OF
Bl'KEAll OF MARKETS FOOD AND FEED DIVISION
IT RE SEED DIVISION WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
FERTILIZER DIVISION STATE CHEMIST VETERINARIAN STATISTICAL
Biennial Report July 1, 1944 - Junt* 30, 194G

con
OF
BUREAU OF MARKETS FOOD AND FEED DIVISION
PURE SEED DIVISION WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
FERTILIZER DIVISION STATE CHEMIST VETERINARIAN STATISTICAL
Biennial Report July 1, 1944 - June 30, 1946

To His Excellency, The Governor of Georgia and to the Members of the Senate and House of Representatives:
I am privileged, herewith, to submit a report on the operations, work and expansion of the Department of Agriculture of the State.
Agriculture is the foundation of business and indus try. Georgia has a population of approximately three million. Approximately two million of these are on the farms.
It is obvious that agriculture, which employs twothirds of our population, is the foundation of all business and industry within the State.
The work of the Department has been largely ex panded and improved.
Respectfully submitted.
COMM-SSIONEE OF iKJBICULIUXE
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Farmers' Markets
One of the oldest problems of agriculture is markets. Markets have always been of prime importance to the city dweller. In the ruins of cities of antiquity where excavations have been made, the market places have been identified by the deep wearing in the pavement stones.
Marketing is still the prime problem of agriculture after home needs have been supplied.
Marketing is still one of the prime necessities of the city dweller.
In a previous report, I have briefly described the origin and development of Georgia's state markets down to the present day.
In planning for a long-term development, the first on the list is further development, enlargement and ex pansion of Georgia's farm marketing system.
If you will draw a line from Valdosta, Georgia, to New York, from New York to Chicago and from Chicago back to Valdosta, you will have, roughly, an equilateral triangle 900 miles on each side. The center of this tri angle will be about 450 miles from Valdosta and about 200 miles from Atlanta.
If you circumscribe a circle around this triangle, you will include almost one-half the population of the United States. This circle will extend to the Mississippi river on the west. Washington City lies within over-night hauling distance of almost all the large cities east of the State of Ohio.
With a large Georgia State Farmers' Market at or near Washington City, farmers will be able, in my opin ion, to sell unlimited amounts of Georgia produce of every kind.
Retail merchants in Baltimore, Harrisburg, Pitts burgh, Philadelphia, New York and many other large cities and smaller towns will come in their trucks and buy their needs just as the merchants from Atlanta, Birmingham, Chattanooga and Knoxville now come to the Atlanta market to buy their supplies.
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The railroads have diversionary points to which loads of perishable products can be shipped and from there diverted to the best markets.
While the railroads offer this facility the farmer has no means of taking intelligent advantage of it unless the state has a setup at or near Washington to give diversionary instructions on these shipments.
To illustrate: A peach grower in Georgia can ship a car of peaches to Potomac Yards for diversion. How ever, when the car of peaches arrives on these yards, the Georgia farmer is still in Georgia. He cannot follow his car of peaches to these diversion points. If he did follow his car of peaches he would not have sufficient information to know to what point his car should be diverted.
With a State Market at or near Washington and with a man in Baltimore, Harrisburg, Pittsburgh, Philadel phia, New York and other centers of population to fur nish information as to supply and demand, the State's center at Washington would be able to divert these prod ucts of the farmer each day to those cities where supply was lowest and where prices consequently were best.
It is amazing to know the difference in the price of a car of peaches, a car of watermelons, a car of beans or a car of other perishable products in different cities on the same day.
It is not uncommon for watermelons, peaches and other products to bring one hundred per cent more on one market than they will on some other market the same day.
In planning for the future, it is therefore necessary, in my judgment, for the State of Georgia to build a large State Farmers' Market at or near the city of Washington.
This plan proposes the erection of such a market in the near future. Such a market will be self-sustaining and will actually show a net revenue to the State. Such a market will make it possible for Georgia farmers to find a profitable market even with an increased produc tion of all perishable crops at least one hundred per cent above present levels.
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This plan envisions the further development of mar kets here in Georgia as production increases so as to bring the local markets as near to the producers as is practicable.
It must be borne in mind, however, that the farmers' market, like any other business, must have sufficient volume of business to attract truckers and buyers. Other wise, the market will fail. Buildings and market facili ties alone do not make a market. To have a market, you must have buyers. To have buyers, you must have a volume of business that will attract them.
Other Large Transfer Markets Needed
Large transfer markets should be developed at Augusta and Savannah.
Atlanta, Macon, Augusta and Savannah are logical concentration points for moving fresh fruits and vege tables on their way from the farms to the northern and eastern consuming centers.
The market at Macon is already well established but needs to have increased facilities. Macon especially needs some modern brick buildings for produce mer chants who will buy from farmers and sell to the north ern and eastern markets.
Augusta is the natural gateway for produce from a large area in Georgia and should have developed a mam moth market on the order of the Atlanta market.
Savannah is also the natural gateway out of southeast Georgia and should have a large farmers' market de veloped to round out a full marketing system.
Grading, Packing and Labeling
The successful marketing of perishable products will involve proper grading, packing and labeling. This is a tremendous undertaking and will require the co-opera tion of all agricultural agencies, business men and farm ers who are interested in the production and marketing of perishable products.
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The State Department of Agriculture has already put in a limited number of grading machines. At this time, grading and packing is not receiving the attention that it will necessarily have to receive. The unusual de mand has, to some extent, lessened the necessity of grad ing and packing.
Unusual conditions existing during the war and con ditions that still exist today in many cases, make it pos sible to get more for ungraded products than could be had for graded products.
All of this, however, is a temporary condition and will be entirely changed.
This plan proposes for the State to put in grading machines only to the extent necessary to encourage the establishment of such machines by farm co-operatives and middle men.
It is proposed that these machines, belonging to the State, shall carry to each farmers' market a demonstra tion of what Georgia farmers and merchants can do in offering Georgia products to northern and eastern mar kets, properly graded, packed and labeled.
Livestock
The livestock business in Georgia is rapidly becoming our major industry. We now have some forty-eight live stock auction barns in the state.
These are under supervision of the Department of Agriculture.
Livestock auction barns constitute one of the greatest hazards in the spread of livestock diseases.
One of the greatest problems with which the Depart ment of Agriculture has to contend is the spread of hog cholera and other swine diseases by bringing diseased animals to these auction markets.
The Department of Agriculture is now doing all that can be done, under the circumstances, by maintaining livestock inspectors at these auction barns and requiring hogs that are not sold for immediate slaughter to be inoculated against cholera.
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This is not entirely a satisfactory solution, however, because hogs that are inoculated with live virus will spread cholera among healthy herds of hogs that have not been treated against the disease.
Livestock Auction Barns
The great need of many of these livestock auction barns is sanitation.
Sanitation cannot be had without properly con structed barns, pens and lots.
This plan proposes the erection by the State of con crete and steel auction barns.
It is proposed to construct the floors of these barns, pens and lots in such manner that they can readily be washed, cleaned and disinfected after each sale. The building of sanitary livestock auction barns would be worth millions of dollars to Georgia agriculture.
These barns can be built so as to be self-liquidating and not cost the taxpayers of the State a penny. The building of such barns would not in any manner interfere with the individuals and companies who are now en gaged in the operation of livestock auction barns.
It is proposed that such barns be rented to those individuals and companies who wish to carry on live stock auction sales and rented at such a figure as will liquidate the cost of building them, after which time, these barns would provide a continual source of income to the State from the rental value.
Tobacco
Tobacco is also one of our major crops in Georgia. Under wartime conditions, the demand for Georgia's bright flue-cured tobacco has made it unnecessary to redry and store the tobacco in the State. When produc tion increases and stocks are carried for a longer time before being processed by the manufacturers, it will be necessary for much of this tobacco to be redried and put in storage.
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Under the present set-up, Georgia is not really a major factor in the tobacco industry.
Georgia's warehouses are largely operated by ware housemen from the Carolinas, who come to Georgia for a few weeks and sell the Georgia crop before opening the major markets in the Carolinas and Virginia.
This plan proposes the erection of necessary redrying plants and tobacco storage warehouses in Georgia.
This plan proposes an increase in Georgia's tobacco acreage, to the extent that Georgia shall produce not less than twenty-five per cent of the bright flue-cured leaf of the nation.
This will make Georgia a major factor in the to bacco industry. It will give us a long time market as they have in North Carolina. It will relieve the necessity of the Georgia tobacco grower rushing his tobacco from the field to the warehouse, regardless of price and re gardless of whether or not the tobacco is ready for market.
Peanuts
Peanuts have recently developed as our third largest money crop.
There is a movement in the peanut belt by business men to develop a market for peanuts for edible purposes. It is possible for us to develop a market for all of the peanuts Georgia will be able to produce.
This plan proposes to put every facility of the De partment of Agriculture behind these men who are try ing to develop uses, processes and markets for peanuts in their many edible forms.
Dairy Products
Georgia is rapidly developing as a great dairy State. I have investigated and visited the dairy industries in Iowa and Minnesota.
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I find that the development of the dairy industry and milk by-products in that section is largely built on co-operatives.
At Mason City, Iowa, I went through a dairy plant. This plant is putting up about two carloads of butter each day. The butter for American consumption is be ing wrapped in one-pound blocks and one-quarter-pound blocks. Most of the butter for Lend Lease is being put up in tubs. This butter plant is furnished butter by local farm co-operatives.
These local co-operatives operate their own cream eries. The cream belongs to the local co-operatives and these co-operatives in turn operate the butter plant and dehydrating plant.
This dehydrated skim milk is put up in barrels, much of which has been sold here in Georgia.
Georgia must develop as a dairy state and our beef production will continue largely to be of grass-fed cattle. This is true because we cannot, in Georgia, attain the per acre production of com that they have in the corn belt of the middle west. This, however, is no discourage ment to us, as there is, normally more net profit in dairy ing and in grass-fed beef finished on concentrated feed than there is in corn-fed beef. This is especially true anywhere except in the great corn belt.
Feed For Livestock
It must be remembered that Iowa, about the size of Georgia in land area, produces almost one-fourth of all the corn produced in the United States. The average production of corn in 1943 in Iowa was fifty-nine bushels per acre for the entire State. Many of the better farms produced from seventy-five to one hundred and fifty bushels per acre. On most of the farms, the corn is planted in checks three feet and four inches each way, with three and four stalks in each hill and with one and two ears to each stalk.
Considerable work has been done and very satisfac tory progress is being made in developing a feed for beef cattle made from a mixture of corn and dehydrated sweet potatoes.
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The growing of sweet potatoes, of the jumbo type, should be largely developed and increased in Georgia for stock feed.
Georgia land will produce potatoes of this type and give very large yields.
These potatoes not only provide one of the best feeds for hogs in their raw state, but they can be dehy drated and ground into meal and provide the best known substitute for corn in a beef cattle ration.
As most farmers know, the production per acre of this type potato is much greater on average land than the production of good potatoes for table use and for processing for table use.
Due to the fact that sweet potatoes are in such great demand for human consumption, it has not been possible to develop the growing of sweet potatoes as cattle feed to a very large extent.
The sweet potato and peanuts make it possible for Georgia hog growers to compete with the corn belt. It is hoped that the development of dehydrated potatoes and cracked corn feeds will enable us to compete with the corn belt in the feeding of beef cattle.
Dairy Development
There is a tremendous amount of work required in Georgia to develop a real dairy State. Not all the land in Georgia is suited for dairying, and, of course, we would not want all the land in Georgia devoted to dairying.
There is much land in Georgia that could be easily diverted to profitable pastures through the use of hill side irrigation. There is much bottom land that will make good summer pastures without irrigation. Every experienced farmer knows that a great deal of our land will not produce good pastures in summer without irri gation. There are places where irrigation is practicable at a reasonable cost. There are other places where the cost of irrigation would be prohibitive.
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Sour Cream Production
The production of sour cream is merely an expedient and should not be included in a long-time program. Sour cream production should not be encouraged except where it is necessary, for the time being, to build up produc tion of milk in a community to the point where a milk route could be started. Thereafter a milk truck could pick up the fresh milk every day and take it immedi ately to a creamery.
Poultry
Securing high quality feed at reasonable cost is the most potent factor in the profitable production of poul try and eggs.
The necessary transportation of feed from one sec tion to another and the cost of such transportation is one of the greatest drawbacks to profitable poultry and egg production.
Co-operative action between farmers who grow feed and farmers who are producing poultry and eggs is essential. This means co-operation between feed grow ers and poultry growers in the same county or community.
The establishment of suitable machinery for crush ing and mixing feed in the community where the feed and poultry are produced will greatly reduce the cost of production of poultry and eggs and will increase the return to the feed growers on their crops.
This plan therefore proposes the establishment of co-operative or community feed plants in appropriate sections.
At the present time there is no particular standard or grade on broilers, fryers and other poultry in Geor gia, when it is dressed and shipped to consuming centers.
It is essential, to obtain best prices, to build a repu tation for ,a better grade of poultry--that we have a standard. It is essential that we have proper inspection and official stamping on the individual birds. With the proper system a hotel or restaurant proprietor in New York, Chicago or Washington would be able, instantly,
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to identify poultry that was from Georgia and that had been dressed in Georgia. They would know that each of these birds had been inspected by competent veteri nary inspectors and was wholesome, fresh and of the best quality.
This better grade poultry would command a premium in the consuming markets in the north and east and would greatly increase the returns to the producers.
This plan proposes the establishment of such veteri nary inspection service under the State Department of Agriculture.
Grain Elevators and Dehydrating Plants
It is proposed, through private capital, to develop sufficient grain elevators at strategic points to handle all corn, wheat, etc., that can be produced profitably for milling purposes.
A great deal of Georgia grain suffers severe deter ioration and damage through the ravages of weevils and for the lack of proper handling and proper storage.
All of the shuck and cob from corn, as well as all the screenings from thrashed grain can be profitably utilized in the manufacture of stock and dairy feeds.
In the past, a great many Georgia farmers have been unable to find a profitable market, at harvest time, for corn and other grains due to lack of elevator facilities.
Concentration Of Crops Scuppernongs, Grapes, Berries, Etc.
There are a great many crops that can be profitably grown and marketed in Georgia which are not now gen erally grown for market. The profitable marketing of these crops will depend upon the concentration of pro duction.
Honorable Cason Callaway is getting wonderful re sults in the production of blueberries and scuppernongs.
There is a tremendous demand for scuppernongs and berries, but in order to get profitable marketing of
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these, it is necessary to have concentrated production so that they can be sold in carload lots. Both scupper nongs and blueberries can be sold in carlots for cash to the producer at the point of loading.
The average farmer cannot produce berries and scup pernongs in sufficient quantities to market by himself. I am simply using scuppernongs and blueberries as an example.
There are many other crops that will do well in Georgia but much of them are in the same position as blueberries and scuppernongs. As an example of what can be done and what this plan proposes, let us take one county.
Suppose that one hundred farmers in a county would each lay off ten acres of land. Suppose at or near the center of this ten acres he laid off two acres and planted one acre in scuppernongs and one acre in blueberries.
Suppose that he planted the other eight acres sur rounding the two-acre plot in pine trees and planted these pine trees far enough apart so that he could get between them with a hay rake. Each winter he rakes the straw for mulch on the two acres of blueberries and scuppernongs. He is growing a crop of timber on the eight acres. He is eliminating the fire hazard in his timber and is producing one acre of scuppernongs and one acre of blueberries. Once or twice each week, on given days, these one hundred farmers take their blue berries or scuppernongs to the nearest railroad station and load them in cars to go to market. They can get their money at the sidetrack when the cars are loaded.
All of the cultivation these scuppernongs and blue berries need is the mulching with pine straw in winter time. They require no cultivation in the spring when the farmer is busy with his other crop. He does not have to worry about this any more until harvest time. These two acres in scuppernongs and blueberries will bring a cash income in many sections of Georgia that will be more than the entire cash income from all the other crops grown on a one or two-horse farm.
This is just an example of what could be done, not only with blueberries and scuppernongs, but with many other similar crops. At the end of twenty years this man
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will have a fine crop of pine timber on eight acres and he will have two acres of as rich land as can be made in this part of the world.
Cotton
We come now to the bedrock of Georgia agriculture. Cotton is a crop that has been the backbone of the south for a hundred years or more. It was the export of cotton that gave this country a favorable trade balance for generations. It was largely the export of cotton that made possible the building of railroads, industrial plants and skyscrapers, which has marked the growth of this great nation.
God, in His goodness, has made a large part of the south a cotton country, just as He made Iowa a corn country. If the people of the south permit themselves to be deluded and defrauded out of their inheritance as a cotton country, they indeed will have "given their birthright for a mess of pottage."
Cotton and The Land
It is a very general idea, largely the result of propa ganda, that Georgia soils were impoverished by the growing of cotton. The growing of cotton does not im poverish land if good farming practices are followed.
What Caused Georgia Land To Be Poor?
Georgia is blessed by nature with very diversified soil and climate. Georgia land, in comparison with some sections of the country, was poor by nature.
The soils of Georgia land were formed by volcanic action which raised the mountains in our northern sections.
The lower strata of the earth were brought to the surface and rolled down the slopes from these great mountains to the sea.
The heavier materials came to rest first. The lighter materials were carried farther along by great floods.
Many minerals are found in the soils in the valleys of North Georgia which are not found either in the Piedmont or coastal plains.
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In the Piedmont section of the State the soils are largely composed of clay. Down in the lower Piedmont and coastal plain areas, the soil is largely sand and silt with a generous inter-sprinkling of pebbles. In some places, there are large sections with clay and semi-clay sub-soil.
Down through the centuries, Mother Nature built a soil on these deposits from the volcanic upheaval. The result was that Georgia soils were shallow soils in their first state when the white man came to America.
These virgin soils, therefore, needed strict conserva tion and soil building methods even at the time Ogle thorpe landed at Yamacraw Bluff.
When slavery was introduced into Georgia, it was accepted for one reason. That reason was to get cheap labor to do the backbreaking toil of clearing the forest and farming the land.
Since Georgia soils were shallow and light, it fol lowed that these soils could not last if they were sub jected to uncontrolled erosion over a period of years.
If the early farmer in Georgia had known and had followed better crop rotation practices, the soil would still have disappeared through the annual washing away and erosion into the streams.
It was the failure of farmers prior to the War Be tween the States, during the war and just after the war, to prevent erosion that really caused the depletion and impoverishment of Georgia lands.
The need for proper crop rotation, cover crops and for sound farm practices did not grow out of the pro duction of cotton. They were necessary regardless of whether we grew cotton or did not grow cotton.
As a matter of fact, the production of cotton takes very little out of the land.
Cost of Producing Cotton
We are told that this country cannot produce cotton as cheaply as South America and some other countries.
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Of course, we know that we cannot maintain our standard of living above other nations and produce cot ton at the same price that they can produce it.
This, however, does not apply to cotton any more than it applies to any other commodity.
If you apply that same line of reasoning, we cannot produce corn because it can be produced cheaper some where else; we cannot produce beef because it can be produced cheaper in some other lands. Under that same reasoning, we could not manufacture cotton, rayon, steel or any other industrial commodity because labor is cheaper in other countries and they could manufacture it cheaper than we could.
China could put in cotton and rayon mills and sell cotton goods and rayon goods at one-third the price that our mills must get.
Russia could build steel mills, manufacture railroad irons, automobiles, radios, etc., and sell them to us for one-third what the American producer must charge.
When they say we cannot produce cotton because it can be produced cheaper in another country, they are simply seeking to destroy the standard of living of Southern farmers.
They are using the argument against cotton which can be used with equal force against any product in America. The fact of the matter is, if we are going to protect industrial products of this country, then we must protect agricultural products in the same way.
If we are going to protect the shoe manufacturer against the shoe manufacturer of foreign countries; the automobile manufacturer against the automobile manu facturer of foreign countries; the steel manufacturer against imported steel; the iron manufacturer against imported iron; then we must protect the American cotton market against not only imported cotton, but against industrial rayon and other imported fibers that compete with cotton.
This is just a matter of common sense.
Because our fathers went to one extreme and planted all cotton and permitted the soil to wash away into the streams is no reason that we should go to the other extreme and renounce our birthright.
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Excess City Population
This nation is top-heavy with cities. The farm popu lation has been permitted to become too small for an enduring nation.
Georgia fortunately still has a preponderance of its people living on the farms. The number of people living on farms in Georgia should be greatly increased.
History has unerringly demonstrated that no nation long survives when its city population becomes greatly in excess of its rural population.
The increase in farm population can be brought about through increased and better markets for many farm crops which, are not now paying money crops in the State.
With a rapid increase in all population in the United States, there is no danger of agriculture over-producing in the United States.
Of course, so long as we have a National Policy of bringing in millions and millions of tons of butter, eggs, meats, wheat, corn, sugar and fresh vegetables, we will always have imported surpluses to beat down the price of the American farmer. We cannot produce a surplus but we can and do import surpluses.
Industry and business will be in the same condition as agriculture when it comes to the question of meeting world market prices.
A policy which reduces the American farmer to a level of world prices will ultimately change the indus trial worker and the business employee to a level of world prices. It is impossible to have a high American standard of living higher for agriculture or industry and at the same time lower our prices to meet the prices in world markets.
This is a national question and must be handled by our Congressmen and Senators in Washington.
Nevertheless, it is one of the most vital questions affecting the people of Georgia and the South.
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A Self-Sustaining Agriculture
Making Georgia self-sustaining as to food requires first, a diversified agriculture.
The work of the Department of Agriculture, under the law, in making Georgia self-sustaining as to food, centers in the control work which is placed in the De partment by the Legislature.
This plan contemplates a continual enlargement and expansion of the work of disease control in animals and poultry; protecting farmers in the purchase of pure seed; strict inspection and control of commercial fertilizer and insecticides; strict enforcement of Food and Feed Laws, and furnishing, through the medium of the Market Bul letin, ready information on the supply, prices and loca tion of plants, seeds, eggs, chickens, pigs and other products which each farm may need to buy in order to make that farm self-sustaining.
Processing and Preserving Plants
It is proposed to encourage the establishment of plants for the manufacture of dairy by-products and to establish milk routes through the State that Avill go from farm to farm and pick up the surplus milk for these plants in order that each farm family may have plenty of fresh milk and butter and at the same time have a ready cash market for all surplus milk produced.
This plan also proposes the establishment of a butter, cheese and dehydrating plant for the manufacture of butter, cheese and other milk by-products in Atlanta, Macon, Augusta and Columbus. It will be necessary for these plants to be operated by business men who are experienced in the manufacture and sale of milk by products. The securing of these men and the financing of such plants is a job for the business men and bankers of the State. I know from my experience and contact with the bankers and business men of the State that this end of the plan can be put over.
The average Georgia farm is the potential source of from five to twenty-five gallons of milk per day in addi tion to all farm needs, if only a market is provided for
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it at the same time. It is proposed, as rapidly as possible, to establish adequate cold storage and quick-freezing plants on the State Farmers' Markets.
It is proposed to assist in every way possible in get ting as many farms as possible equipped with quickfreezing unite, where butter, eggs, meats, poultry, vege tables and fruits may be preserved for considerable length of time in a wholesome condition instead of grad ually deteriorating and becoming unwholesome, and, in many cases, unfit for food.
In cases where it is not practical to get this equip ment on individual farms, then certainly there should be a community unit where such services can be provided for members of the community.
One of the major things that can be done to make Georgia self-sustaining as to food is in the establishment of processing and preserving plants in producing sections.
Georgia, for instance, is rapidly developing as a to mato producing section. Most of our tomatoes are sold in the green stage.
In the spring of this year, on two of the State Mar kets, we sold considerably more than a half-million dol lars' worth of tomatoes. In all probability, this volume of tomatoes will double and triple within the next few years.
In the handling of a tomato crop there is always a large percentage of tomatoes that get too ripe to be shipped as green tomatoes.
There is a tremendous consumption in Georgia of to mato catsup, yet, there is not a catsup plant south of Maryland. Certainly we should be able to establish and develop the business of manufacturing catsup on a commercial scale.
In the same way, we can establish processing plants for fruits and vegetables of many kinds, thereby not only making Georgia more self-sustaining as to food but at the same time, we will be creating small industries which will supply employment for many workers.
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Farm Power
A great deal has been said with regard to power on the farm.
During the last two decades, wonderful progress has been made in mechanizing farms. In many cases, motor power has been substituted for animal power.
Mechanization of farms has proved to be an almost perfect solution of many problems on many farms.
It is important, however, that we do not go to ex tremes on this or any other subject. Most of our ills grow out of going to extremes.
There are many farms where animal power can still be used to great advantages. Where animals are used for power and their feed produced on the farm, this helps to make the farm self-sustaining.
The buying of tractors and fuel requires the outlay of large sums of money. In cases where it is practical and profitable to mechanize and buy fuel and where a large amount of labor can be saved in so doing, it is most desirable.
On many farms, however, mules and horses can still be used to best advantages.
Ib every lot where draft animals are kept, the farm er can produce one number one hog each year for every draft animal kept in the lot. He can do this without any additional feed and at very little additional cost.
Seed
One of the greatest helps toward making Georgia self-sustaining agriculturally will be in producing as many of our own planting seed as possible.
Every year a large amount of money goes out of Georgia to buy seed which could be produced here in Georgia.
This plan looks to the encouragement of some of our farmers to specialize and major in the production of planting seed.
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This will, of course, require the co-operation of busi ness men to furnish proper facilities for cleaning and handling and to merchandise these seed back to farmers that need them.
As an illustration, the peanut growers of Georgia have experienced serious difficulties and loss due to planting seed peanuts that would not properly germinate.
This has been in large measure due to two causes.
First, peanuts for seed need to be cured and stacked differently from peanuts that are to be used for process ing purposes.
Peanuts for processing, whether in oil mills or for edible purposes, are in greater demand when they re tain a bright color.
In stacking peanuts so as to retain the bright color, it is easy for them to pass through a heat that destroys the germination in a large per cent of them.
The first principle of good marketing is full produc tion. Full production cannot be obtained without good seed.
This plan envisions the encouragement of some pea nut growers to grow peanuts for seed. The growers of seed peanuts will, of course, handle their peanuts in a most approved manner for retaining strength and vigor of germination.
After these seed peanuts are picked, they should be passed through a cleaning machine which will not only remove any foreign matter remaining, but which will also separate the faulty and under-weight nuts.
The Experiment Station at Experiment, Georgia, un der Dr. Stuckey, and at Tifton, under Dr. King, are do ing a magnificent work in finding the best varieties of seeds for Georgia farmers.
After the best variety has been found, it is necessary to find some farmers who will undertake correct breed ing and development of these proper varieties in suf ficient quantities to supply Georgia farmers.
It should be understood that this idea is not pre sented as original, as considerable work is already be
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ing done in Georgia in selection and breeding of manydifferent seed. The only idea advanced here is the en couragement of extended activity along this line in order that our seed needs may be filled in so far as practical here in the State.
It is not necessary here to undertake to enumerate the many crops whose seed can and should be produced of high quality sufficient for our needs.
Terracing
The very first principle of being self-sustaining is to have soils that will produce profitable crops.
The first step in the retaining of soils that we already have, as well as in building new soils, is to stop erosion.
Many people do not realize that when heavy rains come and the water runs off of cleared fields, a great deal of humus and plant food is lost, even when no gullies or washes are left in the field. As you ride the highways of Georgia you can note that old plantations, where proper terraces have been maintained for genera tions, are still producing good crops.
You will see that this is true in fields on which cot ton and other row crops have been planted year after year.
When you ride along these same highways you can note that fields, where proper terraces have not been maintained, are devoid of soil and the hillsides are filled With gullies.
If proper terraces are built and maintained, and proper rotation of crops is practiced, there is no reason why our farms should not get better and better as the years go by.
There has already been some splendid work done in soil conservation and soil-building.
Proper terracing is too expensive for the ordinary farmer unless arrangements can be made for him to get equipment with which to do the job. He must also have expert and experienced assistance in properly laying out these terraces. Assistance in laying out terraces is
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already being furnished by county agents and agricul tural teachers. This plan, therefore, recommends secur ing from the Federal Government enough suitable equip ment to aid the farmers in each county, who so desire, to properly terrace their lands.
Terracing is also the first step to the building of sys tematic surface water control.
Where the land is properly terraced, and especially where the field has a cover crop, surface water drains off slowly and does not carry silt and vegetable matter which clogs ditches and small streams and prevents the free flow of surface water as it drains away to creeks and rivers.
Proper terracing also prevents contamination of fish ing streams and ponds with muddy water and silt.
All terracing adjacent or near streams which flow continuously should be built with a view to the construc tion of a dam or dams at suitable locations along the streams.
Such dams, with proper side ditches to prevent con tamination of the pond with muddy surface water, will not only provide a continual supply of fish for food but, in many cases, such pond will provide an inexpensive means of irrigation that will double and triple the yield on many acres of Georgia land.
In many cases a dam can be constructed and the water from the pond can be made to flow by gravity along a ditch or terrace that slopes away from the pond, but which has less fall than the natural bed of the stream.
In this manner the water can be made to flow to a point where it will be considerably elevated above the natural stream.
This water can then be used for hillside irrigation at very little expense.
This plan, therefore, contemplates the Department of Agriculture furnishing the necessary information and blueprints to farmers who desire them, to enable farm ers to carry out these developments for themselves.
24

This proposal of the Department of Agriculture will in no way conflict or interfere with the splendid work now being done by the Department of Natural Re sources. This will simply be a supplement and aid to what they are trying to accomplish.
Timber
I would also like, in this connection, to call attention to the indiscriminate cutting of pulpwood.
The World War necessitated the severest strain on American forests in all history.
In traveling over the State I see evidence of indis criminate cutting of pulpwood; the land has been com pletely denuded of trees.
When timber is large enough for pulp, it will not require many years for some of that timber to grow large enough for saw trees if it is properly handled.
In cutting pulpwood care should be taken to leave the straightest and largest trees at sufficient distances to produce a crop of sawmill timber.
This will not prevent a young crop of timber from springing up and starting to grow another crop of pulp wood. It will, at the same time, insure a crop of saw timber which will be more profitable than the pulpwood.
It will also insure a better stand of young trees for the next pulpwood crop.
DISEASE CONTROL
Disease control is one of the major duties of this office, which covers not only the control of diseases of our food producing and domestic animals, but also poul try diseases and diseases that might be transmitted from animal to man.
Cattle
Bangs Disease
Through the work done by the State Department of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Bureau of Ani mal Industry of the United States Department of Agri-
25

culture, in the control and eradication of Bang's disease, we rank third in the nation as to Modified Bang's dis ease Accredited counties, having 64 such accredited counties in the State. We have not been able to increase the number of accredited counties in the last two years, due to the scarcity of competent veterinary service. It has taxed all forces to maintain the reaccreditation of the 64 accredited counties. As soon as labor and veteri narians are available, this work can be expanded.
The use of strain 19, one of the means of controlling this disease, is beginning to gain in popularity, and, no doubt, will cause revision in the procedure of control and eradication of this disease. It is highly indicated in certain type herds but not advisable in certain other herds. It is necessary to control the use of this product, which we have been doing under authority of a special regulation.
Testing has been done by the Veterinary Division at two of the larger auction markets located in a Modified Accredited area. Since this service began, both of these markets have shown considerable increase in the num ber of animals sold and a very low instance of infection. This is quite encouraging, as it shows the benefits of Modified Accredited Bang's Free counties, both from a disease instance as well as from the monetary standpoint. Many of the cattle buyers and dealers prefer and de mand animals of a Bang's-free status.
Tuberculosis
The State of Georgia is a Modified Tuberculosis-Free Accredited State. This work is also carried on in coopera tion with the Federal Government. We have shown a little higher instance of this disease in this period than in previous periods. This can be accounted for due to the large importation of dairy cattle from outside the State. Numerous animals originated from Canadian ship ments, and in many of these instances the Canadian cat tle have shown a high instance of infection. We have had several herds to reveal infection and proper steps were taken to test and slaughter the reacting animals, which enabled us to bring this disease under control and, in some cases, eradicate the disease entirely.
The statistics of the United States Livestock Loss
26:

Prevention Board shows the State of Georgia to have less tuberculosis in livestock than any other of the 48 states. Only 0.8 of 1% of the animals condemned were found to be infected with this disease, whereas in some of the Northern states 4 % of the condemned animals have been found to have tuberculosis.
Poultry Diseases
The poultry industry in Georgia has doubled and trebled. Georgia is now the second largest broiler pro ducing state in the Union. Most of this increase has come about during the last five years. This is largely due to the close cooperation with the industry by this office in making flock and hatchery inspections, as well as conducting pullorum tests on the flocks. We have worked closely with the State College of Agriculture in putting in a Poultry Short Course for training testing agents to do pullorum testing. As the industry has grown, a steady decline in the amount of pullorum in fection in the supply flocks is noted. Infection has fallen to 0.75% during the last year.
The Legislature enacted legislation necessary to pro tect this industry in Georgia against the ravages of pullorum disease and other infectious and contagious diseases.
Dairies
The Veterinary Division has charge of the control of dairies, milk plants, etc. Our duties are twofold in this respect--to promote the dairy industry and control the sanitary production of milk and other dairy products.
We have had a minimum of violations of the various sanitary regulations. In all these cases we put forth, considerable effort to correct the violations and have received wonderful cooperation from the producers and violators of the regulations, enabling us to bring about corrections immediately.
We are very fortunate in that we have not had an epidemic of a milk-born bacteria nature in this period that could be traced directly to the milk supply. History
27

has clearly shown that following all wars there generally follows the ravages of disease. By keeping an eternal vigilance on our food producing plants, we can eliminate the occurrence of disease from such sources.
Slaughter Houses, Abattoirs and
Livestock Markets
In the last few years there has been quite an increase in the number of small slaughter houses and abattoirs throughout the State. Not only have we had the appear ance of these establishments, but the freezer lockers are gaining in popularity.
Due to the nature of the products handled by freezer lockers, as well as slaughter houses, and the beneficial services they are rendering to the State, immediate steps should be taken to regulate these enterprises. The con sumption of their products could be maintained at a high level, assuring to the consuming public that they are clean, wholesome and have been produced and handled under conditions adequate to protect the consumer. These establishments are of considerable economic im portance to our livestock, poultry and dairy industries.
Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
The veterinary diagnostic laboratory has been of con siderable benefit to the livestock and poultry industry of the State. It has been the means of aiding us in the correct diagnosing of numerous infectious and contagious diseases that might have taken a great toll of our live stock and poultry had we not had these facilities.
The Commissioner of Agriculture has established a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Gainesville. The pur pose of this laboratory is to serve the broiler area. The Department of Agriculture agreed to equip and main tain this laboratory. This is being done as fast as equip ment can be obtained. The Commissioners of Hall Coun ty and the city officials of Gainesville constructed a modern laboratory building, at an approximate cost of $50,000.00, for the purpose. It is hoped that by the early part of the coming year this laboratory will be fully equipped and functioning efficiently. I feel that this will
28

render a better service to the broiler area, due to its location.
Poultry is our fourth money crop, bringing in ap proximately $47,000,000 last year; our meat animals brought in approximately $44,000,000; our dairy indus try brought in approximately $22,000,000.
In General
A great deal has been said and done in Georgia to promote education in all its branches.
This is as it should be.
An enlightened citizenry is the firm foundation of an enduring republic.
Great strides have been made in our educational sys tem and succeeding state administrations and State Leg islatures have ungrudgingly supported the development of our education institutions.
Great progress has been made in recent years in bringing better educational advantages to our rural youth.
This has properly been done, not only to build a bet ter citizenry, but also to build a better agriculture and a better State economically.
Unfortunately, we must face the fact that the better equipped our young people become in rural districts educationally, the more they are inclined to leave the farm and go either to our cities or to leave the South entirely and go to other sections where their talent and education enable them to obtain more money.
So long as our young people leave the localities where they are raised we cannot make any real progress in the building of our State.
So long as this continues, the rearing and education of these young people is a continual drain on our re sources instead of constituting an addition to our assets.
Many people have advocated Federal appropriation to supplement our funds for educational purposes.
29

Without in any way discussing the desirability of Federal appropriations, I wish to call attention to the inescapable fact that the very need of Federal funds for education is proof that our citizens, after they are educated, are not increasing our economic resources in those communities where they received their education.
Whether we resort to Federal appropriations or whether we do not, the fact remains that until such time as a young man and a young woman can leave high school or college and go back to the farm and there find a source of livelihood, approximating, at least, as well as they can find in other sections, then we can not say that our agriculture is a success.
This is the reason that the Commissioner of Agricul ture is continually, insistently and urgently demanding a price for agricultural products that will give the farmer true parity for farm crops.
Nothing less than true parity for farm crops will make it possible to build a sound and profitable eco nomic agriculture and business structure in our rural areas. If we are to have better educated farmers and farm women than those that are found in other lands, then we must have more money for the same crops than farmers receive in these other lands.
If we are to have higher economic living standards on American farms than are found in other lands, then we must have better prices for the same crops than are received by farmers in other lands.
The idea that a well-educated, intelligent and selfrespecting American citizen can produce onions as cheaply as a Mexican peon who works for 40 cents a day is absurd.
The idea that this American can produce cotton as cheaply as the natives of Brazil and Argentina is equally absurd.
The idea that a cultured Georgia can develop an expensive pasture, plant corn and potatoes, which must be cultivated, and then grow beef as cheaply as beef can be produced on the natural, luscious plains of Argen tina, is unthinkable.
30

It is just as unreasonable to expect a Georgia farmer to compete in price with the nations of the world as it would be to expect an industry to pay American wages and then compete with the penniless hordes of China and Russia.
This is the reason that the Commissioner of Agricul ture continually and persistently opposes trade treaties and special trade agreements which permit the inflow of cheap agricultural products from other continents and from the islands of the sea.
Cooperation
For the able and efficient assistance rendered by State Auditor B. E. Thrasher we are deeply grateful. Mr. Thrasher has, at all times, shown an understanding interest in the activities of the Department. He has been most co-operative in rendering valuable service outside of his duties as a member of the Budget Commission and State Auditor.
I wish to call attention to the especial, cordial and co-operative relations between the Department of Agri culture and other departments with whose work our activities are related.
We wish especially to express our appreciation to the State College of Agriculture, the Extension forces and the officials of the Experiment Stations. Our asso ciation and work with all of them and their associates has been most harmonious, pleasant and profitable to us.
We also wish to express appreciation to Mr. M. D. Mobley and Mr. T. G. Walters in the Department of Education, together with the vocational agriculture teachers.
The Department of Entomology and the Department of Natural Resources have been most helpful and have at all times promptly given every assistance possible.
TOM LINDER
Commissioner of Agriculture

Hon. Tom Linder Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol Atlanta, Georgia

January 11, 1947.

Dear Mr. Linder:

Permit me to submit the following report covering the activities of the Fertilizer Division for the fiscal years, beginning July 1, 1944, through June 30, 1945, July 1, 1945 through June 30, 1946:

REGISTRATIONS

There were 2,723 brands, mixed and complete fer tilizers and fertilizer material approved.
Original requests for registration of all brands and materials are kept on file in this office, while the ap proved copies are mailed to the manufacturers and mixers.

SAMPLES DRAWN
During the above period, inspectors collected 15,283 official fertilizer samples, while there were 153 unoffi cial fertilizer samples collected.
PENALTIES
Of the total of 15,283 official samples drawn during the two fiscal years--1944-45 and 1945-46, there were 873 samples found deficient. Penalty assessments col lected and paid to the farmers amounted to $31,898.26.
Our clerical staff is required to check each sample, source tag and inspection report before samples are referred to the Chemist for final analysis. After final determination is made by the State Chemist, a Chemist's report is made up in this office in triplicate, showing the total Nitrogen per cent, water soluble Nitrogen percent age, Available Phosphoric Acid and Available Potash, with the commercial value found and claimed. The orig inal report is kept in this office, while the duplicate is mailed to the consumer and the triplicate copy mailed to the manufacturer.
32

A more detailed account of the individual samples, subject to penalty for the season, samples subject to pen
alty on composite analysis, and samples showing the composite analysis of brands that meet State require
ments, will be found in our Serial Year Book No. 130, January, 1946, and Serial No. 131. These year books are for one calendar year each.
Consumption of fertilizer and fertilizer materials for the past two years has been greater in tonnage, and the plant food content per ton has been higher than in any previous year. There was a large increase in tonnage used in the growing of fruit and vegetable crops.
Manufacturers, during the War period, experienced
many difficulties in obtaining materials to make the limited number of grades allowed them under the War Production Board. They were unable to obtain prefer able materials and were compelled to use such materials as were allotted to them. Through the cooperation of the dealers and manufacturers, farmers were furnished all available fertilizers possible during this emergency.

DEALERS LICENSES
There were 1,547 fertilizer dealer's licenses issued during the above period. All dealer's licenses are made in duplicate, the original being mailed to the dealer and the duplicate kept on file in this office.
Our work in the Fertilizer Division consists of cor respondence with manufacturers and mixers concerning tonnage and registration, and with dealers with regard to dealer's licenses and number of tons sold farmers, and with inspectors, concerning their field work and supplies.

INSECTICIDES

During this period--July 1, 1944 through June 30,

1946--there was collected 123 official insecticide sam

ples and 53 unofficial insecticide samples. We have ob

tained samples of each insecticide used on the various

crops from every section of the State and the results, as

found by the State Chemist, were mailed to the individual

farmer who requested that samples be drawn. Approved

copy of each registration of insecticides is kept on file in this office.

Respectfully submitted,

A. M. LOTT,

AML:mt

Chief Fertilizer Inspector.

33

December 19, 1946.
Hon. Tom Linder Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol Atlanta, Georgia
Dear Mr. Linder:
Herein is submitted report of the activities of the Statistical Division for the period beginning July 1, 1944, and ending June 30, 1946.
The Statistical Division of the Department of Agri culture keeps files of bulletins for farmers that assist them in planting, culture, and other details relating to farms, farm households, farm products, orchards and groves, together with other bulletins on various subjects of benefit and instructions to the farmers.
This Agricultural Library is one of the largest of its kind in any State Department of Agriculture in the United States. It consists of 1,976 different subject mat ters in bulletin, together with quantities of various State and National Statistical agricultural information.
This division compiles and consolidates statistics as to the number of farms, acreage in cultivation, acreage harvested, production and sales of each product by unit measure ; of cotton, corn, tobacco, peanuts, watermelons, grain, and other farm crops, together with statistics showing amount of production and sales of all farm products and various other agricultural matters of ac complishment and problems; statistics of National af fairs in agriculture for the benefit of Georgia farmers.
This division is distributing bulletins, pamphlets, and other information of interest and instructions to the farmers in every section of the State, and to those out of state citizens desiring to locate in Georgia, together with a great deal of information to the schools of the state.
During this period this division has received 24,000 bulletins or pamphlets from the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Extension Service, Experiment Station, and elsewhere including those that have been compiled and written by this Department of Agriculture.
84

The following have been the activities of this Division during this period; 20,674 bulletins or pamphlets of various information have been distributed; 3,150 To bacco reports have been compiled and mailed out to the public; 182 charts or compilations of tables of various statistics have been drafted.
During this period there has been a great shortage confronting our farmers in procuring numerous articles needed for their farms, together with the great need for tractors, trucks, and other mechanical equipment. Our division has endeavored to assist hundreds of farmers to procure those things necessary to help them in their farm problems by contacting the various Federal Agen cies, Boards & Bureaus in their behalf, together with contacting the dealers in this state insisting on deliveries of the various needs.
With sincere desire that this division can increase its efficiency from time to time and be of a more useful benefit to the farmers, city and school people of this state.
Respectfully submitted, GUY D. JACKSON, Statistician.
3.5

December 19, 1946.
Hon. Tom Linder Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol Atlanta, Georgia
Biennial Report Covering the Period from July, 1944, to June 30, 1946.
Dear Mr. Linder:
We transmit herewith biennial report for the period ending June 30, 1946, which covers the activities of the Veterinary Division, pointing out the accomplishjnents of this Division in carrying out the various duties of the office.
The following is a table showing the shipments into Georgia, as well as the shipments out of Georgia, listed under the various species:

Health Certificates Handled by this Department Covering Birds and Animals:

1944-45

Incoming Outgoing

Birds: Love ........................ 2

Parrots ...................... ......... 1

Turkeys ....................

Cats .......................... ........ 4

Cattle, Dairy .......... ......... 3,624

933

Cattle, Beef .............. .........39,359 2,330

Chickens .................. ........ 149

Deer .......................... ......... 6

Dogs .......................... ......... 1,397

304

Goats ........................ ........ 15

Hogs .......................... ......... 269 1,378

Mules and Horses ............. 593

45

Rabbits ......................

1

Sheep ........................ ........ 241

3

Intrastate Certificates:

Cattle, Dairy ............ ......... 277

Cattle, Beef ....................... 89

Dogs ....... ................... ........ 10

Hogs .......................... ........ 30

Parrots ...................... ......... 1

1945-1946 Incoming Outgoing

1 150
3 3,753 52,774
7

819 3,603
101

1,773

359

15

4

10,198

8

719

66

2

1

121 296
5 73

36

DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK IN GEORGIA CATTLE

The following will show the number of animals tested for Bang's disease and indemnities paid, in cooperation with the State and Federal government in this program:

1944-45
Number of Animals Tested ................... 49,120 Number of Reactors ............................... 1,689 Indemnity Paid ........................................$11,985.92

1945-46
43,954 1,433
$18,275.97

In addition to the above, testing has been done by this office at two of the larger auction markets located in a Modified Accredited area. Since this service began
both of these markets have shown a considerable in crease in the number of animals sold and a very low
instance of infection. This is quite encouraging, as it shows the benefits of Modified Accredited Bang's Free counties, both from a disease instance as well as from
the monetary standpoint. Many of the cattle buyers and dealers prefer and demand animals of a Bang's-free status.

Following is tabulation of animals tested and reactors revealed, no indemnity being paid:

1944-45
Total tested ................................................... 550 Reactors ......................................................... 2

1945-46
7,271 49

This work started October 19, 1944.

TUBERCULOSIS
The following list shows number tested and in demnity paid on tuberculosis and paratuberculosis:
Paratuberculosis: Total tested ..................................................................... 108 Reactors ............................................................................ 55 Indemnity paid ...............................................................$1,275.98
Tuberculosis: Total tested ......................................................................13,261 Reactors ........................................................................... 99 Indemnity paid .............................................................. $785.14
37

ANTHRAX
We have not had any cases of anthrax reported in this period. The records of this office only show two outbreaks of this disease occurring in Georgia and these were in the early forties.
ANAPLASMOSIS
We have had numerous cases of anaplasmosis re ported to this office, and investigations made by this office and further laboratory work has confirmed the diagnosis of this disease in certain sections of Georgia. It is one of the diseases that is transmitted by insect vectors, such as mosquitoes, horse flies and other blood suckers. Apparently this disease is gaining in its dis tribution throughout the State.
It is hoped that funds are made available at the earl iest possible date to work out adequate control pro cedures, which would not only be beneficial in the con trol and spread of this disease, but will be economical from the standpoint of controlling flies, grubs and other pests of cattle.
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA
Hemorrhagic septicemia apparently has not shown any increase, as it is due mainly to predisposing causes, such as shipping and transportation of large groups of animals, with undue exposure and fatigue which makes them highly susceptible to this infection, but with the use of biologies and chemotherapy, the mortality and morbidity of this disease has been reduced considerably.
BLACKLEG
We have made several investigations from this of fice, revealing blackleg infection, which has been ^con firmed in numerous cases by laboratory examination. This is one of the preventable diseases that can be ac complished by the administration of biologies. It is irecommended that the immunization of animals for black leg be done by a qualified veterinarian, due to the fact that there are numerous diseases that are transmissible
38

oy contaminated syringes and instruments when placed in the hands of persons not fundamentally trained in the use of this product. The veterinarian is more fami liar with the indications and contra-indications, thereby is able to choose the product most beneficial for the immunization of animals.
PARASITES
Parasites, both internal and external, cause the greatest losses to the cattle industry in Georgia, not only from the mortality and morbidity, but the cattle raisers are penalized in price, due to the heavy parasitic infes tation, such as grubs which render a large portion of the hides as unfit for high quality leather, also causing a considerable amount of the carcasses to be condemned as unfit for human food. Animals infested with this parasite do not show the proper growth when placed in the feed lot.
Horn flies, lice and other external parasites are just as important from an economical standpoint, due to the fact the animal does not produce the growth as well as the animal that is free from these parasites.
Wonderful benefits could be derived from a program designed to control these pests. The purchase of sur plus Army decontaminating machines could be used for spraying Rotenoe and DDT solutions on the cattle dur ing the fly and grub season. The growth that these treated animals would make would more than justify the expenditure. It would also go a long way towards controlling the spread of infectious diseases that are transmissible by flies and other blood suckers.
INTERNAL PARASITES
Internal parasites are the hook worm and the com mon stomach worm most commonly encountered in cat tle. The mortality runs quite high in some herds which reveal a heavy infestation of these worms. The mor bidity runs high in the majority of infested herds. This loss can be controlled by the periodic medication with the proper vermicides or vermifuges. Due to the fact that certain chemicals have less toxicity for certain species, I would recommend the cattle owner consult his local veterinarian as to the proper medication.
39

MASTITIS
Mastitis is an infectious and contagious disease which is causing greater losses to the Georgia dairyman than any other disease, not only due to the mortality that sometimes is connected with this disease, but due to the losses in milk production. We have had considerable interest shown by the veterinarians, as well as by the dairy herd owners, in trying to control and eliminate this disease from their herds. We have held numerous clinics in various sections of the State, demonstrating pro cedures necessary in a control program; in addition, we have rendered considerable service, such as running laboratory tests in order to detect the infected animals so they could be properly treated or removed from the herd. In order for Georgia to become more self sustain ing regarding dairying, it will be necessary that dairy men be better informed through information and dem onstrations that will aid them in controlling the spread of this disease in their herds.
PLANT POISONS
We have made numerous investigations and labora tory tests and found that the contributing cause of death in many of these investigations was due to the consump tion of toxic plants and weeds. As we introduce new plants in improving our pastures, we will encounter losses. In order to cope with these, immediate steps are taken to catalogue all the poisonous or toxic plants and weeds in the pasture, as it quite often happens plants that are foreign to this State become toxic at certain stages and under certain climatic conditions.
CHEMICAL POISONS
We have had numerous specimens submitted to the laboratory to be analyzed for poisons. A considerable percent of these have revealed the presence of some of the common metallic poisons. In some few cases these poisons might have been of a criminal nature. Other cases have been brought about due to carelessness in disposing of arsenate of lead sacks, various sprays, etc. Such containers should be deeply buried or burned and such poisons should be stored in places to which animals do not have access. In taking these simple precautions, many losses could be prevented.
40

HORSES
Investigations regarding disease outbreaks among horses has shown a steady decline. I think this can be attributed to the fact that many of the farms of the State have resorted to the use of tractors and farm ma chinery, which has considerably reduced the horse popu lation.
We have made several investigations where encephaloemylitis, a virus disease, which affects not only horses but humans, has been suspected, but we were unable to find the presence of the virus in the laboratory, either by animal inoculation or chick embryo propagation. We have isolated, in many cases, a Clostridium, which causes a disease indistinguishable clinically from encephaloemylitis, but is due to a toxin secreted by this organism.
SWINE HOG CHOLERA
Hog cholera is our most dreaded and costly disease of swine. We have had fewer outbreaks of this disease reported than in previous years. I think this can be accounted for due to the attractive price of hogs. The swine owners have had their animals properly immun ized against this disease.
SWINE ERYSIPELAS
Swine erysipelas is one of the infectious and con tagious diseases of swine that has caused considerable losses in the corn belt. So far in our investigations and laboratory work, we have not been able to isolate the causitive organism. We have an agreement with the Bureau of Animal Industry and the manufacturers of live vaccine controlling the sale of this vaccine. Due to the nature of the vaccine, it should be controlled; per mission for its use withheld until definite evidence has been revealed that the disease exists on a farm.
OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF SWINE
We have had considerable investigations made on herds showing eueritic conditions with joint involve ments which reveal the presence of cholera suis organ
41

isms. In many of these outbreaks the mortality has run rather high. Good sanitary measures, plus adequate diet and medication, reduce considerably the losses from these various infections.
POULTRY DISEASES
Newcastle disease has appeared quite recently in this country, and is a virus disease affecting domestic poultry as well as numerous species of wild birds. So far, we have not found this disease within the State. Under authority of the recent poultry law, we have taken steps we thought necessary to prevent the im portation of this disease into the State by regulating shipments of hatching eggs, baby chicks or adult poultry.
COCCIDIOSIS
Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease quite common in the poultry flocks. In numerous outbreaks it has caused heavy losses. By better management the poultrymen of this State have been able to abate the losses from this disease, in the majority of cases, to a minimum. Sev eral of the sulfa drugs have been used and are reported to have given good results in flocks affected with this disease.
NUTRITIONAL DISEASES
Many of the feeds and feed manufacturers, through necessity, have had to change their formulas and make substitutions in various ingredients due to the ingredient shortage. In some cases this has resulted in quite heavy losses due to low hatchability from the eggs, high mor tality in the chickens, and poor growth. By using va rious laboratory tests to arrive at a diagnosis, we have been able to recommend supplementing some of these feeds which have prevented greater losses.
WORMS
Worms in poultry is not quite the handicap it has been in previous years due to the fact most flock owners have recognized the importance of strictly sanitary meas ures in controlling and eliminating the losses from these parasites.
42

LARYNGOTRACHEITIS
Laryngotracheitis, one of the infectious diseases of poultry, can be prevented by early vaccination.
PARALYSIS
Paralysis, or avitaminosis, is not as prevalent in Georgia flocks as in the past. There has been no suc cessful treatment or remedy for this disease. By fol lowing sanitary measures and selecting of breeding stock this disease has been held to a minimum.
TURKEYS
Our turkey industry has grown considerably in the State in the past year. Numerous producers have found the production of poults as well as mature birds to be profitable. We now have several hatcheries with quite large flocks in Georgia. I think this industry has won derful possibilities in Georgia and will show further increase.
The most common diseases of turkeys is pullorum disease, blackhead, coccidiosis and nutritional troubles. These will be at a minimum as time goes on and the turkey raisers get better versed in the necessary steps to take to prevent these losses.
The following will show the scope of services ren dered, as well as the number of birds tested, and will give you a picture of the increase in both the turkey and poultry flocks, as well as the hatching capacity we now have in the State.
43

1944-45

Hatchery inspections made...................

72

R.O.P. breeding farms inspected........

34

Poultry flocks inspected and approve .... 183

Poultry flocks on probation................

21

32

Individual birds tested......................... .... 15,717

R.O.P. males certified........................... .... 131

Flock selecting and pullorum testing

agents contacted ...........................

69

Investigations made .............................

27

Poultry flocks rejected.........................

1

Days in hatchery school.......................

4

Flocks tested for A.P.C. classification.....

0

Field day training periods held..........

0

Candidates attending training periods

0

mt 0

Testing agents failed to qualify for

reappointment ................................

0

Flocks tested on field training for

"Passed" classification ................

0

R.O.P. birds banded--males..................

0

R.O.P. birds banded--females..............

0

Turkey tube tested................................

0

Flocks check tested................................

0

Individual birds check tested................

0

Chickens tube tested..............................

0

1945-46 71 31 171 16 94
57,298 0
50 46
1 0 20 10 47 5
1
21 1,067
552 1,629
127 4,055
100

DAIRIES
Producer Dairies: Number of dairies listed................... Number of cows: Dry ............................................... Milking ......................................... Total ............................................. Daily production, gals, milk............... Number of Dairy Inspectors............. Number of inspections made........... Counties with dairies........................... Counties without dairies..................... Average dairies per county............... Average milch cows per county....... Average dry cows per county........... Estimated yearly production
44

944-45 1945-46

1,757

2,432

20,556 47,028 67,584 94,117
16 4,975
138 21 13 341 149

22,003 55,065 77,068 110,801
14 6,067
114 15 17
382 153

352,705 40,442,365

SLAUGHTER HOUSE REPORTS COMPILED FROM FORM 609--SHOWING NUMBER OF ANIMALS SLAUGHTERED, TOTAL POUNDS PRODUCED AND ANIMALS CONDEMNED

Hogs .................... Cattle .................. Calves .................. Sheep .................. Goats .................. S. M. Meat--S. C S. M. Meat--D.S Sausage ..... :....... Other Parts ........ Livers, Pork ...... Livers, Beef ........

1944-45

No. Animals Slaughtered

Total Pounds

.. 796,934 .. 207,195 .. 141,527
7,603 1,173

112,527,042 70,684,741 21,005,069 355,384 60,706 16,398,146 1,320,520 18,097,949

No. Animals and Parts Condemned
3,187
875 410
10 5

177,113 9,741

Total Pounds
504,289 399,140
99,782 794 376
450,364

Hogs .................... Cattle .................. Calves .................. Sheep .................. Goats .................. S. M. Meat--S.C.. S. M. Meat--D.S Sausage .............. Other Parts ........ Livers, Pork ...... Livers, Beef ........

1945-46

No. Animals Slaughtered

Total Pounds

.. 299,026 .. 119,712
99,792 .. 10,523
930

48,856,570 35,453,840 13,124,391
433,430 51,470 17,707,966 1,097,008 10,248,262

No. Animals and Parts Condemned
1,500
648
447
17
2

70,459 8,458

Total Pounds
254,216 759,723
88,374 904 120
282,595

INSPECTORS AND NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS MADE OF SLAUGHTER HOUSES, ABATTOIRS AND LIVESTOCK SALES BARNS.

1944-45 1945-46

Number of Inspectors........................................... 7

9

Number of Sales attended..................................... 468 1,224

Slaughter houses and abattoirs........................... 149

278

45

The following will give you activities of the Veteri nary Laboratory and nature of same for the past two
years:

Chickens:

1944-45

Positive pullorum ................................................. 693

Negative pullorum ................................................ 152

Positive Coccidia ................................................... 210

Positive round and tape worms........................ 76

Positive miscellaneous--tumors, paralysis nu

tritional deficiency,ruptures ....................... 104

Impacted gizzard .................................................. 4

Positive leucosis ...................................................... 2

Negative rabies ...................................................... 1

Positive wind puffs................................................ 1

Positive mold infection (Aspergihosis)............. 1

Positive fowl thyroid............................................. 0

Positive Blackhead ............................................... 0

Positive Blue comb disease................................. 0

Positive E-coli infection....................................... 0

Positive trichomoras ............................................. 0

Positive monilita albicans.............................

0

Positive lice ........................................................... 0

Coryza ............................................................. 0

Sinusitis .......................................................... 0

Positive fowl pox................................................... 0

Tube agglutination tests (blood)....................... 0

Positive, pullorum ......................................... 0

Negative, pullorum ....................................... 0

Dehydration ................................................... 0

Positive proteus vulgaris............................. 0

Positive, starvation, impacted intestine..... 0

Positive frost bite......................................... 0

Positive abdominal ovulation....................... 0

1945-46 465
583 176
9
1
16 4 10 35 3 4 1 2 6 2 9,081 202 43 33 9 24 1 1

Turkeys:

Positive hexamataxis ........................................... 4

Positive aspergillosis ........................

8

Positive pullorum .................................................. 31

Negative pullorum ..............

12

Mechanical obstructions ....................................... 11

Serological tests: positive pullorum................. 195 Serological tests: negative pullorum................. 431

Serological tests: hemolyzed............................... 0

Positive histomisis ............................................... 2

Positive coccidia .............................

19

46

0 0 28 0 0 68 1,914 9 0 28-

1944-45
Vitamin deficiency ............................................... 1 Sour crop ................................................................ 1 Positive blackhead ................................................ 1 Mechanical injury ............................................... 1 Tape worms ........................................................... 0 Positive E-coli infection....................................... 0 Positive fowl pox ................................................... 0 Positive trichomonas ........................................... 0

1945-46
2
0
2
0
4
Or
2
i

Milk - Cows:

Positive mastitis ..............

619

652

Negative mastitis .................................................. 100

109

Tested butterfat content....................................... 0

124

Tested acid fast organisms................................. 0

1

Special analysis ..................................................... 0

30

Positive E-coli ........................................................ 0

2

Negative micro-organisms ................................... 0

10

Positive red blood cells......................................... 0

10

Ice Cream:

Special analysis ..................................................... 0

13

Milk Goats:

Positive mastitis ................................................... 36

4

Negative mastitis .................................................. 0

1

Positive streptococci ........................................... 0

42

Negative streptococci ........................................... 0

8

Positive staphlococci ............................................. 0

1

Negative micro-organisms ................................... 0

10

Positive red blood cells......................................... 0

10

Dogs:

Examinations, mammary tumors....................... 14

0

Examinations, navel infections........................... 2

0

Worms ..................................................................... 1

1

Positive arsenic poisoning................................... 1

0

Positive leptospirosis .....

0

33

Negative leptospirosis ......................................... 0

24

Fibroid tumor ........................................................ 0

On

Positive strychnine ................................................ 0

3

Positive hemopytic staphaureus ......................... 0

2

Giant cell carcinoma............................................. 0

1

Positive streptococcus pyogenes......................... 0

5

Differential examinations ................................... 0

3

Positive microfilaria ............................................. 0

47

1944-45 Mules:
Positive botulism ................................................... 4 Negative glanders .................................................. 5 Fibremia .................................................................. 1 Negative encephalomyelitis ................................. 0 Positive arsenic poison......................................... 0

1945-46
1 0 0 1 2

E4 O

Hogs:

Ascarides ................................................................ 2

0

Lice .......................................................................... 1

0

Liver abscess .......................................................... 1

0

Positive swine erysipelas..................................... 7

0

Positive hog cholera............................................... 1

5

Negative arsenic .................................................... 1

Positive Bang's ...................................................... 0

Liver flakes ............................................................ 0

1

Lung worms (verminous pneumonia)............... 0

5

Negative poisons ................................................... 0

2

Gun shot wounds.................................................... 0

1

Negative B-cholera suis....................................... 0

5

Positive Salmonella infection............................... 0

4

Negative B erysipelas suis................................... 0

5

Positive enteritis .................................................... 0

1

Pigeons:

Positive parathyphi ........................................... 2

0

Water Analysis:

Examinations .......................................................... 3

3

Positive B-coli ........................................................ 0

7

Negative E-coli ..................................................... 0

1

Negative poisons ................................................... 0

1

Negative colon thyphoid....................................... 0

2

Horses:

Negative aschheim--zordek pregnancy............. 1

0

Negative poison .................................................... 0

1

Positive equine encephalomyelitis....................... 0

1

Negative equine encephalomyelitis ................... 0

1

Negative botulism .................................................. 0

2

Cows:

Positive blackleg ................................................... 3

1

Negative blackleg .................................................. 1

Positive tuberculosis ........................

84

Negative tuberculosis ........................................... 1

1

48

1944-45
Negative anthrax ............................................... 1 Negative Bang's ................................................... 0 Lupoma tumor ........................................................ 0 Negative poison ................................................... 0 Positive strychnine .............................................. 0 Positive arsenic ...................................................... 0 Positive nitrates ................................................... 0 Positive coccidia .................................................... 0 Negative organisms ............................................. 0 Negative trichomonas ........................................... 0 Positive trichomonas ............................................ 0 Negative H. contortus........................................... 0 Negative mycelia and fungi............................... 0 Negative brucella .................................................. 0 Positive brucella ................................................... 0 Positive Clostridium welchi................................... 0 Positive botulism ................................................... 0 Positive hemorrhagissepticemia.......................... 0 Positive strep, faecalis......................................... 0 Differential examination of blood....................... 0

1945-46
2 1 1 7 1 1 1 19 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1

Feed:

Negative poisons ................................................... 1

10

Positive arsenic ..................................................... 0

1

Blood:

Positive anaplasmisis ........................................... 0

2

Blood chemistry ..................................................... 0

1

Goats:

Positive staphylococcus ....................................... 0

2

Stomach worms and coccidia............................... 0

1

Negative streptococci ........................................... 0

2

Positive streptococci .........................

0

19

Negative micro-organisms ................................... 0

10

Positive red blood cells......................................... 0

10

Urine:

Analysis .................................................................. 0

1

Tissue:

Fibrous scar ............................................................ 0

1

Positive staph, aureus........................................... 0

1

49

1944-45 1945-46

Tonic Powder:

Chemical analysis ................................................. 0

1

Rabbits:

Negative arsenic ................................................... 0

1

Positive Salmonella ............................................... 0

3

Cats:

Negative strychnine ........................................... 0

8

Toxicological examination:

Arsenic, copper, strychnine................................. 0

1

CASH COLLECTED BY VETERINARY DIVISION, FOR LICENSES, PERMITS, VOLUME PRODUCTION TAX AND MISCELLANEOUS SALES.

1944-45

Quantity

Ice Cream Manufacturers Licenses

Issued ----------- -------------------- -----

78

Butter Manufacturers Licenses

Issued -_______ __________ ___- -

5

Dairy Plant Manufacturers

Licenses Issued ..................... ........

48

Cheese Manufacturers Licenses

Issued ..................-............. -......... --

2

Milk and Cream Brokers

Licenses Issued ............... --..........

6

Milk and Cream Testers Permits

Issued ................... - -...........................

61

Milk and Cream Buying Station

Licenses Issued --.....................--

32

Hatchery Licenses Issued ..................

Poultry Dealers Licenses Issued.....

Poultry Hatchery Branch Licenses

Issued ..................................................

Butterfat Purchased, Pounds______ .. 1,563,739

Ice Cream Manufactured, gallons..... 6,?45,284

Milk Purchased, gallons...................... .17,685,553

Interstate Health Certificates sold...

38

Amount Collected S 780.00
50.00 480.00
20.00 60.00 305.00 64.00
78.06 3,183.31
883.15 38.00

1945-46
Quantity Amount Collected

95 $ 950.00

7

70.00

68

680.00

8
57
17 64 54
1 1,329,644 7,015,093 23,256,123
63

80.00
285.00
34.00 640.00 540.00
2.00 66.21 3,498.41 1,151.45 65.25

$5,941.52

$8,062.32

DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYEES ASSIGNED TO THIS DIVISION

1944-45 Dairy ........................................................................ 16 Livestock and Abattoirs....................................... 7 Poultry ................................................................... 2 Laboratory .............................................................. 5 Office ...................................................................... 12 Unassigned ............................................................. 4

1945-46 14 9 3 4 8 3

46

41

50

In summing up the progress of the Veterinary Di vision, we wish to ask for the continued cooperation of all livestock and poultry producers and persons inter ested in our livestock and poultry industries in order that we can continue as a healthy livestock state.
We are still threatened with the reinfestation of the cattle fever tick, as in an adjoining State several coun ties are now under quarantine, due to the presence of this pest. The people interested in the livestock indus try of this State can be of untold assistance in aiding us to prevent the reinfestation by close cooperation with not only this office, but the office of the Bureau of Animal Industry as well.
I would recommend that efforts be made to finance, more adequately this office in order that it can promote and render better service to the livestock and poultry industries.
Bearing in mind that a healthy livestock industry is a profitable one, greater effort should be put forth to maintain a healthy status for the expanding animal and poultry industries of the State.
Yours truly,
T. B. GLOWER,
Chief Veterinarian.

BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST FOR PERIOD JULY 1, 1944, THROUGH JUNE 30, 1946

The Honorable Tom Linder Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol Atlanta, Ga.

July 1, 1946

Dear Sir:

CHEMICAL DIVISION
The Chemical Laboratory Division of the State Agri culture Department is charged by law with making official control analyses on products offered for sale to the consumer under the following subjects:

FERTILIZERS, FEEDS, INSECTICIDES, SEEDS, DAIRY PRODUCTS, FOODS AND DRUGS.
The following report covers briefly the work done

51

in the Laboratories of the State Chemist for the fiscal years July 1, 1944 through June 30, 1946.
In 1944, 7,300 samples of fertilizer were analyzed, 5,241 samples of dairy products, foods, feeds and seeds, and 432 samples of drugs, insecticides and miscellaneous products. In 1945, 7,065 samples of fertilizer were analyzed, 5,926 samples of dairy products, foods, feeds and seeds, and 363 samples of drugs, insecticides and unofficial examinations. In 1946, 8,225 samples of fer tilizer have been analyzed or are in work, and the volume of other samples at levels similar to and above previous years.
SPECIAL COMMENT
Laws and regulations of the Agricultural Depart ment require the registration of fertilizers, feeds, in secticides, and the correct tagging or labeling of these, and seeds, and foods and drugs. The chemical division, together with inspection forces, police or see that these products meet their required standards and claims. This is of greatest importance and value--
"The protection and guidance of the farmers and general public buying and using fertilizers, feeds, in secticides, seeds, dairy products, foods and drugs."
Evaluation of these vital functions can be the better realized by conceiving of the chaos resulting if the innocent purchasers were not so protected. Department bulletins giving the laws and rules and regulations on these subjects are always available, and invaluable both to the farmer and to the processors and distributors of agricultural essentials. The technical or scientific di visions perform duties and functions needed by every citizen of the State.
FEEDS
The value of examinations of Feeds has been greatly enhanced by the establishment and cooperation of the Animal Pathological Laboratory of the Veterinary Di vision, and improved Feed Laws.
SEEDS
The seed inspection laboratory is incorporated in the Chemistry Division under the general direction of the State Chemist as to technical personnel and output, or
52

working volume capacity. The present staff is headed by Dr. Elva Norris, Chief Seed Analyst and nationally known expert, ably assisted by two other Senior Analysts and four assistants. Seed Inspection and law enforce ment, the Certified Seed program, educational and other demands, will make it necessary to recruit or train per sonnel accordingly. Seed germination testing equipment is being installed and perfected to take care of antici pated needs and expansion for ten years. Temperature, humidity, light and other controls are very technical. The facilities and program of the Georgia State Seed Laboratory is endorsed by experts from all parts of the United States.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The Seed Law of 1941 has creditably been put into effect by you, a special laboratory and Analyst operating, inspectors trained, valuable experience gained, progress made, but the initial success needs expanding, especially in fighting losses and troubles of noxious weeds. The Seed Law completed the legal pro tection and control of all agricultural products.
2. The present building is inadequate as to construc tion and space for meeting the fullest efficiency of its purposes and desirable expansion of its usefulness. An electric freight elevator is needed in the present building.
3. All products bought by the State, the schools, and other Public Departments in the State should be tested in laboratories, or otherwise, to guide and pro tect public spending. Chemists and other scientific em ployees are worth while and paying investments. The State has responsibilities and opportunities for progress not possible under federal laws and functions. You have my sincere support in keeping Georgia on the highest plane of progress under our American ideals.
Respectfully submitted, C. REYNOLDS CLARK, State Chemist.
53

December 10, 1946 Honorable Tom Linder Commissioner of Agriculture State Capital Atlanta, Georgia
Dear Mr. Linder:
This is a supplement to our last report covering the period from July 1, 1942, through June 30, 1944. This report shows the progress made by this Division and an outline to future expansion with the ultimate aim of keeping Georgia the leading state in the South in the marketing of agricultural products.
To provide adequate markets for farm products, and to obtain highest market prices possible is the most important work of this Division.
STATE FARMERS' MARKETS
The fundamental purpose of Georgia's system of State Farmers' Markets is to provide a convenient, de pendable outlet through which farmers may market their produce at the lowest marketing cost and receive cash at the time of sale.
These markets have provided both a needed service and encouragement in production of better fruits, vege tables and other crops to the large number of inde pendent farmers in Georgia.
So successful has been this plan of bringing producer and buyer together that agricultural marketing authori ties from other states, including a delegation from the Dominion of Canada and China have visited Georgia to study the operation of our State Markets.
THE ATLANTA MARKET
At the time this market was completed and opened for business in 1941, it was the opinion of many that it was entirely too large and that the facilities provided would never be fully used. Today they are inadequate. Every available space is occupied. In the rush season many truck loads of perishable products must stand in the open as shed space is overcrowded. All merchant buildings are filled to capacity. Additional dealers would move in if we had facilities.
54

The daily and yearly increase in the gross sales, carlot unloads, and the increasing number of trucks using the market clearly shows why our present facilities are inadequate.
1941 Gross Sales, May through December 31..................... $ 6,186,183.93 1942 Gross Sales,Jan. through December 31.................. 10,383,599.24 1943 Gross Sales,Jan. through December 31.................. 15,026,753.94 1944 Gross Sales,Jan. through December 31.................. 16,352,268.37 1945 Gross Sales,Jan. through December 31.................. 20,304,788.17 1946 (Eleven months only) Jan. through Nov.................. 24,152,681.74
In 1945, from January 1, to November 30, 7,032 carlots of fruits and vegetables were unloaded on the Atlanta Market. (This does not include truck unloads.)
For the same period in 1946, 7,316 cars have been unloaded.
In 1945, truck receipts reduced to carlot equivalents, from January 1, to November 30, amounted to 11,741 carlots.
For the same period in 1946 they have increased to 14,344 carloads.
In 1945, 53,840 trucks were tagged on the Atlanta market.
In eleven months of 1946, 58,028 trucks have al ready been tagged.
The Atlanta Market is the terminal market of the Southeastern states. THE LARGEST MARKET OF ITS TYPE IN THE UNITED STATES. No other enterprise in Georgia has been of more benefit to the citizens of Georgia. The efficient operation of this market reduces marketing cost, is a benefit to both consumer and pro ducer by decreasing food cost and at the same time per mitting higher farm prices. ADDITIONAL FACILITIES SHOULD BE PROVIDED WHICH WOULD ENABLE THIS GREAT MARKET TO CONTINUE TO GROW.
MACON MARKET
Located in the city limits of Macon, physical prop erty consists of a farmers shed, built in 1936, an old brick building which has been converted to house a number of produce merchants, and the market grounds have been paved during the period. This market serves
55

the City of Macon and immediate territory. It is badly in need of modem facilities. Gross sales amount to approximately two million dollars ($2,000,000.00) per year.
THOMASVILLE MARKET
Located in the city limits of Thomasville in the heart of the vegetable production section of Southwest Geor gia. It is one of our most important assembly markets. Was built in 1935 and has been in continuous operation. The Department has just completed a modern mer chants building at an over-all cost of $59,800.00. This building consists of fourteen units or stores. Practically all have been leased on a yearly rental. These buildings will be self-liquidating, as they are amortized over a period of years. Future plans call for erection of a farmers shed as well as an Administration Building and Auction Block. All sales on this market are at auction. 1945 gross sales $1,851,579.94.
VALDOSTA MARKET
Located just out of Valdosta city limits on the main highway to Florida. A very important market in the State system. The wooden shed built in 1936 has been heretofore the only facility provided. The Department has just completed a modern merchants building at approximately the same cost and type as the one at Thomasville. A modern farmers shed, as well as an Administration Building and auction block are badly needed. Most all varieties of fruits and vegetables are sold on this market and all products are sold at auction. Yearly gross sales approximately $1,340,000.00.
MOULTRIE MARKET
An entirely new market being built this year located just out of the city limits of Moultrie. A modern brick merchants building, concrete and steel farmers shed has been completed. Plans call for erection of an Adminis tration Building, Auction Block and Cold Storage Fa cilities. Located on railway and highway, this market should be a very important shipping center of Georgia products.
56

TIFTON MARKET
Located in the city limits of Tifton. Physical equip ment includes two sheds. Only in operation during the vegetable season, May through July. During the two months last season, the gross business amounted to $356,000.00. Beans, sweet potatoes, field peas, cantaloupes and watermelons are the principal commodities.
PELHAM MARKET
This is primarily a tomato market. For several sea sons the Department has operated a market in a rented building with very inadequate facilities. The Depart ment has erected, at an over-all cost of approximately $30,000.00 a steel and concrete marketing shed. This will be ready for occupancy this coming season. Ap proximately two hundred thousand dollars worth of to matoes move through this market within a period of sixty days. Cantaloupes, beans, cucumbers, potatoes, okra and other products are sold.
GLENNVILLE MARKET
Located in the city limits of Glennville, Tattnall Coun ty. Physical property consists of large wooden shed and Auction Block built in 1936. Principal product sold is tomatoes, although onions, potatoes, fresh corn, okra and other products are marketed. All products are sold at auction. This is one of the oldest and a very impor tant market in the marketing system. Annual sales ap proximately $150,000.00 to $200,000.00.
HAZLEHURST MARKET
This market was built in 1945 and opened this past season. Consists of large wooden shed and office space under the same roof. Cucumbers and tomatoes are the principal crops. Open during the vegetable season.
WRIGHTSVILLE MARKET
Consists of large marketing shed. Was built this year (1946) and serves a large section in and around Johnson County.
57

The combined sales on all State Farmers' Markets that were in operation in 1945 amounted to $26,494,022.57. 1946 SALES WILL SHOW QUITE AN IN CREASE ON ALL MARKETS.
In this report we have endeavored to show the dire need of modern facilities if our marketing program is to continue to grow.
STATE CANNERIES
The canneries located on the ATLANTA, MACON, and THOMASVILLE Markets have all shown gains over previous years. They have provided families with bet ter food and at a saving in cost.
MARKET BULLETIN
The circulation of THE MARKET BULLETIN con tinues to grow. Now approximately 225,000 copies are issued weekly. Farmers of Georgia appreciate your edi torials as they keep them posted on all matters pertain ing to the farm. Sale of Georgia products through the Bulletin amount to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year to the farmers of Georgia.
OTHER ACTIVITIES
The Bureau of Markets has continued to cooperate with Federal and other State agricultural agencies. All employees have given full cooperation in rendering the best service possible to the farmers of Georgia.
Respectfully submitted, W. L. CATHEY, Chief of Markets and Marketing. WLC :ce
58

ATLANTA MARKET

1941 Gross 1942 Gross 1943 Gross 1944 Gross 1945 Gross 1946 Gross

Sales......$ 6,186,183.93-- 8 Months only--May thru Dec. Sales.... 10,383,699.24 Sales..... 16,026,753.94 Sales..... 16,352,268.37 Sales..... 20,304,788.17 Sales.. 24,152,681.74--11 Months only--Jan. thru Nov.

TOTAL ............... $92,406,275.39

MACON MARKET
1941 Gross Sales......... $ 442,440.75 1942 Gross Sales...... 1,574,755.94 1943 Gross Sales...... 1,675,439.96 1944 Gross Sales...... 1,747,195.17 1945 Gross Sales...... 2,160,970.98 1946 Gross Sales...... 1,956,823.17--11 Months only--Jan. thru Nov.
TOTAL ................. $9,557,625.97

THOMASVILLE MARKET
1941 Gross Sales........ $ 413,132.81 1942 Gross Sales....... 602,867.35 1943 Gross Sales....... 1,717,046.67 1944 Gross Sales....... 1,479,143.95 1945 Gross Sales....... 1,851,579.94 1946 Gross Sales......... 2,591,392.34--11 Months only--Jan. thru Nov.
TOTAL ................. $8,655,163.06

VALDOSTA MARKET
1941 Gross Sales........ $ 191,812.03 1942 Gross Sales...... 699,271.50 1943 Gross Sales...... 833,429.27 1944 Gross Sales...... 804,714.89 1945 Gross Sales...... 1,340,089.98 1946 Gross Sales......... 1,291,958.52--11 Months only--Jan. thru Nov.
TOTAL ................. $5,161,276.19
59

TIFTON MARKET

1942 Gross 1943 Gross 1944 Gross 1945 Gross 1946 Gross

Sales..........$106,487.93--4 Months only--May thru Aug. Sales.......... 247,238.31--4 Months only--May thru Aug. Sales.......... 428,548.19--4 Months only--May thru Aug. Sales.......... 357,869.35--4 Months only--May thru Aug. Sales.......... 233,757.97--3 Months only--May thru July

TOTAL ................. $1,372,901.80

PELHAM MARKET

1941 Gross Sales......... $ 407,037.86--4 Months only--May thru Aug.

1942 Gross Sales......... 286,141.10--3 Months only--May thru July

1943 Gross Sales......... 1,364,168.09--2 Months only---May thru June

1944 Gross Sales......... 589,898.95--2 Months only--May thru June

1945 Gross Sales......... 252,317.04--2 Months only--May thru June

------------------

Not open in 1946

TOTAL ................. $2,899,563.04

GLENNVILLE MARKET

1941 Gross Sales........... $ 22,857.17--5 Months--May through Sept.

1942 Gross Sales

42,052.50--3 Months--May, June, Aug.

1943 Gross Sales.......... 207,933.50--4 Months--May through Aug.

1944 Gross Sales.......... 199,838.50--2 Months--May and June

1945 Gross Sales.......... 194,325.69--4 Months--May, June, Aug., Nov.

1946 Gross Sales.......... 116,488.10--2 Months--May and June

TOTAL ..................... $783,395.46

HAZLEHURST MARKET

1945 Gross Sales........... $ 32,081.42--2 Months--May and June 1946 Gross Sales........... 233,459.33--3 Months--May, June and July
TOTAL ..................... $265,540.75

CLAXTON MARKET
1941 Gross Sales............$64,079.52--May, June and July 1942 Gross Sales............ 25,822.50--June and July
TOTAL ....................... $89,902.02 60

EDISON MARKET
1941 Gross Sales..............$13,115.92 1942 Gross Sales............. 23,407.17
TOTAL ........................ $36,523.09
WRIGHTSVILLE MARKET
1946 Gross Sales.............$12,853.32--June, July, Oct., Nov., Dec.
MOULTRIE MARKET
1946 Gross Sales............. $45,447.35--3 Months only--Oct., Nov., Dec.
December 12, 1946 Honorable Tom Linder Commissioner of Agriculture State Capitol Atlanta 3, Georgia
Dear Mr. Linder: I respectfully submit herewith a biennial report of
the work done by the Food and Feed Division, the Seed Division and the Weights and Measures Division of the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal years beginning July 1, 1944 and ending June 30, 1946.
Sincerely yours, A. D. HARRIS, Director Food, Feed, Seed, Weights and Measures Divisions.
FOOD AND FEED
With the close of the biennial period, which included one year after the end of hostilities, we have had an enormous amount of food and feed violations as you will see from the list of items withheld from sale and items destroyed as unfit for consumption.
I am tabulating a few of the vast number of items withheld from sale and items destroyed as unfit for con
61

sumption. This list of larger items does not include hun dreds of small items withheld or destroyed. Such items amount to more than any other biennial period on record:
We have been forced to prosecute several food deal ers for flagrant violations. This situation seems to be clearing up and violations at the present are not so constant.
At the present we are having very little trouble with food manufacturers, dealers and servers employing help without health certificates. Our Sanitary Laws and Regulations are being more unanimously complied with.
In the enforcement of the Wholesale Fish Dealer's Licensing Law, we have issued 394 licenses for 1945 and 1946.
Inspections of foods and sanitary conditions..................... 46,815 Inspections of feed.................................................................... 9,699 Inspections Railroad cars of feed--4,818 cars................... 144,540 Tons Withholds from sale or use issued....................................... 1,717 Samples taken to be analyzed............................................... 885 Abatements issued to improve sanitary conditions......... 567

The following foods and feeds were withheld from sale for being mislabeled and for investigation:

Flour........................ Feed.......................... Eggs......................... Syrup....................... Olives....................... Meats........................ Seafoods................... Chickens.................. Asparagus............... Pumpkin (Canned) Candy....................... Nuts, Mixed............ Sausage.................... Cheese...................... Soy Flour................ Pimento.................... Irish Potatoes........ Peas........... .............. Milk (Canned).......

326,325 Lbs. 2,715 Tons
27,062 Dozens 6,068 Gals. 2,364 Bottles' 18,607 Lbs.
20,658 Lbs. 4,875 Lbs. 4,512 Cans 4,116 Lbs. 4,806 Lbs.
58,612 Lbs. 1,576 Lbs. 5,508 Lbs.
19,400 Lbs. 2,852 Cans' 45,000 Cans 4,000 Cans 3,690 Cans

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Frozen fruits........ Rice......................... Bacon rind grease, Mineral oil.............

89,822 Lbs. 6,622 Lbs. 3,962 Lbs. 2,087 Gals.

The following foods and feeds were destroyed unfit for consumption:

Feed........................ Flour....................... Sugar..................... . Candy...................... Asparagus.............. Meats...................... Fish......................... Oysters................... Baby Foods........... . Raisins.................... Irish potatoes........ Sweet potatoes...... Spinach................... Peas (Field)......... Tomatoes................ Turnip greens....... Beans...................... Onions..................... Cabbage.................. Rutabagas.............. Mustard greens.... Cucumbers............. Pop corn................ Frozen peaches..... Fruit cake.............. Salad oil................. Pineapple (Fresh)

145 Tons 18,500 Lbs.
9,090 Lbs. 7,759 Lbs. 4.512 Cans 50,098 Lbs. 6,313 Lbs.
30 Gals. 288 Cans 1,880 Lbs. 79,900 Lbs. 18,376 Lbs. 2,027 Bu. 21,570 Lbs. 246,943 Lbs. 28,694 Lbs. 2,961 Bu. 36,480 Lbs. 105,821 Lbs. 3.512 Lbs. 1,331 Bu.
566 Bu. 12,388 Pkgs 33,870 Lbs. 2,796 Lbs.
500 Lbs. 4,944

In the above list, headed "Food and Feed," you will notice the number of feed inspections, withholds and the amount of feed destroyed as unfit.
Feed withholds are issued on account of numerous violations that the merchants can have remedied by com pliance with the law and the feed can be released for sale. However, you will notice quite a bit of this feed was unfit for feeding purposes and was destroyed.
We registered 3,146 brands of feed for the 1945 period and 3,123 brands of feed for the 1946 period.
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Due to the present Feed Law being new and the fact that under war conditions feed was very scarce and hard to get, it has not been possible to be as rigid in the enforcement of this law as we will be in the future under peace time conditions.
During the fiscal year of 1945 there was purchased in Georgia 769,362 tons of commercial feed and 101,316 tons of cottonseed meal. For the fiscal year of 1946 Georgia purchasers bought 816,314 tons of commercial feed and 92,176 tons of cottonseed meal.
Heretofore peanut hay has been used extensively for feeding purposes. It has now become necessary, in order to produce a full crop of peanuts, to spray the fields with arsenic.
On account of the spraying, we find that peanut hay, where sprayed, is dangerous for feeding and dangerous as an ingredient for mixed feeds.
We have analyzed samples of peanut hay that had been sprayed with arsenic and these samples contained a heavy residue of arsenic.
We have also had reports of cattle being sick from being fed such hay. In one case twenty heads of cattle fed such hay became sick, were treated for arsenic poison and responded to the treatment which definitely proves that the sickness was due to the feeding of arsenic sprayed peanut hay.
The hay, where the peanuts are sprayed with arsenic should not be allowed to be fed or offered for sale but should be plowed in the ground.
The savings, to the general public and the protection to the general public through the inspections of foods and feed, are of very great importance and there is no way to estimate savings in the purchase of bad foods that would not be edible and would have to be thrown away.
You will notice 145 tons of feed were destroyed which would amount to $14,500. I am giving you this one item to show the estimated savings to the public through the Food and Feed Division. The other items are so large and the prices vary so much that we would not have the space to show all the savings.
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The following is a summary of the work done in the enforcement of the Seed Laws of Georgia:

Inspection of seeds.................................................................. 5,208

Withholds from sale or use issued.......................................

920

Samples taken to be analyzed................................................ 3,107

Number of Unofficial samples received to be analyzed.... 1,107

Number of samples received unfit for planting...............

309

Reports received from Seed Analyst................................... 3,331

Number of vegetable seed withheld not tagged and for

investigation ................................................................... 114,839 Lbs.

Number of crop seed withheld not tagged and for

investigation ....................................................................4,388,288 Lbs.

Number of vegetable and crop seed destroyed as being

unfit for planting purposes........................................... 576,025 Lbs,

Estimated value of seed destroyed as being unfit.............$115,205

Number of plants destroyed as being unfit for planting

purposes .......................................................................... 5,155,800

Estimated value of plants destroyed as being unfit....... $ 12,889

Total value of estimated savings.........................................$128,094

The planters of Georgia are becoming more seed conscious and are demanding good seed. There are still numbers of planters, who are buying seed, not demand ing that the analysis be shown.
Recently we have had several complaints from farm ers having purchased bad seed but it is not reported until the crop has been planted and harvested and all trace of tags, if there were any, and the seed are all gone. In some cases it has been impossible for the farmer to get compensation for losses. We are doing everything possible to familiarize the farmer with the provisions of the Seed Law so that he will understand to keep a part of the seed, a tag and, where possible, the original container so that in the enforcement of the law he can establish the responsibility and guarantee of the seller.
You will notice in the above report that the Depart ment has saved the planters $128,094 by destroying seeds and plants that were unfit for planting purposes.

Within the next sixty days we are practically assured
that we will have germinators sufficient to run 40,000 samples each year. We have been handicapped in seed analytical work by the lack of necessary germinators. We have now in process of installation two new germi nators costing approximately $10,000 which will make

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Georgia's Seed Laboratory second to none in the South. We anticipate that our Laboratory capacity, with the addition of the new germinators and additional person nel, will be ample for the present to take care of all needs in the State.
The seed dealers of Georgia and other states are co operating with Georgia as well as could be expected. We have issued 1,984 Seed Dealer's Licenses to Georgia and out of State dealers.
We have found some seed in the State sold by outof-State dealers who have not yet complied with the law. Appropriate action is being taken to force them to comply with the law or cease doing business in the State.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

I am giving below an itemized statement of scales inspected, approved, adjusted and approved, and con demned during the biennial period:

Insp.

Even Balance ............... 1379

Computing Scales ....... 14523

Weights ......................... 16566

Meat Beams ................. 152

Portables ....................... 5023

Spring Scales ............... 4917

Bench Dial ................... 518

Dormant ....................... 232

Tank Scales .................

6

Cotton Beam ................. 370

Overhead Suspension.... 170

Wagon & Motor Truck 1033

Abattoir .......................

1

Bag Sealer ...................

5

Fertilizer Scales .........

6

Total ..................... 44901

Packages ....................... 216380

Appvd. 1291
12109 14589
147 4323 4290 377
180 6
252 122 648
1 5 6 38346 176725

Adj. Appvd.
74 1543 1587
461 457 29
10 5 268
4434

Cond. 14
871 390
5 237 170 112
52
108 43 117
2119 39655

Unfit 2
2

That total savings for the biennial period, through cor rections by either repairs or purchases of new scales to the consumers, farmers, scale owners and merchants of the State, amounted to approximately $3,100,845.34.

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Considering the amount of savings to the people of Georgia, through the enforcement of the Weights and Measures Law, I am convinced that this is one of the most important laws passed by the General Assembly in many years.
The demand for the inspecting and testing of scales is very great and especially for heavy duty scales. As you know, we only have one heavy duty testing truck and it is impossible to comply with all the requests for this truck.
Travel with this truck, as well as the work, is slow and it is impossible to cover the State of Georgia as it should be done. If we comply with the demands it will be necessary that we have another heavy duty truck and it should carry, instead of five tons of five hundred pound weights, ten tons of one thousand pound weights due to the fact that a number of four section scales with a capacity of fifty tons are being installed and a five thousand pound test is not sufficient on this size scale.
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