resources from the stand
point of actual settlers and to disabuse their minds of prejudice
I will be obliged therefore if you will give on this sheet such
a statementbased on your experience and observationas may
serve the purpose in view as soon as convenient and mail to this
office Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
Let the remarks which follow embrace the following 1 Your
native country 2 The year of your settlement in Georgia 3
Your business or profession 4 Inducements presented for those
of your own or other professions 5 Climate 6 Soil 7 Pro
ductions 8 Health 9 Condition of society 10 Safety to life
and property 11 Taxes 12 Feeling manifested towards and
social treatment of immigrants 13 Prices and profits of land
compared with other States or countries and such other points as
may occur to you as proper and relevant
Here sign your name
Your postoffice
Your county Circular No 64
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL 1879
Returned to the Department of Agriculture Atlanta Qa May 1 1879
Depabtment of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga May 15 1879
CORN
North Georgia and Southwest Georgia report the area planted
in com the same as that of last year Middle Georgia reports an
increase of one per cent East Georgia two per cent and South
east Georgia 6 per cent making an average increase for the State
of one per cent Each section reports an improvement in the
preparation of the soil over that of last year For the whole State
the preparation is three per cent better than that of last year
Owing to the heavy rains in some sections and the unusually
low temperature the stand is reported below an average in every
section except Southeast Georgia In the whole State it is 6 per
cent below an average
Fiftyseven per cent of the crop has been fertilized Thirty
three per cent of the fertilizers used on corn were composts of
stable manure cotton seed and acid phosphate
A large portion of the crop was injured by the frost and freezes
which occurred from the 4th to the 6th of the month and in many
instances it was so badly injured as to necessitate plowing up and
planting over entirely
The crop seems however to have recovered from the effects of
the frost and is doing well It was feared that the extremely low
price at which corn sold during the past winter would have the
effect of reducing the area planted this spring and it is gratifying
to know that the farmers of the State have pursued the wise policy
of planting the full area in this important crop
OATS
Southwest Georgia is the only section of the State in which
there is a decrease in the area seeded to oats and there it is only
three per cent
The increase in the State is two per cent against eight per cent
last year Sixtytwo per cent of the crop was sown in the fallDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
24
which is eight per cent more than was sown the fall previous
The prospect compared to an average is not so good as last year
probably owing to the fact that some of the fall sown oats were
winter killed
The decrease in area sown in Southwest Georgia is probably due
to the heavy crop of cotton made in thatsection and the conse
quent want of time to seed the oats in the fall
WHEAT
The average in wheat is the same as that of last year with a
slight increase in North and Middle Georgia the principal wheat
growing regions and a decrease in Southwest and East Georgia
None reported in Southeast Georgia The wheat crop was re
ported as very promising in every section except in Southwest
Georgia In the State the prospect is one per ceat above an
average
COTTON
There is no material change in the acreage planted in cotton the
increase for the whole State being only one per cent over that of
last year
The crop generally was planted later than last year and its con
dition is 8 percent below an average and the condition last year at
the same date There has been eight per cent less commercial
fertilizers applied to the cotton crop of the State this year than
last while there was six per cent more used last year than the
year previous Twentynine per cent of the area fertilized is
manured with compost
Fortysix per cent of the crop was up on the 1st of May and
owing to the unusually cool weather the stand has been some
what injured
The area in corn being rated at 100 that in cotton in the whole
State is reported at 96 or four per cent less than that in corn Middle
Georgia having thirteen per cent more land in cotton than in corn
Southwest Georgia four per cent more North Georgia twenty
per cent less East Georgia twentytwo per cent less and South
east Georgia twentyseven per cent less The areas in oats and
wheat compared in the same way with that in corn are respec
tively fortynine and thirtyfour
The highest ratio in oats is in Southeast Georgia where it is re
ported at fiftynine The highest in wheat is in North Geor
gia where it is reported at fiftythree The lowest in oats is in
North Georgia where it is reported at forty The lowest in wheat
is in Southwest Georgia where it is reported at twentytwo25
APRIL CROP REPORT1879
SUGAR CANE
The area in sugar cane is one per cent less than that of last
year and the stand six per cent below an average
SORGHUM
There is a considerable decrease in the area planted in sorghum
owing probably to the difficulty in disposing of the syrup at remu
nerating prices The amber variety from which it is claimed sugar
can be made has thus far proved a failure while other varieties
have given most satisfactory results
RICE
The area devoted to rice has increased three per cent over that
of last year which was seven per cent more than that of the year
previous The principal increase is in East and Southeast Geor
gia the principal rice growing regions being 12 per cent in the for
mer and 9 per cent in the latter
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
The area in clover compared to last year is reported at 99 for
the State there being a small increase in North Georgia and a de
crease in Middle Georgia There should be more of this impor
tant crop planted in North Georgia and upper Middle Georgia
where it grows luxuriantly on stiff lands of good quality Its
condition is reported as six per cent below an average
The area in German millet has decreased 15 per cent This
plant has not proved so valuable as a forage crop as was at first
hoped though some claim that it is a most valuable addition to
our list of forage plants
Ihe Chufa is still gaining ground as a cheap and valuable crop
for fattening hogs and though the increase in area this year is not
so great as last year when the increase was reported at 28 per cent
the increase over last is reported at 14 per cent that in Southwest
Georgia being 23 per cent and that in East Georgia 30 per cent
greater than last year
The increase in Southeast Georgia is 8 per cent
The increase in the cultivation of this the cheapest hog crop is
a gratifying indication that more attention is being given to pork
raising and that its cost to the farmer will be reduced
ORCHARD PRODUCTS
The severe cold and frost from the 4th to the 6th of April in
clusive destroyed the fruit in some localities while it received but
little injury in others The peach prospect compared to an aver
age is reported at 52 per cent apples 61 and pears 53
The most gratifying feature in the reports on orchards is the fact
that the area in orchards has been increased eighteen per centDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULRUREGEORGIA
L26J
during the last planting season The greatest increase has been in
Southwest Southeast and East Georgia in which sections it was
20 30 and 53 per cent respectively Our superior advantages of
soil and climate give us a practical monopoly of the Northern
markets during the period of the highest prices the only obstacle
being in the cost of transportation This obstacle has been par
tially overcome by the wise policy of the authorities in charge of
some of the leading lines of transportation and it is on those lines
that the increased plantings have mainly occurred
STOCK
The condition of cattle in consequence of the uniform severity
of last winter and the lateness of the spring is reported three per
cent below an average and that of work stock at an avenge The
stock of hogs of all ages compared to last year is leported at two
per cent increase No cholera has been reported to this office this
season
The cattle in a portion of the county of Wilkes are reported as
being strangely affected and to some extent dying The matter
is under investigation and it is believed that the disease is the
effect of a local cause which may be discovered and removed
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Correspondents report that five per cent less commercial fertil
izers have been purchased this year than last and that twenty
eight per cent of these were used in preparing compost
LABOR AND SUPPLIES
The average wages paid full hands per month is 7 25 with
board added In efficiency labor is reported two per cent less
efficient than last year
The amount of farm supplies being purchased by farmers this
year compared with last is reported twentytwo per cent less and
of this amount 60 per cent are purchased on time
This is the greatest obstacle to profitable farming in Georgia
and it is very gratifying to know that the evil is gradually dimin
ishing
SEASONS
As far as rainfall is concerned the seasons are reported as gener
ally favorable the principal exceptions being in portions of South
west and Southeast Georgia where considerable injury was done
to land and growing crops on the 16th of April See Table No II
It is gratifying however to be able to state that the general out
look is favorable271
APRIL CROP REPORT1879
GENERAL REMARKS AND REQUESTS
One of the principal obstacles to successful farming is found in the
neglect of farmers to keep accurate records of their farming oper
ations A record should be kept in a form easy of future refer
ence of every operation connected with farm work embracing the
date and manner of the preparation of the soil the date and man
ner of planting the date and manner of each working date of
maturity quality and amount of yield with full statement of the
cost of production and the value of the products
There is no other business avocation in which bookkeeping is so
generally neglected as in farming and the fact that fewer failures
occur In this in proportion to the number engaged in it than in
any other furnishes the strongest evidence of the possible profits
of agriculture as a pursuit when managed on business principles
Independently of the pecuniary advantages to be derived from
keeping an accurate account of all farm operations and a debit
and credit account of all expenditures and receipts the fund of
infoimatipn which may thus be acquired by the preservation of
such a record would be invaluable
Experience which is the principal guide to every tiller of the
soil would thus be made matter of fact and record instead of one
of mere memory and guesswork Icannot toostrongly urgeupon
farmers the importance of keeping such record of their farming
operations as will enable them at any moment to know the exact
status of their business Farmers in this State whether crop cor
respondents or not are invited to report to this office the results of
experiments with new crops or with new methods of cultivating
old crops experiments with improved implements or laborsaving
machines with different breeds of thoroughbred stock or poultry
and their crosses upon common stock and poultry with new meth
ods of feeding and management and any other wellestablished
facts which will by their publication prove advantageous to other
farmers in this State
The unprecedented impulse that has recently been given to fruit
culture in this State especially for market purposes renders it pe
culiarly important that the farmers of the State should be informed
as to the best varieties to plant and the results of experiments with
new varieties Reliable information on any of these questions will
be published by the Department for the public good
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES OF CROPS
The correspondents in each county are requested to collect rep
resentative samples of the various agricultural products of their
respective counties for exhibition in this office for the information
of strangers visiti ng this office Thousands of strangers from other
States visit this office annually for the purpose of seeking informsDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
281
tion in regard to the productions of the various counties of the State
Such samples of the productions of each county as will serve as an
index to its products are desired for the permanent display in the
office By concert of action among the correspondents of each coun
ty small samples of every product not perishable may be collected
and forwarded by freight to the Department As far as practicable
the date of planting and maturity of each sample and the name of
the producer should be plainly marked upon each sample
The farmers generally are invited to cooperate with the crop
correspondents in collecting these samples
Samples of wool are solicited from every county with a state
ment of the breed whether thoroughbred grade or native the
age and gender and the weight of the fleece Mr G D Perry of
Morgan county sends a fine sample of Merino wool One yearling
buck gave him nine and threequarters pounds and three yearling
ewes eight seven and onefourth and six and onehalf pounds re
spectively
Any farmer or other citizen of Georgia who has not received the
publications of this Department and desires them can have them
sent by mail to his address by making his wishes known by postal
oard
Very respectfully
ktrryad Or njCwuLij
Commissioner of Agricultur
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
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35
APRIL CROP REPORT1879
13
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
36
TABLE II
Summary of Weather Report from January 1st to April 30 1879
North Georgia
JANAEY
FEBRY
MARCH
Tempera
ture
STATIONS
a fl
a
y

a a
Canton
Dal ton
Ellerslle
Lookout
Gainesville
Leo White
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Toecoa
Trenton
Means
Mt
do
6S0
700
600
750
700
670
690
710
720
103
376
300
411
410
417
365
414
150
Tempera
ture
600
070
010
710
6S0
650
640
700
720
660
190
120
160
23 0
240
220
150
1S0
240
170
396
394
060
446
421
41 8
379
426
440 4
39316
Tempera
ture
310
250
240
290
320
320
2oii
290
320
290
544
520
490
572
573
560
493
555
530
547
4 40 6 544 664 200 407l435 777 283 54 3
Middle Georgia
Tempera
ture
a I a
234
2S5
240
2 60
408
352
267
246
331
445
330
810
750
850
800
90
790
840
830
340
350
310
280
800
320
230
260
300
577
SO 9
540
593
576
5S1
535
680
605
07 810 89
584 3i
370
365
220
390
594
418
352
345
388
Freeze 4 to 6
Ice 84 frost
10th
Sevre freze
4 to 6 Apr
last ft 11
Freeze 4 to 6
Frost on 4
Atlanta 730 70 422 881 070 210 420 272 790 800 556 285 3 0 39 0 59 0 3 67
Carrollton 710 60 431 399 880 190 127 245 820 320 564 167 820 33 0 59 0 3 97 frost 6th
Griffin 710 150 186 300 650 300 430 270 810 350 616 3 45 37 0 35 0 63 5 4 90 Freeze 4 to 6
LaGrange 70 SO 437 300 650 240 435 205 770 3110 55 S 305 780 A1fl 59 3 3 62
Macon 760 120 4V 175 10 300 437 150 10 320 590 279 840 310 02 0 6 53 frost 56
Oxford 740 70 400 2 30 69 0 220 422 210 790 300 562 180 81 0 30 0 59 7 4 15 Frost 4 4 5
Thomson 310 160 102 255 6olJ 200 460 160 860 300 5S1 195 S40 290 619 470
Means 73 6 101 416 300 671 244 146 216 308 312 577 248 827 320 007 450
Southwest Georgia
Albany
Americus
Bainbridge
Butler
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
740
050
780
750
180
120
200
160
110
150
105
690
690
750
740
740
510
517
510
516
200
105
846
265
850
820
780
78 0
350
820
360
330
430
340
410
410
400
780 1651482 122 722 313 501 287 820 397 62 9 38l820 400 65 6 8 35
046
030
644
393
621
650
624
3351870
350 800
880 800
150 800
32o800
365 850
213840
190
390
420
350
120
10O
06s
662
66
639
610
66
654
905
690
1160
782
870
750
690
Frost 5th
Fropt5
Fr 4 Ice 4
5 fr 6th
Fr 4 5 6
IS 19
Ice on 4th
Frost 4 5 6
Frost 5th
East Georgia
Augusta
McKae
Ofleechee
Sandersville
Swainsboro
Means
730
70
760
240
15 0
160
490
470
422
750 188146
17 5
oigO
165
92
700
750
720
690
72
280
300
800
23 0
280
508
175
502
462
483
125
140
175
195
132
780
50
S30
10
850
123 71 6 248 485 153 824 840 594 203 855
820
350
370
33 0
330
575
590
60
59 0
612
2 6
286
14
806
110
820
830
890
100
320
320
86
620
653
340 036 517
555
670
384
Ice fr 4th
Southeast Georgia
Bailey
Blackshear
Brunswick
DuPont
St Marys
Walthourville
Means
1710
J750
1810
810
1810
778
Means for State 732
170
250
210
23 0
800
212
129
52
523
1530
523
517
522
454
075
050
050
033
075
056
291
7503iO
730
800
750
76 0
75 8
638
820
320
320
280
312
260
52112501820
850
6301371
538ll00
670 318
510287
830
850
0
840
534 265 842
4672841809
390
400
44
440
400
40
112
843
633
630
62 3
6 13
020
024
183880i40065 0
100 850 400 651
1581810 48066 8
250J92O420 660
119 890380 649
208 810 480 646
629 169
5892 62
855 408 653
830 349623
675
700
1153
1750
291
703
862
626
Ice 6 fr 6Special Circular Number 68
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE
MONTH OF MAY 1879
RETURNABLE JUNE 1st 1879
I
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga May 10 1879
Dear SikPlease answer the following questions on the 1st
day of June and mail promptly so that your report may reach
this office by the fifth day of June if possible
Answer every question that will admit of it definitely in num
bers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county
in which you reside or as far in each direction as your knowledge
may extend not simply to your own farm
In all cases where the crop is not grown in your county use the
character X If yu have not sufficient data to make an approxi
mate estimate leave the space blank
Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissiorwr of Agriculture
N EIf your mail facilities are such that matter mailed on
the 1st of the month will not reach this office by the 5th please
make out your report so long before the end of the month as will
be necessary to have it reach this office by the 5th
I For what county do you report county
II Your name
III Your postofficeCircular No 65
CONSOLIDATION
REPORTS OF CROPS c
FOR THK
Month of May 1879
Returned to the State Department of
Agriculture
ATLANTA GEORGIA
June 9 1879
Jaa Horrion A Co State Printers Atlanta Circular No 65
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops etc
FOR THE MONTH OF MAY 1879
RETURNED TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE AT ATLANTA GA
JUNE 1st 1879
STATE OF GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta June 9 1879
CORN
The rain during the month of May was very unequally distrib
uted some correspondents complaining of excessive quantities
and others of extreme drouth Dade Walker and Whitfleld coun
ties have had but little rain since April 1st and corn is retarded in
growth if not seriously injured The wet cool weather of April
and in some counties severe storms of rain and hail and the rav
ages of bud worms all conspired to make the crop late and the
dry sunny weather of the latter half of May has not yet sufficed
to overcome the injury The condition of the crop is reported as
follows In North Georgia 98 Middle Georgia 97 Southwest
Georgia 947 East Georgia 95 Southeast Georgia 93 General
average for the State 9 2 per cent compared to an average crop
and 945 per cent compared to the average prospect on 1st June
last year
It appears from the reports received that bud worms have been
unusually troublesome destroying in some instances stalks of
corn eighteen inches in height Under the head of Notes from
Correspondents a simple remedy for these pests is given to
which the reader attention is invited2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 42
OATS
This is becoming a staple product on many of the farms iu
Georgia But a small portion of the crop had been harvested on
1st June but the prospect is good for a full yield in the State at
large The cop of fallsown in North Georgia was severely in
jured by the cold weather and the spring sown by drouth and the
prospect in this section is only 71 per cent of an average so far as
harvested and 78 per cent where not yet cut The injury from
rust is very slight In Middle Georgia the crop of fallsown is
fine some extraordinary yields being reportedone in Monroe
county of fifty bushels from half acre and another of 137 bushels
from one acre besides a considerable quantity which could not be
saved
Each year the evidence in favor of fallsowing of oats increases
In North Georgia the stand is more liable to be injured by winter
freezing than in other sections but still it appears that where sown
in September on good land or with a moderate application of su
perphosphate the plants will be so strongly rooted as to defy any
ordinary freeze
WHEAT
On the whole the wheat crop is quite promising especially in
North Middle and East Georgia In each of these sections the
crop will yieM better than that of last year whilst in Southwest
Georgia though the prospect is about 95 per cent of an average
it is much below last years yield which was 48 per cent above
the usual product
COTTON
The stand is above an average in North and Middle Georgia but
considerably below in the other sections Excessive rains in the
southern half of the State prevented perfect stands at I he outset
These rains continued in most counties until the 15th May and
in consequence the cotton fields became very foul As every prac
tical farmer knows when young cotton is badly infested with
grass and continues so for a few weeks it is practically impossible
to clean it without seriously iujuringthe stand This has been the
condition of the crop during May on most farms in the three sections
named In the State at large the prospect of the cotton crop on
the 1st of June compared to an average was 93 By reference to
Tables I and II the condition of the various crops will be seen in
detail
MISCELLANEOUS
The growing of clover seems to be on the decrease in Georgia and
the reported yield of clover hay is very light German millet seems
also to be steadily losing favor with farmers other plants being
found less exhausting to land and yielding a more wholesome for43
MAY CROP REPORT1879
age when cured The objection that millet impoverishes the noil is
not peculiar to this but may be urged against nearly every plant
where the entire growth above ground is removed from the land
SUGAR CANE
The stand size and condition are all somewhat below an aver
age There is some tendency to experiment with sugar cane in
the northern part of the State Small patches are reported in
Banks Cobb and Cherokee On warm mellow sandy loams
cowpenned or highly fertilized we see no reason why small areas
might not be profitably grown if for no other purpose than supply
ing a most agreeable and wholesome food for children This is
especially true of the whole of Middle Georgia
POTATOES
Irish potatoes are not grown as a field or market crop in Geor
gia except to a very limited extent in Northwest Georgia It may
be considered as an ordinary kitchen garden vegetable The in
dications point to less than an average yield
Of sweet potatoes the great root crop of the South universally
liked by all ages and conditions and by domestic animals as well
the prospect is little less than an average the area also being some
what less The falling off in area however is confined to North
and Middle Georgia there being a slight increase in the other
sections
RICE GROUND PEAS CHUFAS AND MELONS
The chufa is growing in favor in most places especially where
the soils are light Some farmers in Southern Georgia are enthu
siastic in its praise as a hog food
For information of the other minor crops under the above head
the reader is referred to Tables I and II
THE FRUIT CROP
The fruit crop of Georgia may be set down as a comparative fail
ure certainly less than half the usual crop The reports show that
the prospect in North Georgia is a follows Peaches 32 apples 45
pears 32 In Middle Georgia peaches 43 apples 57 pears 49
Southwest Georgia peaches 92 apples 70 pears 61 East Geor
gia peaches 55 apples 58 pears 49 Southeast Georgiagrows
Tery few of either kiidpeaches 72 apples 85 pears 59 Aver
age for the State Peaches 49 apples 57 pears 49 It is very prob
able that the peach crop is overestimated especially in Southwest
Georgia as several reliable gentlemen of that section who have
large orchards and make a business of growing and shipping fruit
estimate it at much lower figures
The pear blight is much less serious than last year some corres
pondents having seen no symptoms of the disease The disease
or whatever it may be termedseems to be on the decrease an
nually4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 44J
SHEEP
The wool clip of the past season was 99 per cent of the amount
sheared last year in each of the sections except Southwest Geor
gia where it was 101 The number of sheep killed by dogs during
the last 12 months is estimated by correspondents at 9 percent of
the whole number and the number died of disease 4 per cent
There is evidently a growing sentiment in favor of some legisla
tion to protect these valuable and helpless animals from the rav
ages of dogs
In the Notes from Correspondents on page 6 will be
found a letter from a gentleman in Cobb county giving a striking
illustration of the destructive instinct of the dog
The following extracts are from a letter just received by a prom
inent grower of fine sheep who has himself recently suffered a
very severe loss of blooded sheep
Dear SirI notice from the papers that the dogs have been play
ing havoc with your sheep They made a raid on me night before
last killing six and wounding fifteen my flock consisting of fifty
My sheep are always enclosed and are regularly penned every
night in a small lot near the house with the cattle On the night
of the killing they were in an enclosure of less than quarter of
an acre with nine head of cattle so thai it seems cattle are no
protection though I had counted largely on this supposed fact
Among the slain was the Southdown buck I got from you He
had a bell on the only one of the flock that did So the bell did
not protect him
The following is from a letter received by the same gentleman
and details the havoc alluded to in the letter just quoted
We had a bad raid on the Merino ewe flock last night Nine
ewes and lambs killed outright about four to six that will die
total wounded thirty from small bites to large
By good luck I was up before 5 am and was able to follow
two of the dogs intoCalhoun and they were killed with the blood
on them About 9 AM found another on one of the dead sheep
and killed him During a long winter night I think they would
have exterminated the flock or rendered it worthless Value
of the killed and wounded 180 and during the last 10 years we
have suffered by three raids the loss being fully 1500
There are in teorgia say 400000 sheen worth at 250 per head
1000000 Taking the estimate of the number destroyed in 12
months 9 per cent as correct and we have an annual loss from
this source of S90000 But this gives but an inadequate idea of the
real loss Encouraged by proper and wise protective laws the nat
ural increase of the present stock of sheep would aggregate in ten
years not less than 6000000 head worth at 250 15000000
to say nothing of those which would be brought into the State
from without many of them of tine blood and much more valua45
MAY CROP REPORT1879

ble The annual clip of wool from such a number of sheep would
be worth not less than 5000000 or onefourth of the value of the
cotton crop of Georgia in 1878
The foregoing is sufficient to show that the question at issue is of
no small importance but of magnitude sufficient to engage the
wisdom of our best legislative minds in devising a remedy for the
present state of things and giving the needed encouragement to
timid capital now waiting for investment in this profitable branch
of industry Many letters have been received from parties in the
North and Northwest who have more or less capital and wish to
invest in sheepraising in Georgia Almost invariably they desire
to know what protection is afforded by the laws of the State and
cnstoms of the people against loss from dogs Of course the reply
to such inquiries must admit the fact that the law is totally inade
quate In fact the sheep are only protected by the vigilant owner
who must often take the law into his own hands and avenge the
loss of their lives and prevent future raids by destroying the mer
ciless marauders on his sheep fold whenever and wherever he
may find them oftentimes at imminent risk to his owu life and
the safety of his barns from the torch of the revengeful owner of the
worthless curs The people in the several counties should discuss
the question and make their wishes known to their immediate rep
resentatives that the Legislature at its approaching session may
be prepared to act promptly in adopting such effective laws as the
importance of the interests at stake appear to demand
GENERAL OUTLOOK
While the crops generally are not so promising as they were
twelve months ago as yet there is no reason for desponding The
drouth generally prevailing up to the 9th of June occurred at the
most favorable period of the crop and there is good reason to ex
pect good seasons in the future The marked improvement in the
price of cotton occurring after the planting season was about
over is very encouraging especially to those who made contracts
for labor and all other calculations on the basis of 7 or 8 cents per
pound for the growing crop
It is wise however to pursue the same course of economy and
industry that has marked the history of the past two years and
to discourage any incipient symptoms of the cotton fever
Georgia farmers are surely getting on a firm basis and it would
be the height of folly to intermitin the leasttheir efforts at
independence or suffer themselves to be luredby the higher
price of cottonfrom the selfsustaining farmpolicy
become nearly universal
Very respectfully
which has
Commissioner AgricultureNOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
BanksMay very favorable not much wet weather Wheat
looks finely the yield will be good Farmers working very close
Not much crabgrass 6 w
I am experimenting with sugarcane It is over knee high
and not as large as my little finger I guess the biggest
profit I shall get on my investment will be the amusement of
watching its motions The stalks as described are not less in
size and promise than when grown in lower Georgia at the same
age and height If the soil is rich with good seasons cane will
probably grow as luxuriantly in Banks as in Thomas but the
growing season is too short to mature long stalksJ
CobbNo millet sown in this section Farmers say it will
not do as it impoverishes land and is not healthy for stock
The farmers of Cobb county do invoke your influence in favor
of the passage of a dog law at the next session You can imagine
how our sheep suffer by this statement The first of Marchthis
yearthere were 118 sheep within three miles of my place and up
to date the dogs have killed fortythree and only three have died
of disease If I shou a speak in the language of the sheen I would
say give us the dog law and that right now
at Dtefd7nplhacTki1 fifteCn WUndeU night before laat
Dade Oats a failure ou account of winter freezes and sprina
drought Only one rain in seven weeks No rust as yet on wheat
and the prospect is better than usual
Fobsyth Last two weeks dry with cool nights favorable for
wheat but retarded the corn and cotton Rust on blades of wheat
but no apparent injury Oats free from rust
HALLSome twenty farmers have adopted modern improve
ments and rotation of crops which with deep plowing wiII rap
idly supercede the old absurd system p
Wiiitfield Been very dry since 1st April Onetenth of
the bottom landur best for corncannot be planted as it can
not be broken Much of the oat crop is deadatt being sprtna
planted A hght rain yesterday Corn planted in good tin on
well broken land is not much injured
WalkerOn account of very dry sorim oafs will hat
KroJ n0t reeet Wh6n We wTIS
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin I tried fifteen acres of bottom land in corn soak
ing the seed in equal parts of copperas and chloride of Hme to
prevent bud worms and birds from ruining it and to getTgood
stand It did not stop the bud worm but prevented birds from47
MAY CROP REPORT1879
pulling it up and causes quick germination as I got a good stand
in six days
Campbell Oats failing fast on account of dry warm weather
Never had better stands of cotton Not quite as large as last year
this time Grass made an extra start this year never heard such
complaint up to fifteen days ago but the dry weather of past two
weeks has enabled us to defeat General Green
CabbollFarmers behind with their work on account of
grassthe result of excessive rains through Maybut they have
been very diligent and with a few days dry weather will be all
right
The wheat not yet harvested but the prospect is indeed flat
tering
DeKalb A great many cows have died of murrain It is
general throughout the county Some rust on the lower blades
of wheat but no injury yet and the prospect very fine for heavy
yield
The earliest variety of wheat is surest of a crop The Purple
Straw is very early and is successfully grown in this county
The Red May is equally early as I have them grown side by side
The Fultz is a promising variety but not so early The Bill D1
las is claimed to be rust proof but rust has appeared on the blades
slightly It is about one week behind the Purple Straw
I raised one and a half acres of beets for my cattle They were
remarkably fine Also some large white carrots which yielded at
the rate of 80000 pounds to the acre I am certain that more and
better and cheaper food for cattle can be had from these roots than
in any other way
Elbebt For worms bud in bottom corn I have tried this
plan with success As soon as the corn comes up I run round ii
close with small plowdoing no more plowing at this time I
then follow with a garden rake using it as I would a hoe except
that I draw it over each hill of corn thus exposing the roots some
what to the sun This causes the roots to be warmed by the sun
the worm leaves and the corn assumes p healthy color and grows
etc I have tried a good many socalled remedies but the above
is the most successful
Jasper Wheat is fine and now ready to harvest The yield
will be large Oats tolerablebetter than last year
Taliafeeeo Oat crop nearly all all sown and was greatly
thinned by severe freezes May has not been favorable for spring
oats Wheat damaged to some extent by rust
Tkoup Better quality and variety of farm implements on
being used resulting in deeper preperation and better culture
Combination plows are giving satisfaction
Some are giving more attention to small areas in wheat with
satisfactory results encouraging others to do likewise The fall
oat crop is very fineall varieties having escaped rust Best far
mers are adopting the system of small areas and better prepara
tion and culture The example ot these will demonstrate the ne
cessity and advantage of this plan Cotton prospect very fine
The weather in May was very fine for putting the crop to astat j
and the present price has encouraged extra efforts DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 48
Wilkes There is rust on many varieties of wheat but the
crop will not be injured much if any Mine is a May variety first
sowing out May 26 later sowings now ready though some of it
did not come up till last of January
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BerkieiN Corn iscutoffone fifth in this neighborhood though
not so bad in other places by bud worms Cotton is doing well
and is blooming in some places Ripe peaches of Alexander va
riety 2o May Sweet potato prospect extraordinary Irish po
tatoes better than ever known
Ceay Until recently crops in this section were never better
at present there are loud complaints on account of numbers of la
borer having left the farms and strolling over the countiy Many
farmers are so troubled thereby that they are offering one dollar
per day and rations to chop cotton The vagrant law should be
strictly enforced
Decatur The caterpillar has made its appearance on one
farm in this county Col D McGill I learn that his hands find
many worms now and that they are the real cotton worm This
is forty days earlier than at any time before
Lee Remedy for hog cholera Blistering with hot iron on
the back just behind the shoulders As a preventive burnt corn
collard leaves salt ashes sulphur copperas and charcoal are
excellent
ANDLPH J have within the limits of Cuthbert a small
field of five acresrolling red landfour acres of which were in
wheat in 1877 They yielded 88 bushels The same four acres in
188 made 78 bushels and this year the five acres yielded 80
bushels 4
Now sir can any section of Georgia beat this have not used
a pound of commercial fertilizers I am of the opinion that our
lands properly fertilized would yield thirty bushels per acre The
red May wheat is the best for this section
We use soapsuds for the hog cholera Keep a large trough
accessible at will to the hogs and on wash days give them the
soapsuds If this is practiced regularly I will warrant there will
be no hog cholera
ThomasI have by four years selection of bearded wheat
produced a wheat free from beard which maintains the rustproof
quality ot the original the Nicaiaugua variety 1 have saved
heads of each years growth which shows each years improve
ment My mode of selection was to save the heads which showed
the shorest beard each year until the beard disappeared
Worth Early white wheat does the best when sown early
October oats are much liner than spring sown and are always a
sure crop Spring oats are good owing to good seasons
Storms of winI and hail every day Bottom lauds all
too wet Forward spring but the storms have ruined us
Great many more sheep in the county than ever before A sheep
killing dog cant live here The hogs give our sheep the mischief
Hail ruined what little fruit we had on the trees We are all be
hindhandhaving to plant over after every storm
491
MAY CROP REPORT1879
EAST GEORGIA
Dodge Chufus extensively planted and is becoming one of
the leading crops for hogs Sweet potatoes are also excellent for
the same purpose I have about thirty acres in the first and six
acres in the last mentioned crop We all sow the rustproof
oats and the crop is fine More grass in cotton than I ever saw
the weather is fine for destroying it but labor is scarce
Jefferson Weather dry giving good chance to kill grass
which has been and is severe Stand of cotton bad on account of
grass Labor scarce and high some paying as high as 75 cents
per day
Pulaski An unprecedented heavy rain in April prevented
good stands of early cotton Much had to be planted overgrass
came up with cotton and we have great complaint of grass bad
stands and scarcity of labor
Screvkn May has been generally wet considerably retard
ing farm work causing grass to grow fast and become trouble
some Cotton nor corn nearly so fine as last year this time
Peaches and apples a failure on account of frost in April
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Liberty I believe kerosene oil given in large doses inter
nally and applied externally will prove a good remedy for Hydro
phobia Babies canis patients It prevents and cures hog and
chicken cholera and cures staggers in horses
In planting sweet potatoes for several years past I have de
laved until the roots commenced sprouting in the bank The
stem end begins to sprout first Cut the set off and plant 18 in
ches apart in the row or beds They will come up quickly and
uniformly giving a perfect stand cause less work and give abun
dant vines to plant slips from in June and give a large crop of
roots if the land is good
10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
50
TABLE IS7ioving the comparative condition of Corn and Cot
ton the yield of Oats and Wheat etc etc
NORTH GEORGIA
Counties 1 Corn v onditiun compared to 1 last year 1 Oats Yield where harvested compared to average crop 2 u bt 12 u S o a 3 s u 3 a O a CD o o 3 6 E D H 3i o 2 o O 33 31 1 SOI 3 5 to 09 5 a a So a a 0 g s el d j O Counties V u BJ a CJ a 0 5 p a 2 a Sci 2 fe a 3 sj S z oj u t a 8 S O n J CJ s et 0 c I8 3 0 u b 3 0 3c 0 0 2 3 0 Si gi o c s 25 10 8 3 Je Co sa eg Is s
100 911 100 100 65 Co 100 100 100 100 100 75 10 5 25 90 9C 10 10 100 IK SI 5 25 10 HaralsoD Hart 10i 100 100 100 100 75 90
Bartow 80 20 12

Chattooga Lumpkii Madison no 105
6 15 15 2 5 4 5
Cohb 95 105 95 110 10 5
Dade Murray Pauldiog Pickens Polk 95 80 105 105 25 100 5 100 90 110 105 7 0 10 1 5

7 5
95 90 100 65 95 10d 100 10
Forsyth
2 120 5

Gordon Gwinnett 80 110 80 100 10 110 115 100 SO 5 Walker White Whilfipld 100 1O0 9i 10 10 12 100 100 90 97 5 5 20 9 5 10
Habershm 25
Hall 10 71 96
Average 98 6
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Claj ton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
115
noi ior
110 no
Jones
Lincoln
McDuffie
Meriwethr
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethipe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troup
Cpson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
loll 10
97 125
1001 101
100
101
Hid
S8
106
9
90
96
107
I I
97
95
97
102
92
10 1
80
70
Average 97 101 107 5 96 8 8
7 98
94
7 96
80
2 95
5 ICO
10 10
112
10
2
5
10
2
2
2
2
5
3
15 2
5 2
10
7 6
51 MAY CROP REPORT1879 H
TABLE I Continued Showing the comparative condition of
Corn and Cotton the yield of Oats and Wheat etc etc
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
o 3 5 9 a o i m to 7 H 3 t3 a p 0 a1 7 c a 3
0 3 u 0 M bo a If 3 Sit O si a 0J u 3 5
Counties 9 a o 5 O a Ho a a 7 ts a a 8 i 0 Ml 13 3 2a Counties a o 5 O 4 3 53 oa 13 ja t n o d a73 q 3 w 5 a it a 7 i n 3 a 3a 5 a c in
0 3 M O 23 a IP J 5 3 a 3 5 3 o O 26 o P o 5 IS8 is
100 9 10J 10 SO 5 5 85 94 89 11 70 8
IS III 9S fi 100 90 25 11 2 5
Brooks 93 100 102 6 85 18 2 Miller 1001 100 8
Mitchell Muscogeo 80 90 12 87 80 5 5
Chthche ao 100 1110 3 90
Cly lua JO 8l 25 98 20 5 Quitinan 80 8o 87 13 87 4 0
Colquitt 82 115 y 10 90 1 10 Randolph 90 95 90 15 85 5 3
Crawft rd 10 i 100 Schley 91 80 100 12 82 If ft
Decatur 87 JU J 100 5 9 77 82 15 2 7 Stewart Siuuter 110 92 75 75 25 10 100 82
92 ss 90 90 5 S
Taylori 8ft TVrrell Dc 100 95 100 90 12 12 86 85 1 If
Early 93 90 90
Houtoa 95 100 110 90 Thomas 9i 95 50 92 II ft
100 110 110 84 105 100 10 80 ft
3 3 Wilcox Worth 90 90 101 75
Lowndes 95 101 10 90 100 62 9 3 3
Average 923 94 9t 12 88 S 4
EAST GEORGIA
Builoch 95 911 81 10 11
95 101 105 20 95
95 105 10t 75 20 6
Emanuel 10 12f 120 5u 91 25 10
Glascock 90 100 105 111 100 in fi
Jetferson 95 95 95 8 95 i 5
Jobnson 90 10 100 10 85 11 1
Laurens 9i 99 110 30 90 35 15
Mntgufy 99 100 110 S 99 3 2
futaski
Richmond
Screven
TatnHll
Telfair
rwiggs
Waahgton
Wilkinson
A verage
87 100 20 911 8
110 111 105 85
100 105 10j 15 70 11
95 100 ion 10
i 95 Kill 91 10
90 90 100 3 95 4
100 115 105 0 105 10
70 100 110 75 2
S3 112 104 16 85 11
30UTHEAS1 GEORGIA
AppliDg 90 9S 75 Kill 105 80 95 95 60 10 2 15 Effiugham Linerty 75 110 90 90 110 100 25 90 111 10


110 100 110 1C
Clinch 90 105 85 100 92 100 5 3 50

Average Average for State 83 915 96 990 lilt 101 25 in 93 93 8 9
12 4
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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULRUREGEORGIA 52J
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MAV CROP REPORT1879
13
WEATHER REPORT FOR MAY
North Georgia
Middle Georgia
9201701 900696 90073f 940702 421 228 175 1 S 7 5 4 1920 740 708 723 326 23H 1451
5
Griffin 920 7
919
Means for Middle Ge 715 244J 6
Southwest Georgia
Albany901 777 355
Americus 910 740 290
BainhridgeS80 740 330
Buller
Means for Southwest Georgia
Culhbert
Nashville
Thomasville
9101702 095
890786111
89 7731 20
East Georgia
760 746 743 100 389 I 9C h
5
45
Southeast Georgia
Baxley
Blackshear
Brunswick
910I740200 3lDuPont
940 7 175 5 St Marys
860 7591135 7iWaUhourvile
Means for Southeast Georgia
Means for the State
870
890
890
907
723
725
735
780
378
449
2 97
273
62
The maximum here given is simply the highest 2 p m observation The observers
are not supplied jvith registerirg thermometersSpecial Circular Number 6g
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE
MONTH OF JUNE 1879
RETURNABLE JULY 1st 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga June 10 1879
Dear BibPlease answer the following questions on the 1st
day of July or earlier as may be necessary for your report to
reach this office before the fifth day of July
Answer every question that will admit of it definitely in num
bers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county
for which you report or so far in every direction as your knowledge
may extend not simply to your own farm
In cases where the crop is not grown in your county or you
have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate use the
character X
Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
in X in blue pencil opposite this note indicates that no re
port was received from you for last month If in red that it was
received too late to be used in the consolidation
I For what county do you reportcounty
II Your nanre
III Your postoffice
RequestHaving answered the above questions and those on
the following pages please fold the report as you received it and
fill the blank on the back
H2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 55
CORN
1 Condition and prospect compared to average per cent
2 Condition and prospect compared to this time last yearper cent
COTTON
S Condition and prospect compared to averageper cent
4 Condition and prospect compared to this time last yearpercent
5 Give date of first cotton bloom in your regular field crop this yeardate
OATS
6 Total product of fall and spring sown compared to last yearper cent
7 Average yield per acre of fall sown this yearbushels
8 Average yield per acre oi spring sown this yearper cent
WHEAT
9 Total product in your county compared to last yearper cent
10 Average ueld per acre bushels
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
Condition and prospect compared to an average of
11 Riceper cent
12 Sugarcanepercent
13 Sorghum per cent
14 Sweet Potatoesper cent
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
15 Is the annual cost of fencing in your county greater or less than the value of
all the stock exclusive of horses and mules
If greater what per cent
If less what per cent
NoteReport any facts of general interest to the farmers of the State Give instances
of remarkable yields of wheat and oats with method of culture manuring co
o
c
3

B
IB
m
mCircular No 66
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops etc
FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE 1879
RETURNED TO THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE AT ATLANTA GA
JULY 1st 1879
STATE OF GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta July 91879
CORN
The condition of the corn crop in Georgia on the 1st of July as shown
by the detailed reports from the several counties was far from promising
In some localities a fair yield was already assured while in some others
a good yield was still dependent on favorable seasons But throughout the
larger portion of the Statein the aggregatethe crop has been seriously
injured by excessive drought and other casualties and in some localities
there will be almost a total failure
Up to July 1st North Georgia shows the best condition and prospect
being 90 compared to an average while the average in Middle Georgia is
the lowest it being only 78 The average for the State is 835 against 6
on 1st Junea falling off of 12 5 per cent
In the Notes from Correspondents and Table No I the condition of
the crop is shown in detail and the reader is referred to them for particular
information
The correspondents from Southeast Georgia very generally complain of
serious injury to corn from a bug or worm that attacks the stalk at the
first joint and so weakens it that much of it is blown down by the winds
even after it has reached the silking stage
From the specimens sent to the Department I have not been able to de
termine with certainty to what species this insect belongs but think it is
probably allied to what is called in England the wire worm I know of no
remedy for them but to destroy the young stalks of corn in which they first
appearworms and all together
Correspondents who have opportunities for doing so are requested to
observe closely the habits of these destructive insects and send a history
of the same with specimens to this Department
COTTON
Since the last monthly report the cotton prospect has fallen from 93 to
926 but with this difference in the circumstances The 1st of July found
the crop in the midst of a drought which had seriously injured the corn
but had not at that time materially affected the cotton At this writing
the crop in many places must have suffered seriously by the drought
which still prevails
The blooming of cotton is a fair indication of the forwardness of the
crop By reference to Table I it will will be seen that the average date ofDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
58
the first bloom is ten days later than last year in the State at largeoccur
ring later in every section except North Georgia in which the date was
the same as last year In 1878 the average date of first blooms was
June 4 in 1879 it was June 14
The coadition of the crop as compared with same date last year was
894 on 1st of July or 106 per cent less promising
OATS AND WHEAT
The small grain harvest of 1879 was remarkable in several respects 1st
The superior quality of the grain especially of wheat 2d total exemp
tion from rust 3d the greatly increased average yield per acre and
4th the great number of instances of very large yields per acre both of
wheat and oats The reader is referred to the notes from correspondents
which give many interesting and encouraging facts in the midst of the
gloomy accounts of the effects of the drought on the growing crops It
appears that the average yield of wheat in the State was 89 bushels per
acre against 66 bushels last year and 105 in 1877
While it is unquestionably true that the production of wheat is peculiarly
influenced by meteorological conditions which are not fully understood
and that the past season was an exceptionally good one it is yet evident
that farmers are making decided progress in the cultivation of this cereal
Some measure of the success of the past crop must be attributed to the
greater care in preparation more liberal manuring and the selection of
varieties better adapted to our climate
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
The condition and prospect of the rice crop is unchanged since last re
port Sugar cane sorghum and potatoes have fallen off considerably as
the table shows
THE FENCE QUESTION
In the circular questions upon which this report is based occurred the
following Is the annual cost of fencing in your county greater or less
than the value of all the stock exclusive of horses and mules
From Middle Georgia a majority of correspondents state in reply that
the cost of fencing is greater
From each of the other sections of the State much the larger number re
port that it is less but many correspondents take occasion to remark that
the cost of annual repairs including interest on the originalcost of fencing
is greater than the annual income from such stock excluding horses and
mules
The above question was not designed to elici evidence of the necessity tor
additional legislation on the subject of fences in Georgia but to excite
thought and investigation in the minds of the farmers of those sections of
the State where timber for ordinary fences is becoming very scarce The
act of 1872 sections 14491455 of the Code provides that the boundary
lines of each lot tract or parcel of land in any county shall be and the
same are hereby declared a lawful fence whenever a majority of the voters
in such county shall vote in favor of no fence at an election to be ordered
by the Ordinary upon the petition of not less than fifty freeholders This
may be called a local option law which enables the majority of tbe voters in
any county to adopt the system of fencing in instead of fencing out stock
making it incumbent on owners of stock to keep them from trespassing upon
the cultivated lands This law is a wise one and perhaps as much as can
be reasonably demanded by the advocates of a no fence law Georgia is a
large State and the circumstances differ greatly in the several sections of
the State It is much to be desired that some of the older counties of
middle Georgia shall put the law in operation that its practical value may
be put to the test Its general adoption in the cotton and corn growing
sections of the State is simply a question of time Whenever the land in any
county becomes too valuable to lie waste in the woodsfurnishingscant
pasturage to a largely increased number of cattle and hogsand the timber
too scarce and valuable to be used for rails the system of fencing in stock
must prevail In England and on the continent though fenceis or hedge59
JUNE CROP REPORT1879
are still in use their chief purpose is to confine slock within enclosures
not to protect crops from the inroads of cattle running at large It would
probably be wise policy to provide for this change gradually by enacting
that a fence sufficient to turn cattle and horses shall be a lawful fence Such
a fence could be made and kept in repair at much less cost than one close
enough to keep out hogs Any law on this subject involving a material
change in the system of fencing should be submitted to a vote of the peo
ple of each county for adoption or rejection
In the present local option fence law the words fence and no fence
required to be endorsed on the ballols at the election provided for by the
act are not consistent with the sense of the law itself and their use was un
fortunate Many voters understand that in voting a no fence ballot
they would thereby vote to prohibit the building or keeping up fences Of
course this in an error as by the terms of the law there would be no pro
hibition but every farmer left to his own option whether or not he will keep
up his fences
THE GENERAL OUTLOOK
In view of the probable failure of the corn crop in many sections of the
State the outlook is somewhat gloomy But with proper economy in the
use oi present supplies by utilizing all the resources of summer and fall
crops and sowing early and largely of small grain the apprehended scarcity
of next spring may be anticipated an in great measmre if not fully met
It is not too late to sow peas in drills or forage and farmers should avail
themselves of seasons to put in large areas for this purpose Peavine hay
though somewhat difficult to cure properly is highly nutritious Eich lots
near the farmhcuse or lot should be sown in barley or rye in August and
will furnish large quantities of green food
AVe must rely chiefly on oats to supplement the short corn crop next
spring and farmers are advised to sow early and fertilize well that the
crop may bs secured against winter freezing and be available as earlv as pos
sible next spring
If August and September shal prove seasonable as they probably will
sowings of cattail millet and German millet may still be made for soiling
purposes The drafts on tbe corn crib and odderhouse should be relieved
as far as practicable by pasturing and soiling the mules and horses Where
the corn has tailed to produce ears the stalks blades and all should be cut
and cured lor forage By prudent foresight and prompt action much may
be done in the way of supplementing short corn crops and providing
against the ruinous expedient of ralying on the West for supplies for our
stock
Very respectfully
Commissioner of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
60

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Bakks Co s in this settlement are lorking finelyespecially wheat
Some say they will make twentyfive bushels per acre where it was ma
nured with a compost o cotton seed and stable man ire This compost is
he most suitable ior wheat in this section We also use it on corn
FW back to my patch of ribbon sugar cane It is keeping nearlv up
wit orn but the amount ot suckers coming ouc will undoubtedly make it
small Iwouid like to know how thick it ougni to atauo Itshouldnot
be thinned Many of tbn suckers vil fail to make good stalks out they
cannot be safely removed On g od land i rows five feet distant South
ern sugar cane w 11 mature from two to th ee 8 alks to eacn oot o row
Commissioner
Cobb In the fall of 1876 Mr Robert Darrel desired to have his entire
crop of wheat from one grain So be planted in 1876 one grain The
yield wa 1717 grains In 1877 thse were planted the yield was 12
pounds Tne yield of the latter planted in 1878 was 58 dozen bundles
not yet thresutd He thinks it will make 25 bubhelsti e product of one
grain from the thiid sowing He has raised this yar from 14 grains sown
fast fall 1 pounds oi clean wheat
The above were drilled nd worked orcewithout any fertilizer Mr
Daniel proposes to pay 100 fo one ounce of any variety of whet that
will excel his sown in Cobb coaniy
As somp of your correspondents may still be deluded wtn the idea that
wheat will make cheat Mr Daniel proposes to pay 2000 lo any one that
will produce cheat from his wheat He ba tried to produce cheat out of
wheat for 20 years without success
Drouth has be n severe ut yesterday a fine season Corn is injured
cotton not so large as last year but unusually healthy
Since last report dogs have made a raid on the sheep in my neighbor
hood killing several Please do all you can io help us out oi this difficulty
I see one of your correspondents rom this county speaks unfavorably
of millet German as a forage crop saying It exhausts the land He
seems io ose sight of the fact that those crops that draw most largely on the
soil contain the most nutriment
Babtow From ten acres of mulatto land sown in wheat over 400
bushels of ood quality were harvested On ten acres of rich bottom land
previously corn 370 bushels Neither of these plats were manured in
any way but were previously well cultivated Crops suffering for rain
Chattooga Very dry Only one and a half inches rain since loth
April until 29ih instant when one inch fell If we dont get more in a
few davs will be sufiring badly again
Dade Corn wiil be a failure thiB year if we don t get rain very
soon Cotton looking tolerably well and will bloom earlitr than usual
Dawson Wheat and oats in this county not yet threshed Wheat
u good I think sixty per cent better ihan last year I know of no ex
traordinary yields There is a want of effort in that line in our county
I do not know of anything that would be more interesting
Floyd Taking into consideration the drouth the crops loot well
Until the rain ot the 28th the ground has not been wet since 7th May
Forsyth Corn Prospects for a heavy crop are favorable Fine
seasons 9 h and 10th instant Oats not all harvested some reported
yields of fifty bushels per acre Complaints of smut like that in wheat
Wheat This crop is the heaviest since 1857 The bearded variety is
affording the largest yield per acre One instancea yield of fourteen
bushels from onelourth of an acre Complaints of bedding or falling
down This I think is due in great measure to want of lime in the soil
Cotton was above the average until the recent cool nightswithout prece
dent at this seasonwhich have caused lice
A great number of cattle have died of a disease resembling staggers in
horses Upon examination a yellowish water is found secreted around61
JUNE CROP REPORT1879
HabershamThe seasons for wheat are quite changeable Some
years we cannot make good crops with all the pains and trouble The
beet manure I ever used tor wheat is green cotton seed broadcisted over
the ground with the seed wheat and plowed or brushed in altogetherthe
more cottonseed the better If twentyfive or thirty bushels of cottonseed
thus applied dont make wheat nothing else will the same year
Cotton in this section looks remarkably wellmore flourishing than
this time last year but six days later in blooming
HallThe farmers are in high spirits We have not suffered a day
for rain this season and are about done working our corn Hall county
farmers are behind in some respects but it would make those of Middle
Georgia open their eyes if they could see our corn and cotton
HaralsonWe boast of the best crop of wheat since the war but
have threshed but little Crops are in good condition generally but
small owing to light seasons or rains this year
Lumpkinla my neighborhood7 miles eastof Dablonegasince the
latter part of winter some 20 horses have died in au area of two miles
square and still they continue to die Some men have lost every horse
they owned I lost two leaving only one to cultivate 50 acres of corn
It is very distressing The disease attacks a horse he seems to be blind
and siaggets about from 4 to 10 hours and dies None recover from an
attack No remedy has been discovered yet and I learn that it is pre
vailing iu other sections
MadisonCrops are materially injured in this section We have
not had a good season since the 16iti of April
Later The above was written on the 28th In the evening and on
the morning of the 29th we had slow light rainsnot amounting to a
season
Milton The corn crop is better than usual Cotton is extra for
stands and prospects flattering for a good crop Wheatwe have not
had so well matured in 10 years In regard to the fence law our peo
ple are dividf d the renters are afraid the landlords would charge them
for pasturage
MurrayIt has been exceedingly dry for two months An early
rain would greatly advance the crops Much of the fall sown oats was
very light with an abundance of clieat or chess Does wheat or oats turn
to cheat from bad culture or otherwise No cheatBromus Secali
nus is altogether distinct from wheatTriticurn Vulgare See the note
of a correspondent from Cobb countyCommissioner
PolkI And clover the best restorer of poor land I ever tried On
very poor land it will not grow tall enough to pav tor mowing but will
make the land rich if allowed to rot on the ground When sown on
such land as a restorer it should not be cut or pastured
Jackson From 40 to 50 bushels of wheat per acre have beeD made
without much extra prep iration The crop was never finer
Pickens Wheat very good Oils onehalf or twothirds of a crop
Corn and cotton looking well considering the drouth Light rainB for the
last few days though but little rain since March Will make good crops
with plenty of rain from this time forward
Walker Very dry through May and June Corn where well
worked not much injured Cotton injured by cool nights and lice Rust
is almost sure to follow lice Oits barely worth reporting Farmers
ought to sow clover raise improved stock and make their lands rich
My land is all in clover except two or three fields and I will sow
them next spring Hardly ever fait to make wheat corn or cotton after
clover
Whitpield Wheat is being threshed and we bavo never made bet
ter grain and the yield is much above an average Fall oats very heavy
though badly winterkilled Spring oats do about half as well in yield
and weight as fall sown Corn well rooted and clean but needs rain
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Baldwin June has been very dry but good rains in July will give
us fair crops but below an average especially corn6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 62
Fourteen bushels of wheat per acre and 30 bushels of oats are the best
yields I have seen No rain in several weeks crops suffering very much
The drouth is getting serious Corn already cut off fully 25 per cent
and in some places 50 per cent This year will certainly convince farmers
that oats should be sown in the fall The yield has been nearly twice as
great as spring son
If stubble land is to be planted in wheat or oats it should be broken
early and deep and the grain turned in in October and the ground har
rowed Cotton seed is perhaps better for small grain than anything
else
Ashes and salt mixed in slops and fed to hogs twice a week is a sure
preventive of cholera I have tried it successfully for six years
CampbellThe best yield of wheat I know of was that of T E
Dodd An old field 50 years in cultivation with 75 bushels of cotton
seed made 20 bushels per acre Many farmers will make 35 to 40
bushels of oats per acre Light seasons of late have greatly improved
crops Cotton looks healthy and is squaring well but is two weeks later
than last year
ClarkeVery dry Had a rain June 30 If we do not have more
very soon our corn will be ruined
ClaytonOur wheat crop is extra good Ten of us tried the one
acre experiment the premium being five per cent of the yield of each
acre to the one making the most The result was an average yield of 25
bashels per acre
DeKalbJ Q Miller of Stone Mountain harvested 53 bushels of
wheat from one acre Drouth is beginning to tell on corn and cotton
but as it commenced early the crops have stood it very well Oats almost
a total failure
DouglasA drouth of forty days ended on the 29th with a good
rain and crops are now doing finely No storms yet
ElbertWe have had less rain during the last twelve months than with
in the memory of the oldest inhabitant and if we dont have some soon
there will not be much upland corn made The bottom lands are unusually
fine Cotton is small but well formed and in fine fix If you can do any
thing in favor of sheep husbandry please do it If we could get a tax of
one dollar on dogs and five dollars on bitches it would be about right If
we had that law and the Department of Agriculture be let alone we farm
ers would be on the highwav to success and prosperity and but for the dogB
with plenty of Bermuda grasswe could snap our fingers in the faces of
the lazy negroes and tell them to pass on
HarrisCool spring and unfavorable seasons have made corn and
especially cotton ten days later Cotton is lousy grassy and poor stand
Premium contest for best acre of oats by Cataula Grange resulted in
yields ranging from 50 to 74 bushels per acre Wheat about 25 bushels
per acre
Heard The best yield of wheat was that of J T Boykin who made
389 bushels on 12 acres32 bushels per acre He turned hia land over
with a twohorse plow and brusJied in the wheat without any fertilizer J
C Brewer saved 351 bushels wheat from one acre At least onethird of
the crop was destroyed by birds and then fowls The land was broken
deep and then ridged as close as possible with an eleveninch shovel and
eighty bushels of cotton seed and five pecks oi Tappahannock wheat sown
broadcast then split the ridges with the same shovel and run a dag over
it in the same direction as the ridges which were fifteen inches apart
Henry About onefourth of the county has had rainthe bilance
very dry MoH of the upland corn is ruined beyond redemption Cotton
not hurt much but a few days more of dry weather will cut it off
JasperSeveral farmers made as much as thirty bushels of wheat per
acre and forty of oats We have had a continued drought of nearly seven
weeks throughout the county
JonesBemarkable yield of wheat50 bushels per acre oats 90
bushels Thorough preparation ard plenty of cotton seed I had
one acre in barley this eeason from which I fed seven mules almost en63
JUNE CROP REPORT1879
tirely commencing when in milk for six weeks and then saved 14 bushels
of seed The acre was last year in peas which were allowed to ripen and
were gathered and cottonseed used to manure the barley I find that
barley on rich land will yield more feed than anything I ever tried
Mr R J Smith manured two acres of good old land with 25 bushels
of green cottonseed arid 80 pounds of guano per acre He failed to get a
stand until Christmas He got 67 bushels of wheat from the two acres
Several made as much as 25 bushels of wheat and 50 bushels of oats The
latter are becoming tie forage crop of our county We sow the Thomas
county rustproof oats and the blue stem wheat
Lincoln From what I can see and learn in size of stalk cotton is at
least three weeks behind last year but looks healthy and with good seasons
will perhaps make a pretty fair crop Oats and wheat better than I ever
saw them A neighbor will average at least 40 bushels of oats on 30 acres
Not rain enough to run in furrow since 15th April Good rain in
southern portion on the 29tb Tbe prospect is disheartening
N W Stevenson made 75 bushels of oats per acre on 15 acres of bot
tom land on Savannah rivermanured with peas turned under last fall
The same bottom manured in same manner made 20 bushels of wheat
would have done better but was injured by frost on 6th April
MoDuffik A field sown in oats last fall after turning under a
heavy crop of peavines on onehalf of it manured with 100 pounds of
Patapsco guano yielded 78 bushels per acre A few acres made all of 90
or more bushels The other half of the field without peavines or guano
made only 28 bushels per acre It was fresh pine land with clay founda
tion
Hon J H Scott ou two acres of wheat made 56J bushelslarge
red variety Old red strong land fertilized with twenty bushels of cot
ton seed per acre broken with scooter and grain and cotton seed turned
in with onehorse turn plow
MeriwetiierPall oats good but not more than onefourth stands
Spring oats good and full stand Cotton Is small but never in better
condition
MonroeDr Morse of Forsyth measured 137 bushels of oats
from about one acre The ground was a sort of basin and for a long
time had received the washings from the surrounding hills No manure
was used and no special preparation Varietyyellow rustproof 3 to
3S bushels seed sown Mr John M Collier is reported as having har
vested 56 bushels of wheat from one acre Can give no facts as to the
preparation
MorganIt is the dryest time ever known at this season The
ground has not been wet since tbe middle of April Cotton in some
places is bloomiug and not more than four inches high Corn will make
scarcely anything on uplands unless plentiful rains come soon
In fourfifths of the county today the upland corn looks as if it were
entirely ruined and no prospect of rain
Newton Farmers all up with their work Upland corn almost a
failure Nine weeks snce there was a good rain Wheat crop never bet
ter I had three acres of Bermuda sod without any manure which made
75f bushels
A Langston made 40 bushels wheat on one acre H P Richards 25 J
bushels per acre on 71 acres W B Dodge 76 bushels on three acres
OglethorpeThe wheat crop was never better Fall oats good
spring oats very sorry In some sections there has not been rain enough
to run in the hard road since April 16 Forward corn is about ruined
Cotton 5b very smali and is blooming preraatorely Without rain in a
few days many of us are ruined beyond a doubt
Pike One man made 50 bushels of wheat per acre others made 15
20 30 and 40 bushels New wheat can be bought at 60 cents
Putnam We have suffered terribly with drouth onehalf the county
being without rain for ten weeks Corn is stunted and when not worked
properly is beyond redemption Cotton is very small twothirds of it no
larger than when chopped out A large portion of the county had a good
8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
64
rain on the 29th Water for stock was becoming very scarce and cattle
had to be fed to keep them alive
Rockdale This has been a remarkable year considering the
drouth Six weeks today since we had a rain You would think every
thing had burned up in this time but it is not the fact Cotton and corn
have stood it well and will make fine crops if we have rain from this time
until August If we had a stock law and a dog law dont you think we
would save a large per cent of our hard earnings
My acre of wheat that yielded 40 bushels in 1878 was sown in peas
two bushels and turned under October with a twohorse plow Again
nowed in wheat last day of October wilh same amount of manure as in
1878 and yielded only 281 bushels
Talbot The total yield of wheat in this county will not exceed 27
000 bushels Mr G D Owens thinks 37000 but I know he is mistaken
Taliaferro Exceeding dry in almost every part of the county
No season in seven weeks Upland corn too far spent for redemption
Cotton very email and looking badly Wheat crops on the whole were
never better
Trotjp Best wheat crop in ten years The beBt yield I know of was
32 bushels in a field of ten acres Some single acres produced as high as
forty bushels These results have been secured only on small areas highly
fertilized What think you of rust being a climatic fungus or musliroora
It is generally admitted that rust is a species of fungus that depends for
its development very much on the atmospheric condition being more apt
to seriously injure grain during warm moist weather The cool weather
in May lastthe mean being about seven degrees lower than the mean
temperature of May 1878was very unfavorable to the development of
rust Hence the almost universal immunity from this pest the past season
Commissioner
There is considerable disposition on the part of our farmers to become
truly farmers instead of planters A greater diversity of crops are being
produced Considerable attention is now being given to stock raising Im
proved breeds are now being introduced all over the county Sheep hus
bandry is being cautiously tried and its large profits would greatly inreaee
the business were it not for the dogs
Walton Sixtythree bushels of oats yellow rustproof per acre
were harvested from a fifteen acre field near Social Circle Sown early in
January and manured with fifty bushels cotton seed per acre On ihe same
farm 300 bushels of wheat were harvested from a twelve acre field sown
from lOih to 15th of November manured same as above plat oi oats Both
plats were well fertilized last year in cotton and made 1000 pounds seed
cotton per acre
The rule of my life has been to buy nothing that 1 can raise on my
farm and my success has been such as to satisiy any reasonable man of the
soundness of the rule
WarrenCotton small Corn small and yellowtasseled and without
shoots The drought unprecedented for the season This is the general
conditionsome places not so bad Very few potatces set out for want of
rain
WilkesThi report may seem panicky but unless quite a change for
the better occurs in a few davs corn bread will have to come from abroad
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Brooks Crops generally somewhat backward on account of extreme
cool weither during spring and dry June Corn small but of good color
and not materially injured Cotton small but better fruited than last
year though the stand nt so good by ten per cent Cotton stands gen
erally bad
Ciiattahoochee Corn irregular and deficient in stand Cotton
injured Cool nights showers very partial
Clay Crops small owing to prevailing drouthColonel R E
Kennon sowed 50 acres rustproof oats in November manuring with 20
bushels cotton teed plowed in with oats and topdressed in February with
00 pounds phosphate Soil light upland in cotton two years ago and65
JUNE CROP REPORT1879
manured with American superphosphate Yield 1500 bushels or 30
bushels per acre
Dooly Cotton is growing very thriftily but many planters in
cleaning out the grass which is abundant have chopped up onequarter of
their tand Many have not finished chopping out yet others have whole
fields in bloom More rain and more grass than for many years
DoughertyNo rain in 22 days
EarlySuffering from drought Cotton two weeks behind in
blooming Hundreds of bushels of corn for sale in this county at 50
cents The day labor system is ruining us Impress upon farmers the
importance of planting only what they can work with hands hired for
the year We are paying from fifteen to twenty dollars per month for
hoe hands All progressive men here want a dog lawa few prefer curs
to sheep We are having good rains now and will make plenty o live
on in Early Meat is cheaper than it ever has been corn 50 cents per
bushel No market for eggs and butter Syrup cheap and plentiful
Our people have given more attention to gardens than usual and also to
fruit though the crop is almost a failure this year These results are
due to the efforts of the State Agricultural Society and the Agricultural
Bureau
HoustonOur labor is not as efficient as for past two or three
years owing I believe to the ruinous plan of hiring just enough regular
hands to run their plows and depending on day labor for the hoeing
This causes many laborers to rent houses and rely on day labor for a liv
ing and makes others dissatisfied who have hired for the year There
ought to be some legislation on the labor system
IkwinFirst half of June very drylast hall seasonable
LEBVery dry Days excessively hot and nights generally cool
Lowndes On some faims a complete failure in corn on account of
worms boring it at the root and causing it to fall down Hardly any
field has escaped more or less injury Seasons good up to recentlysuf
fering now Cotton two or three weeks later than last year
Macon The fight with grass has been the toughest for manv years
I gathered 18 bushels of wheat per acre on very thin land with no special
pains in planting manuring with 25 bushels cotton seed per acre
Marion Small farms cultivated on he wages plan and well manured
with compost show a much better prospect than large ones cultivated by
croppers and without manure Improved stock are profitable and even
when treated no better ti an scrub stock are thrifiier yield more milk and
lutter beef and pork and are more docile Without plenty of shifting
pastures sheep are too liable to disease The open pine woods is the best
place for them on a large scale Goats might be rade profitable on our
old fields especially it imp oved by a cross of the Augora blood
Miller Corn crop in good condiiion but the stalk is small and tas
seling very low Prospect unfavorable Cotton is looking well growing
last and is promising We need rainnone in three week
Quitman Most of our county ha had no rain to wet the ground
since May 6tb and still dry Other portions have had rains but they do
not last long
Today 30th a nice rain is falling Corn small Weather cool
especially nights Cotton looks well but is two weei s late Labor has been
in demand and day hands command unreasonable prices Such folly
on the part of farmers will soon completely demoralize labor and ruin the
farming interests of the country
KandolphHave had but one good rain since 16th April with the
exception of a few showers doing but little good Crops are not at all
promising
Schley Cool nights for the past week hive caused lice and in
many places the stand will be injured Bud worms and cut worms have
been very bad proving that a cold winter does not destroy them
Heavy rains up to the 16th very little since Great deal of cotton
not chopped yet Stands bad in consequence of much grass Peaches
and apples largely overestimated in my last report They drop off as they10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
66
approach maturity Allen Brothers made 38 bushels of wheat on 1
acres Cockrell Knowlton 98 bushels on 6 acres
We are having a severe drouth If we dont get rain soon crop3 will
be short
TaylorThis immediate section has plenty of rain but others are
needing it badly Corn not good The stalk is small and red With
good seasons from now on we cant make a full crop Cotton is no better
small and stand bad
Terrell M S Keith made 45 bushels red rust proof oats on one
acre sown broadcast with 10 bushels cotton seed Very dry Crops will
soon be ruined
Thomas The wheat crop has threshed out better than the most san
guine expectations and the area was larger and the injury from rust much
less than previously reported Some fields have turned out 25 bushels per
acre and one man to whom I sold seed has harvested 35 bushelsland
manured with cotton seed The early planted corn is made the later is
small and needing rain badly My own crop will be readv by one more
season and if no disaster promises to yield an average of 50 to 60 bushels
per acre No rain in 10 days
WebsterExcepting the southeastern portion of the county which
has had light rains we are suffering badly but one light rain since May
1st Fruit very inferior from curctdio
Worth The crops in this section of the county well cultivated and
no grass owing to the dry weather No full season since May 15 Corn
at a standstilltasselling Cotton growing nicely There are a few acres
in this section that will average 3 feet in height March cotton is doing
the best Eirly cotton always does best as it takes in an early crop before
the dry weather and caterpillar set in
EAST GEORGIA
BullochCrops generally have been doing well until rencently
We have had no rain of consequence in three weeks and crops are be
ginning to show the effects of dry weather The cold nights for ten days
past have stopped the growth of cotton and changed its color We have
bad stands of cotton from the worms cutting it down in spring and from
early heavy rains We are suffering greatly for rain
BurkeA piotracted drouth has injured the corn crop very much
in some neighborhoods and retarded the growth of other crops This
drouth was relieved by a good rain on the 28th inst and all vegetation is
much revived and late crops of corn saved
DodgeCorn crop seriously injured No rains in some portions
for from four to seven weeks Cotton clean stands regularly good
Glascock Drouth quite general If rain fails ten days longer
onehalf the corn crop will fail to make seed Cotton is held back by
drouth but with favorable seasons can make a good crop The stand
is good and the crop clean
JeffersonCotton is quite backward Quite a drouth prevail
ing The wheat crop was good I think 30000 bushels or more were
made in this county Spring sown oats almost a failure September
and October is the time to sow oats
Dr J N Oliphant sowed a flat of four acres of common pine land
that was well fertilized and planted in corn in 1877 and cotton in 1878
The wheat was sown late Yield 65 bushels J N Berthea on an acre
made 23 bushels Mr Bedingfield on two acres made 62 bushels and
Judge N Smith on one acre hightly fertilized for several years past got
44 bushels
JohnsonCorn crop is very sorry on account of drouth and if we
dont get rain soon will be a complete failure Nothing like a season
since 16th of May
Latjrens A drouth of six weeks and it still continues Corn ma
terially injured tassels drying up and no shoots This however is not
general Some places have had rain
Montgomery In some sections the crops are unusually fine while
in others not so good There has been a hard struggle with grass for the67
JUNE CROP REPORT
1879
11
past four weeks but farmers have about worked up now There is now
another rainy spell upon us and grass is growing rapidly There is a
great falling off in sheep in some sections of the county Principal cause
dogs I must say that the dogs are not so much to blame as the owners
for the dogs in some instances are trained to sheep killing Let there be
a heavy penalty imposed on the owner of a sheep killing dog A small
tax will do no good
Ptjlaski Several small fields made 50 to 60 bushels of oats per
acre In consequence of the uncertainty of the crop and inaccessibility of
flouring mills but little wheat is sown in the county If only early varie
ties were sown we think the crop would always be remunerative Rains
have been partial and scant some portions being very dry and Buffering
Screvbn There is however a law very much needed here
that will be of tremendous benefit to one branch of stock raising not only
here but to every section of the State and that is a law for the protection
of the woolgrowing interest of Georgia Now is the time to make one
mighty effort for a dog law Your labors have been very great I know
and the most prolific source of benefit to our State but you must not even
halt in the good work until you have succeeded in securing legislation
that will make sheep raising a safe and therefore a profitable invstment
Do it now while the General Assembly is in session
TatnallFrom the 1st to the 15th of June worms destroyed at
least 25 per cent of the corn crop Seasons are very good to date and
farmers will plant an unusually large area in potatoes to supplement the
short corn crop Our people want a dog tax of 100 per capita to go to
the support of public Bchools
Telfair We do hope the Legislature will pas a dog law imposing
a tax of f 2 00 per head on male dogs and 250 on female dogs I know
colored men of families who have hardly enough to eat but they have
from two to four worthless half starved dogs half of them bitches who
do nothing but suck eggs and other mischief to say nothing of sheep kill
ing
WashingtonCapt J D Franklin and W N Harmen threshed
over 70 bushels of oats to the acre and Cullen Murphy 30 bushels of
wheat per acre
WilkinsonThe harvest just ended was one of the best for years
There are many instances of heavy yields of wheat and oats Corn is the
poorest for many years and unaccountably so for the seasons have been
fair Cotton where it has been worked out early is about equal to last
year though later
CoffeeBud worms have greatly damaged the corn Some say
onetourth to onethird etc SuggestionLet the farmers plant potato
vines and field peas to help out the corn crops
Camden Crops are the poorest ever known in this countycaused
by the floods of rain in April and the drouth since Up to this date not
neotenth of the land has been planted in potatoes that was in last year
ClinchCorn continues to fall after it is in silk and tassel being
cut at the first joint I have seen no farmer who says that he has seen
the bug or worm Some say that it began with the drill worm others the
bud worm As the cornin silkcontinues to fall with every light
wind they are at loss what to call these pest Some farmers will not
make half a crop of corn Cotton is doing well everywhere there is an
increase of acreagecotton put in after oats are taken off
Very little rain since April 16 and unless it rains soon there will be
nothing made
improved to some extent by level culture and the use of improved agricul
tural implemunts Our rolling lands are being terraced to some extent
This is the only method we have ever iound which will save lands from
washing away and it is more easily done than the old plan of ditching
The fruit crop nearly a failure12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
68
TABLE ICONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS
FOR JUNE 1879By Counties
NORTH GEORGIA
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
CORN COTTON OATS WflET MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
S3 a ot o V s3 C a o i o Ml 33 o Ph V a o TJ ca ft H o 0 hi ca a o CJ eo z v 75 6 1 0 a O 0 h 0 0 5b a 0 0 a j 0 ES S2 co con 1 a r i s re t2 O a w oft s r c si cd 0 of u V so 5 if si C 7 ft 5 200 250 200 150 140 150 40 0 j S S a 0 0 a 0 s 0 r 155 125 a CO CB u u CD o p 5 CO t 100 90 Condition coinpd to average of
Counties cu 100 a CJ i CO SB m 100 a 0 C73 90 75 75 SO 75 85 65 70 s 0 2 CO re
100 75 65 80 100 95 65 100 105 110 65 80 105 SO 80 110 95 ICO 110 50 25 60 loo 80 80 95 90
100 85 SO 100 100 90 105 110 90 so 105 100 95 100

June 26 June 18 June 20 100 150 125 185 160 80 110 90 100 100 25 100 75 70 100

Cobb Dade


100 115 95 SO 105 100 105 95 95 95 100 80 95 85 100 95 120 95 105 105 108 100 90 100 110 80 85 100 100 110 95 105 96 110 ibs 105 June 18 75 110 110 45 100 105 80 80 2J0 180 250 150 100 10 n 135 140 125 175 125 230 J15 145 115 175 125 150 150 165 125 100 80 80 100 110 90 65 90 80 70 116 100 90 100 100 100 100 85 75 100 95 90 80 75 110 95 90 75 75 85

June 24 June 28 110 85 105


100 100
Hall 100 102 05 100 105 105 90 100 75 80 100 60

Hart June 10 100 11 5
95 95 80 75 86 85 95 95 100 10 90 i 90 June 15 100 100 75 100 65 100 100 80 136 50 50

June 28 May 31 June 20
100 100 100 65 100



95 W 100 50 10b 100 June 17 95 10 120 20 70 50 95 95


SO 100 100 900 10 100 1C0 950 90 110 100 970 90 110 115 180 100 125 180 175 60 100 86 88 80 100 S3 75 75 83
White Whitfield June 28 July 1 lime 2il 115 35 SI so 13S
100 100
MIDDLE GEORGIA
June 13
June 10
June 24
June 28
June 29
June 29
June 18
June 16
June 24
June 20
lune 1
June 25
100 19 Oj
90 200
03 90
1051180
120
75
110
110
50
70
150
250
SOO
120
200
180
950
450
70
170
260
150
500
160
100
100
220 500
180100
900
750
S50
130
950
100
150
700
900
120
SOO
50
150 110
135950
102 S50
75
97
72
66
90
60
100
40
40
80
90
100
87
07
74
No report69
JUNE CROP REPORT1879
13
TABLEMiddle GeorgiaContinued
MISCELLANE
CORN COTTON OATS WHT OUS CROPS
ti S m oi bfip 3 s Condition coinpd
cs fl 3 o a a O 3 oj t OS a 51 o 3 o 3J OJ 3 to Oj u a a 5 o o j o OJ 0Jl3 M 0J OJ rt J3 3 Sj l 3 o aj od ft a o o to average ot
Counties
a o 03 P a a o ci 1 1f 2 0 o 2 oi OJ O

I 1 o H 3 OJ o H 3 S s oj o 3 SI s ft o ft Cm 2 S 3 o ft g 00 S 0J oo a IH o 1 vJ 0J oi 0J 5 0J U 00 tD 3 CO a 3 3 fc M O CO OJ OJ CO
84 R4 84 80 Juue 1G 105 850 150 115 710 105 95 95
101 85 66 103 90 69 105 100 80 102 97 85 June 25 June 10 June 14 87 106 112 130 150 250 500 120 200 125 750 112105 125 105 50 ioo 8V 95 90 7o
68
60
88 85 95 90 June 15 105 230 100 112 105 80 9i 68
Lincoln McDuflte 76 81 68 80 83 88 71 89 June 20 June 25 1 II 1271800 Sh till
106 200 155 180110 90 100 100 83
87 87 102 97 105 S3 Judb 15 June 13 85 85 80 130 801 150 122750 78 lb 82
80 60 110 900 78
60 75 49 56 70 RR 76 87 June 18 June 12 95 102 260 180 700 160 141 130 120 130 90 76 40
50
80 4 43 75 53 101 101 150 600 100 150 110 50 90
Oglethorpe Pike 48 June 13 35
75 73 83 68 75 75 82 80 87 83 90 71 85 70 92 75 June 23 June 20 June 2C June 1 121 95 70 85 170 170 150 150 20 115 n5 12r 12 800 83 100 70 100 83 75 75 45 68
112100 80
10b 125 116 11C 68
Talbot Vo
95 45 95 5C llll 97 7E 9f 94 70 100 JuDe IE June 2K June IE 107 110 103 171 20C 25C 171 10c 1S lib 126 135 9oe 12C 12 100 99 100 35 100 87
2d
100
83 83 70 9 8S 64 9 9 94 85 82 85 Junp 11 June IE June IE lOi 95 11C 131 141 20 12 15 12C 10 llf 11C 90 11 7 87 7b 75 87 78
Walton 50
6o
50 4 5 80 101 14 10 1 8f 1 88 84 30

78C 80 C 92 870 June If 9f 16 14 12 70
No report14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 70
TABLESouthwest GeorgiaContinued
Counties
Taylor
Terrell
Thomas
Webster
Wilcox
Worth
Average
Bulloch
Burke
Dodge
Emanuel
Glascock
Jefferson
Johnson
Laurens
Montgomery
Pulaski
Richmond
Screven
Tatnall
Telfair
Twiggs
Washington
Wilkinson
COEN
7830
COTTON
z
June 8
June 5
Jnne 1
June 18
June 15
June 17
June 10
OATd WHET
at g
v 3
31
X P
200
120
150
175
100
120
92 134 92
110
90
120
120
0
0
97
MISCELLANE
OUS CROPS
Condition compd
to average of
80
80
120
50
100
103
75
92
75
85
66
90 88 77 87
East Georgia
June 15
June 12
Average810 730 880 850 June 13 102 182113 1061 82
June 25
June 15
June 5
June 5
June
June 13
June 10
June 17
June 22
June 1
June 14
June 15
June 10
100
200
100
80
80
90
87
66
80
90
200
so
10
250
90
150
130
60
80
95
6
7
120
120
110
80
120
10
80
55
100
90
77
100
90
75
85
95
50
80
95
90
ICO
95
60
90
105
100
75
85
60
84
Southeast Georgia
65 75 95 90 90 97 60 76 00 80 90 99 100 100 90 100 110 105 90 100 115 100 95 90 100 100 100 90 80 80 70 Qfi 100 75 87 85 90 75 100 100

u 100 105 100 110 90 75 98
100 105 100 120 85 100 100
Clinch 102 100 90 100 105 95 80 100 June 5 120 70 180
Coffee 50
Echols June 20 June 11 100 100 75
150 116
50
840 830 980 970 June 12 99 92
No report
71
JUNE CROP REPORT1879
TABLERecapitulation
15
CORN COTTON OATS WHET MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
93 a 03 h a o cj s o a 3 o a 5 O a o d OS o t3 O 41 H 01 a o Is Is o H a 3 O is o 03 m ft P 3 3 bfi S g 8 o OS S to a El si 3 OJ si l o H 3 41 O of u V S 43 21 ss O CD l1 fe si s bees a g I 3 V ft a o o 2 SIS H 175 125 97 106 106 a 1 9 U a ta u y ft 2 o 373 H V 88 50 100 66 82 76 82 70 Condition compd to average of
SECTIONS 43 O 2 100 100 88 99 90 101 101 92 100 99 94 100 CD a eC T u 03 fcfi 3 tZJ 100 88 97 88 112 77 101 98 111 87 103 a A BO CO 83 93 84 95 77 101 90 97 87 95 83 96 DO V o o o Pli 01 I TO
North Georgia July 11878 Middle Georgia July 11878 Southwest Ga July 11878 East 6 ta July 619 Southeast Ga July 1 1878 900 103 780 107 847 111 810 108 840 106 835 107 930 800 830 730 830 834 970 103 920 107 890 106 880 103 980 109 980 870 86 850 970 June 20 June 20 June 18 June 6 June 10 May 28 June 18 Jane 1 June 12 May 29 81 96 92 102 99 138 170 166 178 134 134 182 130 116 140 120 140 100 92 84 113 80 60 90 83 99 70 106 87 112 34 111 92
89 66 8S
Gehebal Aver 926 1 105 894 June 14 June 4 93 155 158 115 98 119 81
July 1 1878 105
No report16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
72
TABLE IIWEATHER REPORT FOR JUNE
North Georgia
STATIONS
Canton
Dalton
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Leo White county
890
960
870
910
890

726 260
750 825
700210
742 490
762 288
STATIONS
Mt Airy
Rabuu Gap
Rome
Toccoa
Trenton
920
860
940
920
Means for North Georgia 907 740300
747
697
775
760
187
497
178
318

Middle Georgia
940 910 900 sq n 746 751 796 75 4 817 160 280 35 5 5 4 930 930 920 7601147 769 062 772J125 7641189
4
Griffin 4

Means for Middle G 4
Southwest Georgia
950 920 910 021 77 02 on 3
91 0 960 88 0 799 785 77 8 345 195 S 30 5 10 5 790 785 785 285 345 366 4
10
Butler
Means for Southwest 6
East Georgia
900 960 922 780 795 767 435 422 307 7 8 6
Southeast Georgia
Baxley
Blackshear
Brunswick
970795066
940 780 452
DuPout
St Marys
Walthourville
Means for Southeast Georgia
Means for the State
960
950
940
952
922
807
780
774
786
765
075
213
3
237
273
5
53
The maximum here given is simply the highest 2 p m observation The observers
are not supplied with registering thermometersSpecial Circular No 70
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE
MONTH OF JULY 1879
RETURNABLE AUCUST 1st 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga July 10 1879
Deab SibPlease answer the following questions on the st
day of August or earlier as may be necessary for your report to
reach this office beore the fifth day of August
Answer every question that will admit of it definitely in num
bers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county
for which you report or so far in every direction as your knowledge
may extend not simply to your own farm
In cases where the crop is not grown in your county or you
have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate use the
character X
Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
Ln X in blue pencil opposite this note indicates that no re
port was received from you for last month If in red that it was
received too late to be used in the consolidation
I For what county do you report county
Your name
III Your postoffice
RequestHaving answered the above questions and those on
the following pages please fold the report as you received it and
fill the blank on the back2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 74
CONDITION AND PROSPECT AUGUST 1ST COMPARED
to an average of
1 Cottonpercent
2 Cornpercent
3 Rice percent
4 SngarCaneper cent
5 Sorghum per cent
6 Field peaspercent
7 Chnfaspercent
8 Sweet Potatoes per cent
9 If any what casualty is affecting cotton
10 To what extent has it injured the prospectpercent
11 Are there indications of an increase in the area of oats next fall compared with last
year
12 What is the prospect of jwrk hogs for next winter compared with last year
NoteCorrespondents wishing to communicate with the Commissioner on any sub
ject not connected with this report will please write the same on a separate sheetREMARK8
Under this head report any facts of general interest to farmers or any valuable or
instructive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers The remarks should
he painted and an concise as practicable and written very plainlyCircular No 67
Analysis and Statistics of Fertilizers
Season of 1378x79
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 12th 1879
EXPLANATIONS OF THE TABLE OF ANALYSES
bSSfsviz Solu
approximate estimate of the rZ 3nfho 1com1mrcial values or
by analysis in a ton of each fenilTzer ValUable lngredients found
tiiSeTwhxrcisurees ss irparg the w
dSSSttff and P of dealers
Inspectors al e glven as TO to Department by the
pracal PatC
Available Phosphoric Acid 0
Ammonia 1i cents per pound
Potash 18 cents per pound
tive columns of these ingredients irdicaefhJ nmbeJ8 in the respec
in one hundred pounds of the fertilzer r it Pd of each
IMk
one ton wfll giJ thVTuTe IffiffiJtfft
vaoVfoftlSff Md the commerciaDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 76

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ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS 18789
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ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS

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10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 82
REMARKS
The analyses of the preceding Table were made by Prof
Wm J Land Analytical Chemist of the Department of
Agriculture
All the fertilizers named in the table are above the stan
dard required by law
During the season of 187879 there were 8504919
tons of commercial fertilizers inspected for the Georgia
market as follows
ByGeo P Harrison2992063 tons
ByE T Davis1029525 tons
ByTJ Smith241S775 tons
By J S Lawtoa1662101 tons
By B D Lumsdeu 309155 tons
By Geo W Rosette 930oo tons
Total8504919 tons
The use of commercial fertilizers has fallen off 8429 tons
during season of 18789 from the season previous as the
following exhibit will show
There were inspected for the season of 1875655 315 toas
There were inspected for the season of 1876775824 tons
There were inspected for the season of 1877893 47s tons
There were inspected for the season of 18789g5 049 tons
While there were 8429 tons less inspected during the
season just ended than in that of 187778 the number of
inspections was much larger in consequence of the increased
number of brands placed on the market and the fact that
shipments into the State were made in smaller quantities
The law of February 1877 which went into operation
1st September 1877 requires the Commissioner of Agri
culture to prohibit the sale of any Ammoniated Super
phosphate which does not contain at least 8 per cent of
available Phosphoric Acid and 2 per cent of Ammonia
and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone which does
not contain at least 10 per cent of Available Phosphoric
Acid This insures to every farmer a fair article in any
fertilizer that he can buy on the market if it has the guar
anteed analysis and the inspectors tag on or attached to
it as required by law
Of the 8504919 tons placed on the Georgia market last83
ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS
11
season 7465747 tons were Ammoniated Superphosphates
and 1039172 were nonAmmoniated or Acid Phosphates
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates used in Georgia
for the past four seasons is as follows
For the seaion of 18756 6499 tous
For the season of 1876712842 tons
For the season of 1877815382 tons
For the season of 1878910891 tons
Of the whole quantity put upon the market the per
centage of Acid Phosphates for each season is as follows
For 187561166 per cent
For 187671282 per cent
For 187781962 per cent
For 187891222 per cent
The following are the averages of the percentage of valu
able ingredients and the averages of commercial value for
the past five seasons
Available Phosphoric Acid Ammonia Potas h Commercl Value
Season of 18745 923 1094 1087 1143 1195 255 253 252 279 270 517 249 275 223 166 40 53 40 44
40 65
Season of 18778 42 111
42 24
These are the general averages of all fertilizers for the
seasons named The commercial values are all based upon
the present valuations per pound of the valuable ingre
dients in fertilizers
It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia
and Potash are of those brands only which were shown by
analysis to contain these elements and not of the whole
number of brands analyzed
For the seasons of 18756 22 brands had Potash in
them as shown by analysis For 18767 29 brands had
Potash for 18778 there were 63 and for 18789 there
were 83
The number of brands inspected analyzed and placed
upon the market for each season since the organization of
the Department is as follows
For the season of 18745no brands
For the season of 18756101 brands
For the season of 18767125 brands
12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
84
127 brands
For the season of 18778 162 brands
For the season of 18789
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations
for making or composting manures at home
The number of brands of Ammoniated and nonAmmo
niated fertilizers for each season is as follows
Ammoniated
For tbe season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 1S767
For the season of 1877S
For the season oflSTI
Non
Ammoniated
85
90
119
24
33
40
37
43
Tor the first three of the above named seasons those
fertilizers having less than one per cent of Ammonia are
classed as Acid Phosphates For the season of 18778
and subsequently all are classed as Ammoniated whose
Ammonia determinations appear in the published analyses
For the season of 18745 only one Acid Phosphate had
Potash in it for 18756 four brands of Acid Phosphates
had Potash for 18767 six for 18778 thirteen and for
18789 fourteen
The following will exhibit at a glance the number of
brands for each of the four seasons in four classes
For the season of 18745
For tbe season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For tbe season of 1S778
For tbe season of 18789
Phosphoric
Acid Am
monia and
Potash
10
18
23
50
Phosphoric
Acid and
Ammonia
76
50
62
40
46
Phosphoric
Acid and
Potash
1
4
6
13
14
Phosphoric
Acid only
23
29
34
24
27
The following are the averages of the per centages of
valuable elements and commercial values in Ammoniated
and nonAmmoniated fertilizers as shown by analysis for
the season of 18789
ammoniated
NonAmmoniated
General average
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
1152
1320
1195
270
Potash
Commercial
Value
164
163
166
S4114
3560
4224
ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS
13
85
The following tabulated averages for the past five seasons
will be found interesting viz
GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS
For the season of 18745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 1S767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
923
1094
1087
1143
1195
2 84
298
273
279
270
Potash
517
249
275
223
166
AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
For the season of 1S745
For the season of 18756
For the season of 18767
For the season of 18778
For the season of 18789
Available
Phosphoric
Acid
873
1036
1051
1083
1152
284
298
273
279
270
Potash
531
279
243
225
164
AVERAGES OF NONAMMONIATED FERTILIZERS
Potash
Season of 18745
Season of 1S756
Season of 18767
Season of 18778
Season of 18789
RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO
THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
SEASON OF 18789
Fees on S504919 tons Guano inspected during season of 18789 42524 60
Inspectors salaries to the 1st of September 1879 6804 16
Chemists salary to September 1st 1879 3000 00
Paid for Tags 2052 77
11256 93
31267 67
Total expenses of inspection
Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of
DEFINITIONS
A Phosphate is a salt formed by the chemical union of
Phosphoric Acid with a base as lime soda aluminum etc14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 86
and is chiefly valuable for its Phosphoric Acid which en
ters into combination with these bases in different propor
tions
The term Dissolved Bone is properly restricted to a
Soluble Phosphate prepared by treating animal bones
ground with Sulphuric Acid but it is very often indis
criminately applied to any and all Soluble Phosphates re
gardless of their source Dissolved Bone if made from
recent animal bones is more valuable than other Super
phosphates on account of the presence of Ammonia in
them which does not exist in phosphate rocks and be
cause the insoluble Phosphoric Acid which is derived
from animal bones gradually dissolves in the soil and more
readily becomes available as plant food than that which is
derived from phosphate rocks
An Ammoniated Superphosphate or Dissolved Bone is
one to which is added material such as dried blood flesh
fish or natural guano which contains Ammonia or is
capable of producing Ammonia
The term Chemical is correctly applied to such chemi
cal Salts as Sulphates of Ammonia and Potash Muriate of
Potash Nitrates of Soda and Potash etc which are either
manufactured or found in a natural state are more or less
concentrated and entirely wanting in organic matter
But in a more comprehensive sense and especially as
understood in carrying out the provisions of the Act of
February 26 1877 it is applied to any fertilizing element
that is not a Superphosphate but is properly admitted to
sale to be used by farmers in making or composting ma
nures at home
Bone Phosphate is Phosphoric Acid and Lime as it
exists in the form of animal bones To ascertain the total
amount of Bone Phosphate in a fertilizer multiply the total
Phosphoric Acid by 2183 the result will be the total Bone
Phosphate in the fertilizer If the available Phosphoric
Acid is multiplied by 2183 it will give the tricalcic or
Bone Phosphate dissolved which the fertilizer contains87 ANALYSES OF FERTILIZERS 15
COMPOSTING SUPERPHOSPHATES WITH HOME MANURES
The Philosophy of CompostingStable manure is admitted on all
sides to be a complete manure in the sense of containing all of the nec
essary elements of plantfood There are some of the more important
elements phosphoric acid is the principal which are contained in such
small percentage that large quantities of the manure must be applied in
order to secure a sufficient quantity of this essential element for the
necessities of plant sustenance To supply this deficiency superphos
phate is added to the compost heap A combination of stable manure
and cotton seed in the proportions recommended supplies enough
ammonia for summer crops but hardly sufficient for winter small grain
unless applied at the rate of 403 pounds per acre The sulphate of lime
contained in every superphosphate besides being otherwise valuable as
a chemical agent serves to fix the ammonia generated in the progress of
decomposition in the compost heap The fermentation reduces the
coarse material and prepares it for the use of the plant
Composting Under ShelterThis may usually be done on rainy
days or when the ground is too wet for the plow so that little time
need be lost by the manipulation of the heap There are two methods
practiced with equally satisfactory results
One is to apply the different ingredients in successive layers and cut
down vertically after a thorough fermentation has taken place mixing
well with the shovel at the same time
The other is to mix thoroughly the ingredients at first and allow the
mass to stand until used
The effects of composts thus prepared far exceed the indications of
analysis and cost considered are truly remarkable
Formula for CompostingIf the stable manure and cotton seed
have been preserved under shelter use the following
formula no 1
Stable Manure650 lbs
Cotton Seed green 650 lbs
Superphosphate700 lbs
Making a ton of2000 lbs
Directions for CompostingSpread under shelter a layer of
stable manure four inches thick on this sprinkle a portion of the
phosphate next spread a layer of cotton seed three inches thick wet
these thoroughly with water and then apply more of the phosphate
next spread another layer of stable manure three inches thick and con
tinue to repeat these layers in the above order and in proportion to the
quantity of each used to the ton until the material is consumed Cover
the whole mass with stable manure or scrapings from the lot one or
two inches thick Allow the heap to stand in this condition until a
thorough fermentation takes place which will require from three to six
weeks according to circumstances dependent upon proper degree of16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 88
nioiture and the strengh of the materials used When the cotton seed
are thoroughly killed with a sharp hoe or mattock cut down vertically
through the layers pulverize and shovel into a heap where the fer
mentation will be renewed and the compost be still further improved
Let it lie two weeks after cutting down it will then be ready for use
The following plan of mixing gives equally satisfactory results Mix
the cotton seed and stable manure in proper proportion moisten them
with water apply the proportion of phosphate and mix thoroughly
shoveling into a mass as prepared
There is some advantage in this plan from the fact that the ingredients
are thoroughly commingled during fermentation
For CottonApply in the opening furrow 200 pounds and with
the planting seed 75 or 100 pounds making in all 275 or 300 pounds per
acre If it is desired to apply a larger quantity open furrows the desired
distance and over them sow broadcast 400 pounds per acre bed the
land and then apply 100 pounds per acre with the seed
Fob CornApply in the hill by the side of the seed one gill to the
hill An additional application around the stalk before the first plow
ing will largely increase the yield of grain
If the compost is to be used on worn or sandy pine lands use the fol
lowing
FORMULA NO 2
Stable Manure600 lbs
Cotton Seed green600 lbs
Superphosphate700 lbs
Kainit100 lbs
Making a ton of2000 lbs
Prepare as directed for No 1 moistening the manure and cotton seed
with a solution of the kainit instead of water Muriate of potash is the
cheapest form in which potash can be used but kainit supplies it in a
better form and combination for many plants
If lot manure or that which has been so exposed as to lose some of
its fertilizing properties is composted use
FORMULA NO 3
Lot Mamvre600 lbs
Cotton Seed green500 lbs
Superphosphate700 lbs
Sulphateof Ammonia 60 lbs
Kainit140 lbs
Making a ton of 2000 lbs
The sulphate of ammoDia and kainit must be dissolved in warm water
and a proportionate part of each sprinkled upon the other ingredients
as the heap is prepared Aply as directed under No 1 to cotton and
corn To wheat or oats apply 400 or 500 pounds per acre broadcast
and plow or harrow it in with the grain
Very lespectfully
Commissioner of AgricultureAPPENDIX
EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM OF INSPEC
TION ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
The act of 26th February 1877 requires that from and after thefirst
day of September 1877
All fertilizers or chemicals for manufacturing or composting the same offered for
sale or distribution in this State shall have branded upon or attached to each bag barrel
or package in such manner as the Commissioner of Agriculture may by regulation es
tablish the true analysis of such fertilizer or chemical showing the percentage of valua
ble elements of ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain
This true analysis is not the analysis of the Chemist of this Depart
ment but is simply a statement of what the manufacturer claims his
fertilizer contains and the law provides
That the analysis so placed upon or attached to any fertilizer or chemical shall be
a guaranty by the manufacturer agent or person offering the same that it contains sub
stantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein and said
guaranty shall be binding on said manufacturer agent or dealer and may be pleaded in
any action or suit at law to show partial or total failure of consideration in the contract for
the sale of said fertilizer1
Hence it is commonly called the Guaranteed Analysis
The act referred to also provides
It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of any acid
phosphate or dissolved bone which is shown by official analysis to contain less than ten
percentum of available phosphoric acid and also to forbid the sale of any ammoniated
superphosphate which is shown by official analysis to contain less than eight percentum
of available phosphoric acid and two percentum of ammonia A copy of the official analy
sis of any fertilizer or chemical under seal of the Department of Agriculture shall be
admissible as evidence in any of the courts of this State in the trial of any issue involv
ing the merits of said fertilizer
The act further provides for the appointment by the Commissioner
of a competent Chemist and not exceeding six Inspectors who shall
take an oath faithfully to perform all the duties which may be required
of them in pursuance of the act and that the Commissioner
Shall have power to prescribe and enforce such rules and regulations as he may deem
necessary to carry fully into effect the true intent and meaning of this act
Among the duties of Inspectors prescribed by law are the follow
ing
take samples in person of all fertilizers or chemicals for manufactur
ing the same intended for sale or distribution in this State and furnish Inspectors tags
or other devices prescribed for each and every package18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
90
In accordance with the law from which the preceding extracts are
given and the Rules and Regulations prescribed in pursuance thereof
the following is the method of procedure
The manufacturer or other person desiring an inspection having com
plied with the requirements as to the true analysis must now make a
written request for inspection according to the form prescribed by
this Department addressed to the nearest Inspector
In this request he states the brand and number of tons to be inspected
and signs an obligation that in consideration of being allowed to pro
ceed to sell and distribute the same before the official analysis thereof
is made he agrees and binds himself to cancel and make null and
void all sales that may be made thereof and forfeit all right to compen
sation therefor if after the official analysis is made the Commissioner
of Agriculture shall forbid its sale in accordance with law The rea
son for requiring this obligation to cancel sales etc will appear di
rectly
The applicant for inspection is further required to furnish at once
to the Inspector not less than 300 pounds of the fertilizer each brand
to be held subject to the order of the Commissioner for the purpose of a
thorough soil test The inspector now collects the fee of 50 cents or satis
fies himself that it will be paid before delivery of the tags and proceeds
to take samples For this purpose he is provided with a sampler that
will penetrate to the centre of the bulk or package He is required in
person to take samples from not less than onefifth of the packages when
in lots of less than ten tons and not less than onetenth in lots of over
ten tons
These samples are then thoroughly mixed by stirring together and
from the mixture three glass bottles are filled securely sealed with the
Inspectors private seal and properly labelled One of these bottles is re
tained by the Inspector and the remaining two delivered in person or
Bent by express to the Commissioner of Agriculture for analysis to
gether with an official report of the inspection
The Inspector then delivers to the applicant as many Inspectors tags
as there are packages in the lot inspected each tag bearing the fox simile
of Inspectors signature and its own consecutive numberno two tags
having the same number They are not attached to the packages by the
Inspector but by the applicant as the law provides
The tags used for this season in addition to the eliptical device fac
simile and number have also printed on them a blank form for the true
analysis for the convenience of such manufacturers as may desire to use
it This blank form is a mere appendage to the official tag and the
figures indicating the true analysis may or may not be inserted as the
manufacturer or agent may elect In practice the form is little used
jt being optionaryas it is found to be more convenient to brand the
analysis on the package
The tags being attached the applicant may proceed to sell or distribute
to agents througout the State If he were required to withhold his fer911
ANALYSES OE FERTILIZERS
19
tilizer from sale or distribution until the official analysis could be made
of the sample sent to the Commissioner a delay of from three to six weeks
would be the result greatly to the embarrassment of farmers as well as
dealers For this reason as already intimated the dealer is permitted
at once to sell having given the obligation to cancel sales etc in case
the Commissioner after the official analysis is completed shall forbid
sales in accordance with law
Upon the receipt of the samples by the Commissioner they are at
once prepared to be placed in the bands of the Chemist The label on
one of the bottles having been properly recorded is removed entirely
and its place supplied by one having a simple number and the deter
minations required to be made If the Chemist is not already engaged
on a series a number of samples so preparedusually fifteenare
placed in his hands It will be observed that the Chemist has no inti
mation of the name of the fertilizer or of the person for whom it was
inspected nor of the amount of the different valuable elements it is
claimed to contain He is simply required to ascertain by analysis
what percentage the sample contains of each of the elements claimed
by the true analysis to enter into its composition
To complete the analysis of a series of 15 samples requires about 15
days When completed the Chemist reports them back to the Commis
sioner according to the numbers the record is made with the names of
the brands inserted parties interested are furnished with copies of the
analyses and in due time they are published in usual circular form
If a fertilizer comes up to the minimum required by law it is permit
ted to go to sale otherwise its eale is forbidden and the dealer in accor
dance with his obligation forfeits all right to compensation therefor in
case sales have been made
The following construction of the law relative to the minimum stan
dard is believed to be in accordance with the true intent and meaning
of the act
Every fertilizer without regard to name is allowed to go to sale
1 If it is shown by official analysis to contain not less than 10 per
centum of available phosphoric acid or
2 If having less than ten per centum but not less than 8 per centum
of available phosphoric it contains also not less than 2 per centum of
ammonia
Chemicals for the manufacture of fertilizers or for composting are ad
mitted to sale as such subject to the guaranty prescribed by law
If the work of inspection were uniformly distributed throughout the
season1st September to 1st Maythe Chemist could easily keep up
with his work but such is not the case During the height of the sea
son which usually occurs in February and March while the Chemist
is engaged on a series of 15 samples it frequently occurs that twenty or
thirty additional samples are sent in by Inspectors and thus the work
accumulates20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
92
COMMERCIAL VALUES
The commercial value is not intended to indicate accurately the price
at which a fertilizer should be sold or the price which the farmer can
afford to pay for it but to enable a purchaser to compare the aggregate
potential value of the several ingredients in one fertilizer with that of
another It is estimated by assigning to each of the valuable elements
of a value per pound which was deduced from the average cash prices of
sandard brands as sold in Savannah At the beginning of the seasons
of 18745 the prices of these elements were fixed as follows
Ammonia18J cents per pound
Available Phosphoric Acid151 cents per pound
Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 41 cents per pound
Potash 6i cents per pound
In 18756 the same prices were adopted with the remark Though
these valuations are too high they answer for a comparison of the dif
erent brands as well as a comparison of the qality of the same Drands
during the two seasons 18745 and 18756
The present prices of the elements were fixed at the beginning of the
season of 18767 and were found at that time to result in commercial
values rather below the current cash prices of that season Tney are as
follows
Ammonia18 cents per pound
Available Phosphoric Acid12icents per pound
Potash 8 cents per pound
No value was assigned to insoluble pho sphoric acid that of potash
increased to fa cents and the others diminished as above During the
past two years theie has been a steady decrease in the cash prices of
fertilizers while the values assigned to the valuable elements have
remained unaltered hence the commercial values of the present season
are higher than the actual cash prices asked by dealers
The commercial values as published notwithstanding the apparent
discordance constitute a valuable guide in comparing the real value
as far as can be determined by chemical analysisof one fertilizer with
another The amounts stated in dollars and cents may be considered
as simple numbers indicating the relative values of the fertilizer to which
they are annexedGEORGIA
From the Immigrant Settlers StandPoint
GIVING THE RESULTS OF THE EXPERIENCE OF ACT
UAL SETTLERS FROM OTHER STATES AND COUN
TRIES PREFACED WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE
NATURAL RESOURCES OF GEORGIA
AND THE INDUCEMENTS TO IMMI
GRANTS AND CAPITALISTS
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OP
I
THOMAS T JANES AM MD
Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia
ATLANTA GA
1S79PREFACE
The South has been misunderstood and often misrepresented
sometimes by immigration agents of other States often by design
ing politicians and partisan newspapers and occasionally by
those who having travelled through the country are therefore
presumed to know whereof they affirm
These misconceptions and misrepresentations have not been
confined to the sentiments of our people but have had reference
also to our habits our customs our administration and observance
of law the general condition of society and also to our natural
advantages of climate soil productions etc a correct knowledge
of which is so essential to the intending emigrant if we would at
tract him to our borders
These errors have often been corrected and unjust charges
denied but as might reasonably have been fearedfrom the pre
sumed partiality of our writers and speakerswithout fully vindi
cating our section and people in the minds of a large number of
those who are honestly seeking the truth
With a view to clearly setting forth the natural advantages of
the State of Georgia as a home for the immigrant and the induce
ments offered for safe and profitable investments of capital the
Commissoner of Agriculture prepared and published in 1878 A
Manual of Georgia for the use of Immigrants and Capital
ists A large number of copies of this Manual were distributed
throughout the North and West and some have been sent to
Europe with the effect of increasing the interest already aroused
in the minds of those who contemplate emigrating and are on the
lookout for the State which affords the greatest natural induce
ments and other attractions
The Manual of Georgia though giving an accurate and ex
haustive description of the State by counties would have been
still more valuable for the purpose intended had it contained some
accounts of the experience of those who have settled in the State
within the last fifteen yekrs It is intended to supply this testi
mony by publishing Georgia from the Immigrant Settlers stand
pointPREFACE
In the preparation of the pamphlet a circular letter was sent to
one or more of the regular correspondents of the Department of
Agriculture in each of the counties of the State requesting them
to furnish the names of several of the most intelligent and reliable
citizens of their respective counties who were born and reared in
the North or a foreign country and have since 1865 immigrated
to and become permanent citizens of the State In response to
this circular the names and postomce address of one or more such
citizens was supplied from a sufficient number of counties to fairly
represent every section of the State To those a circular a copy
of which appears in Part II was sent and the replies are ap
pended immediately following the description of the several sec
tions of the State
As this publication will fall into the hands of many who have
not read the Manual of Georgia it has been thought best to
embody in Part I much of the general information contained in
the latter work and which is not supplied by the published letters
from actual settlers
Those who may wish to verify the authenticity of the published
letters or obtain further information from the same source are
invited to write to the authors many of whom have voluntarily
signified their willingness to respond to any enquiries which they
may receive
It is proper to remark in conclusion that this publication has
been prepared for the sole purpose of advancing the material inter
ests of Georgia by encouraging the immigration of honest sober
industrious citizens from every section of the Union and from the
most desirable nationalities of Europe
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga July 22 1879
Note For more detailed information and statistics of the several counties of the
State the reader is referred to A Manual or Georgiaoj tlw Use of Immigrants and
Capitalists a copy of which will be sent by mail to any applicant enclosing a 3 cent
stamp for return postagePART I
GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF GEORGIA
The State of Georgia lies in the southeastern portion of the
United States and with Florida constitutes the extreme portion
of tho American Union in that direction In the original settle
ment its chartered limits extended from the Atlantic ocean to the
Mississippi river with the 31st parallel of north latitude as its
northern boundary and the 31st parallel and Florida as its bound
ary on the South Early in the present century a very large por
tion of this territory westward nearly twothirdswas ceded to
the United States and out of it in great part have since been
formed the two new States of Alabama and Mississippi
From the above it will be seen that the entire State lies within
the southern portion of the temperate zone and as a consequence
is exempt alike from the rigors and other discomforts and disad
vantages of a cold climate and the debility and diseases incident
to tropical regions It may be said with perfect truth that there
is no part of the known world where a greater degree of physical
comfort can be secured the year round or where a greater amount
of labor can be performed in the usual vocations within the same
period of time than in Georgia But these points will be more
fully treated under their appropriate heads
The geographical situation of Georgia is worthy of note in an
other the commercial view of the question The 32 i parallel of
north latitude passes nearly through the centre of the State the
great southern transcontinental line of railway to connect the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a communication uninterruped by
snows in winter and open the year round has been located on
and near that parallel Savannah Georgias principal seaport
is but 15 north of that line and is destined to become the eastern
terminus of this great highway of trade It is 943 miles nearer to
San Diego on the California coast than New Yorkthe eastern
terminus of the northern lines is to San Francisco the distance
between the two latter cities being 3456 miles while the distance
between the two former is only 2512 miles This road will be
completed in a very few years and its beneficial effects upon the
trade and general prosperity of Georgia are too obvious to require
6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 94
comment The facts stated show that this southern line is des
tined to become the favorite highway of the Pacific trade includ
ing that of China and Japan with the ports of Georgia as its chief
entrepots in the East
Georgia from her geographical relations is also the natural
highway to the teeming products of the great agricultural heart of
the countrythe Mississippi Valley A straight line from St
Louis or the mouth of the Ohio shows that the Atlantic coasfrof
Georgia is much nearer and more accessible to the commerce of
the West than that of any other State in the Union Several line
of railway between these two sections are already in successful
operation while a projected canal from the Tennessee river to the
head of navigation on the Altamaha tributaries in Georgia will
afford ample water transportation to the commerce of the West
seeking European markets and in point of time speedier than
that hitherto employedthe circuitous route via the Mississippi
river and the Gulf of Mexico This canal route has been surveyed
by direction of Congress its practicability and cheapness fully
determined and its construction made a simple question of time
FACE OF THE COUNTRY
The nominal divisions of the State are threefold to wit Lower
Middle and Upper Georgia These correspond in the order stated
with the three great natural divisions viz the low country the
hill country and the mountain region
Lower Georgia lies below the line crossing the heads of naviga
tion of the rivers a portion of which flow into the Atlantic ocean
and a portion into the Gulf of Mexico It is the largest of the
three divisions comprising about 35000 square miles It lies for
the most part below the level of 300 feet above the sea the aver
age elevation being about 250 feet
Middle Georgia lies between the heads of navigation and the
elevation of 1000 or 1100 feet the average being 750 feet It has
an area of 15000 square miles
Upper Georgia constitutes the northern portion of the State and
embraces all the mountains of any note and much hill country
It has an area of about 10000 square miles The eastern half has
an average elevation of about 1500 feet whilst there are moun
tain chains that rise to the height of 3000 feet and peaks to 4800
feet The western half is much lower the general elevation being
only 750 feet with mountains up to 2000 feet
The average elevation of the surface of the State is 650 feet above
the sea
These three divisions of the State differ in soil and climate and
to some extent in productions as we shall have occasion to note95
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
more particularly hereafter when we come to treat of those sev
eral topics
CLIMATE
In nothing regarding us is a greater mistake made abroad and
indeed in some parts of our own country than in the climate or
atmospheric conditions of Georgia The State being in the south
ern portion of the Union lying between parallels of latitudes 30
39 27 average and 35 the stranger naturally concludes that
our climate is mild and delightful in Winter and in this he is cor
rect We have but little snowin more than half the States none
at all for years togetherwe import or manufacture all our ice
and field work may be kept up at all periods of the year
The difficulty with strangers is in determning the charac
ter of our climate during the summer months The winters
being pleasant and genial they conclude without further investi
gation that the summers must necessarily be hot and sultry
This is a serious mistake as all will testify who have any prac
tical knowledge of the subject No finer summer climate is to be
found on the continent east of the Mississippi river than that of
many parts of Georgia and as a whole it will compare favorably
in this respect with that of the States of the north and northwest
Carefully conducted observations year after year shows that the
mean annual temperature of the city of Atlanta our State Capital
is the same with that of Washington City Louisville Kentucky
and St Louis in the State of Missouri which are from 800 to 880
miles further north The mean annual temperature south of a
line drawn across the State from Augusta to Columbus is betweeu
64 and 68 between the same line and another parallel to it and
running twenty miles south of Atlanta we have a mean annual
temperature between 60 and 64 in another strip of territory in
cluding Atlanta we have a mean temperature the year round of
between 56 and 60 In that we have described as Upper Geor
gia it is between 52 and 56 while in the mountains it is below
52 The mean of Gainesville in Hall county and of Clarksville
and Mount Airy in Habershatn county cdrresponds with that of
Central Ohio Indiana Illinois Upper Misouri and Lower Ne
braska We refer to the map of the State for a better understand
ing of the several localities above referred to as well as the sig
nificance of the figures given in this connection We have the
winter climate of Rome and the summer climate of Jerusalem
SOILS AND PRODUCTIONS
The soils of Georgia are among the very best of the older States
in virgin fertility she surpassed them all as is evidenced by her
rapid settlement from other States upon the extinguishment of the8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 96
Indian title to the lands Injudicious cultivation in the haste to
get rich has done much in past years to impair and waste their
strength but wiser views are now obtaining and with systems of
culture greatly improved production is steadily increasing without
material addition to the population
The soils of Georgia are as various as the elements of rocks and
the vegetable and animal remains that compose them
In Upper Georgia or the northernmost division of the State the
soil is a mixture of clay and sand In the western half of this sec
tion there is a large admixture of lim and the clay is generally
red with here and there a yellowish brown or drab In the
eastern half the clay is altogether reddish and the soil not calca
reous The valley and coves of both are very rich and productive
while the hillsides yield generously to judicious cultivation
There are many fine farms on the very summit of the Blue Ridge
and Lookout range of mountains
The chief agricultural productions of Upper Georgia are Indian
corn or maize wheat barley rye oats potatoes sorghum and all
the grasses including clover Its wheat with that of Middle
Georgia is considered the heaviest and best grown in the Union
and always commands a premium in the Northern markets All
the grains mentioned grow to great perfection and the yield of hay
where proper attention is given that crop is very large The
soil and climate are also admirably adapted to tobacco though it
has not up to this time received that attention as a crop that it
deserves Many good judges consider Upper Georgia in this re
spect superior to either Virginia or North Carolina as the soil is
not only suitable but the season for planting is much earlier and
of growth longer enabling the farmer to gather a second crop
from the same plants Until a very recent date this section of the
State was regarded asunsuited to the successful cultivation of cot
ton but the introduction of commercial fertilizers the effect of
which is to hasten growth and maturity and increase production
has brought about quite a revolution as regards the great staple
It is now being successfully grown in considerable quantities as
far north as the Tennessee line As evidence of the rapid increase
in the production of cotton in this section we may mention the
fact that the city of Atlanta whose trade in that commodity ten
years ago was so inconsiderable as scarcely to have a place in the
local market reports had received up to the first of April of the
present year 1878 or in seven out of the twelve cotton months
98000 bales grown almost exclusively in Upper Georgia Hemp
flax and jute may also be grown with profit During a good part
of the year the mountains afford the finest range for cattle sheep97 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT 9
and goats whilst hogs keep fat in the fall and early winter months
on the masts of nuts and acorns All the varieties of vegetables
flourish in this part of the State The fruits that thrive best are
the apple the pear the cherry the plum and the grape also the
raspberry and strawberry The last mentioned may be said to
grow equally well in every part of the State The spring and
well water of this section is unsurpassed in any part of the world
The surface of Middle Georgia is rolling and the soil generally
red with here and there a liberal admixture of gray and very
strong and productive All things considered this is regarded as
the most desirable portion of the State if not of the South It is
the great cotton section or the section where the soil will yield a
greater amount of fruit than a like area of equal fertility in
any other part of the State Indian corn wheat barley ryein
deed all the cereal cropsare cultivated and yield in their great
est abundance Even the oldest lands of this section recuperate
rapidly under good treatment and are soon restored to their orig
inal fertility Improved systems of culture are obtaining very
generally throughout this part of the State which is the most pop
ulous of the three greatdi visions and as a consequence produc
tion is progressive Of fruits the apple pear peach fig grape
melons and indeed every variety other than tropical are grown
with the greatest success The finest peaches in the world grow
in this section and in the northern portion of Lower Georgia and
large quantities are shipped annually to the northern cities
Melons also are grown to great perfection and constitute quite
an important item of the commerce of this section The forests
and abandoned fields abound in nuts and berries in large variety
furnished by nature without care or cultivation Dried fruits are
becoming an important item in the exports from this section
It may be said with truth that no country in the world offers
greater natural advantages than this middle section of Georgia
Embracing a territory about two hundred miles in length from
east to west and one hundred broad from north to southinter
sected by numerous rivers and smaller water courses the amount
of water power available for manufacturing purposes is incacula
ble It constitutes the heart of the cotton region and the mate
rial is consequently at hand to be worked into the various fabrics
Ten railroads cross it in various directions so that transportation
is all that could be desired Its drinking water is excellent and
its health uninterrupted throughout the year
Southern or Lower Georgia consists chiefiv of sandy pine land
with occasional belts of oak and hickory and where these occur
the soil has a considerable mixture of reddish or lightbrown clay10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTURGEORGIA 98
and is very productive The lands generally are light and easy of
cultivation and while some portions especially those on the water
courses of the southwest and the red lands above referred to are
very rich nearly the whole is tillable and with occasional light
manuring continue to produce good crops from year to year It
is as a general ride sparsely settled and the lands are the cheapest
in the State The leading field products are cotton sugarcane
corn rice oats potatoes and field peas The country being open
and the pasturage good throughout the year large numbers of beef
cattle and sheep are raised annually for market at a cost purely
nominal as they require neither to be fed nor sheltered Wool
forms quite an item in the list of its exports near 75000 pounds
were cleared at the customhouse in Brunswick alone durinjr the
past year
Cotton is produced generally throughout the sectionthe sea
island or long staple variety in the counties bordering on Florida
and along the coast This class of cotton is used in the manufac
ture of the finer fabrics and in combination with silk but is less
cultivated than in former years the demand for it having been
lessened by the improvement in the staple and quality of the com
mon cotton and in the machinery for its manufacture
The cotton crop of Georgia averages a little over 500000 bale or
about 22o000000 pounds worth at ten cents per pound 22 500 000
The rice lands lie chiefly on the tide water and are among the
most valuable and productive on the southern coast Considerable
rice is also grown chiefly for home consumption on inland swamps
and low lands in Middle as well as in Lower Georgia though the
rice that enters into commerce comes chiefly from the countrv
along the coast
Sugar cane is also an important crop of Southern Georgia and
could be made among the most profitable It grows luxuriantly
and yields profitable returns in sugar and syrup Yet but little
sugar is made for market the planters usually confining themselves
to a sufficiency for home demand and relying chiefly upon the
syrup as a marketable crop To show the capacity of the soil
under high culture we mention one instance among the many of
equal production that are well vouched for In 1874 Mr John J
Parker of Thomas county produced on one acre 694 gallons of
cane syrup worth seventyfive cents per gallon or 52087 The
total cost of production was 7750 leaving a net profit of 443 37
Ihis section of the State also produces an excellent qualitv of
light tobacco such as is manufactured into cigars though the
plant will eventually run into the heavy leaf unless the seed are
renewed annually from the West Indies99
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
11
Notwithstanding the variety of soils and climates vegetables of
every description do well in all parts of the State but it is chiefly
in the section along the coast that they are raised for distant
market Most of the varieties maturing here in early spring be
fore the seeds are planted in the Northern States of the Union
they command a good price in consequence and the producers
realize large profits from their business In the spring of 1877
there were shipped to the Northern markets from the port of
Savannah alone 23284 packages of fruit 20405 packages of vegeta
ble and 26345 melons
Of the fruits of this section melons strawberries grapes and
some oranges are those chiefly cultivated for market The fig and
grape grow to great perfection and the orange lemon lin
banana pomegranate of the tropical fruits succceed well where
attention has been given to their cultivation Some varieties of
the pear also thrive well in this section of the Slate The Scup
pernong grape grows in its greatest perfection the crops are very
heavy and the fruit sweeter than that grown in more northern
latitudes
Lower Georgia is said to resemble in soil and climate those por
tions of Prussia that lie in the vicinity of the capital The soil is
however in its natural state far more productive and conse
quently requires less labor and expense to be kept in good planting
condition Although generally sandy it has a good clay founda
tion or subsoil fr on six to twelve inches below the surface which
enables it to retain fertilizers and hold them as plant food
CAPACITY OF GEORGIA SOIL UNDER HIGH CULTURE
The various agricultural products common to Georgia having
been given with some minuteness in the chapter on Soils and Pro
ductions we proceed to give the result of a number of experiments
in the cultivation of those products in each of those divisions
conducted with proper preparation and fertilizationsuch as are
given in the more densely settled porti ns of the world As but
little is accomplished by inadequate means in any department of
human industry the actual producing capacity of a country can
only be tested by the results of judicious culture The crops to
which we shall refer were reported to the various State and county
fairs within the past few years and both the culture and its results
were verified by the affidavits of disinterested parties
In 1873 Mr R H Hardaway produced on upland in Thomas
county Lower Georgia 119 bushels of Indian corn on one acre
which yielded a net profit of 7717
In the same county the same year Mr E T Davis produced12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 100
96J bushels of rustproof oats per acre After the oats were har
vested he planted the same land in cotton and in the fall gathered
800 pounds of seed cotton
Mr John J Parker of the same county produced in 1874 on
one acre 6941 gallons of cane syrup at a cost of 7750 The syrup
at 75 cents per gallon the market price brought 52087 net profit
from one acre 44337
In 1874 Mr Wiley W Groover of Brooks county Lower
Georgia produced with two horses on a farm of 126 acres with
out the aid of commercial fertilizers cotton com oats peas sugar
cane and potatoes to the value of 325825 The total cost of pro
duction was 104500 leaving net proceeds of crop 221325 The
stock raised on the farm was not counted
Joseph Hodges of the same county produced on one acre 2700
pounds of seed cotton Wm Borden 600 gallons of syrup J
Bower 500 bushels of sweet potatoes J O Morton 75 bushels oats
Mr T W Jones made 12 barrels or 480 gallons of syrup on one
acre and saved enough cane for seed
In Bulloch county Lower Georgia 3500 pounds seed cotton
were produced by Samuel Groover and in the same county 21
barrels sugar at one time and 700 gallons syrup at another per
acre
In Clay county MrHodge producedfrom one acre a few
years ago 4500 pounds of seed cotton
Mr J R Respass of Schley county gathered the present year
1878 a little upwards of 500 bushels of oats from five acres
Mr J R Respass of Schley county Lower Georgia in 1877 by
the use of fertilizers grew on five acres of naturally poor land
15000 pounds of seed cotton which netted him when sold r6602
per acre
Mr H T Peeples of Berrien county reports to this Department
a crop of 800 bushels of sweet potatoes grown on one acre of pine
land
In 1876 Mr G J Drake of Spalding county Middle Georgia
produced 74 bushels of corn on one acre of land
Mr John Bonner of Carroll county made three bales of cotton
500 pounds each on one acre Mr R H Springer of the same
county produced nine bales from five acres without manures and
ninetyfour bales from 100 acres by the use of fertilizers
In 1873 Mr 8 W Leak of the same county produced on one
acre 40J bushels of wheat worth 8050 cost 1450net profit
6600
In Wilkes county 123 bushels corn were produced on one acre of
bottom land also 42 bushels Irish potatoes on onetenth acre the101 GEORGIAFROM AN
IMMIGRAl
LIBRARY
TTANDrOTfT
on same land
but
second crop same year
not so good
Mr J F Madden of the same county produced in 1876 on one
acre 137 bushels of oats
Mr T C Warthen of Washington county on the line of Mid
dle and Lower Georgia produced in 1873 on 11125 acres 6917
pounds of seed cotton equivalent to five bales of 461 pounds each
worth at 17 cents per poundthe average price of that year
40337 The cost of culture was 14858 net profit 25479 for a
very small fraction over one acre
Dr Wm Jones of Burke county produced 480 gallons syrup on
one acre Wesley Jones of the same county produced three
bales of cotton 500 pounds each per acre Jas J Davis in same
county made in 1877 with two mules thirtyfour bales of cotton
500 pounds each 600 bushels corn and 300 bushels oats Wm C
Palmer of same county made in 1877 with one mule twenty
five bales of cotton 500 pourds each and a fair crop of corn
Henry Miller of same county produced in 1877 sixtyfive bushels
corn per acre first year on reclaimed swamp without manures
Mr R M Brooks of Pike county Middle Georgia produced
in 1873 on five acres of bottom land 500 bushels of rice The total
cost was 75net profit 300
Mr R B Baxter of Hancock county Middle Georgia in 1872
harvested at the first cutting first years crop 4862 pounds of dry
clover hay per acre
Mr A J Preston of Crawford county gathered from one acre
of Flint river bottom 4000 pounds seed cotton and from another
on same place 115 bushels corn
Dr T P Janes of Greene county Middle Georgia produced
in 1871 five tons of clover hay per acre in one season at two cut
tings
Mr Patrick Long of Bibb county on the line of Middle and
Lower Georgia harvested from one acre of land from which he
had gathered a crop of cabbages in June of the same year 8646
pounds of native crabgrass hay
Mr S W Leak in Spalding county Middle Georgia gathered
in the fall of 1873 from one acre from which he had harvested
forty bushels of wheat in June 10720 pounds of peavine hay
Net profit from wheat 66 from peavine hay 23308 making
in one year from a single acre a net profit of 29908
Mr William Smith of Coweta county Middle Georgia pro
duced 2200 pounds seed cotton per acre on ten acres
Mr Edward Camp of the same county produced 1000 bushels
oats from ten acres14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 1021
Mr J T Manley of Spaldirig county Middle Georgia produced
115 bushels of oats from one acre
Mr S W Blood worth of the same county gathered in 1870
137 bushels of corn from one acre
Mr L B Willis in Greene county Middle Georgia in June
1873 from one acre and a third harvested twenty bushels of wheat
and the following October 27130 pounds of corn forage From the
forage alone he received a profit of 15922 per acre
Dr W Moody of the same county harvested at one cutting
from one acre of river bottom in 1874 13953 pounds of Bermuda
grass hay cost 1287 value of hay 20929 net profit 19642
Mr J R Winters of Cobb county Upper Georgia produced
in 1873 from 115 acres 6575 pounds of dry clover hay at the first
cutting of the second years crop
Mr T H Moore of same county produced on one acre 105
bushels of corn while Mr Jeremiah Daniel produced 125 bushels
Mr R Peters Jr of Gordon county Upper Georgia harvested
in 1874 from three acres of lucerne four years old fourteen tons
and 200 pounds of hay or 9400 pounds per acre
Capt C W Howard produced on Lookout Mountain in Walker
county Upper Georgia in 1874 on one acre of unmanured land
which cost him twentyfive cents per acre with one hoeing and
plowing 108J bushels of Irish potatoes which he sold in Atlanta
at a net profit of 9725 On land manured and better prepared
and worked double that quantity could be produced
Mr Thomas Smith of Cherokee county produced 104 bushels
of corn from one acre
Mr John Dyer of Bibb county produced in 1873 from one acre
at a cost of 800 3987 bushels of sweet potatoes which he sold at
a net profit of 29092
Mr Haddon P Redding of Fulton county in 1877 produced
from one acre 400 bushels of St Domingo yam potatoes which he
readily sold in Atlanta at an average price of SI00 a bushel
These instances of production are exceptional and far beyond
the usual results of farming in our State but they serve to show
the capacity of our soil when properly fertilized and cultivated
with intelligence under the guidance of science It will not be de
nied however that what the parties named have accomplished
on a limited scale may be done by others on still larger areas and
with corresponding results
METALS AND MINERALS OF GEORGIA
It is conceded by all who have any adequate information on the
subject that the mineral resources of Georgia in extent and value
are unsurpassed if equalled by those of any other American State103 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
15
The variety and richness of her ores and other natural products
of a kindred nature are facts which in their full force have lain
buried beneath the earths surface until recent scientific explora
tions under the direction of the state government brought them to
the light It being impossible without too great elaboration to go
through the long catalogue of specimens thai lie exposed to view
on the shelves of our Geological Museum we shall confine our ob
servations to a few leading products which will fully establish the
position that to the miner no country on the globe presents ad
vantages superior to those of Georgia
GoldIt is impossible to estimate the true value of this inter
est and all calculations must be based upon the actual production
of the mines in the past and indications of the presence of that
precious metal as they appear to the scientific eye These are the
only reliable data and we shall limit our remarks to what they
will fully justify
Dr George Little State Geologist after a thorough exploration
of the auriferous region declares as his conviction that all things
considered Georgia as a goldmining region offers inducements
equal to those of California We quote his remarks on this point
as they are both full and interesting He says
But you must remember that this is not the best point that is
offered by our North Georgia mines Yorf see it is not the quan
tity of gold that makes a section valuable to miners It is the
facility with which the ore is mined it is the ease with which it
can be sent to market it is the cheapness of labor it is the near
ness of timber and water courses it is the healthfulness of the
climate and the facility with which provisions may be procured
In all these points Georgia excels A ton of ore in the Black Hills
of twice the richness is not worth as much as a ton of ore in Geor
gia A mine of enormous richness is of little value if it is in the
heart of an impenetrable or dangerous or malarious region Lumps
of gold might exist at the north pole without being of any practi
cal value There are scientists who believe that great masses of
this precious metal are to be found at the centre of the earth Of
what account is it however to us
Now the gold of North Georgia is in a perfectly accessible
region It is penetrated by firstclass railways and by short and
reliable hack lines Every part of it is civilized and convenient
to cities And better than all the gold lies near to the surface
and is easily reached by the miner The timber needed to run the
furnaces is right at hand and procurable cheap The climate is
the best in the world and is a famous resort for invalids The
water courses that pour down the hills give the best possible power16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
104
It is necessary to transport only a short distance while in Califor
nia it is frequently curried fifty and one hundred miles Labor is
cheap and easily procurable In fact all the elements of cheap
working for gold appear to be united in this section
The greatest advantage however is in the fact that most of
the ore in North Georgia is partially decomposed and is worked
with great facility Where you would have to blast the quartz in
California you can work it with a pick or even a shovel Conse
quently ore that is much poorer than the California ore can be
mined here at a profit while there it would involve a loss It
does look as if nature had conspired to put the enormous amount
of gold in North Georgia in the hands of the miner
Besides the above advantages it is very richas rich as any
ore to be found anywhere
Such is the testimony of an intelligent and disinterested officer
of the government who owns not a foot of our gold territory nor
a share in our mines
The gold belt of Georgia is about one hundred miles in breadth
with barren intervals here and there It lies northeast and south
west across the entire northern and part of the eastern section of
the State and loses itself in the eastern portion of Alabama It
extends through a large number of counties It has been found as
low as Columbia county in the eastern portion of Middle Georgia
and as far north and west as Fauniii county which borders on the
State of Tennessee But few mines have been developed in Col
umbia and Lincoln counties but they are claimed to be among the
richest in the State A vein near Goshen in ihe latter county is
said to be yielding at the present time 1000 per month at a cost
of but 5115 That portion of intermediate territory which is
barren of gold is comparatively small being much less than
onehalf of the whole While many very rich and profitable
mines have been opened in the lower portion of the belt the
greater proportion of the mining has been done in the northern or
mountainous section especially in the counties of Lumpkin
White Union Dawson and Cherokee
POPULATION
The population of Georgia as stated in the census of 1870the
last takennumbers 1184109 Of these 637926 are white and
595192 black and mulatto The white population of the coast
couutry are the decendants of original settlers from England
Scotland and the German speaking nations of Europe with a con
siderable admixture of families from the Northern States of the
American Union Middle Georgia was settled chiefly by inami105 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
17
grants from Maryland Virginia and the Carolinas while in
Upper Georgia whose settlement is of a very recent date the in
habitants came chiefly from Tennessee and North and South Car
olina
HEALTH
The idea obtains among those who have not taken the trouble
to inform themselves on the subject that Georgia because she is
a Southern State has an unwholesome atmosphere making health
insecure within her borders This objection we have somewhat
anticipated in our remarks on climate There could be no greater
error as a comparison of vital statistics will abundantly show
The health of Georgia will average quite as well as that of any
State in the Union Our citizens of Northern nativity will sus
tain us in this declaration The great diversity of climate result
ing from a gradual elevation from the seacoast to the Piedmont
country amounting to from 1600 to 1800 feet precludes the idea
of a malarious country In the low country immediately along
the lines of rivers and swamps it is conceded that the atmosphere
is impure and that such districts are subject to remittent and in
termittent fevers during the summer and fall months these how
ever are generally of a mild type and readily yield to proper med
ical treatment But owing to the favorable face of the country
in this section of the State being plentifully supplied with hills
and highlands even those who cultivate the swamps and river
bottoms can fix their residences in the vicinity where they will
not be exnipsed to their malarial influences And these influences
are being rapidly annihilated year after year by draining and
reducing to dry culture the swamps which when thus reclaimed
become both harmless and among the most productive lands in
the State There are large districts that were considered next to
uninhabitable thirty years ago from this cause but which are now
filled with a thriving population who find no difficulty in resid
ing in them the year round
These latter remarks apply exclusively to the Southern division
of the State in Middle and Upper Georgia the atmosphere is as
pure and wholesome and the health of the inhabitants as perfect
and uninterrupted as on any portion of the continent Indeed
tiese sections especially the latter are favorite res rts of invalids
and pleasureseekers during the summer and early fall months
from all parts of the South while the pine lands of Southern
Georgia are annually visited in winter by large numbers from the
Northern States suffering from pulmonary affections rheumatism
etc Consumption is a disease almost unknown in Georgia except
when imported from other States In Middle and Northern Geor
A18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
106
gia are to be found all our medicinal springs and watering
places and thousands annually throng to them in search of health
or recreation Under a theory that has obtained much favor
among medical men of late years that weak or diseased lungs
require light and pure rather than warm air the direction of
pulmonary invalids has been considerably changed from the semi
tropical to the Piedmont region during the winter months The
town of Marietta in Cobb county 1132 feet above the sea has for
years been resorted to by this class of invalids while the hotel at
Mt Airy in Habersham county 1588 feet above the sea was well
patronized during the past winter by consumptives and with
happy results
For the information of those who object to Georgia on the score
of latitude and its supposed unhealthiness we would institute a
single but most striking comparison The State of Michigan in
the extreme Northern portion of the Union and bordering on
Canada with an atmosphere purified by perpetual breezes from
the surrounding lakes is esteemed to be one of the healthiest
States in the Union Her population and that of Georgia accord
ing to the last census approximate so closely that there is a differ
ence of but just fifty souls and the vital statistics of the two States
respectively show that their death rates are about the same It
is difficult to answer such facts and figures as these and igno
rance and prejudice must give way to truth founded on actual
experience EDUCATION
Every man who has a proper regard for the welfare of his pos
terity in selecting a home for himself and family will be influ
enced in a large measure by the facilities which it offers for the
education of his children In this respect also Georgia presents
peculiar advantages such as are enjoyed to a very limited extent
in newlysettled countries and superior in all respects to those of
the other Southern States of the Union To elaborate her system
would require a volume and we shall only glance at its various
features
The University of Georgia located at Athens in Clark
county was incorporated and endowed by a donation of public
lands 40000 acres in the year 1784 or soon after the province was
organized as a State It has a permanent endowment of 370
552 17 It has five Educational Departments thirteen professors
and over two hundred students The Curriculum of studies is
thorough It admits fifty meritorious young men of limited
means and young men who design to enter the ministry of any
religious denomination free of charge for tuition The college
libraries contain about 20000 volumes107 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
19
Connected with the University is the State College of Agricul
ture and the Mchanie Arts with its Experimental Farm and
Workshops It has three departments viz Agriculture Engin
eering and Applied Chemistry each with a regular course The
tuition in this school is made free to as many young men of the
State as there are representatives 175 and senators 44 in the
Legislature and the students of both the University proper and
the Agricultural and Mechanical Schools have each free admis
sou to the instruction given in the other
There are also a Law School at Athens and a Medical School
at Augusta connected with the State University
The North Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlonega Lump
kin county at which near three hundred students are now being
educated free of charge is also attached to the State University
and governed by the same board of trustees It is proposed to es
tablish a similar school at a point more convenient than either
Athens or Dahlonega to pupils residing in the southern half of the
State and it will no doubt be carried into effect at some future day
Military tactics are taught both at Athens and Dahlonega as a part
of the regular course and competent professors are provided in
tliat department
Mercer University is located at Macon Bibb county was
established by the Baptist church and is wholly under the control
of that denomination of Christians It has nine professors and
the course of instruction is thorough Attached to it are a Law
and a Theological Department at Macon and Preparatory schools
at Penfleld in Green county and at Dalton in Whitfield county
Its libraries contain about 12000 volumes the buildings and
grounds cost 150000 endowment 160000 The institution enjoys
a large patronage a considerable portion of which is received
from other denominations
Emory College at Oxford Newton county belongs to the
Methodist Episcopal Church South and is the joint property of
the North Georgia South Georgia and Florida Conferences Like
the other colleges of the State it is well supplied with apparatus
has a good library and is well patronized
Pio Nono College at Macon as its name imports is a Roman
Catholic institution but recently established It is well supported
by our citizens of that religious faith and bids fair to rank well
among Georgias institutions of learning
To the above may be added the Atlanta University established
by northern donations for the education of the blacks male and
female and supported in part by appropriations from the State
Treasury Its course of instruction classical and mathematical20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
108
is very thorough It has 4 professors 9 teachers a good library
and the classes of 187778 numbered in the aggregate
Female CollegesFor the education of females in the higher
branches we have a number of colleges well distributed over the
State We mention the Wesleyan Female College at Macon
the first female college ever established in Georgia Cher
okee Baptist Female College at Rome Southern Masonic
Female College at Covington Rome Female College at
Rome Dalton Female College at Dalton Houston Female Col
lege at Perry Conyers Female College Young Female College
at Thomasville Andrew Female College at Cuthbert Monroe
Female College at Forsyth Gordon Institute at Barnesville
Gainesville College at Gainesville Le Vert Female College at
Talbotton La Grange Female College and Southern Female Col
lege at La Grange Furlow Masonic Female College at Americus
and West Point Female College Nearly all these institutions are
flourishing and turning out annually in the aggregate large num
bers of welleducated and wellmannered young women to adorn
and elevate society
Besides these there are large numbers of high schools both
male and female very many of them ranking among the bes
institutions of learning in the South
Nor is Georgia unmindful of her unfortunate children whom
nature has stinted in the bestowment of her gifts nor has she
been niggardly in providing for their wants in this respect and
in making them useful to themselves and to others Large and
costly edifices have been erected by the State for the care and
education of the blind and of the deaf and dumbfor the former
at Macon and for the latter at Cave Spring in Floyd county
Both these unfortunate classes are taught not only in the learning
of the schools but also those useful occupations which render
them measurably independent
PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
The Common Schools of Georgia form by far the most interest
ing feature of her educational system Recognizing the great
moral and political truth that intelligence and virtue form the ba
sis of all good government the people of Georgia have inserted in
theirConstitution or fundamental law a provision declaring that
there shall be a thorough system of common schools for the edu
cation of children which shall be free to all the children of the
State the expenses of which shall be provided for by taxation
or otherwise In accordance with this constitutional provision
the necessary laws have been passed and the system referred to is
now in successful and beneficent operation the whites and the
blacks being educated in separate schools The State appropriates109 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT 21
annually for the support of these free schools about f 300000 and
this sum is supplemented each year by local city and county ap
propriations to the amount of between 140000 and 150000 The
number of pupils in actual attendance on these shools last year
1877 was in round numbers 191000 of whom 127000 were whites
and 64000 blacks The progressive interest in and usefulness of
the system are illustrated by the statistics of attendance from year
to year In 1871 but seven years ago when it was put in opera
tion the number of children taught was but 4957842914 whites
and 6664 blacks In 1874 the number had increased to 145541 in
1876 to 179405 and in 1877 to upwards of 190100
The Common School organization extends to every county in the
State and includes every district or subdivision of the counties
where the population is sufficiently numerous to admit of a school
so that there is scarcely a child in Georgifc who is not within reach
of a school where a good education can be obtained free of ex
pense
In flue it may be said with truth that as respects educational
facilities and their adaptation to the public wants the State of
Georgia is in advance of all her sister Southern States while in
this respect she is progressing year after year and will soon stand
side by side with the older and more favored commonwealths of
the North
RELIGION
The laws of Georgia guarantee to the citizen perfect freedom of
religious opinion and worship and there is no political or civil dis
qualification on account of religious belief Every denomination
is not only tolerated but protected in the free enjoyment of faith
and worship As a necessary consequence there is a complete
seperation of Church and State both by law and practically Each
moves in its appropriate sphere and neither is allowed to en
croach on the other
GOVERNMENT OF GEORGIA
The government of Georgia in common with that of all the
States of the American Union is a Representative Democracy
All officers are chosen directly by the people or by persons to
whom the people from motives of public policy or convenience
have delegated the power of election
Qualification of VotersThe Constitution of Georgia pro
vides that every male citizen of the United States except idiots
lunatics and persons convicted in any court of competent juris
diction of treason against the State embezzlement of public funds
malfeasance in office bribery larceny or of any crime punishable22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
110
by imprisonment in the penitentiary who is twentyone years of
age who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding
the election and six months in the county in which he offers to
vote and who shall have paid all taxes that have been legally
required of him and which he has had an opportunity of paying
except for the year of the election shall be deemed an elector or
person qualified to vote at all general elections
NATURALIZATION
The acts of Congress provide that an alien may become a citizen
of the United States on the following conditions
1 He shall declare on oath before a Circuit or District Court of
the United States or a District or Supreme Court of the Territories
or a court of record in any of the States having common law juris
diction and a seal and clrk two years at least prior to his ad
mission that it is bona fide his intention to become a citizen of
the United States and to renounce forever all allegiance and fidel
ity to any foreign prince potentate state or sovereignty and
particularly by name to the prince potentate state or sovereignty
of which the alien may be at the time a citizen or subject
2 At the time of making this application he must take an oath
before the same court to support the Constitution of the United
States and that he entirely renounces and abjures all allegiance
and fidelity to any foreign prince potentate etc
3 At the time of admission he must prove to the satisfaction
of the court by testimony other than his own that he has resided
in the United States five years at least that during that time he
has maintained a good moral character and that he is attached to
the principles of the Constitution of the United States and well
disposed to the good order and preservation of the same He must
also renounce any hereditary title or order of nobility that he may
have borne if any previous to his admission to citizenship
4 If the alien be under twentyone years o age and has re
sided in the United States three years previous to his arrival at
that age if he subsequently apply for admission the three years of
his minority will be counted in estimating his five years of resi
dence and he will be allowed to make the foregoing declarations
and oath at the time of his admission
5 The minor children or those under twentyone years of age
of persons who have been duly naturalized if dwelling in the
United States are held and considered as citizens thereof
6 By special act of congress passed July 17 1862 any alien of
the age of twentyone years and upwards who has enlisted or
may enlist in the armies of the United States either the regularIll GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT 23
or the volunteer forces and has been or may be hereafter honor
ably discharged shall be admitted to citizenship upon his petition
without any previous declaration of his intention and upon proof
of only one years residence in the United States previous to his
application to become a citizens of his good moral character and
that such person has been honorably discharged from the service
of the United States
7 Seamen who have served three years on any merchant vessel
of the United States after making a declaration of their intention
shall be entitled to become citizens upon application and the pro
duction of a certificate of discharge and good conduct during that
time together with a certificate of their declaration of intention
to become citizens
Aliens the subjects of governments at peace with the United
States and this State so long as their governments remain at
peace shall be entitled to all the rights of citizens of other States
resident in this State and shall have the privilege of purchasing
holding and conveying real estate in this State
This gives to aliens or unnaturalized subjects of foreign govern
ments whether resident or not so long as their governments con
tinue at peace with the United States and this State all rights
enjoyed by citizens of this State except the right to vote and hold
office and to perform such civil functions as are confined by
law to citizens of this State
24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 112
LIST OF NEWSPAPERS ETC PUBLISHED IN GEORGIA
NAME ADDKESS
Berrien County NewsweeklyAlapaha Berrien county
AdvertiserweeklyAlbany
Newsweekly
Sumter RepublicansemiweeklyAmericus
Recorderweekly
Southern WatchmanweeklyAthens
Southern Cultivatormonthly
Southern Bannerweekly
Weekly Chronicleweekly
Atlanta ConstitutiondailyAtlanta
Evening Postdaily
Evening Dispatchdaily
Globeweekly
Medical and Surgical Journalmonthly
Republicanweekly
Boys and Girls of the Southsemimonthly
Christian Indexweekly
Georgia Templarweekly
Methodist Advocateweekly
Southern Enterprisemonthly
Southern Medical Recordmonthly
Southern Planter and Grangeweekly
Sunny Southweekly
Georgia Clinical Recordmonthly
Jewish Southweekly
Sunday Gazetteweekly
Sunday Phonographweekly
Southern Real Estate Gazettemonthly
Commercial Reportermonthly
Kennesaw Route Gazettemonthly
Piedmont AirLine HeadLight monthly
Chronicle ConstitutionalistdailyAugusta
Evening Newsdaily
DemocratweeklyBainbridge
GazetteweeklyBamesville
NewsweeklyBlackshear
Early County NewsweeklyBlakely
Seaport AppealweeklyBrunswick
Advertiserweekly
ArgusweeklyBuena Vista
HeraldweeklyButler113 GEOBGIAFEOM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
25
TimesweeklyCalhoun
Cherokee Georgianweekly Canton
Franklin County RegisterweeklyCarnesville
Carroll County TimesweeklyCarrolton
ExpressweeklyCartersville
Free Pressweekly
Congregational MethodistweeklyCave Spring
ExpressweeklyCedartown
Recordweekly
Blue Ridge EchoweeklyCleveland
EnquirerSundailyColumbus
Timesdaily
CourierweeklyConyers
Examinerweekly
Cochran EnterpriseweeklyCochran
Georgia EnterpriseweeklyCovington
Starweekly
DemocratweeklyCrawford ville
Baptist BannerweeklyCumming
Clarionweekly
AppealweeklyCuthbert
True Southronweekly
Mountain SignalweeklyDahlonega
EnterpriseweeklyDalton
North Georgia Citizenweekly
Independent Headlightweekly
Timber GazetteweeklyDarien
Weekly JournalweeklyDawson
DeKalb County NewsweeklyDecatur
GazetteweeklyDublin
StarweeklyDouglasville
OkefenokeanweeklyDu Pont
TimesweeklyEastman
Broad Axe and ItemizerweeklyEatonton
GazetteweeklyElberton
CourierweeklyEllijay
StarweeklyFairburn
Monroe AdvertiserweeklyForsyth
Fort Gaines TribuneweeklyFort Gaines
MirrorweeklyFort Valley
Advertiserweekly
EagleweeklyGainesville
North Georgia Argusweekly
Southronweekly 26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
114
Home Journal
Herald
Meriwether Co Vindicator
News
Sun
Georgia Advertiser
Journal
Henry County Weekly
Sun
Dispatch
Gazette
Southerner and Appeal
Butler County Argus
Forest News
Sentinel
News
Walker County Messenger
Reporter
Gwinnett Herald
Oglethorpe Echo
News and Farmer
Independent
South Georgian
Kind Words
Baptist Gem
Central Georgia Weekly
Telegraph and Messenger
Wesleyan Christian Advocate
Madisonian
Journal
Field and Fireside
Union and Recorder
Montezuma Weekly
Herald
Leader
Pioneer
Home Journal
Reporter
Free Press
Catoosa Courier
Dade County Gazette
Bulletin
Rome Daily
Courier
weeklyGreensboro
weekly
weeklyGreenville
dailyGriffin
weekly
monthly
weeklyHamilton
weeklyHampton
weeklyHartwell
weeklyHawkinsville
weeklyHinesville
weeklyIrwinton
weeklyJackson
weeklyJefferson
weeklyJessup
weeklyJonesboro
weeklyLaFayette
weeklyLa Grange
weeklyLawrenceville
weeklyLexington
weeklyLouisville
weeklyLumpkin
weeklyMcVille
weeklyMacon
weekly
weekly
daily
weekly
weeklyMadison
weeklyMarietta
weekly
weeklyMilledgevile
weeklyMontezuma
weeklyNewnan
weekly
weeklyPearson
weeklyPerry
weeklyQuitman
weekly
weeklyRinggold
weeklyRising Fawn
weeklyRome
daily
weekly 115 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOIXT
27
TribuneweeklyRome
CourierweeklySandersville
Herald and Georgianweekly
Abend ZeituugweeklySavannah
Morning Newsdaily
Sunday Telegramweekly
Southern Farmers Monthly montbly
Southern MusicalJournalmonthly
Farm aud HomeweeklySenoia
Walton County VidetteweeklySocial Circle
Times and PlanterweeklySparta
Ishmaeliteweekly
HeraldweeklySwainsboro
Summerville GazetteweeklySummerville
TelephoneweeklySylvania
StandardweeklyTalbotton
Georgia Registerweekly
Upson EnterpriseweeklyThomaston
Southern EnterpriseweeklyThomasville
Timesweekly
McDuffie JournalweeklyThomson
HeraldweeklyToccoa City
TimesweeklyValdosta
ClipperweeklyWarren ton
GazetteweeklyWashington
State Line PressweeklyWest Point
RAILROADS IN GEORGIA
The following is a list of the railroads in this State together with
the length of each within the State lines
Western Atlantic from Atlanta to Chattanooga TennJ38 miles
Marietta North Ga from Marietta to Canton 24
Rome Branch from Kingston to Rome 20
Cherokee R R from Cartersville to Rockmart 23
A R AirLine from Atlanta to Charlottein Ga100
Northeastern from Athens to Lula City 40
Elberton Airline from Elberton to Toccoa City 51
Georgia from Augusta to Atlanta171
Washington Branch from Barnett to Washington 18
Athens Branch from Union Point to Athens 39
Savannah Augusta from Augusta to Millen 53
Georgia Central from Savannah to Atlanta295
Sandersville Branch from Tennille to Sandersville 3
Eatonton Branch from Gordon to Eatonton 39 28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
116
Thomaston Branch from Barnesville to Thomaston 16 miles
Savannah Griffin and N Ala from Griffin to Carrollton 60
Savannah Skidaway from Savannah to Isle of Hope 9
Montgomery Branch from Isle of Hope to Montgomery 4
Atlantic Gulf from Savannah to Bainbridge237
Live Oak Branch from Lawton to Live Oak Fla 48
Albany Branch from Thomasville to Albany 60
Macon Augusta from Macon to Camak Ga R R 74
Macon Brunswick from Macon to Brunswick186
Hawkinsville Branch from Cochran to Hawkiusville 10
Brunswick Albany from Brunswick to Albany172
Southwestern from Macon to Eufaula Ala140
Muscogee Branch from Fort Valley to Columbus 71
Perry Branch from Fort Valley to Perry 11
Albany Branch from Smithville to Albany 23J
Arlington Branch from Albany to Arlington 35
Fort Gaines Branch from Cuthbert to Fort Games 22
North South from Columbus to Kingsion 20
Selma Rome Dalton from Dalton to Selma Alain Ga 67
Atlanta West Point from Atladta to West Point 86f
East Tennessee from Dalton to Bristol Vain Ga 18
Chattanooga Alabama from Chattanooga to Selma
Alain Georgia 25
Dodges R R from Eastman Dodge co to Ocmulgee R
completed 10 117 GEOEGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOlNT
29
PART II
SECTIONAL DIVISIONS
SHOWING THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE SEVERAL POR
TIONS OF GEORGIA ARRANGED WITH A VIEW TO A MORE
INTELLIGIBLE PRESENTATION TOGETHER WITH LETTERS
RECEIVED FROM ACTUAL SETTLERS FROM OTHER STATES OF
THE UNION AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The large area covered by the State and the peculiar conjunc
ture of geographical and topographical features aided by the dis
position of geological strata have resulted in a great diversity of
climate soils and productionsgreater than in any State of the
Union
This diversity has made it desirable to divide the whole area
into five sections by lines which to some extent are indicated
by the changes in topographical features and geological formation
These sections are described separately and immediately follow
ing the description will be found copies of letters received from
Northern and foreign born citizens who have settled in the State
with few exceptions since 1865 These letters were in answer to
the following circular
Special Circular No 67
STATE OF GEORGIA
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta April 25 1879
Dear Sir
In response to the enclosed circular No 64 your name and ad
dress has been furnished me by one of my crop correspondents in
your county As intimated in that circular my object is to pre
pare a pamphlet which shall give from the standpoint of actual
settlers a view of the natural resources of soil and climate of Geor
gia the moral and social condition of the people their disposition
towards immigrants and the social position which may be ac
corded to such immigrants as judged from your own personal ex
perience and observation
The pamphlet will be made up chiefly of short statements over
the name and address of the persons who may respond to this re30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA US
quest and a large number will be printed for free distribution in
the Northern and Western States of the Union and in foreign
countries with a view to giving emigrants reliable and accurate
information of our climate soil and resources from thestandpoint
of actual settlers and to disabuse their minds of prejudice
I will be obliged therefore if you will give on this sheet such
a statementbased on your experience and observationas may
serve the purpose in view as soon as convenient and mail to this
office Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
Let the remarks which follow embrace the following 1 Your
native country 2 The year of your settlement in Georgia 3
Your business or profession 4 Inducements presented for those
of your own or other professions 5 Climate 6 Soil 7 Pro
ductions 8 Health 9 Condition of society 10 Safety to life
and property 11 Taxes 12 Feeling manifested towards and
social treatment of immigrants 13 Prices and profits of land
compared with other States or countries and such other points as
may may occur to you as proper and relevant
Here sign your name
Your postoffice
In response to this circular replies were received from upwards
of fifty counties representing every section of the State Except
ing some slight verbal changes not affecting the substance they
are printed as received with the name and postoffice address of
each together with the names of other citizens of the same class
from whom similar letters were received but not publishedfor
want of space
The facts represented of any one county are in the main ap
plicable to the adjoining counties from which no letters appear
In some counties there are no settlers of the class to which the cir
cular was addressed in others their was either a failure on the
part of regular correspondents of the Department to furnish
names or neglect on the part of those to whom the foregoing cir
cular was sent
NORTH GEORGIA
This section embraces all that portion of the state lying north
of the tier of counties in which Clarke Fulton and Carroll may be
considered objective points and includes thirtythree counties in
all For convenience it is sometimes divided as in the Manual119 GEORGIA from an IMMIGRANT 8TAND POINT 31
of Georgia into two subsectionsNortheast and Northwest
Georgia
Northeast GeorgiaThis region comprises the following
counties
Banks Dawson Fannin Forsyth
Franklin Gilmer Gwinuett Habersham
Hall Hart Jackson Lumpkin
Madison Milton Pickens Rabun
Towns Union White
It is that part of the State which possesses the greatest elevation
the average being 1500 feet above the level of the sea while there
are peaks which rise to an elevation of near 5000 feet The region is
metamorphic or composed of rocks changed from their original
condition by heat and pressure The geological formations are
granite gneiss mica and hornblende schists soils red and gray
resting on a basis of firm clay usually red but sometimes yellow
white and blue mixed with gravel the latter cliefly on lowlands
The clay or subsoil is usually found from four to six inches below
the surface on uplands from one to two feet in the valleys and
from two to six feet in river bottoms The original forest growth
is chiefly red black post and white oaks chestnut blackjack
hickory shortleaf and spruce pine cedar dogwood blackgum
walnut with poplar ash elm sycamore birch sweetgum and
whiteoak on the lowlands This is the great auriferous region of
the State the net yield of gold being equal to that of any section
of the Union California not excepted Copper lead magnetic
iron ore mica asbestus marble ruby serpentine corundum are
also found in considerable quantities and may be mined with
profit
The lands are generally rich and productive the yield depending
wholly on the skill used in their cultivation The staple field
products are Indian corn wheat oats rye barley clover the
various grasses and sorghum cane while in the Southern portion
of the division cotton is grown to a consderable extent The aver
age yield per acre under fair cultivation is corn 20 bushels wheat
15 bushels oats 25 bushels rye 8 bushels barley 25 bushels
hay from 2 to 3 tons sorghum syrup 75 gallons cotton 400
pounds in the seed Under high culture two three and sometimes
four times this production is realized Tobacco buckwheat and
German millet can also be grown with great success The plant
ing and harvest times of the division are as follows corn planted
15th March to 15th May gathered in fall months wheat and other
small grain sown October harvested in June and July cotton
planted 15th April to 15th May gathered in fall months sorghum32
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
120
planted in April cut in August A very large proportion of the
laborers both farm and mine are white wages of former 8 to
10 per month of latter 75 cents to 1 per day ordinary mechan
ics 1 to 2 per day according to skill
The fruits best adapted to the section are the apple cherry pear
grape plum in all its varieties peach gooseberry raspberry
strawberrythe last named producing equally well in all parts of
the State with like cultivation Almost every variety of vegeta
bles attain to great perfection
The climate is unsurpassed on the continent for comfort and
salubrity during nine months of the year The mean tempera
ture in summer is 70 Fahrenheit in winter 35 highest temper
ature 90 lowest 8Jperiods of greater heat and cold being excep
tional Snow falls usually from two to three times during the
winter season especially in the northermost counties to a depth
varying from two inches to six inches In the Southern tier of
counties there are occasional winters without a fall of snow
Springs and running streams abound in all parts of the district
water powers unsurpassed spring and well water freestone and
not excelled in any country Mineral springssulphur or chaly
beateabound in nearly all the counties of the district Thatpor
tion of itthe easternto which railroad transportation has been
opened is annually visited by thousands many of whom spend
the entire summer and part of autumn at its watering places and
pleasant villages It may be said of this and indeed of all other
sections ot the State that the people are anxious for new settlers
and are ready to give a cordial welcome to honest and industrious
immigrants from all countries including our own Lands can be
bought at low prices and on favorable terms as regards the pay
mentsin the mountains from 1 to 5 per acre and in the valleys
and lower portions of the district from 5 to 10 per acre The
average price of farm stock varies but little in the State and may
be stated as follows milch cows 15 to 20 sheep 150 to 2
brood sows 5 to 8 horses and mules 75 to 100
Northwest GeorgiaThe following counties are included in
this subsection
Bartow
Cobb
Haralson
Walker
Catoosa
Dade
Murray
Whitfleld
Chattooga
Floyd
Paulding
Cherokee
Gordon
Polk
Northwest Georgia extends from the Cohutta Mountains and
Chattahoochee Eidge to the eastern boundary of Alabama It dif
fers in several important respects from the Northeastern division
It is less mountainous and consequently a greater portion of its121 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
33
area is susceptible of cultivation Its average elevation above the
sea is only 750 feet or about 50 per cent less than that of Northeast
Georgia Its geological ages are Silurian Devonian so called
from their identity with those of Wales and Devonshire andin
the extreme northwest carboniferous The characteristic min
erals are limestone slate iron ores coal manganese sandstone
baryta some gold all of which except the last are found in great
quantities Several valuable veins and gravelly deposits of gold
have been developed and worked with handsome returns
The immense coal beds described in the chapter on minerals lie
the northwestern counties of this division towit Dade Walker
andChattooga The supply seems to be inexhaustible The mines
are reached by railroads which connect with main trunks and in
the immediate vicinity are immense deposits of best iron ore
The soils are calcerous and argillaceous clay red and yellow
In all other respects our description of the natural conditions and
capabilities of Northeast Georgia will apply to this division with
the single exception of temperature the difference in elevation
being accompanied by the usual variations of heat and cold The
productions are in all respects the same
In one or two respects this division enjoys peculiar advantages
over its easternneighbor It has not only a larger area of tillable
land but a much greater proportion of valley and river bottom
Its facilities for transportation are also greater the Western
and Atlantic Railroad traversing its centre from the northern to
the southern boundary while tributary roads supply a good por
tion of the country to the right and left of the main line
The whole of North Georgia is admirably adapted to stock
raising The mountains afford abundant pasturage for cattle
sheep hogs goats etc which are required to be fed only a few
months in the year while the grains and grasses are produced in
the greatest abundance for that purpose
LETTERS FROM ACTUAL SETTLERS
BANKS COUNTY
I was bom in Northern Ohio went from there to North Carolina in 1873 and came to
Georgia in 1874 I am a physician and have been well patronized and well treated since
my residence here I believe I am the only Northern man now residing in Banks county
who came since 1865 I iind the climate delightful and healthy no malarial diseases
excellent freestone water People live here to an extreme old age One man has died
since my residence here aged 114 years and one woman his wife at 108 also a colored
woman at the age of 106 years two others said to be about 100 and several are now
living nearly 100
The soil is well adapted to corn wheat oats and cotton The heat in summer is not
so oppressive as at the North and the winters are delightful The inhabitants in the
main are honest industrious and of temperate habits Education is at a low ebb but
efforts are being made for more and better schools A mans life and property are as
334
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
122

safe here as in any part of the United States Doors are seldom locked and larceny is
seldom heard of 1 have never felt that I was slighted or ostracized for being a yank83
but I believe in many instances I have been treated with more courtesy because of my
nativity for the purpose of correcting any wrong impression I may have received
Wild land is held at from 82 to 910 per acre and improved farms at from 7 to 20
Farming pays as large per cent on investment as in any part of the United States Good
mechanics especially blacksmiths are needed but most of all experienced and well
qualified teachers male and female THOMAS HAYDEN
Homer Banks county Ga
BARTOW COUNTY
I came here from Toronto Canada in November 1875 since I have been farming in
Fulton county and here in Bartow The climate is delightful and healthy In Canada
I had consumption but have entirely recovered since coming here The soil is fertile
producing all the grains cotton rice tobaccoeverything a man requires to live well
The society is good taxes low and life and property as safe here as in Canada Immi
grants are kindly treatedthe feeling towards them is most friendly Land is cheap
and with proper management pays a good profit on the amount invested Labor is
cheap and efficient to those wanting help and laborers can get employment on farms at
remunerative rates E MURRAY
Cartersville Bartow county Ga
COBB COUNTY
Massachusetts is my native Stateas it was the home of my ancestorsand there I
learned my trade as a wool manufacturer the business in which I am now engaged at
this place I think I can say without fear of contradiction that this section of Georgia
presents many superior advantages over any section of the United States for the manu
facture of wool and cotton 1 There is no section better supplied with unlimited water
powers desirably located 2 The climate is well adapted to the business the mercury
seldom rising above 12 in the summer while the nights are cool and invigorating 3
We can operate for eight months in the year with little or no expense for heating
while the remaining four months cost but little compared with Northern Hates 4 A
good supply of the raw material can always be secured at home from first hands and
much of the freights commissions and other profits for handling be saved 5 The na
tives here make good operatives As a general rule they are intelligent sober and
industrious In fact there is nothing in the way of success to the energetic skillful
manufacturer Much more might be said but a word to the wise is sufficientcome
and see There are many inducements to immigrants Society is good life and prop
erty are as safe as in any part of the United States Referring to my own experience
I came here in 1859just before the late unfortunate war commenced I remained until
General Sherman passed this point and then went North where I staid two years I
then returned to this place RoBwel where I desire to spend the remainder of my
days as I am well pleased with the country climate and society Although I have
differed in my political views with most of the people with whom I have associated yet
the most kindly feelings have been manifested towards me and also to other immigrants
to this section To those wishing to come to ths section let me say to them they will
find a most hearty welcome in onr midst and the advantages of good water powers
climate soil health and society not surpassed in any part of our wide domain
J S WOOD President
Bos well Cobb county Ga
lama native of western New York and by occupation a farmer I am well pleased
with this country and consider it unsurpassed in the United States for climate and
healthfulness best of water good timber long good seasons of fruit cheap lands low
taxes and good markets Tlie land is susceptible of high improvement
I have received generous treatment from the most intelligent portion of the people
123 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
35
and with few exceptions from the common and less informed A man is safe here as
anywhere from all harm or molestation if he minds his own business The people here
take offense quicker and the pistol and knife are more frequently handy than in the
North I do know that this ten dollar land can soon be made worth 840 to 50 hy gener
ous treatment I have done it and am still doing this Last season I made 70 hales of
cotton from 110 acresninetenths of it old worn land
I would advise Northern people to hring a few of their old friends for neighbors as
they will enjoy themselves better socially old friends being much more dear than new
ones especially since the customs of the people North and South are so different
J I CHAMBERLAIN Marietta Ga
Letters were also received from Mr Anthony Van Wick
banker from New York postofflce Marietta Wm Hunter
from Scotland postofflce Roswell and F A E Schieling from
Germany postofflce Marietta Their experience in the main
agrees with the foregoing statements
DADE COUNTY
New York is my native State I am a farmer and settled here in 1870 The induce
ments to immigration are many It is an excellent grazing country with plenty of
cheap uncultivated lands sufficient for several large colonies The climate is delight
ful and as healthy as the highlands of New York The soil is a sandy loam produc
ing well with moderate fertilizing all that Ohio produces and in addition cotton
There is plenty of good society and life and property are as secure as in any of the
Northern Stateseven to Northern men I have received as kind treatment from the
native citizens as I ever received in any Northern settlement and I believe others would
receive the same While the soil is not so rich as in many of the Northern States the
difference is more than made up in the climate and the price of land is not more than
half so great In this county are the table lands of Lookout and Sand Mountains and on
them are thousands of acres of grazing land well adapted to stock and to fruit growing
besides abundant valley lands large tracts of which can be bought at a very low price
R S LEAVITT Smiths P O Ga
I was born in Prance and came to Georgia in 1850 following the profession of a mil
ler The climate is mild the soil generally good and productive and health excellent
The society surpasses that of any other State Life and property are as safe as any
where Immigrants are kindly and respectfully treated Land ranges in price from 2
to J20 per acre Mountain land especially good for vegetables and fruits of all kinds
and the soil in general produces from 10 to 50 bushels of wheat and corn per acre
Mineral products are splendidiron ore coal and fire proof clay abundant and the water
everywhere good J H J COPCT Rising Fawn Ga
FLOYD COUNTY
I am from New York moved to Ohio where I was reared and came to Georgia in
1865 I am so well pleased that I shall make it my permanent home Been farming
since 1870 and think this is as good a farming country as there is in the United States
and the business just as profitable The climate is so even and temperate that even a
white man can work in the fields all the year round Our soil is fertile and will produce
equal to anyin the Northern States and is more easily cultivated than those of the West
I have grown 310 bushels of corn on five acres and 163 gallons syrup on one acre both
crops being made without any special pains and without manure I have had clover
fy2 feet in length The country in this part of Georgia is as healthy as can be found in
the world the society is equal to any in the Union Very few vagabonds here and as
for tramps I have not seen one No State where life and property are safer The social
treatment of immigrants is goodso far as I have heard I have been here nearly 1436
DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
124

years and have been treated kindly by all In 1867 I married one of Georgias purest
and fairest daughters So you see there is no disposition to treat Northern men other
wise than as gentlemen if they conduct themselves as suchat least sucr is my expe
rience
The prices of land run from 200 to 500 per acre according to location and prox
imity to Rome The profits of farming are equal to the West and if our farmers were
as careful as the Western people our profits would be greater as our markets are better
I have traveled over most of the Western States and found none that is equal to
Georgia as a home E M EASTMAN Rome Ga
My native State is New York Moved to Michigan in 1834 and to this city Rome in
1872 and engaged in my profession of Apiarian Inducements to apiculture and other
branches of indusiry good Climate excellent Soil and productions fair Health
extremely good Life and property secure Taxes moderate Feelings manifested
towards and social treatment of immigrants of the best kind Prices of land
exceedingly low No State in the Union affords better or greater inducements
to immigrants During the seven years we have been here we have traveled
some in South Carolina Alabama Florida and the greater portion of Georgia We
have attended both State and county fairs we have formed the acquaintance of many
of the leading men of the State and have ever found Ihem to be a high toned nd gen
erous people ever extending welcome hand to all who desire a home among them
regardless of the section from which they come Could all the facts pertaining to the
state of things as they existthe climate soil society a kind and generous peopleDe
made known to the world the South would ere long receive as great or greater tide of
immigration than has ever flowed to the far off West
One word to my Northern friends who are so often writing to ns Dont be deceived
any longer by erroneous statements If you prefer a mild climate to one where it is
freezing half the year come South You will find as kind and generous and orderly a
people aB can be found anywhere During our seven years stay heretraveling a good
deal toowe have never seen but one altercation between man and man and it was
only a slight brush and they were Northern men and bankers at that
A F MOON Rome Ga
An interesting letter was also received from Mr H B Zscheck
Rome Ga a native of Posen Norlh Germany
FOBSYTH COUNTY
I am Kentuckian settled here in 1865 as farmer Inducements are as good as could
be desired The climate is mild the soil mixed gray and red and produces well corn
cotton small grain Health and society good life and property safe taxes low and
all kindness shown to immigrants that could be asked for Land from 1 to 50 per
acre profits 35 to 10 per cent I will say further that I have never lived among a
cleverer people in my life and it matters not where a man is raised who comes here he
will be treated as if well as a native They want immigrants
AARON SWINNEY Big Creek P O Georgia
HARALSON COUNTY
I am a native of northern Ohio served four years in Union army came to Rome
Georgia in 1807 have lived in Meriwether Troup Carroll and Haralson counties
bought land in Carroll county in 1870 and commenced farming on a small scale made
money I am a teacher by profession and am now engaged in teaching The induce
ments for good teachers are such as to induce me to continue I have now applications
from four settlements to teach next year The climate is moderatenever too hot and
seldom extremely cold The soil is thin in some sections but capable of a high degree
of improvement All the small grains can be raised with profit I have never had any125
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
37
fear of personal violence and very little difficulty in regard to social privileges having
always received the kindest treatment from a majority of the people I have never been
interferred with on account of politics but oncewhen living in a Republican settle
ment I was somewhat ostracized because I did not vote to suit them An honest man
can get along here as easily as in any State in the Union I man ied into one of the best
families in the State I have had considerable opportunities for forming opinions and
will cheerfully write more at large if you desire JOHN B FORSTER
Tallapoosa Ga
LUMPKIN COUNTY
I was born in Vermontcame to Georgia in 1868 Am a millwright and machinist by
trade and have been engaged in superintending mining operations and contracting in
building stamp and other mills The inducements offered in Georgia for my trade is far
better at the present time than in any section North that I know of I consider the cli
mate in North Georgia equal in all respects and superior in many to any location I was
ever in The soil with the same treatment is equal to that of New England or the
West Continual crops of corn or cotton for years without manure will wear out any
land but the soil here produces better than New England soil would with the same
treatment North Georgia can be called an exceedingly healthy sectionfar ahead of
the North where the changes are so sudden and severe Society here is chiefly com
posed of honest industrious hardworking peoplekindhearted and hospitable as any
people I was ever with I came here soon after the war and ne ver want to be treated any
better than I have been here and I firmly believe that any person who comes here with
honest intentions and intends to mind his own business will find a hearty welcome I
have never heard an expression of illfeeling against Northern people on account of their
politics or uativity In short I am well pleased with the South and expect to remain
here FRANK W HALL Dahlonega Ga
PAULDING COUNTY
I was born and reared in Rhode Island came to Georgia in 1848 I am a millwright
by trade and have always found business plenty at fair prices The climate is delight
ful the water very good and I think this is as healthy a place as I have ever found
Uplands are fair bottom lands splendid Society very good We have schools and
churches but there is not such a spirit manifested for education as I would like to see
Life and property are as safe here as anywhere Immigrants will be cordially received
and heartily welcomed by our people aB we are glad to see them There is plenty of
land for all who may come and at prices to suit ranging from 8100 to 5000 per acre
Fair uplands at from 500 to 1000 G A OWEN Dallas Ga
A very interesting letter was received from Mr Franklin
Parker Ac worth Ga who emigrated from Bordeaux France
He is highly pleased with the country
POLK COUNTY
I came South in 1870 from Blair county Pennsylvania and engaged in the iron busi
ness Since 1872 I have been engaged in farming in this valley This section is one of
the most desirable in the South both for farming and for other professions The land
is well adapted to raising all kinds of produce that can be raised North in addition to
which our people cultivate a large area in cotton Produce of all kinds finds a ready
market and owing to the superior quality of cotton raised in this county it has always
commanded a higher price than in the country below The climate is all that could be
desired The nights are always cool however warm the day may have been which is
not the case North Condition of society is excellent Our people are fully equal to
those of the North both in education and social refinement I have never felt more
secure as to life and property than I do herenever lock my door at night as I would do
if I lived in the North38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
126
Having lived eight years in this part of Georgia I feel that I am capable of giving a
true statement of the feeling towards and the treatment of Immigrants and in face of
the many unjust and false charges and insinuations which have appeared in partisan
newspapers I affirm that the people here have always gladly welcomed all who have
come South for the purpose of making this their future home and the most cordial and
friendly feelings are manifested towards new comers
Our people are more and more disposed to divide up their large plantations into small
farms and place them on the market Have had several hundred acres placed in my
hands for sale The place I live on contains 00 acres cost me 15000 and although
lands have depreciated in saleable value since I bought I am so much attached to it so
well pleased with the social surroundings and so confident that lands will increase in
value in the near future that I would not sell for double what I gave The lands here
will average onehalf bale cotton to the acre In the North lands worth 100 per acre
produce no more than 30 to 40 bushels of wheat and there is no reason why our lands
should not be made to produce as much A hey would if the small farm system be
adopted M V B AKE Cedartown Ga
The statements in the foregoing letter are fully sustained ty
letters from Messrs J S Noyes and A Huntington both of Cedar
town and natives of Vermont
WALKER COUNTY
Born in New York state I moved to Illinois and then to Wisconsin where I resided
25 years In 1871 came to or near Chattanooga Tennessee but not liking the location
came to Walker county where I purchased a farm and now reside
Georgia presents many inducements to immigrants 1st The climate is much milder
the extremes of heat and cold much less than In the North I have seen as hot days
here in summer as in the North but the winters here are not to be compared with the
rigors of the northern winter 2d The cheapness of land A man can buy a piece of
land here for a few hundred dollars and by industry secure a good living 3d The cli
mate being so much milder and the winters so much shorter farmers have much more
time to do other work and it does not require near the outlay to house stock from the
weather nor near so much fodder to feed them during the winter 4th 1 he soil varies
as in almost every country from the rich bottoms to the uplands and ridge lands and
is adapted to a great variety of crops The leading crops are cotton com sweet
potatoes tobacco rice and very good crops of wheat rye and oats are produced
Sorghum yields from 100 to 200 gallons per acre This is a very healthy county and
the society is good Safety to life and property secured The treatment of northern
born citizens is as good as they are accustomed to at the North
There seems to be rather a preference to foreigners and Northern immigrants Much
attention is given to extend the benefits of education to all classes There are many
going to Texas but many return and many more would do the same if they had the
means to pay their way back They get there and often sickness reduces them to the
extremity and necessity of a longer stay away from the good old state of Georgia
where they left the prospect of health wealth and long life
ALLEN HUBBAKD Villanow Ga

I am from Ireland and settled in Georgia in 1836 I am a farmer by profession The
climate is excellent healthful and soil productive Society is a fair average people
honest clever and industrious Ninetenths of the population are whites Life and
property secure Immigrants of good character are treated with the utmost respect
I have found it so for 49 years that I have been here The Southern people are the most
hospitable I have ever been among Lands vary in price from 8100 to 2500 per acre
according to quality Waterpure limestone Tanbark abundant Churches and
schoolhouses numerone A I LEET Rock Spring Ga121 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
39
WHITFIELD COUNTY
In reply to your inquiries we state that our residence in thiB State is of eight months
duration only We do not propose to settle here permanently We reside in New York
State and though engaged in business here must be in New York onehalf the time to at
tend to business there We are manufacturers of axe and pick handles The timber both
hickory and white oak is of excellent quality wonderfully abundant and easily and
cheaply obtained First class facilities for manufacturing woodwork exist in this and
all the adjoining counties The climate is healthful and delightful and the people
sociable agreeable and very hospitable The laws are wise and well and thoroughly
administered Land is exceedingly low and its natural resources very rich Taxes very
light and expense of living exceedingly small In nearly all these points of excellence
North Georgia is unsurpassed WHITNEY BABCOCK Dalton Ga
Refer also to James Herron Dalton Ga and W S Dyer
Trickem Ga from both of whom letters have been received
MIDDLE GEORGIA
This section embraces thirtynine counties as follows
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDume
Meri wether
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spalding
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troup
Upson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
It extends across the State from the Savannah river in the east
to the Chattahoochee river in the west and has an area of about
15000 square miles Its southern border may be described with
tolerable accuracy by a line from Augusta through Macon to Co
lumbus It is marked by the head of navigation of the principal
rivers The northern border may be described by a line running
through Athens and Atlanta It is about one hundred miles in
width Its average elevation is 750 feet The entire region is
metamorphic its rocks granite gneiss mica quartzites hydro
mica schist with some limestone and soapstone These rocks
all extend from the northeast to the southwest and are crossed
frequently at right angles by trap dykes Its chief minerals are
gold copper lead asbestus graphite chromic iron serpentine and
soapstone Gold is found in districts wide apart and has been
worked with satisfactory profit in a few localities more especially
in McDume Lincoln Wilkes and Carroll Asbestus is also mined
to some extent The original forest growth consists of red post
Spanish and white oaks and blackjack hickory shortleaf pine
with some longleaf on its southern border poplar dogwood elm40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 128
chestnut maple beech birch ash black locust sweet and black
gums walnut and some cedar This division has three varieties
of soilred or clay gray and gravelly and light and sandy the
last named being limited in extent and confined to the longleaf
pine localities on the southern border The two former possess
great productiveness and durability After the coast country they
were the first settled and Middle Georgia has continued to be the
most populous division of the State While the lowlands are of
the best quality the uplands are unsurpassed in fertility and luxu
riance of forest growth by those of any country A very large
proportion of the lands has suffered temporary exhaustion by inju
dicious culture which claimed everything from the soil and
returned nothing This ruinous practice is fast giving way to a
more enlightened and economical system It has been ascer
tained that no soils on the continent are more susceptible of recu
peration and respond so bountifully to generous treatment The
abandoned fields grown up in stunted pines and for twenty or
forty years considered useful only as pasturage have been restored
to cultivation and are now among the most productive lands of
the State The staple field products are cotton corn oats and
wheat while all the grains and grasses and even tobacco may be
grown successfully The average yields with ordinary culture
are Cotton 550 pounds in seed per acre corn 12 bushels wheat
8 bushels oats 25 bushels barley 30 bushels rye 8 bushels
sweet potatoes 100 bushels field peas with corn 5 bushels
Ground peas chufas pumpkins and indeed almost every field
product are successfully cultivated Very many farmers double
the above averages year after year whilst under high culture the
product is multiplied four or five times as will be seen in the
chapter on that subject About seventyfive per cent of the farm
laborers of this division are negroes and the average wages are 8
per month and rations Wages of ordinary mechanics vary from
150 to 300 per day according to skill The planting and har
vest periods of leading products are Cotton April September to
December corn March October wheat October and November
May and early June other fall grains harvested same time those
sowed in February and March harvested in June The fruits to
which the section is best adapted are the peach fig apple pear
strawberry raspberry melons of all kinds The peach attains
here and in Southwest Georgia its greatest perfection and
immense quantities are raised for export both in their natural
and dried state the same may be said of the apple and black
berry though the latter is a spontaneous growth and yields abun
dantly in a wild state Almost every other variety of fruit known
in the Southern States thrives well in this division The table129 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
41
vegetables are all grown successfully the hardier varieties the
year round The climate is a happy medium hetween those of
Southern and Northern Georgia and in health fulness equal to
that of any part of the world There is much uniformity of tem
perature sudden rises or falls occurring but rarely The mean
annual temperature is 60 to 64 Snow falls about once In three
years the depth varying from 1J to 4 inches Every portion of
the division abounds in running streams while the spring and
well waters are excellent The difference in elevation between
the Northern and the Southern portions of the division being from
650 to 700 feet the water powers are probably unequalled by those
of any similar area on thecontinent It would be difficult to fix a
limit to its manufacturing facilities in this respect The society is
good and the people educated and refined Immigration is desired
and good lands can be bought on liberal terms at from 400 to
1000 per acre The mineral springs are few but for curative
powers are unsurpassed in the Union The Indian Springs in
Butts county and the Warm and Sulphur Springs in Meriwether
are famous resorts of invalids and enjoy a deserved popularity
LETTERS FROM ACTUAL SETTLERS
BALDWIN COUNTY
My native country is Bavaria Germany Came to the United States in 18i9 and set
tled in Georgia in 1865 My business is that of a merchant I find the climate very
agreeable and altogether more desirable than that of Ohio where I resided at first The
soil is chiefly devoted to cotton with a fair proportion of cereals but is capable of pro
ducing all that is essential
Society is in an advanced condition equal to any regardless of country or section
Life and property are as safe as anywhere Laws well administered and violators find
no favor The feeling towards new comers is cordial and respectable and lawabidmg
people will find this a desirable section My own experience has been agreeable to all
reasonable expectations and I can recommend the people of my adopted State as gen
erous nobleand hospitableextending always a willing hand to worthy persons
Politics do not run into that fervency as is represented by newspapers but a man can
be what he pleases so long as he confines himself to the legitimate exercise of his rights
ADOLPH JOSEPH MilledgevUle Ga
BIBB COUNTY
My native State is New Jersey Been a resident of this county seven years After
traveling in several of the Southern States I have settled permanently in Georgia and
feel that I have found the best State in the Union as regards climate health produc
tions etc Am engaged in manufacturing carriages and wagons aud a general variety
business Find plenty to do The industrious need never be idle
The soil of the State is more varied than in any of the 83 States I have traveled in
and is very productivegrowing any kind of grain fruits or vegetables except tropical
fruits Many instances of yields of 45 to 50 bushels of wheat per acre and it comas
into market eight or ten weeks earlier than Northern wheat Two crops are often
made on the same land in one year There is seldom a day in the year on which the
farmer cannot work to advantage The society is good and the people clever and
obliging and lawabidingmore so than I have ever found in my travels Good water4a
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
130
plenty of churches and schools Lands range from 50 cents to 3000 per acre according
to locality and improvements Timber is abundant and portions of the Mate are rich
in gold iron and coal I think the time is not far distant when Georgia will be the
boss State in the Union All that is wanting is capital and a few industrious settlers
LEE DAVIS box 365 Macon Georgia
BUTTS COUNTY
I came to Georgia from New Hampshire in 1877 and have since been engaged in the
practice of medicine The inducements in this State to medical men I do not consider
flattering but they can do as well here as elsewhere The climate is all that could be
desired far superior to that of any of the Northern States I have traveled extensively
and have never found a healthier locality The soil is generally good and well adapted
to the cultivation of cotton tobacco corn wheat oatsin fact everything but tea and
coffee Society is good schools and churches numerous taxes exceedingly low Life
and property as safe here as anywhere in the United States The kindest feelings are
manifested towards immigrants from whatever quarter Prices of land five to ten dol
lars per acre and where the land is well cultivated the profits are much greater than at
the North w J TUCKER MD Jackson Butts county Ga
I am a native of Pennsylvania lived many years in Ohio came South in 1860 and
joined the editorial corps of the Memphis Appeal on which I served at various
places until the close of the war settled in Georgia in 1865 as a printer etc
Those engaged in my own or any other honorable occupation can succeed in Georgia
or any of the Southern States in which I have resided as surely as in any other portion
of the country The climate of Central Georgia is delightful the soil is cheap and
productive of almost everything desirable except the tropical fruits This location is
very healthy and instances of longevity are numerous
Society so far as the white population is concerned is much the same as in the
Nonh and West We have the same churches and schools in abundance but it must
be admitted that the public school system has not reached that degree of perfection
witnessed in some of the Northern and Western States In Georgia an excellent pub
lic school system has been introduced which fostered by the State is rapidly com
mending itself to the people and approaching a desirable degree of perfection Acad
emies and colleges are numerous and well supported
I am confident that life and property are as safe here as anywhere It has never been
my lot to live among a more peaceable lawabiding people than those of Middle Geor
gia The records show that seveneights of the lawlessness brought to notice in our
courts originates with the colored race
Taxes lowtotal of State and county only one and onefourth mills on the dollar
The supply of laborers and especially of skilled mechanics is insufficient and mi
grants from any quarter will find this a pleasant section where all the desirable advan
tages of civilization can be enjoyed and remunerative results will follow all well di
rected efforts of the husbandman JOHN B DUMBLE
Indian Spring Ga
CAMPBELL COUNTY
I arrived in Georgia from Orleans county Vermont in September 1851 and have
lived in this county since 1852 I am a silversmith by trade but have taught school
several years
There is not much inducement for silversmiths to come into this section Money is
scarce and people very economical rarely having work done unless compelled by neces
sity There is not much demand or many openings for mechanics or tradespeople
Good hands on the farm can always get plenty of work at fair wages The coldest
weather I ever saw in Georgia the thermometer was 6 above zero The soil here is
better than in Vermont and can be improved at less trouble and expense The produc131
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
43
tions are qaite variedthose natural to a colder climate not as good as where it is colder
and those of a hotter climate requiring some protection in winter
I consider this the most healthy section I ever lived in Society is good and improv
ing A prudent mans life is as safe as anywhere in the world and property is equally so
from what I hear Taxes are not exhorbilant Immigrants are estimated by the stand
they take in society and by their general deportment With the same industry and
frugality a man can make about twice as much as in Vermont
CARROLL COUNTY
My native State is Indiana Settled in Georgia in 1872 and engaged in the business
of traveling for a sewing machine company which I have found profitable
The climate is mild and delightful can travel all through the winter with ease and
comfort The soil is moderately productive but susceptible of a high degree of im
provement produces in abundance corn wheat oats Irish and sweet potatoes grass
clover fruit of all kinds and garden vegetables which can be grown the year round
and is well adapted to cotton Health remarkable the even temperature abundance of
clear pure spring water entire freedom from chills or epidemics make this a desirable
section for invalids Society is gooda very large proportion of the people being mem
bers of the various religious denominations and quiet orderly peaceable citizens As to
safety to life I have traveled extensively in Georgia for the last seven years all hours
of day and night never carried a pistol or other weapon and never needed one Have
never been molested or insulted B F COTTON
Carrollton Ga
CLARKE COUNTY
My native country Ohio settled in Georgia in 1878 my business merchant no in
ducements for merchants Climate is healthier than Ohio Soil not as welt adapted to
grain as Ohio better for coitton Productions are not as good as Ohio outside of
cotton Health is better here than Ohio Condition of society is as good as at any
place I ever have been I feel safer here as to life than in Ohio and as to property I feel
equally safe Taxes are lower by onethird than in Ohio The feeling toward immi
grants is very cordial and they are welcome The price of land is very low compared
to other States The average price of land here is 8 per acre for good land Labor
very cheap colored labor LUE MILLER Athene Ga
CLAYTON COUNTY
Ireland is my native land I settled in Georgia in 1869 and engaged in farming and
gardening which I find pays a working man handsomely The climate is healthy as
any I ever lived inin fact I would not exchange with any State in the Union on this
point
Some soil is fertile and some is pretty poor I raise almost every known variety of
vegetables successfully With few exceptions society is good The laws are good and
those concerning protection to life and property are in general faithfully executed
The feeling towards immigrants is good If they are honorable and industrious they
are well receivedthe same as natives Land is very cheap compared to some other
States especially when we consider the great conveniences of good railroads good mar
kets good water and good health Some lands are as fine as I ever saw anywhere
t W H HARRISON Hapeville Ga
COLUMBIA COUNTY
We came with our family from Michigan nearly ten years ago and commenced farm
ing We soon became acquainted with our neighbors associating with them as we did
with our Northern friends expressing our opinions with the same freedom as in the
North and have never had any reason to complain of any ill treatment from Southern
ers W H COLLINS Harlem Ga44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
132
I came from New York State to this State and county in 1865 Have been engaged in
farming and manufacturing If there is any illfeeling against Northern settlers I have
failed to discover it I have never had a desire to return to New York I like this cli
mate and people better H A COOK Harlem Ga
COWETA COUNTY
I am not yet a citizen of the State having come here from the North for the purpose
of seeing and getting all the information I can
I can state from my own experience lhat the people of the South are the contrary of
those in the North in several respects They are the most benevolent and hospitable
people especially towards immigrants The climate of North Georgia I think is the
best in the world the soil is good and with little pains can be made rich The products
of the soil are small grain corn cotton and especially all kinds of vegetables and fruits
Everything finds a ready market and the most astonishing thing to me is that the price
of grain is the same as in my native country Germany where lands are worth from
300 to 600 per acre while good lands can be bought here for 10 which will pro
duce on an average very near the same The taxes here are so little that they are not
worth talking about I have been here nearly a year and will make this my permanent
home after settling my business in Europe
OTTO OTTENS Newnan Ga
I am from Vermont and came to Coweta county in 1844 My profession has been and
is that of a teacher As to inducements presented to those of my own profession I will
simply remark There is always room on the top shelf As to climateAll things
considered there is no better outside of heaven The soil is good enough for any one
that will work producing everything essential to comfort and prosperity There is no
healthier country on earth in my opinion the society is refined and elevated and
security of life and property unsurpassed anywhere Taxes are very light The feeling
towards and treatment of immigrants is the same as towards natives of the same grade
Lands cheap when the location climate society and natural advantages of this county
are considered M P KELLOGG Newnan Ga
DOUGLAS COUNTY
I am a Canadian by birth but was reared in the States of New York and Ohio I was
living in Ohio when the war broke out served in the Federal army the whole war was
mustered out at Atlanta in January 1866 never went back North but remained in and
about Atlanta have resided in the counties of Fulton and Cobb and now live in Doug
las am an architect and builder by profession I planned and supervised the building
of Governor Bullocks famous 200n barn I have traveled the United states from
Maine to Michigan from Canada to Florida and can say with truth that where I have
been in Georgia and especially where I now live is as healthy as any part of the world
and the climate is the most agreeable in this county of any place I ever saw The soil is
gray yielding well with good cultivation It is more profitable to raise corn here than
in Ohio because it can be sold at our own door at the same price as Ohio corn after being
shipped here Land from 100 to 1500 per acre according to condition and improve
ments Anything that will grow in New York or Ohio will grow equally well here Life
and property are as safe here as anywhere in the Union Immigrants will meet with a
welcome There is no social or political ostracism Every man in this town knew that
I served and was an officer in the Union army yet last January they elected rae town
Recorder giving me a majority of three to one over one of our merchants doing business
here Does that look like sectional hatred of Northern men There is none of it here
A L GOSLINE Douglasville Ga
I emigrated from Iowa to Douglas county in 1869 and engaged in farming Any man
of energy can do well farming here and a good mechanic can always get employment
at from 1 to 3 a day The climate is mild and pleasant and the soil produces cotton133 GEORGIAFKOM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
45
wheat oats rye etc very well In fact we can raise anything here that can he raised
in any country and everything we make finds a ready market at good prices I have
been in eleven different States and have never seen a more healthy country than this
nor a more civil and lawabiding community Immigrants from the North or anywhere
are treated with the greatest civility and kindness and life and property are safe as any
where I have been treated as well as a Southern man could be
TIMOTHY RIDLEN Wilsonville Ga
FAYETTE COUNTY
I immigrated to this country from Germany in 1857 and have been farming for the
last fourteen years The climate is very pleasant and agreeable the soil red and sandy
producing abundantly corn wheat oats barley rye Irish and sweet potatoes and cot
ton It is as healthy as any country on the globe and the condition of society is all that
could be desired When a man is peaceable and well behaved himself there is no danger
to his life and everybody white and black is made to abide the law The very best of
feeling prevails toward immigrants Everybody is anxious for a better class of labor
ing people ABRAHA M STEI1N HEIM ER
Brooks Station Ga
FULTON COUNTY
I came here last July from the West purchased a farm near this city on which I now
reside As far as health is concerned I affirm from my own experience and observa
tion that there is no section where the climate etc is more conducive to this great
blessing
I have received none other than the kindest treatment from people of all social con
ditions I find the upper classes social obliging and courteous I have had no reason
to regret my coming to Georgia The climate so far as my brief experience
extends is mild agreeable and congenial I find no difficulty in working out doors
summer and winter when the weather is not stormy None of my family has experi
enced any ill effects from the change of climate
The soil is neither bad nor good hut is moderately fair agricultural soilfar better
however than I anticipatedwhich will by good culture and moderate fertilizing give
fair crops from which more money can be realized with less labor than in many parts
of the West
I have seen no reason to regard any mans life unsafe who is not a rowdy or a courter
of broils I have no dread in this regard More money can be made out of these lands
by farming gardening and stockraising than in most parts of the West
My conversations with other Northern people I find residing here lead me to believe
that every man who comes to Georgia with a little capital and who behaves himself as
becomes a man can and will do much better than in a new country I came here with
some severe prejudices against Southern people but am now frank to confess that they
have not been confirmed I have do desire to leave this country but feel contented and
satisfied and believe that all good citizens who come South will be as cordially received
and as kindly treated by the Southern people as I have been
I ADOLPHUS MD Atlanta Ga
Saxony Germany is my native country from which I emigrated in 1842 and settled
in Wisconsin where I lived for 23 years I came to Georgia in 1865 and engaged in
raising farm and garden products The inducements in all professions are innumerable
to all who are willing to labor There is no place or city in the United States where
business of every kind is more lively and honest labor more justly rewarded The cli
mate is a perfect representation of Italythe finest in the world The soil properly
managed is most productive The productions are a combination of both Northern
and Southern States for Georgia in climate and soil has the advantages of both46
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
134
sections The people are most hospitable and kind to immigrants the motto Wel
come might be appropriately inscribed on every door
FRED DECKNER Atlanta Ga
After a long delay I fulfill my promise to inform you how long I have been in this
country and how I am pleased with it So long as I have been here the most of the
time I have been in the South and it pleases me very well I have earned much money
more than I ever could in Germany for the Americans pay better than the Germans
Eighteen years I have been in the country and always healthy I have seen gOd times
and bad but it suits mc very well if only the German freedom and unity were bere
You must excuse me that I write so badly since I have not had a pen in my hand in
eighteen years CHRISTIAN RUNGE Hapeville Ga
GREENE COUNTY
I am a farmer and a native of New York State Came to Georgia in 1870 The in
ducements for farmers presented by this county are Good landland which responds
most readily to good treatment a climate such that the farmer can plow and sow or
plant during all the months in the year great abundance of the best of water from
springs and wells good and cheap labor favorable conditions for the breeding of cattle
sheep and horses good timber etc The climate is delightful as compared with that
of New York or other Northern States The winters are mild with seldom frost enough
to make a crust on the ground The summers are warm but pleasant
The soil was originally good much of it is thin from bad treatment but is capable of
improvement The chief productions are cotton all kinds of grain vegetables and fruits
common at the North and a great many in addition I believe this section Middle Geor
gia is as healthy as any in the worl i Society is settled and safety to life and property
perfect so far as I can judge after nearly ten years experience and observation Taxes
are very light The disposition towards immigrants is generally friendly I have had
mi fault to find on this score The same amount of money in labor and land will give
better results than in New York J B Y WARNER
Greensboro Ga
HANCOCK COUNTY
I am by profession an architect but have been farming since last year I came from
Massachusetts I think that fannersgood and energetic farmerscan find no better
Siate in the Union in which to settle and I have lived in many StatesNorth South
East and West including Texas and Californiabut as my experience in farming is
very limited my opinions are not entitled to much weight A new country is not the
home for an architect
The climate is healthy reaching neither extreme of heat or cold and the white laborer
is enabled to do field work winter and summer and our stock in general can graze on
prepared pasture or on swamp cane in winter
I have met with such treatment as every man deserves who is a man and all who can
not come under this head in my humble opinion had better stay away from Georgia
for they will here find men with whom to compete
R H SALTER Jr Sparta Ga
I came from my native countryCanadain 1865 I am a blacksmith by trade The
inducements for those of my trade are not very good Many flrstclass mechanics have
been compelled to go into other business
The climate is the best I have ever experienced and the soil good and very productive
Health good and society as good as can be found Life and property are as safe or safer
than in any country Industrious well behaved immigrants are received kindly and
well treated Land ranges from 2 to 10 per acre and the profits are good compared
with other Status and countries with which I am acquainted I have lived in Cauada135 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT 47
and Michigan and traveled through many of the Southern and Western States I prefer
Georgia to any country I know of ROBERT WILSON Sparta Ga
JASPER COUNTY
I came from Connecticut in 1874 Am a clerk and exmerchant I could not wish a
more salubrious climate The soil is productive under proper treatment The produc
tions are cotton corn wheat oats barley rye clover potatoes peas sugar cane millet
beets carrots turnips etc and fruits of all kinds Health is generally good and socie
ty as good as can be found but a more thorough enforcement of laws is needed Some
of the best men in the county are in favor of good immigrants We want no more
Swedes like those heretofore imported In prices and profits of lands this country
compares favorably with any other L W HUB BARD
Monticello Ga
MORGAN COUNTY
We are farmers and came from New York State in 1871 The inducements for farmers
and firstclass mechanics with moderate means are good The climate is all that could
be desired The soil is a mixture of red clay and sandbadly worn but easily brought
to high state of cultivation giving large returns for fertilizers and labor The staple
products are corn cotton wheat oats barley hay sweet and Irish potatoes ground
peas etc with a variety of fruits and vegetables too numerous to mention
The climate is very healthy and the society as good as can be found anywhere The
feeling towards immigrants is friendly but the people are not as sociable with strangers
as are the people out West but as much so as in any old settled country
J M P M GRIGGS Madison Ga
Native stateMew Jersey Came to Georgia in 1871 and engaged in farming The
climate is all that could be desired The soil originally fertile is greatly impoverished
hut is susceptible of a high degree of improvement Healthy locality Condition of
society good Life and property safe as in the North or West Immigrants are treated
very kindly and neighborly Wool growing more profitable than in Wisconsin where
I resided fifteen years I came to Georgia for a milder climate and better health and
have not been disappointed JOHN H MORGAN Madison Ga
I am from Eastern Pennsylvania Settled here in 1867 and have been fanning con
stantly since For ten years have been Clerk of the Superior Court To a live indus
trious farmer this part of Georgia offers many inducementsthe mild climate produc
tive and easily cultivated soil and varied productions chief among them cotton which
always sells for cash at every railroad station This section is remarkably healthy beta
entirely exempt from malarial fevers and epidemics The majority of our native pop
nlation are intelligent noblehearted and refined The races live together h rmoniously
and in perfect security of life and property Industrious and upright people are wel
comed here regardless of their political or religious views All taxes assessed for the
year 187s aggregated seven mills on the dollar County well timbered and well watered
by small streams and springs of excellent water
E HEYSER Madison Ga
Letter also received from Mr A Van Houten Madison Ga
but space forbids publication
OCONEE COUNTY
I came from Massachusetts in 1850 and have been farming most of the time I also
run a shoe factory The inducements for farming or shoe business are better than in
Massachusetts The climate here is the best in the world The soil is very productive
of corn cotton wheat oats sweet nd Irish potatoes rye barleyin fact everything
you may want to raise Very healthy society good and so far as safety to life and
property is concerned I feel perfectly safe have never been molested Feeling towards48
PK1ARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
136
immigrants from any quarter is good Lands are much cheaper in Georgia than in any
State I know of I consider farming here a good business I have made clear in one
year farming with two hands 1400 Did not work m the farm myself
W A WOODIS Watkinsville Ga
OGLETHORPE COUNTY
I am a native of Maine having emigrated to Georgia in 1863 and have been employed
as a machinist from 1863 to 1869 at which time I turned my attention to and have been
employed ever since in farming in Oglethorpe county Ga At the present time little or
no inducement is offered to mechanics to settle in this section The climate is pecu
liarly mild and agreeable at all seasons of the year and the water is of the purest char
acter While immigrants from the North will find here comparatively little frost or
snow to impede farm work in winter they will experience no debilitating heat m sum
mer Although the soil is thin and in many parts much worn it may be restored by
the use of fertilizers and made to become very productive
Wheat and cotton and corn are the principal crops but all the cereals can be raised
and sold at remunerative prices For excellence and abundance of timber this section
is unsurpassed
No section of the Southern States is healthier than Oglethorpe county Ga from the
fact that there is nothing to produce malaria or other diseases The society of this
county is as good as any in Georgia and is remarkable for its purity Strangers are
treated with the utmost kindness and are invariably befriended The prices of lands
are much lower than those of the Northern States and immigrants will And it to their
interest to settle in this section of Georgia 8 BAILEY Maxeys Ga
PIKE COUNTY
I was horn in Bavaria Germany Have been working for express and railroad com
panies have always found plenty of work at good wages The climate is excellent
much of the soil is thin but with proper management very product e of com cotton
etc My health has always been good society first rate no unusual danger to life and
property Treatment of foreigners generally good There always have been some men
in this country who have a hatred for foreigners because the latter often prosper where
natives would perish I cant see why this is bo but it is according to my observation
I always avoid such characters Lands are very cheapfertile farms cau be had for
from SS 00 to S2000 per acre I consider this county one of the b st in the State
H H SWATTS Barnesville Ga
PUTNAM COUNTY
I settled in Georgia in 1876 having mcved from New York my native State My
health has be n much improved by the change The summer here is similar to that of
Westche ter county New York but of longer duration The winter is much warmer
than that of New York The soil here is naturally very food and yields according to
the amount of fertilizers applied with skillful hands Cotton corn oats wheat and
sugar cane are the principal crops named in the order of their iuportance
Safety to property is as well guaranteed here as elsewhere with the exception of
small thefts by negroe such as rails from fences for fuel and small matters Horses
blankets harness whips etc are as safe here without locks as under lock and key in
New York Life is safe ordinarily and would always be in the absence of drunkenness
but no one need fear molestation on account of politics Hanging being the penalty for
muader is almost always omitted as in many other States and the offenders often go
free because of the severe oeualty
Immigrants who are farmers will find society such as they leave elsewhere Scholarly
men find scholarly men in the South but mechanics settling in country towns will sadly
mtes the society of men of their own calling But business is always open here that
will make any economical mechanic whether blacksmith wheelwright or other a good
income BENJAMIN W HUNT Eatonton Ga137 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
49

TROUP COUNTY
I was raised in New York State lived in Illinois from 1838 to 1869 coming to Georgia
in the lattr year where I have followed the business of milling and farming I think
the inducements for immigration not good for separate families but good for colonies
The climate is very flue the soil badly used up productio s almost everything with
fertilizers fruit very good Society good and safety to life and property as well assured
as in Illinois Lands are worth from 8100 to 800 per acre profits from 5 to 15 per
cent when rented to freedmen and have been getting lower for the last five years
Profits would be fair if colonies would settle and raise sheep cattle and horses and
make instead of buying on credit all their com and meat
WILSON ALLEN LaGrange Ga
WALTON COUNTY
Being as far as I know the only permanent Northern settler in Walton county I gladly
respond to your circular I am a native of New York State I settled lnre in 1870 and
have been farming since then The inducements for those with some means say 1000 or
upwards who wish to procure a good and pleasant home are good To such I say
come to Walton county Georgia where the whites have a majority and negro labor is
plenty Those who depend on their labor for support and have nothing more I would
not advise to come here
The climate we think is as good as can be found Soil red clay subsoil with sandy
surface All kinds of grain do remarkably well Cotton is our money crop With
suitable preparation of the land the grasses do well Health is good everybody is
peaceable and attend to their own affairs I consider my life and property safer than
if in New York Taxes 8 mills I never could expect to be treated with more kind
ness and courtesy than I have met with here The price of land is from 5 to 13 per
acre As to profits I think where 4 per cent on the capital invested is realized in
the Northern States 10 per oent on the same can be realized here
J T VALLANCE Rutledge Ga
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
This section embraces all tbat country lying between the Oemul
gee and Allapaha rivers in the east and the Chattahoochee river
in the west the northern boundary being a line from Macon to
Columbus and the State of Florida its boundary in the south It
comprises the following counties
Baker Decatur Macon Stewart
Berrien Dooly Marion Sumter
Brooks Dougherty Miller Taylor
Calhoun Early Mitchell Terrell
Chattahoochee Houston Muscogee Thorn s
Clay Irwin Quitman Webster
Colquitt Lee Randolph Wilcox
Crawford Lowndes Sehley Worth
Like Southeast Georgia the entire region is tertiary It is more
broken or rolling than Soulheast Georgia and wi h the excep
tion of marl buhi and limestone is in a great measure destitute
of rocks It has also a great proportion cf clay lands and oak and
hickory forest growth althojgu much th larger part of it is a
light sandy soil and was originally covered with yellow or long
leaf pine50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 138
Th i clay lands are generally very rich and their fertility lasting
the pine la ids produce freely are easil worked but are 1 ss dura
ble thou h with reasonable fertilization will ast for many years
The dis rlt contains very littlj waste land or lands too poor or
too swampy for cultivation while the alluvial lands of the Chat
tanoochee and Fiiat rivers and of many of te creeks awe made
thii section famous as the besf cotton region of the State Corn
oats wheat rye and sugarcane grow well
The liepth of the subsoil beneath the surface on clay lands is 6
to 10 inches on sandy lands from 12 inches to 3 feet The pre
ponderating forest growth is longleaf or yellow pine furnishing
the best of lumber large quantities of which are prep red annu
ally for export and domestic use The supply would seem to be
almost inexhaustible Spirits of turpentine rosin pitch and tar
all the products of this treeare made in considerable quantities
and the interest is on the increase In the swamps md river bot
toms there are cypress cottonwood poplar ash maple beach
birch redbay magnoia sweetgum and wateroak while the
growth of the clay belts is red and post oaks black jack hickory
walnut blackgum logwood and buckeye
Cotton is the leading market crop of this division and previous to
the derangement of plantation labor by emancipation its orop of
the staple probably equalled the i reduction of all the rest of the
State Corn and oats grow to great perfection but none for ex
port since the war sugar cane is a successful crop throughout the
section tobacco in considerable quantities is grown in the south
ern counties
The average yields per acre with good cultivation are cotton
500 lbs In seed corn 10 bushels oats 15 buhels syrup 200 gal
lons sweet potatoes 150 bushels ground peas 50 bushels On
best lands without manure 1500 to 2000 lbs cotton in seed 50
to 75 bushels corn 50 to 65 bushels oats 400 gallons of syrup and
400 bushels sweet potatoes are often produced It is reliably re
ported that a Berrien county farmer produced 800 bushels of sweet
potatoes on one acre under high cultivation Over 900 gallons of
syrup per acre has been made in Thomas county
Cotton is planted early in April picking commences in August
corn planted in February and March matures in August oats
sowed usually in November harvested last of May to last of June
sugarcane planted February and March cut October and Novem
ber
Average wages of good farm hands 9 per month of ordinary
mechanics 125 to 2 per day
The fruits best adapted to this section are the peach pear melon
grape especially the scuppernong fig pomegranate some Tarie139 GEOEGIAFKOM AN IMMIGKANT STANDPOINT 51
ties of apple strawberry in the southern tier of counties the
orange lemon and banana are successfully grown There is no
country where all the vegetables grow to great r perfection when
cultivated with ordinary skill The tea plant and the olive have
also been successfully grown in this and other Southern divisions
of the State
The climate varies but little from that of Southeast Georgia the
average mean temperature being in summer 85 in winter 65
extremities 94 and 32 Snow falls about once in 10 or 15 years
never sufficiently to completely cover the ground The health of
the hill country and pine lands is good the year round but fevers
generally of a mild type are common along the lines of rivers and
swamps in late summer and early fall months
The country is well watered and good water powers are found
where the streams break through the marl beds with which man
of the counties abound Several railroads traverse the section
while the Ocmulgee Flint and Chattahoocee rivers furnish trans
portation nearly the entire year
The poorer unimproved pine lands well timbered may be
bought at 50 cents per acre good at 1 to 250 best lands at
from 4 to 10all on a liberal credit
The drinking water in the hill country is good though not very
cold in the flat lands not so good and generally impregnated
wilh lime The waters abound with fish and the forests furnish
game large and small in any quantity desired
The large bodies of unimproved land to be found in nearly every
county of the district furnish excellent pasturage the year round
for cattle and sheep and are free to all Little or no feeding or
sheltering is required and beef and mutton are taken directly
from the range to market
LETTERS FROM ACTUAL SETTLERS
CALHOUN COUNTY
My profession is that of architect and my native State New York I came to Geor
gia in 1867 induced by the firm belief that with such endless resources this must ulti
mately rank as the first of the Southern States The climate is most excellentno
such sudden changes in the weather occurring here as elsewhere in the State or other
States The soil is good stiff gray and loamy with red clay subsoil Productions
most everything that grows As to healthsome portions are sickly others as healthy
as anywhere Society good and life and property as safe as anywhere The treatment
of immigrants is exceedingly kind and courteous The prices of lands are very moder
ate and in some cases very low and the profits very good compared with lands else
Where at high prices and where high culture is practiced the results compare favora
bly with any portions of the Southern or Middle States and in some cases with the
Western States w H PARKINS Morgan Ga
CLAY COUNTY
I am a merchant a native of Bavaria Germany whence I came to Georgia in 4806
This is a good country for farmers and good mechanics The climate is healthy theDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
Ll4Uj
soil mixed clay ami light sand bottoms and productive of corn cotton sugarcane po
tatoes The society is very good and life and property well protected Taxes moder
ate Immigrants would meet with good treatment and a warm welcome Land worth
J2 50 to 500 according to quality and improvements Schools good
ISAAC LOEB Fort Gaines Ga
DOUGHERTY COUNTY
You ask for my experience as an immigrant I must say that it has been very pleas
ant both socially and politically and as for health I could not have found a more fa
vorable climate I am a farmer and I think as an agricultural State Georgia and par
ticularly the southern part of it is more favored both in soil and climate than almost
any other secton of America One great advantage to immigrants is that we have
every facility in the way of cheap transportation by rail and by water The produc
tions of the soil are almost unlimited in variety and amount Still there is room for
choice in selecting lands and one should not be too hasty in settling The best time
to visit this country is from September to June for then you see the State at its best
and worst Lands from 300 to 800 per acre Taxes very low Slock of all kinds
are raised here and it is a great fruit country I came from Maine in 1S69
F L BRIDGE Albany Ga
I immigrated from England to Georgia in 1878 and am engaged as a clerk My fam
ily and I have suffered less from teat than in Massachusetts
The soil is a sandy loam capable of a high degree of improvement Ilave had better
health than iu Massachusetts Society is good and I consider life and property as safe
as in the Northern States The feeling towards immigrants is all that could be desired
The white people gladly welcome settlers from the other States and give them every
assistance in their power Too much praise cannot be awarded them Land is very
lowmuch below its actual value One or two farms adjoining me are for sale at a
price much less than the cost of improvement thereon The profits in good seasons
will almost pay for a farm A much better opportunity is offered immigrants here than
at the West T110S KIRKE Albany Ga
LOWNDES COUNTY
New Jersey is my native State whence I came to Georgia in 1869 and engaged in
farming and lumbering The climate is healthy if the diet be suited to the latitude as
is proven by the fact that the people are able to live on corn bread bacon coffee and
syrup It is not so hot as the Middle States in summer The natural soil is much
better Out does not retain manure so well on account of evaporation in winter It is
easierto work being free from stones I have raised 16 bushels of Irish potatoes on
onetwentieth of an acre The second crop yields well if of an early variety furnishing
a supply during the year Not good for fruit except tigs grapes ami pears
Horned cattle can be raised at onefifth the expense required in the Middle States
requiring but a very small amount of nutritious food in winter when the grass is tough
Life and property are as safe as in any country of mixed races Negroes here as else
where are given to pilfering Whites are easily angered but not revengeful Settlers
are treated with kindness both in social and business circles Lands worth 500 per
acre here would sell for 5000 in New York Pennsylvania or New Jersey
L A HAYNES Valdqsta Ga
MUSCOGEE COUNTY
My native place is New York City I settled in Georgia in 1824 and followed mer
chandising and farming in Florida and Georgia for thirtythree years and for the last
twentyeight years I have also beeu engaged in manufacturing in Columbus Ga and
it is my principal business though I have also a farm
For manufacturing there is a wide field open The advantages of cheap material
climate and consequently moderately low wages unused aud abundaut water power
cheap coal home markets for goods defy competition And when home markets are141
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
53
supplied Southern mills can still ship yarns or goods to the North or any country
cheaper than they can produce them Farming can be and is made profitable and
affords a sure living
The climate is not only healthful hut we are free from cholera yellow fever or other
malignant disease Whites and blacks work in the fields and shops all the day long
and all the year round Sunstrokes are unknown The winters are mild but ice often
forms onehalf inch or mere thick It is sufficiently cold to invigorate the system for
the summer work
Life and property are as secure as in auy country in the world Immigrants from
any State of the Union or any foreign country are kindly received and a helping hand
is extended to all comers if found worthy and they will be received in any society to
which they may be entitled by their intelligence and moral conduct Society is good
public and private schools for all and churches of all denominations There is strictly
speaking no class society Integrity honesty industry and fair intelligence are the
qualifications for good society Without these wealth alone has no influence The
masses of the people are fairly educated and all are kind and social This is no place
for persons who would seek soft places or easy times without industry and application
on their part W H YOUNG Columbus Ga
RANDOLPH COUNTY
Born in Ireland My boyhood was spent in Franklin county New York Educated
at the French college Montreal Canada Came to Georgia in 1851 I have been a
teacher ever since
There is plenty of employment for good teachers The climate is pleasant and healthy
The soil is productive As a wheatgrowing country this is not surpassed by Northern
New York We raise Irish potatoes cabbage oats rye barley etc equal to New York
Georgia has as good and genial a climate as any country on earth And a more conge
nial and social people lives no where on earth except Canada and Virginia It makes
no difference where aman is from he is here treated according to his merits and no
country offers finer inducements to immigrants There is not one word of truth in all
the slanderous and murderous reports from the South circulated through the North
M A McNULTY Cuthbert Ga
SCHLEY COUNTY
I am a native of Edinburgh Scotland have been living in the South ever since 840
Came first to Montgomery Ala and lived in different parts of that State until 1857
when I moved my family to Sumter county Ga If I have any profession it is that of a
seaman but since living in the South have been a school teacher a bookkeeper and a
scrivener From my own experience I am free to say and qualify to it if necessary
that there is no country and I have been in many where there are more or greater in
ducements to settlestrangers emigrants of all grades trades and professionsthan in
Alabama and Georgia 1 he climate is mild and pleasant the soil when fresh exceed
ingly productive Small grain of all kindswheat and oats especiallyare easily and
abundantly produced So with corn peas potatoes and other esculent roots Vegeta
bles of every kind may be successfully cultivated and the want of a good garden in
any family may be truthfully attributed to carelessness if not to laziness Fruits of
many varietiesnearly all European and some tropical fruitsare grown profusely
Peaches apples pears plums strawberries etc grow as if indigenous to the country
I have not seen many wild fruits hut blackberries known in Scotland as the bramble
berry and the huckleberry in Scotland the blaeberry are plentiful and free to aithe
orchard of tlte poor I have been very healthy since living in the South have raised a
family of five children and during thirtyeight years all the sickness will not amount to
more than four or five months all put together and where I have lived I have not seen
a great deal of sickness though I believe my family is an exception there having been
better health among them generally than among my neighbors The moral condition of
society is generally good and will compare favorably with that of any other country54
DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
142
Life is as safe and property as secure as in any other country and much more so than
in many which I have visited Until the close of the late war there were but few locks
in the neighborhood where I lived since then however we have had greater use for
them
The amount of taxes depends entirely on the financial condition of the State and
the county in which a person lives I have always found the taxes lighter than in my
native country The feeling manifested to strangers is always kind 4 a sober well
behaved person is invariably well received and hospitably entertained and if his man
ners and conduct be that of a gentleman he is at once put on an easy footing and soon
made to feel at home The social treatmeut of any person in the South depends on
Mmself If his conduct be good and his deportment civil and obliging he will be
treated kindly and courteously and more like a friend than a mere acquaintance If
an emigrant he will not only be treated kindly etc but he will be assisted in every
reasonable way After an experience of nearly forty years among the people of the
South I can truly say that they are the most hospitable generous and charitable people
that I have ever met with in all my travels Gentility seems to be instinctive with
the majority No emigrant whether capitalist or laborer need fear to come South on
the ground of uncivil treatment or unfriendly reception for either will be warmly wel
comed and capital and labor can find no better investment or safer depositorythe sto
ries of Southern outrage to the contrary notwithstanding and not to put too fine a
point upon it they in nine cases out of ten are simply gratuitous
W C P CLEGHORN Ellaville Ga
TAYLOR COUNTY
Logan county Kentucky is my native place I came to Georgia in 1865 as a farmer
The inducements to farmers are good The climate is pleasant and healthful society
good and life and property as safe as could be desired The treatment of immigrants
is most kind and hearty Lands low and profits good This is one of the best countries
for laboring men I have ever seen All supplies except coffee can be successfully
produced here Provisions and other supplies plentiful and cheap
W C EDMONDSON Butler Ga
TERRELL COUNTY
Born in Salisbury Connecticut settled in Georgia in 1869 steam saw mill and lum
ber business Inducements equal to any State as far as my knowledge goes or extends
for mine or other professions Climate the best I ever lived in Soil axcellent produc
tions not to be equalled in proportion to cultivation Healthno need to ever get ick
only by imprudence Society good life and property perfectly safe taxes about right
a general desire for immigration prices and profits of lands about eqnal to other ad
joining States WILLIAM A PEET Dawson Ga
THOMAS COUNTY
My original profession was that of a confectioner but for the last ten years I have
been engaged in growing fruitB having come to this State in 1850 There is but little
inducement for mechanics to settle here because everything that can be made abroad
is brought here for sale
The climate is all that could be desired The soil is of varied character light soils
predominating but all produce well with a moderate use of manures The productions
include about all those of the temperate and semitropical zones The health and phys
ical development of the people are specially good and I find that foreigners here enjoy
permanent good health This is the general rule with all those who retain their old
habits of using lighter food and drink than are here commonly used The condition of
society here is very good The foreign immigrant would perhaps miss the jovial festivals
he had so often enjoyed in his old home
Ten years ago when I brought here two Swiss families the head of one shortly after143 GEOKGIAFKOM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
55
their arrival exclaimed My God can you let your hogs run about as they do with
out their being stolen Even my tempting fruits are not trespassed upon by the boys
here in town
Taxes are very light compared to elsewhere Very kind feelings are manifested to
wards the immigrant who settles here as a worker and not as an agitator His standing
in society will be equal to his reasonable expectations here or elsewhere
JOHN STARK Thomasville Ga

I am a native of the United States North settled in Thomasville in 1873 Am a
minister of the Gospel The inducements for immigration are reasonably good The
climate is delightful the soil though not naturally rich is easy of improvement Pro
ductions cotton corn oats wheat rye rice flax broomcorn sugarcane sweet and
Irish potatoes strawberries pears peaches grapes etc General healthfulness excel
lent Condition of society and safety to life and property good There is a great desire
for immigrants and they are kindly treated Lands are low in price and profits of
farming remunerative Wise investments in farming lands with suitable management
yields a handsome profitdespite the expensive transportation which in some cases is
ruinous and in all a serious drawback JAMES A McREE
Thomasville Ga
A letter containing substantially the same representations as
the foregoing was received from Mr Fay Hirshinger a native of
Germany now merchandising in Thomasville
WORTH COUNTY
My native country is England whence I came in 1856 to Irwin county Have fol
lowed school teaching and planting Men with small capital can do more and better
here than anywhere I know of Good teachers make a living Climate is good soil
various but all will remunerate labor properly directed Productions are corn cotton
potatoes etc etc Fruits and vegetables in abundance Health good society coarse
but honest Life and property are safe Taxes light Treatment of strangers is very
kind and hospitable Land is cheaper in this section according to quality than any
where else E COURTOY Isabella Ga
I came from Ohio to Georgia in the month of December 1878 and have been engaged
p farming ever since I made two crops in Fulton county and one in Fayette county
From thence I moved to Worth county where I have purchased a lot of land and estab
lished a permanent home having my second crop about ready to lay by I am sat
isfied that I can make farming profitable here simply by leaving off guano and manufac
turing my own manure The climate surpasses that of any other country I ever saw
The winters are mild and I have suffered much less from heat in the summer season
than in Ohio The soil in places is sandy while other places are pebbly and solid
and produces well by using but a trifle of manure The production of this country is
about the same as that of Ohio with the addition of much that cannot be raised in that
State This country is very healthy except malarial diseases about the watercourses
society is about the same as in Ohio so is the security of life and property Taxes are
no higher here than in any other country The feeling and treatment manifested to
wards me wherever I have lived in this State have been nothing but friendship and
kindness Lands here rate from 50 cents to 300 per acre Thousands of acres of un
improved lauds in this county can be bought at 50 cents per acre much better and more
profitable to fanners than lauds in Ohio and elsewhere for which you have to pay from
4000 to 5000 per acre
JOHN MYGRANT Warwick Ga56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
144
EAST GEORGIA
This section of the State embraces the country lying between
the heads of tide water in the east and the Ocmulgee river in the
west and south to the corner of Liberty Tatnall and Appling
and embraces the following counties
Bulloeh Jefferson Pulaski Tejfair
Burke Johnson Richmond Twiggs
Dodge Laurens Screven Washington
Emanuel Montgomery Tatnall Wilkinson
Glasscock
It differs from Middle Georgia in several important respects
its geological formations are tertiary instead of metamorpluc its
average elevation is only about 250 feet above the sea its surface
is more level its soils for the most part loamy or sandy subsoil
clay red and yellow four to six inches below the surface in clay
lands ek ht to twelve inches in sandy lands its forest growth is
principally pine it contains calcareous marls in considerable de
posits It is also the commencement of the section in which the
sugar cane can be profitably cultivated while its rocks which are
few are of a sedimentary character with iron ore and Buhr stone
in several localities Deposits of kaolin and pipe clay are found
along its entire length from east to west Its water powers are
less than those of Middle Georgia and its drinking water while
good is less cool and pure While pine is the leading forest growth
and the chief timber for building and export there are also large
bodies of oak and hickory The soils in such localities ar either
clayey or gray mostly the latter and admirably adapted to the
production of cotton and corn cypress abounds in the swamps
X and lowlands The county of Burke was for many years and
until the late revolution in our system of labor the leading cotton
producing county of the State The comparatively fresh lands of
Decatur have of late years enabled her to claim and hold the
championship in this particular product Cotton with corn
wheat the adaptation to which lessens as we proceed southward
into the pine lands oats rye barley sugar cane potatoes consti
tute the staple products of the section The average yields per
acre with fair culture are cotton 650 lbs corn 14 bushels
wheat 12 bushels oats 25 bus els cane syrup 300 gallons po
tatoes 150 bushels barley 30 bushels There is much high cul
ture in the district and these results are often quadrupled The
seasons for planting and harvesting are near the same
EMANUEL COUNTY
I came to Georgia from New Hampshire in 1854 left it in 1859 and returned in 1869
and have since been engaged in the lumber business as proprietor of saw mills in
Emanuel county and in Savannah I consider Emanuel county as healthy as New
Hampshire145
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
57
The soil though thin produce well when fertilized and properly worked As to the
condition of society and the safety to life aud property it Is equal to any section of
the country During my residence of six years in the county I did not keep a yard
dog and in warm weather doors and windows were left open at night without fear of
intruders
From my own experience I can commend the State of Georgia and its people to all
who desire to change their residence assuring them that in my opinion no State offers
greater inducements to the right kind of men With land at 50c to8250 per acre Slate
and county tax 8 mills on the dollar a good climate every one ought to succeed There
are rare chances here for energetic men with small capitalchiinces not all taken up as
in the North Ihave lived in New York New Hampshire Massachusetts Michigan
Illinois Indiana South Carolina Louisiana and Mississippi but all things considered I
prefer to live in Georgia HORACE P SMART Savannah Ga
I am by trade a machinist and came to this country from England in 1849 Have
been in the saw mill business since 1851 Inducements are not as good as when I first
came here I am well pleased with the climate The soil is not very good but with
manure produces wellcorn cotton potatoes and sugar cane Health has been good
Strangers are well treated if well behaved Land from 50 cents to i 00 per acre
GEORGE GARBUTT 0 C R R Ga
PULASKI COUNTY
I immigrated from Massachusetts my native State to Georgia In 1877 and have been
engaged in the mercantile business and in farming almost exclusively the latter last
year Although the methods of farming here are different from what I have been ac
customed to yet such information was readily obtained as enabled me to make with
three plows 24 bales of cotton 700 to 800 bushels of corn and a good crop of peas La
borthe main factor hererequires more study than any of the elements of successful
farming My observation thus far teaches me that by personal attention to business
by patience and strict justice and fair dealing towards employees the mutual interests
of both white and colored people may be promoted and prosperity secured
For three months of the yearJuly August and Septemberthe weather is very warm
though the thermometer seldom rises above 90 or 95 degrees in the shade During the
remaining months the climate is delightful Although not much of the soil is naturally
rich yet it is easily worked and by intelligent cultivation produces profitable crops It
is mostly sandy upon a subsoil of stiff clay The forest growth is chiefly pine and oak
though there are many other species The staple products are cotton corn oats sugar
cane and sweet potatoes with a great variety of garden vegetables Peaches sand
pears grapes plums strawberries etc can be raised in abundance One party here
made 1200 gallons of wine from three acres of Concord and Delaware grapesthe fourth
season after setting
Any industrious sober man with a small capital by accommodating himself to the
methods of farming suited to this region a matter not at all difficult is almost sure to
get on here and in a few years if he proves himself trustworthy can work him
self up to actual ownership and independence B F PURSONS
Hawkinsville Ga
RICHMOND COUNTY
I am from Brooklyn New York and settled in this county in 1870 Before coming
South I was in the mercantile business but have since been farming successfully I find
the climate all that could be desired as we do not have in summer the sultry atmosphere
of New York while the winters are just cool enough to invigorate the system without
causing inconvenience The soil is not naturally very rich but susceptible of high cul
tivation by use of manures The river bottoms are as rich as land ever gets to be We
grow cotton corn melons sweet potatoes wheat oats and hay for market while the
kitchen garden affords all the vegetables that grow in any climate It is rarely that we58
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
146
hear of sickness in the neighborhood and society is refined and cultivated Life and
property in my mind are safer here than in the city of New York Taxes are very
light indeed Every encouragement is offered to prsons who come here in good faith
with a view to actual settlement and all such will meet with great cordiality and good
will With the exception of apples we grow all kinds of fruit to perfection
FRED LITTLE Allens Station Ga

SCREVEN COUNTY
I am a Prussian and landed in New York in 1867 In 1818 I concluded to move to
Florida hut did not get further than Charleston as the connecting steamer left before
we got in Not liking the idea of stopping in a hotel for a week with a large family I
dcterrniued to settle in Georgia took the train for Augusta at once and found employ
ment in a carpenter shop I am an architect and carpenter by trade and earned a good
support for a mother a wife and seven small children the eldest nine years
Not liking town life in 1869 I moved to Screven county rented a small tract of land
and run a onehorse farm The place proved sickly being very near to the river swamp
and the next year I moved four miles off on the high land first rented ana then bought
a cotton plantation The climate is delightfula little warm in summer but the winter
just about cold enough to keep a man healthy Except a bonefelon I have never had
any sickness in my family and the people here die mostly from old age or accident
The soil is generally light but with a good homemade fertilizer almost anything can
be raised I planted last year for trial one acre in oats well manured with cotton seed
and lime and threshed seventyfive bushels We can raise with success cotton oats
rye corn rice peas sugar cane Irish and sweet potatoes and mel ins Wheat is liable
to rust Of vegetables almost anything will succeed that is planted and with very little
trouble we can have them fresh the year round and never have to store them
Society is very good and an industrious immigrant if he can show an honest face
and has a good will to work will And an open door and a hearty welcome everywhere
My house door I never lock at night and I have never carried a weapon for selfdefense
I live right in the heart of the socalled KuKlux but never have seen or heard any
thing of it except in Northern papers
The price of farms range from 300 to S1000 per acre and several owners of large
tracts of land will give favorable terms to immigrants If a man has a horse and money
to buy one years provisions to start with he cant help from improving every year If
I can be of any service to such persons as may wish to settle here I will take it as a
favor to hear from them A BEWAN Mobleys Pond Ga
WASHINGTON COUNTY
Came from Delaware fall of 1877 Businessgas and steam fitting No inducements
for others in this branch The climate is temperate and agreeablemore so than I ex
pected Soil thin loamyvery easily cultivated and capable of producing very good
crops by a slight addition of fertilizers Main productionscotton and com Good
fruit country Tolerably good for grain can raise on an average more and better oats
than in the North In fact anything that can be raised anywhere excepting the tropics
can be successfully grown here My health was never better and I consider the coun
try very healthy indeed Society is very good the people generally very sociable My
being a yankee has not made one jot of difference in my social relations in fact I think
it has given or tended to give a sort of popularity the same that I have sometimes seen
experienced by Southerners in the North I am running a steam mill and cotton gina
business that brings me face to face with most every one in this section and I am not
aware that I have ever been the object of ill feeling Life and property extremely safe
Immigrants who come here are welcomed and assisted The best lands can be had for
1000 per acre
HENRY T HAYES Tennille Ga
Reference Is made to Mr Carl J Mort a Swede who came to
Georgia in 1850 Postofflce Sandersville Georgia147 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
59
WILKINSON COUNTY
Born in Germany Settled in Georgia in 1870 as a hotel keeper and farmer Induce
ments to immigrants only moderate Climate unsurpassed On flat lands the soil is
light and sandy on the rolling lands it is a good loam with clay subsoil Healthy in
elevated portions but in summer and fall the flat and river lands somewhat sickly
Condition of society is good including schools and churches Life and property amply
protected bylaw Feeling towards immigrants good and they will be well received
Prices of good cleared lands are reasonable Wild lands very cheap Profits are limited
compared with the Western country on account of old worn lands and difficulty of
controlling labor O H L STROBING Toomsboro Ga
My native country is Cavan county Ireland I settled in Georgia in 1851 and en
gaged in farming All who work can live well The climate is mild and healthy and
the soil productive of a great variety of crops comprising everything usually grown in
the temperate zone especially corn cotton wheat oats potatoes peas melons and all
kinds of fruit The health is as good as anywhere in Georgia and society firstclass
Life and property are as safe as anywhere on the face of the earth Taxes are low
The feeling towards immigrants the kindest in the world to all who deserve Land
ranges from 300 to 700 per acre Profits are good according to industry and costs
of hiring as low as anywhere Religion is free to all All persons canworship accord
ing to their own consciences The right to vote is freely accorded to all each and
every one voting as he pleases PATRICK DON ALLY Gordon Ga
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
This section comprises the coast and tidewater section of the
State and embraces fifteen counties as follows
Appling Chatham Effingham Pierce
Bryan Clinch Glynn Ware
Camden Coffee Liberty Wayne
Charlton Echols Melntosh
The entire region is tertiary and mostly without rocks It is
the last formed and first settled portion of Georgia and its area of
dry land is being gradually added to year after year through the
action of the tides It is low and level the average elevation
being less than 100 feet
It has three distinct soils 1 Light sandy and poor 2 Dark
sandy loam containing a large amount of vegetable matter 3 Red
dish and clayey The first is naturally unproductive and covered
with stunted pines and saw palmetto but swamp muck being
abundant with a proper distribution of it over the land it may be
cultivated with reasonable success The second variety is cov
ered with a natural growth of yellow pine magnolia red bay
liveoak cedar and cabbage palmetto and in productiveness is
excelled by no land in the State it has a yellow clay subsoil va
rying from ten inches to three feet seaisland cotton corn and
sugarcane grow in the greatest luxuriance The third variety is
also very productive pine oak hickory and gum being the pre
vailing forest growth subsoil clay red and yellow average depth
below the surface eight to twelve inches It is the great rice
producing section of the Statethe broad bottoms of the Savan60 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 148
nah the two Ogeechees the Altamaha and Saltilla beingdevoted
almost exclusively to that cere il It is also grown to a less extent
on the St Marys and considerable quantities on inland swamps
the irrigation in the latter bieng effected by means of backwater
collected from rains ani secured by dams Seaisland or long
staple cotton was the only variety formerly grown but of late
years the short staple has been introduced and cultivated with fair
success Corn oats pumpkins potatoes groundpeas all do well
The seaislands are devoted almost exclsively to cotton corn cane
fruits and vegetables Cypress and palmetto abound in the
swamps and river bottoms
Average yield per acre of staple crops with fair cultivation
Seaisland cotton 600 lbs in seed corn 15 bushels oats 25 bush
els rice 40 bushels cane syrup 300 gallons potatoes 200 bush
els On best lands 1500 lbs seed cotton GO bushels rice 600 gal
lons syrup 50 bushels corn 40 bushels oats 400 bushels potatoes
are often produced on one acre Corn planted middle of Febru
ary till 1st of June gathered in August and September cotton
planted in March and April gathered in autumn months rice
planted March to June harvested last of August till 1st October
cane planted February and March cut in October and early in
November potatoes planted March to June gathered July to
November oats sowed in October harvested in May
Average wages of good farm hands per month with rations 9
of ordinary mechanics 150 to 250 per day
The fruits best adapted to the soil and climate are the figs mel
ons of all kinds scuppernong grapes pomegranates sand or
LeConte pears some varieties of apples strawberries the orange
lemon lime and banana are also grown successfully
This section exports annually large quantities of fruits chiefly
melonsalso vegetables nearly every variety of the latter attains
to great perfection
The climate is delightful in winter the mean temperature being
about 48 nor is the heat oppressive in summer 79 being the
mean temperature Trie mercury seldom rises above 90 or falls
below 32 The bracing influences of the seabreezes is felt through
out this section Snow is rarely seen and never sufficient to lie
on the groud half a day Along the coast and off the fresh water
rivers the section is among the healthiest in the State
The district is well watered by running streams and all parts
of it convenient to market Drinking water though not cold is
good and wholesome Railroads penetrate every county except
two and they are well supplied with navigable streams connect
ing with inland steamboat navigation from Savannah to Florida
The pine lands of this section are well timbered and under good149 GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
61
culture produce fine crops It may be bought at from 50 cents to
200 per acre and on a liberal credit improved lands of the second
quality mentioned are worth from 5 to 10 per acre good river
rice lands from 25 to 30 per acre
In Bffingham Camden Wayne and Charlton there are large
deposits of calcareous marl where it can be utilized to the greatest
advantage in agriculture Our State Geologist in commenting on
this division of the State uses the following language
I have seen no section of Georgia in which the people seem to
secure a comfortable supply of food with less effort and can see
no reason why the whole country may not be made equal if not
superior to that section of Prussia where Frederick the Great
founded the city of Berlin from which capital within this decade
terms have been dictated to the continent of Europe There is
the greatest similarity in the soil and topography of the two sec
tions and should the tide of German emigration be turned hither
there would soon be realized to them the comforts and pleasures
of the Fatherland
LETTERS FROM ACTUAL SETTLERS
BRYAN COUNTY
I came to this county from the North in 1850 The climate here is delightful and the
Boil unsurpassed for rice corn peas cotton potatoes As to health there is some fever
on the river but very healthy away from it
The condition of society is good and there are very few disorderly persons in the
part of the county where I live Taxes are moderate and life and property are as se
cure as anywhere in the Union I think good immigrants would he very favorably re
ceived The profits of rice culture are large except when the crop is injured by storms
which are liable to occur in the river bottoms
GEO LYMAN Appleton 1 A G R R Ga
I am a native of Massachusettslived three years in New York State and two in Con
necticutsettled in Bryan county Ga in 1867 I am a teacher and farmer If money
is the object school teaching is not a successthough we need teachersbnt farming
pays Timbercypress black gum sweet gum and especially pineis abundant and
might be utilized in the manufacture of boxes and measures The climate is delightful
and I think I owe my life to it for I came here a consumptive and am cured without
medicine The pine land is light and poor but yields ample returns when fertilizers are
applied A great deal of swamp land not yet under cultivation is very rich and will be
reclaimed in time The leading farm crops are cotton rice sweet potatoes sugar cane
corn oats peas chufas Have been married twelve years have six children none of us
havebeen sick a day had no occasion to call a doctor The people are moral and gen
erally religious very few atheists deists and sceptics A fine opening for preachers
and teachers who dont want much money for their services I believe that life and
property are as safe here as anywhere The people are lawabiding Taxes very low
only one per cent including State and county The feeling is very kind towards immi
grants the people are moreanxious for immigration than the older States Land will
average about 100 per acre and is capable of a high degree of improvement by proper
use of fertilizers at a much less cost than the soil in New York Massachusetts or
Connecticut62
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
150
CAMDEN COUNTY
I am a native of New York Statedid mercantile business for twenty years at Waver
ly Tioga county in that State came to Georgia for my health in 1869 Since my resi
dence herenearly ten yearsmyself and family have enjoyed uninterrupted health
winter and summer From my experience and observation I believe the climate of the
Southern coast of Georgia cannot be surpassed for health and comfort during the entire
year
The soil with proper culture will produce every variety of vegetables and is most
grateful for kind treatment Even with inferior cultivation the soil yields a return that
could not be realized in the most favored locality in the North under the same treat
ment For growing the orange or any other semitropical fruit grown in Florida north
of the frost line the Southern coast of Georgia for sixty miles has advantages over the
orange district 100 miles south The orange tree is more hardy less liable to injury
from cold and the fruit has a thinner skin and higher flavor I have 1500 trees Not a
single year old seedling killed by the cold last January while the trees in central and
middle Florida suffered serious injury Farm crops successfully grown are cotton
corn sugar cane sorghum peas and beans Irish and sweet potatoes oats rye etc
This region is far more healthy than any section of the North or West with which I
am acquainted and we have at St Marys as peaceable and lawabiding class of peo
plewhite and blackas can be found in any section So far as I have seen there is
less sectional feeling in the South than in the North and I have never had any fear of
personal violence to myself family or to any Northern man who may desire to settle in
Georgia For nearly ten years that I have lived South I have without exception re
leived the kindest treatment and evidences of good will
The men who now represent the condition of society at the South to be such as should
deter a Northern man from settling here are enemies to the poorwhite and black
North and South Such men who still appeal to the passions were not clothed in blue
or gray during the civil strife for honest purposes if wearing either color they were
the home guardsox men seeking some personal benefit or political position I have no
doubt the persistent misrepresentations of the Southern people has deterred many
good men from seeking homes in the South who could they have known the truth
would now be in the possession and enjoymeut of free and independent homes in the
South freed from the anxieties of their present condition North
Taxes in Pennsylvania and New Yorkwhere I have real estate interestsare as four
to one in Georgia In Georgia taxes are low on a very low valuationin the North they
are high on a high valuation
If all Georgians would work for Georgia as the Floridians work for Florida the pop
ulation would be doubled in ten years
In my opinion there is no State in the Union that has the undeveloped wealth of
Georgia Every variety of frnit and grain grown in the United States can be successfully
grown in Georgia its mineral wealth is very great and its advantages for manufactu
ring everything useful are unsurpassed Every variety of climate from the balmy air
on its Southern coast to its mountains and snow of winter in the northern portion
I am proud of my native State New York but equally as much interested in the
prosperity and full development of my adopted State south
SILAS FORDHAM
St Marys Camden county Ga
Very interesting letters were also received from Mr Joseph
Sheppard St Marys a native of Pennsylvania Mr Kichard
Bealy St Marys from England and Mr W A White St
Marys from Connecticut The above covers the points fully
and is concurred in by the others151
GEORGIAFROM AN IMMIGRANT STANDPOINT
63
GLYNN COUNTY
I am a lineal descendant of the seventh generation of Elder Win Brewster a native
of Connecticut and have resided here about ten years and during the prevalence of
yellow fever was not sick at all It prevailed here only by reason of a combination of
circumstances of an extraordinary character and which will probably never occur again
As it was most persons could have avoided it as I did I was educated a physician
Persons of various professions have visited and done business in our county and those
adjoining and are now settled and doing business here apparently for life
According to my knowledge and information the inducements for immigration are
fully equal to those of any quarter of the globe and surpass those of most localities
The social condition is better than it is at the North Better feeling prevails towards
the North than is reciprocated The South is more humble which insures Gods bless
ing F A BREWSTER M D Brunswick Ga
Massachusetts is my native State I came here in 1865 and engaged in the manufac
ture of yellow pine lumber My profession is pretty well filled up now This sec
tion offers inducements to farmers and especially to stockgrowing The climate is su
perior to that of Massachusetts take it the year round The soil with care is very
productive of corn cotton vegetables and fruits of all kindsbananas olives etc
wheat and all cereals Health is good where the country is properly drained so that no
stagnant ponds are near This low flat section must have drainage to insure health
The condition of society is every way satisfactory and life ii secure as anywhere
Taxes local city are moderately heavyowing to extravagance of officials and unsatis
factory political condition after reconstruction while under the temporary control of the
negroes The people are very kind to immigrants and their social treatment is unex
ceptionable Land is very cheap and good farms are readily obtainable
WARREN A FULLER Brunswick Ga
Reference is also made to Jno R Cook Brunswick Ga from
whom a letter was received
LIBERTY COUNTY
It gives me pleasure to answer your questions I was born in Rhode Island and came
here last December with my uncle Mr Coe Am a farmer and consider this the best
place for a young farmer with small capital on account of the cheapness of land small
cost of living and good prices for farm produce The climate is healthy have never
been so well as since I came here The soil looks goodtime will tell how good Rice
corn and cotton are the principal crops Mine is all rice Society is refined and agree
able but very few white people in this section It is perfectly safe for any honest man
white or blaek to live here I was cordially received and all express a desire for set
tlers to come and occupy the land1 Lands worth from 100 tu S50Q per acre
G A BAILEY Dorchester Ga
Not having been in Georgia a sufficient time to answer all your questions I will con
fine myself to those which do not require length of time for solution I am a farmer
came from New England in 1878 The inducements most noticeable to a newcomer
are cheap lands for fanning and grazing From my brief experience I consider the cli
mate very healthy and enjoyable and my life as safe here as in any place in our country
Think the freedmen are not so well able to withstand the temptation to steal as those
wlio have had better opportunities for moral education
The feeling manifested towards me has been most kind and cordialFar more so fhan
I had any right to expect Found a hearty welcome everywhere
I cannot refrain from saying that in my estimation there is no part of our country
that possesses superior conditions for successful enterprise in any branch of farming
whether it be stock raising farming proper or fruit growing
JAS COE Dorchester Ga
64
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
152
PIERCE COUNTY
I came to Georgia in 1876 from Illinois Am a physician but mid this section too
healthy to be profitable for a man of my profession The climate is very fine Boil
rather lean The productions are cotton com sugarcane peas potatoes timber tur
pentine It is remarkably healthy Society is rather poor but life and property are
perfectly safe Taxes low Good feeling towards immigrants and they are well treated
The resources of this county are so undeveloped that it is difficult to say what may be
accomplished but that it is a natural fruitgrowing country especially for grapes there
is no doubt Fruits and vegetables can be raised very profitably
If properly cared for sheep can be raised very profitably The people are clever and
peaceable though generally illiterate and there are but few schools
Northern people can come here with entire safety The laws are quite as well en
forced as in the Northwest I like this much better than Illinois and Michigan For
all diseases of the air passages I do not think a better climate can be found
W E FKAsElt MD Mackshear Ga
Letter also received from Mr Daniel Campbell Blackshear
Ga fully sustaining the statements in the foregoing
WAYNE COUNTY
Am a native of New York came here in 1869 and engaged in merchandising If
goods are sold strictly for cash I know of no better opening for wellposted business
men than in Southeast Georgia Little farming done in this immediate neighborhood
though climate and soil favor the production of cotton rice corn oats sugar cane and
sweet potatoes Soil in this county sandy with clay subsoil Crops are two or three
weeks ahead of those across the river in Liberty county which is much lotver than
Wayne but the richest and finest county in Southeast Georgia iruits grow in profu
sion and of elegant quality This is as healthy a section as 1 ever lived ill and that cov
ers a close acquaintance and sojourn in every State this side of Oregon and California
There are malarial fevers at times but they readily succumb to ordinary remedies and
there is nothing of malignant type Of the condition of society can say nothing in its
favor but the adjoining county of Liberty has a splendid class of people noted for
morality
Life and property are as safe as in any part of the United States Taxes are unusually
small and we are out of debt with a balance in the treasury With a few exceptions
among the most ignorant the great majority of the people and all the better classes
extend a hearty welcome to Northern immigrants who are men of energy and industry
Capital however is no disqualification With onefourth the investment and ouefourlh
the labor here a good farmer can reap ten times the value of the same investment North
Land can be bought at from 35 cents to 300 per acre
During a residence of ten years I have failed to see or hear of an instance in this
section of intimidation or shotgun policy to white or black Perfect freedom
of speechpolitical or religious We need a fence law to fence stock and a dog law
for this country is magnificent for sheepraising
JAMES O CLARICE Doctor Town Qa
Want of space forbids the insertion of a very interesting letter
from Mr S S Moore who came from Ohio in 1860 His post
office is Jesup GaINDEX
A
Appling County 59
Agricultural College 19
Agricultural College North Georgia 19
Aliens22 23
Atlanta Temperature of 7
Atlanta University 19
B
Baker County 49
Baldwin County39 41
Banks County31 33
Bartow County32 34
Berrien County 49
Bibb County39 41
Brooks County12 49
Bryan County59 61
Bulloch County 56
Burke County 56
Butts County39 42
C
Calhoun County49 51
Camden County59 61 62
Campbell County39 42
Carroll County39 43
Catoosa County 32
Charlton County59 61
Chatham County 59
Chattahoochee County 49
Chattooga County 32
Cherokee County 32
Clarke County39 43
Clay County12 49 51
Clayton County39 43
Clinch County 59
Cobb County32 34II
INDEX
Coffee County 59
Columbia County39 43
Colquitt County 49
Coweta County39 44
Crawford County 49
Capacity of Soil under high Culture 11
Climate 7
College of Agriculture 19
Common Schools20 21
Constitution 21
Consumption 17
Cotton 10
Cotton Crop of Georgia 10
D
Dade County32 35
Dawson County 31
Decatur County 49
DeKalb County 39
Dodge County 56
Dooly County 49
Dougherty County49 52
Douglas County39 44
E
Early County 49
Echols County 59
Effmgham County59 61
Elbert County 39
Emanuel County 56
East Georgia 56
Education 18
Emory College 19
F
Floyd County32 35
Forsyth County31 36
Fannin County 31
Fayette County39 45
Franklin County 31
Fulton County39 45
Face of the Country 6
Female Colleges 20
Fruits 11
G
Gilmer County 31
Glascock County 56INDEX
in
GlyDii County59 68
Greene County39 46
Gordon County 32
Gwinnett County 31
Geographical Situation 5
Geologist State 15
Gold 15
Gold Belt 16
Government 21
H
Habersham County 31
Hall County 31
Hancock County3946
Haralson County32 36
Harris County 39
Hart County 31
Heard County 39
Henry County 39
Houston County 49
Health 17
High Culture n
I
Trwin County 49
Indian Corn
J
Jackson County 31
Jasper County39 47
Jefferson County 56
Johnson County 56
Jones County 39
L
Laurens County 56
Lee County 49
Liberty County59 63
Lincoln County 39
Loundes County49 52
Lumpkin County31i 37
Lower Georgia a
M
Macon County 49
Madison County 31
Marion County 40
McDutfle Countyrr 39IV
INDEX
Melntosh County 59
Meriwether County 39
Miller County 49
Milton County 31
Mitchell County 49
Monroe County 39
Montgomery County 56
Morgan County39 47
Murray County 32
Muscogee County49 52
Manual of Georgia3 4
Mercer University 19
Metals and Minerals of Georgia14 33
Middle Georgia6 9 j9
Minerals and Metals of Georgia14 33
Mines 15
N
Newton County 39
Naturalization 22
Newspapers List of24 25 26 27
North Georgia 30
Northeast Georgia 31
Northwest Georgia 32
O
Oconee County39 47
Ogethorpe County39 43
P
Paulding County32 37
Pickeus County 31
Pierce County59 54
Pike County 48
Polk County32 37 39
Pulaski County56 57
Putnam County39 48
Pio Nono College 19
Population 16
Prefaoe 3
Public School System 20
Q
Quitman County 49
Qualification of Voters 21
R
Babun County 31INDEX
Randolph County49
Richmond County56 57
Rockdale County
Railroads in Georgia27 28
Religion 21
S
Schley County49 m
Screven County56 58
Spalding County 39
Stewart County 49
Sumter County 49
Seamen 23
Sectional Divisions 29
Soils and Productions
Soils of Georgia 8
Southern Georgia 9
Southern Pacific Railroad 5
Southeast Georgia 59
Southwest Georgia 49
Sugar Cane I9
Summer Climate 7
T
Talbot County 39
Taliaferro County 39
Tatnall County 56
Taylor County49 54
Teifair County 56
Terrell County49 54
Thomas County49 54
Towns County 31
Troup County39 49
Twiggs County 56
Tobacco 10
U
Union County 31
Upson County 39
Upper Georgia6 8
University of Georgia 18
University Mercer 19
University Atlanta I9
V
Vegetables H
Voters qualification of 21
IVI
INDEX
w
Walker County323849
Walton County 39 49
Ware County 59
Warren County 39
Washington County56 55
Wayne CountyZZZ9 L 64
Webster County 49
White County 3
Wilcox County 49
WiJkes County 39
Wilkinson County 56 59
Whitfield County 32 39
Worth County 49 55
Winter climate 7p1IJUU1HIIHUUIUCircular No 68
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF JULY 1879
Betuniedto the Department of Agriculture Atlanta Ga August 1 1879
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta Ga August 81879
CORN
This crop continued steadily to fail from the date of last report
until the rams set inat dates varying from the 15th to the 24th
July Table No I shows the condition compared with an aver
age crop in each of the counties of the State from which reports
were received The Recapitulation and Comparison at the foot of
the table also show by sections the prospect as compared with the
prospect on the 1st July last and the 1st of August 1878 It
will be seen that the decrease in prospect in the several sections
since 1st of July varies from 6 per cent in Southeast Georgia to
162 per cent in Southwest Georgia North Georgia still leads in
corn though the prospect is but 3 per cent better than in South
east Georgia In the State at large the crop has fallen off 11 5 per
cent in one month being only 72 on 1st Augnst against 835 on
1st July The table shows the condition of the crop in such detail
that comment is unnecessary further than to remark that a
considerable deficiency in the supply of corn is evident It should
be the purpose of every farmer to supplement the corn crop by
such resources as may be made available on the farm itself in
stead of relying on Western granaries
COTTON
The cotton crop is now at a most critical period The backset
occasioned by the unfavorable spring in every section except North
Goorgia has not been entirely overcome The plant is still later
than usual and superadded are the casualties of rust which is re
ported in many counties of Southwest Georgia caterpillars also
reported and in North Georgia a possibly early frost The crop
is very variously reported in the several counties in the State In
North Georgia since July 1st it has fallen off 4 per cent in Mid
dle Georgia 12 Southwest Georgia 84 East Georgia shows an
increase of 2 and Southeast Georgia 3 per cent In the State at
large the prospect compared with an average is 858a decrease ofDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
154
68 per cent Under the head of Notes from Correspondents
will be found from most of the counties in the State short letters
which represent the condition of the crop and also the hopes and
fears of the writers
It is too early to estimate with any certainty what the final yield
will be but the indications point to a decided falling off as com
pared with the crop of last year The prospect is not so good by
32 per cent as it was at the same time in 1878
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
Rice sugar cane sorghum field peas chufas and sweet potatoes
all show the effect of the disastrous drouth and heat of the early
summer With favorable seasons those which have not yet ma
tured have time in which to make fair returns The drouth of
this year began much earlier in the season and though of longer
duration ended earlier leaving a longer period before frost in
which these crops may recover in a large degree from its effects
SUGGESTIONS TO FARMERS
The aggregate yield of corn in the State will be much less than
last yearprobably less than for several years The supply will
be abundant in some counties barely sufficient in others and in
some hardly enough to run the farmers till the end of the year
It behooves every farmer but especially those who are deficient in
a supply of corn to economize in every possible way utilizing
everything on the farm that can be used for food
Economy should be the rule at all times but its practice is es
pecially important in limes of unusual scarcity It does no
imply the withholding of reasonable and necesssary food for work
animals They should be generously provided for at all times
and least of all should animals intended for the slaughter be
stinted in food The economy should consist in feeding from the
corn crib only as may be absolutely necessary after using up such
food material as is usually allowed to go to waste on most farms
The corn tops from the fruitful stalks the unfruitful stalks entire
grass from wet places etc should all be saved and fed to the
stock Much can be done in the way of supplementing the corn
crop by sowing rich lots in
TURNIPS BARLEY RYE ETC
It is not too late to sow rutabagas in the Southern part of the
State They should be sown in very rich ground and left to
stand rather close the object being to make up for the smaller
size of the roots by the increased number Other varieties of
turnips may be sown throughout August and September Rich
lots sown in barley or rye during the latter part of this month
will prove a valuable aid155
JULY CROP REPORT1879
FALL OATS
must be the chief reliance in making this crop meet thenext
If sown early they will mature in time to meet the wants of
most farmers next spring An abundant supply of rustproof seed
oats should at once be secured or assured and sowing should com
mence in September in the northern portion of the State in Octo
ber in the middle and southern portions There is perhaps no
crop on which commercial fertilizers will pay better than on
oats A few acres at least may be sown as early as may be
deemed prudent and well fertilized with an ammoniated potash
superphosphate
There are several important advantages in favor of oats as the
general stock grain of the South and it is to be hoped that Geor
gia farmers universally as a few have done already will soon
adopt the system of farming which embraces this feature These
advantages may be briefly stated as follows 1 The soil and cli
mate have been proven to be perfectly adapted to oats and with
the rustproof oat now so generally known rust is no longer fear
ed 2 The chief labor of growing the crop is included in the
sowing which involves little more labor than would be expended
in the bare preparation of the land for corn 3 Sown early in
the fall the crop is rarely injured by winter freezes and matures
a certain crop before the spring droughts sets in 4th Oats are
a less heating and more muscleproducing food than corn and
therefore better suited for work animals during spring and sum
mer 5 It costs less to produce oats than an equal food value of
corn These besides other advantages are sufficient to decide the
question in favor of oats as the food crop for working stock
Commissioner of AgriciuiureiNOTES FEOM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Banks We have had but little rain since last winter but crops
look well considering the light seasons Up to July 1st people began
to think crops were going to be very short but good seasons since then
have greatly improved everything and there will probably be full
crops of corn cotton etc 2 W W
The fine rains for the last five days and it is raining now has
greatly improved the prospect We have had no grass all summer
I think if it continues to rain we will have a fine hay crop Farmers
are preparing to supplement the short crop of corn by saving peas and
turnips j R
Bartow Owing to drouth during June July and August all farm
crops are unusuall short JI g qq
CatoosaThe wheat crops in this section are bettor than usual
but the corn crops are materially injured We did not have a good
season from the 15th April to 18th July since then we have had Sood
seasons which will make corn on the bottom land fill out considerably
The upland too far gone for the seasons to bring it out
J S M
Chattooga In regard to cotton if we should not have frost until
the 15th of October we are all right Early corn is injured to some
extent Late corn never was better Peas were scarce that is seed
consequently not as many sown Sweet potatoes are fine This county
is well stocked with hogs I think there will be more oats sown this
fall than was last J P W
Cherokee We had a drouth through June and the first of July
that injured upland corn considerably and the cotton is not as large as
usual but very heavy fruited We are and have been having an abun
dance of rain for the last ten or twelve dayshardly any sunshine for
the last eight days Cotton is throwing off some but it would not be
able to hold all it has MSP
Cobb Cotton has been planted in excess of com Upland was
looking badly but the late rains have redeemed the crop Splendid
prospect for both cotton and corn j jj K
DawsonHad general rains throughout the county during the
past few days Upland corn injured considerably but bottom looking
better than common think upon the whole it will come near an av
erage A j L
FloydI have passed over a good portion of Floyd and Chat
tooga counties within the last ten days Crops are improving verv
much since the rains which came on the 18th Up to that time we
had a nine weeks drought and gloom was settling over the whole
country Nearly all parties had risked their all on the issue of the
crop for which there seemed to be no remedy at the fast rate at which
we were going H W D 157
JULY CROP REPORT1879
Drought unprecedented In some sections no rain from 16th of
May until 26th of July Some small areas fared better We are hav
ing plenty of rain now and corn is getting up a boom with favorable
prospects for late planting Cotton is small but has been well cultivated
and is well fruited with favorable seasons may turn out an average
crop provided the rust does not cut it off Have heard several com
plaints and seen it in several fields which is early for our section
Have seen crops ruined when it struck after the 10th of August
A week ago I would have reported cotton 75 and corn 60 Am ap
prehensive that I have placed too high an estimate on the latter Am
excusable under the plea that the rains have inflated me and started
me to booming Notwithstanding the fact that I have corn on good
Ooosa bottom that will not make five bushels per acrethe rain came too
late for it My crop is not all so poor as that G 8 B
ForsythWheat club nine in number contest on one acre each
second class upland yield from twenty to twentynine and threefourths
bushels per acre Successful contestant used land plaster in spring a
topdressing Experiment by myself turning under green pea vines
on two and onefourth acresyield twentyfive bushels per acre
Some portions of county badly injured by drouth in July eastern
portion suffered but very little Rain every day since July 27th Cot
ton weed is smaller than average but heavily fruited growing rapidly
with prospect of good crop of late fruit Heavy rain to day August
1st B H w
GwinnettCorn In onehalf of this county this crop is very fine
better than an average In the other halfsoutheasternit is reduced
ten per cent or more from drought
Cotton In the northwestern part of this county cotton is fineearly
well fruited and clean worked and promises to reach 110 or 115
In the other half it is small not well fruited
weather ten to twenty per cent
and is cut off by dry
R D W
HabershamSeveral of the farmers in our county are trying cot
ton this year for the first time as it has been always thought that the
crop couldnt be grown in this part of our county on account of the
altitude We are watching the growth with considerable interest
The weed is small but looks well and if we have a late fall will doubt
less make a fine yield
We have just passed through a terrible drouth which injured crops
very materially Fine seasons now and since the eighteenth of July
before that no rain for five weeks The drouth last year was longer
and worse than this one C b I
HallThe drouth has been severe since the 1st of the month
but bottom lands and all farmers who have adopted modern improve
ments and deep culture will make better crops than usual On up
land and by those who give shallow plowing the yield will range from
40 to 60 per cent of average We now have a splendid season which
has continued for nearly two weeks ranging from 5 inches to 8 or 9
in some limited sections M F S
We have had rain to our hearts content and cotton is still boom
ing except a few places which will not affect the general yield but
very little Many believe that cotton is the best they ever saw on the
the land With no casualty to crops we will be almost inde
pendent of time stores in 1880 S L H
Haralson
rain and the crops
Some sections of the county have had nearly enough
s are good Cotton is small though well formed6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 158
We had a tolerably good season the 24th inst the first weve hadto
amount to much good in nearly four weeks W C McB
Gordon We think the present rains will be of vast benefit to the
corn crop but will probably cause cotton to shed We had a most
bountiful season within the last few days and it is still raining Corn
and peas must be benefitted The peas stood the drouth astonishingly
looking green and flourishing Cotton looks well A R
Hart We have had fine rains for a week hope it will improve
our crop prospects for it was indeed very gloomy The upland com
is nearly an entire failure Cotton may possibly make twothirds of a
crop with favorable seasons R E S
Lfjmpkin It is remarkably dry in this section only one rain in
six weeks of any importance Upland seriously injured
W J McR
Murray There has not been a good general season since April
15th until within the last four dayswe have had fine rains for the last
four days Late corn promises to be fine early corn less than a half
crop The grass is springing up rapidly with a promise of good fall
pastures There will be a full sowing of turnips H H
Polk We are having continued rains every day fears are ex
pressed that it will cause cotton to throw off Some complaints al
ready
TownsThis section had no rainfall from 10th April to 10th
July Early upland corn is nearly lost late cornwill come out some
Wet bottoms are good Grass is nearly a failure We are now having
good rains will help greatly W R Mc
WalkerIn view of bad crops this year farmers should now
begin to prepare to meet future wants by planting turnips of which
yellow ruta bagas are much the best for stock Drilled in on well ma
nured land they yield an enormous crop and are greedily eaten by
hogs sheep cattle and horses Orchard grass sown this or next month
on good land will afford the earliest and one of the best pastures and
would save much corn I am sorry to see by June report that the
clover crop is on the decrease I am sure the fault is not with the
clover but with the unskillful farmer in not preparing the land prop
erly for the seed and then in overpasturing before the plant has got a
firm hold on the soil Good seasons now but too late to make good
crops of corn or cotton though it will help both J A C
Clover sod deep preparation and shallow culture will stand a ten
weeks drouth in June and July My farm has not been wet since the
15th of April until the 28th of Julyyet on clover sod I will make a
good corn as I ever made If Cherokee Georgia would adopt clover
we could feed Georgia F M T
WhitpieldSome rains fell on the27th and 30th Ithink apretty
general rain over this county Many farmers say we will not make more
than onethird of corn crop a majority think half crop as given
W C R
The drouth is over It is raining finely now July 30th Cotton
is small caused by the drouth but very full of fruit Corn is too far
spent to make more than onethird of a crop the farmers are going to
fill some of the failures by sowing turnips More will be sown than
ever were in this section B M W
Recent rains have saved late corn and very much benefited forward
corn at least threefourth of a crop will be gathered P H159
JULY CROP REPORT1879
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinWith good seasons in August and a laic fall the cotton
crop will about come up to an average This is the only hope now
M K D
ButtsSince the 14th inst the rains have been general throughout
this county and there is some fear expressed that it may be too exces
sive for cotton If we have no disasters the crops of corn and cotton
will equal last years crops This July 29th 1879 O H
CarrollLast week we had rains every day causing the cotton
to shed very much Upland corn in about onethird of the county will
not make onehalf crop about onethird will make a fair crop one
third about threefourths of a crop G A McD
ClaytonWe have had six inches of rain in the last ten days I
am fully convinced by my own experience and observation that two
bales of cotton can be made on one acre of land just as easy as it can be
made on four acres with the same care labor and fertilizers also
corn or wheat or oats I am also convinced that one acre in good grass
is worth more than any crop that can be raised on the same area
E L J
CowetaWe are having an abundance of rain now and peas and
potatoes will be greatly improved Our cotton is rather small but
many of our best farmers say they never saw cotton so full of fruit in
July A W S
DbKalbThe continued wet weather has caused cotton forms
or squares to commence falling There is no great loss yet but if
the rains continue there certainly will be considerable loss Early
corn has been materially injured by drouthbottom corn and late
planting of upland is fine T F S
Cotton has not done well for the past ten days all the young fruit
falling offcaused by excessive rain and want of sunshine Should
the present weather continue much longer the cotton crop will be so
materially damaged as to be difficult to estimate T J F
DouglasI have just had threshed 390 bushels of good wheat
made on fifteen acres of Chattahoochee river land soil black clay loam
intermingled with sand Sown early in November without cotton seed
compost or any commercial fertilizer Land previously cultivated in
corn The wheat is the red flint variety Also 3G bushels per acre of
the yellow rust proof oats on a field of eighteen acres of the same grade
of land previously cultivated in corn and without fertilizer as above
We are having fine rains and corn and cotton bids fair for a good yield
The dry weather of May and June only gave farmers the better chance
to thoroughly cultivate their crops J E H
ElbertWe were ten weeks without rain it has been raining
here every day since the 26th inst Hundreds of acres of corn will not
make one bushel per acre there are about ten miles square in this con
dition J D G
Fayette Plentiful rains for the past few days will improve the
corn crop Cotton is fruiting well considering the drouth and if
favorable weather during August will make a full average crop A
good area will be sown in turnips A dog law for the protection of
sheep husbandry should be passed and the fence law should be put
in operation in every county in Middle Georgia J G W
Hancock The drouth has been very severe ten or eleven weeks8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 160
but good rains commencing 25th and 26th cloudy and showery since
Cotton beginning to grow but too late for the corn crop
J TV C
HeardIn view of the shortness of the corn crop the farmers
should plant largely of fall crops such as turnips barley rye etc
J C B
JasperWhile I have estimated the cotton crop at 75 per cent of
an average if good seasons the crop will be above the estimate if
unfavorable it will be below Corn is beyond help from rain and is
the most general failure I ever knew Fourfifths of the county has
been extremely dry onefifth has had favorable seasons and is making
full average j jt r
tt J0NS In our immediate section we have had good rains for July
Lpland corn almost a failure rains too late Late corn in bottomsis
good cotton small but growing very fast at present with but little
made or grown fruit on it O T
LincolnThe cotton plant is smaller than it should be at this
time of the year The sandy lands invariably as far as I have seen
have the largest stalk but the plant is more than usually healthy and
has more fruit to its size than I have ever seen and the weather isnow
favorable and I think the crop will yet be nearly an average
Upland corn is almost ruined many acres will not make two bushels
some bottom lands will not make half a crop It will be a matter of
compulsion to sow a large oat crop Even negroes are alive to the im
portance of an oat crop now N A C
McDuffieThe excessive dry and hot weather caused the cotton
to stop growing and since the rains set in on the 17th inst it com
menced growing and throwing off its fruit and now the graylands are
taking the rust which is worse than the drouth Early corn wont
make half a crop the late corn is doing well since the rains set in
Feas are almost a failuretoo hot and dry to get any stand
A E 8
MonroeWe cannot impress too forcibly upon the farmers of
Georgia the importance of giving increased attention to oats as the
most economical crop for feeding stock Twothirds of this crop
should be sown m the early fall the remaining onethird in January
as a precaution against winter killing Better land should be oiven
this valuable crop with a liberal application of cotton seed or other
fertilizer If properly appreciated and with the necessary attention
given it it would soon rank among the staple crops if not regarded as
the most valuable of all crops raised by Georgia farmers
J R R
MorganWe were eleven weeks without rain and it has iniured
corn on upland 75 per cent and other crops have suffered but we
are now having fine seasons which will bring out cotton Corn is too
far spent for the rain to benefit it much a C Z
rolAf a Dhle weeks diouth we are now havinS perfect deluge of
lain The corn was too far spent for the rains to be of much benefit
the cotton is now growing very fast It is very uncertain what the crop
JSTSSZlCmi uPIan amost an entire failure bottom corn
good Ihere have been good rams all over the country except a few
win laSt r0 ET66 a Sat many acres J0f uffid com
ronnn nn HlakenebUShel t0 the acre Some rust appearing on
cotton since the rams but not much damage yet T J S165
JULY CROP REPORT1879
13
is almost a complete failure Cotton has grown and still is growino rap
idly but has thrown off all forms and but few blooms can be seen
Rams for a week past excessive on the 24th 25th 27th and today
very heavy rams each day Those of the 27th and today sufficient to
make two crops properly distributed There were no potatoes planted
till about the 15th of this monththat is very few consequently late
w c a
SchlkyI dont think that corn will be more than 10 per cent
short Potato crop very short in consequence of drouth I suppose
some of the reporters will report much shorter as some of them live
in the dryest streaks T F R
SumterI would suggest that planters plant a few oats very early
and fertilize well to bring on early before the main crop I planted
an early variety of corn last year which made a good crop dry and
ground into meal 17th of July COS
There will be an increased area in oats this fall We are satisfied
that the growing of oats will revolutionize farming in this section
A A A
TaylorCorn has been injured considerably from drouth cotton
damaged some but not so much There is some complaint of rust but
not extensive yet We have had fine seasons for the last few days
J A A
There was a great many black jack acorns in this county last year
and the woods were generally burned last spring and cooked the
acorns so they have not sprouted this year and the hogs have kept fat
on tliem t p
TerrellTaking the whole county there cannot be over half
SSKwIi e T Sealed at haIf CrP X havc never seen a
diouth ot the same length do so much injury E B
wTw16 iad t0 much rain Corn has improved in the
late plantings and bids fair to make a good yield Early planted corn
has been cut off considerably and theWch planting7 injured fully
onethird Fortunately there is considerable old corn left and with
economy there will be plenty for the coming year With the oat crop
to feed upon as a help will make the supply ample The oat crop
was good and is really the crop in times of need and ought to be
largely increased all over Georgia Seed oats will be more in demand
and sell higher than last year The hot wave the first two weeksln
July did immense damage to the crops particularly the corn I
thmk my corn crop wil acreage fifty bushels per acre Peas and pota
SHhrW mCreaSCd in aVJ and Planters coXSe to
W CafPUars are on most of the farms in the southern part
ot the county Rust general jj jj jj17
WEBSTERSince the 19th we have had excessive rains which are
causing our cotton to shed the squares badly Owing to the dry spring
and summer but few potato slips were set outmany of them died in
the bed Very heavy rains for the last fortyeight hours
J W J
Since the rains began cotton has shed its forms at a disastrous rate
We are having heavy rams every few days since the 16th inst It is
too late to benefit corn much The idea with us is to sow grain earlv
for grazing purposes in the winter for mules and horses and save our
corn and fodder for the planting season J B 14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
166
EAST GEORGIA
Burke Recent rams have improved corn somewhat perhaps 5 to
10 per cent The rust has made its appearance but very slight to this
time and scarcely any damage done the cotton but the prospect now is
favorable for its extension for we have had rains almost daily for a
week Prudent farmers will increase the fall sowing of oa t i
small grain to supplement a short corn crop J B J
DodgeAbout twothirds of a corn crop is as much as will be
made in this county and nearly no field peas The drouth and worms
played sad havoc with the corn Cotton sweet potatoes and cane are
better than for several years Deep plowing and forward planting is
the only sure plan to making corn D S
GlascookIf cotton is low this fall it will cause Glascock farmers
to sow more wheat and oats than ever before and they now say they
will sow largely any way But I would fear the effect of a short
cotton crop and high price on grain sowing J L N
We are now having plenty of rain too much for cotton causing
rust on old sandy lands and much longer continuation will prove
fatal S K
JeffersonThe hot dry weather nearly ruined all the corn Not
enough corn will be made to do but a large oat crop will be planted
this fall My observation is that in our section oats planted in Sep
tember and October makes the best oats The cotton crop at this time
is in a good fix and healthy plenty of weed and bids fair to make a
fine crop J G J
Cotton is some ten or twelve days later than last year but is fruit
ing well and so far exempt from rust and other enemies The corn
crop will fall considerably short of an average The prospect for pork
hogs about the same as last year J B R
Cotton has been greatly stimulated where not too far advanced
and without casualties we hope for a full crop T H
Johnson Just after my last report we got some fine showers and
have had ever since and crops improved more rapidly than I ever saw
in the same length of time J H H
LaurensA drouth of four weeks duration affected cotton ren
dering the weed small and but little fruited Recent rains has im
proved this crop but not sufficiently to bring it up to an average
R W
MontgomeryI am inclined to think crops will turn out better
than the reports would indicate there will be a large amount of oats
sown this fall and more wheat than has been for many years past and
should the fall crops turn out well I do not think this county will buy
much corn for next year Cholera is prevailing to some extent in this
county perhaps 35 per cent of the hogs will be taken off by it
G M f McL
There is a band of thieves in this county who are doing a great deal
more mischief to the sheep owners than the dogs I am reliably in
formed that about four or five hundred head have been stolen this
spring and summer in this county on the east side of the river
J E H
PulaskiThe corn crop in my third of the county is very fine
probably 20 per cent above an average In this third seasons have
been fine In the other twothirds in consequence of from five to seven
weeks drouth crops are almost a failure Twothirds of an average167
JULY CROP REPORT1879
15
crop is all we canexpect Cotton is at least 20 days behind last years
crop in consequence of late spring and dry weather There is some
rust appearing in the last week and is creating considerable alarm least
it may become general Gr W J
ScrevenOn the 14th of July we had a good rain and have had
quite enough since which has produced some change in the condition
of crops Where the corn was not too old there has been quite an im
provement and cotton has commenced to grow and is putting on fruit
finely though small W C B
The hog cholera appears to have abandoned this section When
we planted sorghum we were troubled a great deal with it but since
we quit it the hog cholera disappeared I never heard of the disease
until sorghum was introduced into this country we had no cholera
since the war until we began to plant sorghum againabout three
years agowhen the disease again played havoc with our hogs We
quit it at once and the disease has departed J R H
TelfairHaving had rain nearly every day since the 18th inst
crops have come out beyond expectation Cotton is taking the rust
and if it should continue to spread there will be considerable in
jury Pork prospects were better than they had been for several
years until recently hog cholera commenced to rage and hogs are
dying fearfully so that there cannot be any definite answer to that
question W F W
Worms doing damage to late corn They are deep green about
of an inch long and penetrate the stalk just at the ground cant
tell they are there until the stalk falls dont know any preventive
W S
TwiggsIn my immediate neighborhood our crops have been al
most destroyed by drouth in other sections rains have been plentiful
and crops particularly corn very fine F D W16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 168
TABLE ICONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS
FOR JULYBy Counties
NORTH GEORGIA
Condition and Prospect August 4p si
1st Compared to an Average 3
Counties o s O 3 5 o 3 S3 a 3 a
a 2 0 PL o u
o a d V SS
o O o so y o 3 5
O O 5 Ul Ui to o xn H 2a
85 75 50 70 90 55 5 75
100 75 90 110 75 75 100 50 25 40 25
60
100 105 110 75 75 45 80 90 50 80 70 90 90 50 100 75 65 90 100 75 100 70

Cobb 100 100
70 100 50 90


SIR 75 95 75 65 15 100
110 110 90 ioo 00

100 60 95 95 95 SO 105 65 95 95 100 100 no 75 85 100 105 ion 110 55 95 76 80 100 40 10 10
75 95 100 100 90 75


Hall 110 105

96 95 G6 90 75 90 100 95 100 ion 75 80 25 15
100
90 65 85 70 90 19 SO 70 60 95 10 90
Madison
Milton 15 5
95 105 76 110 80 75 75 100
ion

Polk 95 85 95 95 90 100 5 95

85 85 65

85 100 75 75 80 100 60 79 70 100 70 86 80 50 70 76 20 50 19
White ioo 110 80 93
Whitfield
930 793 100 no 91
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Bibb 90 85 95 90 75 80 75 100
Butts 95 80 85 75 75 90 80 70 70 75 100 75 85 100 40 90 80 90 80 80 75 85 100 25 20 15 25 85
100 105 90

Clarke
100 30 100

100 85 97 55 90 80 85 86 65 87 96 40 75 60 30 65 90 87 63 80 75 97 100 67 75 60 85 no 75 75 80 102 50 60 75 70 65 10 3 45 2 100 90 no 100 ioo




15 90

No report
169 JULY CROP REPORT1879
TABLE pMiddle Georgia Continued
17
Counties
Condition and Prospect August
1st Compared to an Averaqf
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
MffiecDu
Meriwether
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Roekdale
Spaiding
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troup
TJpson
Walton
Warren
Wilkes
Average
60
70
40
60
50
41
85
55
45 100
90
90
100
90
100
808 670843 861 81 80
90
93
00
So
75
80
50 60
as
a
100
100
ioo
100 80
ioo
75
90
100
100
100
15
40
25
25
25
20 110
102
100
100
90
110
100
iio
ioo
100
100
100
95
73 14
SOUTHWEST GEOKGIA
Baker
Berrien
Brooks
Calhoun
Chattahoochee
Clav
Colquitt
Crawford
Decatur
Dooly
Dougherty
Early
Houston
Irwln
Lee
Lowndes
Macon
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Quitman
Randolph
Schley
Stewart
Sumter
No report
70
100
100
100
6
100
80
50
90
75
75
95
90
90
75
72
100
100
70
100
60
62
75
70
77
105
80
100
105
100
100
100
100
115
100
75
120
110
100
100
125
90
11918 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 170
TABLE ISouthwest GeorgiaContinued
Condition and Prospect August 1st Compared to an Average 3 a o H 3 eT u O 3 al w 3 40 17 20 20 33 16 3
Counties a o O 90 65 85 85 80 Gfi d o o 70 55 77 71 67 50 96 67 110 70 77 80 oj a OS L A 2 bo 3 CO 93 72 92 75 65 75 806 a 3 ja be o OQ 75 52 60 75 Oj Oh E 85 82 55 75 60 33 75 OS 3 JS o 100 75 100 75 82 80 80 0Q V O CS o ft 3 V o IS OQ 100 65 80 62 77 75 79 1 3 a o 5 u e2 fl
100
ino
105
105
100
100

806 685810 102
East Georgia
90 95 100 100 80 70 95 95 90 95 90 95 70 85 100 05 900 SO 85 65 85 55 75 90 80 70 75 70 85 65 60 75 85 75 0 90 100 85 100 100 70 85 ioo 45 50 ioo 84 0 85 70 85 80 50 90 85 85 b5 85 80 95 50 75 90 90 800 75 75 80 50 100 85 80 25 60 75 105 75 85 70 35 90 40 85 80 85 80 75 65 95 55 60 90 95 73 90 85 75 100 80 100 100 75 80 85 ioo 85 65 105 85 50 85 95 85 90 75 75 85 15 10 20 5 20 5 10 10 15 10 b 100

125 110 75
109 94

105

65 65 85 90 84 70 45 85 95 80 20 25 2 55 ioo 110 125
IOO

Southeast Georgia
110 110 100 100 100
100 90


105 100 75 95 100 110 95 100 56 75 90 75 110 15 10

Echols
90 100 60 75 100 110 95 105 50 100 80 100 100 90
85

101 79 106 101 100 76 85
97 12 87
No report171 JULY CROP REPORT1879 19
Recapitulation and ComparisonBy Sections
sections
Condition and Prospect August 5
1st Compared to an Average g
O
NOBTH GEOBGIA
July 1 1S79
August 1 1878
Middle Georgia
July 1 1879
August 1 1378
Southwest Georgia
July 1st 1879
August 1 1878
East Georgia
July 11879
August 1 1S78
Southeast Georgia
July 1 1879
August 1 1878
General Average
July 1 1879
August 11878
Decrease since July 11879
980
970
870
SO
920
780
6
890
990
900
880
950
101
980
990
858
926
890
0
79
900
790
670
780
840
685
847
109
750
810
980
79
840
108
720
835
920
115
843
880
750
810
900
101
840
101
93
10G
100
101
855
940
970
S5
861
880
870
SO6
880
103
800
770
100
101
870
990
1
90
111
99
106
102
110
ioo
10220
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULRUREGEORGIA
L172J
TABLE IIWEATHER REPORT FOR JULY
North Georgia
STATIONS
Canton
Dalton
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Leo White county
807
784
770
796
T93
650
85
60
505
795
5j
c d
STATIONS
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Toecoa
Trenton
Means for North Georgia
BaxleyI Iu2810i650 7DuPont
Blackshear 104844550 6 St Marys
Brunswick 1038Sl559 lol Walthourville
Means for Southeast Georgia
Means for the State
100
784
740
824
633
720
80
738
Middle Georgia
99 100 100 mn 78 9 497 12 10 9 9 102 100 101 100 SOO 81 3 81 SO7 542 725 665 621
808 S33 SO 4 758 710 I 50 Oxford
Griffin

Means for Middle Gt 10
Southwest Georgia

101 97 or 838 840 81 5 114 920 8 Rfi 14 11 9 755 682 835
100 100 833 830
Butler
Means for Southwest 10
East Georgia
10 3 100 107 103 S33 843 833 fi in 12
107 850 500 103830345 263 450 6 8
Means for East Georg io
Southeast Georgia
108 102 105 826 828 SI4 2601 710 119
104 825 651
101 814 620
2
13
13
The maximum here given is simply the highest 2 p at observation The observers
are not supplied with registering thermometersSpecial Circular No 71
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE
MONTH OF AUGUST 1879
RETURNABLE SEPTEMBER 1st 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga August 9 1879
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions on the 1st
day of September or earlier as may be necessary for your report
to reach this office before the fifth day of September
Answer every question that will admit of it definitely in num
bers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county
for which you report or so far in every direction as your knowledge
may extend not simply to your ownfarm
In cases where the crop is not grown in your county or you
have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate use the
character X
Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
X in blue pencil opposite this note indicates that no re
port was received from you for last month If in red that it was
received too late to be used in the consolidation
I For what county do yon reportcounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice
RequestHaving answered the above questions and those on
the following pages please fold the report as you received it and
fill the blank on the hack2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
CONDITION AND PROSPECT SEPTEMBER 1ST COMPARED
to an average of
1 Cottonpercent
2 Cornpercent
3 Sugar Canepercent
4 Field peaspercent
5 Sweet Potatoes percent
6 Sorghumpercent
7 Chufaspercent
8 Rice yield of to averagepercent
9 Turnips acreage compared to last yearper cent
10 Stand compared to averageper cent
11 What casualty has affected cotton since 1st August
12 Extent of injury from this or these causesper cent
13 What is the average latest date of cotton blooms the bolls from which may be relied
on to mature and opendate
NoteCorrespondents wishing to communicate with the Commissioner on any sub
ject not connected with this report will please write the same on a separate sheetNOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to farmers or any valnable or
instructive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers The remarks should
Tie pointed and as concise as possible and written very plainlyCircular No 69
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF AUGUST 1879
Seturnedto the Department of Agriculture Atlanta Oa September 11879
Department op Agriculture 1
Atlanta Ga September 101879
CORN
The reports of correspondents show that the prospects of the corn crop
in the State at large has improved 36 percent since August 1st This
increase is most noticable in North Georgia the prospect September 1st
being 90 per cent of an average against 793 on the first of Ausust Mid
dle Georgia also shows an improvement of 4 per cent The advance in
these two sections is mainly if not entirely due to the fact that the
crop being later received more benefit from the rains which began to
fall about the middle of July and continued throughout August In the
remaining three sections the change is inconsiderable since last report
By comparison with the crop report of Sept 1st 1878 it appears that the
prospect of the crop in North Georgia at this date r 8 per cent better
in Middle Georgia13 per cent less In Southwest Georgia 48 per cent
less East Georgia 30 per cent less and Southern Georgia 28 percent
less In the whole State the crop prospect is 194 per cent less than
last year at the same time
It is gratifying to note the hopeful tone of most ot the letterseven
from those counties in which the drought and other casualties have
most seriously affected the yield of corn Many reporters remark in
substance that by proper economy in the use of presentsupplies and by
sowing a reasonable area in fall oats they can obviate the necessity
of buying western corn Thi circumstance indicates a confidence and
selfreliance which is a very important point in our efforts at indepen
dence The hrge oat crop just harvested though most of it has been
consumed is entitled to the credit for the large surplus of old corn still
in the cribs of many thrilty farmers
COTTON
Since the last report the prospect has materially diminished in every
section of the State and the fears then expressed have been to a large
extent realized
The casualties peculiar to the cotton plantrust caterpillar and boll
wormhave been superadded to the effects of a late Spring and early
drought and in those sections thus visited are likely to spend their full
force The Notes from Correspondents show the condition of the
crop in the several counties and develop the fact that in the three lower
divisions of the State it is suffering from a continued attack of its three
most dreaded enemies just mentioned The development and maturity
of the late growth induced by the August rains has been much retard
ed by the unfavorable cool nights and want of sunshine during the
month and a large portion of the late crops will be cut off if a killing
Irost should occur at the usual time This is especially true in Noth
Georgia The complaint is very general that while the weed is larger
than usual there is not a corresponding amount of matured fruit and
thai the plant blooms slowly The falling off in the prospect in the sev
er sections sinee August 1st is nearly the same as follows North
Georgia 7 per cent Middle Georgia 68 Southwest Georgia 6 East
Georgia 8 Southeast Georgia 5 per cent In the State at large the
prospect is 786 per cent of an average or 72 per cent less than on 1st
August and 39 percent less than on 1st September 1878DFPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
176
From answers to the question What is the average latest date ot
cotton blooms the bolls from which mav be relied on to mature and
open the averaae for North Georgia is found to be Aug 29 for Mid
dle Georgia September 6 Southwest and EHSt Georgia September 10
Southeast Georgia September 11 and the average of the State Septem
ber 7
These dates correspond closely with the agreements and differences
in the climate of the several sections
MISCELLANEOUS CHOPS
The minor crops with the single exception of sorghum are reported as
more promising than at the date of last report This is particularly the
case with sweet potatoes and chufas two very important hog crops
the seaeons since the middle of July have been peculiarly favorable for
these fall maturing crops and for s curiDg stands ot turnips The reports
indicate in general terms that a larger area has been devoted to turnips
than for several years past
FALL OATS
This Department since its organization has been unceasing in its
efforts to induce farmers to rely less on corn for the support of their
work stock and to substitute oats instead thereof It has maintained
the superiority of oats as a cheaper better and more certain crop than
corn The rust proof oat now so widely and favorably known though
nit first brought to the notice of the general public by the Department
a knowledge of its peculiar merits and the general adaption of the soil and
climate of Georgia to this grainespecially when sown in the fallhave
been continually pressed upon the farmers The results of thejoint
efforts of the Department and the State Agricultural Society aided by
those of private individuals has been very gratifying From relying on
the West to supplement failures in the corn crop which could hardly be
mitigated by the insufficient and unreliable spring sown oats our best
farmers are learning to rely on the oat crop as the leading food crop for
work animals and no longer turn their eyes towards Western granaries
as the only resource
This is as it should be With the varied climate and soil we possess
the large extent of territory and the extending transportation facilities
Georgia farmers can and ought to produce all that is consumed within
the borders of the State
The time is at hand in North and Middle Georgia to commence sowing
this crop It is well settled that oats should be sjwn early enough in the
fall to become well established in the soil before the winter freezes set in
It is also important to sow plenty of seed much more than the old prac
tice prescribednot less than one to three bushels per acre according to
the land Commercial fertilizers and other manures pay well on oats
The red or yellow rustproof i9 the most reliable and prolific variety
These and other points are well understood by tbe majority of farmers
The area to be devoted is important and no general rule can be given
but every farmer should sow enough to enable him to feed on oats almost
exclusively from the time of harvesting throughout the summer months
and 1 irgely during the remainder of the year Oats ought to be the
standard grain feed corn merely auxilliary
Oommitsioner of Agriculture

NoteThia Circular has been delayed several days by the pressure of Legislative
printing which could not be postponedPublic PrinterNOTES PROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
tthOTilnpi37xySSSlrton11
Kri s ttwwtSiM
FloydRain came too late for earlv corn T tP i P uS
complaint of rustbottom bolls rottile and I rt T T fneral
was too rapid TMkgweeAtoJJriXlXrW he Weed
rust has appeared and done some nury tothe la e 7
pearance of rust Lasted Vo w 1 be a T erf Tb T
R D W4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 178
HabershamI will only make one suggestion under this head in re
lation to topoing cotto i I asu illy top tbe largest in growth of my cot
ton between the 10t and I5tn of August I Uiiuk it maes and m
tures a great many more bolls than that left untapped The rain commenced
the 25th of July and rained more or less every day and night for four or
five weeks which give cotton in many places an overwhelming over
erowth On the 12th of August I had my own cotton topped or such of
it as was grown waist high or over and I notice today that which was
topped has fine looking bolls on the top but that left untopped has no
bolls on top at all But I am satisfied that it will not do well to top cot
ton too early it will in that case produce suckers to sucn an ex tenthat
it would be worse than to let it remain without It should never be
done before the 10 h of August iua
The improvement in the corn crop since the commencement of tbe
rains in Northeast Georgia is wonderful and requires to be seen to be
believed Tne same may be said of grass and clover The second cutting
will be far heavier than the first
I wish vou could see my crop of Seuppernong grapes and its varieties
Many ofthe vines are so loaded with fruit as to crush down the
arbors which are made ot good chestnut rails J V a
Hart Whilst we htar individual complaint from nearly every
neighborhood the average ciop and general yield of the county from
all present indications both in corn and in cotton will be a heavy one
and perhaps heavier than was ever before made
There was certainly a Urge cop of wheat and oats made which has
kept and will keep the most of our farmers for a long time ou of their
cornfields and patches Even upland corn which before the ate rains
looked like there would be a famine now have come out greatly and will
make some corn in many places Bjitom corn is better than it has been
for vears With the advantages that our railroad will bring us this fall
to be completed by the lot of October giving us cheaper fertilizers and
provisions also a Market for all we producewilB thriving Af
ing town as can be found in the State our firming prospects a year
from now will be very mat ri lly benefited and increased C W B
HallThere has been too much rain up to the 20th ult since last
report but the weather is fine now If frost does not fall before the 15th
ot October all crops will yield more than an average The farmers
in this section are just beginning to appreciate the advantages offered by
the Department of Agriculture i
MurrayThe late raim have made a decided improvement on early
corn Late corn promises a full crop Cotton is growing rapidly and
is well fruited on the lower branches with blooms to the very top rost
will do much injury if early otherwise we may expect an average crop
Double the amount of turnips usually sown rr
Polk Cotton was from ten days to two weeks more forward than is
usual but the excessive and continued rains caused 1 The shedding
ol many forms and small bolls and 2d the worst rust we have had in
this section for years From these two causes at least 15 per cent dam
age has been done since last report Besides cotton is much more dif
ficult to pick where rust exists and the early picking is trashy from
6None oUhecrops will come up to our expectations of a month ago
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BaldwinHeavy rains in August have caused cotton to grow too
raDidlv The consequence is we have a fine weed but little iruit on it
Late corn will do better than foiward crops this year Cotton blooming
finely and all depends on the fall M yr
CampbellCorn very good better than tor several years Cotton
shed the forms to a considerable extent during the wet weatherlast ot179
AUGUST CROP REPORT1879
July and 1st of August but should frost tail to come until 1st Novem
ber a very good crop will be made If trost should come earh it will
thankff rVPaeWt farmerS havefd cause to rejoice and ge
thanks fr a good yield the present year r j tV
CarrollEarly planted cotton is much the best this season
Mh6riaTa better PrsPect for turnip 1 planted some cotton in
March which is very fine no rust and very full b 11s will begin picking
this week Late cotton badly rusted Fine weather for fodder and hav
Never saw a better crop of hay late rains has made it grow and come
ou greatly Upon the whole prospect of the farmer is bright
extra line t tt q
CowetaCotton has a fine weed but very few grown bolls
DEKALBCotton that was planted early highly nfanwed and
worked early and well took on a fair cop of ftlit before the dry
weather affected it which is about all the crop that can be relied on to
emfrecrop1 y 8Dd Pnin is but a sma11 Per cent ot e
Many of our best farmers think that not more than threefourths of
We cISestCancPesf PSSibly be made Mder the R
Cotton crop promising A great deal of young fruit will mature if
we have favorable fall Bottom land late planting of corn is very fine
Never in my observation has the cotton crop been so depend nlul
the seasons that are to come if we have a dry and late fall we will pro
bably make an average crop bnt it these conditions are not filled then
the crop can stand estimated any where between 50 and 100 per cen as
those conditions are approximated if js
vJAHIISTJiere is more or Iess ru1 a over the country Corn is
better WhTIb0Ught bere PUmg fodde1 Botom dcorr never
better With close economy we can get through without buying
A large crop of oats wilt be sown I hope you will urge upon all
oT stub aandPU0D G bfJ
thfCtT00 ssa sxsa arses
HeardIt is necessary that the farmer should be urged to sow tur
nips barley rye oats and wheat largely If they WiH the Safe can
be provisioned within her own hound j r PI
tt0TnT LI mre han twothirds of crop Potatoes fine Pastures
good Until the rains come cows had to be fed Now thev are fat
More gram will be sown than ever before I sowed Jarge of wntat and
oats last Mil and therefore have enough of both to last until they come
again Give hogs salt and ash s twice a week and keep the to
off of them and they will not have cholera P
Vo save peavine hay Cut the viues when half the peas are ripe and
they wtll not shed the leaves As soon as they are well witecput
nave neaha0yU8 alenate cle8n straw yoKl
HenryTherust is taking the cotton R H
Jasper Cotton is now in a precarious condition having grown too
much to weed greatly endangering the early cropnow opening
JonesThe long drought say ten weeks in this portion of the coun
cTop aThUe1brornUPHaDd TnaUd heBame willPnot average a half
whole wN lft S aDd Mt Pantigs wjH make good corn and the
whole will make the average about threefourths of a crop Cotton has
buUhYeTei5 dflU1iDgthe mrhau1 bas taken 0D considerable rut
but the excessive rain we are having may destroy thatthe crop is yet6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 180
uncertain The prospect today is for a good crop An increased area
of small grain will be sown this season in Jones county What we most
need to make farming a success and profitable is steady reliable labor
to perform thorough work K T R
LincolnI tbink the remarks of your correspondent N A O trom
this county are liable to create a wrong impression as regards the cotton
crop He I expect failed to state that in his immediate neighborhood
they did not suffer for rain during the season and consequently the
weed well fruited I have had cause to travel extensively this summer
and my observations lead me to think that we have poorer prospects
for a cotton crop than any year since 1866 unless favorable seasons
and a late fall gives chance for the late crop to mature Since July 10th
we have had rain and cloudy weather for three weeks of the time caus
ing a very rapid growth oi weed casting of forms and appearances of lust
generally on sandy lands My estimate is based upon present pros
pects and not entirely of my immediate locality T H R
McDuffik Iu good land cotton has grown 2 to 2 feet fairly iruited
not yet generally blooming Cool nights and days for the past three
weeks causing cotton to bloom slowly The general impression is that
with trost off till the 15th of November with average weather for tall will
give two thitd crop In some localities rust very sjeneral T A H
MeeiwetherCotton seems to be diseased since July Made
plenty of stalk but no cotton Farmers seem to know their situation
and making much preparation for a large crop of oats and turnips
B S C
Mobgan Cotton has taken on a very dense growth since the season
set in If we have a late dry fall we may expect a very fair crop of cot
ton Bottom corn is very fine A U L
Ogletiiokpe About the 1st of August cotton commenced a rapid
growth which continues to date The first eight or ten days of August
Cottonshed its fruit very fast and has now commenced shedding the
fruit from new growth Bust is also at work When I found that my
corn crop was a failure I planted an immense quantity of peas between
corn rows and every where I could find land for the purpose My pea
crop is very promising I have commenced sowing rye barley and oats
and expect to continue at intervals to the middle of November In my
judgment peas and barley are clover for this couutry My corn crop is
a complete failure yet by a proper management of the above cereals
and peas I hope to get along without buying any corn except for bread
PiKF Late corn is very good Forward cotton is considerably
above an average late has aline weed but no fruit In many places it
will take eight acres to make a bale Rust continues to spread No
diseases in stock of any kind in this county Dont think Fano has
paid this year K M B
Putnam The excessive rains the present month has made cotton
grow too niuch to weed and no lruit Cotton in the streaks of country that
have had some rain and had a fair crop lor that date August 1sti have
made nothing since Late corn will be good J S D
Cotton planted in May will turn out best 8 out of 10 years
Talbot My experience for the past ten years is to sow plenty of
barley which will save two feeds of corn Have a patch to graze on
and one to cut and oue feed of corn and fodder at twelve oclock will
keep mules at d horses fat while plowing I have followed this rule for
the past ten years and I find a great saving of corn Cotton has been
injured considerably from too much rain Cora crops very slim on up
lands L B Jc
Since July report the corn crop has improved somewhat in weight
but little in quantity the grain maturing better and heavier Cotton on
our red lands especially has taken on considerable growth but I fear181
AUGUST CROP REPORT1879
too late to mature Our bottom cotton is shedding badly and the early
upland is opening with very inferior staple and small bolls My hands
complain very much of the shrunken and small locks I think it a good
idea to discard the first seed as unsuitable for planting The disposition
is to sow largely of fall oats The only wav of escape from the dilemma
of a short corn crop D G O
Taliaferro During the month of August we have had copious
and frequent rains while for a considerable portion of the time the wind
has been in the east and the nights have been cool All this has been
very much against cotton The rust which had made its appearance
continued to spread and now most of our fields have a reddish tinge
Where it has struck the plant has quit growing and will hardly perfect
the fruit it has on Upland corn though brought out marvellously by
the rams is still poor Bottom lands having been planted late are good
These bring up the average which without them could not be put down
higher than 35 There are some good crops of cotton in our county
but they are not numerous Our nine weeks of drought were varied by
some partial showers and when these fell they produced a wonderful
effect L V
TkoupWe have continued seasons from the 25th of July to date
Corn on old lands and early planting was seriously injured by tue
drought and hot weather the latter part of June and to the 20th of July
Ihe continued seasons from July 25th to the present time has made the
crops on bottom lands verv fine It averages 110 bringing up the fail
ures from the old lands and ejrly planting to an average of 75
The pastures were never better The pea crop is very promising and
should we have a late fall will be fine Also the potato crop The stock
is in fine condition in consequence of ihe good pastures The apple
crop is very short and seriously damaged by the curculio which have
been very destructive Give us some cheap and simple remedy Far
mers are preparing to sow extensive wheat crops are making prepara
tion for extra crops on small areas by fertilizing and thorough turning
under the vegetable matter on the surface Iu consequence of so much
rain cotton is not opening as rapidly as usual except on hignly fertilized
latg u C W M
1 have been making some experiments in planting bottom corn ex
ceedingly thick aud with the most satisfactory resultsrows four feet
apart Corn at planting sowed quite thickly in the drill and not tninued
well cultivated The result is there is now from twelve to eighteen
good ears to every twelve linear feet Small ears and nubbins not
counted Estimating lOOears to the bushel this corn should mike 100
busnels to the acre jj jj qi
WarrenThe continued August rains have caused cotton to shed
off a great deal of its fruit there was about two weeks had but little
sunshine At least 30 percent of the fodder was also damaged by the
same rains Preparations are being mide for a large crop of small
Srain R M H
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
BakerThe seasons have been unfavorable for cotton since 15th of
April First we had excessive rains then cold nights then dry hot
weather terminating about 20th of July Since whictTtime we have had
coutinued cloudy wet weather with very cool nights
Half crops of both cotton and corn will be the extreme limit in this
county Our farmers are blue and they have cause to be R J
BerrienOur experience this year fails to establish the fact that
rust in cotton is the result of exhaustion of fertilizers On late planted
cotton the rust made its appearahce with the bloomingno doubt the
result of protracted drouth That not killed by the rust is blooming
equal to first growth We have some hope of top crop Our chufa crop
like our corn badly injured by the drill worm in the spring and has not8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 182
fully recovered Siuce stripping our fodder we find our corn poorer than
we thought HT P
ClayOur endeavors to save fodder were futile We must rely
largely on oats which answer for both corn and fodder Some people
say mules and horses will not do well if fed upon oats alone They are
badly mistaken Nothing is better for work stock than plenty of oats I
was brought up on a farm and my experience coiucides witu that of my
father in saying that the best time to sow oats is during January Dont
wait till February but sow immediately after Christmas Dr Janes
please urge upon farmers the importance of putting large areas in oats
No crop is more sure or pays better R R 8
ColquittThe people aie preparing for a larger crop of oats than
ever before in the county From preseut indication I think there will
be a good deal of wheat sown this fall Our people seem alive to the fact
that it is best to live at home C H O
DecaturSince last report it has been ascertained as was intimated
in our last report that the prospect is better by a little than was then
reported Late corn has improved some whiie the sugar cane and potato
crops have shown decided improvement The short crop of corn will be
supplemented by a large crop of oats this fall M ON
Early What we call the flare fly is something that pierces the
orms before they bloom and afterwards too and is more destructive
hau boll wormif they are not the same thing in a different shape The
caterpillar is here but progresses slowly and it is thought by many will
not hurt much Aside from the iiuects and rather much rain cotton is
doing finely Please let us know the name and nature of the bug men
tioned above D M W
The flare fly as our correspondent calls it is the Phakena Zea or
corn moth and produces the worm that infests the ears of corn when in
roastingear This corn worm is identical with the bollworm so de
structive to cotton bolls The moth produces three generations during
the course of a year the eggs for the first and second broods being laid
on the ears of corn The second being hatched late in July or August
and finding but little corn in the right stage is forced to deposit its eggs
on the buds or young forms oi the cotton plants and sometimes on the
eaves The larvae goes from one form to another and after several have
been destroyed it then enters the bolls After changing its skin several
times until full size is attained it goes into the ground aud changes into
a chrysalis from which it emerges as a perfect moth in five or six weeks
Commissioner
LowndesAs a general rule corn planted by tenth of March and
earlier manured and well cutivated has made an average yield In some
instances however even the early planting has been injured by worms
attacking the roots and stalks at the surface ot the ground and continu
ing their ravages till fruiting season Id some fields 25 per cent of the
stand was destroyed by them between the 1st June and 20th July Rust
has done more injury in some neighborhoods to the cotton than known
before attHcking Long cotton which is very unsual Cotton ciopis
later by fifteen days than last year Sweet potatoes four weeks later
owing to drought which prevented transplanting vines F M H
MaconI have called the casualty above referred to rust in def
erence to the opinions of a majority of the planters I do not really think
it rust Our cotton has taken on during the summer an excesssef foliage
and that together with the fruit novv on it has overtaxed the soil conse
quently on account of exhaustion of fertilizers or want of strength of
soil to sustain the one and perfect the other it is shedding both leaves183
AUGUST CROP REPORT1879
and fruit In rust proper the stalk dies immediately while in this case
the stalk still lives and in my opinion as soon as the cotton now ma
tured opens it will take on another growth but too late for maturity
L M F
MabionRust has affected our cotton more injuriously and exten
siyely than ever before even causing it to open prematurely thereby effect
ing damage by lessening the quantity and injuring ihe quality of the
staple q yf q m
MitchellSome of the most reliable planters of this county have
tested the application ot arsenic one pound dissolved in 30 gallons of
water to every acre of cotton to destroy the caterpillar They all
agree that the plan is a perfect success Among the planters that have
tested the plan on their crops this season are D K Butler George Davis
G W Bggs L A 1M Collins C W Collins McKeaton A B Faircloth
James Boggs and T RBennett I do not think the appearance of the
caterpillar willbe so much dreaded in our county in the future It costs
about ten cents rer acre to destroy them on this plan W N 8
QuitmanThe cotton crop to a casual observer is the most decep
tive I have ever seen The weed is the largest grown for many years
past but there is less grown fruit and there are fewer blooms than I ever
saw in August Rains have been excessive up to the 24th causing rust
favoring the rapid increase of boll worms and making the forms and
blooms to shed while the grown fruit in low lands has rotted badly
The present outlook is decidedly gloomy No corn or very little and
the cotton prospect growing worse daily For five days past we have
cool east winds which are always injurious to cotton The average in
oats will be increased while fertilizers will be applied more liberally to
the oat crop than ever before Possibly our seeming disasters will rrove
a blessing in disguise WC G
RandolphSir the cotton crop of this county so far an my infor
mation extends will fall short of expectation I never count on cotton
bloom after the first of September I have tried it for yearsfrom the
Is up to the 20th oae year in ten probably may hit It takes the cotton
form or square from 9 to 10 weeks to mature C R K
SchleySince my laBt report coton has very materially changed lor
the worde as the rust and blight has spread all over the crops
T F R
Sumteb The cotton crop is as much a problem Sept 1st as a month
ago Too much rain very cool weather a great deal of rust and where
not rusty too much new and sappy growth with occasional caterpillar and
boll worm and rtopening very slowly
Oo Sept 1st last year Americus had received about 1200 bales of cotton
tnis year about 50 b lee A A A
ThomasThe yield of cotfon yet very uncertain From the frequent
rains cotton has rotted in he boll considerably and with the shedding of
the forms the Middle crop is cutoff at least 50 percent With a favorable
fall the top crop will be very good and to a certain extent mike up the
losses but with the continued rains and the caterpillar reported pretty
much all over the county the prospects are very gloomy Planters ge er
ally say the corn crop is better than thev expet ted D A H
While we have not had as many days of rain in August this year as last
year yet they have been more destructive to the cotton crop causing the
bolls to rot to an alarming extent it is the universal complaint Cater
pillars are doing more damage than was expected many cotton farms
were entirely destroyed by 15th August Sugar cane sweet potatoes and
peas are better than last year Planters have planted liberally of turnips
collars beans and beets and have fine stands of all
Cottonpicking is two wees later than last year and it opens slower
The demand for rust proof seed oats is large already R H H10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULRUREGEORGIA
L184J
EAST GEORGIA
ApplingI have also for several years sown some of my latest cow
pens in rye in drills 4 feet apart to citfor work stock tha would not have
a chance to run on pature or for a green bite with their dry feed I then
plant sugar cane etween these rye rows in Febuary or March let the rye stand
to cut until last April or 1st May get a number of cuttings and tten it is
about full grown too old or rusty for good feed I then plough it in It
soon decays and makes the land very mellow The cane from being yel
low and backward in suckering and growing soon overtakes other portions
of the patch and finally gets greener and makes the best sugar cane in the
patch and tnese spots make good cropi longer than any other part f the
cowpenned portions of land I think we might pasture rye and make ex
cellent corn in the same way B M
BullochWe have had good rains since the 1st o August but too
late for corn and cote on have rusted so rapidly that rains hve been of no
benefit It looks ery distressing in many places on account of rust A
large oat crop will be sown this fall I F B
BurkeDuring the past month rains have been frequent and copious
All tbe tail crops as sweet potatoes peas chuas sugarcane and late corn
much benefited and the crops of turnips and all garden vegetables greatly
increased and improved Too much rain for the cotton plant producing
that sickly appearance called rust and causing it to shed its fruit by stimu
lating an increased growth W B J
My opinion is that the corn crop cannot be more than twothirds com
pared to crop of 1878
Cotton will not come up to the crop of 1878 if the heavy rains continue
Although the weed is large and looks well I find it scarce of iruit and no
blooming now as it should be and if the rain continues and keep it growing
it will not have any August crop that will mature J A S
DodgeIn our section of country we have suffered terribly from
drought in consequence fall crops very poor In addition to rust in cotton
and dry weather caterpillars have made their appearance J B
Ematjnel Rust commenced in this county in latter part of Julyand has
spread mere rapidly than ever known in this section before almost the en
tire crop will be opened by the last of September
The corn crop is much bet er than was expected There will be enough
made to supply the wants of our people
The pea and chufas crop bias fair to be a good one hence it will t ke
but little corn to fatten our hogs for tnent There will be a large crop of
oats sown this fall Oats peas chufis with us are an excellent thing to
bridge over a short corn crop E W L
Jefferson SuggestionSmall lots say from one to three acres
highly fertilized bow ab ut the middle i r last of September in barley from
one to two bmhels per acre for grazing in the latter part of int r and ear
ly part o spring I have Keen a few experiments of this and it is aston
ishing what an amount of grazing may be supplied from small lots thus pre
pared I plant chufaB largely lor hogs I am satisfieo from experience
they will pav Soak the seed in water some tenor fifteen dys before plant
ing to insure a good stand I F A
In view of the light corn crop farmers would act wisely in greatly en
larging the area of turnips This crop is a valuable substitute for corn as
hogscattle horses and indeed stock of all kinds love and fatten on them
I once hud a neighbora large farmerwho never sowed less than five
acres in turnip8 and often as much as twenty acres He had a row of
kettles and troughs and would have hauled in every day a cart load to
make slops for all his hogs cattle sheep and goats And fatter animals than
he had all winter I never saw on a farm And such beef mutton milk
andjbutter as he enjoyed might be enjoyed by any farmer who would pur
sue the same course Try it J B R185
AUGUST CROP REPORT1879
11
ScrevenOa many arms in this county there have been lice on
cotton all the lime Rust has been more general than ever known Cat
erpillars seen as early as 10th Auguat though only in small numbers
P A B
Cotlon attacked with rust about August 1sthas now become very gen
eral affectiug cotton on new lands as well as old and quite as seriously
At this moment impossible to say what amount oi damage will result from
it No caterpillar as yet
The improvemen in early corn from rains was very sli lit Id young
corn theimprovenienf is considerable Prudent farmers are supplement
ing short corn crops by crops of clover peas etc and hope by economy
to go through the coming year with the purchase of but little corn
W C B
Telfair The weather is cool and cloudy but very little rain just
enough to keep the late crop in a growing condition The cotton opening
rapidly and great deal of it prematurelythe bolls not over half grown
3 D W
WilkinsonCotton is faring badly much of it isopening but it seems
to have been affected by the scalds from the hot sun and heavy rains early
in August There are more little defective bolls thin I have ever known
Much complaint that seed cotton does not yield anything like a fair pro
portion of lint No fears from worms as the scald and rust have caused
all the foliage to be cast prematurely The crop will evidently be short
J M B
SOUTHE iST GEORGIA
ChathamBut little c ition planted in this county mostly by negroes
and best yield small Areaot rice increasing year by year It is now a pay
ing crop with iik A large portion ol the lands planted prior to the war
and now in cultivation
The area in truck gardening also being enlargedbut for fraudulent returns
by agens in Northern cities the business would be vastly renumerative
G PH
ScrevenMot of the farmers in this part southern of the county
have quit planting much cotton and plant rice for a market crop which
pays equally as much to the acre and is put on the market with less ex
pense J B
EffinghmMy own cr p this year is nearly a failure Two much
rain iu the spri g and too much g ano used for the drought that followed
Crops that were well and often worked are fair but poor where not fre
quently stirred My motto issmall crop a d work every ten days to
make farming a success P R T
PierceI have never known crops materially damaged from
drought m this county and I have an experience of 20 years planting in
the county Four weeks without rain is something very remarkable in ihe
seaboard couniies of Siutheasern Georgia The corn crop of this section
all along the line of the A G R R were materially injured from in
sects worm etc boaring into the stalk near the root when young pre
venting it from bearing and also causing it to fall down after leaving the
ear T J F
12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
186
TABLE ICONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS
FOR AUGUSTBy Counties
NORTH GEORGIA
Condition and Prospect August 1st Compared to an Average 6 bc rt U o IS 5 Turnips o 9 a 3 or Si o a 0 m a 9 o o 3 TJ ffiq S8 3 1
CODMTIBS a o o a h D a a V i SJ be a 00 5 s 03 1 CO b 00 be O CO 2 O a v of S o 0 tec gl as o O U 93 B o o a 4
80 91 75 95 85 85 70 100 85 80 75 90 95 115 70 105 100 90 100 75 85 95 105 100 90 75 95 65 80 85 90 100 100 60 95 85 85 90 85 70 85 100 90 110 101 120 io 100 71 100 110 105 1110 75 95 95 100 no 100 15 25 20 10 30 25 10 Aug 30 Sept 1 Aug 10 Aug 8 Aug 28 Aug 28 Sept 1 Sept 1


100 100
Cobb



85 85 110 65 105 80 110 60 110 100 100 90 100 100 110 100 120 85 80 90 95 80 100 60 90 95 95 105 70 110 100 100 85 95 96 110 105 110 loo 150 110 105 110 110 105 100 111 200 105 100 105 20 20 Aug 26 Aug 26 Sept 20
Franklin 100

75 75 75 108 20 25
Sept 6 Aug 10 Sept 1

Hall

Hart 80 85 95 95 100 100 110 110 Sept 1


90 100 90 75 110 110 80 75 100 100 75 95 75 60 75 80 200 105 100 100 111 10 20 Sept 10 Aug 21 Sept 1



Polk 95 90 95 95 95 105 105 10 Sept 5

75 100 100 130 10

75 80 86 90 70 90 100 60 70 95 85 95 80 185 150 100 105 15 Sept 1 Sept 1
White Whitfleld

91 89 87 100 90 118 106 18 Aug 29
Baldwin
Bibb
Butts
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Clayton
Columbia
Coweta
DeKalb
Douglas
Elbert
Fayette
Fulton
Greene
Hanoock
No report
MIDDLE GKOROIA
82
75
70
80
85
84
75
60
85
77
70
84
90
69
72
50
64
97
100
87
100
100
100
100
112
100
87
100
100
95
to
94
100
90
80
90
90
90
50
100
90
105
87
80
100
1C0
110
100
100
62
liO
100
100
95
1091 100
90
110
100
100
120
100
100
m
104
105
130
100
105
122
100
100
100
100
120
87
100
fob
125
115
107
ibo
100
103
I Sept 10
Septi
Sept 1
Sept 15
Sept 5
Sept 10
Sept5
iept 1
sept g
Sept 6
Sept i
Sept 6
Sept 5j187 AUGUST CROP REPORT1879
TABLE IMiddle GeorgiaContinued
13
Counties
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
MDuffle
Meriwether
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorne
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
Spaldng
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troup
Upon
Waiton
Warren
Wilkes
Average
Condition and Prospect August
1st Compared to an Average
74
ICO
108
92 70 79
10
no
76
Turnips
loO 100
112 100
105 ldO
mo ioo
10 100
0 100
112 100
111 111
00 8 IPS 103 16 ept 6
SI
15 Sept 5
85 Sept 1
35 Sept 7
201 Sept 10
SSept 6
15Sept 10
10 Sept 12
15
I5sept 3
20Sept 15
Sept 1
10 Sept 5
lOiSept 5
25 Sept 7
12 Sept 5
25Sept 1
30 Sept 1
10 Sept 5
Sept 10
Sept 2
Sept 1
Sept 10
SOUTHWEST GEOKGIA
SO 80 78 90 70 60 50 76 80 66 72 50 90 80 90 95 77 80 75 100 95 75 78 70 101 75 85 95 75 05 85 97 80 112 90 95 100 75 80 80 95 80 90 75 107 100 125 70 100 50 sV 95 75 975 110 125 90 60 100 87 100 120 no 105 92 105 100 0 100 100 120 80 105 78 100 30 20 12 10 30 25 Sept 15 Sept 10 Sept 15 Sept 12 Sept 11 Sept 12





65 82 75 82 60 86 60 80 80 90 86 95 100 85 90 95 100 90 100 87 IB 15 15 Sept 10 Sept 13 Sept 10 Sept 7

90 85 60 73 85 60 65 75 60 76 88 85 60 60 75 87 60 96 96 97 100 8n 87 80 98 95 100 100 80 95 60 98 100 100 100 40 IOO 60 100 126 97 90 100 100 75 10 1 112 104 105 105 VO 95 100 100 105 IOO 100 10 10 10 n Sept 12 Sept 6 Sept 15



16 Sept 7
Miller
25

SO 65 75 86 82 45 50 85 68 77 78 95 100 75 82 67 82 90 97 95 70 78 75 72 92 75 80 100 60 87 95 50 1C0 87 80 100 90 100 1C0 100 125 120 110 95 100 100 100 15 95 Sept 8 Sept 1 Sum 10
Schley
lOlSept 12 20Sept 19
No report14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 188
TABLE ISouthwest GeorgiaContinued
Condition and Prospect August u V s
1st Compared to an Average Turnips o
4 be m u 3
o a at 3 5
Coustibs at o o o N ca ft a a 8 is a a
a 3 m 3 a ri 2 o S SO a
o q D g M V sgiaSs
o S GO 5 IB C O
Taylor 80 60 70 75 75 66 70 50 77 70 70 66 95 77 85 82 9ll 75 87 80 88 90 60 35 105 55 103 80 100 80 10 80 105 87 100 100 100 100 100 60 95 100 90 105 100 110 100 100 100 104 115 12 90 40 Sept 10 Sept 6 Sept 5 Sept 12
Terrell
100 100 100 100 99 27 16 16 15 10


Sept 20
726 682 859844 871 82 93 88 Sept 10
East Georgia
Bulloch 75 85 90 87 75 90 75 86 80 75 75 60 85 60 85 85 85 65 95 75 65 75 60 100 95 90 95 85 60 60 90 40 100 66 75 75 80 50 95 80 95 85 90 105 75 75 90 6d 95 75 Si 90 80 90 75 100 80 95 SO 96 95 75 100 97 9u 95 100 125 100 110 100 110 105 110 100 100 100 95 100 100 100 100 65 25 15 25 12 25 10 24 15 22 Sept 15 Sept 20

Sept 17
Sept 12 Aug 30 Sept d Sept 7 Aug 30 Sept 16



90 80 70 85 95 70 80 r 65 80 80 85 80 80 100 100 85 85 65 90 100 100 95 85 75 95 90 100 Sept 10 Sept 12 Sept 12 Sept 10 Sept 8 Sept 10
100 80 95 95 95 80 100 100 95 65 9 105 100 105 100 95 IOO 110 100 100 20 22 15 7 20
Telfair



82 7f R5 77 86 83 90 8S 104 97 18 Sept 10

Southeast Georgia
95 100 75 80 65 100 50 100 100 90 100 100 100 100 100 105 100 100 5 Sept 12 Sept 17

90 95 90 80 105 95 100 80 100 85 105 100 100 80 105 60
Clinch 100 15


96 70 76 75 78 85 86 IOO 90 95 98 ioo 89 S2 95 iOO 98 90 ioo 97 105 ibb 101 110 no ioo 103 110 lOu ioo 85 100 ioo 95 22

Mclotosh ioo 90
Ware
10 Sept 11
No report189 august crop report1879
RecapitulationBy Sections
15
SECTIONS
Condition and Prospect Sept
1st Compared to an Average
Nobth Georgia
August 11879
September I 1878
Middle Georgia
August 11879
September 1 1878
Southwest Georgia
August 11879
September 11878
East Georgia
August 11879
September 1 1878
Southeast Georgia
August 11879
September 11878
General Averagb
August 1 1879
September 1 1878
Increase since Aug 11879
Decrease si nee Aug 11879
860
930
880
740
0S
50
726
806
870
830
900
790
60
101
970
786
858
825
900
793
820
710
670
840
2
686
108
760
750
106
780
790
106
756
720
950
36
7S
920
S61
950
859
806
108
850
800
101
900
101
107
180
852
104
2S
844
750
102
77
73
95
89
76
101
02
79
97
12
89 87
76 79
90 87
79 86
73 81
94 87
87 82
79 75
106 99
86 83
SO 75
101 91
93 97
97 100
101 97
86 74
77 79
98 91
9
s
101
Turnips
a
I
3
i
8
0 a
MS
118
84
90
88
81
102
88
84
90
103
106
106
90
855
101
45
I Aug 29
10 i
Aug 6
Sept 10
i Sept 10
96
ISept 11
loo16
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
190
TABLE IIWEATHER REPORT FOR AUGUST
North Georgia
a o
A J3
r ft a tf
STATIONS C 9 o p 53 a o STATIONS a 1 3 3 a o QQ
g H i S a H rt a
o P
9 M 3 3 as
S 2 H K s H
90 89 757 7 i 395 IS 05 7 9 89 738 896 10

87 87 89 700 78 1 650 900 9 88 5 15 14 91 88 751 751 588 1036 7
10


Means for North Gen 89 736 743 10
Middle Georgia
94 7321456 739892 776645 74 4J2 42 12 7 9 92 90 95 91 7801410 761 575 788 190 760414
86 91 88 Oxford 9


Means for Middle Gf orgi 9
Southwest Georgia
ADuny
Arnencus
Bain bridge
Butler
81
797
880
0
Means for Southwest Georgia
400
1050
585
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
790
780
685
00
818
90 77
6
IB
U
East Georgia
5551 300 6 65 lOIISandersville 90 98 93 89 0 6 95 10
McBae 93 77 0 3 Swalnsboro all 802 794 453 519 9

8
Southeast Georgia
Baxley 961790i3001 51
Blackshear 97826400 6
Brunswick 93793652 18
DuPont
St Marys
Walthourville
Means for Southeast Georgia
Means for the State
99 94 95 811 815 741 776 486 862
95 796 496
91 770 586
The maximum here given is simply the highest 2 p m observation The observers
we not supplied with registering thermometersSpecial Circular No 72
REPORT OF GROWING CROPS ETC FOR THE
MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1879
RETURNABLE OCTOBER 1st 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga September 10 1879
Dear SibPlease answer the following questions on the 1st
day of October or earlier as may be necessary for your report
to reach this office before the fifth day of October
Answer every question that will admit of it definitely in num
bers indicating per cent
In making up your answers let them apply to the whole county
for which you report or so far in every direction as your knowledge
may extend not simply to your own farm
In cases where the crop is not grown in your county or you
have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate usethe
character X
Very respectfully
THOMAS P JANES
Commissioner of Agriculture
ttAn X in blue pencil opposite this note indicates that no re
port was received from you for last month If in red that it was
received too late to be used in the consolidation
I For
whatcounty do you reportcounty
II Your name
III Your postoffice
RequestHaving answered the above questions and those on
the following pages please fold the report as you received it and
fill the blank on the back2 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 192
From present indications what will be the probable
1 Total yield of Cotton compared to last year per cent
2 Total yield of Corn compared to last yearpercent
3 Total yield of Sugar Cane compared to last yearper cent
4 Total yield of Sweet Potatoes compared to last yearper cent
5 Total yield of Sorghum compared to last yearper cent
6 What will be the acreage in Wheat compared to last yearper cent
7 Wbat will be the acreage in Fall Oats compared to last yearper cent
8 Is cotton picking as well advancen as last year
9 What per cent of the crop has been gatheredPer cent
10 In what condition has it been gatheredPr cent
11 What will be the probable injury from Caterpillarsper cent
12 Have the seasons been favorable for picKing CottonI
13 Acreage in Turnips compared to last yearper cent
14 Condition conpared to averagePer cent
NoteCorrespondents wishing to communicate with the Commissioner on any sub
ject not connected with this report will please write the same on a separate sheetNOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
Under this head report any facts of general interest to farmers or any valuable or
instructive experiments or suggestions for the benefit of farmers The remarks should
he pointed and as concise as possible and written very plainlya
O
t
3
oo
w n
a o
13 c
o 3
ii rt
rt
New Series
Circular No 1
I
Consolidation of the Reports of Crops Etc
FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 1879
RETURNED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRI
CULTURE AT ATLANTA GA
OCTOBER 1st 1879
Department op Agriculture
Atlanta October 10 1879
TO THE FARMERS OF GEORGIA
In assuming the duties of Commissioner of Agriculture it is proper to
say that I do so with much diffidence and some mistrust of my qualifies
tions for so responsible a position Brought up on a farm and all my life
intimately connected with the progress and interested in the success of
agriculture I have watched with great interest the struggles of Geor
gia farmers in their efforts to recuperate from the losses of war and
to adapt themselves to the altered conditions of labor and other circum
stances which are among the results of that war In common with
many of the most practical minds of the State I was soon convinced
that organized effort among farmers was a necessity in the midst of
our difficult and strange surroundings That union of effort through
the county clubs and granges the State Grange and the State Agricul
tural Society and finally the Legislature of the State resulted in the
organization of the Department of Agriculture in the year 1874
It is no part of my desire to review the administration of the De
partment under my late predecessor the Hon Thomas P Janes Til
ing the helm when he did when everything was new and untried with
an unexplored sea before him without beacon lights to warn of dan
ger he would have been possessed of more than human wisdom had
he steered through the breakers that beset him without some damaoe to
hull and mainsail But in spite of all that may be said it is suscepti
ble of proof that great good to the cause of agriculture in our State
has been done Much of the good that has thus resulted is attributable
to the cooperation of intelligent farmers and other citizens of Geor
gia especially the crop correspondents and weather reporters who
have freely given their time and efforts in this behalf I shall be reatlv
aided at the beginning by the existing organized methods and means
as also by the number of intelligent and devoted workers throughout
the State I sincerely invoke the continued cooperation of these
friends and all others who are interested in the success of agriculture
Without such cooperation it is patent my efforts will be unavailing
With it the accomplishment of much greater good in the future is in
full viewDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
GENERAL STATE AVERAGES
194
At this season of the year the corn crop being fully matured and
much of it gathered and cotton picking well advanced it is usual to
speak of the yieldof each crop by comparison with the yield of last year
The questions for October therefore have invited a comparison of
the probable total yield with that of last year Table 1 exhibits such
a comparison in each county reporting and the Recapitulation
shows the comparison by sections
COTTON
The same causes which were operating at the date of our last report
have continued to affect cotton with the addition of dry weather which
has prevailed except in Southeast Georgia where the rains have been
excessive in places and unusually cool nights This has been unfa
vorable to the development of the late crop upon which much reliance
was placed by correspondents and the estimates have been materially
reduced in consequence of these unfavorable circumstances In many
counties the figures given depend largely upon the late bolls now ma
turing which may be cnt off by a frost at the usual time Southeast
Georgia gives the highest condition 96 followed by North Georgia
82 Middle Georgia 77 Southwest Georgia 73 and East Georgia 71
The general average for the State is 78 as compared with last year
The reports indicate greater forwardness in picking than last season
and the cotton picked so far is in fine condition About onehalf the
crop had been gathered on the first of October in the three Southern
sections of the State onefifth In North Georgia and onethhd in Mid
dle Georgia
CORN
The probable total yield of corn is greatest in North Georgia95
next Southeast GeorgiaSo and lowest in Southwest Georgia677
In the August report it appeared that the prospect of the crop in the
State at large on the 1st of September was 194 per cent less than at
the same time last year The current report shows that prospective
yield on 1st October 225 per cent less than the actual total yield of
last year The total falling off from last years crop may therefore be
put at 20 per cent A few years ago such a deficit especially if it
had occurred with a short suppy of old corn on hand would have been
cause for serious alarm But the fact is that in many sections of the
State there is yet a considerable surplus of last years corn on hand
but more than that the farmers of Georgia have learned to rely more
than formerly on
OATS
The corn and oat crops are naturally complementary of each other
in this climate A partial failure of the corn crop is always manifest
in time to prepare and sow a large area of fall oats So also in the
spring a failure of the oat crop may be anticipated by an increased
breadth in corn In a very large portion of the State it is not too late
to sow fall oats From the latitude of Atlanta southward they may195
SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1879
be sown until the last of the month and much later in Southern Geor
Too much stress cannot be laid upon the importance of relymg upon
oats as the mam food for work animals in the South Many Georgia
farmers have learned by experience the wisdom of this course and it
zs fr Thfmass f them to s d mak
this a land of constant plenty It has been the policy of the Depart
men of Agriculture hitherto to press upon the peopfe of G org a the
great value and economy of oats as a stock food and with grSg
menot F l SUCh Plic but tocom
mend its continuance until the sowing of oats for stock shall become
as much tjtea Mbit as the growing of cotton for market
The reports indicate a probable increase of 9 percent in the area of
fall oats as compared with last year
WHEAT
There are also indications of an increased area in wheat It is not
advsable to attempt to grow this grain for market except in North Geor
gia But every farmer should endeavor to produce a home supply
A few acressay one to each member of the familyof hiTdry
land havmg a good clay subsoil well fertilized with cotton seed w ffl
oidinanly produce a sufficiency for home use
Only early ripening varieties should be sown The Nieavaaua and
S5SS S 2 Early Red May 5 22
oi jl uipie btiaw Bill Dallas etc are recommended
The land for wheat should be clean of grass or weeds snrh a i
summer fallow or cotton land and should be plowed and rossn
or harrowed until fine tilth is secured The best time to low n G gfa
ThisT u Perd f the firSt kilHng fr0St certainI not much befof
far LTsou h iTf Ctbel North 5S
arttier South In South Georgia the last days of November J
Zfn rrb7constitute suitawe psLsowl T1 dd
should be distributed as uniformly as possible and covered about one
nch m depth Wheat dms vwy conyenent and om
Sdyira80 bUt
THE USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
The next circular will furnish a more fitting occasion for presenting
a general review of the subject with such suggestions as have v j
nved from the experienceof the fifteen yZTTZZ
at this time that concentrated fertilizers may be more safelv anH fl
ably applied to fall sown grain crops than fo summer cro S2
on sods that are deficient in vegetable matter eSpecialIy
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS
This may be considered an off year in Georgia excent s t a
wheat and oat crops Sugar cane potatoes sorgml and hufas a
much less promising than usual Table I shows thTprospect in e
county in the State prospect m each
4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 196
CROP SAMPLES
Farmers in every county of the State are respectfully requested to
send to this office by freight samples of the different crops grown
in their counties correctly labeled with the name of the variety the
date at which each was planted and the date of maturity together
with any facts of interest connected witth their cultivation fertiliza
tion yield etc
The object of collecting these samples is to illustrate the variety and
character of the productions in each county as well as to place the
purchaser in communication with the growers of valuable varieties of
Farmers having varieties of seed of unusual merit which they wish
disseminated through the State for experiment are invited to send to
the Department such quantity as they wish distributed The Com
missioner will take pleasure in placing them in the hands ot careful
experimenters and publishing the results ot the tests
Farmers who have valuable varieties of seeds the products of their
own farms for sale are invited to report to this office the names of
the varieties the quantities offered and the prices delivered at tneir
nearest railroad depot
A registry of these facts is kept in the office for the accommodation
of both the producers and of those who wish to purchase from the
producers
While small quantities of seeds of especial value will be purchased
for distribution the funds at command for this purpose are too limited
to render a general distribution possible Farmers are therefore earn
estly invited to cooperate with the Commissioner in the manner above
indicated Crop reporters in each county are respectfully requested to
cooperate in securing these samples etc The benefits that have al
ready resulted to the farmers of the Stale especially in the dissemina
tion of the rustproof variety of oats and several hardy varieties of
wheat through the publications of the Department the display of
samples in the office and the system of registration of producers hav
ing valuable varieties of farm seeds for sale have been so satisfactory
that the Commissioner is particularly desirous of continuing its benefits
CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
The shortness of the corn and cotton crops in connection with the
low price of cotton now prevailing is an occasion of embarrassment to
many farmers To offer more than mere general suggestions as to the
propriety of holding cotton for higher prices would be unwise and
hazardous As a general rule it is best for farmers to sell as the crop
is gathered the exceptions beingwhence price is low and the farmer
is out of debt and able to store at home and hold until Spring But we
take this occasion to press the oftrepeated suggestionthat we will never
be a prosperous people until the farmersbecome selfsustaining and
independent to the degree that they can store the greater part of then
cotton until the price shall be remunerative When that point is197
SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1879
reached the cotton crop will have become as it should be the measure
of the clear profit of the farm and may be sold and reinvested or
considered as already a safe investment at the discretion of the pro
ducer
TO CROP REPORTERS AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERV
ERS
In accordance with custom this will be the last monthly report of the
season to be followed by the usual Supplemental Report about the
1st of January questions for which will be sent out about the 15th of
December Meteorological observers are requested to send in the
monthly reports at the end of each month as usual In the supple
mental report a tabular statement of the weather for the entire year
will be presented Very respectfully
JOHN T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS
NORTH GEORGIA
Baktow All crops wonderfully better than expected a few months
ago though corn looks short on pulling fodder Little fall work started
yet Wheat will be planted largely Pall oats having been such a
failure the last two years farmers in Bartow are afraid of planting
largely though shortness in the corn crop requires them to do so
lurnips look well everywhere 31 K Co
Cobb Have had no rain for three weeks which has cut off the
prospects for an average cotton crop 25 per cent Turnips came up
finely promising a fine crop but unless we have rain soon our hopes
will be disappointed Farmers are generally straining a point to hold
their cotton for a better price Sheep and cattle are in good condition
Pumpkins have escaped the bugs this year the first in ten
W A Jr
Floyd No rain since 2d September The drought has injured the
late or top crop of cotton as also very late corn and has retarded oat
sowmg and turning stubble land In some neighborhoods water is be
coming inconveniently scarce Coosa river as low as I have ever
seen it p c r
Raising hogs is becoming nearly an impossibility as fencing is so
insecure Hogs are killed up for going into unfenced fields Better
tor the country had we a law compelling stock to be fenced in also a
dog law for the protection of sheep J H D
No county can be prosperous which does notgrowgrass Orchard
grass mixed with clover is best adapted to our climate The value of
clover is not half estimated H w D
GilmekFarmers have had a beautiful time for saving fodder no
rain for two weeks We think the prospects are better for the farmer
than it was at this time last year N L O
GwrNNETTTlie very fine weather through September for the ma
turing and opening of cotton will giveus almost an average crop and
even an early frost will bring but little stained cotton The crop is
being gathered m extra fine order Corn will yield an over average
It is large eared well matured and light shuck The sorghum crop
as the best ever known to the oldest inhabitant R D W 6
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
1981

HaralsonCotton on rolling and rocky land is much the best this
year Our section is raising fully twice as much cotton as it did ten
years ago Farmers are clearing a good deal of land building new
houses and improving and repairing generally W C McB
HartThe cotton crop is being picked very rapidly the crop
really is much worse than last year but taking the increased acreage
in consideration the yield will probably be nearly as much There is
a good corn crop on bottom land but almost a total failure on upland
C W S
MIDDLE GEORGIA
BibbExperience has demonstrated to me that carrots are a better
crop for stock than turnips Sown in September or first of October
they will grow all winter and in February or March be ready to use
B D L
Campbell The northwest portion of this county got rain ten days
before the southeast portion but to average the county crops will
equal last year and will make a bountiful support for the next year
of both meat and bread and a few more years of such industry and
wisdom will make the farmers of old Campbell an independent people
and oh how long before the farmers of the whole State will do like
wise Brother farmers take the advice of an old man and raise all
your supplies on the farm Let cotton be a surplus crop J S D
ElbertAll cotton picked up to this time is as fine and as free from
stain as I ever saw The most of the forward cotton or bolls that
came before the rain has opened and been picked Topcrop very
uncertain some few halfgrown bolls and an abundance of young
forms a full crop of blooms daily which we fear will be too late to
mature Taking all together if the fall is favorable we think we can
not make more than twothirds of a cotton crop F P T
FayetteWould suggest if practicable the introduction of an
early variety of sorghum The great reduction is caused from the
cane having to be worked during the busy cottonpicking season This
would be a very valuable and remunerative crop if it be matured so as
to work it before the cotton season P F
The Minnesota Early Amber is a very early variety and a few pack
ages of seed were distributed last springCommissioner
Hancock If frost does not come before the 15th of October I
think we will get from 75 to 90 per cent of a crop of cotton but if as
early as some predict we will not get over 50 per cent The old crop
is all gathered the later crop has not yet began to open A stand
still in pickinga thing unheard of before J W C
JasperThe excessive rains in August followed by cold nights
has very materially retarded the maturity of cotton What corn we
make on uplands is very inferior in qualitygrains blasted and defec
tive and when fed to stock will produce blindstaggers Farmers had
best be careful how they feed it W N
Lincoln Upland corn very lightlowground corn tolerably good
but more rotten ears than usual Sorghum has done well I think it
a safe crop to plant Peas in corn almost a failure I have seen some
good patches planted separateit is best to plant them so Dry
cool weather in September retarded the growth of sweet potatoes
Late Irish potatoes are good but the stands poor Cotton was very
small until the 17th of July overplus of rain made it grow rapidly
until 10th of August rust and lice injured it in localities Too much
rain again last of August cool and dry weather injured the plant con
sid erably in Septemberexcept bottom land Some very fine crops
and some awful sorry in the county N A C199
SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1879
Since last report the cotton crop has improved and with no frost
till the 20th of October I think that 85 to 90 per cent of a crop will
be made Of course this will depend upon fair and warm weather
continuing for a while longer Long wet spells would cause almost as
much injury as an early frost Cotton has a very good late August
crop of bolls and all things favoring I consider the above estimate
as being very near correct A large acreage of oats will be sown
which will perhaps tide us over to next season of corngathering Our
people are becoming yearly more selfsupportine owing to your sug
gestions through the Agricultural Department T H R
Monroe In many places the cotton prospect is good On some
farms the plant is loaded with fruit that is now ready to open On
these farms with weather as favorable as usual in October there will
be over an average yield On other farms and sometimes adjoining
the farms above alluded to the cotton is poor not half as good as in
adjoining fields I have heard no complaint of caterpillar in Monroe
Notwithstanding the drouth where there was a sufficient area in corn
and where it was properly cultivated there will be a snpply It is our
misfortune that with too many perhaps a large mojority the area has
been entirely insufficient with the most propitious seasons T G 8
Oglethorpe We have had no rain at all during this month and
the nights have been remarkably cool cotton and field peas and espe
cially the latter have been badly injured All farm products have
been more or less injured by the dry weather during this month Sup
pose we put our cotton rows six feet next year and a row of speckled
peas in the middle as manure for the land What do you think of the
Pan J j o
We have never seen the plan tried but it does not strike us very
favorably Suppose you try it and give others the benefit of vour ex
perience Commissioner
Oglethorpe I have stated the condition of the cotton crop in fig
ures but the crop depends entirely upon the date of the first killing
frost Nearly all of the first crop of bolls have opened and been picked
and the remainder depends upon the maturing of the bolls that have
grown since the rains set in the latter part of July J T H
Putnam The cotton being late gives our planters an opportunity
to put in fall oats and I am glad to say a good many are taking ad
vantage of the opportunity Corn will be very short Some will not
make enough to last until the end of the year J T D
Talbot The cotton up to this writing has been gathered without
rain It has been too dry for the sowing of oats Farmers will avail
themselves of the first rain to do so Oats will be sown as the only
resort to fill up the deficiency in corn Small welltilled farms are
growing in favor D G 0
Troup The rain that fell from the 25th of July to the 1st of Sep
tember gave us fine pastures and the stock is in fine condition The
cotton was injured by the excess of rain in summer followed by con
tinued drought since the 1st September Corn on the old lands was so
far spent when the rainscame it did not relieve it consequently very
short Our corn crop is made on the bottoms and ditched lands The
early planted peas have done well late planted on stubble land or among
corn is a failure The sorghum cane is fine and our people have
greatly improved in the manufacture of the syrup C W M
Upson My observation teaches me that we all plant our cotton too
thick or leave it too thick The cotton plant is inclined to grow in a
bush form and will take on more forms retain them better and the
bolls will be larger and if plowed deep the first and second plowing
you need not be uneasy when an ordinary drought comes The earlier
you can plant and thin out if kept well worked the better I have
8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
200
one acre I worked well and early that will make one bale cotton I
have twelve acres equally as good that will not make more than six or
seven T J M
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Clay Many people say we cant raise wheat in Southwest Georgia
They are not correct If space permitted I could give numbers of re
markable yields but will only mention Mr Pulaski Kirkland who
says he sowed one and onefourth acres in wheat with 107 lbs ot
fertilizers and plowed all under together From that land he meas
ured 27 bushels of fine wheat No man can succeed by accident We
must know what to do and how to do it Then perform said duties
and success will crown his endeavors as fully here as elsewhere
R K B
ColquittThe rust and caterpillar have damaged the cotton at
least 25 per cent and drought did the rest The open cotton now in the
fields will sustain heavy damage from the rains that have been falling
all the time since last Fridayno sunshine at all Farmers are now
sowino oats and from present indications I think the crop put m by
the Is of November will be by far the largest ever sown in the county
C H t
Dec ytcr I hear of hog cholera in this county My hogs are doing
well havent had cholera among my hogs in five years I sow largely
in oats and have good pastures I raise plenty of meat for my place
and some for sale The cotton crop is short the top crop was prom
ising but the caterpillar has destroyed it If the weather is favorable
for picking the crop will be gathered soon Urge the farmers to plant
less cotton raise more manure at home and buy less highpriced
guano E A J K
Lowxdes Cotton manured from stable and cow lot has made an
average crop Fertilizers where over a hundred pounds has been used
have not paid Cotton has generally rusted Cotton planted on the
same land using fertilizers yearly has not done as well as that planted
on stubble or corn land I have made close inquiry in regard to yield
in comparison with last year Some farmers making three bales last
year make a bale this some making 8 bales last year make 6 bales
thisone making 25 last year on 45 acres makes 20 this on 65 acres
some fall off onethird The caterpillar is on new ground and late
cotton cuts off crop 60 per cent Cotton has so generally rusted that
they have not done so great injury as otherwise they would have done
They however have cut off the late crop and may make the total yield
not exceed 70 per cent compared to last year N B O
Erly Dunn August too much rain and too little sunshine Boll
worm has been very destructive on the river The weather has been
too cold recently for cotton to mature well A great many young bolls
on the top of cotton but not likely to mature Hands very backward
about picking cotton at 40 cts per 100 lbs B B
OuitmaxCotton opens slower than has been known for many
years and fears are entertained now that many of the bolls apparently
matured will not open Should fair open weather prevail for the next
month farmers may be agreeably disappointed J i S
Terrell I think we need a more diversified system of farming and
a better rotation of crops with less laud planted and more home com
posts more grain and less cotton and it better fertilized Better
make more with less labor a
EAST GEORGIA
Bulloch Farmers carried cotton to market as fast as gathered It
opened rapidly until two weeks ago when the rains caused it to stop 201
SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1879
consequently the farmers are tightly run to get cotton to pay guano
notes which near y all fall due October 1st SCorn will be scarce the
next year but the people have not contracted much debt which
makes them generally as prosperous as last year J t
onBZ73yfopiion about the cotton crop is that it will beat least
M per cent off of last years crop but few of the late crop of fruit will
mature unless we have a late frost the prospect now in quantity and
price is very discouraging farmers generally discouraged Guano in
my opinion has done but little good in producing frut on the cotton
w eed it has helped mostly in making a good weed which has not pro
duced the fruit it should have had I see lots of cotton that had no
ruano that seemed much fuller of fruit in proportion to the weed than
tiat which had guano j a q
DodgeCrops generally very very poor It has been dry all the
yeu been too dry to sow turnips Cane and potatoes will make but
title more than seed Corn crop very short Cotton nearly all gathered
a J B
FIEf i1 havf triei con as a forage plant am much pleased
Faineis should use this and the grasses instead of fodder J R C
tnfHCe my las1 rePrt uPon examination I think the injury
s2rinnT both crn jmdcotton from drou ht has been m0e
senousthari apprehended The ear of corn looks well but when
tMhUf0 r86 yiliS T11 With an aDundant sck There is con
exWs nt S ff ln the SUgal caecroP So far as my observation
extends iotton comes nearer a full fall crop than any we made
T W C B
nearivnbTi have just had another drought of five weeks that
Sy iy fal1 ciopssugar cane peas late cotton potatoes etc
bark from Dgahttlebetter than anticiPated but cotton falling
ered and I thf rught Sn Crops arc 75 Per cent now S
eiea ana l tnik all will average 65 Wm S
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
ins ofcCoUouabhCOntiUOUS rTus foifour days retarded the pick
ing ol cotton it hi aiSo damaged the staple of that which was opening
causing seed to spt and the bolls torot No planted ye
acreage will be merged Pea and sweet potato crops will be short
to7uTtiltldSciVyhe mia the springthen bydr lv
to August lotn since ttUi t00 much raln up t0 d t Cotton is eath
EbJX ad SW6et Ptat0es are almst a
taimre damaged by the lat ralng m this section Rice is b t u
ered in good condition yi good Farmers should p more rice
as i pays better than cotton the market It is worth one dollar per
pay well TttuliV a gd hg CTOp nd
pay wen armeis should tut their attention in that direction
T R P
pmSca
getting through to the next harvest snS5n
T J F10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULRUREGEORGIA
202J
TABLE ICONSOLIDATION OF CROP REPORTS
FOR SEPTEMBERBy Counties
NORTH GEORGIA
From present indica 5 u 00
tions the probable to a Turnips
tal yield of d S3
B o o CJ CO s o bE S s OJ M 0 u
c
0 a a bo s 2
Counties a a a Q it no O CO O il a a s 3 a a o A o a V o o o a o a o 3 H a 3 91 a o g T 1 9 S a 3 S CO
hi o c tc E h h a P yi
o u CG TJ1 CO 4 Ph c o
80 80 85 85 75 105 85 65 80 90 125 140 100 m 80 105 125 100 100 100 106 110 100 40 100 125 110 50 25 40 25 25 10E 150 110 100 110 110 125 120 100 100 100 80
601 100 50 100 95 75 75
75
85
100 100 100 100 100
95
70 75 80 105 95 90 100 60 100 110 85 100 20 80 12C 12 175 100 100
85

85 80 75 110 100 IK 85 1b 105 95
90 115 90 85 100 90 35 00 100 75
105 100 110 100 110 95 75 75 90 86 96 75 100 85 100 100 90 100 85 80 85 110 100 100 100 105 106 80 75 ioc 100 70 100 110 2f 5 25 5 30 100 110 100 110 110 120 100 200 100 85 105 110 110 100
75 95 75 85 80 75 100
95
80
110
110
95

80 80 75 60 100 10 35 100 100 85

75 80 80 125 70 110 80 100 lir 100 46 10 120 100 120 100 70
1 75 100
85 90 90 100 iOO 110 35 100 105 90


Union 100 90 80 80 10 X 181 110 80 250 90
80 100 26 120

Whitfield 75 75 7j 85 100 75 20 106 20b 90

820 950 S70 80 90 105 95 29 110 122 92
MIDDLE GERGIA
80 75 80 70 80 85 90 SO 51 85 90 85 110 ion 65 100 100 120 110 105 110 100 100 110 125 110 95 110 1JO 90 110 251 100 45 100 34 100 40l 107 3 90 120 116 101 95 luO 110 80
80 77 90 75 90 75 JO 7r 7 80
87
91 dl 100 70 I 85
15 37 60 25 125 100 100 100 75
50
90

DeXalb 1M

Elbert 55 76 65 75 100 77 55 65 65 50 100 1 100 92 107 iie 30 20 83 37 40 101 100 100 100 100 105 100 100 105 115 87
65 100 100
100 100 70 105 80
90 00 M 60 89
125 150 70
No report1203 SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1879
TABLE IMiddle GeorgiaContinued
11
Counties
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDuffle
Meriwether
MonroeM
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Pike
Putnam
Rockdale
SpaIding
Talbot
Taliaferro
Troupr
Upson
WaltonI 75
Warren on
Wilkes
From present indica
tiong the probable toiei
tal yield of I 3
60
Average1770 710 970 80 0
x
110
95
100
87
83 110
105
100
110
So

2
CM
07
ion
10
110
no
115
851 HO
90 100
100
90 120
85
101
100 110
87 100
95 105
105 100
100l 125
116 50
110 50
123
110 45
125 35
89 llll 113
75
Turnipt
105
o to
90 80
100
180
130
100
90
110
75
100
96
93
100
100
90 SO
100 60
100
SO
140
92
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
80 75 76 45 66 80 66 100 75 75 72 82 65 62 SO 85 45 58 75 90 54 V7 60 65 72 90 55 95 50 50 77 90 100 92 66 85 60 60 77 90 100 05 10c 125 82 95 100 95 To 100 90 75 67 100 100 70 20 70 90 115 110 IK 115 150 125 100 l25 120 110 105 100 120 125 150 125 110 l25 112 125 100 125 110 105 57 75 50 50 42 66 26 25 50 20 60 45 60 50 87 110 120 97 75 100 108 ioo 100 90 100 100 100 100 10 10 3 19 15 25 4 10 15 10 10 100 100 no 95 125 100 95 isb 130 150 iii 105 105 95
IOO 100
Colquitt 81
100
Dougherty Early 80 ioo 150
110
50 100 100 100 100
87
Miller 105
Mitchell 100
Randolph 64 81 73 50 76 75 63 75 72 75 55 60 105 100 110 125 150 110 33 27 37 165 110 107 13 5 5 110 135 95 87 112

No report
12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 204
TABLE ISouthwest GeorgiaContinued
From present indica 8 a fl u
tions tie probable to S TurniiJS
tal yield of a X S
fca
r o 5 ja 5
Counties as 0 a a c o o eS SO a o o o i A
9 OS C s O
a o O d 6 o a as w u be CO a at O ft at V i en a 3 o 12 c O E 2 cPh a a a 3 B O O is CD 3 3 M d e a 8 S s b0 2 CO
SO 60 75 50 90 75 100 80 87 87 10 40 85 60 50 28 60 100 90 100 95 5 5 110 100 105 loot
Ta v or 1V0
Terrell 1C0 105 100 115 100 100

75 80 62 67 90 57 100
Wilcox 92


Average 730 677 775 898 63 117 116 46 95 8 111 100
East Georgia
Bulloch 80 80 80 90 110 8 75 80 75 75 75 33 80 so 70 51 SO 75 10 95 95 95 75 65 101 K5 105 85 101 51 9 lib lor 50 100 110 100 100 112 110 106 100 125 HO 125 55 85 50 75 83 50 60 lOf 101 100 ion 110 110 115 105 100 100 100 100 100 106 105 110 100 100 110 100 ICO 75
100
100
100
inn
ion
100

70 85 ro 60 8 75 70 90 55 75 65 100 70 85 115 100 65 130 lie 110 100 130 110 80 60 55 75 100 100 0 or 01 75 100
100
65 20 40 90 101 100
so 80 91 75 70 75 65 105 75 75 101 90 91 100 100 100 115
110
710 760 720 850 80 99 112 51 98 10 102 97
Southeast Georgia
110 105 100 inn 100 iio 125 107 45 65 35 0 50 50 49 1C0 100 95 100 90 100 97 45 03 05 9 105 100 90 100 100 100 166 100 99
106 85 80 SO 90 85 75 on 75 S30 110 90 90 100 70 100 fob ico 950 100 85 Sf 95 75 120 iib loo 950 100 100
100
Clinch 85 9r 9 65
100
ioo ioo 100 ion 100 110
110
Liberty 126 96 inn
100

Average 98
No report205 SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT1879
RecapitulationBy Sections
SECTIONS
NOBTH GEOBGIA 820
Middle Geobgia
Southwest Geobgia
East Gkokgia
Southeast Georgia
General Average
From present indica
tions the probable to
tal yield of
770
730
710
960
780
950
710
677
750
830
775
870
970
775
720
950
840
800
898
850
950
850
3

P

10
in
117
99
100
10
a S
96
112
llli
112
10
m
13
Turnips
110
102
95
101

122
102
111
102
8
108
100
97
95
14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
206
TABLE IIWEATHER REPORT FOR SEPTEMBER
North Georgia
J3
o 3 2
o
STATIONS s g a 3 es C 0 s n 0 3 3 a 3 DO Sd 3 STATIONS 3 i a a 3 P a H a 3 a 1 3 a 0 P 3
s a H s s H a
84 ft fis 1 n ro 3 8 4 84 82 84 683 646 69 6 199 310 133 3
fi40 070 2
76 646jfl7fl 2
871700 115 4 89 700 132 9


Means for North Get rgia 87 693 175 3
Middle Georgia

S8 fiS s 1 17 4 3 3 89 87 90 88 740 714 724 716 315 035 290 167 4
85 693 71 4 175 n si 3
5
8S
Means ior Middle Ge orgl 4
Southwest Georgia
Auany
Americus
Bainbridge
Butler
90i748 320
87 750 450
8S705 275
Means lor Southwest Georgia
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thorn asville
East Georgia
Augusta
I 8471014501
MiBae 90666 450
OeecheeI 81 4o5o5
Meansfor East Georgia
ojISaudersville
4 ISwainsboro
611
Southeast Georgia
BaxlevI 89750j450
Blackshear 95 777 878
BrunswickI 86750533
SlIDuPont
81 St Marys
10Walthourville
Means ior Southeast Georgia
Means for the State
89
75 0
741
89731
445
568
186
72014 051
762l367
20j45l
790
47
763
717
678
730
653
347
The maximum here given is simply the highest 2 P M observation The observers
are not supplied with registering thermometers
New Serifs
Special Circular No 1 J
Report of SoilTest of Fertilizers
FOR THE GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE FOR THK
YEAR 1879
Mtldc by
3 O
County Ga
7 liDepot
Department of Agriculture
Atlanta Ga Nov 1 1879
Deab Silt Please insert your name etc in the blank left above and report the
result of your soiltest of fertilizers made during the last season for this Department
by tilling the following blanks and returning the Circular to this office as soon as the
crops on which the testa have been made are gathered
Before making your report please refer to Special Circular No G4 containing
Directions for conducting the soiltests of fertilizers for 187 dated February 6th
1ST9 Give the name in full of each brand tested and mark those received from the
Department with the letter D Report failures if any with fheir causes
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissumer of AgricultureDEPARTMENT OF AGRIOULTLltliGEORGIA
208
1 State the character of the bcU on which the test was made the numberof years to
cultivation and the character of the original growth1209
The treatment of the
years previous to 1879
KEPOKT OF SOILTESTS
crops grown on and fertilizers applied to the plat for several

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
210
3 Tlu preparation of the soil and arrangement of the plat Including implements used
in the preparation I he length and width of the rows etc211
ItKPOKT OF SOU TESTS
4 Quantity of fertilizers applied per acre and whin and how applied If compost was
used give the proportions and character of the ingredients used in making it and
the method of composting

213 EErORT OF SOILTESTS
5 Time and manner of planting

b DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUKKGKOEGIA 214J
6 Date and manner of each working in detail215
EEPOET OF SOILTK8TS
SZXgStSlZSF i1 lhir nflcncc fiirable f10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
8 B
216
li

217
KElOKT OF SOILTESTS
11
12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
218

H
H
M
p
ft
o14 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 22
10 Give the results of any other experiment conducted by yon tint year221 REPORT OF SOILTESTS 15
pfi your observation in regard to the use of fertilizers daring the11 HKPARTMKKT OF ACIMIMTIITKK GEORGIA 2221
New Series 1
Circular No 2
RULES AND REGULATIONS
FOR THE
INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
SEASON OF 187980
DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Atlanta October 20th 1879
The Commissioner of Agriculture has adopted the following rules
and regulations for the present fertilizer season
I Every package of fertilizer or chemical for manufacturing the
same or for composting intended for sale or distribution within the
State of Georgia shall have the manufacturers guaranteed analy
sis placed upon or securely attachedjto each package by the manufac
turer If the fertilizer is in bags it shall be distinctly branded
stamped or printed upon each sack If in barrels it may be either
branded stamped or printed upon the head of each barrel or distinctly
printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each
barrel or upon a shipping or other tag and securely attached to the
head of each barrel In every case it must be distinct This manufac
turers guaranteed analysis shall show the following determinations
viz
Insoluble Phosphoric Acidper cent
Available Phosphoric Acidper cent
Ammonia by Nitrogen determinationper cent
Potash K 0percent
II To facilitate the transaction of business any manufacturer
dealer agent or other person who procures the inspection of a ferti
lizer may after it is inspected and has the Inspectors tag attached in
compliance with law proceed to make sales thereof before the official
analysis is completed provided he gives a written obligation to cancel2 DFPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 224
all sales in c e the fertilizer is condemned by the Commissioner of
Agriculture
III Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to
any fertilizer or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution unless
the manufacturers guaranteed analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel
or package before offering the same for sale or distribution claiming
in the case of any Ammoniated Superphosphate that it contains at bast
8 per cent of available Phosphoric Acid and 2 per cent of Ammonia
and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone that it contains at least
10 per centof available Phosphoric Acid neither shall any such tag or
device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or
unmerchantable condition
IV Inspectors after collecting inspection fees and taking samples
shall have applied under their personal supervision inspectors tags
one to each package of fertilizer of the exact lot inspected unless
otherwise specially instructed by the Commissionerbefore the same is
offered for sale or distribution Inspectors tags will have printed
upon each the words and figures Inspected187980Georgia
also a fac simile of the signature of the Inspector and the consecutive
tag number
V The Inspectors tag when attached or applied in compliance
with law is a recognition that the fertilizer to which it is attached has
the consent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale under the
conditions prescribed in Rules Land II above recited
VI All fertilizers manufactured in this State for sale or distribu
tion within the State must have been subject to all the requirements
of the law and regulations and the Inspectors fee must be paid be
fore it can be removed from the mill or factory
VII For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws
and regulations in relation to the inspection of fertilizers the follow
ing persons have been appointed Inspectors with offices at the places
annexed to their names viz
0 T RogersSavannah
W P HardenAugusta
Troup ButlerBrunswick
J S LawtonAtlanta
E L ThomasMacon
Geo W RosetteColumbus
Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation the Inspec
tors at Macon and Brunswick will cooperate with the Inspectors at
Savannah and Augusta Inspections can be made at other points in
Georgia than those named above when necessary but if in such cases
the fertilizer shall have come into the State at any port or station where
there is an Inspector the necessary expense of the Inspector in going
to make such inspection must be paid by the party procuring the
same225 RULES FOK THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZERS 3
VIII If necessary to facilitate transportation inspections may be
made outside of the State by special permission of the Commissioner
of Agriculture to whom application must be made by the party pro
curing it In all such cases the expenses of the Inspector incurred
in making the inspection must be paid by the party procuring it
IX In all cases in making inspections samples must be taken by
the Inspector in person He must provide such samplers as will pene
trate to the centre of the pacsage and samples must be taken from a
sufficient number to fairly represent the wholenot less than onetenth
of the packages in lots of ten tons or over and not less than onefifth
of the packages in lots of less than ten tons
X Inspectors at the time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the sea
sou must request of the person procuring the same three packages of
cah distinct brand to be selected by the inspectors to be used under
the directions of the Commiesioner of Agriculture in making a thor
ough soiltest These three packages must be taken at once by the
Inspector and carefully stored till called for by the Commissioner
XI Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside of the State
before making each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or
distribution are required to notify the Commissioner of Agriculture
directly and also the Inspector at the port or place where the same is
to enter the State in writing of such shipment giving the name of the
vessel or railroad on which shipped the name of each distinct brand
and the number of tons of each the number and kind of packages and
their weight the name and place of the consignee and accompany this
information by a copy of the guaranteed analysis Let this notice be
timely to both the Commissioner and the Inspector It will facilitate
bnsiness and result in advantage to those who give such timely notice
XII As far as possible all fertilizers must be inspected at the port
of entry or place where they come into the State Inspectors are re
quired to be vigilant and see that none escapes Dealers in the inte
rior of the State to whom fertilizers coming into the State at points
where there are no inspectors are consigned must give timely notice to
the Commissioner of Agriculture and to the Inspector nearest to the
point where they enter the State and must be prepared to furnish the
inspector with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations
and to pay to him the inspection fee by the time the fertilizerarrives
All persons in Georgia who expect to deal in fertilizersor have fertilizers
shipped to them during the coming season for sale or distribution will
please take due notice and make all necessary arrangements to meet
the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State
and thus save delay and embarrassment The law must be enforced
and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps
as will insure its easy execution without annoyance to themselves or
others
iDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
226

XIV An Act To protect more effectually the planters of Georgia
from imposition in the sale of Fertilizers etc approved February
26 1874 provides in section I That from and after the passage of
this Act it shall not be lawful to sell or offer for sale any fertilizer
manufactured in this State or to bring into the State for sale and dis
tribution any fertilizer manufactured beyond the limits of the State
unless before offering for sale or the sale or distribution of the same
there shall be an inspection and an analysis made of it etc Section
III of the same Act provides for the punishment according to section
4310 of the Code of 1873 of any person selling fertilizers without in
spection
An Act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and
analysis of fertilizers etc approved February 26 1877 provides that
any manufacturer dealer or other person offering any fertilizer or
chemical for manufacturing the same for sale or distribution in this
State without having a brand tag or such other device as the Com
missioner of Agriculture may require showing the analysis thereof
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction of the same shall
be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873
Section VI of the above cited Act approved February 28 1874 re
quires the inspectors to prosecute violators of these laws
The law will be rigidly enforced and the inspectors held to a strict
performance of their duties
XV The season for inspecting fertilizers will be fromSeptember 1st
to the 31st of August following
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureNew Series I
Special Circular No 2 J
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
TO
INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
IN GEORGIA
SEASON OF 187980
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta October 201879
To
Inspector of Fertilizers
Oa
Dear Sir It is of the utmost importance to the planters and peo
ple of Georgiato yourself and the Department of Agriculturethat
your duties be well and faithfully performed Tou are placed as a
sentinel to see that the interests of the farmers of Georgia are well
guarded in their purchases of commercial fertilizers that they are pro
tected from imposition in every purchase that they make and that the
laws defining your duties and the regulations of the Department are
rigidly executed in every case You are in your official acts to ren
der full justice to all parties The strict execution of the law and
full protection from imposition to all farmers will not work injustice
to any manufacturer or dealer
In the discharge of your duty in addition to the Rules and Regula
tions laid down in Circular No 2 you are to be governed by the follow
ing special instructions giving some details which could not well be set
forth in that Circular viz
L Fertilizers purchased outside of the State by a consumer orDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
230
farmer in Georgia for his own use and not for sale or distribution
shall be permitted to pass without inspection if the purchaser desires
it provided it is sent directly to said purchaser addressed or consign
ed to him personally and not directed to or passing through the hands
of a commission merchant or third party You must as far as prac
ticable report all such shipments to the Commissioner of Agriculture
giving the names of brands the names and places of consignees and
the number of tons and enter the same in your official record
II You must not inspect any fertilizer till the person or firm desir
ing the inspection has
1 Paid you in cash the inspection fee of 50 cents per ton for every
ton to be inspected
2 Placed the exact name in full of the fertilizer to be inspected
upon each package and placed the guaranteed analysis upon each
package
3 Given an obligation in writing to cancel and make null all sales
which may be made of said fertilizer before the official analysis there
of is made if after being analyzed the Commissioner of Agriculture
shall in pursuance of law prohibit its sale
Soiltest packages of every distinct brand of fertilizer are to be re
quested only once during the season viz at the time of making the
first inspection of any brand
You must not inspect any fertilizer if the minimum per centage of
any of the valuable ingredients named in the guaranteed analysis is
less than that required by law viz 8 per cent of available phosphoric
acid and 2 per cent of ammonia in ammoniated superphosphates or
10 per cent of available phosphoric acid in acid phosphates or dis
solved bone
III Immediately after taking samples of any brand of fertilizer in
the manner described in Rule IX of the Regulations for Inspections
they must be thoroughly mixed but not trituated or ground in a mortar
or otherwise When samples are forwarded to the Department for
analysis they must be in the same mechanical condition in which they
are offered for sale to the planters in the State After the samples
are thus thoroughly mixed you will from the mixture fill three glass
bottles common quinine bottles securely seal them with wax stamp
your private seal upon the wax and then carefully and correctly label
themall three of the bottles alike One of these bottles you will
preserve in your officesubject to the order of the Commissioner of Agri
culture and either deliver the other two in person to the Commissioner
or carefully box and ship them to him by express prepaid as soon
as the inspection is completed
IV You are required to keep in a book a full and accurate record
or minute of every official act performed by you and of everything
connected with the movement of or trade in fertilizers that may be231
INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS
important giving name dates and facts in full as indicated in the
blank forms furnished you
V Record the date of forwarding all samples to the Commissioner
of Agriculture for analysis
Make a full record of every application for inspection whether the
inspection is made or not giving in full names dates places and all
facts and if the inspection is not made state why
Report promptly to the Commissioner any violations of the law
The book of records or minutes is the property of the Department
and must be neatly and correctly kept It must be filed in the De
partment with your final report made at the end of the fertilizer
season
You will be required to make arrangements for storing and shipping
soiltest samples under instructions from the Commissioner of Agri
culture
When you make the first inspection for the season of any brand of
fertilizer outside of the State you must then and there request the
soil test samples to be put up and shipped to your address freight pre
paid by the manufacturer or dealer and the same to be stored by you
as before directed
Blanks will be furnished you for making all your records entries
and reports
Inspectors tags will be supplied to you on your requisition
You will be required to furnish your own office and all other sup
plies pay your own postage and express charges and pay for all as
sistance you may employ
The Act of 26th February 1877 requires you to pay over to the
Comptroller General on the 1st day of each month all moneys re
ceived for inspection fees during the preceding month This must be
doDe in whatever manner the Comptroller may prescribe
And you are specially required to guard against any misappropria
tion of Inspectors tags or for any violation or evasion of the law or
of any attempts to do so and make full reports to the Department of
Agriculture
Any information you may need will be given at any time Instruc
tions will be given promptly in any case in which you may desire
them or about which you are in doubt
Inspectors will be held to a strict performance of all duties required
of them by the law and the rules regulations and instructions defi
ning their duties No neglect or irregularities in the discharge of
their duties will be tolerated J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of AgricultureSEASON OF
187980
STATE OF GEOEGIA
Department of Agriculture
tSbaanta
JAeoUcwtnp tA Official Analysis o
uiected

Jfndi
ectoz
JfnjfeecJion crktSnadpaid u N A PRATT
Analytical Chemist Dept of Agriculture
ANALYSIS
Moisture expelled at 212 Fall
Insoluble Phosphoric Acid
Soluble Phosphoric Acid
Precipitated or Reduced Phosphoric Acid
Equivalent to Available Phosphoric Acid
Ammonia by Ni trogen determination
Potash K O
Undetermined matter i e Organic matter Sulphuric Acid
Lime etcr
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
The Available Phosphoric Acid is equivalent
to Tricalic or Bone Phosphate dissolved
The total Phosphoric Acid is equivalent to
total Bone Phosphate
The Mechanical condition of the fertilizer is
Its Commercial value is
ADMITTED TO SALE
per cent
per cent
Commissioner of Agriculture
PerSeason oH87980
ANALYSIS OF
No of Sample
ANALYTICAL LABORATORY
Atlanta Ga18
Hon J T Henderson
Commissioner of Agriculture
The following determinations have been made in analyzing above sample of Fertili
zer under your instructions viz
Moisture expelled at 212 Fah
Insoluble Phosphoric Acid
Soluble Phosphoric Acid
Precipitated or Reduced Phosphoric Acid
Equivalent to Available Phosphoric Acid
Ammonia by Nitrogen de ermination
Potash K O
Undetermined mutter i Organic matter Sulphuric Acid I
Lime etc
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
per cent
Total1OOO0 percent
The Available Phosphoric Acid is equivalent
to Tricalcic or Bone Phosphate dissolved per cent
Thti total Phosphoric Acid is equivalent to
total Bone Phosphate percent
The Mechanical condition of the Fertilizer is
Its Commercial Value is
Correct
Analytical Chemist of the Department of Agriculture
Sample receivedI Analysis completed
Analysis commenced ISpecial Circular No 3
New Series
9
QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT OF
CROPS SEASONS LABOR ETC
For the Year 1879
RETURNABLE DECEMBER 20 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta December 5 1879
Dear SirPlease answer the following questions and return to
this office by the 20th of December
Exercise great care in making up your report if neccessary con
ferring with your neighbors
Let the answers apply to the whole county for which you report
not simply to your own neighborhood
JSpNew correspondents are informed that the crop or standard with
which comparisons are made is always 100 So 10 per cent better or
greater or more would be indicated by 110 10 per cent less by 90 and
so on
N BIt is very important that every correspondent answer the following
questions and with the greatest possible accuracy
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
I For what county do you rep irt County
II Your name
III Your Poetoffice
IV Will you act as correspondent next year DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
236
Total yield compared
to last year of
1 Corn
2 Cotton
3 SugarCane
4 Rice
5 Wheat
6 Oats
7 Field Peas
8 Sweet Potatoes
9 Sorghum
10 Ground Peas
11 Chufas
12 Millet
13 Clover
Per cent
Actual average yield per acre in
bushels pounds gallons etc
No bushels gal
Ions etc per
acre
14 Other Hay
give name
Bushels shelled corn
Pounds Seed Cotton
Gallons of Syrup
Bushels rough
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels planted with corn
Bushels
Gallons of Syrup
Bushels
Bushels
Tons of dry Forage
TonB of cured Hay
Tons of cured Hay
15 Acreage in Wheat compared to last year per cent
16 Acreage in fall Oats compared to last year per cent
17 Amount of homeraised Pork produced compared to last year percent
18 Average wages paid 1879 for full hands per month with rations dollars
19 Average wages paid day hands men with rationsceuts
20 Average number of hales of cotton made per mule with plenty of corn on wages
bales
21 Average number of bales made per mule with plenty of corn on shares bales
2 Average number of bales made per mule with plenty of corn by renters
bales
23 Which system has proved most satisfactory to the landowners this yearwages
shares or renting237 QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL CEOP REPORT1879 3
24 Which system has proved most satisfactory to laborers
25 Is there a greater or a less disposition to sell lands than last year
26 Have fanning lands advanced or fallen in price
27 Are farmers generally in better or worse condition than last year
28 What is the indebtedness of farmers compared to last winterper cent
29 What per cent of a full supply of provisions for 1880 have been produced in your
county this yearpercent
30 Have farmers in your county purchased more or less farm supplies this year than
last
If more what percentper cent
If less what per centper cent
31 What has been the average caBh price per lb of bacon in yonr county this year
cents
32 What for corn per bushelcents
33 What has been the average time price per pound of bacon payable Novembes 1st
34 What for corn per bushel
35 Is there a less disposition on the part of farmers and fanners sons to leave the
farm than last winter
36 Is there a greater disposition on the part of people from the towns and villages to
embark in farming than last winter
37 What has been the efficiency of labor during the present year compared with pre
vious years
38 Is there an increased disposition on the part of farmers to improve their stock by4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 238
crossing with thoroughbreds
39 Are farmers generally in your county giving better attention to their stock than for
merly
40 What has been the increase in area devoted to orchards and vineyards duriug the
last twelve monthspercent
41 Have commercial fertilizers paid this year on crops that were properly cultivated
42 If not to what cause do you attribute their failure
43 Have composts paid
44 Have they increased production equally with commercial fertilizers
45 What is the average difference between the cost per acre of compost and commer
cial fertilizers as both are usually applieddollars
46 Have the farmers of your county used peavines for fertilizing purposes
With what results
47 Have they applied marl or lime to their soils
With what results
48 Give instances of extraordinary results in farming this year in your county stating
the area in the different crops number of plows number of hands the total yield
of each crop the name and address of the farmer and any other interesting facts
in connection with them
m
i
239 QUESTIONS FOR SUPPLEMENTAL CKOP REPOUT1879 5
49 Report any facts of interest to the farmers of Georgia such as the results of exper
iments with different methods of preparation cultivation with fertilizers labor
saving implements new varieties of grain fruits or vegetables etcfi GT8ITJiciaa hoho jAnaManua aoi anorraaup 68S
19jz9 lo eJlirfcDi sift a doue miosD 1o eisrmiil orft o3 teoioitii to ioB xhk Jioqn yt
aJ9 te9ldaJ939Y io eiiurt tnhn esUahev wsn ajrrerrrelqmi gafvaa
CIRCULAR No 8
New Series
RESULTS
Soil Tests of Fertilizers
FOR TFIE YEAE 1879
CONDUCTED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
The Commissioner of Agriculture
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA WITH COMMENTS ON
THE RESULTS OF THE EXPEEIMENTS
ATLANTA GEORGIA
James P Harrison Co State Printers and Publishers
1879SOILTEST OF FERTILIZERS FOR 1879
The following circular bearing date of February 6 1879 was
sent to each experimenter as a guide in conducting the soiltests for
the year 1879
DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE SOIL TESTS OF FER
TILIZERS FOR THE YEAR 1879
The Commissioner of Agriculture in pursuance of duties im
posed upon him by the act of February 28 1874 requiring that a
fair sample of all fertilizers sold in this state shall be thoroughly
tested by him hereby issues the following rules for conducting
saiu tests
Persons to whom samples of fertilizers are submitted for thor
ough and practical tests are required to conduct their experiments
in a manner that will set forth results fully and fairly and report
the same promptly by the first day of December 1879 to this
Department giving full details as follows
1 Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fer
tility as possible
2 If the test is to be made with corn cotton or any crop planted
in rows apply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows 35 or 70
yards lonsr leaving four rows unfertilized between those fertilized
with different brands thus A four rows without fertilizer four
rows B four rows without fertilizer four C four etc through
the plat When the crop matures gather the two middle rows of
each fourfertilized and unfertilized and weigh and record the
same accurately If it is cotton weigh and record carefully each
separate picking and the date of each If the test is made with
small grain or any crop sown broadcast lay off plats 35 or 70
yards long and 6 feet wide with a vacant space of one or two feet
wide between the plats and apply the fertilizer to each alternate
plat and when the crop isgatherc d record separately the product
of the fertilized and unfertilized plats In all smallgrain tests
give the weight of the grain and of the straw after the grain is
threshed out
3 In these experiments use each fertilizer or compst at the rate
of 200 or 100 pounus per acre regardless of cost on cotton or corn
200 pounds broadcast on small grain
4 In conducting these tests be careful to have the preparation
planting stand and eultivationidenticalon eachf our rows the only4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 244
difference being in the kind or quality of fertilizer used Without
this the test will not be reliable
5 If compost is used state the formula adopted in composting
giving the quantity and character of each ingredient and the
method employed in composting
6 If convenient purchase on the market some of the same
brands as those submitted for test and report the result as directed
in No 2 above
7 Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have
8 Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast
with any others you may have on any other crop on your farm
or garden and report results
9 When an Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bonenot ammonia
tedis tested compost it by formulas for composting given in
Circular No 62J of this Department
10 Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer and
report results and facts as above requested
11 Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is
done or as it takes place Let your record also contain the fol
lowing viz
a The character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is
made whether sandy clayey mirley or calcareous and whether
upland or bottom how long in cultivation and the character of
the original growth
b Its previous treatment both as to crops cultivated and fertili
zers used for several previous years and if practicable select a
plat which was not fertilized in 1878
c The time and manner of preparation time and manner of
planting modes of cultivation seasons both as to temperature and
rainfall and any other fact of interest connected with the test of
fertilizers
d Preserve a fair sample of every fertilizer you test Put it in a
bottle and seal it up and label it correctly A common quinine
bottle full is about the proper quantity to save and is most conve
nient
12 When the crop is gathered make a full report to the Depart
ment embracing everything laid down in the foregoing or that
is connected with the experiment Blanks on which to make out
this report from the record made by you during the year will be
sent to you in November next
These experiments to be valuable should be conducted with
great care and the results accurately reported by the first day of
December next or as soon thereafter as the results can be ascer
tained
N BThese samples are furnished by manufacturers in com245
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
pliance with law expressly to have them fairly and fully tested in
the soil according to rules prescribed by the Department When
thus furnished the manufactuiers are entitled to have as fair a
test made as seasons and surrounding circumstances will admit
and a thorough test and a detailed report will be expected in every
case unless providentially prevented whether the experiment be
a success or a failure as failures are often instructive and in some
eases have been more so than successes
RESULTS OF SOILTESTS FOR 1879
NoteIn the following pages i 11 fertilizers marked a were
furnished by the Department for soil test those not so marked
were furnished by the experimenters
EXPERIMENT OF MR ROBERT BURTON ELLAVILLE
SCHLEY COUNTY
SoilSandy upon a stifiyellow clay subsoil has been in culti
vation over fifty years original growth post oak hickory and
short leaf pine runs together after heavy rains and is hard and
tough to plow
Previous TreatmentIt has been in continued and regular culti
vation by Mr Barton for thirtynine years principally alternating
in corn and cotton a few times in wheat but not planted in the
latter crop since 1861 It has been fertilized with cotton seed
stable manure and other homemade manures but never before
this year with commercial fertilizers
Preparation of the Soil eteThe plat was in corn last year
rows six feet apart with a row of peas in each middle In the
spring each row corn and peas was barred off and the middle
split with a shovel plow In these furrows the fertilizers were
dropped by hand every two feet and bedded on with a shovel
The rows in the plat were seventy yards long and three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied April 22d at the rate of 200 lbs per acre
Mr Baldwin remarks here I used largely of compost made
after formula No 1 from this Department but did not experi
ment wkh any on the same plat of ground and with far better
results than from any commercial fertilizers used except where I
applied too large quantities per acre Where I used from two
hundred to three hundred pounds per acre the result was fine
and satisfactory but eight hundred to one thousand was worse
than nothing A piece of fresh first quality land that made a
fine crop last year did not make half this year it did last from6
DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
246
thaCcause alone Compost is our best and safest fertilizer but
because it is cheap do not use too much of it per acre
Time and Manner of PlantingThe cotton seed were planted
April 23d witli a Dow Law panter and covered with a board
Manner of Working Seasons etc April 27th rain May 6th
good stand up May 11th cold N E wind l6th light rain 17th
barred with turning plow 18th rain 27th chopped out June
4th plowed witli shovel and scrape and hoed well 7th rain loth
plowed with shovel and scrape three furrows to the row 29th
very dry
July 2d hoed well 5tb good rain 19th good raincotton
small and lousy 26th plowed last time with shovel and scrape
27tb 28th and 30th rain In August it rained 2d 9th 11th 16th
17th 18th 21st 22d 23d 24th 27th and 29thtoo wet for a good
crop of cotton The wind lias been from the E and N E more
than usual and all farmers think east winds unfavorable
RESULTS
Lhs of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings Per
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Sept9 2d Oct 1 3d Not I 4th Nov29 acre
200 200 lbs oz 3 8 7 12 3 4 8 4 lbs oz 4 6 4 4 8 lbs oz 4 4 4 4 8 4 8 lt8 OZ 2 4 1 4 2 1 6 S03 643 490 662
4 Rows Johnsons Chemicals 4 Rows unfertilized a 4 Rows Bradley Pat Sup Phos
Mr Burton remarks in regard to the use of commercial fertil
izers I continue year after year to use commercial fertilizers
but in our section my observations are that the greatest benefit
derived from them ie in maturing the crop earlier thereby en
abling the planter to more effectually gave it As a general thing
I have seldom obtained a greater yield from their use than would
pay expenses Compost is to my mind the cheapest safest and
best fertilizer for the cotton planter and the sooner we make all
our manures at home the better for each and all concerned
EXPERIMENT OF MR JOHN T WINGFIELD WASHING
TON WILKES CO GA
Soil etcDark mulatto loam with red clay subsoil Have no
idea of the original growth except from the trees around the home
stead near by as there were no stumps on it fifty years ago The
shade trees are white oak Spanish oak post oak and hickory
Have never known it be planted in cotton before247
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
Previous treatmentIt has been in yellow or Chilian clover since
the warsometimes in peas or turnips and several times in Ger
man millet After the clover hart seeded and died a poor crop of
German millet was made last year The clover which followed
was grazed by cows calves and sheep until it was prepared for
cotton It has been manured in the drill with stable manure for
turnips and broadcast for millet in former years and several
times with guano
Preparation of the soil arrangement of tJie plat etcApril 19 plowed
and crossplowed the plat with scooter and harrowed April 24
laid off rows 31 feet wide and 70 yards long and opened the furrows
with a large Brinley shovel pulled by two mules The fertilizers
were distributed in these furrows and the land bedded
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 210 pounds per acre in the
drill April 24 and the land bedded at once
Time and manner of plantingApril 25 the beds were opened with
small scooter the seed rolled in ashes were scattered by hand in
the drill and covered with a woodentoothed harrow
CultivationMay 20 b ran two sweep furrows to the row 24th
barred off with turn shovel 31st hoed June 13th and 27th
plowed out with sweep About the latter date hoed again Very
little hoeing was necessary previous cultivation having been such
that there was very little grass or weeds to contend with July
24th plowed with sweep
Seasons May 17th tremendous rain with a good deal of hail
This ran the land together badly After this a long drouth oc
curred with occasional very light showers which did little good
on account of the heat and drouth following The weed however
grew large enough when the rains came but the season altogether
was not favorable to fruiting
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applxd per acre i Pouidsok Shed Cotton
Different pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Sept 2o 2J Oct 25 3d Nov 26 Per acre
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
9 8 9 13 8 11 fi S 9 8 25 21 26 26 8 12 10 22 23 19 19 12 9
Crescent Bone Fertiltzer 210 210 210 210 210
oSoiuble Pacific Guano 1155
aStafford Bklock Cos Am Bone Super I phosphate j Eureka Am Bone Superphosphate of Lime 1664 1216 1140
8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
248

Mr Wingfleld says I am satisfied that fertilizers as generally
used do not pay and more especially in such seasons as the last
As we cannot foresee seasons It is the part of wisdom to pro
vide against heat and drouth A very large proportion of my crop
this year was only fertilized to the extent of rolling the seed in
guano This experiment shows a gain in only one single guano
and that of only 19 or 20 pounds of lint or two dollars per acre for
210 pounds of guano at a cost of over double the value of the cot
ton while the others seem to have been really a disadvantage and
two of them most so which have hitherto stood highestEureka
as a standard guano and Sardys Acid Phosphate for composting
whicli latter compost alone has proved economical Homemade
manures saving and utilizing what we have turning in green
weeds peas etc is the remedy
EXPERIMENT OF MR JAS D FREDERICK MARSHALL
VILLE MACON CO GA
Soil Gray mixed with black gravel subsoil yellow clay has
been in cultivation forty years and very poor original growth
pine
Previous TreatmentIt was planted in corn last year fertilized
with eight bushels of cotton seed per acre
Preparation was made in the usual way using the common turn
ing plow in forming the beds Rows three feet apart and thirty
five yards long Plat arranged as directed in Special Circular No
64
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 210 lbs per acre distributed
April 13th through a common guano trumpet
Planted April 22d with the D w Law cotton planter
CultivationAfter chopping to a stand the cotton was hoed three
times and plowed four times at intervals of about three weeks
cultivated shallow
SeasonsRains were copious and timely The heat in July 9th
10th 11 tli and 12th was excessive and injurious

249
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without Fertilizer
Popple ins Silicated Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aWando Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
aEutaw Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Without Fertilizer
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone
Lbs of
Fertilizer
Applied
Per Acre
Oct 1
210
210
Lbs of ekd Cotton
1st
Pkg
lbs
210
210 3
1
210 4
2d
Pkfi
lbsoz
3d
Pkg
Nov 29
lbs oz
Per
Acre
385
325
350
778
415
6O0
355
521
372
665
Mr Frederick says Fertilizers judiciously used are the salva
tion of the country It gives a farmer a renewed and continued
interest in his crop and gives him the ability of making poor
healthy sections as productive as the sickly malarious districts
EXPERIMENT OF MR J T DENNIS EATONTON PUT
NAM COUNTY GA
Soilclayhas been in cultivation fifty or more years original
growth oak and hickoryhas not been in cultivation for several
years has been turned out because too poor to pay for cultivation
Previous TreatmentHas been lying out uncultivated for several
years
PreparationIn November 1877 the plat was well turned with
A B Watt plow Nothing more was done to it until last spring
when it was crossplowed with a scooter Rows were laid off
three feet apart with twohorse Haiman plow with large scooter
attached opening a furrow six or eight inches deep applied fer
tilizers listed on them with scooter and bedded out with turner
Rows 35 yards long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 400 lbs per acre on the 28th
of April in the bottom of the furrows
Planted April 28th Opened bed with scooter sowed seed with
hand and covered with harrow
CultivationThe cotton was plowed regularly every fifteen or
twenty days and hoed twice
Seasons The crop suffered badly from drought in the early10
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
250
part of the season After the cotton was up there was but one
good rain May 15th until July 28th There were several showers
during this time but not enough to wet the ground more than one
inch deep After July 28th there was rain in the greatest abun
dance
The temperature was low except a few days about te 10th of
July The low temperature was favorable to the plant as rain
was needed If the weather had been hot in June and July
during the drought the yield would probably have been less
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without Fertilizer
aGossypium JPhospho
Without Fertilizer
aBarrys Granger Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Patapseo Guano
Without Fertilizer
rl8KolveI Bone andPoiash
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
400
400
400
Pounds Sekd Cotton
Different Pick
ings
1st
Oct 7
I bs oz
o m
7 9
0 3
15 6
2 6
12 6
5 0
9 0
2d
Nov 20
lbs oz
1
6 9
2 ti
4 6
4 0
8 6
4 6
7 6
Per acre
1015
1924
1400
455
1410
The above experiment illustrates the importance of having as
required by the directions in special circular No 64 the four rows
without fertilizer between those to which the different brands of
fertilizers are applied In this experiment there is a difference of
583J pounds of seed cotton per acre in the production of the natural
soil at opposite sides of the plat Without the unfertilized plats to
indicate this the fertilizers applied on the poorer parts would have
been placed at great disadvantage
Mr Dennis says The plat was well filled with humus which I
think was the cause of the fertilizers paying so well Guanos have
paid well with me for the past few yearsbetter this year than
last
251
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
11
EXPERIMENT OF MR J C BREWER ANTIOCH HEARD
COUNTY GA
Plat No 1
Soil Gray sandy with fine red clay subsoil Original growth
pine hickory post oak and red oak Has been in cultivation six
years
Plat No 3
Soil and original growth same as that of No 1 but lias been in
cultivation more than fifty years
Plat No a
SoilStiff red clay with red clay subsoil Original growth oak
hickory poplar and black gum Cleared in 1874
Previous TreatmentPlat No 1 has been cultivated in cotton for
the last five years and without fertilizer until this year
Plat No 2 lias been in cotton for the last five years except one
year when it was in corn mamired with twenty bushels of cotton
seed per acre When in cotton 260 pounds of commercial fertilizer
were applied per acre each year
Plat No 3 was sown to wheat in 1874 the year it was cleared
and has been cultivated in cotton every year since and manured
with 200 pounds of commercial fertilizer each year except one
when 600 pounds per acre of compost of cotton seed and stable
manure equal parts of each were applied
PreparationAll three plats were deeply broken in the winter
In April opened furrows three feet apart and thirtyfive yards
longwith ten inch shovel in which the fertilizers were applied
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on all
the plats the first of April in the shovelplow furrows and bedded
on with turning shovel No compost was used
Planting A pril 19th opened the beds with small scooter sowed
the seed by hand and covered with a board All three plats treated
alike
CultivationThe cotton was sided as soon as it was up with a
subsoil plow and chopped to a stand when the third leaf appeared
It was plowed about every twenty days following each plowing
in ten days with the hoes so that the ground was stirred every
ten days After the first plowing short scooters with heel scrape
were used
Seasons were unfavorable on account of excessive heat and
drouths

12
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 252
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
PLAT NO 1
Poppleins Silicated Phosphate
Carolina Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
aGossypium Phosplio
Georgia State Grange Fertiizer
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Americas Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilize
aOharleston Soluble Phosphate
aBales Standard Guano
plat no
Poppleins Silicated Phosphate
aCarolina Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
yGossypium Phospho
Americus Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
oCharleston Soluble Phosphate
Bales Standard Guano
PLAT NO 3
Bales Standard Guano
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
aGossypium Phospho
Americus Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Charleston Soluble Phosphate
Carolina Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Poppleins Silicated Phosphate
Empire Guano
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
1st
Sep 11
lbs oz
lbs oz lbs oz
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
2d
Oct 1
3d
Nov 6
4 0
4 0
1 0
5 0
4 Sep 12 0 K 0
15 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
10 8
11 8
11 6
10 0
10 8
10 0
3
3
4
9
3
4
4
4
6
5
5
4
5
4
5

5
4
6
5
6
5
6
6
5
0
6
5
6 12 6
Per
Acre
910
n tr
697
1072
111
630
997
980
665
1076
945
976
945
647
919
910
560
1028
1137
586
987
1076
1645
1977
1627
1767
1890
1470
1697
1697
1400
1610
1616253
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
13
EXPERIMENT OF ME JASON LANCASTER McRAE TEL
PAIR COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilSandy and rockyhas been in cultivation ten years and
planted in corn
Previous treatmentHas been cultivated continuously in corn
manured with stable manure and cotton seed
Preparation etcLand broken with half shovelrows seventy
yards long and three feet wide
Fertilizers were applied April 10th at the rate of 100 pounds per
acre and the land bedded
Planted cotton and corn on the 10th of April Cotton rows
three feet wide and tlie stalks eighteen inches in the drill Corn
rows six feet wide and hills three feet apart in the drill
CultivationBarred off cotton and corn twenty days after plant
ing with six inch half shovel Threw a bed to them ten days
afterwards plowed both with Granger sweep fifteen days later
SeasonsVery unfavorable to both cotton and corn the latter
literally burned up so as to impair the value of the test
RESULTS ON COTTON
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Gossypiuni Phospho
aArnericus Dissolved Bones
rtWhanns Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Without fertilizer
Lbs ol
Fertili
zer
Applied
Per acre
ICO
100
100
Yield in
Seed Col
ton
Per acre
1120
1190
1260
700
RESULTS ON CORN
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aGrossypium Phospho
aArnerieus Dissolved Bones
aWhanus Plow Brand Raw Bone Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
Per acT e
100
100
100
Bushels
of Corn
Per acre
14
16
11
10
Lbs of
Fodder
Per acre
210
250
215
256
Planted April 10 matured September 1
EXPERIMENT OP MR T N DELANEY WOODSTOCK
CHEROKEE COUNTY GEORGIA ON COTTON
SoilDark clay upland with red clay sub soil Original growth
red oak post oak and hickory14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
254
Previous treatmentThe land has been in cultivation about forty
years Crops of cotton and wheat have been grown alternately
for the last four years the cotton well manured with compost
the wheat not fertilized
PreparationIt was broken deep with a squarepointed scooter
and bedded with a turning plow Rows thirtyfive yards long
and three feet wide Eastern exposure
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of one and two hundred
pounds of commercial fertilizers per acre Where stable manure
or 200 pounds of fertilizers were usedj it was bedded on in the
preparation When 100 pounds were used it was applied with the
seed in planting
The fertilizers sent me were received too late to be composted in
bulk hence they were applied with the stable manure as shown
in the tabular statement
PlantingApril 18th opened the rows with a scooter followed
by a sharpedged block to smooth the furrow sowed the seed by
hand and covered with a small harrow
Cultivation May 1st harrowed off the ridges just as the cotton
was beginning to show May 10th sided with a long scooter and
chopped to a stand 30th plowed out the entire row with a long
scooter and followed with hoes June 14th plowed out shallow
with sweeps July 5th plowed again with sweeps and chopped
with hoes
SeasonsThe cold weather in April retarded the growth of cot
ton The early part of May was also unfavorable making the
crop nearly two weeks late as compared with last year The
drouth in July seriously injured all crops The cotton to which
fertilizers were applied most heavily suffered most The rains
commenced the 27th of July and continued for three weeks caus
ing cotton to shed and take a second growth
The rains late in the season prevented the late fruit from open
ing before frost
255
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
RESULTS
15
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Steins Ammomated Bone Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Sterns Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate with
40 i bs stable manure
Sterns Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
aGossypium Phospho
aGossypium Phospho with 400 lbs stable
manure
aGossypium Phospho
Without Fertilizer
Chesapeake Guano
Chesapeake Guano with 400 lbs stable manure
aChesapeake Guano with 400 lbs stable manure
Chesapeake Guano
Without Fertilizer
Lees Prepared Agricultural Lime
Without Fertilizer
Navassa Acid Phosphate
Lbs of
Fertil
izer
Applied
per acre
Navassa Acid Phosphate with 400 lbs stable
manure
Without Fertilizer
Poppleins Silicated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
Bales Standard Guano
Without Fertilizer
Bone M eal Raflerty Williams
Without Fertilizer
Ammoniated Bone Raflerty Williams
Without Fertilizer
Eagle Ammoniated Bone Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Without Fertilizer
Experiment
200
lot
100
200
200
ion
200
200
100
100
200
200
100
200
Pounds of Seed Cotton
200
Different Pickings
let
Lbs
466
2 33
320
160
466
233
S83
523
320
230 146
116
466
380
640
460
2d
Lbs
3d
Lbs
4 66
2 33
2
273
263
290
173
305
350
233

320
2
263
173
320
7
848
640
933
756
Lbs
l
290
290
290
333
350
4E6
320
7 290
753 I
816
816
7
613
613
583
730
640 2
380
380
2
1 73
173
203
460 223 7561 290
1438
1019
1204
I66
993
1194
1487
1037
935
1346
1362
1224
1081
875
997
86
1203
1000
825
1123
815
1243
795
1051
785
1121
770
1142
756
283
742
117916
DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUREGEORGIA
256
EXPERIMENT OF MR T N DELANEY CHEROKEE
COUNTY GA ON CORN
Soil Gray upland sand and clay with mulatto clay subsoil
has been in cultivation forty or fifty years Original growth red
oak and post oak
Previous TreatmentHas not been in cultivation for several years
Had grown up in sassafras and broomsedge
PreparationLand broken with squarepointed scooter Rows
33 yards long and 4 feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on each
side of the corn in the drill
Planting April 12th opened furrows with a plain shoveldropped
the corn in hills three feet apart with fertilizer on each side and
covered with harrow
CultivationMay 6tb sided with long scooter chopped over with
hoes and thinned to one stalk in the hill 27th plovved out the
entire row with scooter Juna21st plowed out with sweep follow
ing the plows each time with hoes
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zei
Applied
Per acre
Stems Amuioniated Bone
Without Fertilizer
oGossypinm Phospho
Bushels
nl Corn
Per acre
IS 3
825
2075
Lbs of Kodder Per acre Date of Planting
394 176 535 April 12 April 12 April 12
Date of
Maturity
October 13
October 21
October 8
Mr DeLaney says To fertilize on economical principles is the
secret of success in farming While the general results in the use
of commercial fertilizers have not been remunerative to farmers in
this section I am satisfied from experiment that they may be
used to profit even at present prices by judicious application and
proper culture To insure success however the fertilizers should
be intelligently selected that isfirst the capacity of the soil is
to be considered second what elements of plantfood are required
for the crop cultivated third the elements of fertility contained
in the guano purchased I am further satisfied by experiment
that it is more economical for farmers to purchase the crude ma
terial as far as possible and do their own manipulating257
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
17
EXPERIMENT OF PROF WM M BROWNE PROFESSOR
OF AGRICULTURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEOR
GIA AT ATHENS GA
Soil Very thin with stiff red clay subsoil has been cleared
upwards of twentyfive years and cultivated nearly every year
since
Previous Treatment From 1872 to 1879 Prof E M Pendle
ton conducted various experiments on this piece of land using a
number of commercial fertilizers and other manures for different
crops In the summer of 1878 field peas were sown broadcast at
the rate of three bushels per acre The vines etc were plowed
under in November by a Brinley twohorse Prairie plow fol
lowed by a Lester subsoiler breaking to a depth or thirteen or
fourteen inches
PreparationThe land was thoroughly broken in November
1878 as above stated
March 21st cross plowed with long narrow scooter and thor
oughly pulverized
March 24th laid off in sets of four rows seventy yards long
three feet apart and bedded in the usual way Implements used
Brinleys Universal plow Lesters subsoiler and a double shovel
to break the middles Fertilizers were applied at the rate of
200 lbs per acre before the land was bedded The compost used
was composed in a ton of
750 pounds gret n cotton seed
750 pounds stable manure and
500 pounds Patapsco acidphosphate
mixed in January covered heavily with woods earth and kept
under shelter until distributed
PlantingApril 10th seed sown by hand at the rate of one and
a half bushels per acre and covered with a board The middles
were plowed out with shovels
CultivationMay 3d sided with Lester subsoiler run as close
as possible and to a depth of eight inches
May 9th hoed and bunched 16th plowed out with shovels 19th
chopped to a stand June 2d worked with Dickson sweep 9th
hoed 17th swept July 1st hoed 21st swept and laid by
Seasons During the latter part of May and the who e of June
a severe drought injured the crop seriously
July 17th a severe wind and rain storm did much damage
Heavy and continuous rains in August started a fresh and vigor
ous growth of weed which owing to cold nights and cloudy
days in September yielded little or no mature fruit18 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 258
RESULTS
Lbs of Pounds 3P Seed Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER Fertilizer Applied per acre Different Pickings Per
1st Sept a 2d Sept 10 3d Sept 19 4th Oct 10 Acre
lbs oz 19 8 lbs oz 17 15 lbs oz 22 0 lbs oz 10 2 118815
200 17 4 35 12 22 2 11 5 116970
Merrymans Amd Bis Bone 200 17 8 24 7 17 15 8 12 116610
200 21 1 21 8 16 4 8 12 114890
210 17 1 23 7 17 6 7 4 110720
200 22 5 31 3 19 8 9 2 139520
200 21 14 26 8 20 14 7 S 130412
20 27 4 25 12 16 12 8 12 133180
14 8 25 8 22 1 8 8 119440
200 20 3 22 9 23 12 6 10 123 20
N Haven Chl Cos Amd Sup Phos 200 18 10 30 2 25 9 11 6 145611
200 20 11 5 6 9 22 7 34 1 19 6 81 2 6 3 11 13 100850
Soluble Pacific Gnano li2090
200 200 13 4 14 10 29 10 39 9 21 3 29 6 13 6 14 11 131670
167040
200 201 9 10 6 8 33 28 10 26 6 22 1 12 13 7 18 139013
110500
200 200 9 11 11 4 29 3 30 12 26 4 29 0 11 13 13 8 118415
144214
200 8 2 30 28 12 10 1 130715
Lorentz Rittlers Sol Amd Sup Phosj a Navassa Sol A md Phos 200 200 8 9 11 37 14 34 12 28 1 29 15 9 14 15 4 133260 154515
20 bush 14 6 31 10 27 7 10 9 142800
Nonfertilized rowsaverage 2 4 8 1 7 13 3 6 41810
The sets of four nonfertilized rows between each Bet of four fertilized rows yielded
almost exactly the same amount of seed cotton the difference being only two orthree
ounces thus showing the uniformity of the natural soil
RESULTS WITH WHEAT
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of FertiliApplied Pervert Hustieis of Wheat drilled Per acre Date of Planting Date of Maturity
200 200 70 bus 69 bus 2 17A 17 16 October 9 ctober 9 ctober 9 Ictober 9 May 31
June 2
June 5
June 6
259
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
19
Prof Browne remarks My observation as to the use of fertilizers
convinces me that no farmer in Georgia can afford to do without
them provided he protects himself against fraud by purchasing
only the standard brands duly tested and approved by the tag of
the Department of Agriculture I believe that the maximum
quantity that can be profitably applied is 200 pounds per acre I
have found a compost of f green cotton seed f stable immure j
acid phosphate mixed in the fall or winter and kept under shel
ter a very Valuable and cheap fertilizer
This formula will be found in the publications issued from time
to time from this Department and has given universal satisfaction
EXPERIMENT OF THOMAS H STALL WORTH SANDY
RIDGE HENRY COUNTY GA
Plat No 1
SoilMulatto with fine clay subsoil Original growth oak
hickory and dogwood
Plat No 2
MDark sandy loam with clay subsoil Cleared in 1861
Original growth oak hickory pine and chestnut Land free from
rocks
Plat No 3
Soil Sandy loam with red clay subsoil selected after the bal
ance of the crop was planted in order to test experiment which
was not received until May
Previous TreatmentPint No 1 was cleared in 1856 was culti
vated three years in corn without fertilizer Since then it has
been rotated in wheat cotton and corn with only one years rest
to date When sown to wheat 12 bushels of cotton seed were ap
plied per acre when in corn a little compost and when in cot
ton 100 pounds of Merrymans Dissolved Bone
Plat No 2 cleared in 1851 was planted in corn for three years
without fertilizer then in wheat one year and then in cotton
afterwards alternated in cotton and corn From 90 to 125 pounds
of Merrymanis Dissolved Bone was applied to the cotton
Plat No 3 has had about the same treatment as No 2
PreparationPlant No 1 broke deep with thirteen inch scooter
in Januiry Plat arranged as directed in special Circular sixty
four
Plats Nos 2 and 3 Preparation same as No 1 except that No
2 was rebedded with stable and cowpen manure in the drillnot
weighed
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April
8th in deep furrows made by a teninch sieel shovel Plat No 2
arranged as No 1 except that alternately 200 and 100 pounds perB
20
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
260
acre were used In No 3 200 pounds per acre were used Rows
in all seventy yards long and three feet wide
PlantingApril 23d opened the beds on Nos 1 and 2 with a
short two inch scooter sowed Simpson variety of cotton sowed
by hand and covered with two scooter furrows Planted No 3 in
the same way May 8th
CultivationAs soon as the seed germinated the beds were
struck off The experimental plats were cultivated at the same
time and in the same manner as the balance of the field Sided
with narrow scooter and chopped out following again with scooter
and plowing out middles with steel shovel Every eighteen
days afterwards winged sweeps were used
SeasonsThere was rain enough to secure good stands of corn
and cotton but a severe drouth followed seriously injuring the
crops The late rains made a good top crop but a good portion of
this was killed by early frost261
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
21
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied per acre Pounds op Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OP FERTILIZER 1st Sept 18 2 Sept 26 3d Nov 28 Per Acre
lbs 07 lbs oz lbs oz
PLAT NO 1
200 a 4 12 1 8 525
aNavassa Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate 200 3 8 2 8 2 0 560
200 2 8 3 0 o 8 560
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bones 200 3 12 4 0 2 4 700
2C0 3 n 3 8 2 0 595
200 3 8 4 0 2 0 665
1 8 2 8 1 8 385
PLAT NO 2
200 5 4 0 n 3 q 0 0 3 4 0 n 770
1190
Bradieys Patent Superphosphate 100 3 8 8 0 4 0 1085
aNavassa Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate 200 4 8 6 0 4 0 1015
aNavassa Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate 100 3 8 4 0 4 8 840
200 100 2O0 5 4 5 4 8 12 4 4 6 8 0 8 3 3 5 4 12 4

Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Lones 1225
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bones 100 4 12 5 0 5 4 1050
Bales Standard Acid Phosphate 200 6 8 4 4 4 12 1085
100 a n 3 1 4 4 910
200 fi 8 4 i 3 19
100 If 0 4 n 3 n 840
PLAT NO 3
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bones 200 1 0 6 0 2 8 666
200 1 8 2 8 3 fl 525
200 1 8 4 SI fl 560
aNavassa Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate 200 1 0 2 8 3 9 455
EXPERIMENT OF MR J T LTNDLEY POWDER SPRINGS
COBB CO GA
SoilDark mulatto with clay subsoil Has been in cultiva
tion thirtythree years Original growth oak hickory and chest
nut22
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
262
Previous treatmentThe plat was in wheat in 1876 and 1877
manured both years with cotton seed in cotton in 1878 manured
with commercial fertilizer
PreparationThe land was broken in January with a onehorse
plow In April rows were run off 70 yards long and 3 feet wide
with shovel plow In these furrows the fertilizers were distribu
ted and listed on with turning plow The middles were plowed
out with shovel and scrape
fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April
18th The compost was made according to Formula No 1 in Cir
cular 62
PlantingApril 21st the beds were opened with a small plow
the seed distributed by hand and covered with harrow
CultivationMay 12th sided the cotton with a small plow May
9th chopped to a stand 25th sided again with same plow 31st
hoed June 5th plowed with fivetoothed cultivator June 12th
chopped through the row 20th plowed again with cultivator
July 3d plowed with sweep
Seasons were very favorable until the last of July when rain
continued for ten or twelve days causing about onefifth of the
fruit to shed off
RESULTS
Lbs of FertiliApplied Per acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Sept 8 2d Sept 11 Sd Sept 22 4th Oct 20 Per acre
lbs cv lbs oz 108 OZ lbs oz
Charleston1 Acid Phos Compost Ga State Grange Fertilizer Orient Complete Manure 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 1 0 0 8 0 8 0 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 8 0 8 0 3 0 3 0 3 8 4 0 4 0 1 0 3 8 3 0 3 0 3 0 2 8 4 0 4 0 4 8 4 0 4 0 4 0 4 0 3 8 4 8 4 0 4 0 4 0 3 8 60 1190 1260 1190
Zells Amd Bone Superphosphate Cumberland Superphosphate
Steins Amd Bone Superphosphate Crescent Bone Ferlilizer 1470 1400

Americus Ammoniated Superphos 200 200 200 200 200 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 8 1470 1190

Minors AmdBoueSuperphos aEtaw Acid Phosphate 1190 980
263
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
23

Mr JLindley prepared an acre of land as follows and obtained
the fine results given below The land was turned with a one
horse plow and subsoiled with a steel scooter running as deep as
a large mule could pull it breaking with the two plows from eight
to ten inches deep It was then harrowed with a twohorse re
volving harrow which pulverized the soil very finely The rows
were laid off fortytwo inches apart and the cotton was left in the
drill one or two stalks every twelve inches The cultivation was
the same as that described in the experiment already given The
seed were rolled in guano and three hundred pounds of the fertili
zer applied per acre in the drill
At the time his report was made he had picked from an acre
2409 pounds of seed cotton and estimated that he would get 250
or 300 pounds more
Mr Lindley says Fertilizers ever since I commenced using
them have paid me a very good per centsome years better than
others This year with plenty of rain they will pay me 75 to 100
per cent I have talked with a considerable number of farmers
in regard to commercial fertilizers and they all say they have
paid them a lare per cent I have heard no complaint in regard
to fertilizers for several seasons past
EXPERIMENT OF MR J H WHITSETT VIENNA DOOLY
COUNTY GA
SoilPoor sandy loam on yellow clay subsoil Has been in
cultivation twenty years Original growth pine
Previous TreatmentThe plat has been cultivated alternately in
corn and cotton for several years prior to 1878 when it was in oats
It has been cultivated well but very little manure of any kind has
been applied to it since the war It produced an average of 500
pounds of seed cotton per acre and ten bushels of corn
Preparation The plat was broken close and deep in January
with onehorse turning plow May 1st laid off rows north and
south 3 feet wide and 35 yards long with 7inch straight shovel
The plat was arranged as directed in Special Circular No 64 Fer
tilizers were applied in the shovel furrows at the rate of 200 lbs
per acre The lists were formed by a diamondpointed scooter
followed by two furrows with turnplow and the middles broken
with a large shovelplow
Planting May 8th just after a light rain had fallen the beds
were opened with a small scooter which was followed by a Dow
Law planter with the covering attachment
May 15th a perfect stand was secured
CultivationMay 18th chopped to two stalks nine inches apart
then sided up close and liicely with solid sweep21 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 264
May 31st hoed carefully and thoroughly and sided again with
solid sweep
June 4tb sided with winged sweep
June 21st sided right and left with winged sweep
June 28th sided left and right with winged sweep
June 30th hoed again
July 15tb ran one furrow between the rows with 24ineh
sweep
SeasonsUntil June 10th seasons were very favorable to the
growth of the plant June 9th there was a good rain after which
there was none till July 6th Still the cotton held up bravely as
the critical time fruiting had not fully set in
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without Fertilizer
aObers Soluble Ammoniated Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
aMerrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bones
Without Fertilizer
arrange Mixture Dissolved Bone Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
oMathis Chemical Compound
Average with Fertilizer
Average without Fertilizer
Gain
LS of
Fertil
izer
Applied
Per
Acre
200
2ori
Lbs Seed
Cotton
1st
Pickg
lbs oz
740
345
875
630
940
850
499
351
Mr Whitsett says My observation is that standard fertilizers
judiciously used will pay good dividends
EXPERIMENT OF MR J B MURRAY GARDEN VALLEY
MACON COUNTY GA
ArtSandy upland with light clay subsoil has been in culti
vation more than thirty years Original growth principally pine
with some oak
Previous TreatmentIn 1876 it was in wheat manured with ten
bushels of cotton seed per acre In 1877 it was in cotton fertilized
with 100 pounds of Wilcox Gibbs Manipulated Guano In 1878
it was in wheat manured with 15 bushels of cotton seed and 75205 SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS 25
pounds of Wilcox Gibbs Co guanoyield 8 bushels of wheat per
acie In 1879 the present year in wheat manured with 20 bush
els of cotton seed yield 12J bushels of wheat per acre The test
was made on a plat containing five acres
The first plat prepared for early planting was so badly washed
that it was abandoned and the only resort then was to use stubble
land after the wheat was harvested
PreparationJune 11th laid off rows 3 feet apart and bedded
out with turn plow and shovel Rows 35 yards long and 3 feet
wide
Fertilizers were applied in the opening furrow at the rate of 150
pounds per acre
PlantingThe beds were opened June 11th with a small scooter
applied in this furrow 50 pounds of fertilizer per acre and
planted the cotton on the 12th with Dow Law cotton planter The
soil was in good condition and moist a perfect stand was up in a
few days
Crescent bone was composted by formula No 1 from the Depart
ment
Cultivation June 20th chopped through with No 1 Seovil hoe
alter barring off with turn plow 24th sided with winged sweep
Subsequent plowing was done with sweeps every 15 days to
August 7th Gave but one hoeing after chopping
SeasonsPropitious until August when a drouth together with
the caterpillar cut it off about 25 per cent
From the five acres have bepn gathered this year 62
bushels of wheat worth 78 00
1060 lbs cotton worth 114 00
Making a total of193 00
or 3840 per acre
Expense of all labor manure etc 50 00
Leaving a net balance of142 00
or 2840 clear profit per acre on the five acres26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 266
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre Lbs op Seed Cotton
Different PUHngtt
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d 3d Per Acre
Oct 25th Nov 6th Nov 20th lbs oz
lbs oz lbs oz
Lister Bros Standard Superphosphate 200 400 200 200 200 aoo 3 8 4 0 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 12 1 8 2 0 1 S 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 1 0 1 8 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0
ttCrescent Bone Compost
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Guano
Patapsco Guano
reLorentz Rittler Ammoniate Soluble Phosphate uAmericus Ammoniated Superphosphate Without Fertilizer 420 455 245
Mr Murray remarks that this test was made on the poorest part
of the ne acres
Mr Murray says This year has beeu quite unfavorable for
the use of guauo in this section We had a modern flood April
16th and the mostof the farmers had putout their fertilizers and a
large part of their fertilizing properties were lost and then there was
very little rain in August My observation is that fertilizers pay
when properly used the land kept clear of grass and worked regu
larly They do not pay on many farms on account of not under
standing how to apply them
EXPERIMENT OF MR B N SEAGO AUGUSTA RICH
MOND COUNTY GA
SoilSandy with clay subsoil The original growth was oak
hickory and pine was cleared about forty years ago had been
turned out and had grown up in old field pine It was cleared the
second time nine years ago and has been in cultivation regularly
since
Previous TreatmentThe plat was planted in corn in 1877 and
fertilized with 100 lbs fertilizer per acre in the drill In the fall of
1877 it was sown in oats without fertilizer It was pastured after
the oats were harvested in 1878
PreparationIn February last rows were run off four feet apart
and the laud bedded out deep with orfehorse turn plow Rows
thirtyfive yards long
Fertilizers were applied May 1st in a deep shovel furrow run in
the water furrows267
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
27
Barrys Bi Phos Zells Acid Phos and the Georgia State
Grange Dis Bone were composted with cotton seed at the rate of
200 lbs of the seed to 100 lbs of the phosphate They were wet
rolled together well and thrown in a pile wnere they remained
three weeks before using them The land was bedded with a
shovel plow four furrows to the bed on the day the fertilizers
were applied
Planted May 2d with planter the land in good condition
CultivationMy 31st barred with turn plow June 2d chopped
to a stand and hoed 9th plowed out with sweep 18th hoed 28th
plowed with sweep July 9th plowed alternate rows with sweep
21st plowed alternate rows with sweep August 7th plowed
every row with sweep
SEASONSRAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE
DATE HOUR TEMPERATURE INCHES
10 A M 80 Vi
12 2 P M 82
26 5 P St 81 VA
29 2 P M 3 P M 83 88
316
18 14 p 83 Hi
19 4 P M 80 1
2 A M 82 516
26 1 P M 9 P M 1 P M 2 P M 8 A M 85 82 87 86 77
28
29 H
30 X

8 7 P M 7 P M 84 82 2 716
15 1516

28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 268
RESULTS
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Maryland Fertilizing Cos Dissolved Bones
Withoirt Fertilizer
Carolina Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
aExperiment
Without Fertilizer
Eutaw Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
aRusse Coes Ammoniated Bone Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aReaves Nicholsons Cotton Grower
Without Fertilizer
Barrys BiPhosphate of Lime composted
Without Fertilizer
Zells Cotton Acid Phosphate composted
Without Fertilizer
aGa State Grange Dissolved Bone composted
Without Fertilizer
aPeruvian Guano Guaranteed B
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Pouuds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
1st
Sept 17
lbs oz
200 7 0
200 9 0
200
200
200
2d I sd
Oct 7 Oct 20
lbs oz lbs oz
Per
Acre
8664
5514
1063
5382
8532
5514
91812
5382
S0010
49S12
91812
4728
70812
15912
69510
4462
8682
4462
945
Mr Seago says The Peruvian Guano did not reach me in
time to be put out when the other brands were so it was put in a
deep furrow by the side of the cotton 31st of May This I think
is the reason it opened late
EXPERIMENT OF MR CHARLES C SHEPPARD AMERI
CUS STJMTER COUNTY GEORGIA
Soil Light with gray clay subsoilhas been in cultivation
eight years original growth pine mixed with oak
Previous treatmentThis plat has been cultivated every year
since it was cleared first in corn and peas second cotton with
out fertilizer and since the second year alternately in corn and
cotton with a small amount of fertilizer each year with a fair
yield of both crops
PreparationPlt No 1 was broken in February with scooter269
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
29
plow April 15th the fertilizers were applied in the opening fur
row and the land bedded On plat No 2 the fertilizers were ap
plied May 5th with the seed
Fertilizerswere applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre Com
post was made of cow and sheep manure with lot soil from the
shed under which stock were sheltered every night through the
year To every hundred pounds of this twentyfive bushels of
green cotton seed were added and the mass wet sufficiently to
kill the seed This was done in February
Again twentyfive pounds of new lime was mixed in February
with 200 pounds of woodsearth and allowed to stand until used in
April
Planting May 4th opened the beds with a small scooter plow
In this furrow the seed were sown with a Dow Law planter with a
fork plow attached under the bottom on the frame work of the
planter to cover the seed leaving a beautiful ridge as the fork is
held steadily by the wheel of the planter as it runs in the furrow
CultivationMay 6th sided with small scooter and scrape June
6th hoed to one stalk in a place ten to twelve inches in the drill
June 16th plowed with a shovel 26th hoed and plowed some
days afterwards with a very wide sweep very shallow July 20th
ran one furrow in each middle with twentytwo inch sweep
Seasons The crop was retarded by wet and cold weather in
spring Someof the early planted cotton never come up on ac
count of the cold and some died after it came up The season was
one of extremeswet and cold in Spring dry and hot in summer
until August which was unusually wet
During October it rained nearly every day Where the weed
was healthy the cotton put on a top crop which has nearly all
opened owing to the lateness of frost Lbs of Fertilizer Applied ter acre Pounds of Seel Cotton
Different Picking 3
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Aug 9 2d Sept 6 3d Nov 1 4th Dec 8 Per acre
Plat No 1 pounds pounds pounds pounds
Compost of cow and sheep manure with cotton seed and top soil 200 70 61 65 60 90 68 110 65 90 67 88 65 90 70 91 72 90 70 75 62 68 59 98 64 112 67 92 69 90 71 92 78 93 73 92 74 92 84 88 85 99 82 92 90 100 78 102 80 98 75 99 73 103 75 96 85 90 86 100 80 94 88 104 75 100 75 99 77 100 71 105 77 225 195 210 194 200 197 206 195 201 196 200 190 236 195 199 190 209 185 230 197 215 192 203 198 284 190 209 191 199 180 240 196 200 189 210 174 120 125 121 199 117 180 119 160 115 159 120 150 115 180 129 150 128 185 118 129 124 125 115 190 116 162 120 16S 130 152 114 162 130 152 130 561
200 488

200 588

Baldwin Cos Amd Dis Bone 200 588
200 551

200 549

Maryland Fertilizer Co Dis Bone 200 574
200 569

2C0 552

PlitSo 2 Compost of cow and sheep manure with cotton teed and lot soil 200 586
200 499

200 521 457 600 460 567 458 559 456 583 460 565 461 559 451
200
200

200

aMaryland Fertilizer Co Dis Bone 200
200
Without Fertilizer
200

271
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
31
Mr Sheppard says I have tried to observe closely the results
of the use of fertilizers for the last ten years and while I feel sure
they increase the yield of crops very much if the seasons are fa
vorable I am persuaded that the increase of the crop causes a
decline in prices I think the planters of Georgia should raise as
much fertilizers at home as possible to save cost of purchasing
Mr Sheppard gives it as the result of his observation based upon
experiment continued for several years that fertilizers applied
with the seed piy better than when in the opening furrow before
bedding the land
EXPERIMENT OF MR D O WHITE CONYERS ROCK
DALE COUNTY GA
SoilGray upland with clay subsoil Original growth hick
ory black jack post oak and red oak
Previous TreatmentThe plat was planted in corn without fer
tilizer in 1877 and in wheat unmanured in 1878 Ten acres in the
plat
ReparationThe land was well broken in December 1878
with onehorse turnplow
March 28th and 29th 1879 laid off in rows seventy yar s long
and three feet wide witli shovelplow and bedded with turnplow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre March
28th and 29th through a common tin guano distributor
PlantingApril 20th opened the beds with small scooter and
sowed seed rolled in ashes through the guano distributor and
covered with harrow
CultivationMay 9th sided with harrow and chopped out
June 1st plowed out with onehorse plow with two scooters on
the same stock June 2d hoed 26th plowed with shovel fol
lowed immediately by hoes July 17th plowed out with sweep
nohooingdone after 27th of June The crop was kept clear of
grass through the season
SeasonsApril 20th very light rain April 29th very light
rain May 15th light rain June 14th light rain July 20th light
rain July 25th light rain July 28th 27th 28th 29th and 30th
very good rains causing much fruit to shed These rains produced
a heavy top crop of bolls but very few of them matured There
was very little rain from May 1878 to July 187932
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
272
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs ol Fertilizer Applied Per acre Yield in Seed Cotton Per acre
200 647
200 638 281 y
200
297
200

200 660
292
Mr White says la 1878 I used a great deal of compost which
paid me better than guano but in 1878 and 1879 no fertilizer has
paid well owing to continued droughts each year but my im
pression is that guano pays a very good per cent generally upon
the capital invested I will use it as
long as I can get it
EXPERIMENT OF MR J M HUIE JONESBORO CLAY
TON COUNTY GEORGIA ON COTTON
SoilSandy with clay subsoiloriginal growth oak hickory
and pine Has been in cultivation about fifteen years
Previous treatmentIt has been rotated for several years in cot
ton and wheat when in cotton it has been manured with 200 or
300 pounds of compost of cotton seed stable manure and acid
phos mixed in about equal proportions of each by weight
With favorable seasons it has averaged about 700 pounds of seed
cotton per acre
PreparationIn February last it was broken with a two horse
Watt plow about seven inches deep turning under the grass
weeds and stubble of the previous year
In March rows were laid off with a shovel plow three feet
wide and seventy yards long In these furrows the fertilizers
were distributed and bedded on with common onehorse turn
plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 or 200 pounds per acre
as shown by the tabulated statement
UUUIHW273
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
33
The compost used was composed of cotton seed stable manure
and acid phos composted as directed by the Department
Mr Huie says When I selected the plats on which to test the
guanos I thought it as nearly uniform in quality as any that could
be gotten but when the crop matured I found it quite different
as shown by the results from the unfertilized rows in the tabula
ted statement
Planted with the Furgerson cotton planter about the 22d of
April
CultivationAs soon as the cotton was well up an irontoothed
harrow was run over the beds followed a week later with a double
stocked plow and then chopped to a stand Afterwards plowed
and hoed so as to keep the cotton clean
SeasonsThe rains were very abundant until the third Satur
day in May From that time until the 25th of July there were a
few light showers but nothing like a season In July it was ex
cessively hot and vegetation of all kinds looked like it would die
From the 25th of July to first of August it was very seasonable
then a three weeks drouth followed After the July rains the
cotton shed off a great many of its forms and then took a second
growth and made a heavy second crop of bolls but very few of
them matured
34
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
RESULTS
274j
NAME OF FERTILIZER
PLAT NO I
Without Fertilizer
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
a Entaw Acid Phosphate
Without Fe tilizer
a Dissolved Raw Bone
Without Fertilizer
a Gossypium Phospho
Without Fertilizer
a Russell Coes Amd Bone Sup Phos
Without Fertilizer
a Royal Super Phos
Without Fertilizer
Entaw Acid Phos Compost
Stable Manure
Without Fertilizer
PLAT NO 2
Without Fertilizer
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
a Eutaw Acid Puoe
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per aere
200
100
200
100
200
100
200
100
800
100
Pounds Sekd Cotton
Different Pick
ingg
UZ
200
100
28J
140
350
200
200
100
200
ion
7 0
11 0
9 0
8 0
9 8
9 8
7 8
11 0
9 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
8 0
8 8
9 0
7 0
10 0
11 0
9 0
10 0
9 0
9 0
7 0
6 0
8 0
10 0
10 0
8 0
10 0
10 0
2d
lbs oz
3 4
4 4
5 8
3 8
5 8
4 8
3 4
4 0
4 12
5 0
4 8
4 g
3 12
4 0
3 12
3 8
3 12
3 8
3 4
3 12
3 12
2 4
2 0
2 4
2 8
2 8
4 0
3 0
4 8
4 8
Per acre
717
1067
1016
805
1050
980
787
1050
962
840
857
945
822
915
875
735
962
1015
857
962
875
787
630
507
735
875
980
770
1015
1015275
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
PLAT NO 2Continued
35
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Without Fertilizer
aDis Raw Bone
Without Fertilizer
a Gossypium Fhospho
Without Fertilizer
a Russell Coes Atud Bone Sup Phos
Without Fertilizer
a Boyal Super Phos
Without Fertilizer
a Eutaw Acid Phos Compost
230
100
Pound3 Seed Cotton
Pick
1st
lbs oz
200
100
aoo
TOO
200
100
Without Fertilizer
Stable Manure
Without Fertilizer
400
200
2d
lbs oz
Per acre
8 0 3 0 rro
13 0 3 8 1085
18 0 a 0 1120
8 0 4 0 840
10 0 3 0 910
11 0 4 0 1050
7 0 3 0 760
8 0 3 770
10 8 3 8 980
6 0 4 0 700
10 0 3 8 945
IS 0 3 8 1085
9 0 4 0 910
11 0 4 8 1085
11 0 3 0 980
8 0 3 8 805
10 0 2 8 875
10 0 3 0 910
5 0 2 0 940
EXPERIMENT OF MR J M HUIE JONE8BORO CLAYTON
COUNTY GA ON CORN
SMSandy with yellow clay subsoil Original growth pine
and oak Tins plat was cleared during the last winter
PsparatfonTbeland was laid off in rows 4J feet wide and 70
yards long with scooter plow run twice in the same furrow
Fertilizers were dropped every three feet in the furrow at the
rate of 100 pounds per acre
PtarrtmpThe corn was dropped by the fertilizers and covered
with a plow on the first of May
Cultivation The middles were plowed out and bushes cut when
the corn was ankle high and plowed out once afterwardsw
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
276
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Am of
Fertili
zer
Applied
Per acre
oDiasolved Raw Bone
Without Fertilizer
ilEutaw Acid Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aRuasell Coes Amtnoniaied Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
a Royal SuperPhosphate
Without Fertilizer
aGossypium Phospho
Georgia State Grange Fertilizer
100
100
roo
loe
Bushels
of Corn
Per acre
15
m
13
m
16M
1834
Mr Huie says I have been using fertilizers for a number of
years and have thought that they have always paid mesome
times more sometimes less For economy I prefer using com
post It encourages saving domestic manures and with it a man
may get the same results with about half the cost of commercial
fertilizers This year however neither composts nor commercial
fertilizers have paid me as well as usual I think the fertilizers
were all good but the unfavorable season prevented the usual re
sults
EXPERIMENT OF MR A A BELL CLARKE COUNTY
GA ON CORN
SoilDark with clay subsoil Has been in cultivation about
forty years
Previous treatmentNo fertilizers were ever applied to this
plat before this year It has been cultivated alternately in corn
and small grain for about forty years
Preparation The land was thoroughly broken with a square
pointed scooter plow Corn planted in drill in rows 3 feet apart
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre at the
time of planting Corn dropped on the fertilizer on a portion of
the rows the balance after the fertilizers had been listed on
Planted April 10th in drill
CultivationApril 22nd sided with coulter and plowed out the
middles with squarepointed scooter May 9th sided with 3inch
scooter and plowed out the middles with larger scooter May 26th
plowed with sweep
m277
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
37
SeasonsThere was no rain except very light showers from
April 19th to July 12th Crops seriously injured
KESTJLTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Per acre Bushels of Corn Per acre Lbs of Fodder Per acre Date of Planting Date of Maturity
200 35 20 80 18 31 345 275 300 250 825 April 10 April 10 April 10 April 10 April 10 October 2
Without Fertilizer
200 October 2
Without Fertilizer
aLorentz k RittlerS Acid Phosphate 200 Ocloher 2
Mr Bell says I tried stable manure at the same rates but
found that the corn fired very badly and the yield was not more
than one third as good as that produced by the guano This is
my first years experience in the use of commercial fertilizers but
am clearly of the opinion that it is economy to use fertilizers on
corn even at present prices
EXPERIMENT OF MR C M WITCHER POINT PE TER
OGLETHORPE COUNTY GEORGIA
AbaGray loam Original growth principally oak and hick
orycleared forty or fifty years ago It was allowed to grow up
in pine bushes and was receared seven years ago
Previous treatmentBor several years been in various crops
after being first cowpenned It has been cultivated in turnips
barley corn potatoes and cotton each crop fertilized The cot
ton in 1878 was fertilized with Crescent Bone
Preparation March 21st opened the old cotton rows with
ripper followed with straight shovels put in wellrotted chip
manurelisted on with ripper rows four feet wide and thirty
five yards long
Fertilizers April 7th opened the lists with ripper put in
the different fertilizers at the rate of 200 pounds per acre listed
with the same plow and bedded out with Wixon turn plow
Planted April 11th with Warrenton planterland in fine con
dition and the work done nicely The cotton was up by April
27th
CultivationMay 10th sided with small ripper and chopped
out to one stalk every twelve inches 22J sided with solid sweep
30th hoed June 3rd plowed out the middles with sweep 18th
sided with sweep July 1st plowed out middles with sweep38
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
278

16tb plowed out entire row with sweep following with hoes
Cotton commenced blooming 20th of June and was shedding
badly 10th of July
SeasonsApril 16th and 17th good rains 27th light rain and
warm May 3rd slight frost 5th warm rain 10th cold east
wind commenced and continuing five days 14th light rain 18th
good rain 19th light rain June 9th and 29th slight showers
July 13th and 17th light rain 18th 19th 26th and 27th good
rains 28th light rain highly seasonable August 3rd ninth day
in succession of rainsome heavycotton shedding badly Au
gust 8th and 9th good rains rained throughout the month of Au
gust Picked the first cotton August 25tb Fine weather all the
fall except one wet spell the third week in October November
3rd killing frost
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Appld pracre Pounds op Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d 8d 4th 6th 6th t
Aug 28th Sept 6th Sept loth Oct 1st Oct 16th Nov 14th P
lbsoz lbsoz lbsoz lbsoz lbsoz lbsoz
Baldwins Amd Dissolved Bones 290 20 800 200 200 1200 1 8 2 4 2 3 1 4 3 8 1 2 4 4 3 4 2 8 4 4 8 7 4 6 8 6 8 5 6 8 4 4 4 8 7 8 4 8 7 12 11 14 13 8 15 4 9 8 0 8 3 4 6 5 8 3 8 3 12 9 8 9 8 9 12 5 4 12 1 4 2 8 2 1 8 4 1 5 3 8 3 12 1 3 4 12 2 8 1 1 8 1 8 1 4 3 t 14 8 1 1 4 8 1 1128 86ft
105O
1837
a Zells Amd B Sup Ph s 2021 185
a Obers Sol Amd Sup Phos a Mathis Chemical Compound Without Fertilizer Stable Manuredry 1693 1286 918 695 866
The Crescent rows had a small mulberry tree in them which di
minished the yield
The results of the unfertilized plats show that the soil on which
this experiment was conducted was not uniform in fertility
Mr Witchersays The cotton on the trial plat was forward
and shedded badly before the rain set in July 13th hence guanos
did not pay very well All of my later cotton did well and taken
as a whole guano paid me very well this year The same is true279
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
39
of corn For ten years in succession fertilizers have paid me
with the exception of last year when the rains did not set in till
August 13th
EXPERIMENT OF MR Wm A SINQUEFIELD TENNILLE
WASHINGTON COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilStiff and pebbly with clay subsoil has been in cultiva
tion five years Original growth pine with some oak
Previous treatmentIt was in cotton in 1876 with 100 pounds
of guano per acre in corn in 1877 and wheat in 1878 without
fertilizers
PreparationIt was broken deep in January with six inch turn
shovel rows thirtyfive yards loDg and three feet wide
Fertilizers were used at the rate of 100 and 200 pounds per acre
April 3rd the rows were laid off and double furrowed the fertili
zers distributed and the land bedded
Planted May 8th in scooter furrow and covered with a board
CultivationSided with small sweep May 22nd and plowed
three times afterwards with twenty inch sweep Hoed June 10th
and July 1st
SeasonsThere was a very heavy rain April 14th There was
not another season until July 18th The seasons were very
unfavorable for cotton40
DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 280
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Appied
per acre
a Planters Favorite
Without Fertilizer
a Planters Favorite
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Without Fertilizer
Empire Guano
Without Fertilizer
a Bradleys Amd Dis Bone
Without Fertilizer
a Bradleys Amd Dis Bone
WithontFertilizer
a Eutaw Fertilizer B
Without Fertilizer
Eutaw Fertilizer B
WithontFertilizer
Grange Bone and Peruvian No 2
Grange Bone and Peruvian No 2
100
200
100
200
100
200
100
200
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
1st j 2d
Oct 1st
210
37
367
TO
315
35
245
70
280
140
315
35
210
70
210
35
210
210
3d
Oct 24 Nov 29
lbs ozlbs oz
245
87
315
105
245
87
245
70
245
70
245
70
175
70
245
70
175
255
157
105
175
70
122
52
140
105
70
70
87
35
70
87
105
70
70
tf5
Per
Acre
612
227
857
254
682
174
630
245
595
280
647
140
455
227
560
175
455
560
EXPERIMENT OF MR ELIJAH BELLFLOWER DAWON
TERRELL COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilHard and red with hard and rtd clay subsoil Original
growth pine
Previous treatmentThe plat was in oats in 1876 in cotton
without fertilizer in 1877 laid idle in 1878
PreparationThe plat seventy yards long and thirtyfive
yards wide was dug up eighteen inches deep in January In
March laid off rows seventy yards long and three feet wide with
eight inch shovel and be dded with six inch turn plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the
water furrow April 4th and the beds reversed with eight inch
shovel
Planting April 4th the beds were opened with a small scooter
the seed sown by hand and covered with a board
Hi281
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
41
CultivationApril 17th sided with three inch scooter May 21st
chopped to a stand June 14th plowed with scooter and scrape
two furrows to the row July 18th plowed with fourinch scooter
and sixteeniuch scrape three furrows to the row July 20th hoed
and laid by
Seasons very unfavorable being too dry in Spring and too wet
in summer
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
fertili
zer
Appd
per
Acre
lbsoz
Founds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
Aug
18th
lbsoz
M
ept
9th
lbs oz
3d
Oct
15th
lbs oz
Nov
5th
lbsoz
a De Leons Complete Fertilizer 200 2278 262 8 612 8 2428 1364
a Soluble Sea Island Guano 200 535 472 8 280 210 1497
Lees Prepared Lime 200 265 240 115 140 750
Hope Guano 200 4728 430 245 313 1251
Grange Mixture 200 1428 1228 3678 4678 1100
Without FertilizerI S78 140 175 175 537
Mr Bellflower says For three years past I have seen very
few failures with guano Where it has failed it has been from
drouth or improper culture It generally pays very good profit on
investment
EXPERIMENT OP MR A W RHODES HEPHZIBAH RICH
MOND COUNTY GA
SbU Light gray with clay subsoil Has been in cultivation
fifteen years Original growth pine and oak
Previous treatmentThe plat was not in cultivation for several
years prior to 1878 when it was planted in corn without fertilizer
PreparationBroken broadcast in January Laid off April
9th with 7inch shovel in rows 70 yards long and 3J feet wide
Fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the fur
row and bedded on with Allen plow
Compoit consisted of Obers Soluble Acid Phos stable manure
and cotton seed prepared according to formula No 1 from the
Department and applied after standing in heap ten days at the
rate of 200 lbs per acre
Planted April 28th with cotton planter
CultivationJune 2nd barred off 5th chopped out 13th
plowed out with 8inch shovel 23rd hoed July 2nd plowed42
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
282

with 16inch sweep 21st hoed August 6th plowed with sweep
15th plowed out middles 28th hoed September 4th plowed out
SeasonsApril 14th rainedfavorable 15th and 16th rained
very hardunfavorable 27th rained May 1st 7th 15th 17th
27th June 9th 10th 18th rain with favorable weather July 8th
lightrain 19th and 25th favorable lains July 26th 27th 29th
30th and 31st rainunfavorable August 1st 8tb 15th 18th 22d
24th 26th 27h and September 1st and 2nd good rains which
were unfavorable to fruiting while they caused too much weed
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertil zer Applied Per Acre OUNDS OF Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1 st 2d 3d 4th Per
Sep 4 Sep 17 02 Oct 15 Nov 5 acre
lbB oz lbs lbs oz lbs oz
aObers Sol Acid Phosphate Composted Without Fertilizer 200 200 800 200 200 5 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 3 6 6 6 6 9 3 9 3 9 8 3 7 2 6 3 8 1 6 0 3 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 5 6 5 0 6 0 0 0 7 0 6 6 7 0 4 0 5 0 3 6 2 0 3 0 2 0 4 0 3 0 3 6 1 6 3 0 752 376 717 367 743K 411 813K 271 603
Soluble Sea Island Guano
Without Fertilizer
oCotton Food Fertilizer Without Fertilizer
aEagle AmmoniatedBone Phosphate Without Fertilizer
aH Preston Sons Ammod Sup Phos
EXPERIMENT OF MR S L HOLLINGSWORTH BUFORD
HALL COUNTY GEORGIA
Soil Whitish gray gravelly and sandy with yellow subsoil
has been in cultivation about twentyfive years Original growth
black jack pine and black gum
Previous treatment The land was in corn in 1878 without fertili
zer
Preparation The land was broken the 20th of February with a
onehorse turn plow Rows thirtyfive yards long and three feet
wide
Fertilizers were applied in furrows made by scooter plow with
mould board attached May 10th at the rate of 200 pounds per
acre and bedded on same day with same plow
Planted in scooter furrow and covered with board
CultivationMay 25th sided with small turn plow and chopped
to a stand June 5th plowed with sweep 15th hoed July 1st
laid by with sweep and hoe283
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
43
ReasonsThe spring was cool and unfavorable to the growth of
cottonlight frost June 5th Rains were abundant except from
the 1st to the 15th of July
RESULTS
Lbs oi Fertilizer Applied per acre Les Seed Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER Dift Hckings
1st 2d Per
Oct 30 lbs oz 1 6 1 8 1 0 2 4 2 6 1 2 ec 1 lbs oz
Georgia State Grange Fertiliser 200 200 200 200 0 6 0 9 0 6 0 6 0 9 0 9 560
aLorentz Riltiers AmmoDiated Soluble Phosphate Without Fertilizer oBaldwin Co V Dissolved Bone Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Bone 678 420 796 840
Without Fertilizer 520
EXPERIMENT OF MR C P SEWELL LIME BRANCH
POLK COUNTY GA
Soil Very dark gray with clay subsoil Has been in cultiva
tion eight years Original growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe first year after it was cleared it was in
corn the second third and fourth in cotton fifth in wheat sixth
in corn seventh wheat eighth cotton with 600 pounds of com
post per acrethe compost made of cotton seed stable manure
and acid phosphate The crop of 1877 was not fertilized
CultivationMarch 8th ran two furrows to the old cotton row
with a common turn plow throwing the dirt to the middles and
leaving the old cotton stalks standing April 8th plowed up the
old stalks with a large shovel plow run once to the row Rows
70 yards long and 8 feet wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on a
portion of the plat and 100 pounds per acre to the balance April
9th distributed the fertilizers in the shovel plow furrow by hand
and listed with turn plow April 18th completed the beds by run
ning a large scrape once in the middles
Planted April 25th in a coulter furrow run in the center of the
beds distributing the seed by hand and covering with a wooden
toothed harrow
CultivationMay 14th sided with harrow 23rd hoed and re
duced to a stand 31st sided again with harrow June 13th hoed
18th sided with icooter and scrape July 3rd ran one furrow in
middles with scrape 15th sided with serape44
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
284
U
ReasonsIn the early part of the Summer there was not enough
rain in the latter part too wet causing the cotton to run too
much to weed but the fall being favorable the crop matured
very well
RESULTS
Pounds of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre Pounds Seed Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER 4th Picking Yield in Seed Cotton Per Acre
lbs cz
a Bradleys Amd Dis Bon Without Fertilizer 2J0 200 20 20 200 i0 200 46 36 4 41 4 46 12 36 42 12 44 4 36 46 4 42 12 36 1610 1268
a Navassa Amd Sol Ph is 1460
Without Fertilizer 1636 1268
Soluble Pacific Guano 1496
Whanns Plow Brand Raw Bone Sup Phos 648 1260
Brigln on AmM R B Sup Phos 1618
1490
Without Fertilizer 1260
The plat on which fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 lbs per acre mixed by
laborers while picking them and no report cau be made
Mr Sewell says I think with thorough cultivation fertili
zers will pay though 1 think a compost of acid phosphate stable
manure and cotton seed will give better results than the com
mercial fertilizers
EXPERIMENT OP MR R W EVERETT ROCKMART
POLK COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilGray and gravelly with good clay subsoilhas been in cul
tivation about forty years Original growth oak and hickory
with an occasional pine
Previous treatment From I860 to 1875 the land was planted in
cotton every year without fertilizers of any description It had
become very hard and very poor badly washed and apparently
worthless I came in possession of it in 1875 and sowed it in
wheat without manure and turned the stubble under the follow
ing fall Since then it has been alternated in wheat and cotton
and has been rapidly improving It was in wheat iu 1878
PreparationIn September 1878 the stubble was turned with
twohorse Watt plow and was not disturbed until April following
when it was thoroughly pulverized with a double V twohorse285
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
45
harrow April 10th it was laid off with scooter and eight inch
scrape in rows three feet upart and bedded with onehorse Watt
plow Rows of plat thirtyfive yards long and arranged in alter
nate sets of four fertilized and four unfertilized
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on the
23d of April at the same time and in the same furrow with the
seed Fertilizers were not received early enough to apply them
in the furrow before bedding Had they arrived in time 150
pounds would have been applied under the bed and fifty pounds
with the seeo
Planted April 23d in furrows opened with a stock made for the
purpose ami described as follows To tbe foot of a common plow
stock is attached a piece of timber fourteen inches wide eighteen
inches long and two inches thick To the bottom of this block is
fastened a casting made for the purpose shaped like the comb
of a house The casting makes a smooth furrow and the block
sliding on top of of the bed knocks off all clods into the middles
The seed were sown by hand in this furrow the fertilizers applied
on top of the seed and the whole covered with a light onehorse
harrow leaving tbe top of the bed very smooth and the plat al
most level A good stand was up May 51
CultivationMay Oth sided with doubletoothed harrow 14th
blocked out with hoe 24th sided again with doubletoothed har
row 27th reduced to stand leaving from one to three stalks to
the hill June 10th sided with scooter and scrape 12th chopped
through with hoe 19th sided with scooter and scrape July 7th
plowed out with solid sweep running three furrows to each row
15th chopped through with hoe
SeasonsMay 3d light frost 4th good rain 14th light show
er 17th good rain 27th very hot and dry thermomter 90 fah
June 11th light rain 16th good rain July 6th good rain 19th
lightshower 26th 27th and 28th good season November 3d
first killing frost From about the 10th of August there was rain
for fifteen days in succession which succeeding and preceeding
very hot weather caused cotton to shed profusely with that ex
ception the season was tolerably favorable for cotton Frost was
a full month later than usual giving late cotton a good chance to
open and right well did it improve the opportunity Gathering
season unfavorabletoo much rain46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICtrLTUREGEORGIA 286
RESULTS
Pounds of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
NAME OP PERTILZEiR Different Itckings a
1st 2d 3d lbs o 4th
lbs oz lbs oz lbsoz Cl
a Sea Gull Amii Dis Bone o WhannB Plow Brand R B Sup Phos 200 200 200 200 200 200 8 0 3 0 3 0 4 0 3 8 3 8 2 8 6 0 6 0 6 0 8 0 7 8 8 0 5 0 6 0 7 8 6 0 6 0 7 0 7 0 5 8 4 8 4 0 4 8 4 8 4 0 0 8 2 0 1365 1435 1365 1575 1540 1330 1050

a Eutaw Fertilizer

Without Fertilizer
Mr Everett says I have heard a good many complaints
against commercial fertilizers but can say that after several years
experience 1 have never tried any brand that did not pay Do
not think they will pay much on stalk laud but I never let one
hoed crop follow anotherplant stubble every year and the laud
will yield a good crop and become better all the time Until North
Georgia learns and adopts this rule it will never succeed in agri
culture I donot know a single farmer who adopts this plan
that is not in easy circumstances while hundreds of the allcot
tonplanters are hopelessly involved and will ever unuer that
regimen be hewers of wood and drawers of water for the west
EXPERIMENT OF MR JAS L NEAL OF GLASCOCK
COUNTY GA
SoilLight sandy with yellow clay subsoil six to twelve inches
from the surface Has been in cultivation three years Original
growth longleaf pine with an undergrowth of oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe land was cultivated in peas the first
year and in corn the second Yield of corn 15 bushels per acre
No fertilizers ever applied to it before this year
PreparationMarch 19th laid off rows 3 feet wide snd bedded
the land witli 8inch cast iron turning shovel Let it alone until
19th of May because cutworms were operating in an adjoining
field when the fertilizers were drilled in the water furrow at the
rate of 101 pounds per acre and the composts at the rate of 200
pounds per acre and reversed the beds The plat was selected in
a20acrefitdd of uniform fertility The whole field was fertilized
and made an average of 260 pounds of lint cotton per acre
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 pounds and compost
287
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
47
200 pounds per acre Compost was made according to the formula
of the Department and remained in bulk 72 days
On June 20th the fertilized cotton appeared three times as good
as the unmanured At this writing Dec 11th there is some little
second growth of cotton opening on the experiment plat and
mny grown bolls that will never open
Planted May 20th Dicksons improved seed drilled with Rhodes
seed drill which opened the bed sowed the seed and covered them
at one operation On 28th there was a good stand up
CultivationJune 9th chopped to oue stalk every ten or twelve
inches in the drill plowed June 14th with 22 inch sweep running
twice to the row June 23th plowed again with sweep July 5th
hoed lightly and followed same day with sweeps July 22nd
plowed again and chopped out bunches of grass July 28th Au
gust 11th plowed last time lightly with 22 inch sweep
Seasons There was plenty of rain on the 16th of April after
which date there was scarcely any until the 18th of July It then
fell in beautiful showers till August 10th giving cotton and allother
crops including grass a magnificent appearance It was rather
dry when the experimental plat was planted but manures on the
plat and the crop generally did finely After that they did very
little till August when they appeared to be ruined beyond recov
ery but the rains produced a second growth much of which ma
tured makiug white cottonDEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
288
RESULTS
Lbs of FeitiliApplied Per acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different pickings Per acre Yield
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Aug 21 2d Sept 5 id Oct 3 4th Nov 8 5th Deo 1 in lint per acre
pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds
Crescent Bone Fer 100 60 157 59 203 60 207 62 61 62 47 61 42 60 51 62 722 600 580 599 800 600 411 598 319 599 327 600 413 600 203 215 301 213 109 212 813 211 019 212 631 215 580 211 160 I2i2 874 1020 872 1299 874 1409 871 1259 S72 1186 875 1104 873 403
Auiciicus AeidPhos 200 37 345

aDixie Amd Fixed 100 90 30 436

1C0 80 104 467
Sardys Soluble Pacif 100 31 143 409

PlphoPeruvianGu 100 29 157 392

Coinpcst cotlou seed lot stable manure Without Fertilizer 200 20 40 360
Mr Neal says From experiment this aud previous years
cotton can be planted after wheat and oats is cut and yield a half
or twothirds crop provided the land is guanoed well and the cot
ton planted by 1st of June It should be topped by or before the
25th of August when in full growing condition and all long
limbs topped as well as the main stalk Three years ago I planted
a small field the third time oil the eighth of June and I honestly
believe it made a better crop than it would have done had a
stand been secured at the first planting
Careful observation proves to me beyond a doubt that all high
grade guanos pay an astonishing profit when work and seasons
have been good on any soil but best on those abounding in veg
etable matter But I have seen good guanos do harm where work
and seasons had been unsuitable but I have seen this of stable
manure and even of cotton seed on corn the latter is true of my
corn crop this year but precisely the reverse in 1878
289
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
49
EXPERIMENT OF MR 8 M H BYRD CEDARTOWN
POLK COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilMulatto or red landhas been in cultivation ten years
Original growth scrub oak and hickory
Previous treatment Had been planted in corn several years with
out manure
PreparationThe land was sown in peas at the last plowing of
the corn last year These were turned under with a twohorse
Watt plow at the time of the first frost Rows three feet wide
Fertilizers were distributed in scooter furrows in April and bed
ded on with turn shovel No compost used on the plat
Planted April 15th by hand in a small scooter furrow and cov
ered with a heavy block
CultivationAs soon as the cotton was well up it was barred
with turn shovel and chopped or blocked out from the 10th to the
14th May Two weeks later sided with scooter and small scrape
and reduced to a stand Eighteen days later ran two furrows
with scooter and large scraper and followed with hoes This was
iepeated after eighteen or nineteen days making the last working
except one furrow run in the middle of the uows
SeasonsThe spring was very favorable for a short time and
then very dry checking the growth of the cotton somewhat but
giving a fine opportunity for thorough work The rains came in
time to make a good crop
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER Lbs of FertiliApplied Per icre Yield in Seen Cotton per Acre
200 200 200

1376 812

EXPERIMENT OF MR W A SPEER McDONOUGH HEN
RY COUNTY GA
SoilGray with red clay subsoil Cleared in 1845 Original
growth oak pine and hickory
Previous treatmentIt was cultivated for 20 years and then
used as a peach orchard until 1872 when all the trees were cut
down and the land put in cotton
Previous to 1878 fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 pounds
450
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
290
per acre In 1878 it was planted in cotton with 150 pounds of Mer
rymans Amd Dis Bone per acre applied in the drill
Preparation The land was broken April 18th with square
pointed scooter on Haiman stock 19th laid off rows 3 feet apart
with shovel plow followed by a squarepointed scooter running 3
inches deeper in the same f urrow The rows were 35 yards long
Fertilizers were distributed in the furrows made hy the shovel
and scooter at the rate of 200 pounds per acre and the land bedded
the same day with common turn shovel
Compost was applied to one plat at the rate of 700 pounds per
acre and on one at the rate of 300 pounds
The compost was made by mixing 750 pounds of stable manure
550 pounds of cotton wed 500 pounds of Baldwins Dis Bone and
allowing them to remain in heap three weeks As this was hauled
out 0 pounds of co mmon salt was added to each ton and thor
oughly mixed in The salt asnot composted with the other
materials for the reason that it would have hindered or prevented
decomposition
Mr Speer says I have found by actual experiment that salt
is the best ingredient or agent that can be used to counteract the
fiery nature of stable manure or any guano that is used in heavy
quantities and 200 pounds to the ton evenly mixed is the proper
quantity
Planted April 19th Opened the beds with a long scooter on an
ironfooted stock and planted with Dow Law planterusing on
one plat 15 pounds of Baldwins Dissolved Bone per acre mixed
with the seed Ordinary stand secured
Cultivationhlay 7th harrowed with a common sixtoothed
harrow 15th hoed to a stand 20th plowed with double stock
small squarepointed scooter on the front foot and 4 inch scooter
on the hind foot June 10th hoed again 12th plowed with double
stock having two squarepointed scooters 4 inches wide July 1st
plowed with squarepointed scooter with scrape and again on the
12th used the same plow No more plowing was done on account
of drouth
Seasons Until May 17th seasons were fine From that time
to July 18th there was very little ra in Through the first part of
July until the 15th the thermometer ranged from 98 Fab to 104
in the shade daily at 3 oclock p m and at sundown the ther
mometer was frequently standingat 94 96 and 98 showing that
the heat was unprecedented and of course vegetation suffered ac
cordingly From July 18th to August 20th there was a super
abundance of rain causing cotton to shed off all the squares formed
on the stalk July 18th Average seasons after August 20th till the
crop was gathered291
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
51
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aBaldwin Cos Dis Bone Com
post
Merrymans Amd Dis Bone
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Without Fertilizer
Baldwin Cos Amd Dis Bone
Compost
Without Fertilizer
a Baldwin Cos Dis Bone
Without Fertilizer
aBaldwin witliSeed
Zells Dis Bone
Without Fertilizer
a Soluble Sea Island Guano
Without Fertilizer
Eureka Amd Bone Sup Phos
Without Fertilizer
a E Frank Coes Amd Bone Sup
700
300
300
300
18
300
Pounds op Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
200
1st
lbs oz 4 6 lbs oz 4 0
4 0 3 8
0 2 5 14
3 0 5 8
0 2 5 0
5 0 6 8
0 3 5 14
2 0 4 4
5 0 0 3
0 2 5 14
3 0 6 8
0 2 5 14
2 0 3 8
0 2 5 14
5 0 3 4 1
3d
bs oz
4 6
1 6
0 12
3 12
1 0
1 0
0 12
1 0
1 0
0 12
2 0
1 0
2 0
1 0
2 6
lbs oz
0 4
1 0
1 0
1 10
0 4
1 0
1 12
0 4
1 0
1 0
1 0
0 8
1 0
0 2
Per
Acre
1050
682
514
875
514
778
514
002
875
514
875
514
575
514
770
RESULTS ON CORN
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Compost
Without Fertilizer
aE Frank Coes Amd Bone Supphos
Zells Dissolved Bone
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
500
2C0
200
Bushels
of Corn
per acre
Lbs of
Fodder
per acre
10
10
i
7
175
150
125
120
Date of
Planting
March 20
March 20
March 20
March 20
Date of
Maturity
July 80
August 10
July 25
July 25
Mr Speersays Corn on upland was almost an entire failure
Until July 1st I expected to make 30 bushels per acre where I
only made 10 bushels and would certainly have made it had not
the extremely dry and hot weather of July supervened The rain
of July 18th did corn no good but having planted peas between
the hills of corn June 1st at the second plowing of the corn made
10 bushels of peas whippoorwill per acre which made amends
for the failure of corn
In regard to the use of fertilizers Mr Speer says I find that
compost made after the formula laid down by me under the head52
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
292

of fertilizers to be superior to any of the guanos manufactured
and the superiority that exists is attributable mainly to the salt
which pTevents firing of corn or cotton by the stable manure
which is richer in ammonia than ordinary guano Compost
heaps should not stand too long after being made up three weeks
being long enough if cotton seed are wet
EXPERIMENT OF MR W A DAVIS MACON BIBB
COUNTY GA
SoilSandy original growth pine has been in cultivation
eight years
Previous treatmentThe land has been planted in cotton for the
last three years fertilized each year with 200 pounds of guano per
acre
Preparation etc The land being clean after cotton last year
rows were opened 3 feet wide and 60 yards long with uhovel plow
fertilizers distributed and the land bedded with a Reese plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rateoi 270 pouunds per acre ex
cept Barrys Acid Phosphate which in addition to the fertilizer
had 270 pounds of cotton seed and Lees Agricultural Lime which
compound was used at the rate of 540 pounds per acre
Georgia State Grange Dissolved Bone was composted according
to formula No 1 of the Department viz 750poundseach of stable
manure and cotton seed and 500 of phosphate composted and kept
under shelter
Planted 30th April except where Lees Agricultural Lime was
used this was planted May 5th
Cultivation Plowed first time 27th of May with doublefooted
Tinley plow and every eighteen days thereafter with Maloue
sweep until it had been plowed four times The hoeing was well
done and the cotton never allowed to get grassy Stand good
two stalks to the hill every eight inches
SeasonsSeveral heavy washing and baking rains fell in the
spring the last the 17th of May after which there was almost a
continuous drouth until July 18th After this date the rains were
frequent and heavy causing cotton to throw off al young fruit
There were two distinct crops made the first making and maturing
before entirely stopped by the drouth and the other making after
the rains set in The first crop was gathered before the second was
half grown causing the space of several weeks in which planters
had to entirely suspend picking293
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
RESULTS
36
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
aGosaypium Phospho
Obers Amd Sup Fhcs
aKIng Guano
aBerrys Acid Phos and 270pounds
Cotton Seed
Ga State Grange Dis Bone Comp
Alkaline Amd Pho
Without Fertilizer
Lees Agricultural Lime
Without Fertilizer
270
270
270
540
270
270
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
Lbs
157
157
140
105
157
87
70
70
2nd
Lbs
35
26
26X
26
264
35
70
52
26
Sd
Lbs
105
80
192
227
my
210
26
140
70
4th
Lbs
175
140
122
122
122
140
122
175
122
5th
Lbs
157s
122
122
105
105
105
122
140
87
Per Acre
726
603
4S0j
647
428
577
376
EXPERIMENT OF MR W A DAVIS MACON BIBB COUN
TY GA ON TURNIPS
iZSandy Original growth pine Has been in cultivation
four years
Previous treatmentThe land was cowpenned when cleared
and since has produced a crop each of wheat and potatoes annually
with very little extra manure
PreparationThe land was thoroughly and deeply prepared
breaking three times with good turner before planting Rows 30
yards long and 2 feet wide
PertilizersjIjees Prepared Agricultural Lime was applied at
the rate of 500 pounds per acre and compost at the rate of 2000
pounds per acre The compost was made by mixing 100 pounds
of the lime with 950 pounds each of stable manure and cotton
seed It was put up in pens without shelterwas watered when
being prepared
Planted 1st of September Opening beds with small hoe and
eovering very lightly
GuUivationPlowed once with sweep balance of the cultiva
tion very thoroughly done with hoes54
DEPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
294
RESULTS WITH TURNIPS

NAME OF FERTILIZER
Stable Manure in large quantity
Lees Agricultural Lime
Compost of Lees Lime and Stable Manure
Ils if Fertili Bushels
ZT Applied per sere per Acre
175
500 210
2010 220
Mr Davis estimates the yield where no manure was used at 50
bushels per acre
Mr Davis says I have used commercial fertilizers for the last
ten years and though they paid every year except two I have
never known them so profitable as this year The drouth com
menced very early and con tin tied late The guanos secured a par
tial early crop and pushed the maturity of the late Where no
fertilizers were used there was little first crop and the late failed
to open before frost I am fully convinced that taking the risk of
seasons into consideration it is not profitable to use more than 125
to 150 pounds per acre
EXPERIMENT OP MR J H CARSWELL HEPHZIBAH
BURKE COUNTY GA
SoilSandy with clay subsoil Has been in cultivation thirty
years Original growth longleaf pine and oak in about equal
proportions
Previous treatmentThe plat rested in 1875 and 1876 was
planted in cotton in 1877 with 125 pounds of Patapsco Guano per
acre and sown in oats in January 1878 Before 1875 planted
alternately in corn and cotton with very little fertilizer of any
kind
PreparationBedded the ground with Farmers Friend turning
plow in January Rows 35 yards long and 3 feet wide
March 25th opened the water furrows with 8inch shovel dis
tributed the fertilizers and covered with one turn plow furrow
April 19th finished rebedding the ground with turn plow
Fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre on all ex
cept two sets of rows where 400 and 600 pounds per acre of com
post of Charleston Acid Phosphate were used
They were applied 25th of March as already mentioned
Composts were made as follows Sixty pounds of cotton seed
were put into a large trough water poured upon them and the seed
stirred with a hoe until they were thoroughly wet To this was
added an equal bulk of strong stable manure stirring all together295
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
55
Sixty pounds of acid phosphate was then added and all strred
until thoroughly mixed This was then thrown under a shelter
and the same manipulation continued until the material was ex
hausted By this method one pound of acid phosphate is mixed
with two of stable manure and cotton seed
Another compost was made using one pound of acid phosphate
to one of stable manure and cotton seed also one of acid phos
phate to three of stable manure and cotton seed
Planted April 24th in small scooter furrow opened in the top of
the bed with a heavy iron pin drawn in the furrow behind the
plow The seed were sown by hand and covered with a board
CultivationMay 20th plowed first time two furrows to the row
with sweep 27th chopped out leaving one stalk every foot June
17th plowed with buzzard plow 23d ran one sweep furrow in
the middles July 1st hoed second time 14th plowed third time
three furrows to the row with buzzaid plow August 1st plowed
fourth time with 24inch sweep two furrows to the row
Seasons were very favorable to the growth of the crop until the
middle of July The excessive heat about the middle and the
heavy rains during the latter part of July were unfavorable
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
aBarrys Chemical Fetilizer
Without Fertilizer
Barrys Granger Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
a Soluble Sea Island Guano
Without Fertilizer
Barrys B Phos Composted
Without Fertilizer
Barrys Acid Fhos Composted
a Charleston Acid Phos Compd
Without F ertilizer
Lbs of
Fertil
izer
Applied
Per
Acre
Lbs of Seed Cotton
lbs oz
200
200
200
200
Different Pick
ing
Sept 1
Nov 12
lbs oz
5 5
3 9
6 4
3 11
4 7
3 5
4 8
4 9
8 10
2d
3 12
4 8
4 7
6 3
6 11
i 7
8 6
8 8
9 14
7uy2
5 U
Per
Acre
544
407
696
585
780
669
769
709
864
737
561
Mr Carswell applied Charleston
part of his melon patch and stable
posted without the phosphate to
Acid Phosphated Compost to a
manure and cotton seed com
the balance He says The56
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
296
vines on which the phosphate was used commenced bearing a lit
tle earlier than those on the other portion of the patoh bore
larger and better melons and continued to bear twice as long
from middle of July to middle of September
EXPERIMENT OP MR P STATESBURY STOCKTON
CLINCH COUNTY GEORGIA
Soil and subsoil saDdyhas been in cultivation fifteen years
Original growth pine with an under growth of wiregrass inter
spersed with patches of palmetto
Previous treatmentFor two years past it has been manured with
common lot compost previously no fertilizers were used on the
plat It has been alternated in cotton and corn In cotton in
1878
PreparationOpened the centre of the rows with six inch shovel
applied fertilizers and bedded with same plow Rows seventy
yards long and 3J feet wide Plat arranged as directed in special
circular 64
Fertilizers were applied in shovel furrow May 10th at the rate of
200 pounds per acre
Planted May 15th in a small scooter furrow and covered with a
board
CultivationMay 25th sided up close with a small gopher plow
June 20th chopped to a stand sided with sweep and plowed out
the middles with six inch shovel July 8tb hoed and plowed out
clean with sweep July 28th laid by with sweeps
beasons were very unfavorable to soil test as the drouth impaired
the stand
RESULTS ON UPLAND COTTON
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied per acre Pounds op Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Sep 17th 2d Oct 5th 3d Oct 26th 4th Nov 12th 5th Dec 5th Per Acre
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
Lees Prepared Agricultural Lime aco 200 20O 800 4 4 2 12 8 8 8 0 7 0 3 0 8 0 6 8 6 0 8 0 5 8 7 8 5 8 8 0 8 8 3 0 6 8 3 0 5 0 4 0 7 0 0 8 0 8 2 4 0 8 0 8 1 0 2 0 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 8 607K 367
Wilcox Gibbs Cos Manipulated I 772 360
aNational Ammoniated Soluble Boue 615 406
Brightons Amd Raw Bone Superphos 766
297J
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
57
Mr Statesbury planted the long staple black seed cotton on the
same character of land as that on which the upland was planted
and cultivated it in the same manner but the rows were four feet
apart and the cotton two feet in the drill Planted March 5th It
was plowed three times with shovel plows once with sweep and
hoed twice
RESULTS ON LONG STAPLE COTTON
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Per acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Sept 17 2d Oct 5 8d Oct 25 4th Not 12 5th Dec 5 Per acre
Lbs oz Lbs oz Lbs oz Lbs oz Lbs oz
Homeatead Superphosphate Without Fertilizer Lees Prepared Agril Lime 800 200 200 200 200 200 0 6 0 i 0 5 0 4 0 5 0 4 0 14 0 5 0 15 0 5 0 4 6 0 3 0 3 8 3 8 7 0 5 0 8 8 4 4 9 0 3 8 3 0 7 0 3 8 4 0 2 0 5 8 2 0 5 8 3 8 7 12 4 12 2 2 3 8 3 0 3 8 2 8 4 0 2 8 3 8 2 8 2 8 3 0 2 0 4 0 2 8 3 0 2 0 5 0 2 0 4 8 1 4 5 0 3 0 1 8 522 307 858 257
aNatoinal Ammo Sol Bone 548 295
oBrightons Ammo Raw 1 Bone Superphosphate f 572 296
Wilcox GibDS Co Ma1 nipulated Guano j Watson Clarks Super1 phosphatej Without Fertilizer 630 861 260
Mr Statesbury experimented also with corn but in conse
quence of the depredations of the drillworm the stand was so
injured as to render the test of fertilizers unreliable
EXPERIMENT OP MR J M DILL CLAY HILL LINCOLN
COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilSandy loam with clay subsoil has been in cultivation
sixty years Original growth white oak red oak hickory etc
Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated alternately in
corn and cotton for several years and lightly manured with home
compost of stable manure and cotton seed Planted in corn in
1878
PreparationThe land was well broken with turn plow in Feb
ruary April 25th laid off rows three feet wide and seventy yards
long with eight inch shovel distributed the fertilizers and bedded
with turn plow
Fertilizers applied at different rates per acre as shown in tabula
ted statement Plat arranged as directed in Special Circular 6458
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
298

Planted April 27th in small scooter furrow and covered with
harrow Stand up May 10th
CultivationMay 17th barred off with turn plow chopped to
stand the 28th June 4th plowed with narrow heel sweep 24th
hoed second time 26th plowed with sweeptwo furrows to the
row July 2d plowed with sweeptwo furrows to the row
SeasonsThere was no rain of consequence from April 17th to
July 17th Tllis caused the cotton to wilt and shed There was
an abundance of rain throughout August which caused the cotton
to make a rank growth of weed which was again checked by
drouth in September which hastened the maturity of the second
crop Killing frostNovember 15th The second crop generally
opened but made an inferior staple
RESULTS
Pounds of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Picking SJ
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d M 4th Die 2d
Sept 12 Oct 2 Nov 1st
a Dobbs Amd Cotton Fertilizer Without Fertilizer 2C0 200 40 500 501 400 800 400 lbs oz 9 0 4 0 7 0 3 0 3 0 7 0 6 0 10 0 4 0 8 C lbs oz 4 8 3 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 5 0 4 0 7 0 4 0 6 8 lbs oz 9 0 7 0 11 0 7 0 9 0 12 0 13 0 15 0 11 0 14 0 lbs oz 8 0 6 0 9 0 7 0 8 0 10 0 11 0 10 0 8 0 14 0 1087 700 1085 630 770 1190 1190
Patapsco Amd Sol Phos
Without Fertilizer Cotton Seed and Stable Manure Compost f 400 lbs Cotton Seed and Stable Manure Coinp sted with loo lbs V DobbsCotton Fertilizer 400 lbs Cotion ieed and Stable Manure Compostedwith 100 lbs J
a Dobbs Amd Cotton Fertilizer Cotton Seed and Stable Manure Patapsco Amd Sup Phos 1470 935 1470
Mr Dill says It is my experience and observation that com
mercial fertilizersjudiciously applied with proper seasons and good
cultivation will pay The last two seasons have been too dry for
them to pay much I am also thoroughly convinced from experi
ence and observation that composting fertilizers is the best way to
apply them
EXPERIMENT OF MR A F SMITH COLD WATER EL
BERT COUNTY GA
SoilGray and gravelly with yellowish subsoil on red clay
foundation Exposure northeast Original growth pine oak and
hickory
Bfl299
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
59
Previous treatmentThe plat was turned out twelve years ago as
exhausted upland and was covered with broom sedge It has
never been fertilized till this year
PreparationIt was hroken very shallow early in the winter
with common turn shovel and rebroken with scooters earl in
the spring Rows 35 yards long and 3 feet apart
Fertilizers were applied in April in successive plats alternating
with unfertilized plats at the rates of 200 pounds and 100 pounds
per acre as shown in the tabulated statement They were dis
tributed in furrows opened with common shovel and the land
bedded with turn plow
Planted May 1st in small scooter furrow opened in the beds and
covered with hand rake
Cultivation May 20th sided with small bull tongue 26th hoed
and reduced to an uniform stand June 6th plowed with common
bull tongue 11th hoed 23rd plowed with sweep 30th hoed
July 10th plowed with sweep August 5th hoed
SeasonsIt w s dry at the time of planting and until May 13th
then showery till the 18th when a heavy rain fell From that
time to the 13th of August the weather was dry and warm It
turned cool on the 13th commenced raining on the 15th and con
tinued till the 23rd when a heavy rain fell After this there was
no more rain till August 6th
The influence of the season has been very unfavorable to cotton
A large crop was made but much of it was too late to mature60

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 300
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Per acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Oct 2 2d Kov 12 3d Nov 29 Per acre
lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz lbs oz
Two middle rows of each set oMerrymans Amd Dissolved Bone 200 0 13 2 7 0 8 2 6 0 10 2 12 0 11 2 5 2 7 0 12 2 4 0 7 2 7 0 12 1 11 1 10 0 7 1 7 0 6 2 0 0 5 1 9 1 12 0 5 1 10 0 6 2 1 0 5 1 13 343 9 67 13 306 4 72 3 380 10 70 288 12 341 4 74 6 297 8 59 1 353 10 76 9 297 8
Without Fertilizer
oMerrymans Amd Dissolved Bone 100 0 9
Without fertilizer
oExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 200 0 11
Withot Fertilizer
oExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 100 200 0 4 0 11
Two outside rows oMerrymans Amd Dissolved Bone Without Fenilizer
oMerrymans Amd Dissolved Bone 100 0 6
Without Fertilizer
oExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 200 0 14
Without Fertilizer
oExcellenza Cotton Fertilizer 100 0 12
Mr Smith says While the crop is largely increased by the
use of commercial fertilizers the mass of farmers lose by using
them It is only by the strictest economy and judicious use that
profit can be realized by using them
EXPERIMENT OP MR H T PATTERSON SUNNY SIDE
8PALDINGCOQNTY GEORGIA
SoilMulatto or red with stiff red clay subsoil Original
growth oak hickory and chestnut Has been cleared about sev
enteen years
Previous treatmentIt was in cotton in 1876 corn in 1877 and
wheat in 1878
PreparationIt was broken with a common ti rn plow the last
of January and first of February from three to four inches deep
March 29th laid off rows thirtyfive yards long and three feet
wide
Fertilizers were applied in the drill March 29tb at the rate of
150 pounds per acre and the land bedded with turn plow
Planted April 19th in small scooter furrow and covered with har
row
CultivationMay 12th plowed first time 16th chopped out301
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
61
June 7th plowed second time 16th hoed to a stand 20th
plowed July 10th plowed 12th hoed 24th plowed last time
Seasons There was a heavy rain April 28th May 1st light
rain 7th rain 9th 10th and 11th cold east wind injured the
plant 14th 15th and 16Lh light rains 17th heavy rain with
hail apparently ruining the cotton
June 8th and 29th rain July 6th 17th 19th 26th 28th 29th
30th and 31st rain August 1st 2J 3d and 4th heavy rains
which injured cotton
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Appied
per acre
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
1st
Sept 18
lbs oz
2d 3d
Oct 15 Nov 20
lbs oz lbs oz
Per
Acre
Soluble Pacific Guano
Without Fertilizer
Brightons R B Sup Phos
Without Fertilizer
Patapsco Guano
Without Fertilizer
a Cotton Food Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
a Zells Arad Bone Sup Phos
Without Fertilizer
Whanns P B R B Sup Phos
150
8 0
8 4
150
10
8 4
1015
752
1010
682
1053
682
1190
752
1015
770
1015
Mr Patterson says I am satisfied from observation and ac
tual experiment that with proper cultivation 200 pounds of guano
per acre will pay better than any less amount but that amount is
too expensive for bad cultivation
EXPERIMENT OF MR JOHN J BLACK ROME FLOYD
COUNTY GA
SoilHeavy dark gray with a dark mulatto streak across one
end of the plat subsoil very tenacious red clay Has been in
cultivation forty years Original growth oak hickory walnut
poplar etc
Previous treatmentFrom 1874 to 1877 was in clover The clover
sod was turned over in the fall of 1877 and sown to wheat On Sep
tember 18th 1878broke and turned as deeply as a strong team could
pull a twohorse Brinly plow Nothing more was done to it un
til planting time of last spring62
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA

302
PreparationRows were laid off April 5th four feet wide and
70 yards long with long 4inch bulltongue plow Fertilizers dis
tributed and the land bedded with one horse Brinly
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre Com
post was made of 800 pounds of p hosphate 1200 pounds of cotton
seen and 2000 pounds of stable manure
Planted April 22nd with a narrow ten inch bulltongue plow
Sowed the seed with a Dow Law planter and covered with har
row
CultivationMay 9th sided with a narrowpointed half sweep
bar next to the cotton and chopped out May 24th plowed with
same sweep wins next to the cotton and hoed to a stand middles
plowed out with long narrow bulltongue plow June 10th plowed
with same half sweep wing next to the cotton and followed with
hoes July plowed with common sweep and finished with hoes
SeasonsApril 28th light shower cleare d on cool May 1st
light drizzling rain for two or three hours cleared off cold and at
sunset was almost cold enough for frost May 5th a good shower
16th good shower in the forenoon and another in the afternoon
together making a good season June 15th light shower not
a season June 25th and 30th light rains July 14th light
shower 26th a good season after which there was plenty of
rain till September
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied per acre 200 200 200 200 Lbs Seed Cotton
Dirt Pickings
NAME OS FERTILIZER 1st 2d Per Acre
pounds 8 4 5 5 5 pounds 30 30 30 36 24
Charleston Soluble Phosphate 1330 1190 1400 1C60 980
aStono Acid Phosphate
aJohnsons Chemicals Barrys Grange Fertilizer

EXPERIMENT OF MR JOHN TURNER CULVERTON
HANCOCK COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilGray with yellow subsoil about eight inches below the
surface It has been in cultivation about sixty years Original
growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe plat has been alternated in cotton and
corn for several years the corn manured with cotton seed and the303
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
63
cotton with compost Was in wheat three years ago without ma
nure
PreparationThe plat was broken with turn plow followed in
the same furrow by a scooter Rows thirtyfive yards long and
3J feet wide Furrows for fertilizers were opened with long
scooter the listing done with scooter and the bed finished with
turn plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in the
bottom of scooter furrow the day before the cotton was planted
Some of the fertilizers were composted and some used straight
The composts were made by mixing 500 pounds of phosphate
with 750 pounds each of stable manure and cotton seed mixing
a portion of the ingredients thoroughly together at a time and
throwing them thus mixed into a heap and continuing thus till
all the ingredients are consumed Mr Turner prefers this plan to
mixing in layers especially when the heap can remain only a short
time to ferment His laid in heap four week
Planted May 1st in small scooter furrow in the usual way
CultivationMay 15th thinned the cotton with No 2 hoe and
sided same day with sweep June 1st plowed with sweep 6th
hoed 20th plowed again with sweep July 20tb plowed with
sweep and August 1st very lightly with sweep
SeasonsMay was favorable as to rainfall and temperature
June was dry and hot August too wet causing cotton to shed its
fruit and make a heavy growth of weed ani late fruit which
latter did not open
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied per acre Pounds eed Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER Different Pick ings
1st 2d Per acre
lbs oz lbs oz
rtReaves Nicholsons Matchless Cotton Grower 200 200 200 200 200 200 6 8 6 12 5 12 6 0 6 8 7 8 3 4 1 8 1 8 1 12 1 8 2 0 1 8 0 8 1120 1015 1050
oReaves Nicholsons Cotton Grower composted 1050 1190 1260 595

Mr Turner says Guano pays every year if used in compost
heaps It has been the result of my experience and observation64
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
304

that composting pays a much larger per cent than guano used in
a pure state You see the result the present year it has been so
for six consecutive years and will be so for all time to come
EXPERIMENT OF MR GEO S BLACK ROME FLOYD
COUNTY GA
SoilHeavy calcareous with a deep red tenacious subsoil Has
been in cultivation thirtyfive or forty years Original growth
oak hickory poplar cherry ash etc
Previous treatmentThe plat was in clover from 1874 to 1877
No fertilizer applied before this year
PreparationIn the early fall of 1878 the land was broken deep
ly with twohorse Brinley plow Nothing more done to it till
time to plant last spring Rows 4 feet wide and 70 yards long
opened with long narrow bulltongue plow and the land bedded
with onehorse Brinly plow
Fertilizers applied in the furrow before bedding at the rate of
200 pounds per acre Composted acid phosphate with stable ma
nure and cotton seed at the rate of onefifth phosphate to two
fifths each of the other materials
Planted April 22nd in small bulltongue furrow seed rolled in
ashes sown by hand and covered with irontoothed harrow
CultivationMay 9th sided with narrowpointed half sweep
bar next to cotton and chopped out May 24th sided with same
half sweep wing next to the cotton and hoed to a stand middles
plowed out with a long narrow bulltongue plow June 10th
plowed with same half sweep and followed with hoes July
plowed with common sweep and followed with hoes
Seasons same as reported by Mr J J Black
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertili zer Applied per acre Pounds Skkd Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER Different Pickings
1st 2d Per acre
1bs oz lbs oz
Compost 400 7 40 1219
Without Fertilizer
200 200 200 200 1 7 6 34 35 40 1060


a Barrys Ganger Fertilizer 1100
Without Fertilizer 1050
Compost 1200
305
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
65
EXPERIMENT OF MR EUGENE B HEARD ELBERTON
ELBERT COUNTY GEORGIA
Soil Dark subsoil yellow clay This is the first year in cul
tivation Original growth hickory and post oak interspersed
with a second growth of pine
PreparationLand cleared in the fall of 1879 and broken early
last spring with Starks Dixie plow Raws thirtyfive yards long
and three feet wide May 2d furrows opened with shovel plow
fertilizers distributed and the land bedded with turning shovel
Fertilizers applied May 2d at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
Planted in small furrow May 3d and covered with board
CultivationMay26th barred with turning shovel 30th re
duced to stand with hoes June 4th sided with sweep 12th hoed
July 16th sided with sweeps 26th hoed and laid by
SeasonsFrom May oth to 15th cool and unfavorablefrom
15th to 25th warm and seasonable From May 25th to Juno 3d
hot and dry from June 3d to Oth cool and dry from the Oth to
the 16th warm and seasonable from 16th to 28th hot and dry
June 29th and July 6th light rains From July 6th to 18th
no rain From July 18th to September 1st very seasonable
From September 1st to October 7th very little raincrops suf
fered From October 7th to 25th weather favorable Oct 25th
light frost 20th killing frost
RESULTS
NAME Of FERTILIZER
a Giant Ouimo
Without Fertilizer
a Eutaw Fertilizer
Without fertilizer
Excellenza Cotten Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Pounds of
Fertilizer
Applied
Per Acre
2 0
Stable Manure 200 and Patapsco Acid Phos I
100 lbsf
Without Fertilizer
Pounds op Seed otton
Different Pickings
Oct lst
lb oz
500
230
7to
289
700
280
630
230
2d
Nov 5th
lbs oz
540
310
500
311
530
315
420
310
1100
530
1200
600
1230
595
1050
048
Mr Heard says I think that all the standard guanos have
paid from 50 to 250 per cent on the investment where the crops
have been properly cultivated I am confident that the compost
is the most profitable fertilizer for the farmers of Georgia as the
66
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
306
effect upon the soil is more permanent than that caused by com
mercial fertilizers
EXPERIMENT OF MR GEO L CAIN DAVISBORO JEF
FERSON COUNTY GA
Soil Light and sandy Was recleared and has since been in
cultivation three years Original growh principally pine
Previous treatmentThe land was planted in corn the first
year after it was recleared and in cotton the secondwithout
manure either year
PreparationOpened batween the old cotton rows with sixinch
scooter April 4th distributed fertilizers listed with scooter and
completed the bed with turning plow Riws 70 yards long and
3 feet 3 inches wide
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 203 pounds per acre
Planted April 22nd in small scooter furrow and covered with a
boird
Cultivated in the usual way with sweep and hoe Plowed it
over five times which I am inclined to think was too much plow
ing
Seasons to June 29th good From June 29th to July 18th quite
dryenough to stop the growth of cotton July 18th there was a
good season and then it continued favorable except excess of rain
about 1st of August which caused cotton to rust or blight losing
much of its fruit307J
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
67
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
Plat No 1
aGossypium Phospho
Without Fertilizer
aCharleston Soluble Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aAlabama Guano
Without Fertilizer
Plat No 2
aQossypiuui Ph jgpho
Without Fertilizer
aCharleston Soluble Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aAlabama Guano
Without Fertilizer
Plat No 3
aGossypium Phospho
Without Fertilizer
Charleston Soluble Phos
Without Fertilizer
lbs oz
200
200
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
lbs oz
lbs oz
Per acre
408
272
412
255
544
272
476
340
510
340
646
408
476
357
476
340
Mr Cain says In my opinion the use of fertilizers in this
section for the years 1877 and 1878 was not remunerative to the
planter This year 1879 I think there has been a fair per cent
realized from their use I am fully of the opinion with all the
lights before me now that planters can realize on fertilizers only
by composting If the planters generally would adopt it there
would be a great deal less used with same results I think every
one who has not given the plan a fair trial should do so fas I am
satisfied any reasonable mind would be convinced
EXPERIMENT OF MR M S PADEX WOODSTOCK CHER
OKEE COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilGray with mulatto subsoilwas cleared about thirty
years ago Original growth red oak and black oak wlthsome chest
nut and pine The land has been lying out since the war and
had grown up in sassafras and young pines
PreparationThe growth was cleared off and the land broken
twice with small scooter and then harrowed twice to destroy the68
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
308
sedge Rows three feet wide and thirtyfive yards long The land
was bedded April 19th with common turn shovel
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre The
compost was prepared about the first of February Five hundred
pounds of good stable manure was thoroughly mixed with 100
pounds of Wando Phosphate
Planted April 23d by hand and covered the seed with harrow
CultivationSided May 19th hoed 21stgood stand secured
24th sided again June9th hoed 13tb plowed out with scooter
July 1st plowed with sweep
Seasons favorable till first of July when a severe drouth oc
curred
RESULTS

NAME OF FERTILIZER
Plat No 1
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
fer acre
iLees Agricultual Lime
Without Fertilizer
Compost
Without Fertilizer
Eagie Amd Bone Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
rj Americas Amd Superphosphate
Without Fertilizer
aPoppIeins Sillcated Supphos
Without Fertilizer
Bone meal Raiferty Williams
Without Fertilizer
Kmpire Guano
Without Fertilizer
aNavassa Acid Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
Experiment
Without Fertilizer
Bales Standard Guano
Withont Fertilizer
Bales Standard Guano 200 lbs win
200 lbs Compost
200
200
200
Pounds op Seed Cotton
Different Ptcki
200
200
200
200
1 0
0 8
1 8
1 0
4 0
0 8
7 0
4 0
1 0
6 0
1 0
5 0
1 0
2 0
1 0
5 8
0 S
7 0
2d
lbs oz
1 8
1 0
1 8
0 8
3 0
0 8
3 0
0 8
3 0
0 8
0 0
1 0
4 0
1 0
3 0
2 0
1 0
1 0
8 0
0 8
5 0
3u
lbs oz
4 0 0 8
0 0
4 0 8
2 0 0
5 0 8
2 n
5 0
0 8
5 0
2 0
5 0
2 0
4 0
3 0
4 0
1 0
3 0
2 0
3 0
2 0
8 0
0 8
2 0
0 8
0 8
0 8
0 S
Per acre
490
243
525
245
875
210
1085
210
875
20
1015
210
1015
350
875
260
453
230
810
210
1050

am309
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
69
EXPERIMENT OF MR A MOFFITT WALDEN BIBB
COUNTY GA
SoilGray with sandy subsoil resembling quicksand
Previous treatmentThe land has not been cultivated before
for twelve years It was cleared off in January
PreparationIt was plowed thoroughly and crossplowed in
February with diamondpointed scooter Rows 3 feet wide and
70 yards long
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 pounds per acre and
the land bedded
Planted May 1st by hand and covered with board
Mr Moffltt says the fertilizers were not received till the 8th and
10th of April when his crop was planted so that he had to select
the above described plat which he thinks not well suited for a test
of fertilizers
CultivationMay 2Stb sided with turning plow and hoed to
two stalks in the hill following with 10 inch roundpointed shovel
June 5th hoed and plowed vvith 16 inch solid shovel July 1st
plowed again with same shovel
Seasons Favorable in May and June unfavorable in July and
Augusttoo dry
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Appied per acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
NAME OF FERTILIZER Different Pickings
1st Sept 2 lbs oz 2d Oct 5 lbs oz 3d Nov 10 Per Acre
lbs oz
oGeorgia State Grange Dis Bone Poppleins Silicated Sup Phos 100 100 100 100 7 4 8 0 3 8 10 0 9 0 5 0 5 4 4 0 4 12 5 4 3 4 3 8 1 0 1 0 1 4 4G5 457 255 472 465

a Pendletons Amd Sup Phos
Whanns R B Sup Phos
EXPERIMENT OP MR B F OKELLEY ATHENS P O
MADISON COUNTY GEORGIA
Soil of plat JVo 1Dark red of a yellow loose nature and clear
of rocks Has been cleared about fifty years It had grown up
in old field pines was recleared in 1876 and planted in sorghum
planted in corn in 1877 in wheat in 1878 No fertilizers were
ever applied to it before the present year Original growth oak
hickory dogwood and pine That of plat No 2 light with gray
sub soil It has been cleared twenty years and cultivated every
year since except two It was in oats in 1877 rested in 1878 and70
DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
310

has never had commercial fertilizers applied to it previous to this
year Original growth same as that of plat No 1
PreparationThe land was broken the last week in February
with common turning plow April 20th laid off rows with scoot
er 3J feet wide following in the same furrow with shovel plow
tows seventy yards long Plat No 2 was broken the first week
in March with scooter
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April
20tb using a tin guano distributor and covered with double coul
ter then bedded with Peekskill two horse plow running only
twice in the row Broke out middles with shovel run once to the
row Before planting a harrow was run over the beds
Planted April 23d in small scooter furrow with planterhad a
good stand up May 10th
CultivationMay 15th sided with sweep and hoed out nearly to
a stand June 2d sided with shovel 18th plowed out the middles
with turning plow and hoed July 23th ran three sweep furrows
to the row
SeasonsMr OKely says This has been what may be termed
a very dry year there having been but little rain in two years
what rains we had were very light especially in the errly part of
the year May 8th and 13th light rains June 2 9th 10th and
29tb light rain July oth 14th 19th 20th and 26th light rains
From this time till first of September rain enough but a drouth
of five weeks after the first of September which cut offlate cotton
very much
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied per acre Pounds se kd Cotton
NAME OP FERTILIZER Different Pick inffs
1st lbs oz 2d lbs oz 26 2t 27 22 12 8 9 10 Per acre
PLAT NO 1 20 20 200 200 16 11 8 15 8 18 1 8 8 21 21 1220
1080
1270
Watson Clarks f up Phosphate 1020 390
PLAT NO 2 Without Fertilizer 495
200 200 900
930

311
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
71
EXPERIMENT OF MR J M COX WOODVILLE GREENE
COUNTY GfA
SoilBlack sandy loam Has been in cultivation three years
Original growth pine
Previous treatmentIt was planted in cotton in 1877 and that
fall sown down in wheat without fertilizer
PreparationThe land was broken in February with onehorse
turning plow March 3rd rows were laid oiT with scooter plow
70 yards long and 3 feet wide and guano distributed in them at
the rate of 100 pounds per acre The land was bedded with shovel
plow
Planted April 29th in coulter furrow by hand and covered
with a harrow
CultivationMay 19th sided with sweeps 29th hoed to a
stand June 18th hoed 19th plowed with small scooter and
scrape Subsequent work done with same implement
Seasons very unfavorable
RESULTS
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Barrys GraDger Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
z Charleston Acid Phos
Without Fertilizer
a Gofsypium Fhospho
Without Fertilizer
Pounds of
Fertilizer
Applied
Per Acre
ICO
Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Picking f
1st rt M 4 th Nov 11
ept 4 Sept 12 Oct 6
bs oz 8 8 lbs oz 6 0 lbs oz 4 0 lbs oz 20 0 U1
6 8 4 8 4 0 IS 0 1155
11 0 5 0 3 8 19 0 134
6 8 4 0 3 0 18 0 110
8 0 5 0 3 8 21 0 1313
6 8 4 0 3 0 18 0 2K
EXPERIMENT OF MR ROBERT WAYNE DUBLIN LAD
RENS COUNTY GA
Ste7Gray with yellow clay subsoil Cleared fifty yeais
Original growth oak and hickory The land laid out ten years
previous to 1875 and had grown up in small pines It was re
cleared in the fall of 1875
Previous TreatmentIt was reclaimed and planted in corn in
1876 That year it was fertilized with compost of cotton seed
stable manure and U S chemicals at the rate of 100 pounds per
acre Planted in cotton in 1877 and 1878 fertilized with Merry
mans Amd Dis Bone at the rate of 200 pounds per acre
Preparation February 17th barred the old cotton rows with72
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
312

6 inch steel turn plow March 18th opened the old cotton rows
plowing up the stalks with 6ineh straight plow April 1st fol
lowed in the 6inch straight plow furrow with a 9inch double
winged plow Rows 3 feet wide and 141 feet long
Fertilizers were applied April 8th with a Dow Law cotton
planter and the laud bedded with a steel turn shovel 5 inches
wide at the point and 8 at the wing Four years experience
teaches me that the Dow Law distributes the guano more evenly
than can be done by hand and there is none blown away by the
heavy winds of Spring
Planted April 16th with Dow Law cotton planter which opened
planted and covered
CultivationMay 26th chopped out with No 2 Scovil hoe
29th sided with 8inch barrelhead plow June 19th hoed
21st sided with 20inch sweep July 3rd ran one furrow in the
middles
SeasonsMay 14th rained and unable to work 15th rained
and cold 18th and 22nd rained at night The weather in May
was unfavorable to the growth of cotton June 1st to 6th dry and
cold 7th rain at night 8th light rain 9th drizzling all day
10th showery from the 11th to the 29th drycorn and cotton
suffered very much 30th slight rain July 1st to 12th dry nights
cool with northeast wind cotton shedding badly 13th slight
rain for two hours 15th 18th and 19th good rains 26th and 27th
heavy rains 30th showery August 15lh good season
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre jBS of yyu Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st Sept 29 2d Nov 21 Per Acre
Pounds Pounds
200 391 100 551
203 305 142 447
200 290 128 418
200 200 303 321 149 135 512
456
200 33S 136 474
aObei s Dis S C Phos 200 309 118 427
Stafford Blalock Ammoniated Bone Superplios 200 290 129 419
200 305 123 428
200 79 172 251
313
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
73
EXPERIMENT OF MR THOMAS W GEAN ATHENS
CLARKE COUNTY GEORGIA
SoilNaturally thin with red clay subsoil Has been cleared
about fifty years part of the time in old field Original growth
post oak chestnut and short leaf pine
Mr Gean says I commenced cultivating it in 1873 when it
was very poor and would not have made more than three bushels
of corn per acre without manure In 1878 it would have made
about seven bushels of corn per acre without additional manure
Previous treatmentNo commercialfertilizers have ever been
used on this land before this year The land was planted in corn
and peas in 1878 and peavines removed for hay from all the plat
except were Pendletous Ammoniated SuperPhosphate was used
there the vines were plowed under The balance of the plat
however was better manured in 1878
The land was broken first of March with common scooter plow
About the middle of April opened furrows 3 feet apart and 52J
yards long A shovel plow was run in this furrow the fertilizers
distributed and the land bedded with turning plow
Fertilizers were applied April 18th at the rates per acre as shown
in the tabulated statement
Planted April 27th with ordinary seed rolled in ashes and drilled
through a tin trumpet in a shallow furrowcovered with a board
CultivationMay 1st sided with a narrow plow and chopped
out Three weeks later plowed with sweep and hoed Same
working repeated three weeks later In July one sweep furrow
was run to the row
Seasos very dry from the beginning to the close of the cultiva
tion The rains were very light and generally succeeded by hot
Altogether the season was very unfavorable to the growth of
sun
cotton
RESULTS
Lbs of fertilizer Appil per Acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Different Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d 3d 4 th t
Sept 12th Sept 4i h Oct 16th Dec 1st a
Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs Lbs
aPendletons Ammoniated Superphosphate Without Fertilizer 257 17 3 10 2 16 3 17 6 17 5 18 6 47 18 50 3 45 28 21 11 34 12 28 12 939 358
aPure Dis Ammoniated Bone 190 1130 462
237 989
Without Fertilizer 452
74
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
314

EXPERIMENT OP MR CHAS DECKNER ATLANTA
FULTON COUNTY GA
SbilRed hillsidehas been in cultivation ten years Original
growth oak and hickory
Previous treatmentThe plat has been cultivated principally in
corn the yield of which has been so poor that it was hardly worth
cultivatingno fertilizers used before this year
PreparationThe fertilizers were not received until the first of
April when the land was well broken with a common turn plow
The rows were four feet apart and seventy ards long
FertilizersWere applied in the drill at the rate of 200 pounds
per acre
PlantedThe corn when the fertilizers were applied and in the
same furrow with them Three grains were dropped every three
feet and covered with two furrows of bulltongue plow
Cultivation The corn was sided latter part of April with bull
tongue plow and first of May finished plowing with same plow
following with hoes and thinning to a stand The second working
was done middle of June with turn plows throwing the dirt to
the corn The last plowing was done in July with sweeps
SeasonsWere favorable till middle of May when a drouth
commenced which continued to the first of July The rains
which came in July caused fresh silks to grow but the tassels
being dry no more corn was produced
RESULTS
NAME OP FERTILIZER
Charleston Ammoniated Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
aPcruvian Guano No 1 LoVos Island
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate
aDnbbs Ammoniatcd Cotton Fertilizer
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
zer
Applied
per acre
200
200
2il
Busbek
1 orn
per
Acre
100
12 3
11 5
80
Mr Wm C Kilgore Cedar Grove Walker county Ga applied
200 pounds Planters Favorite guano to sweet potatoes on very
thin upland The season was very unfavorable and the stand
imperfect
Yield on fertilized plat 100 bushels per acre Yield on unfer315
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
75
tilized plat 60 bushels per acre He also applied the same brand
at the same rate to turnips on good upland after havesting a fine
crop of oats from the laud
Yield on fertilized plat 200 bushels per acre Yield on unfer
tilized plat 100 bushels per acre He used aLongs Prepared
Chemicals and aDobbs Chemicals on melons but the drouth
ruined the crop
Mrs J W Bryan Dillon Walker county Ga applid DeLeons
Complete Fertilizer 200 pounds compounded with 200 pounds
Land Plaster to pearl millit She also used Bradleys Patent
Superphosphate compounded with potash and Land Plaster to
corn The corn was a complete failure on account of drouth and
the millet produced only 1360 pounds fodder where fertilized and
156 pounds where no fertilizers were applied
EXPERIMENT OF COL I W AVERY ATLANTA GA
SailOrdinary clay land with clay subsoil Land cleared for
fifty years
Previous Treatment Land had been manured the previous year
with stable manure and cotton seed and ruta baga turnips and
sugar beets and long yellow carrots raised upon it Good crops of
all
PreparationLand well broken with a twohorse plow in Jan
uary Plowed again in February and harrowed Composts were
prepared as follows The lime was composted with cotton seed
with salt and ashes with salt alone with nitrate of soda and
with muriate of potash and lime and salt were composted with
woods earth and pine straw The composts were in the following
proportions
1 Lime and cotton seed equal proportions
2 Lime salt and ashes equal proportions of lime and ashes
and oneseventh salt
3 Lime and salt ninetenths lime and onetenth salt
4 Lime and nitrate of soda twothirds lime and onethird ni
trate of soda
5 Lime and muriate of potash threefourths lime and onefourth
muriate of potash
6 Lime and salt and woods earth and pine straw 300 pounds ot
lime 50 pounds of salt and a ton of woods earth and pine straw
Nos 1 2 and 6 were dampened and allowed to remain in com
post a month Nos 3 4 and 5 were mixed as used Corn was
planted the middle of March and the cotton the middle of April
There was a long drouth running through May All the crops
had three workings with shovel plows and one with sweeps and
one working with hoes at time of thinning76
DPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOBGIA 316
RESULTS

NAME OF FERTILIZER
Without Manure
Lime 400 pounds
Patapsco Cotton Compound
Lime and cotton seed
Soluble Pacific
Lime salt and ashes
aMerrymans Acid Phosphate
Merrymans and cotton seed
Merrymans and stable manure
Lime and salt
aColgate Manure of Chemical Co of Canton
Lime and muriate of potash
Pure Dis Am Bone Chemical Co of Canton
Lame salt woods earth and pine straw
Davidsons Pure Bone Meal
Whanns Raw Bone
High Grade Am Sup PhosDavidson
aListor Bros Standard Superphosphate
Davidsons Acid Phosphate
Davidsons Phosphate and cotton seed
Davidsons Acid Phos cotton seed and stable manure
Davidsons High Grade Sulphate of Potash
Muriate of Potash
Orchilla Guano
one Meal and Sulphate of Potash
Bone Meal and Muriate of Pot ish
Lees Lime composted for melons
Lbs
Fertilizer
per Acre
CORN
Yield per
Acre
200
20
20
200
200
200
230
20a
200
200
200
200
20
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
15 bus
20
14
25
14
20
15
2
21
2234
2
16
18
24
25J4
16
17
16
15
23
21
15J4
IT
19
21
22
Lbs Seed
Cotton
500
840
831
11C3
900
1020
950
1340
1093
980
1070
1130
1325
1204
1320
1170
1365
1245
1255
1380
1415
700
soo
1100
1100
1200
EXPERIMENT OF MR EDWARD T SHEPHERD COLUM
BUS MUSCOGEE CO GA
tioi1Gray loamy river flat but not alluvial on the same plane
and adjoining the city of Columbus cleared by the Indians and
in cultivation ever since original growth oak hickory and other
hard woods
Precious treatmentThe land has had no rest for fifty years317
SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS
77
manured often partially from the stables of the city and of late
years by the application of phosphates It has been cultivated in
cotton forty out of the fifty years
PreparationLand uniform in quality rows 300 yards long and
3 feet wide It was thoroughly broken with a twphorse Brinly
plow eight inches deep running across the old cotton rows Fur
rows were opened 3J feet apart with a long wide shovel run twice
in the same furrow In these the fertilizers were applied the land
bedded with Watt turning plow and levelled ff and pressed down
by drawing over them a heavy piece of timber long enough to pre
pare two beds at once
The test was made on 5J acres of land and all had the same
amount of compost per acre except acre left unmanured viz
100 bushels each of cotton seed and stable manure for each acre
mixed and allowed to remain in a pen for six weeks This was
applied ii the furrows at the rate of 200 bushels per acre and the
fertilizers distributed on it at the rate of 200 pounds of each per
acre on five acres J acre had only compost and acre had no
manure at all
Planted May loth first seed came up on 20th
Cultivation In a week after it came up it was sided with a
solid shovel The next week it was hoed and thinned to two or
three stalks every 16 inches in the row Two weeks later ran one
furrow in the middles with 24inch sweep The next week hoed
Plowed the third time in two weeks more with Dickson sweep
two furrows to the row Hoed the next week and plowed with
wide sweep run once to the row making in all six furrows to the
row in the cultivation and three hoeings
ReasonsVery unfavorable in the spring and boll worms and
caterpillars very destructive All the leaves were gone early in
September
RESULTS
Lbs of Fertilizer Applied Per Acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
Difevent Pickings
NAME OF FERTILIZER 1st 2d 3d 4th Per
Sep 17 Oct 3 fovl2 acre
pounds pound pounds pounds
200 200 200 200 200 1182 1 715 579 753 80 105 883 377 340 231 70 51 745 1 320 164 289 S3 61 2847 100 1423
j 1423 1412
1226
1433
X acre cottonseed and manure at rate 960
S60
78
DPARTMENT CF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
318

NAME OF FERTILIZER 1 GG O 5 3 O 3 Clear Profit from Uee of Manure
4 00 4 OU 4 00 3 00 3 0f 1423 1423 1412 1226 1433 35 57 35 57 35 20 30 70 85 82 831 57 31 57 31 80 27 70 32 82 810 07
10 07
9 70
6 20
11 82
The cotton has been ginned and taken to the warehouse where
it weighed net 2254 pounds4i bales of 500 pounds each from the
5J acres
EXPERIMENT OF MR E S WELLONS PERRY HOUSTON
COUNTY GA
0i7Mulatto loam with red clay subsoil has been in cultiva
tion only two years original growth oak and pine
Previous treatmentThe land was planted in corn last year
manured with rakings from the horse lot
PreparationThe land was broken as deeply as practicable witli
diamondpointed scooter and bedded a few days before planting
with a shovel plow
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre April
19th in deep shovel furrow Compost was prepared according to
the formula of the Department using lot manure cotton seed and
Patapsso Acid Phosphate
Planted May 21 in narrow scooter furrow and covered with
board May 13th a good stand was up
CultirationMay 30th sided with solid sweep June 4th
chopped to a stand 18th sided with winged sweep 25th hoed
July 1st saw first blooms July 21st sided with winged sweep
23J run one furrow with winged sweep in the middles
Seasons both as regards rainfall and temperature good until
June 0th when a drouth began which continued seven weeks du
ring which time the weather was hot with an east wind blowing
almost continuously Crops suffered terribly and the plat espe
cially on account of the porous condition of the soil319
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS
RESULTS
79
NAME OF FERTILIZER
Orient Gnano
Merrymans Arnd Dissolved Bone
Without Fertilizer
Soluble Pacific Guano
Patapsco Guano
Without Fertilizer
Patapsco Acid Phosphate Compost
aBatiama Sol Guano
Without Fertilizer
aBalea Standard Acid Phosphate
aSea Gull Arnd Dis Bone Phosphate
Without Fertilizer
Lbs of
Fertili
Applied
Per civ
200
200
200
20
400
200
201
203
Yield in
Seen Cot
ton
per Acre
610
600
480
672
640
440
720
60
410
760
576
430
Mr Wellons says My experience with commercial fertilizers
is that they pay almost any seasonthe better the season how
ever of course the more satisfactory the results I am so well
convinced that they do pay that I hardly think now I shall ever
plant cotton without using them
EXPERIMENT OF MR R MONTFORT BUTLER TAYLOR
COUNTY GA
SoilSandy Has been in cultivation 12 or 15 years Original
growth pine
Previous treatmentNo fertilizers have been used on the land
for the last four years
PreparationThe land was broken well with diamondpointed
scooter Rows 3 feet wide sixteen rows in each platfour in the
centre gathered for test
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre in a
deep scooter furrow April 25th
Planted with cotton seed distributor April 25th
CultivationMay 15th hoed and followed with plows June
6th hoed second time and followed with the plow Last of June
hoed third time and followed with plows Last of July ran one
furrow in the middles with 22inch sweep and laid it by
Seasons very good until the last of June when there was a
drouth continuing three or four weeks stopping the growth of the
plant and causing it to throw off its forms
SO DPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 320
RESULTS
Pounds of Fertilizer applied Per Acre Pounds of Seed Cotton
NAME OP FERTILIZER Different Pickings
1st 2d 3d 4th a
lbs oz lbsoz lbsoz lbsoz
200 200 200 200 2C0 2 0 1 0 1 4 1 8 2 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 2 8 2 12 3 8 2 4 2 0 2 4 2 0 2 8 2 12 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 8 1 4 2 0 373 252 275 350 375 425
Without Fertilizer
Lees Prepared Lime
Atlantic Phosphate
Clarks Dissolved Bone Whanns Plow Brand
REMARKS
A larger number of experimenters than usual have failed to
report the results of the soiltest of the fertilizers this year and
quite a number report failures for which different reasons are
assignedprincipally the effects of the unprecedented drouth
which prevailed in a large portion of the State There is a general
complaint on the part of experimenters that the samples were re
ceived too late This will as far as possible be remedied in the
future
Advantage is taken of this opportunity to thank those gentle
men who have given their time and attention for the general
good to these soiltest experiments Their voluntary services are
hereby acknowledged on behalf of the farmers of Georgia
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
HHHAPPENDIX
In order that the reader may readily compare the indications of
chemical analyses with the results of the soil tests of the various
brands of commercial fertilizers admitted to sale in Georgia during
the last season the analyses as published last spring are appended
In making these comparisons it is suggested that the circum
stances described as attending the soil tests should in every case
be taken into consideration Readers in comparing the results of
soil tests too often look solely to the tabulated statements without
taking into consideration the character of the soil cultivation
seasons etc which materially influence results Drouth will often
affect crops to which have been applied highly ammoniated ferti
lizers whether commercial or homemade more seriously than
those far inferior in the per centage of plantfood they contain
There are instances in the foregoing report in which in conse
quence of severe drouth the unfertilized plats exceeded the ferti
lized in production In such cases the crop is often injured and
production reduced in proportion to the superiority of the fertili
zers used while under favorable circumstances production is in
creased in proportion to the grade of fertilizers employed In
those cases where all the conditions surrounding the experiments
are equal a comparison of results in the field with those in the
laboratory is especially interesting and instructive The attention
of farmers is especially invited to the effects of commercial ferti
lizers upon soils well supplied with humus as compared with those
on soils deficient in this element so important in Southern soils
mm82
DEPAETMENT OF AGEICULT0EEGEOBGIA
322

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87
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o d ss 2 3 o 2 sg H a g as SI CO Charles Green Co Savh Ga Charles Green Co Savh Ga Charle Green Co Kavh Ga Charles Green Co Savh Ga Ketchum Co Savannah Ga Charles Green Co Savh Ga Charles Green Co Savh Ga W C Mathewson BaItimoreMd W C Mathewson BaltimoreMd I G Purse Savannah Ga W C Mathewson BaltimoreMd Ketchum Co Savannah Ga A P Allgood President
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INDEX
A
Alabama Guano64 67
Alkaline Ammoniated Phosphate53 72
Americus Ammoniated Superphosphate12 22 26 68
Americus Dissolved Bone13 77 78
Americus Aeid Phosphate48
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate64
Ammoniated Bone Rafferty Williams15
Analyses of the Season of 18787982 83 84 85 86 87
Appendix81
Atlantic Phosphate80
Avery I W 75
B
Bahama Soluble Guano79
Baldwins Ammoniated Dissolved Bone18 30 38 43 50
Bales Standard Guano12 15 49
Bales Standard Acid Phosphate21 68 79
Barrys Chemical Fertilizer55
Barrys Granger Fertilizer10 55 62 64 71
Barrys BiPhosphate of Lime28 55
Barrys Acid Phosphate 53 55
Bell A AZM
Bellflower Elijah40
Bibb County52 53 69
Black J T61
Black Geo S64
Bone Meal Rafferty Williams15 68 76
Bradleys Ammoniated Dissolved Bone18 40 44
Bradleys Patent Superphosphate6 21 75
Brewer J C11
Brighton Ammoniated Raw Bone Superphosphate44 56 57 61
Brown Prof Wm M17
Bryan Mrs J W75
Burke County54
Burton Robert 5
ByrdS M H49
90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 330
c
Cain Geo L66
Canton Dissolved Ammoniated Bone49
Carolina Fertilizer12 18 28
Carswell J H54
Charleston Soluble Phosphate12 62 67
Charleston Acid Phosphate22 55 71 77 78
Charleston Ammoniated Phosphate 74
Cherokee County13 16 67
Chesapeake Guano15
Clarkes Dissolved Bone80
Clarke County36 73
Clayton County32 35
Clinch County56
Cobb County2
Colgate Manure7i
Compost 18 26 28 30 34 48 50 53 54 55 58 63 64 65 68 77 79
Cotton Food Fertilizer42 61
Cox J M 71
Crescent Bone Fertilizer7 22 26i 38 48
Cumberland Superphosphate18 22i 44
D
Davidsons Pure Bone Meal76
Davidsons Acid Phosphate76
Davis W A52
74
Deckner Chasr
Delaney T N1316
De Leons Complete Fertilizer41i 75
Dennis J T 9
DillJ M57
Dissolved Bone and Potash10
Dissolved Bone Phosphate30
Dissolved Raw Bone34 36
Dixie Ammoniated Fixed Guano18 48
Dobbs Chemicals18 63
Dobbs Ammoniated Cotton Fertilizer58 74
Dboly County
E
Eagle Ammoniated Bone Phosphate15 42 68
Economizer37 77
E Frank Coes Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate50
Elbert County58 65
Empire Guano912 15 40 i 68
Etiwan Crop FoodI8331
INDEX
91
Etiwan Ammoniated Dissolved Bone18 46
Eureka Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate7 18 32 50
Eutaw Fertilizer9 28 46
Eutaw Acid Phosphate22 34 36
Eutaw Fertilizer B 40 65
Everett R W44
Excellenza Cotton Fertilizer18 60i 65
Experiment15 21 28 68
F
30
21
6164
Fish Guano
Florida Fertilizer
Floyd County
Frederick J D
Fulton County
74
G
73
Gean Thos W
Georgia State Grauge Fertilizer12 22 34 36 43 72
Georgia State Grange Dissolved Bone28 53 69 73
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate74
Giant Guano65 80
Glascock County46
Gossypium Phospho10 12 13 15 16 3436 53 67 71
Grange Mixture
Greene County
18 24 41
71
H
42
62
65
11
1949
Hall County
Hancock County
Heard E B
Heard County
Henry County
High Grade Ammoniated Superphosphate76
Hollingsworth S L42
Homestead Superphosphate57
Hope Guano41
Houston County78
H Preston Sons Ammoniated Superphosphate42
Huie J M32 35
J
Jefferson County
Johnsons Chenrcals
66
662
K
Kilgore WmC
King Guano
46
74
5392
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
332

L
Lancaster Jason 23
Laurens County 72
Lees Prepared Agricultural Lime15 30 41 53 54 56 57 68 7680
Lime
75 76
Lindley J T 21
Lincoln County 57
Lister Bros Standard Superphosphate26 76
Lorentz Rittlers Acid Phosphate37 43
Lorentz Rittlers Soluble Ammoniated Superphosphate18 26
M
Macon Countyg 24
Madison County g9
Maryland Fertilizing Companys Dissolved Bone28 30
Mathis Chemical C01 pound24 38
Merrymans Ammoniated Dissolved Boue918 21 24 43
50 60 70 72 79
Merrymans Acid Phosphate63 7g
Minors Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate 22
Maffltt A 69
Montfort R 79
Muriate of Potash 76
Murray J B 24
Muscogee County 7g
N
National Ammoniated Soluble Bone56 57
Navassa Acid Phosphate 25 gg
Navassa Soluble Ammoniated Phosphate18 21 3o 44
Neal Jas L 4g
New Haven Chemical Cos Ammoniated Superphosphate18 72
O
Obers Dissolved S C Phosphate 72
Obers Soluble Ammoniated Superphosphate24 38 53
Obers Soluble Acid Phosphate42
Oglethorpe County 37
OKelley B FZZ7ZZZZZ69
Orchella Guano 76
Orient Complete Fertilizer 22 79
P
Paden M S 67
Pankinins Patent 28
Patapsco Ammoniated Soluble Phosphate 58
Patapsco Acid Phosphate 79
Patapsco Guano10 1826 44 el 79333
INDEX
93
Patapsco Cotton Compound30 75 76
Patterson H T60
Pendletons Ammoniated Superphosphate18 49 69 73
Pendletons Ammoniated BiPhosphate63 70
Peruvian Guano guaranteed B 28
Peruvian Guano No 1 Lobas Island74
Peruvian Guano No 272
Phospho Peruvian Guano48
Planters Favorite40 74
Polk County43 44 49
Poppleins Silieated Superphosphate912 15 22 68 69
Pure Dissolved Ammoniated Bone73 76
Putnam County9
B
Rafferty Williams15
Beaves Nicholsons Cotton Grower28 63
Bhodes AW41
B D Coes Ammoniated Soluble Bone Phosphate32
Bichmond County26 41
Bockdale County31
Boyal Superphosphate18 34 36
Bussell Coes Ammoniated Bone Phosphate28 32 34 36
S
Samana Guano18 32
Sardys Acid Phosphate7
Sardys Soluble Pacific Guano48
Schley County5
Sea Fowl Guano18 70 72
Sea Gull Ammoniated Dissolved Bone46 79
Seago B N26
Sewell C P43
Sheppard Charles C28
Shepherd Edward T76
Sinquefield William A39
Smith A F58
Snowdens Cotton Compound21
Soil TestsDirections for3
Soluble Pacific Guano7 18 44 46 61 63 76 77 78 79
Soluble Sea Island Guano22 41 42 50 5
Spalding County60
Speer W A49
Stafford Blalock Cos Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate7 72
Stall worth Thomas H19
Sterns Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate15 16 22
Stono Acid Phosphate62
94 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 334
Stotesbury P
Sumter County28
T
Taylor County
Telfair County13
Terrell Counly40
Turner John62
U
University of GeorgiaI7
W
Walter County74
Wando Fertilizer9 21 32 37
Washington County39
Watson Clarks Superphosphate57 70
Wayne Eobert71
Wellons E S78
Whanns P B R B Superphosphate13 44 46 61 69 72 76 80
White D 031
Whitsett J H23
Wileox Gibbs Cos Manipulated Guano26 56 57
Wilkes County6
Wingfleld J T6
Witcher C M37
Z
Zells Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate22 38 50 61
ZelPs Cotton Acid Phosphate28
ICircular No 4
New Series
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1879
TOTAL YIELD OF THE LEADING CROPS COMPARED TO
TOTAL YIELD OF THE SAME IN 1878 AND THE
ACTUALYIELD PER ACRE IN 1879
From Returns to the Department of Agriculture December 20 1879
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Atlanta Ga January 15 1880
GENERAL STATE AVERAGES
In considering those columns of the tables which report average total
yields the reader should bear in mind the fact that the comparisons are
made with those of 1878 which were unusually large in many crops
The reader is referred to the Recapitulation for a concise view of the
averages by sections and for the whole State
CORN
Compared with the total yield of 1878 this report shows a reduction
of eighteen per cent for 1879 due mainly to the drouth which prevailed
generally over the Stale in the latter part of spring and early summer
in some sections extending from May to the 18th of July There was
was no rain with the exception of a few limited localities in the larger
portion of the State during the latter half of June and the first half of
July There were light showers in some sections on the 13th arid 14th
of July but generally the rains did not commence till the 18th and in
some sections not until the S9th During the Month of May the aver
age rainfall for the Sate was 273 inches in June 278 inches In July
there were 620 inches nearly all of which fell in the klast ten days of
the monthDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
336

The heavy and continuous rain of the latter part of July and during
August induced a second growth of cotton which has materially in
creased the yield but except in North Georgia the corn was too far
advanced to be benefitted by them The principal drouth occurred at
the most critical period in the growth of the upland corn crop in South
ern and Middle Georgia It will be seen by reference to the table that
the total yield of corn in the State compared with that of 1878 is only
82 and that the average yield per acre is 12 bushels less than in 1878
COTTON
The past season ha3 been one of unusual extremes as regards both
rainfall and temperature and consequently unfavorable to the growth
and fruiting of the cotton plant Uool and dry in Spring the growth of
the plant was retarded Before any considerable quantity of fruit was
set the drouth commenced which lasted in different localities from
three to nine weeks This was followed by excessive rains with un
usually cool weather in August The fall months however were pe
culiarly favorable to the maturing and gathering of the staple and the
yield exceeded the expectations of all who were familiar with the history
of top crops In the Southern part of the State the top crop generally
matured and much of it in Middle and even in North Georgia opened
sufficiently to be picked and though yellow brought a better price
than the white cotton sold early in the fall If prices had not advanced
the last would have been a disastrous year to cotton planters but
with the advance it has been probably the most prosperous since the
war except in eastern Middle Georgia where the drouth commenced
so early as to destroy the corn crop and prevent the production of a bot
tom crop of cotton and continued so late that very little of the top crop
of cotton matured before frost or opened sufficiently to be picked at all
A WORD OF CAUTION
Anticipating low prices for cotton last vear the planters generally
practiced a wise economy and reduced their expenses to the lowest pos
sible point so that the advance in the price of cotton was to a large
extent profit enabling planters not only to meet current liabilities but
to liquidate debts incurred during years when cotton was falling in
price It is believed that the cotton crop of 1879 was produced at a less
cost per pound than any crop made within the past twelve years Since
other articles of prime consumption have advanced with the price of cot
ton it will not be possible to produce the next crop so cheaply but by
the exercise of tbe same economy that has been practiced for several
years past and by continuing to produce at home all supplies adapted
to the soil and climate the cost of production may stilt be kept suffi
ciently low to leave a handsome margin for profit to the producer if
present pi ices prevail next fall
When cotton is being produced at a profit however the temptation to
cultivate it to the too great exclusion of supplies is very great butT337
6TTPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879
should be esisted by all who would reap the full benefit of the advance
in price
Planters should remember their experience when the price of cotton
ranged far higher than at present when few who relied upon purchas
ing their supplies found its cultivation profitable while almost with
out exception those who produced the corn small grain and pork
needed on the plantation at home not only kept out of debt but accu
mulated money
It has been said that figures dont lie and this is true if the calcu
lations are based upon correct premises but how many planters have
worked out on paper to their satisfaction the problem of all cotton
made on Western supplies and yet found the balance on the wrong
side at the end of the year
Make all the cotton possible consistent with the production of a full
supply of provisions and success is certain All cotton will answer for
those who expect to plant only one year but means ruin to those who
expect to make planting a permanent business
SUGAR CANE
The yield of syrup from cane is reported 74 gallons per acre less than
in 1878 This is due to the fact that the drouth in June and July re
tarded the growth of stalk and the heavy and continuous rains of the
last week of July and during the month of August induced a succulent
growth which yielded the usual quantity of juice but deficient in sac
charine matter
BICE
The area of both bwland and upland devoted to this important staple
is gradually increasing This is especially true of the upland produc
tion which has proved very profitable The erection of custom mills
in the interior has stimulated its production but it has been found proft
able when sold in the rough state The yield per acre is reported at
35 bushelsthree bushels higher than in 1878 This sells at 115 to
125 per bushel rough delivered at the nearest depot Some farmers
in Southern and Southeastern Georgia claim that it is the most profit
able crop produced on their farms
WHEAT
The area devoted to wheat has gradually increased during the last
five years and more attention has been given to the preparation ot
the soil and the selection of varieties of seed than formerly with cor
respondingly satisfactory results
The importance of the selection of southern grown acclimated and
consequently early maturing varieties has been repeatedly urged in the
circulars of the Department it is believed with profitable effect The
average yield per acre was nearly two bushels greater last year than in
1878 and the quality far superior
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
338

Good results have been oblained from harrowing wheat in the Nor
thern States and in Europe It is believed that it will be more benefi
cent in the South where the mildness of our winters induces a growth
of hardy weeds which mature their seed in early Spring and deprive
the wheat of a portion of the plantfood which it would profitably ap
propriate if the weeds were destroyed The proper time to apply the
harrow is when the wheat begins to straighten up for its Spring growth
Wheat growers are requested to harrow a portion of their fields and
report results to this department
The consumption of flour in the South is rapidly increasing and
though it is not profitable to cultivate it as a market crop in the south
ern half of the State further tban to supply the family of the planter
and the laborers on the plantation it can be made a profitable market
crop in the northern half of the State Georgia can and should pro
duce enough wheat to supply her own population
Such is the benefit of the vegetable matter which succeeds a crop of
wheat that a profit accrues in the cotton crop of the next year apart
from that from the wheat itself especially if commercial fertilizers are
used on the cotton
OATS
This important crop is bein more and more appreciated by the
farmers of Georgia each year and the area devoted to it anrudly in
creased The average yield per acre was nearly three bushels less in
1879 than in 1878 owing to the ii jury to the Spring sown oats by the
Spring drouth
The drouth in the Fall at the usuil time for seeding prevented an in
crease in the area sown in the Fall There is yet time however to sow
largely and farmers are urged to devote a large area to this cheap and
imponant crop Oats cannot only be produced more cheaply than corn
and furnish better food for plow animals during the Summer but leave
the laud in better condition for cotton In the opinion of many the ir
crease in the yield of the cotton crop following oats and the protection
of the land from washing are worth a3 much to the farmer as the crop
of oats itself All practical experienced farmers appreciate the import
ance of a rotation of crops involving a restoration of humus so rapidly
destroyed by hoed crops in our climate
Farmers are therefore urged to sow largely in oats even if the area
in corna much more expensive and less certain cropmust in con
sequence be reduced This is especially important in Middle and
Southern Georgia where a large area is devoted to cotton All who can
possibly procure them should sow the rustproof varieties which miy
be distinguished by being bearded
PORK
The amount of homeraised pork produced compared to last year is
reported at 98 a small reduUion hich is probably due to a large ex339
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879
tent to the influence of the Spring and Summer drouth which injured
the sweet potato chufa and pea crops The swine of Georgia were un
usually exempt from disease during 1879 Owing to the mildness of the
winter some pork has been spoiled but to what extent it is impossible
to say That which was butchered during November was saved in
good condition Farmers should see to it that their pork is ready for
the knife early in the Fall to avail themselves of the first cold spell
which usually occurs during the last ten days of November Many who
neglected this latt Fall have been compelled to feed their hogs on corn
an expensive food for them in the Southwhich they could by proper
managemenf have saved for supplying the farm while making the next
crop
DIFFERENT METHODS OF EMPLOYING LABOR
The usual difference of opinion prevails among the correspondents of
the Department in regard to the different methods of employing labor
94 correspondents say the wages system has been most satisfactory to
the landownerp 39 say the share system and 29 the renting system
has Seventy say the wages system has proved most satisfactory to
laborers 49 the share system and 41 renting
SELLING LANDS
In reply to the question Is there a greater or a less disposition to
sell lands than last year 33 correspondents say greater 85 less and
36 the same 110 say farming lands have been advanced in price 17
say they have fallen and 40 report no changr
CONDITION OF FARMERS
In reply to the question Are farmers generally in a better or a worse
condition than last year 117 correspondents say better 36 worse
and 29 the same It has been interesting to observe the fact that with
few exceptions those who report worse are in the worst drouth
stricken sections Tne fact that
INDEBTEDNESS
has been reduced 18 per cent within the last twelve months sustains the
report as to their comparative condition If cotton continues to bring
present prices and farmers will practice a selfsustaining system pro
ducing their own supplies with moderate economy a few more years
will find them free from debt prosperous and independent
FARM SUPPLIES
One fourth of the supplies consumed on the farms of Georgia during
the year 1880 will have to be purchased from other States and at prices
considerably in advance of those paid in 1879 This however is more
the fault of the seasons than of the farmers who but for the drouth
which so seriously cut off the corn crop would probably have made a
full supply of grain It is not expected that a full supply of pork will
6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA 340
be produced in the cotton belt so long as the cropping and renting sys
tems prevail so generally
The deficiency in stock food may still be remedied to a considerable
extent by sowing largely of Spring oats so that no corn Deed be pur
chased for stock after the oat crop comes in This may be done at very
small expense and will save more than an hundred fold in the cost of
keeping the work stock A portion of the oats may be cut when in
bloom and cured as hay and the balance allowed to ripen to be threshed
and fed as grain
It will be well for planters generally to plant sufficient area in gram
to afford with favorable seasons a surplus so that if seasons are unpro
pitioue they will still make enough to supply the farm without purchas
ing from abroad Those who can do so will find it to their interest to
borrow money and pay cash for their supplies rather than pay the ruin
ous rates charged for them when purchased at credit prices Corres
pondents report an average of 26 per cent less supplies purchased in
1879 than in 1878 Unless a large crop of Spring oats is sown there
will he no reduction in the amount purchased in 1880 over that of 1879
RUINOUS PERCENTAGES PAID FOR SUPPLIES BOUGHT ON TIME
The average cash price paid for bacon in the State in 1879 was 7
cents per pound The average price per pound for that bought on a
credit payable November 1st was 95 cents or 25 cents advance on the
cash price 1Mb is 357 per cent on the cash price and this not for a
year but for less than an average of six months so that it is safe to say
that those who purchase bacon on a credit pay at the rate of 714 per
cent per annum on the cash price or in other words they pay 714 per
cent per annum for the use of the amount of money necessary to buy at
cash prices the bacon consumed on their farms For the use of 100
for six months they pay 13570 or for the use of 100 tor twelve
months they pay 17140
Think of this farmers of Georgia who buy bacon at credit prices tan
you not raise bacon at less than twelve cents per pound
If farmers had the cash to purchase the years supply early in the
season when the price is low as ithas been for several years past from
44 to 5 cents it might possibly be cheaper to them than raising a full
supply but how few avail themselves of these low prices Do they
not deceive themselves with the idea however that they cannot raise it
at4i cents per pound and yet buy at twelve cents
The fact that it sells during the winter at 44 cents does not benefit
him who must purchase during the summer at twelve The question
for him to consider is not whether he can raise it at 41 cents but whether
it is not cheaper for him to raise his bacon than to buy at 12 cents
Granting that it will not pay to raise pork for an entire plantation
which doubtless is true in some sections yet is it not true that it is bet
ter in every section to keep such a number around the lots as will con341
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPOET1879
sume the waste products of the farm Be they ever so few let them be
ot the best and most profitable varieties
The average cash price paid for corn in the State in 1879 is reported
at 75 cents per bushel The time price 97 5 cents per bushel or 30 per
cent for six months 60 per cent per annum For the corn that might
be bought for 100 cash those who buy on time pay 160 and receive
consequently only 100 for 160 worth of cotton to the extent of their
bills contracted for corn No further comment is necessary to demon
strate that such practice is suicidal JSTo business on earth could prosper
under it
Let every farmer in Georgia so manage his affairs and so proportion
his crops that the year 1880 shall place him on an independent footing
LEAVING THE FARM
It is gratifying to be able to state that a majority of thecorrespondents
report a less disposition on the part of farmers and their sons to leave
the farm than existed last winter A still greater majority however
say there is no greater disposition on the part of the town people to em
bark in arming
LABOK
The efficiency of labor compared with previous years is reported at 90
This is discouraging since on the efficiency of agricultural labor de
pends in a great degree the prosperity of the country It is suggested
that owing to the fact that a majority of the labor is employed on the
share and renting systems under which they board themselves and
bear part or all of the expense of feeding the stock and consequently
bear the greater part of the burden of the credit system causing contin
ued anxiety and consequent distraction from their work
Labor to be efficient must be contented and as far as possible un
embarrassed by care The negro is proverbially improvident and hence
landlords should as far as practicable direct the proportioning of crops
so as to make them selfsustaining and thus increase their profits and
contentment The liest interests of the landowners demand this
STOCK
In reply to the questionIs there an increased disposition on the part
of farmers to improve their stock by crossing with thoroughbreds
138 correspondents say yes and 36 say no This is encouraging since
apart from the enhancement of the value of the stock and the greater
profit derived from them it indicates a spirit of progress which may be
regarded as an index to the general improvement of the farmers of the
State and an increased disposition to make the farm selfsustaining
As a natural consequence of improving their stock better attention is
given them On this subject 143 correspondents say farmeis generally
are giving better attention to their stock than formerly while only 30
report to the contrary It should be and seems to be understood by
farmers that improved stock demand and require better attention than8
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
342

inferior to maintain their improvement The improvement is the re
sult of care and selection in breeding and judicious feeding the im
proved breeds are in an abnormal condition produced by mans skill
and care and must be maintained by the same skill and care with neg
lect degeneration towards a normal condition is inevitable
ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS
The people of Georgia especially along the principal lines of railways
are beginning lo realize the importance of the fruit crop and our ad
vantages f soil and climate in connection with fruit culture Corres
pondents report an average increase in the area devoted to orchards and
vineyards during the last twelve months as 12 per cent
Tuis would make an increase of nearly 10000 acres in the State The
profits of fruitrowing on a large scale will be increased bv the forma
tion of railroad combination which will place the grower in easy
rapid and direct communication with the large cities of the North and
West and as the growing of fruit for shipment increases transporta
tion facilities will be increased and the expenses reduced
Georgia fruit which has already established a reputation for supenor
quality in the Northern markets has in common with that from other
Southern States a monopoly of those markets for one month before the
local crops mature
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
Have commercial fertilizers paid this year on crops that were prop
erly cultivated In answer to this question 116 correspondents say
yes and 36 no their failure being attributed in nearly every instance to
aroutha few to worthless compounds They could not be expected
to pay on crops the cultivation of which is neglected since they stimu
late the growth of grass and weeds as well as that of the cultivated crop
It is worse than folly to incur the expense of purchasing fertilizers un
less the crops to which they are applied are well cultivated
HAVE COMPOSTS PAID
To this question 153 out of 164 correspondents who answer at all
sav yesa great many volunteering the additional information that they
pay better than commercial fertilizers This is especially true of
those from Middle and Southern Georgia As this is the season for pre
airing the composts the formula and directions for composting are re
printed with the earnest recommendation that the farmers of the State
avail themselves of this cheap and hitherto profitable method of mauur
ing their crops
COMPOSTING SUPERPHOSPHATES WITH HOME MANURES
The Philosophy of CompostingStable manure is admitted on all sides
to be a complete manure in the sense of containing all of the nec
essary elements of plantfood There are some of the more important
elements phosphoric acid is the principal which are contained m such
small percentage that large quantities of the manure must be applied la343 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879 9
order to secure a sufficient quantity of this essential element for the
necessities of plant sustenance To supply this deficiency superphos
phate 13 added to the compost heap A cembination of stable manure
and cotton seed in the proportions recommended supplies eneugb am
monia for summer crops but hardly sufficient for winter small grain
unless applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre The sulphate ot
lime contained in every superphosphate besides being otherwise valua
ble as a chemical agent seives to fix the ammonia generated in the
progress of decomposition in the compost heap The fermentation re
duces the coarse material and prepares it for the use of the plant
Composting Under ShelterThia may usually be done on rainy day
or when the ground is too wet for the plow so that little time need be
lost by the manipulation of the heap There are two methods practiced
with equal by satisfactory results
One is to apply the different ingredients in successive layers and cut
down vertically after a thorough fermentation has taken place mixine
well with the shovel at the same time
The other is to mix thoroughly the ingredients at first and allow the
mass to stand until used
Thereto of composts thus prepared far exceed the indications of
analysis and cost considered are truly remarkable
Formula for OwIf the stable manure and cotton seed have
been preserved under shelter use the following
FORMULA NO 1
Stable Manure
Cotton Seed greenf
Superphostem
Making a ton of To7oib7
Directions for CompostingSVr under shelteralayeVof stable
manure our inches thck on this sprinkle a portion of the phosphate
next spread a layer of cottonseed three inches hick wet these thor
oughly with watered then apply more of the phosphate next spread
another layer of stable manure three inches thick and continue 0 re
peat hese layers m the above order and in proportion to the quantity
of each used to the ton until the material is consumed Cover the
whole mass wnh stable manure or scrapings from the lot one or two
inches hick Allow the heap to stand in this condition until a thorough
fermentation takes place which will require from three to six week
according to circumstances dependent upon proper degree of moisture
d e7 the materials used When the cotton seed Z tor
thelI16 rh Sha7 he r maUCk CUt d0 ver though
wil be rVnP 71Zeand8h0yel WhWe tbe mentation
will be renewed and the compost be stilll further improved Let it
he two weeks after cutting down it will then be ready for useI
10 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEOEGIA 344
The following plan of mixing gives equally satisfactory results Mix
the cotton seed and stable manure in proper proportion moisten them
with water apply the proportion of phosphate and mix thoroughly
shoveling into a mass as prepared
There is some advantage in this plan from the fact that the ingre
dients are thoroughly commingled during fermentation
For CWfenApply in the opening furrow 200 pounds and with the
planting seed 75 or 100 pounds making in all 275 or 300 pounds per
acre If it is desired to apply a larger quantity open furrows the de
sired distance and over them sow broadcast 400 pounds per acre bed
the land and then apply 100 pounds per acre with the seed
For CornApp1y in the hill by the side of the seed one gill to the
hill An additional application around the stalk before the first plow
ng will largely increase the yield of grain
If the compost is to be used on worn or sandy pine lands use the
following FORMULA NO 2
600 lbs
Stable Manure 600 lbs
Cotton Seed green jbg
SuperphosphateVlOO lbs
Kainit
2000 lbs
Making a ton of
Prepare as directed for No 1 moistening the manure and cotton
seed with a solution of the kainit instead of water Muriate of potash
is the cheapest form in which potash can be used but kainit supplies it
in a better form and combination for many plants
If lot manure or that which has been so exposed as to lose some of
its fertilizing properties is composted use
FORMULA NO 3
600 lbs
Lot Manure
Cotton Seed green 700 lbs
Superphosphate
Sulphate of Ammonia
Kainit
2000 lbs
Making a ton of
The sulphate of ammonia and kainit must be dissolved in warm wa
ter and a proportionate part of each sprinkled upon the other ingredi
ents as the heap is prepared Apply as directed under No 1 to cot
ton and corn To wheat or oats apply 400 or 500 pounds per acre
brcadcat and plow or harrow it in with the grain
In answer to the question Have composts increased production
equally with commercial fertilizers 139 of 156 correspondents say yes
Ttis is sustained also by the results of the soil tests ot fertilizers for the345
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1879
11
last five years The average difference between the cost per acre of
commercial fertilizes and composts as generally used is reported by the
correspondentsof the Department at 160 There were about 1 500 000
acres planted in cotton in Georgia in 1879 Supposing that all Ibis was
manured and assuming it to be true as reported by the correspondents
S 4o3 wThMeB rdUti0n eqUa17 With crcial tilizer8
2400000 would be saed by using compost inst ad of commercial tertll
izers or to make a mor limited application of the fact on every hundred
acres planted in cotton 16000 may be saved by using compost By the
use of compost as far as the material will go and supplementing it w th
mr Zer8fOrSPe0ial mura tag Peas for ffrtiZbg
purposes and usngin connection with them lime or marl the lands of
Georgu may be rapidly improved and made to produce p ofitable crop
at tle same jme All of th 81 correspondents who report peav ne
ud forfertihzng purposes in their counties represent the result as
most satafcory Of the 25 who say lime or marl has been J
he lands of heir counties all except three report good results Thoe
three report no perceptible effect
Very respectfully
J T HENDERSON
Commissioner of Agriculture
NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENCE
NORTH GEORGIA
Mr W A Chambew Morganville Dade county savs ThP hco
and cheapest fertilizer for this county is clover t 7 J8
worn out by he bad management of tenants whh nrnwl lA
twelve to fifteen bushels of corn per acre I sowed MPni fror5
it four years and planted in corn Ita fifth yWfltt
bushels of weighed corn per acre I realized mnri imeleablynve
stock cattle while grazing than I would have done had W
in corn or cotton Lt farmers who 1 d X culllted it
lands sow clover on levenSJnd grass on rXT their T nt
subject to washing g rolling lands which are
Mr A J Logan Dawsonville Dawson cotintv SM Th0 t u
one ot the most prosperous years for the farmer tST u uasbeen
nessed and my experience extends back twenty y ars TWi
Mitt sasssi rSS
peek of peas to thecre wTen laymg by th con anYtarneT ne
under lightly with the wheat just beire frost the vines
of 2 2SSM5Kffi tSSSi SJones
weighing 500 pounds eachfbeswhel SVac useTonTy

12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 346
homemade compost with but little stable manure Others of my neigh
bow have done almost as wel making ten twelve and fourteen bales to
the mule
Mr W H Deah Rome Gosavs I insist that Georgia can never
be the great State of the South until her farmers feed their stock on
Eras I have a small plot of orchard grass and clover sown in 1868
which grows better every year and yields a heavy crop of hay and fine
msturage It is worth more nan any acre in my farm with expense of
Katfon thrown in My experience h in favor of orchard amand
clover for Northern Georgia I believe Bermuda grass is a God send to
Southern Georgia
Me James N Weight Sugar Valley Gordon county says Mr
M B Abbott of Gordon county made with two muie and three hands
10 bales of cotton on 14 acres 600 bushels of corn on 20 acres 550 bush
els of wheat on 30 acres 50 bushels of potatoes loO gallons of sorghum
syrup some clover hay and 200 bushels ot peas
MR R D Winn Lawrenceville Gwinnett county says Mr K J
VcDaniel Sweetwaler Ga made 40 bales of cotton on 50 acres 2000
bushels otcorn and other crops in proportion
Mr David Warner near BuforJ Ga on a small farm made 1100
bushels of corn 300 pounds of tobacco and 1000 bushels of potatoes
Mr Winn says Early planting for both corn and cotton and
rapid cultivation are necessary for successful planting especially in up
ter Georgia Vegetable matter turned under early adds largely to the
yield never burn off the crab grass but turn early and by u he yield
will be largely increased High beds are to be deprecated Cultivate
level and you are largely benefited No high beds nor deep arrows in
the middles for cotton nor potato hills for corn as in the olden time
The reasons to reflecting farmers will be obvious
Mr vv inn is an experienced and observing farmer whose views are
worthy of consideration
Mr Jas P Phillips Olarksville Habersham county reports thei fol
lowing results on the farm ot Col Geo S Owens Mr E H McAfee
manager
RESULTS OP A TWOHORSE CROP
Corn 1000 bushels at 60c per bushel 600 00
Wheat 240 bushels at 125 per bushel auu w
Hay 100 tons ivncn
Oats 800 bushels at 50c per bushel
Pork 2500 lbs f
Potatoes 200 bushels iZhn
Peas 30 bushels
Butter 1000 lbs 10 00
Garden not counted
Total 1890 00
Capt J C Turner made on one acre 250 gallons of sorghum
syrup
Mr Phillips says Lime used on new groundpoor ridge land
has paid well Several farms of the poorest of the Uuattahoochee ridge
limed yielded 25 to 30 bushels corn per acre
The age is progrtssivethe farmer must progress The best tools
are the cheapest buy tnem and your sons will stay on the farm buy
them and there is no labor required to farm only healthful exercise
One twelve yearold boy hiie with Hughes sulky plow can turn347
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879
13
three acres a daysaving the hire of three men and the work of three
m Vl AZne aC a duay is aS mucb as a twohorse plow will do
The Odessa wheat has proven much the hardiest and most certain of
FulTz next10 moUDtains aad especially so on bottom Iandshe
I have sown oats every year since August 1858 during the late
summer and early fall have never lost a csop and have sold oas every
year I have the same growing now I pasture all winter when dry
enough and until the Huddle of April The heaviest yield on one acre
picked 52 bushels heaviest yield on a field of 26 acres 42 bushels pre
Mr BB Parker Parkers Store Hart county says Mr J O
Shirley by Ins own labor and perhnps 20 days hiring made with one
1 ldlenefourtb is time i bales Si cotton and 100
Mr J H Upshaw Fields Cross Roads Milton county says
Messrs A W and D W Devar with two mules and two hands
made ten bales of cotton 500 bushels corn 75 bushels peas 100 bushes
bushelsSbeaQS SyfUP 10 bUSheS atS 10 buSheS uheat acd 2
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Mr W A Davis Macon Bibb county says The cropping system
is growing m favor By it the whole available force of a laborers fam
ily is ntilized and having no financial matters to attend to his who
mind is on his work The farmer being interested gives the business
his personal attention The laborer works this mustbe rigidly eZced
by he direction of the farmer jus as when hired for wages At the end
of the year the laborer has mde more became memben of his famUy
have beer employed who would otherwise have been idle and expensive
71 aPTT hlTade TTe beCaUSe hi3 labor has been cheaper and
fully as efficient The land is wonh a third the mules and their teed are
aTobe khntd fT By the PlanTation can
also be kept up and the land improved By the tenant system the
renter works as he pleass having no supervision from thelandlord wo
fels only an mdirect interest in the farm feeling confident it will mike
llvfedtwiThtief1ITngUten3iiS Me infrMbe worksock poor and
illy fed with usually a mortgage hanging over them for supplies In
ff aiHTeeVhe 6UPPe8fre exhausted the tenant either cinn tor is
afiaid to get more He works out to supplement his supplies whi e
his own crop suffers The yteld is necessarily scant and no improved
merit is mae to the land The tenant makes nothing and theTaVmlrs
land is rapidly being worn out warmer s
Mr R H Springer Whitesburg Carroll county says I made
with one mule 17 bales of cotton weighing 500 pounds each 100 bush
eta of peas 400 bushels of corn 100 bushel of sweet potsWs 80 bush
fifSnh Vs PTlrS 10mbUShels Sround Peas 40 bushels of wheat and
600 bushels of oats Thts was a one mule farm on the largest farm in
ThtT y u madeJPay as much as aQy five Plows on my pkee
This shows what can be dune with one plow I run 17 plows on mv
place aud if I could induce mv tenants to farm as I do my place would
be a grden spot I made with one mule nearly onethfrd of aH the
Phosphate m USed l0Ur SaCkS f gUind aad sat9 f Sd
Mr Thomas A
Dr H R Casev Appling Columaia county says 14
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
348

T3i wri mv nar neighbor has made this year with its drawbacks
SrfS 4B0 pounds each 700 bushels of corn 300 bushels of
l 1 snnhiahelsof oats withfiveplows Hegatheied also lOO bush
Th ofcowpeSoO bushelsof sweet potatoes and will kill 4000 rounds
Jh H ia solid man a scientific and practical farmer His father
fXnather were S of the soil He uses only his own plows of
Mtavon which in my M
ramplehrriyrfepLrtment for thUny
had a sample oi uls tw0 yearai Tnere is bat one
wayUtJeU from S T and
iieedman to ride on the handles
Dr Casey give a a description of the stock and the hoes used with it
which istoo long for publication Mr Blanchard is at perfect liberty to
display his plow in the Department with such printed explanations as
he desires to accompany it
Mr A W Stokes NewnanCoweta county reports that Mr J H
Resell with two horses made 28 bales of cotton averaging 500 pounds
7ih bushels corn and a good crop of oats This crop was made on
fflSptaTnr Russell hadtwo regular hands and hired some
bv the day Mr Mark Johnson with one horse made 17 bales ot cot
ton withagood crop of corn fodder wheat and oats but Mr Russell s
is considered the best farming in the county
Mb W A Speer McDonough Henry county says To keep ma
nure when taken from the stable from becoming dry and worthless by
nure when taiveu l h under shelter mixing thor
oughly 1 gSSof salt 10 pounds of salt to 100 pounds of
thedung This will also prevent growing crops from firing m time of
excessive drouths Dont use salt in compost heap when you wish de
composUion of cotton seed but apply when hauling out to bed on
MR W CLevekett of Jasper county says IJhavea five acre lot
which I have cultivated in cotton for seven years consecutively except
187EI when it was in corn with a heavy crop ot pavines which latter
we mrned under five inches deep November 1 1878 Used compost
in 1879 and was withont rain for eight weeks and yet gathered 7o0 lbs
lmt per acre have made an average of 500 lbs lint cotton tor six years
The land was originally thin I had the crop worked very shallow
runng aTweep Iery flat It was injured by the drouth about 25 per
cent
Mb A E Sttjrgis Thompson McDnffle county saysi I rented
out a 11horse farm for 1000 lbs of lint to the horse and had a 11horse
farm worked on halves I furnishing the land horses plows and noes and
feeSnl the horses The first or renters made five bales to the horse the
other e even made seven bales to the horse and as much corn or more
thanthe renters I cultivated a 3horse farm with five hands paU
out 11 00 for extra labor in chopping and hoeing and lo 75 tor p ck
h cotton I made 33 bales of cotton 412 bushels of corn 600 bushels
of sweet potatoes 110 bushels of wheat 1703 bushels of oats and paid
out11250 for labor to help mow them 1 used three tons of Patapsco
uano on all of my farm bat make most of my manure at borne I
phtnted 55 acres in cotton 55 in corn which was ruined by the drouth
55Tn oats 6 in wheat and 4 in sweet potatoes A portion of my farm
had no rain for nine weeks39 SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879 15
Mb L F Livingston Covington Newton county says Mr Eob
ert Loyd with two mules an two hands lo help him ml e 99 LV t
caton 300 bushels of corn 145 bushels of wheat Volh and
a good crop of peas The cotton not sold is worn today 50 perbale
22 bales of cotton 50 per bale
300 bushels of corn at 70 cts per bushel
145 bushels of wheat at 125 per bushel f
150 oushels of oats at 60 cts per bushel
600 bushels or cotton seed at 10 cts per bushel
3000 lbs fodder at 70 cts per 100 lbs f
1 hog 14 months old 303 lbs at 6 cts
Peas and shucks not estimated
Jal ioli
Ihe two hands cost him 7 per month ech Land broken H u
wohorse plow has yielded mishear 50 per cent more thanZf Xw
shallow with common plows Powed
The Avery gang plow is the best laborsaving plow we have in
good one Western Newton has made as much cotton not quite So much
corn and more wheat and oats than last year My immediate neonW
hcod can furnish several such crops as the one above mentioned Fnd
the report of one enclosed made by a negro The two crops are a HUle
above the average made this neighborhood by whites The negroVc on
is far above an average of those made by negroes 8 op
Crop made by Oliver Flanagan col in Newton county in 1879 wit
t mules and three hands on very old and worn Jadop ijured by
16 bales of cotton 520 lbs each 10 cts per lb 87o m
235 bushels of corn at 70 cts lS
3450 lbs fodder t 70 cts 1f fO
14a bushels of wheat at 140 per busnel Jl J
135 bushels oats 60 cs per pushel 1 qs on
12 bushels of sweet potatoes at 50 cts per bushel 6 00
JMOtT
Mb J 0 Wilson Watkinsville Oconee county says Mr a r
Jackson Hlgh Shoals Oconee county made 49 bushels of wheat orTnnP
acre and on anoher 106 bushels of rustproof oats 0ne
Jhl JaS A Prle FarmiuStoa Oconee county made 43 bushels nf
whea per acre Mr J C Wilson Watkinsville made 50 bushe s of
wheat on one acre and averaged 49 bushels on six acres uusneJS 0l
Mb J T Dennis Eatonton Putnam county says A fielt nf An
acres that made me last year 700 pounds of seed cotton per a Jafe
htsyear 1879 1 000 pounds per acre with not half as mPah raft t
1878 Tne land had never been plowed before more than 3 inched ripen
I broken this year in March witn twohorse plow to a deoth ot 4 toP
inchesand fertilized as heretofore A field adjoining thais 25 LMt
25pcZd m1083 lhiSyear P6r uaVmS
The correspondents from Putnam report a large part of the rnnntv in
an unfortunate condition on account o the s3fereP droutn WS pre
Mr W L Peek Conyers Rockdalecounty says Lands nrpnrH
from 6 to 10 inches deep have produced from 50 to 75 per cent more thi
y ear than those prepared in the usual way P more thls

16 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA 350
Mr L B McCRARYBelleviewTalbot county says Mr Wm P
MR Lk b J cnunty has raised thi j ear 24 bales of cotton
KffiM uKf wha 100 bushels of oats 275 gal
tl ot wrup 200 bushels of potatoes 2500 pounds of pok and a quan
SbSssSp r eemss as ays
shels of potatoes
guano and no other
iTh H Gary LaGrange Troup county says I made this year
100 bumU of corn per acre on bttom land This large yield was made
nv noting very thickly in he drill ana cultivating well the ground
bring kept in a friable condition The com was own almost thick
enough for fodder corn and not thinned
Mr V H Crawlby of Walton county Social Circle Pofrofflce
savs Mr Wm Akridge of this county mde this year with 8 plows
93 bales of cotton and corn enough to run his farm in 1880
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Mr H T Peeples Nashville Berren county says Mr Wm M
A very of this county made this year 300 buhel of corn on foul
Mr Henry P Parrish Adel Berrien couivy savs I run three
i ih three full hands and five halfhands ond made 34 bales of cot
FonTn 30 acre 6003 of corn on 50 ac 1500 bushels of oas on 9o
ton on 30 acre ou q cane syrup Qne
rreSOObulelsofewertpotaoes on wo acre 30 bushels ofCbuf on
five acrei and gathered 50 bushels of field t eas I used one ton of commer
cial fertil zer
Mr Geo W C Munro Buena vista Marion county says With
five Sow I have fattened and killed 10 200 pound o pork from 4 bogs
lnn usinemore than 10 bushels of cornjust enough to keep them gen
dShed 98 pounds and the heaviest 286 pounds They
Woneafreinoroundpeasonein cbuas the gleanings of seventyfive
Lres of corned peas five acres of potatoes and gleaning of seven acres
that were dug
MtTrnEix County Abmobltural Club which meets at Camilla
nrTstharMr U W Spenceof this county raised on a thity acre
wporis that Mr V ds coUn and Wlth lh
ttVp tasheW corn nfneUels of syrup and 300 bushels of
potatoes east GE0RGIA
Mn Sitabon Kitchens Gibson Glascock county savs I am con
rt dfat os furnish tbecheapet small grain crop for Georgia and that
ncd that 0dtX ferliiiZer for them I believe that every basbei
rcrtoTsdUPaPpedoeFaUrsown eats will increase the yield one bushel
20 bushels of cotton seed per acre at 15 cts cost J W
20 bushels of oas increase at 50 cis
Profit on cotton Eeed
Mb F D Wmberly Bullards Station Twiggs county says Mr D351
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879
17
SSfffi
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
destroys many weeds anadd tohe yield M W r T0
cow for our ranee Thev ni ke iLit Ue They make the best
I hod h Berkshire the LT h 1 J S lh
tons of hay Turned nTSni 5 f peas per acre 8nd got 3
bushels of oats per acre Turned nndeIZf Tand 1878 55
sot 3 tons of ha v t 1UI1 undei the stubble and sowed oeas
KJUnd onyaccJuU t eSrin VnrtS M
of oats Did net get the neas n eirif 1 l79 harsted 40 bushels
tons nowfmepag g only a
6 to 8 weeks yer and Z

18
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE I
NORTH GEORGIA
352
Total yield compared to last year and yield per acre of the following crops
COUNTIES
Com
BaDks
Bartow
Chattooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Dade
Dawson
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Gilmer
Gordon
Gwinnett
Habereham
Hall
Haralson
Hart
Jackson
Lumpkin
Madison
Cotton
Sugar
Cane
90
110
95
125
133
85
100
85
100
85
105
100
105
85
100
100
62
99
125
00

B
15
15
20
30
15
22
10
14
IS
9
25
20
i
75
121
93
100
127
75
95
108
115
65
Murray
Polk
Towns
Union
Walker
White
Whitneld
450
750
700
700
T50
400
505
600
700
500
Bice
100 ICO
Wheat
SO
110
no
90 400
6 75
Milton HO
102
110
87
20
14
15
13
16
9
18
IS
15
15
300
Average
AVage in 18781pU
75
87
100
951
En
110
120
110
125
125
120
20C
130j
175
120
12C
no
116
105
100
125
105
150
no
110
117
122
112
110
Oats
Field
Peas
Sweet
Potatoes
I 150
100 116
r
100
83
70
112
106
105
105
110
lot
120
10
75
98
105
80
110
102
100
125
100
loo
SI
87
100
H
15
10
18
15
16
20
16
25
10
20
10
Sorghm
loo
100
110
130
100
80
70
ioo
75
122
IS
30
25
10
10
15
15
12
13
21
20
18
13
30
10
167
102
10u
100
05
75
lOO
62
95
ioo
75
100
110
75
100
105
86
106
iio
75
80
loo
8 100
5 75
too
25
90
80
06
90
Go
80
58
100
5100
60
75
10
5
6

M
75
50
50
200
87
62
75
75 110
75
50
50
62
50
lOt
40
100
100
65
50
78
100
75
O
100
60
IOO
65
65
60
85
15
75
IOO
60
70
100
75
IOO 10O
908114
I 60
90
85 150
90 75
100
50
70
50
92
50
160
76
804
5
70
86 0
100 91 110 so 100 70 100 60
916 769
710
nii
I 353
SUPPLEMENTAL KEPORT1879
TABLE I Continued
NORTH GEORGIA
19

COUNTIES

Total yield compared to last year and
yield per acre of following crops
Ground
Peas

ICO
Banks
Bartow
Chattooga
Cherokee
Cobb
Dade
Dawson
Floyd
orsyta
Franklin
Jilmer
Gordon
Gwinnctt
Habershara
Hall
Haraleon 100
Hart
Chvfas
Millet
110
100
Clover

10 100 16 100
05 501 05f 115
o y
Oh
82 9
a S
S Ii 11 A
Avragenum
ber Dale o
cotton with
plenty of
corn made
on 3 ays
terns re
spectively
a f
O
87
2 0
130
Jackson
Lumpkin
Madison
Milton
Murray
Polk
Towns
Union
Walker
White
Whitfieid
95
10i
Average
Ayage in 1878J
100
100
100
50
20
20
15
20
90 20
561
370
90
870 55 0
1520
110
10
1C0
116
1IS
95
75
110
M0
90
95
76
90
110 100
112
112
70
95
100
107
50
126
90
no
98
75
7On
900
00
00
75 10
601 15
87
65 10
i 17868
iuK
115
100
100
no
105
107
St
138
100
90
90
90
110
100
105
81
10
8 0
900
800
900
800
700
Oo
BO
25
105800
40600
40
50
ro
oo
45
50
00
45
40
10
53
0
013
o
9 15 8
c t
M IS
900
850
00
100
00
110
10
40
58
45
60
44
45 5j
40
50
45
21 1
5 67
05
25
00
5
950
87S
900
700
850
800
1095097184046
110
10
110
70
90
80
90
87
110
90
70
100
75
87
102
2
4
4 4 40
100
65
100
80
100
90
90
90
75
75
75
75
100
1001 8S
4C 75
115
90
112
100
4
37
62
SO
816
100
95
890
86020
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
3541

TABLE IContinued
MIDDLE GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Total yield compared to last year aildyield per acre of the following crops
Baldwin
Bibb
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Columbia
Coweta
Corn Cotton Bice
GO
j c
Elbert
Fayette
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDuffie
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Ogletborpe
Putnam
t
77
501
105
120
75
50
7J
110
79

83 15
I
60
66
7
72
70
100
115
70
70
95
115
81
65
75
75
Rockdale
Spilding
Talbrt
Talialerro
Troup
Upson
Walton
Average77
Average18781
90
02
55
69
72
on
75
35
85
75
60
55
65
76
8
110
72
87
90
800
400
GC0
700
GOO
too
325
1000
10 J
500
400
O0
70
55
75
S3
85
105
50
80
80
60
02
410
550
400
3261
40
350
450
400
250
400
400
375
100
90
69
100
08
66
03
105
88
100
8i
820
100 80
300
400
375
500
400
io
475
Wheat
2 pSlftm
12
h
105
100
125 1
117
110
H M
85
100
105
90
80
40
93
125
120
110
100
110
92
125
110
ioo
105
105
117
107
112
125
12
140
103
13
10
7
75
10J 125
io no
9 95
G 100
122
H
50
100
866
200 100
1271860
1251
400
41 0
120
85
120
100
100
118
105
101
90
100
120
125
10 W8
10
10
10
9
10
8
10
10
20
IS
18
8
15
25
13
20
12
19
15
15
10
14
16
10
15
12
20
10
77
125
70
07
80
75
75
110
105
75
70
4
5
45
5
15
70 56
S5
07
UC
60
80
50
80
75
75
100
100
150
100
20
30
50
60
55
25
25

o
H
70
GO
40
100
70
10O
40
60
60
60
60
35
125
75
40
66
80 75 100
115 950 690
70
161
150
75
102
100
62
75
100
75
GO
90
75
78
60
87
67
100
75
50
30
20
50
100
100
60
50
41 116
58792
45
640
700
45
75
50
62
60
60
28
30
60
30
580
t40355
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1879
21
TABLE Continued
MIDDLE GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Baldwiu
B bb
Campbell
Carroll
Clarke
Columbia
Coweta
Douglass
Elbert
Fayette
Greene
Hancock
Harris
Heard
Henry
Jasper
Jones
Lincoln
McDuffie
Monroe
Morgan
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Putnam
Rockdale
Spaiding
Taluoi
Taliaferro
Troup
Upsoo
Walton
Total yield compared to last yearandt
yield per acre of the following crops
Ground
Peas
122
Chufas
Millet
50
20
90
Average
AJtltfctJbSi
Clover 2
100
105 100
29
520
330
903
20
100
610823
500
75
a M s
2 i
15
870 35
1 16
100
mo
75
100
100
106
107
110
110
100
90
125
100
115
no
ISO
101
115
no
10
150
oo
100
108
97
120
85
77
100
100
105
110
110
85
75
180
95
80
105
185
103
122
115
90
151
10
105
100
120
c
Z
I0i
00
85
110
95
lid
10
110
911
10
80
75
95
100
31
00
80
87
95
100
90
110
115
188
8
105
110
108
125
fit
10
10

S

800
700
300
100
300
4 0
00
00
700
oo
550
700
700
00
726
700
700
50
600
700
00
700
700
725
T50
775
881
80
56u
700
650
8Oil
725
45
40
46
0
40
30
50
40
40
43
40
40
42
45
40
45
40
40
35
40
55
40
90
45
40
AvageNo bales I
Cotton with to
plenty of Com
ntHile on three gv
systems respec I
lively
7
4
e
45
3
S
45
6
45
4
55
w

25
83
110
70
125
50
70
60
50
75
90
105
78
60
95
75
506
35848
90
60
80
65
75
50
64
75
70
80
85
50
70
40
70
40
50
83
68
68
25
75
70
60
40
68
67
66
75
62
87
90
657
74022
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE GEORGIA
TABLE I Continued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
356
COUNTIES
lIelTrnTtolast year and yield per acre of the following crop
Corn Cotton
H
50
85
75
78
55
92
00
02
90
15
Baker
Berrien
Biooks
Chathoochee
Clay
Crawford
Decatur
Early
Houston
Lee
Lowndes 45
Macou
Marion
Miller
Mitchell
Muscogee
Schley
Stewart
Sumter
Taylor
Terrell
Worth
40
83
90
98
76
95
55
7
250
OOo
860
150
300
275
300
Cane Bice
100 350
bo
75
SO
So
60
Average
Average 1878
ioo
85
00
02
SO
98
75J
70
87
40Ol 80
350 110
350 78
Wheat Oats
500
250
5B 275
00
400
ioo
Field
Peas
Sweet
Potatoes
12
70
100
95
70
00
S5
SO
00

700
300
375
550
500
SOI
488
50
240 11
140P 95
100
100
100
97
100
97
85
S7
100
100
100
108
ioo
H
90
101
110
105
102
100
101
85
9o
85
95
15
75
85
05
70
120
850
150
58
2C0
150
20o
100
100
100
95
150
970
35
40
IS
260
34 0
100
95
85
75
40
IOO
100
75
100
75
85
90
100
00
940
1C
15
V
II
If
12
12
8
18
9
10
Ei
50
75
70
85
95
75
25
100
80
100
35
80
80
12l 115
Sorghm
95
10
15
15
14
12
15
115
140
75
110
5
1001
25
70
90
90
50
102
108
SO
75
75
105
110
55
so
100
100
87
100
0
120
so
00
750
100
50
50
65
100
200
250
150
85
90
75
110
100
75
50
40870
CO
50
S51 100 60
60
30
660
800
103357
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1879
23
TABLE I
Continued
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
COUNTIES
Baker
Berrlen
Brooks
Chathoochee
Clay
Crawford
Decatur
Early
Houston
Lee
Lowndes
Macon
Total yield compared to last year and
yield per acre of following crops
Ground
Peas
90
100
75
90
MarionI 100
Chufas
Millet
S0
55
100
Miller
Mitchell
Muscoiree
Schley
Stewart
Sumter 100
Taylor
Terrell
Worth
100
Clover

1C0
75
Average
Average1878
Jo
20 100
100
2 a
100
so
300
410
00
no
100
100
107
10
95
100
100
90
105
9
10
C
150
105
118
112
120
105
112
100
105
100
100
90
400 930 20
620 20
5
101
110
70
10J
90
76
2r
92
100
115
90
95
100
107
1K
106
108
in
J
I g
H
4
700
100 80
25
750
725
700
700
00
soo
oo
700
800
7CO
700
7 CO
oe
S33
700
7l750
Average No
bales cotton
wiih plenty
of corn made
00 three sys
tems respec
tivelv
121
775
750
760
12
71
41
55
40
40
85
50
42
40
45
40
50
40
30
40
40
40
35
37
35
40
55
2 5
35
40
450
225
25
7
25
6
2
4
5
4
5
45
4
2
103
84
SO
70
75
95
105
90
100
no
80
o o
8O
50
90
100
75
63
60
75
70
80
90
75
60
80 80
60
125
75
77
80
20
38 070 0
86
24
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE ICcntinued
EAST GEORGIA
358
Total yield compared to last year and yield per acre of the tallowing cropa
COUNTIES
Corn
Bullock
Burke
Dodge
Emanuel
Glasscock
Jefferson
Johnson
Laurens
Montgomery
Pulaskt
Richmond
Sciiven
Tateall
Teliair
Twiggs
Washington
Wilkinson
Average
Average187
Sugar
Cotton Cane
Rice
81
90
76
85
11
105
90
10 i
90
oo
85
SO
110
67
75
105
112
7 91
600
50 i
150
500
500
560
450
451
400
BOO
llul
400
310
510
47a
466
401
70
90
JO
70
90
100
78
70
70
65
60
55
95
62
70
SO
110
110
Wheat
Oats
Field
Peas
20 0
125
150 K
80
175
a 50
85
120
160
152
24S
80
25
Sweet
Potatoes
75
10
10
4 118
3 il
3O
102
I
107
90
90
50
20
70
45
70
75
40
I
16 65
14 62
Sorghm
14
S7
80
100
4 100
80
95
SI
86
90
S5
50
200
50
150
150
300
100
30
65
50
120 12
iTfl
87 85
40
15
90
511
11 0
b8 119
I 123
75
75
62
790359
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1879
25
TABLE I Continued
EAST GEORGIA
Total yield compared to last vear an yield per acre of following crops 1 o o h a S o u a m C ho r s 3 o bo 50 G t 03 tn a O 103 95 10 110 3 i Z3 a K a I 55 i 0 o is t 5 2 c eo I f 3 ej o 3 3 a c2 S to1 s 45 40 40 40 35 40 40 45 45 45 37 40 80 40 42 45 37 41 Average No biles cotton 3 0 3 52 a to V
Ground Peas Chufas Millet Clover with plenty of commad on three sys terns respec tively a 0
o h V P to 73 ja so p m ft y a M a 30 2 v p o 03 V a a o Eh V o H h C P o En u
COUNTIES a M s tc n 7 3 4 45 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 S 03 CO 36 55 25 8 4 45 5 4 6 5 be 0 PS 275 4 2 2 4 3 5 5 3 4 35 10 u 0 St rpO 2S
Bullock 90 95 75 100 87 97 85 90 75 85 70 60 15 25 40 30 30 75 73 5 120 100 110 100 80 80 87
87 90 73 110 800 800 700 705 700 900 700 850 701 700 300 i00 i00 roo 00 62 50 75 70 50 65 45 80 70 80 75 80 45 DO 65 75 69 80
Dodge 80
Glasscock 50 30 25 100 100 50 95 100 110 115 112 90
Jefferson Ho 95 1271 90 60
5 70 87
Montgomery 100 75 115 100 105 75 95 100 125 100 120 10 112 100 107 99 80 105 107 110 100 75 98 105 S 77
Pulaski 15 80
Richmond 60
95 150 100 75 80 100 91 100 8 55 4
Tatnall 100 100 80 50 ino 75 60 20 20 77
Telfalr 100 20 26 58 7o 110 101 87 107 102 8 45 7 5 56 825 8 4 85
Twiggs1 60 75
Washington
Wilkinson 1 80 80 2 3 5 45 175 38
Average1 Average1878J 861 3G 35o 28 94 00 76 R0

26
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE IContinued
SOUTHEAST GEOKGIA
360
Total yield compared to last year and yield per acre of the following cropa
Field 1 Sweet
Corn Cotton Cane sice Wheat 0ats Peas Ptatoe8
COUNTIES
Sorghm
RECAPITULATION
North Ga
1878
Middle Ga
1878
8 W Ga
1878
EastGa
1878
S E Ga
1878
Gen Average
995154
120
747
760
69
100
70
100
770 70
110
780
120
I
880
800
920
S60
120 95
850
100
866
850
70
850
10
1878111071
116 800
850
970
102
104
990
400
410
0
340
340
220
122 80
54
Ho
940
101
230
340
85 0
820
93
690
940
101
101
167
102
If 1
150
116
140
111
160
170
114
60
SO
854
750
60
660
40
130
170
880
820
804
792
870
797
0
40880
60
640
700
916
800
660
670
100
76 9
710
530
440
800
103
620
790
0
660
700361
SUPPLEMENTAL EEPOET1879
TABLE 1Continued
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
27
Total yield compared to last year aud
yield per acre of the following crops
COUNTIES
Ground
Peas
Appling
Camden
Clinch
Effingham
Glynn
Liberty
Chvfas
Millet
Average
Average1878
17
100
100
Clover
100 10
50ol
10
o
100
100
115
12T
150
100
HSI
2
Z

100
120
00
100
150
110
Average No
bales Cotton
with pientv
Cornmade
on 3 systems
respectively
g S
117 111
15
OS
0
a
5
225
0

ft
95
00
75
15 81
RECAPITULATION
75
00
85
04 0
NOKTH GA 1878 Middle Ga 1878 S W Ga 1878 973 967 760 860 108 501 371 521 331 301 410 360 151 170 10 0 S80 870 903 340 J40 100 560 520 610 500 400 620 530 570 100 500 570 837 828 930 800 17 21 15 20 20 20 28 16 808 870 19 25 85 16 103 105 920 950 102 101 971 940 102 84C 725 717 467 435 450 44 50 50 4C 40 40 3 35 40 81E SI 6 830 890 860 1657 700 860 760 980
East Ga 1878 102 990 940 800 400 55 45 38 690
S E Ga 117 100 111 380 1 000 76 510 440 22 501 I 17 39 15 37 350 0
1878 Gen Average 18781 18 isl J70 24 2ol 101 I 960 940 750 s3 0

28
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE II
Summary of Weather Reports for the Year 1879
NORTH GEORGIA
362
lvv
Canton6Sn
Dalton70
Elleralie611
Gainesville
LeoWhiteOo
Mt Airy
Eabun Gap
Rome
Toccoa
Trentuii
Means
Atlanta
rarrollton
Griftln
LaGrange
Macon
Oxford
Thomson
7Hi 1 7 U 422j3K4
71 61 431 39
71 u 150 486 80
701 30 437360
m 120 485 175
1745 70 40028
81 160 46225
Mean JtrJI 44 s 3 v7 14 i
SOUTHAVEST GEORGI2V
Albany
Amenmis
Bainbridge
Butler
Cnthbert
Nashville
ihoinasville
n ill 02 D0iS50l880164oJB 3 1H70149 061
i 290 415liGOlS l840 59 3 850ISO0
78 0 410 6UI25 80i
15i03J5 84lil5036M850
51 M26682040 lB48i8M
9 n590 16 017771365
9 OjCOl 69 9151i 074612i
32 0 i60 1168t650
H3li 63 9 712
350 64 0 87 9 000
420 660 7r0 90i58
100 654 6 9 89058 0
4o338
2695
7S0I115
736111
state1 iziz ia hijoi u re
The maximum and minimum are the highest ami lowes ladings1 at 2 p M an
epectively except for Atlanta where they are absolutely the highest and lowest rtaaiit363
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT1879
TABLE IIContinued
NORTH GEORGIA
29
STATIONS
anton
Dal ton
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Leo
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Toccoa
Trenton
Means
JUNE
Temperatre
890 000
96 ii
B60
911
890
02 0
860
040
92
600
50 0
VI 0
650
SOO
190
800
030
a
72 6
75 0
70ii
742
762
747
HO7
775
I
2 CO
323
210
400
238
187
497
17S
113
JULY
Temperatre
99 650
99 650
660
640
640
091
Sli
80
730
0051665 79g99J367 652 7il
80
84
770
790
792
81
740
824
27
660
886
860
506
AUGUST
Temperatre
900
890
70
S70
795890
683 S90
720 850
808 910
7381910
5 66 83
600
601
00 0
581
590
0
580
580
0
757
25
00
41
3 1
788
4
751
750
59173 2
395
505
650
900
9S8
896
1125
88
10361890
SEPTEMBER
Temperatre
850
820
60
800
S80
840
83 0
340
410
460
58 0
460
460
550
081
010
646
708
693
683
080
070
370
15
11
OCTOBER
Temperatre
800
796
940
830
400 646
48069 6
5601700
1991850
310 840
1331830
137
390
65
350 670
11
300
270
300
Atlanla
Cairollton
Griffin
LaGrange
Maeon
Oxford
Thomson
Means
MIDDLE GEORGIA
fLIIJJklle2tM8
646
609
65
M
700
5i75
670
1005
796
1937
603

Albany
Americns
Bainbridge
Butler
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
920
88 o
0
950
920
91i
620
720
B70
ooo
650
67 o
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
7
785
778
770
10
315
195
5 80
20
285
345
32
100720
83 3
81o
SI5
830
80o
833
126
1140
902
U 68079 7 400
89 072 0i801O50
15 890 550 730
600 920 640 765
92 0i7OO790
890 690 780
908663 77 7
755
68
81
Augusta
Mcliae
Ogreechee
Sanders ville
Bwainsboro
Means
EAST GEORGIA
910 6307521125
l70600790 100
920640 7712 45
934 622
767
422
00810 5 35
750850 500
680830 345
78083 8 6 10
720842 263
0001640
930660
931660
9O0 650
930640
2 6l 1Q3 71 4s3s 451
796
770
85
820
802
555185 0
300 900
6 65 870
625900
453920
55017101460
600 66 7 450
600 745 585
55 0 720 05
580762367
fl 8 650 79 4 51988 8 5767215
820 410 668 252
900
Bailey
Blackshear J97 0
Brunswick 94 0
Oupont9ii0
950
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
940
JPOv
Marys
Walthourville
Mesna958 652

30
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREGEORGIA
TABLE IIConcluded
NORTH GEORGIA
W
364
STATIONS
Canton
Dalton
Ellerslie
Gainesville
Leo
Mt Airy
Rabun Gap
Rome
Toccoa
Trenton
NOVEMBER
TemperaVre
790
a
230
Means
700
770
740
740
73C
780
750
0
220
200
210
140
220
DECEMBER
Temperature
a
61 7
430
544
472
527
475
58B
510
78
45
390
459
571
325
7011
140
670
770
670
68 0
660
730
60
140
20 0
180
140
170
47 J
ANNUAL MNS
Temperafre
46
526
50 0
501
457
5il
740
7 45
749
742
35
41
44l697ll48490
7 03
77 0
846
SO6
804
78 0
830
34 8
327
806
E
604
469Apr 6
558
622
605
56608
29
346
5614
62
8051346

be
1
453
63
166
609
838
430
Apr 10
Apr 6
Apr 11
Apr 6
Apr 4
NAME OF
OBSERVER
Jabez Gait
MissL McCutchen
Oct 25 Miss E L Howard
Oct 21 C B LaHatte
Oct 23 Jno M Dorsay
Oct 24 P J Boond
Oct 25 W A Curtis
B S Noiton
W H Davis
MIDDLE GEORGIA
Atlanta
Carroll ton
Griffin
LaGrange
Macou
Oxford
Thomson
80
770
760
820
1810
1860
220
210
529
541
280
320
241
220
Means 1800
240
365
305
700
700
53
Y70
514
571
2 50
2 21
395
155
548
282
72 0
60
720
750
72
160
150
49
104
170
280
180
250
19
720
659
514
570
508
542
521
7
4 53
595
221
38
824
356
368
818
854
851
861
609
616
881
462
381
39764
475
467
02 0
85
5 6S
840j39062
Apr 6
Apr 6
415
33 0
42
319
414
Apr 6
Apr 5
IR J Redding
S J Brown
N C Munro
let 23 H H ary
Nov 8 HJPeter
MissE S Stewart
Nov 8 A E Sturgis
1
SOUTHWEST GEORGIA
Albany
Americu8
Bainbridge
Butler
Cuthbert
Nashville
Thomasville
Means
810
340
900
855
606
300
320
602
606
60
220
140
250
730
730
31
80
756I280
570
582
573
280
296
846 45 6
861478
8551405
076
474
671
51 6
495
Apr 5
Apr 6
Apr 6
Apr 6
Apr 6
pr 6
Apr 5
Paul T Hill
Nov 3 J John A Cobb
T R Wardell
W P Caldwell
J V Demington
Nov3h T Peeples
L S McSwain
EAST GEORGIA
Augusta
McKae
Ogeechee
Sandersville
Swainsboro
8i0
Means
266
828
820
564
181760
280583
125750
270570 1661755
535 205
250
255
565
550
1 4n
172
4181642
2
885
345
420
063
650
351
34 8
Nov 4IW K Nelson
JE VanValkenbe
Apr 4
J li Cooper
E A Sullivan
E H Edenfleld
SOUTHEAST GEORGIA
Baxley
Blackshear
Brunswick
Dupont
St M arys
Walthourville
Means
For State
840 400
800 330
0
830
310
330
832
797
728 160
666265
342
257
850
790
H60
37 0
619 133 81 0
607276 800
652206812
5622911740
59 3
590
370
350
362
23 2
108
087
598
536
69
53 6
118
085
097
441
876
871
866
840
48 1
40 6
68 7
663
181
40
Apr
501
418
526
379
482
6451466
Nov 20
Nov 20
Nov 20
D Robert Carter
T J Fuller
II A Kenrick
B W Patterson
E A McWhorter
J L HardenGA
AAoo
v5

9UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA UBRAR
3 ElDfl 031 3ib5