Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia embracing the years 1891 and 1892

REPORT
OF THE
ommissioner of Agriculture
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA,
Embracing the Years 1891 and 1892,
R. T. NESBITT, Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: GEO. W. HARRISON, State Printer.
(Franklin Publishing House.) 1892

REPORT.
To His Excellency, Governor W. J. Northen:
I have the honor of submitting the following report of the transactions of the Department of Agriculture for the biennial period, ending September 30, with the exception of that por tion of the year, from September 30, 1890, to November 10, 1890, embraced in the administration of my predecessor. On the 10th of November, 1890, I took charge of the Department, the clerical force of which as then constituted, consisted of Mr. John O. Waddell, Assistant Commissioner; Mr. Will Hender son, Clerk in the Fertilizer Department, and Mr. Walter DeWolf. The salaries of these officers were as follows:
Assistant Commissioner................................. $1,800 per annum. Fertilizer Clerk................................................... 1,500 " ' " Commissioner's Clerk....................................... 1,200 " "
Mr. Waddell and Mr. Henderson retired with the former incumbent, and Mr. J. B. Hnnnicutt was appointed chief clerk at an annual salary of $1,500 ; the office of Assistant Com missioner being abolished and the clerical force reduced to that extent. On November 17th, Mr. W. J. Trammell was ap pointed to a clerkship in the Department, and Mr. DeWolf, who held over, temporarily retired.
Since the clerical force was first organized, several changes have been made. On September 1, 1891, Mr. Hunnicutt resigned and was succeeded by Mr. B. F. Carter, at an annual salary of $1,200. On February 12, 1891, Mr. Trammell re signed and was succeeded by Mr. D. B. Lester and on the resignation of Mr. Lester, on October 1, 1891, Mr. W. H
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Joyner was appointed. As now constituted, the force at work in the office of the Department, consists of
'Benj. F. Carter, clerk, salary......................................... . ...$1,200 W. II. Joyner, Commissioner's clerk, salary.................... 1,200
A total reduction in the salaries paid the clerical force of $2,100, I trust without detriment to the efficiency of the service.
INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS.

The Inspectors of Fertilizers were receiving, prior to my administration, $1,500 each, per year, should they cover into the treasury double that amount. This I reduced to $1,200, believing that amount sufficient compensation for the work performed. In this branch of the department the following appointments were made on November 13, 1890: W. B. Jones of Troup, A. Oemler of Chatham, Randolph Ridgely of Rich mond and F. C. Davis of Newton, and on the iollowing day, T. J. Lyon of Bartow and S. R. Murphey of Harris were appointed. Of the original appointees, Messrs. Jones, Oemler and Murphy remain in office. Mr. Ridgley has been succeeded by Mr. S. R. Fulcher of Burke. Mr. Davis by Mr. J. M. B. Goode of Rockdale, and Mr. Lyon by Mr. W. J. Trammell of Cobb, who was subsequently succeeded by Mr. W. W. Dews of Randolph, so that the force as now constituted consist of Mr. S. R. Murphy of Harris, Mr. S. R. Fulcher of Burke, Dr. A. Oemler of Chatham, Mr. W. W. Dews of Randolph, Mr. W. B. Jones of Troup and Mr. J. M. B. Goode of Rockdale. During the busy season of 1892 I found it necessary to place Mr. D. T. Paulk of Irwin county on the force for two months, as Mr. Murphy, by reason of sickness, was unable to attend to the duties of the office. This was done by the authority conferred by the late act, governing the inspection of fertilizers. - Under the provisions of this act the pay of the inspector does not depend on the tonnage inspected, as will be seen by referring to that part of this report relating to the inspection of fertilizers.
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CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.
On the 10th of November, 1890, Dr. George F. Payne, of Bibb, was appointed chemist of this department, and in his report will be found a detailed account of the work accom plished by that branch of the department.
That analysis might be made and returned without delay, by an order, the laboratory of the State was located in the capitol, and it .is gratifying to note the increased number of analyses shown by the report of the chemist.
GLANDERS.
As your Excellency is aware, through the Executive Depart ment, and direct to this department, many complaints have been made by letter, and in cases of alarm, by telegram, of glanders among stock in the State. Our laws make no pro vision for such cases, and through your Excellency I would respectfully call the attention of the General Assembly to the necessity of providing some means to suppress and prevent the spread of this loathsome disease, without deeming it proper in this report to suggest the method. "When it has been within the power of the department, without too great an expenditure, cases have been investigated, but wdth no power to act beyond the investigation, and with no means at the command of the department, except what has been saved from the general fund appropriated to the department by economy in other direc tions, I feel that the department is unequipped to handle the matter and to prevent the spread of the disease now in its in fancy, and, in case of an emergency, to do what would be nec essary to prevent a disastrous destruction of our stock. So far, a willingness on the part of those who own diseased animals to destroy them for the benefit of the community has been shown; but should the owner of one affected animal conclude not to permit it to be killed, it is difficult to say to what extent the disease might spread.
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At the last session of the General Assembly, Mr. Chappell, from Laurens county, introduced a bill providing for compen sation when glandered stock was killed, but that measure did not meet with the approval of a majority of the house, and failed to pass. Competent veterinarian surgeons are of the opinion that nearly if not all the cases found in the State are brought in by Texas stock, and, maintaining this view, a num ber of States have enacted quarantine regulations against such stock, requiring its inspection. The fact that this disease not only destroys stock, but also endangers human life, to my mind furnishes sufficient argument why legislative action of some character should be taken. Again, chronic cases of glanders may remain in a community for months, spreading many cases'of the disease in its acute form without its source being discovered. Such conditions evidently demand an in vestigation by a surgeon who thoroughly understands his work.

SEED.

A large quantity of choice field and garden seed have been distributed with the view of ascertaining the best varieties for our soil and climate, and to direct the attention of the farmers to the benefits to bo derived from well selected seed.
Recently I have been convinced that the seed sent out should be of a more select character, and be confined as to varie ties. With this end in view I have endeavored to direct the attention of the farmers more especiall3;r to small grains, to encourage diversification, and to tobacco, to ascertain if this branch of agriculture can be pursued with profit. In regard to the latter the result promises to be gratifying. Some parts of the state (as Decatur county) have for a number of years profitably grown tobacco of the Spanish type, but the extent of this weed has never been sufficiently tested. The number of experimental patches, and large areas, where tobacco grow ing is being tried, will, I believe, when the present crop is gathered and cured, show what types are best adapted to the different sections of our State.
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At Tiftou, C}rcloneta and the experiment farm the quantity and varieties grown, wdth the care taken, will furnish very thorough test. With the result, I trust, of illustrating the fact, that Georgia farmers need not rely on cotton alone as a money crop. '
LITERATURE.
During the first year of my administration in sending out the wmrk of the department and the report of the condition of crops I adopted the former custom of the office of sending out crop supplements to the papers, and of distribution in pam phlet form. The former method was expensive and did not, in my opinion, reach the farmer in such a shape as to encour age its reading, in many cases the supplement being mislaid or cast aside wdien the paper was opened. In lieu of this sup plement I ascertained that the wmekly press would be glad to take the work of the department in plate form. These plates I found could be obtained at about one-third the cost of the old supplement and would, in the press, put the wmrk of the de partment in the hands of as many readers. This system was then adopted, saving the department about $200 per month, and giving the work to the public in more .readable form.
EXPERIMENT STATION.
In many quarters complaints have been made against the Station on the ground that the expenditures were too great for the amount of good done. These complaints are generally based on the supposition that the fund that supports the Sta tion is appropriated by the State, wdien, in fact, it is derived from the General Government, and it does not appear to me reasonable that any part of our people should wish not to re ceive, or permit the farmers to receive, the benefit from an ap propriation made by the United States. As required by law7, the essential part of the work of the Station has been repro duced in the reports of this department. That many of these experiments are valuable there can be no doubt, if the results
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of systematic culture and fertilization of various characters are of any benefit to the farmer. That many are unable to avail themselves of the benefit of the experiment is doubtless true, hut the lessons taught remain the same. The Commissioner of Agriculture is ex officio chairman of the Board of Directors of the Station. The board, which is appointed by your Excel lency, is made up of successful farmers from each congressional district in the State. The efforts of these gentlemen have been to make the Station beneficial to every class of farmers, and to illustrate to our farmers what can be done in certain branches of agriculture. As the head of the department, my voice in the affairs of the Station is only imperative in case of a disagreement resulting in a tie between the other directors, but the present policy of conducting the Station has been agreed upon after general consultation among the directors. The establishment of a dairy and the experiments in tobacco I especially advocated, as tending to show the capabili ties of Georgia outside of our previous agricultural policy. The line now being pursued will, I believe, result in great benefit, and I hope our farmers will endeavor to profit by the experience of the farm established for their benefit.
A word in this report as to the way in which the station was established may not be amiss. The land was donated by the people of Spalding county, and the State has appropriated $15,000, expended principally for improvements of a perma nent character, as the Government appropriation permits only a small portion of its annual appropriation to be used for that purpose. The ten thousand dollars came out of the fees arising from the inspection of fertilizers, and so was no addition to the general tax. The Station is operated and maintained by $15,000 annually set aside by congress for that purpose. .

THE INSPECTION OF FERTILIZER.

The imperative necessity for laws governing the inspection of commercial fertilizers has been recognized by the legislative bodies of nearly all the States. The first law passed, on this
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subject, in Georgia, was in 1868. Being of an experimental character it was inadequate to protest against various frauds that might be sought to be perpetrated, and so framed that the subsequent large business that developed would have afforded immense revenue to the officials executing the law. Under this law the inspector, or party drawing the sample, was at the same time the chemist making the analysis. It was the duty of these officers, when requested, to inspect fertilizers at any point within the State, and to furnish certificates of such in spection. It was made unlawful for any person to sell fertilizers without such certificate of inspection, for making which the inspector received fifty cents a ton. The Actcreatingthis system provided for no general supervision of the work of the inspec tors, each being an independent officer in that section of the State in which he was located. Uaturally, therefore, when the Actof 1874,creating the Department of Agriculture, was passed the head of this Department was placed in charge of all inspec tions. The use of fertilizers rapidly increasing the necessity for a change in the law became apparent and to meet this the Act of 1877 was passed. Could this law have been so executed as to have each shipment inspected the protection would have been ample, but the consumption became so large that inspec tions in bulk were made to facilitate business. These in spections afforded no sufficient protection, as the goods re maining in the hands of the manufacturer after the sample was drawn were subject to subsequent adulteration and manipula tion, in which event the analysis of the sample would not represent the goods sold. Recognizing this when I came into office, I endeavored to avoid this class of inspections by passing an order directing all inspections to be made after the goods were sacked and ready for shipment. With the force at the com mand of the Department it was found impossible to make all inspections in this way, and that inspections in bulk were un avoidable that the business might be conducted without delay. Realizing the insufficiency of these inspections I presented a bill to the last General Assembly which made a radical
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change in the system. This hill became the law and does, I believe, furnish a perfect protection against any ordinary effort to place spurious goods on the market and renders any class of fraud almost certain of detection. Already, under its opera tion, honest errors made by manufacturers in sacking goods have been discovered and the mistakes rectified to the advan tage of the farmers.
The provisions of the new law are such that the manufact urer or dealer who sells goods below the State standard, places himself in danger of rendering void all transactions for the year, and of having the State prohibited for subsequent sales. The opportunities and chances for detection are so great that no dealer or manufacturer would risk the great loss entailed by discovery of illegitimate sales for the sake of the benefits that would be derived from fraudulent transactions. The act totally abolishes all inspections in bulk, and all inspec tions are made after the goods leave the hands of the manufact urer or dealer. Briefly stated, it provides that all manufact urers or dealers must register the guaranteed analysis of the brand of a fertilizer they sell or propose to offer for sale. This guarantee is placed on record in the office and is also branded on the sack, that purchasers may ascertain without difficulty the standard up to which the goods must come. In order to maintain a high standard, the law also requires all ammoniated goods to contain two per cent, of ammonia, with a total of eight per cent, of available phosphoric acid and potash. To give further protection, and to better enable purchasers by name and without reference to the guarantee to know something of the goods purchased, I passed an order, under the power conferred by the bill, requiring all fertilizers offered for registration, inspection or sale branded as either of the fol lowing:-' Ammoniated Superphosphate, Ammoniated Dis solved Bone, Ammoniated Guano, Guano, Fertilizer, or in other words, implying that the same is an ammoniated super phosphate. The guaranteed analysis must claim that it con

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tains not less than two per cent, of ammonia (actual or po tential).
After registration the manufacturer or dealer may order as manj7 tags as. he sees proper, specifying upon what brand or brands they are to bo used. These tags are now more prop erly speaking, registration tags as they do not signify that the fertilizer has been actually sampled, but only that the condi tions precedent to selling or offering for sale have been com plied with. 'When the sales are made it is the duty of the manufacturer to notify the Department of the number of tons, the name of the consignee and where shipped. A failure on the part of manufacturers to comply with these conditions renders the sale absolutely void. The inspectors are directed where to make inspections, as each sale is recorded in the office. They are also sent out on general trips through the terri tory assigned them, taking samples wherever found and reporting to the Department the name of the brands, with the guaranteed analysis found on the sack. While samples are not taken from every shipment, the fact that a large number are drawn in every part of the State, and the inability of the manufacturer to tell from what samples analysis will be made, upon which de pends his future business in the State and his collections, fur nishes, we believe, a perfect safeguard.
In regard to the price of fertilizers in the State, it is gratify ing to report that our farmers are able to purchase at as small cost as in any State in the Union. Our to<inage tax is so low as not to be considered in making the selling price, which was not the case while the tax remained at fifty cents per ton. While the tax is only ten cents per ton, it will be seen by the receipts from this source that a sufficient sum is raised to main tain the entire inspection system, and without taxation, pro tect our farmers from many frauds and impositions. Did the manufacturer add ten cents to every ton of goods sold, the farmers could well afford to pay this small fee to insure him against adulterated and spurious goods, and secure for him a service that would otherwise cost from ten to fifteen dollars.
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So firmly am I convinced of the necessity of a thorough sys tem of inspection that, were it necessary to support it by gen eral taxation, I believe the State would be compensated by the amount saved from burdensome litigation that would result did no such system exist. However, the present tonnage tax has proven far better than any other method and, supporting itself, adds several thousand dollars annually to the school fund of the State.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE FERTILIZER DEPART MENT FOR YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 1892.

Total amount received for tags. Salaries...................................... Traveling expenses................... Tags and checks....................... Expressage, etc......................... Net receipts............................... Covered in Treasury................. On hand.....................................

......................................... $23,726 25 ....................$ 6,066 68 .................... 1,469 34 .................... 5,827 93 .................... 167 34 .................... 10,194 96-$23,726 25 $ 6,206 35 . 3,988 61--$10,194 96

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FROM NOVEMBER 10, 1890, TO OCTOBER 1, 1891.
Total number of tons inspected....................................... ...................... 298,799.8
Fees collected........................................................................................... $29,879 98 Inspection tags.................................................................. $ 6,476 29 Express charges on tags, etc.............................................. 537 24 Traveling and other expenses of Inspectors.................... 1,944 79 Amount covered into Treasury......................................... 20,701 66 Due from Inspectors........................................................... 220 00--$29,879 98

INSPECTIONS OF OILS.

An important change in the law relative to the fees derived from the inspection of oils has been made since the beginning of my administration. The new law met my approbation and support, as under its operation the State derives a revenue and the inspectors are fully compensated for the work performed. Prior to this act the inspectors received all the fees collected from inspections, which in the case of inspectors located in large cities afforded compensation out of proportion to the work performed ; now they are limited to $125.00 per month,
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the remainder being covered into the treasury. As inspectors were term officers, who could be removed only for cause, and as present incumbents could not be affected by the change, in 1891 only a few inspectors were required to account for any part of their fees, which explains the great difference between the revenue from this source in 1891 and in 1892. In full op eration it is safe to say that the school fund will derive annu ally from this source $14,000 to $15,000.
The oil companies have apparently willingly complied with the law, objecting only to inspection when oil was stored in the State for subsequent shipment. Believing the law was not instituted as a method of taxation and a source of revenue, but rather as a police regulation to protect life and property from explosions which might result from oil in storage as well as from oil on sale, I directed such oil to he inspected. The opinion of the Attorney-General being requested, the question w'as submitted to him and his decision rendered, that such oils were subject to inspection. Later the matter wras carried into the courts, where it is now pending.
A number of complaints have been made to the department in regard to the burning qualities of oil brought into the State. This does not depend on the fire-test, which may come up to the highest standard and at the same time the oil fail to be consumed in such a way as to give a good light.
Under my direction Mr. Joyner visited Hawkinsville, where a number of complaints had been made, to see if it was in the power of the department to remedy it. The samples obtained were properly tested and it was ascertained that while the firetest wms up to the State's standard, the specific gravity of the oil was too great for it to be carried up by the wick in suffi cient quantities to supply the flame. The department used the only pow'er in its command in calling the attention of the com pany to the poor burning quality of the oil, and I am pleased to state that they consented to reship it and replace it wdth oil of a better quality.
In the following tables will be found a statement of the fees
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collected by inspectors, with the amount covered into the treasury:

OILS-RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES--1890 1891.

INSPECTORS.
O. T. Rogers, Savannah.................................. Thos. Hardeman, Macon................................ Jas. S. Lawton, Atlanta................................... P. W. Fleming, Brunswick............................. A. F. Woolley, Rome...................................... W. H. Barrett, Augusta............... .................. H. B. Lyle, Athens.......................................... Pearce House, Dalton....................................... W. A. Wiley, Madison................ ......... .......... D. F. Davenport, Americas ............................. J. R. McAfee, Dalton....................................... Thos. J. Lyon, Rome........................................ Jno. W. Nelms, Atlanta.................................. Jerre Hollis, Macon........ ................................. J. W. Murphey, Columbus.............................. H. T. Long, Darien...........................................

NO. GALS. OIL.
878,337 242,747 340,873 99,079 64,115 473,050 121,587 12,240
1,477 60,488 24,219 87,049 807,689 217,013 338,891
1,803

AMT. FEES.
$ 4,360 47 1,205 63 1,660 50 667 81 383 59 2,365 53 662 61 122 40 13 50 302 44 156 78 438 51 3,925 11 1,082 53 1,697 63 17 50

3,760,657

$19,112 54

Amount Paid State Treasurer Oct. 1, 1890, to Oct. 1, 1891....... ....... .... 2,567 45

URES--1891-1892.

INSPECTORS.
O. T. Rogers, Savannah........... Peter Rielly, Savannah............ W. H. Barrett, Augusta........... J. W. Nelms, Atlanta.............. T. J. Lyon, Rome..................... J. W. Murphy, Columbus...... Jere Hollis, Macon................... P. W. Fleming, Brunswick...... J. R. Lyle, Athens.................... J. R. McAfee, Dalton............... D F. Davenport, Americas..... ,T. C. Nisbet, Rising Fawn....... W. A. Wiley, Madison............ E. E. Kimbrough, Gainesville .
Z. J. Odom, Albany..................

NO. GALS. OIL.
128,530 .. 1,535,966
442,936 .. 1,163,684
114,177 347,169 401,460 152,940 138,793 37,056 48,327 10,123
2,076 12,556 7,000

AMT. FEES.
$ 642 65 7,680 26 2,221 16 5,824 79 570 24 1,737 24 2,008 69 764 72 777 57 185 38 235 53 14) 17 20 00 62 74 35 00

Amount paid State Oct. 1, 1891, to Oct. 1, 1892. 200

.. 4,542,793

$22,912 14 .. 13,451 19

ANNUAL REPORT--1892.

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In view of the opposition with which the department has been at times confronted, I desire to call your Excellency's particular attention to the fact, that the fees from the inspec tion of those articles that are under the supervision of this department are more than ample to meet the entire amount expended for its support. The net receipts from the inspection of fertilizers, after paying all expenses of tags and inspectors, it will be seen were in 1891 and 1892, $10,194.96 ; from oils, $13,451.19, a total of $23,546.15, exceeding the salaries of all the employees of the Department, the State Chemist, his assistants, and expenses, and the general fund appropriated for the use of the department, $3,246.15.
The report of the State Chemist for 1891 is not reproduced in this report, and should your Excellency desire to consult it it can be found in Bulletin 16, of this department. In this Bul letin and in Bulletin 22 appeared tabulated statements of the con sumption of fertilizers since the department was established.

GENERAL REVIEW.
In giving in this report a general outline of the agricultural outlook in the State, I regret to record that during the two years of my administration the conditions have been anything but fa vorable, and our farmers have been depressed and disheartened. At no time since the war has the price of our staple crop, cot ton, been so low. The low price ruling in the market is, be yond question, due to overproduction. Speculation may, at times, have depressed the market or given it an unnatural im petus, but the surplus remaining in the hands of the producer has been the ruling factor in making prices. While crops have varied one year to another, affected by favorable and unfavorable seasons, yet, compared byr decades, the story is one of increased acreage and production and decreased price. In 1866-7 the total crop in the United States was 2,233,000 bales; the average price in New York, per pound, 31J cents ; total value, $297,810,000,
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estimated number of acres planted, 6,291,768. In 1870-71 the total crop was 4,347,317 bales ; price in Hew York, 17 cents per pound; value of crop, $330,775,000 ; number of acres, 8,666,227. In 1880-81 the total crop was 6,605,750 : average price in Hew York, Ilf cents ; total value of crop, $356,525,000 ; acres planted, 16,000,000. In 1890-91, total number of bales, 8,652,000 ; average price in Hew York, 9 cents; total value of crop, $429,792,000 ; number of acres planted, 20.000,000. The con sumption during three years, as shown by Shepperson, was as follows ; In 1866-67, Great Britain, 1,216,000 bales ; the Conti nent, 314,000 bales ; Horthern mills, 573,000 ; Southern mills, 150,000 bales.
Four years later, in 1870-71, Great Britain, 2,368,000 ; the Continent, 800,000 ; Horthern mills, 1,072,000; Southern mills, 91,000. Of this crop, 4,331,000 were taken by manufacto ries, leaving a surplus of only 16,000. In 1880-81, Great Britain's taking was 2,882,000 bales; the Continent, 1,713,000 bales ; Southern mills, 230,000, leaving 98,000 in the hands of producers. In 1890-91, Great Britain's taking was 3,346,000 bales; the Continent, 2,446,000 bales; Horthern mills, 2,027,000; Southern mills, 620,000, leaving in the hands of pro ducers 236,000 bales.
There are many salutary lessons to be learned from these figures. Manufacturers have ransacked the world for consumers but still a surplus remains on hand, until we find a crop, costing three times as much as one in the earlier days after the war, bringing in the market but little more money, at the same time, wasting our land and diverting it from the uses to which it ought to be devoted.
The world, it would seem, from a review of the figures, has about'$400,000,000 to pay for its cotton clothing, and this sum will be paid as quickly for a crop of five million as for a crop of eight million. It remains then with the cotton growers of the South whether they will continue to plant at a loss, or, taught by facts and figures and by bitter experience, so con duct their farms as to be able to obtain remunerative prices from
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their money crop. The question is one of vital importance,

which the heads of Agricultural Departments of cotton States

seem to realize. Early in the year Commissioner Q-odwin, of

Tennessee, called a meeting of all the Commissioners of Agri

culture at Memphis, Tenn., that some action might be taken.

Personally I was unable to attend on account of previous en

gagement, and at my request Mr. Felix Corput, of Floyd

county, represented this Department. At the meeting no direct

plan was devised to secure the end desired, but I have no doubt

that concert of action in urging a reduction of the acreage em

phasized to our farmers its absolute necessity, and brought

prominently before them the imperative demand for self-sustain

ing farms. In replying to a letter from Mr. Cod win, request

ing my views on the situation, I dwelt on the importance of

i small farms operated by the owner as a means to secure per

manent reduction of the cotton acreage ; and in my first address

before the State Agricultural Society, on this subject, I said :

"Permit me, as one of your number, who for years floundered

in the pitfalls and sloughs of our agricultural mistakes, to sug

gest that we reduce our farms. Farming on a lar'ge scale de

mands a large financial backing, a bank account that will stand

the strain of occasional failure. As long as the big plantation

continues, with tenants working on shares or rentingby the year,

so long will the South be compelled to get her meat and bread

and mules from the West. The hope of the South, agricultu

rally speaking, is in the smaller farms and diversified crops.

Is it not better to prepare and cultivate thoroughly fifty acres

than to scratch over a hundred ? Does it not seem folly to pay

taxes on land that brings a hale to three acres, when, by a lit

tle more foretliought, a little more attention to detail, and_ the

same labor, we can get a bale from one acre.

Let us then reduce the farms, cultivate only such lands and

crops as we find profitable, encourage immigration, get rid of

the tenant system as soon as possible, and in its place substi

tute that of small farms. This can be done by selling to en

terprising tenants on easy terms much of the land we can not

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now cultivate successfully. In these bona fide land-owners we will have a class that will soon feel and appreciate all the attachment which the word home awakens in the human heart.
To illustrate, contrast France, the country of small farms and small industries, shouldering and paying a war debt which would have staggered stouter hearts, and Ireland, suffer ing Ireland, at the mercy of alien landlords and with a ten antry almost without hope.
To these view's I still adhere, believing that superiority of western lands demands small self-sustaining farms in Georgia, that the fertility of our soil may be restored and the impoverish ment of land that nearly always follows cultivation at the hands of those who have no interest in material permanent im provement may cease. Further maintaining that a reduction of the cotton acreage could far more easily be secured from far mers asking results from years to come, than from tenant far mers asking results only for to-morrow.
To the cotton growers of Georgia and the South Atlantic States, at what pince cotton can be raised at a profit in Texas with its tremendous resources, and in the valley of the Missis sippi with its ever-productive soil, are questions of greatest moment, for above that it can hardly be hoped that the cot ton market will go except.when swayed by speculation.
The enormous increase in acreage is due to the opening up of these sections, and the Georgia farmer will be compelled to use every energy and husband every resource if he wishes to cultivate cotton at a profit. Every method of fertilization, rotation and cultivation should be earefuly studied, wdth the end always in viewr of reducing the cost of making to the lewd est possible figure. This Department has constantly, through the publications issued, called the attention of our farmers to these things, and from authoritative statements of those in a position to know7 it can be asserted that there has been a reduction in the cotton acreage in our State.
Similar reports come from other States, and I trust that the result will show that the decrease in the yield this year is due
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not alone to the inferior yield but to a cutting down of the acreage and a realization by the southern planters of the prob lems that confront them.

CONDITION OF COTTON.
The reports sent to this Department in regard to the pros pective yield are of the most gloomy character. While insect pests, which have so often damaged the prospect, have appeared in but few localities, yet the seasons have been such that a full yield was impossible. Kain and sunshine have been un equally distributed, and excessive wet weather has been fol lowed by drouth, resulting in rust and a poorly fruited crop.

CKKEALS.
The yield of wheat this year has been exceedingly fine, and I trust that interest may again be revived in this crop. In 1882 the acreage sown in wheat was 510,000, while in 1891 it was only 309,743.
The falling off in acreage was due to constant failures, until many farmers in those portions of the State best adapted to grain became convinced that wheat could no longer be success fully grown. For years throughout iMorth Georgia a good yield could nearly always be expected, and to what the failures of recent years are due becomes a question of interesting study.

OATS.
The oat crops of the past two years have been exceedingly variable, the yield being fine in some sections and exceedingly poor in others.
CORN AND FORAGE.
Distressed as our farmers have been over the cotton situa tion, it is gratifying to note the large yield of corn and forage plants last year and assurance of an average yield this year. All over the State an increased acreage is reported, and with an abundance of food for man and beast our farmers should take heart, and with renewed efforts go to work to upbuild
20--i

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

our homes, renew our lands, and profiting by former disaster, living on the products of our own soil, raise cotton as an independent crop.
TOBACCO.

In that part of this report relating to seed I have called atten tion to the interest manifested in tobacco culture. To foster this interest the Department has done every thing in its power, and in its publications issued the best and most improved methods of cultivation, gathering and curing have been given I have no doubt that a large part of our State is adapted to the plant, and I hope with the requisite experience a number of our farmers will be able to make this their money crop. The suc cessful growing of tobacco and all the processes necessary to place it on the market require close business management, and the success of the planter will depend largely on his attention to the details of the business.

HOPS.

A number of inquiries have been made at the Department

in regard to hop culture, and while some writers have placed north of latitude 40 degrees as the boundary of its successful cultivation, yet from the yield when grown here for family use I doubt their correctness. Individual experiments are promised by these inquirers which, should they prove successful, will develop a new industry in our agriculture and furnish employ

ment for women and girls.

E. T. NESBITT, Commissioner.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.
Laboratory of the State Chemist, State Capitol.
Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 6th, 1892. Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner of Agriculture, State of Georgia.
Dear Sir.--The location of the State Chemist being required by you to be in the State capitol, upon my appointment in November, 1890, my whole laboratory was moved from Macon to Atlanta.
200

ANy UAL KEPORT--1892.

21

That it was highly important that the State Chemist should be lo cated in the capitol was recognized by your predecessor in office, who passed an order to that effect but for some reason it was after wards rescinded. I found that no provision whatever had been made in the arrangement of the building for the work of the State Chemist. The rooms which were available for the work, required flooring, work tables, shelving, furniture, water pipes, gas pipes and drainage, and of the laboratory said to have been once owned by the State I found nothing but a lot of dismantled debris. Upon calling attention of the legislature to the condition of affairs they promptly appropriated $489.00 for plumbing, flooring and shelving.
The amount of work required of the State Chemist of Georgia to properly protect the farmers in the purchase of fertilizers is larger in this State than in any other in the Union. To accomplish their work the State Chemists of some of the other States have three and even four assistants.
Appropriations of from five hundred to one thousand dollars a year were made by the legislature to replenish apparatus and chem icals until the removal of the work from Atlanta to the State Uni versity, some years ago. The work is now about six times as large as it was at that time, and was increased by the last legislature by the passage of the Calvin and Ellington bills.
That one man can do this work in the time required and do it properly is a physical impossibility. This matter was thoroughly gone over by the last legislature who decided that the State Chemist should have two assistants at one thousand dollars each per annum, and one thousand dollars to replenish apparatus and chemicals.
The State Chemist is not fully reimbursed even by this amount. During the season of 1890-1891 my assistants' salaries amounted to $2,206.00 and replenishing apparatus and chemicals to $1,265.76. These amounts were paid from my own pocket, but were afterwards repaid by an act of the legislature.
The analysis of fertilizers is a matter involving many millions of dollars to farmers and manufacturers, and onl}?- experienced chemists can do the work properly. $1,000.00 per annum is a salary at which it is difficult to get proper men.
I give my assistants more than this, paying the difl'erence out of my own salary. The State not providing a porter, I also employ one at my personal expense. It is his duty to cleanse the large

207

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEOR(ilA.

amount of soiled apparatus which accumulates each day from the labors of three chemists.
The work of no assistant is made use of until I find he is thor oughly competent by repeated analyses made side by side with my own. Besides this each chemical and solution used in the labora tory is tested and standardized by myself, and every analysis, includ ing those made by the assistants, has my close attention and super vision, every figure being gone over personally.
The methods of analysis always used are those adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of the United States, which are considered the best throughout the world.
Fertilizers are sent to me by number only and they are all worked exactly alike.
It is customary in other States, and has been the custom in this, for the State Chemist to make occasional analyses for fertilizer man ufacturers to enable them to compound their goods in the proper proportions. Valuable as such work must be to the manufacturers, I have felt it best to refuse such analyses, and all such samples which come to my office are respectfully referred to other chemists.
The season just passed has been an unusual one in the history of the Department of Agriculture. The low prices of cotton and the financial depression of the country caused an uneasiness and want of confidence which made dealers slow to make contracts and man ufacturers but little inclined to sell. During the months of Octo ber and November but few goods were inspected, and it was notuntil January that fertilizer manufacturers began to accept the situa tion and to actively contest for the business. The competition be came so vigorous that cuts in prices were made in many directions and the general prices of mixed fertilizers ranged lower than last season, although the crude material used in their manufacture remained at about last year's figures.
During the work of this season no sample of goods has been en countered which fell below the requirements of the State's fertilizer law. Last year four such samples were analyzed, and their names published in the bulletins of the Department. Last season a num ber of brands ran below their guarantees on potash, and though from two to five samples were analyzed of each of these goods they all continued to run Igw. This season there has been a marked improvement in potash, and guarantees have been admirably sus-

208

ANNUAL REPORT--1892.
tained. These two facts will illustrate the great protection afforded the farmer by their inspections and analyses.
Last yearjthe percentages of ammonia generally ran well above their guarantees, this season there has been a marked tendency to barely meet guarantees on this valuable ingredient. This has prob ably been caused in the majority of cases by the desire of the man ufacturers to'meet the reductions in the selling price by a corre sponding reduction in the cost of manufacture.
Although it was not until January that samples began to come in freely from one to five analysis have been furnished of every fer tilizer inspected in the State.
This work has been completed much sooner than has been custo mary, in spite of the great delay of samples in coming in at the ear lier part of the season. It has only been possible, however, to ac complish it thus promptly and thoroughly by the whole force in my laboratory working two hours after office hours every working day, and, including holidays, with the exception of Sundays.
The number of analyses made during the season were as follows:
Acid Phosphate............................................................................ 101 Acid Phosphate with Ammonia................................................. 19 Acid Paosphate with Potasli..................................................... 52 Acid Phosphates with Ammonia and Potash (complete fer
tilizers)....................................................................................... 621 Potash Salts................................... .............................................. 28 Cotton Seed Meals....................................................................... 50 Chemicals not otherwise enumerated........................................ 18 Fertilizers under the Ellington Rill............... ........................... 6 Minerals........................................................................................ 256 Mineral Waters'.......................................................................... 7 Marls.................... ....................................................................... 18 Natural Phosphates.................................................................... 57
1238
Very respectfully, George F. Payne, State Chemist.

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES.
State oe Geobgia, Department ok Agriculture. Office ok Superintendent of Fisheries.
LaGrange, Ga., Oct. 17,1892.
Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner Agriculture:
I herewith submit my eighth biennial report, covering the time since my last report, dated Oct. 20th, 1890. The same regret is now, as then, expressed, that the very limited appropriation at the disposal of the department has limited and embarrassed this im portant work. Still it is believed that the best possible use of these limited means has steadil}1- advanced the work of the Fish Commis sion, and that fish culture now is no longer regarded as an experi ment, but a safe means of cheapening and increasing the food sup ply. The work of the last few years has demonstrated these facts.
Shad.--The success attending the artificial propagation of shad during the last decade has been 'simply remarkable. Ten years ago no shad were found in any river in this State except those emp tying into the Atlantic ocean, but by the artificial methods resorted to they are now found in all the rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, as well as those emptying into the Atlantic. It has been mentioned in former reports that shad were not found in rivers emptying into the Gulf until artificially planted.
In this connection it may be mentioned that no shad were found in the rivers emptying into the Pacific till artificially planted a few years ago. I beg leave to submit a statement taken from a letter of Mr. Eugene G. Blackford, of New York City, an eminent fish culturist long connected with the New York and United States Fish Commissions:
" Having returned a few days ago from a twelve-weeks' trans continental trip which included the Yosemite Valley and Yellow stone Park, I can say that the most gratifying thing of the whole journey was to find shad so plentiful in the fish markets of San Francisco that it was selling at one and one-half to two cents per pound at wholesale. To find magnificent specimens weighing as much as fifteen pounds each was something to make a fish culturist boil over with enthusiasm.
Previous to 1880 the shad was an unknown species in the waters of the Pacific. At about that time the late Prof. Baird, who was
210

ANNUAL REPORT--]892.

25

then United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, employed the services of Mr. Seth Green, Superintendent of the New York Fish Commission. Mr. Green took a car load of young shad that had just been hatched in the tludson and successfully transported them across the continent and planted them in the waters of the Sacramento river. The shad multiplied and flourished remarka bly. They are fully equal to our own in flavor and appearance and are greatly prized by the people.
It is also gratifying to find in the same markets splendid speci mens of striped bass. This is another fish that is not indigenous to the waters of the western coast, and the present supply is the result of placing 1,500 small striped bass fry in the waters of the Pacific a few years ago. They were collected by the writer at the request of the United States Fish Commission. They have flour ished remarkably. One wyas noted that weighed fifteen pounds, which is a great w'eight, considering that they have been in their present waters so short a time. Striped bass sells at fifteen cents per pound, and it is only necessary for the Californian to become better acquainted with its merits as a table fish, when it will sell for at least the same prices that rule in our own markets.
This great success in the establishment of two such valuable food fish in the waters of the Pacific should convince the most skeptical of the great value to the country at large of fish-culture as fostered and prosecuted by the United States Fish Commission.
During the last two years, by the aid of the United States Fish Commission, we have been able to plant many millions of shad fry in the rivers of Georgia; and there is now no difficulty in get ting abundance of milters and spawners for the purpose of artificial propagation. And as the artificial propagation of shad is no longer an experiment, the Legislature is respectfully asked to make an ap propriation sufficient to establish a hatchery on a large scale at some point in the State. We should annually plant fifty million of shad fry in the waters of Georgia, and at an expense of one-fourth of one cent to each inhabitant this can be done, and it needs no ar gument to show that it would be the best possible investment to cheapen the food supply to the people of Georgia.
The methods and appliances for such hatchings have wonderfully improved and cheapened in the last few years, so that shad may now be hatched at an expense of, probably, not over seven cents per thousand. I have taken occasion in former reports to call to your
211

2(>

DEPARTMENT OF AGRK'U-LTURF--GEORGIA.

attention to this fact: that the geographical distribution of our rivers is admirably adapted to the propagation of anadromous (migratory) fishes, and particularly the shad, which is well-known to be peculiarly adapted to our waters. I beg leave here to repro>duce a paragraph from one of said reports :
" Beginning at the Savannah river, which fortunately is under the exclusive control of Georgia, extending westward across the State, we meet in turn, the Ogeechee, the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, the last two uniting and forming the Altamaha a few miles from the Atlantic ocean, and all these emptying into the same ; next, the Flint and Chattahoochee, uniting near the extreme limit of the State, and forming the Apalachicola, which empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee, from West Point down, as far as Alabama is concerned, forms the western boundary of Georgia, and, like the Savannah, is exclusively under the control of this State. Near West Point this river ceases to be the boundar}^ of this State, but having its headwaters in the extreme northeastern part of the State, among the mountains of that region, where it can almost shake hands with the headwaters of the Savannah, it passes diago nally across the State nearly parallel rvith the Air Line and Atlanta and West Point railroads, being but a few miles from Gainesville and Newnan, and six or seven miles from Atlanta. The Etowah and Oostanaula, with their confluence at the city'of Rome, by their numerous ramifications, liberally supply Northwest Georgia. At Rome they form the Coosa, which empties into the Alabama, which flows finally into the Gulf of Mexico. These rivers being so uni formly distributed over the State, and our system of railroads gen erally crossing them, would make the distribution of fish from the rivers very easy. To illustrate : a line drawn from Augusta by Ma con to Columbus, would pass through sixteen counties, every one, with-a single exception, touching a railroad."
The rivers here alluded to, as well as nearly every one in the State, have more or less obstructions to the passage of anadromous fishes to their spawning grounds. These obstructions consist, in the main, of dams constructed for milling or manufacturing purposes. Fortunately science has pointed out a way to keep passage open without injury to the property invested in such mills or manufac tories. This is done by the construction of fish-ways, over or through such dams or obstructions. From very careful observation, extend ing nearly the entire length of the Atlantic coast, and, I may add,

ANNUAL KEPORT--

so mnch of our coast as rests on the Gulf of Mexico, 1 am satisfied that the shad is the only anadromous fish, with perhaps one or two exceptions, that would be profitable for us to attempt to propagate.
There are seven or eight other streams suitable-for shad propaga tion rising in the southern and southeastern parts of the State, some emptying into the Gulf, others into the Atlantic ocean, and, as will
be seen from the following statements, nearly, if not all, have re ceived plantings of shad.
I am much gratified to be able to state that since my last report that the catch of shad has very largely increased in nearly all the rivers of the State. I will state that shad have been caught in the Withlacoochee river, near Quitman, one of the rivers rising in lower Georgia, and passing through Florida, emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Specimens of them were identified as the true Atlantic shad. During the two years since my last report the United States Fish Commission has furnished us with 12,838,4.50 shad fry, which have been planted at times and places as designated below :

STATEMENT SHOWING THE DEPOSITS OF SHAD FRY IN THE WATERS OF GEORGIA BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COM MISSION DURING THE SEASON OF LX91 AND 1892.

DATE.

I

j

WATERS STOCKED.

PLACE OF DE POSIT'.

NUMBER PLANTED.

May 2f>, 1891.......... May 8, 1891.............
May 9. 1891 ............ May 10, 1891........... May 10, 1891........... May 10, 1891........... Mav 10, 1891........... April 30, 1891.........
April 80, 1891......... April 30, 1891.......... May 2, 1891............. Mav 2, 1891............. May 8, 1891............. May 7, 1891............. May 19, 1892............ Mav 21, 1892........... May 21, 1892...........

Satilla river..................... Waycross........... Savannah river............... Augusta............. iOemulgee river............... Macon................ Ockloclmee river............ Ocklocknee........ Alapaha river.................. Alapaha............. Withlacoochee rivei....... Quitman............ Withlacoochee river....... Quitman............. Oemulgee river............... Macon................ White Water creek........ Butler................ Flint river....................... Reynolds............ Savannah river............... Augusta............. Savannah river............... Augusta............. Chattahoochee river...... West Point........ Chattahoochee river....... Bolton................ Chattahoochee river....... West Point........ Savannah river............... Augusta............. Oemulgee river.............. Macon................

285,000 300,000 239,500 700,000 540,000 513,000
513,000 931,600 558,000 558,000 785,800 785,800 946,750 637,000 925,000
1,220,000 900,000

12,338,450

It is recommended that the legislature make an appropriation sufficient to establish a large shad hatchery at some point in the
213

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. State. The only requisite in locality is a sufficiency of water of the requisite purity, as it is now known that shad eggs can be trans ported long distances from the place of the capture of the milters and spawners, with entire safety to the hatchery.
In view of our magnificent system of rivers, and the great facili ties now at the control of fish culturists, a proposition of Euclid is not more easily demonstated than the fact that the State of Georgia would derive enormous benefits from the use of the appropriation mentioned.
German Carr.--This fish has come to Georgia to stay. The trial of over a decade has been quite satisfactory. It is estimated that over five thousand ponds have been stocked in Georgia. This has been largely through the aid of the United States Fish Commission, as well as the planting of many thousands of fry in the open waters of the State. These are increasing rapidly and helping to increase the food supply. Numerous applications are on file in my office for young carp for stocking fish ponds, and as complete drainage is indispensable for the successful culture of this fish in ponds, I will take this occasion to again call attention to a drainage apparatus devised by myself, and now used in my ponds, as well as in many others in this and other States. The great importance of the sub ject induces me to introduce the cut and description as heretofore published.
The wood cut represents this simple apparatus that is recoin-

ANNUAL REPORT--1892.

I'S)

mended, a is a wooden box running crosswise through the dam,, from the lowest point in the kettle, so that it will insure the com plete emptying of the pond, made of heart pine plank, being twelve inches wide and two thick, securely nailed together. The upright part, b, is of the same material and size and joins it at right angles, and of sufficient length to extend some distance above the water line. This is made secure to the horizontal portion, and it will be a great advantage to give the whole a dressing of coal tar. The side of the upright next to the end is left open and narrow strips are nailed to the uprights on the inside to constitute grooves for the gate pieces c e c r, d is a strainer of wire secured in a frame of the same size as the gate pieces c. When it is desired to empty the pond,, remove the highest gate piece r, and substitute the strainer d. When the water line is lowered to the next gate-piece, remove it and substitute the strainer for it, as in the first instance, and so on until the water is drawn down nearly to the collector, then the mud can be removed from the collector, the fish dispersing while this is being done. The water can then be drawn off until the fish are drawn into the collector or kettle, when they can be readily re moved with the dip net, when the last gate-piece can be taken out, and the kettle completely emptied. The only defect is in making the gates tight. If the water supply is abundant this is of no con sequence, as the leakage would not allow the small fish to pass out, and still might constitute a part of the overflow. But if the water supply is limited, this might lower the pond at the time when you could not afford to loose any water. Fortunately this defect can be easily remedied. Prepare a plank of the size of the opening of the box a, let it be green lumber so that it will not swell; to prevent its being withdrawn, pass this down along the side of the upright b, so it will include the opening in a, then b can be filled with sawdust for a foot or two, and a little dirt, if necessary, which will entirely stop the leakage.
Recent advices from the United States Fish Commission informs us that the commission will furnish us sufficient fry to supply all applicants, also that a limited amount of the Rock Bass, a compar atively new fish, it is believed well adapted to our waters, will be furnished.
Oyster Culture.--In former reports attention has frequently been called to the subject. It is a matter of congratulation that the legislature took up this subject and passed an oyster law. This,
215

::()

i)EPARTMENT OF A(-}RIOULTURE--GEORGIA.

with some amendments which A^'ill be found necessary, will be of

great benefit to the State.

California Salmon.--The attempt to stock some of the rivers

of this State has resulted in failure. The reports from other Fish

Commissioners show the same to be true of all the South Atlantic

States.

Brook Trout.--A few of the most northern counties may have

water of sufficiently low temperature to propagate this fish, but a

careful survey is needed to ascertain if the streams contain the re

quisite food supply.

I beg leave to state that I have been under great obligations to

the very efficient Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries of the United

States, Col. Marshall McDonald, and to the railroads of this and

some of the adjoining States for their favors to the Fish Commis

sion of Georgia, and to the press for many courtesies.

Thanking you for courtesies extended, in connection with official

duties by yourself and the gentlemen in your office, I am,

Very respectfully,

H. H. Cary,

Superintendent.

LIFT OF FISH COMMISSIONERS AND OFFICERS, UNITED STATES AND CANADA.
HEVISED AND CORRECTED, AS TAKEN FROM THE "FOREST AND STREAM,"
WITH THE ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONS MADE IN EACH STATE, AND THE
TIME OF ESTAHUSHING THE COMMISSION.
(No information from those marked by an *.)
United States--
(Office, Sixth and B streets, S. W. Washington, D. C.) Col. Marshall McDonald, Commissioner. J. W. Collins, in charge, Division of Fisheries. Richard Rathbun, in charge, Division of Scientific Inquiry. T. II. Bean, Ichthyologist and Editor. J. J. O'Connor, Chief Clerk. John Gay, Inspector of Stations. George H. II. Moore, Chief of Distribution.
Ai.ahama-- Col. D. R. Hundley, Madison. Hon. Charles S. G. Doster, Prattville. Commissioners first appointed 1881. 210

ANNUAL REPOBI --1802.

31

Auizoxa- --
T. W. Otis, Cliairman, Prescott. John Howard, Prescott. C. W. Stearns, Phenix. 8250 - Commissioner first appointed April, 1SS1.
Arkansas --
H. H. Rottaken, President. Little Rock. J. W. Calloway, Little Rock. YV. B. YYrorthen, Secretary, Little Rock. Commissioners first appointed January 25, iS7(i.
Cai.ifoknea--
Joseph Rontier, President, Sacramento. J. Downey Harvey, San Francisco. S5,000--Commissioners first appointed April 25, 1870.
CoLOKAUO--
Cordon Land, Denver. S3,250--Commissioner first appointed February 7, 1887.
CoNxncTierT --
Dr. Wm. M. Hudson, Chairman/Hartford. James A. Bill, Lyme. Robert B. Chalker, Saybrook. The Shellfish Commissioners are: Dr. Wm. M. fludson,
James A. Bill, until August 20, 1890; George C. Y\raldo, Bridgeport; Bryant A. Treat, Wallingford, from August 26, 1890.
Dei.awark--
Charles H. Shubert, Odessa. Dr. K. G. Shortlidge, Assistant and Superintendent of Hatch
eries, Wilmington.
Georgia--
Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta. Dr. H. H. Cary, Superintendent of Fisheries, LaGrange. (Under the laws of the State these constitute the Board of
Fish Commissioners.) $500--By legislative Act 1876, February 29.
IlJ.INOIS--
N. K. Fairback, President, Chicago. S. P. Bartlett, Secretary, Quincy. Maj. George Breuning, Centralia. $2,500--Commissioners first appointed May 20, 1875.
Indiana---
Col. W. T. Dennis, Richmond. SI,000--Commissioner first appointed September, 1881.
217

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE -- GEORGIA.
*IOWA-- E. D. Carlton, Spirit Lake. Ole Bjorenson, Superintendent. S3,700--Commissioner first appointed March 30, 1874.
Kansas--
John M. Brumbraugh, Concordia. SI,000--Commissioner first appointed March 10, 1877.
Kentuck v--
This State is said to have now no Commissioner.
Maine-
Henry O.Stllley^Xid ! Commissioners of FishandGame.
B. W. Counce, Thomaston, Commissioner of Sea and Shore Fisheries.
S5,000--Commissioners first appointed January 1, 1867.
*Maryland--
G. W. Delawder, Oakland. Dr. E. W. Humphries, Salisbury. $10,000--Commissioners first appointed April, 1874.
M ASSACIU.'SETTS--
E. A. Brackett, Winchester. E. H. Lathrop, Springfield. $5,000 --Commissioners first appointed May 3, 1865.
Michigan--
Dr. J. C. Parker, Grand Rapids. Hoyt Post, Detroit. Herschel Whitaker, President, Detroit. W. D. Marks, Superintendent, Paris. George D. Mussey, Secretary, Detroit. Wm. O. Butler, Jr., Detroit. $7,500--Commissioners first appointed April 25, 1873.
Minnesota--
Wm. Bird, Fairmount. Niles Carpenter, Rushford. Robert Ormsby Sweeney, President, St, Paul. S. S. Watkins, Superintendent, Willow Brook, St. Paul.
Missouri--
H. M. Garlichs, Chairman, St. Joseph. J. L. Smith, Jefferson City. H. C. West, St. Louis. A. P. Campbell, Secretary, St. Joseph. Superintendents: Philip Kopplin, Jr., St. Louis; Elias
Cottrell, St. Joseph.

ANNUAL REPORT--1892.

38

*> KI'.KASKA --
L. Maj', Fremont. -- McBride, Lincoln. B. E. Kennedy, Omaha. M. E. O'Brien, [Superintendent, South Bend.
Nevada--
Geo. T. Mills, Carson City. Si,000--Commissioners first appointed August ;!0, 18(56.
New Hampshire--
George W. Riddle, Manchester. . Elliot B. Hodge, Plymouth. .John B. Kimball, Marlborough. SI,000--Commissioners iirst appointed August IK), 1866.
*Ne\v .Iehsev--
J. R. Elkinton, Pennsgrove. Wiliiam Wright, Newark. F. M. Ward, Newton. $1,000--Commissioners first appointed March 20, 1870.
New York--
E. G. Blackford, President, New7 York. (fen. R. IT. Sherman, New Hartford. Wm. H. Bowman, Rochester. Henry Burden, Troy. A. 8. Joline, Tottenville. E. G. Blackford, Shellfish Commissioner. Superintendents: Fred Mather, Cold Spring Harbor;
Monroe A. Green, Caledonia; James A. Marks, Adiron dack. .$15,000--Commissioners first appointed April 22, 1808.
North Carolina--
No commission.
Ohio--
Hon. G. V. Osborn, President, Dayton. John Hofer, Bellaire. A. C. Williams, Secretary, Chagrin Falls. John H. Lair, Cincinnati. E. D. Potter, Toledo. L. K. Buntain, Chief Warden, Dayton. $5,000--Commissioners first appointed May 3, 1871!.
Oreoox--
F. C. Reed, President, Clackamas. E. P. Thompson, Portland. R. C. Campbell, Runier.
219

34

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

Pexnsylvaxia--
Henry C. Ford, President, 524 Walnut street, Philadelphia. . James V. Long, 75 Fifth avenue, Pittsburg. H. C. Demuth, Secretary, Lancaster. S. B. Stillwell, Scranton. ; L. Streuber, Erie. W. L. Powell, Harrisburg. Superintendents: John P. Graveling, Allentown; William
Butler, Cony, 7,500--Commissioners first appointed April 46, 1866.

Rhode Island --
J. M. Iv. Southwick, Newport. Win. P. Morton, Johnson. Henry T. Root, Providence. $7,500--Commissioners first appointed in 1868.

South Carolina--

*

*Hon. A. P. Butler, Columbia. Supt. of Fisheries first appointed December 23, 1878.

Tennessee--
*W. W. McDowell, Memphis. H. II. Sneed, Chattanooga. Edward D. Hicks, Nashville. Commissioners first appointed January 10, 1877.
Utah -- A. Milton Musser, 8alt Lake City.

VKUMO'tT --
F. H. Atherton, Waterbury. Hon. Herbert Brainerd, 8t. Albans. 1,000 --Commissioners first appointed in 1865.

VilUiiXiA --
Dr. J. Wilkins, Bridgetown. 2,500--Commissioners first appointed April, 1874.

Washington Territory--
Albert T. Stream, North Cove, Pacific county. C immissioner first appointed November 0, 1877.

West Virginia--
C. S. White, President, Romney. F. J. Baxter, Treasurer, Sutton. James H.Milner, Secretary, Hinton. 500 -Commissioners first appointed January 1, 1877.

220

ASX UAL REPORT--1802
Wisconsin--
The Governor, ex-oijicio. Philo Dunning, President, Madison. C. L. Valentine, Secretary and Treasurer, Janesville. Mark Douglas, Melrose. A. V. H. I'arpenter, Milwaukee. Calvert dpensiey, Mineral Point. E. S. Miner, Sturgeon Bay. James Xevin, Superintendent, Madison. S7,000--Commissioners first appointed March 20, 1874.
Wyoming Tbp.iutop.y --
Louis Miller, Laramie. S7d()--Commissioners first appointed in 1879.
Dominion of Canada --
Hon. John Tilton, Deputy Minister of Eisheries, Ottawa. Samuel Wiimot, Superintendent of Fish Culture, Ottawa. (Inspectors of Fisheries: J. R. Kinney, Yarmouth, N. S.; R.
C. Hoekin, Pietou, X. S.; A. C. Bertram, North Sydney, X. S.; J. H. Pratt, St. Andrews, N. B.; R. C. Chapman, Moncton, X. 15.; D. Morrow, Oromoeto, X. B.; E. Hackett, Tignish, P. E. I.; W. Wakehain, Gaspe Basin, P. Q.; Thos. Mowat, New AVestminister, B. C.; Alex McQueen, Win nipeg, Manitoba; F. C. Gilchrist, Fort Qu' Appelle, X. W. T.)
(Officers in charge of Fish Breeding Establishments: Chas. Wiimot, Newcastle, Out.; Wm. Parker, Sandwich, Ont-; L. X. Cattcllier, Tadoussac, Quebec; H. Davis, pro lem., Gaspe, Quebec; A. IT. Moore, Magog, Quebec; Alex Mowat, Restigouchc, Quebec; A. B. Wiimot, Bedford' X. S.; C. A. Farquharson, Sydney, X. S.; Isaac Slieasgreen, Miramichi, X. B.; Chas. McClusky, Grand Falls* X. B.; Thos. Mowat, New Westminster, B. C.)
Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi and Xew Mexico have no fish commissioners.