Annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia for the year 1880

ANNUAL REPORT
OF, THE
STATE jO-F GEORGIA.
J. T. HENDERSON, Co,mmisk>nki{.
ATLANTA, GA.:
IAS. P. ITARKtiiOX & CO.. i'RLXTERS' AND PCBUSUERS.

ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Commissioner of Agriculture
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA.
J. T. HEWDERSOIN, Commissionee.
ATLANTA, GA.:
JAS. P. HARRISON & CO., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS.
1880.

REPORT.
Department op Agriculture,
Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 15th, 1880.
To His Excellency, A. H. Colquitt, Governor: Sir :--In compliance with law I have the honor of sub
mitting the following report for the first year of my ad ministration of the Department of Agriculture :
ORGANIZATION.
Mr. Wm. H. Howell was appointed Clerk of the De partment, Col. R. J. Redding, Assistant Commissioner, and Mr. J. S. Newman, Editing Clerk. These gentlemen have constituted the clerical force of the office. Mr. Pitt M. Brown was appointed to take charge of the mineralogical collection placed under the charge of the Commissioner of Agriculture by resolution of the General Assembly.
CHEMIST.
Dr. N. A. Pratt was appointed State Chemist on the 12th of Nov., 1879, in the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Dr. W. J. Land.
Finding it impossible for one chemist to perform the work required under the act of 1877 in time to furnish the desired information to the farmers in advance of their pur chases, Prof. H, C. White, of the University of Georgia, will be appointed analytical chemist of the department, with

4

DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE---- GEORGIA.

[348]

the understanding that a number of past graduates will be engaged in the work of analyzing fertilizers during the pressing season, and in making such other analyses as may be required at other tims.
The superior completeness of the laboratory of the University will, it is thought, expedite the chemical work of the department.
This arrangement was not intended to, and does not, reflect in the least upon Dr. N. A. Pratt, the present analytical chemii? of the Department of Agriculture, who has performed all work required of him in the most skill ful and satisfactory manner, but it has been made with the hope of accomplishing the work required by law more expeditiously. It has been found to be a physical impos sibility for one chemist to do the work required during the active fertilizer season. Notwithstanding Dr. Pratt labored far into the night during the last season, he found it necessary to employ assistants for several months.
Besides the above consideration of expediency, it is hoped and believed that the connection of the analysis of fertilizers and that of other substances with the State Col lege of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts will prove of great value to the students of the college.

INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS.
For the season of 1879-80 the following inspectors were appointed, viz:
Col. O. T. Rogers........................................ At Savannah. Dr. W. P. Harden........................................At Augusta. Dr. J. S. Lawton........................................... At Atlanta. Capt. Troup Butler....................................At Brunswick. Gen. E. L. Thomas....................................... At Macon. Mr. G. W. Rosette....................................... At Columbus.
The only change made for the season of 1880-81 will be the appointment of Hon. Samuel Hawkins at Augusta, in the place of Dr. W. P. Harden, resigned.

[349]

ANNUAL EEPOET.

5

SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES,
Dr. H. H. Cary, of Troup county, was appointed Su perintendent of Fisheries, January 14th, 1880, and has discharged the duties of that position with energy and fidelity, without salary, since that time.

INSPECTION AND ANALYSIS OF FERTILIZERS.
The fertilizer trade of the State has grown to such pro portions that much of the time of the clerical force of the office for four months during winter and spring is required to keep the records and conduct the correspondence arising from it, the labor imposed upon inspectors is much greater than formerly, and that required of the chemist ex cessive in amount.
The difficulties and expenses of the chemist were se riously increased by the necessity of refitting the Labora tory, long in disuse, after the season had commenced, and the results of his analyses being generally lower than those of his predecessor, it was not until his work was repeat edly verified by the most experienced chemists in the United States, that manufacturers and dealers were satisfied as to its correctness and accuracy.

CONVENTION OF CHEMISTS.
It was in consequence of the discrepancy in the methods used by different chemists in the analysis of commercial fertilizers that I called a Convention of Agricultural Com missioners and Chemists at Washington, D. C. The fol lowing circulars will explain, in brief, the object of the Con vention:
Department of Agriculture,
Atlanta, Ga., May 20, 1880.
Dear Sir--The experience of the last fertilizer season, has suggested to my mind the importance of securing such
niformity of method in determining, by chemical analysis

6

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[330]

the per centage of valuable ingredients in commercial fer tilizers, as will give more uniform, and hence, more satis factory, results. This is especially desirable in determining Reverted Phosphoric Acid,
With a view to accomplishing so desirable an object, as well as others which may be deemed proper, I have the honor to suggest the calling of a Convention of the several Commissioners of Agriculture, State Chemists, and Pro fessors of Chemistry in State Universities aud State Agri cultural Colleges, in those States using large amounts of commercial fertilizers, to meet at some convenient point early in the month of July next.
I would be glad to have your views on the subject; and if favorable to the suggestion, please nominate some gen tleman, who, by general assent, may be informally author ized to fix the time and place of such Convention, and issue the necessary notices.
You are also requested to give me the names and postoffices of gentlemen in your State, holding either of the positions above indicated, which do not appear in the list below, that copies of this circular may be sent to them.
An early reply is desirable. Very respectfully, J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture.

Department of Agriculture,
Atlanta, Ga., July 1,1880.
Dear Sir--I am gratified to announce that the recent circular letter which I had the honor to issue, suggesting the calling of a Convention for the purpose of adopting a uniform system for the analysis of commercial fertilizers, has met with favorable responses from a large majority of the gentlemen to whom it was sent. A like majority has imposed on me the duty of fixing the time and place of

[351]

ANNUAL EEPOET.

7

said Convention and issuing the necessary notices for the same. After correspondence with others, and due con sideration of the interests involved, I have decided upon Wednesday, the 28th of July, as the time, and Washing ton, D. C., as the place for the assembling of the proposed Convention. You are, accordingly, respectfully and ear nestly invited to be present and participate in the Conven tion.
Every reasonable facility for the deliberations of the Convention will be afforded by the Hon. Wm. G. LeDuc, Commissioner of Agriculture, who is in hearty sympathy with the object sought to be accomplished. I have ap pended hereto a list of the names of gentlemen to whom this circular will be sent.
Trusting that you will find it convenient to attend and give the Convention the benefit of your experience, and requesting that you will at once inform me by letter whether you will attend, I am, respectfully,
J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture.

PROCEEDINGS.
Library Hall, July 28, 1880.
In response to these circulars there assembled--in one of the spacious halls of the Department of Agriculture, which was kindly set apart by the Commissioner of Agri culture--the following gentlemen:
Prof. R, M. Ballentine, United States Department of Agriculture.
Dr. C. Elton Buck, Manufacturing Chemist, Wilming ton, Del.
Hon. A. P. Butler, Commissioner of Agriculture, State of South Carolina.
Dr. Peter Collier, Chemist of the United States Depart ment of Agriculture.

8

DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[352]

Dr. M. G. Ellzey, Professor Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.
Mr. C. A. Goessman, Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.
Prof. W. M. Habirshaw, Analytical Chemist, New York City,
Hon. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture, State of Georgia.
Dr. E. H. Jenkins, Connecticut Agricultural Experi ment Station.
Dr. A. R. Ledoux, North Carolina Agricultural Exper iment Station.
Dr. G. A. Liebig, Analytical and Manufacturing Chem ist, Baltimore, Md.
Prof. Arthur T. Neale, New Jersey State Experiment Station.
Dr. N. A. Pratt, State Chemist, Georgia. Prof. R. "W. L. Rasin, Manufacturing Chemist, Balti more, Md. Dr. Charles U. Shepard, Jr., Chemist, State of South Carolina. Dr. W.. Simon, Analytical Chemist, Baltimore, Md. Dr. C. C. Wellington, United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. H. C. White, Prof. University of Georgia. Dr. P. B. Wilson, Analytical Chemist, Baltimore, Md. Dr. Theo. R. Wolf, Prof, and State Chemist, Delaware. The Convention was called to order at 3.30 f. m. , by Dr. C. U. Shepard, Jr., who nominated Hon. J. T. Hender son for President of the Convention, reminding the gentle men that it was owing to Judge Henderson's earnest efforts that they were brought together. Judge Henderson, be ing called to the chair, after thanking the Convention for the honor done him, stated the object of the meeting as substantially set forth in the circulars above given.

[353]

ANNUAL EEPOET.

9

Dr. A. H. Ledoux was then elected Secretary of the meeting.
Dr. M. G. Ellzey addressed the Convention, saying that he heartily endorsed the effort which Judge Henderson was making to secure uniformity in the analysis of commer. cial fertilizers. He recognized the need of some general understanding in the matter, and hoped that the discus sions would take no limited range, but deal with more than one of the questions which have been the cause of difficulty between producers and farmers throughout the country.
Letters were read from Prof. S. W. Johnson, of New Haven, and others, heartily endorsing the object of the meeting, and thanking Judge Henderson for his action in calling the same.
On motion of Dr. Ellzey the chair appointed a commit tee on a programme, or order of business, to recommend to the Convention what topics should be discussed. The following committee was appointed: Drs. Goessman, Buck, and White. The committe recommended the follow ing programme. The report was received and adopted.

PROGRAMME.
1. Preparation of the roll of the Convention, and decis ion of the rights of parties present to participate in the dis cussion of various topics, and to vote upon the final judg ment of the same.
2. Discussion of the method of estimating soluble phosphoric acid.
3. Discussion of method of estimating " reverted" phos phoric acid.
4. Estimation of insoluble phosphoric acid. 5. Estimation of nitrogen. 6. Estimation of potash. The Committee consider the above the main topics which should receive the consideration of the Convention.

10

department of agriculture--geoegia.

[354];

Other, points proper for discussion, should time allow, are, perhaps, as follows:
7. Method of arriving at commercial valuations. 8. Agricultural and commercial valuation of "reverted'' phosphoric acid. In accordance with section 1 of the Order of Business, the Secretary was ordered to make out and read the roll of the Convention, together with the occupations and profes sions of the gentlemen present Dr. White moved that only those who are practicing, analytical chemists be considered entitled to vote on the final judgment of the meeting. Dr. Ellzey opposed the motion, saying that he would very much regret to see the Convention limited in that way. The Secretary called attention to the fact that all the gentlemen present, but three, were practicing, analytical chemists, and entitled to vote under the resolution. After some further discussion, the resolution was adopted. The Convention then, on motion, took up the discussion of the 2nd section of the programme--determination of soluble phosphoric acid. Drs. Goessman and Ellzey gave their opinions as to the extent and direction which the discussion should have. It was moved by Dr. Ledoux that a committee of three be appointed by the chair to propose to the Convention a method for the determination of soluble phosphoric acid. Dr. Collier moved to amend, by substituting " five" for "three." Dr. Shepard moved, as a substitute, that the entire ques tion of the determination of phosphoric acid, in all its forms, be referred to a committee of five. After discussion, the following resolution was adopted: " Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by

[355]

ANNUAL EEPOET.

11

the chair to consider sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Order of Business, and report thereon."
The following gentlemen were appointed by the chair: Drs. Shepard, Goessman, Liebig, Jenkins and Wolf.
On motion of Dr. White it was ordered that a committee of five be appointed to take into consideration sections 5 and 6 of the Order of Business and report thereon. Drs. Habirshaw, Wilson, Neale, Buck and Pratt were appointed.
On motion, section 5 of the Order of Business was ^mended so as to include nitrates.
The convention then took a recess until 6.30 p. m., to allow the committee time to report.
The Convention came to order at 7 p. m. The commit tee on sections 2, 3 and 4 (Phosphoric Acid) offered the following report, which, after reading and being discussed by several gentlemen at length, was received and adopted.

REPORT.
It is recommended by your committee to whom was referred the selection of a method for the determination of Phosphoric Acid in commercial manures,
That this convention shall agree to adopt, provisionally, the methods recommended by Fresenius, Neubauer and Luck in their article "On the best methods for the analysis of artificial manures."
Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie, X pg. 133, with the following suggestions:
1. That the flask containing the residue (after the ex traction of the Soluble Phosphoric Acid) and the solution of citrate be introduced into a cold water bath, whose tem perature shall be rapidly raised to 40 C., and there main tained for one half hour, the flask being shaken every five minutes.
2. That the determination of the "Reduced'' Phos phoric Acid be indirect.
3. That all the determinations be gravimettic.

12

DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[356]

4. That a committee of two--to be named by the chairman--be appointed to prepare, on the above basis, a detailed method for the analysis of commercial manures, and to distribute the same among the members of this convention and others interested by this action.
Charles U. Shepard, Jr., Chairman of Committee.

The following report of the committee on sections 5 and 6 of the programme (Nitrogen and Potash) was re ceived and adopted.
REPORT
Of Committee on Estimation of Nitrogen and Potash in Commercial Manures:
I. Determination of nitrogen (total); (a), when the three (3) forms of nitrogen are present (nitrates, ammonia salts, and organic nitrogen), a combustion with oxide of copper or plumbic chro mate. (b). When nitrates are not present, a combustion with soda-lime and the resulting ammonia estimated with Platinum chloride or titrated with a normal solu tion (alkali).
II. Determination of nitric acids when in presence of am monia salts and organic nitrogen:
(a). Nitrates and ammonia salts are brought into water solution and the nitric acid is converted into am monia by Harcourt & Siewert's process.--(Fres. Zeits., 1871, 334; Jour. Chem. Soc., 1862, 381; An. Chem. und Phar., 125, 293; Sutton Vol umetric Analysis, London, 3d Ed., 1876, 102 et seq.)
(b). Nitrates are brought into water solution and the nitric acid estimated by Schlossing's method, mod ified by Schultz, viz: distillation in presence of Ferrous chloride with excess of hydro, chloric

[357]

ANNUAL EEPOET.

13

acid. The N. O. gas is collected and measured.--

(Schlossing's Original Paper, Annal de Chim., 3

ser. tom. 40-479; Jour, fur Pract. Chemi. 62-142.)

III. Determination of nitrogen existing as ammonia salts :

The solution in water is distilled with magnesium

oxide and the ammonia estimated either by the

Platinum meth d, or by titration with normal acid.

IV. Determination of the nitrogen when existing in a

substance, in separate forms, as nitrates, ammonia

salts and organic nitrogen :

(a). Estimation of total nitrogen by I. a.

(b). do

nitric acid by Il-b or Il-a.

(c). do (d). do

ammonia salts. III. organic nitrogen by difference.

V. Estimation of potash:

Only salts of potash soluble in water are considered in this report (except when the potash occurs in seeds, in which case previous calcination is recommended).
(a). Solution in water, removal of sulphates, phosphates and magnesia by Barium hydrate, clearing with ox alate or carb. ammonia and precipitating with Platinum chloride. W. M. Habirshaw, Chairman.

On motion, it was ordered that the two reports be re ferred to a committee of two, who should copy them, giving details of the methods to be employed, and to send to each member of the Convention a copy of the same.
On motion, a letter of Dr. S. A. Goodale was consid ered and referred to the above committee.
After remarks and discussion of the above reports, it was suggested that, since so many agricultural chemists were present, it would be desirable to effect a permanent organization, to meet from time to time and discuss topics of interest to the profession. Dr. Goessman offered the following resolution:

14

DEPABTMENT OF AGEICULTTJEE---- GEOEGIA.

[358]

"Resolved, That this Convention form a section in the sub-division of Chemistry in the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and that their next meet ing be held in Boston, during the regular meeting of the aforesaid Association."
On motion, Dr. Goessmann's resolution was adopted, Dr. Shepard thought it would be well to refer the matter to a committee to draw up a plan for a permanent organ ization, and offerred a resolution to that effect. Drs. Goessman and Wilson were appointed to arrange for a permanent organization of the Convention, as called for in the resolution of Dr. Shepard.
On motion, section 7, of the Order of Business was taken up by the Convention. A long discussion followed, which was participated in by Drs. Ellzey, Collier, Jenkins and others. No final action was taken upon this section, but it will be further considered at the forthcoming meet ing of the Convention in Boston. The Committee on Peimanent Organization made the following report which was received and adopted;

REPORT.

The Committee on Permanent Organization propose

that Dr. Goessman be made Chairman until the next an

nual meeting in connection with the American Associa

tion for the Advancement of Science, and that Dr. Ledoux

be appointed Secretary.

P. B. Wilson, Chairman.

On motion, the thanks of the Convention were tendered Judge Henderson for his courtesy and skill as presiding officer.
On motion, the following resolution was unanimously adopted:
Resolved, That the thanks of this Convention are hereby tendered to General LeDuc, Commissioner of Agriculture for his courtesy; and, also, to Prof. Collier, the Chemist of the Department, for his kindness and attention.

[359]

ANNUAL REPORT.

15

On motion the Convention adjourned. The committee who were appointed to write out the details of the methods of determination of Phosphoric Acid have forwarded to the Secretary the following

REPORT.
Method for the Determination of Phosphoric Aeid in Commercial Manures.
1. Preparation of the sample. It is not to be ground, but may be broken up by hand, and should be thoroughly
mixed as rapidly as possible, and transferred to a tightly
stopped bottle. 2. Determination of the Soluble and "Undecomposed"
Phosphoric Acid. (a) Two grammes of the material, transferred to a suit
able vessel, are rubbed up with a small quantity of cold water, (carefully avoiding any pulverization) transferred to a filter, and there washed with cold water, which is added at first in small successive portions, until the washings no longer react acid.
Soluble Phosphoric Acid is determined in the filtrate. (b) The filter, containing the "Reverted" and "Unde composed" Phosphates is carefully spread on a glass-plate. With the aid of a wash-bottle containing one hundred cubic centimeters of a perfectly neutral solution of Am monium Citrate, (sp. gr. 1.09) the residue is washed into a lipped porcelain mortar. The coarser portions are al lowed to settle, and the fluid, with the suspended particles, is poured into a small flask. The residue remaining in the mortar is rubbed to a very fine paste and brought with the remainder of the Ammonium Citrate into the flask, which is then corked. This flask is put into a cold water-bath, the temperature is rapidly raised to 40 C, and there maintained for one half hour, care being taken to shake the flask every five minutes. It is then removed and the contents imme diately filtered.

16

DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE---- GEORGIA.

[360]

The residue is washed two or three times with a mixture of equal parts of water and Ammonia Citrate solution, and used for the determination of "Undecomposed" Phos phoric Acid.
3. The total Phosphoric Acid is determined in a sepa rate portion of 1--2 grammes.
The other details are as given by Fresenius, Neubauer and Luck, (loc. cit.)
The committee have read with great interest the com munication of Dr. S. L. Goodale, referred to them, and beg leave to return it to the Secretary for presentation at a future meeting of the Convention, when its contents may receive the attention they deserve.
Charles U. Shepard, Jr.,
Ewd. H. Jenkins,
Committee. The above is respectfully submitted.
A. R. Ledoux, Secretary. J. T. Henderson, Chairman.

It is believed that the results of the labors of this Con vention will greatly facilitate the chemical work in connec tion with the inspection and analysis of commercial fertili zers, since the adoption of a uniform system by all chem ists, private and official, will remove the difficulties hither to encountered, resulting from the employment of different methods giving widely different results.
Anxious to do full justice to all parties at interest, nu merous verifications of results have been made for the sat isfaction of manufacturers and dealers, when I was satisfied the fault was either with their chemists or in the different methods employed.
The uniform method to be employed by all the chemists in future will render fewer verifications necessary and hence give more time for original work.

[361]

ANNUAL EEPOET.

17

In order to convey more clearly an idea of the amount of

work involved in the analysis of fertilizers, I submit the

following

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

Georgia State Laboratory,
Atlanta, July 20, 1880.

Hon. J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture:

Dear Sir :--Pursuant to your orders, I have the honor to present herewith a Report of Operations and work done for the Department of Agriculture during the past season,

together with a few reflections suggested by the results at tained.

Your chemist received his appointment on November

12, 1879, nearly six weeks after the season had opened,

and at once proceeded to put the Laboratory into fair working order. This Laboratory, originally supplied only

for the analysis of soils, after three years' disuse, was in a

shockingly bad condition, and required entire refitting be fore any reliable work could be attempted. Furnaces,

water-pipes sinks, balances, boilers, etc., all were over

hauled and refitted, and a fresh supply of chemicals and

apparatus ordered. It was the middle of December before

systematic work could be commenced.

Up to this date the work done is as follows:

Fertilizer Analyses--regular............................................... 211 Fertiii zer analyses--revisions...............................................66 Mineral analyses...................................................................... 4 Mineral water analyses............................................................1

Total................................................................................. 276

The amount of labor involved in this work is best exhib

ited in the following table of analysis, or separate deter

minations made.

ANALYSES.

Phosphoric acid--soluble...................................................... 260

Phosphoric acid--reverted.............

206

Phosphoric acid--insoluble................................................. 266

2

18

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[362]

Phosphoric acid--total......................................................... 251

Potash.................................................................................... 176

Ammonia................................................................................ 192

Moisture................................

277

Nitric acid..............

6

Sulphuric,^silicic acids, lime, magnesia, etc....................... 47

Total determinations.......................................................1747
This amount of chemical work, in the time allowed for it, is far beyond the capacity of any one man, and I have only been able to accomplish it by reason of the labors of two, and sometimes three, assistants; in covering the ex pense of which you have generously assisted me. Exclu sive of your assistance, I have been to an expense of about $1,200, exclusive of rent, chemicals, etc.
The experience of the season induces me to say : 1. That the fertilizers offered on this market, while most ly coming up to the minimum required by law, present a wonderful variation in quality by reason both of the mate rial used in the manufacture and the percentage of valuable ingredients contained. The acid phosphates range all along from 16.30 per cent, to 6.50 per cent, of available phosphoric acid. The guanos, from 13 per cent, to 5 per cent, of phosphoric acid, and from 7 per cent, to less than 2 per cent, of ammonia, and from 3 per cent, to less than 1 per cent, of potash, and still these, each.of its own class, re spectively, are sold to the farmer at practically the same price. 2. In regard to the inspections, my observation, so far as it goes, shows that they have been well and carefully made. Revisions and analysis of samples of the same fer tilizer, under different inspections, have given nearly uni form results; and samples drawn by myself, from lots al ready inspected, have yielded results varying but slightly from those drawn by your inspectors. 3. The low price of nitrate of soda, notwithstanding the Chili-Peruvian war, has induced some manufacturers to add

[363]

ANNUAL REPORT.

19

this salt as part of their ammoniating material; and they

ask that, under the law, the nitric acid contained be count

ed at its equivalent in ammonia (100 parts of refined nitrate

of soda contains nitrogen equivalent to 20 parts of ammo

nia). Their claim is a just one, and worthy your consider

ation, even though its estimation adds 25 per cent, to the

cost and labor of an analysis.

4. The question of what should be considered " re

verted" phosphoric acid, under the law, is an important

one. As it has your attention, and will soon be discussed

in a convention of chemists, which you have the pleasure

to have succeeded in calling together, I will not refer to it

here.

I have the honor to be very respectfully, your obedient

servant,

N. A. Prati1.

The following extract from Circular No. 9, Analysis and Statistics of Commercial Fertilizers, will give an insight into the statistics of the inspection and analysis of fer tilizers in the State:
During the season of 1879-80 there were 119,583.06 tons of commercial fertilizers inspected and analyzed for the Georgia market, all of which, with the exception of 40 tons, were admitted to sale. The following- table shows the amount inspected by each inspector :

O. T. Rogers, Inspector at Savannah....... .

35,376.70 tons.

W. P. Harden, Inspector at Augusta........ .

33,180.78 "

J. S. Lawton, Inspector at Atlanta................ . 17,243.06 "

Troup Butler, Inspector at Brunswick........ .

22,823.82 "

E. L. Thomas, Inspector at Macon........................ 6,219.30 "

Gr. W. Rosette, Inspector at Columbus....................... 4,739 40 "

Total..................... .................. ...................119,583.0$ tons.
Although distinct inspections were made and samples drawn of each brand, a considerable number are dupli cates, differing only in name, being actually taken from the same bulk, and branded according to the fancy of

20

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

dealers. A number of manufacturers have no proprietarybrands, and do not sell, directly or through agents, to farmers, but to nominal manufacturers, who sell them under their own brands. One large manufacturer sells one fertilizer under no less than twelve different names.
The following table shows the number of distinct in spections made, by each inspector for the season, the average number of tons in each inspection, the whole number of inspections made, and the average of each :

Number of
Inspections.
O. T. Rogers.......................... ......................... 261 W. P. Harden....................... ......................... 142 J. S. Lawton....................... ......................... 151 T. Butler............................... ....................... 193 E. L. Thomas........................ ........................ 43 G. W. Rosette....................... ......................... 60

AveorfageeacAhm't
Inspection.
135 tons. 233 " H4 " 118 " 144 " 79 "

Total............. ...................... ........................ 850

140 tons.

CONDEMNED FERTILIZERS.
Of the above amount, 40 tons, comprising three brands, were shown, by analysis, to contain less than the minimum percentages of ammonia and phosphoric acid required by law, and the sale thereof was accordingly forbidden by the Commissioner of Agriculture, in pursuance to section 2d of the act of 1877, from which the following is an ex tract :
" It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul ture to forbid the sale of any Acid Phosphate or Dis solved Bone, which is shown by official analysis to con tain less than ten per centum of available Phosphoric Acid; and also to forbid the sale of any Ammoniated Superphosphate, which is shown by official analysis to contain less than eight per centum of available Phosphoric Acid and two per centum of Ammonia."
At the time of making application for an inspection.

[365]

ANNUAL RKPORT.

21

and in "consideration of being allowed to proceed to sell and distribute the same before the official analysis thereof is made, " the dealer or applicant is required to give a written obligation whereby he agrees and binds himself " to cancel and make null and void all sales that may be made thereof, and forfeit all right to compensation there for, if, after the official analysis is made, the Commis sioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law " These written obligations in every case, are on file in the office of the Commissioner.

COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS.
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last five seasons :
There were inspected for the season of 18~5-6................ 55,316 tons. There were inspected for the season of 1876-7................ 75,824 tons. There were inspected for the season of 1877-8.............. 93,478 tons. There were inspected for the season of 1878-9............... 85,049 ton?. There were inspected for the season of 1879-80..............119,583 ton?.

AMMONIATED AND NON-AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR ACID
. PHOSPHATES.
Of the whole amount of fertilizers placed upon the market during the past season 104,838 tons were Ammo niated Superphosphates, and 13,906 tons were Acid Phos phates or Dissolved Bones. It is well to remark that those brands, which contain not less than eight per cent, of available phosphoric acid and two per cent, of ammonia, are classed as Ammoniated Superphosphates; and those containing less than two per cent, of Ammonia, and not less than ten per cent, of available phosphoric acid, are classed as Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones. This classification is made without regard to the name of the brand, as will be seen by reference to the tables. Those fertilizing materials which do not claim to be either of the foregoing, are classed as chemicals and compounds other

22

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[366]

than Ammoniated Superphosphates and Dissolved Bones. Of this class there were 839 tons inspected and analyzed.
The number of tons of Acid Phosphates or Dissolved Bones used in Georgia during the past five seasons is as follows:
For the season of 1875-6................................................................ 6,499tons. For the season of 1876-7.............................................. 12,842 tons. For the season of 1877-8............................................................... 15,332tons. For the season of 1878-9................................................................10,291tons. For the season of 1879-80..............................................................13,906tons.
Of the whole quantity put upon the market, the per centage of Acid Phosphates for each season is as follows :
For 1875-6....................................................................... 11.66 per cent. For 1876-7.......................................................... .............12.82 per cent. For 1877-78...................................................................... 19.62 per cent. For 1878-79.................................. ................................... 12.22 per cent. For 1879-80..................................................................... 11.63 per cent.
The following tabulated averages for the past five sea sons will be found interesting, viz:

GENERAL AVERAGES OF ALL FERTILIZERS.*

Available Phosphoric Ammonia.
Acid.

Relative Potash. Commercial
Value.

For the season of 1874-75.... 9.23

2.55

5.17

For the season of 1875-76.... 10.94

2.53

2.49

For the season of 1876-77.... 10.87

2.52

2.75 $35 51

For the season of 1877-78.... 11.43 For the season of 1878-79.... 11.95

2.79 2.70

2.23
1.66

37 38 38 31

For the season of 1879-80.... 10.24

2.58

1.33

34 17

These are^twmi/averages of all fertilizers, including acid phosphates, for the seasons named. The commercial val ues are all based upon the present valuations, per pound, of the valuable ingredients in fertilizers.
It is proper to remark that the averages of Ammonia and Potash are of those brands only which are shown by analy sis to contain these elements, and not of the whole num ber of brands analyzed.

367]

ANNUAL REPORT.

23

AVERAGES OF AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS.

Available Phosphoric Ammonia.
Acid.

Relative Potash. Commercial
Value.

For the season of 1874-5...... 8.73

2.84

5.31

For the season of 1875-6...... 10.36

2.98

2.79

For the season of 1876-7...... 10.51

2.73

2.43 $36 S2

For the season of 1877-8...... 10.83

2.79

2.25

38 36

For the season of 1878-9...... 11.53

2.70

1.64

39 76

For the season of 1879 80.... 9.53

2.59

1.35

34 78

AVERAGES OB' NON-AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS.

Available

Relative

Phosphoric Potash. Commercial

Acid.

Value.

Season of 1874-5................. ................. 11.05" 3.85

Pteflson rf IKT.Vfi .......... . ...... ......... 11 99

4.64

Season of 1876-7................................... 11.68

4.54

Kpason of 1877 8.............................................. 13.10

2.16

Season of 1878-9................................... 13.20

1.63

Season of 1879-80......................... ........ 12.44

1.28

32.57 34.51 33.98 32.41

*The averages of valuable ingredients for the years 1874-5 to 1878-9, inclusive, were taken from similar exhibits in Circular 67 (old series). The average "commercial value" given in that circular (page 11), instead of being an average of the calculated values of all the brands of each season is found, on examination, to have been the cal culated value of the average of all the analysis of such season. The method there em ployed was wrong in principle, ad failed to present a just comparative view. In the exhibit presented above, the calculations have been revised and corrected, and, in ad dition, are based on the same classification of fertilizers adopted in this Circular.
The average values for the seasons 1874-5,1875-6, are not given, because the prices of elements were different.

The number of brands inspected, analyzed and placed upon the market, for each season since the organization of the Department, is as follows:
For the season of 1874-75....................... ............................. 110 brands For the Season of 1875-76.................................................... 101 brands For the Season of 1876-77..................................................... 125 brands For the Season of 1877-78.................................................... 127 brands For the Season of 1878-79.................................................... 162 brands For the Season of 1879-80.............. . ...............................182brands
These are exclusive of chemicals and other preparations for making or composting manures at home.
The number of brands of Ammoniated and Non-Ammoniated Fertilizers for each season is as follows :

24

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE---- GEORGIA.

For the Season of For the Season of For the Season of For the Season of For the Season of For the Season of

Am'd.

1874-75.............................................. 86

1875-76.............................................. 68

1876-77.............................................. 85

1877-78.............................................. 90

1878-79........

119

1879-80........

136

Non* Am'd.
33. 40 37 43 47

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES INCIDENT TO THE INSPECTION
OF FERTILIZERS, SEASON OF 1879-80.
Fees on 119,583.06 tons Inspected during the season.........$59,791 53 Inspectors' salaries to Sept. 1, 1880.................. $4,871 17 Chemists' salaries to Sept. I, 1880............... . 2,900 00 Cost of 1,279,200 Inspectors' Tags.................. 2,582 00
Total expenses of inspection.................... $10,353 17 Leaving a net balance in the Treasury of..... 49,438 36
$59,791 53--159,791 53
It is proper to remark, that of the salaries paid to In spectors, the sum of $341.79 was paid as a balance due to Inspectors at the time the present Commissioner came into his office--Sept. 23, 1879--and the sum of $500.00 was paid to Prof. W. J. Land, Chemist of the Department, as balance due him to the date of his resignation; making, in all, $841.79. The present Inspectors received their ap pointments and their salaries commenced on 15th of Octo ber, 1879; and the Chemist on the 12th of November, 1879.
The Inspectors have performed their duties faithfully and the protection to the farmers has been as complete as is practicable under the law, which is defective in some respects. Much difficulty has been experienced in ad ministering the law on account of its ambiguity and the impracticability of executing some of its requirements strictly according to its letter. An entire revision of all the laws relating to the inspection and analysis of com mercial fertilizers is therefore recommended.

[369]

ANNUAL REPORT.

25

DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDS.

Believing that much good can be accomplished by a

judicious distribution of seeds, of approved varieties,

among the farmers of the State, diligent inquiry has been

made for the best varieties, and these purchased in such

quantities as was deemed necessary to introduce them

into the different sections of the State. The distribution has

been made principally through the local Agricultural Clubs

and Societies and the correspondents of the Department,

but generally to any citizen who desired to test them. A

record of all to whom seed were distributed has been kept

in this office, and a summary of the results of the various

tests will be published for general information when re

ports are received. The following seeds have been dis

tributed in the quantities and at the cost named in the

following statement:

Tobacco Seed--

SEEDS DISTRIBUTED.

.

Quantity.

Cost.

Orinoco........... ............................. .... 2 lbs.

Havana.......................................... ....... 4 lbs.-- 6 lbs. $5 25

Cabbage--

Georgia Col'.ards............................ ....... 14 lbs.

Buncombe Cabbage......................... ....... 5 lbs.-- 61 lbs. 22 30

Oats--

Burt.................................................

10 bus. 15 00

Wheat

Dallas........................................ .

100 bus. 250 00

Corn--

Newman Prolific.......................... ....... 10 bus.

Hudson.......................... ......... .. ......... 2 bus.-- 12 bus. 12 00

Cotton Seed

Herlong.......................................... ......... 20 bus.

Rameses......................................... ......... 4 bus.

Jones' Improved............................ ......... 16 bus.

Jones' Long Staple Upland.......... ......... 10 bus.

Petit Gulf....................................... ....... 30 bus.-- 74 bus. 172 30

Medick--

Spotted Medick....... ....................

20 bus. 20 00

$496 85

26

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[370]

The reports thus far received indicate very general satis faction with the results of the tests.
The distribution will be continued and confined mainly to the dissemination of varieties of approved excellence which are so far confined to limited localities in this or other States. But little will be done in the way of intro ducing seeds of experimental crops. The distribution will be confined principally to improved varieties of the crops already cultivated in the State. Considerable impetus has been given within the last few years to the cultivation of upland rice in the interior of the State. Arrangements are now being perfected for the distribution of seed-rice to those who wish to experiment with it in interior counties.

EXPERIMENTAL STATION OR FARM.
Much good could be accomplished for the agriculture of the State and much expense saved to individual farmers, by the establishment of an experimental station or farm for the conduct of experiments under scientific observation. On such a farm seeds of various kinds could be subjected to comparative experimental tests, different methods of cultivation compared, the effects of different fertilizers and combinations of fertilizing elements experimented with, the different breeds of stock reared and compared as to their relative profit for different purposes, improved im plements tested, and accurate and reliable information secured for dissemination among the farmers of the State. Individuals engaged in agriculture are rarely possessed of a combination of wealth with practical and scientific knowledge, together with public spirit sufficient to conduct the various experiments necessary to the ac quirement of accurate information, such as is needed in the present age of progress in Agriculture. Even if indi viduals conduct experiments, the results are rarely given to the public and hence others find it necessary, for their

[371]

ANNUAL REPORT.

27

own information, to go over the same ground, thus in volving time and expense in each locality to accomplish what a State station or farm could do for the whole peo ple. Such stations have long been established in Ger many, France and some of the northern United States, whose superior advancement in agriculture is largely due to the results of their labor.
Our circumstances of soil, climate and productions are so different from those of Europe and the Northern States that, with the exception of the general principles establish ed by the results of their investigations, they avail us but little.
Southern agriculture has ever been retarded by an effort on the part of farmers to imitate Northern and European practice. The most of our agricultural literature has emanated either from the North or from Europe, where the diversity of soil, climate and productions render their teachings inapplicable to the South. The scientific and practical experiments conducted for the last 20 years by J. B. Lawes, of England, while of incalculable value to the agriculturist of that Kingdom, would only mislead South ern agriculturists, should they attempt to put into prac tice the deductions derived from them. The same is true, with some modifications, of the results of the ex perimental stations on the continent of Europe and those of the northern United States. We need such a farm, con ducted under systematic, scientific observation, from which results may be published to the people of the State with the sanction of official authority. The means for the es tablishment and maintenance of such a station are already at hand, furnished by the farmers themselves in the sur plus derived from the fees paid for the inspection of ferti lizers. The accumulated surplus, which has been paid in to the Treasury from this source within the past three years, has aggregated $101,591.50, that from the past season,

28

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[372]

1879-80, alone, amounting to $49,438.36. As this tax was not imposed for revenue purposes, but merely for the pro tection of consumers of commercial fertilizers, and since, according to the accepted principles of political economy, the inspection fees are paid by the consumer--the farmers of the State--there is no reason why they should be re quired to contribute, annually, this surplus, as a class, to the general fund of the State. It is therefore recommend ed that the surplus fund arising from the inspection of fer tilizers be devoted to the purchase, equipment and conduct of one or more experimental stations in the State, under such provisions and restrictions as the General Assembly may in its wisdom enact. Such an appropriation of this fund would not only be just to those who pay it, but con tribute to the advancement of all productive industries of the State, and by its results, not only increase production, but would lead to an enhancement of real estate, which will result in an increased revenue from that source.
Georgia is and must, for many years to come, be essen tially an agricultural State. It is wise statesmanship, therefore, to foster by all legitimate means this fundamen tal source of our wealth. So dependent are all other indus tries, as well as the professions, upon a prosperous agricul ture that every citizen of Georgia, whatever be his calling, is vitally interested in all measures looking to its advance ment. Such a station or stations, as are here recommend ed, would prove valuable auxiliaries, not only to those now engaged in agriculture, but to the various schools and col leges established for the instruction of our youth prepara tory to embarking in that industry. It would tend to stim ulate a spirit of inquiry,and practical and scientific investiga tion on the part of individual farmers which could but lead to an advancement in knowledge and a material increase in productions. This is essentially an age of progress, in which Georgia should not be a laggard; to stand still is to be left behind.

[373]

ANNUAL REPORT.

29

PUBLICATIONS.
The following publications have been issued from the Department since October 1st, 1879:

No. Circular. Subject-Matter.

Pages.

Cir. No. 1. September Crop Report, 1879................ ^ '

" " 2. Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertilizers, 1879-80............... 4

" " 3. Soil Tesis, Report of 1879.................... 94

" " 4. Supplementary Report, 1879................ 30

" " 5. Analyses and Value of Commercial

Fertilizers, five editions......... ........ 4 " " 6. April Crop Report, 1880........................ 16

" " 7. May "

" " ........................ 16

" " 8. June "

" " ........................ 16

" " 9. Analysis and Statistics of Commercial

Fertilizers, 1879-80.............................. 16

" " 10. July'Crop Report, 1880........................ 16

" " 11. August Crop Report, 1880..................... 16

Copies. 10OOO ' 1 qqq 5 000 le'ooo ' 14 qoo le'ooo le'ooo 16,000
17,000 17,000 17,000

242 148,000 MANUAL ON CATTLE.
A " Manual on Cattle," adapted to the use of the farm ers in Georgia, is now in press. This will make a volume of about 150 pages, fully illustrated with representations of the different breeds reared in the United States, and such other illustrations as were deemed necessary to elucidate the subject in hand, together with a chapter on grasses and for age plants adapted to our soil and climate. It is believed this work will supply, in a condensed form, information needed by every.family that keeps even a single cow, and result in a decided improvement in the attention bestowed on neat cattle in the State, as well as in the character of the stock kept.
SOIL TEST OF FERTILIZERS.
Samples of sixty-seven brands of commercial fertilizers were distributed to farmers in every section of the State last spring for soil tests. The following instructions were furn ished each person to whom these samples were sent:--

30

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE---GEORGIA.

[374]

DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING THE SOIL TESTS OF FERTILIZERS FOR THE YEAR 1880.
Dear Sir: You will please comply, as far as practicable, with the following "Directions" in conducting the soil test of fertilizers sent you from this Department. Without the utmost care and accuracy in all observations, and in
every detail of the work, from the preparation of the soil to the gathering of the crops, experiments are valueless.
Agricultural experiments are nothing more nor less than questions asked of Nature. If a question is not ac curately and clearly asked, the interpretation of the an swer will be difficult, if not impossible.
Experimenters are therefore urged to give their per sonal supervision to every detail connected with the soiltests of commercial fertilizers received from the Depart ment in order that they may possess, when the crop is gathered, all the data necessary to give a full and accu rate report, not only of results, but of every essential cir cumstance connected with the experiment.
Reports are expected, whether the experiment results in success or failure.
1, Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible.
2. If the test is to be made with corn, cotton, or any crop planted in rows, apply each fertilizer to four consecu tive rows, 35 or 70 yards long, leaving four rows unfer tilized between those fertilized with different brands, thus: A, four rows, without fertilizer, four rows ; B, four rows, without fertilizer, four; C, four, etc., through the plat. When the crop matures, gather the two middle rows of each four--fertilized and unfertilized, and weigh and record the same accurately. If it is cotton, weigh and record carefully each separate picking, and the date of each. If the test is made with small grain, or any crop sown broad cast, lay off plats 35 or 70 yards long and 6 feet wide,

[375]

ANNUAL EEPOET,

31

with a vacant space one or two feet wide between the plats, and apply the fertilizer to each alternate plat; and when the crop is gathered, record separately the product of the fertilized and unfertilized plats. In all small-grain tests give the weight of the grain, and of the straw after the grain is threshed out.
3. In these experiments, use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 200 or 100 pounds per acre, regardless of cost, on cotton or corn; 200 pounds broadcast on small grain.
4. In conducting these tests be careful to have the quality of the soil the preparation, planting, stand and cul tivation, identical on each four rows, the only difference being in the kind or quality of fertilizer used. Without this, the test will not be reliable.
5. If compost is used, state the formula adopted in composting, giving the quantity and character of each in gredient, and the method employed in composting.
6. If convenient, purchase on the market some of the same brands as those submitted for test, and report the result as directed in No. 2 above.
7. Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have.
8. Use a portion of the samples submitted for test, in contrast with any others you may have, on any other crop on your farm or garden, and report result.
9. When Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone, --not ammoniated--is tested, compost it by formuke for compost ing, given in the circulars of this Department.
10. Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer, and report results and facts as above requested.
11. Make a careful and accurate record of everything as it is done, or as it takes place. Let your record also con tain the following, viz:
a. The character of the soil and sub-soil in which the

32

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA. [376]

test is made, whether sandy, clayey, marley or calcareous, and whether upland or bottom, how long in cultivation, and the character of the original growth.
b. Its previous treatment, both as to crops cultivated and fertilizers used for several previous years, and, if prac ticable, select a plat which was not fertilized in 1879.
c. The time and manner of preparation, time and man ner of planting, modes of cultivation, seasons, both as to temperature and rainfall, and any other fact of interest connected with the test of fertilizers.
12. When the crop is gathered, make a full report to the Department, embracing everything laid down in the fore going, or that is connected with the experiment. Blanks, on which to make out this report from the record made by you during the year, will be sent to you in November next.
These experiments, to be valuable, should be conducted with great care, and the results accurately reported by the first day of December next, or as soon thereafter as the results can be ascertained.
The results of these experiments, when reported will be published and distributed to the farmers of the State. The samples for these experiments were taken by the In spectors from the packages offered for market and shipped by them as directed by the Commissioner to the various experimenters, carefully selected throughout the State. These experiments, while as accurate as could be expected, when conducted on the farm, do not carry with them the authority which would accompany similar tests conducted at a State experimental station. The thanks of the Com missioner of Agriculture and of the farmers of the State are due these gentlemen for their voluntary assistance rendered in the careful conduct of these tests.

[377]

Annual REPOiif.

33

REPORT OP THE SUPERINTENDENT OP FISHERIES OP GEORGIA.
Hon J. T. Henderson, Commissioner of Agriculture :
I beg leave to make the following report for the year just closed:
With the limited appropriation placed at the disposal of the Department, it has been an exceedingly grave ques tion to determine how to conduct the work so as to best subserve the purposes for which it was intended. In making a careful study of the geographical arrangement of the streams of Georgia, it becomes obvious that no State in the Union is so well adapted as this for the culti vation of anadromous (migratory) food fishes.
Beginning at the Savainnah river, which, fortunately, is under the exclusive control of Georgia, and extending westward, across the State, we meet, in turn, the Ogeechee, the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, the last two uniting and forming the Altamaha a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean, and all these emptying into the same; next, the Flint and Chattahoochee uniting near the extreme limit of the State and forming the Apalachacola, which empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The Chattahoochee, from West Point down, so far as Alabama is concerned, forms the western boundary of Georgia, and, like the Savannah, is exclusively under the control of this State. Near West Point, this river ceases to be the boundary of this State, but having its headwaters in the extreme northeast part of the State, among the mountains of that region, where it can almost shake hands with the head waters of the Savannah, it passes diagonally across the State nearly parallel with the Air-Line and Atlanta and West Point Railroads, being but a few miles from Gainesville and Newnan, and six or seven miles from Atlanta. The Etowah and Oostanaula With their confluence at the city of Rome, by their numerous ramifications, liberally

34

department oe agricdeture--neorgia, [3YS]

supply Northwest Georgia. At Rome, they form the Coosa, which empties into the Alabama, which flows finally into the Gulf of Mexico. These rivers being so uniformly distributed over the State, and our system of railroads generally crossing them, would make the distri bution of fish from the rivers very easy. To illustrate : A line drawn irom Augusta, by Macon, to Columbus, would pass through sixteen counties, every one, with a single exception, touching a railroad.

SHAD.
In former times the shad passed freely up all the rivers emptying into the Atlantic Ocean to find their spawning grounds. Why they did not pass up the rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, has no explanation, but numerous exper iments, which it is not necessary to mention here, have de monstrated the fact beyond a cavil, that they will just as freely pass up the rivers emptying into the Gulf. The genu ine white shad of the Atlantic have been taken from the riv ers at Rome and Columbus, Ga., and from numerous streams emptying into the Gulf in other States, and in each and every one of these cases the result is clearly traceable to artificial hatching. In view of all these facts, and many others that could be mentioned, it was determined to com mence the work of re-stocking our barren rivers with the shad. The habits of this fish render it peculiarly adapted to this purpose, and it is no longer an open question that barren rivers can be re-stocked with entire success by arti ficial propagation. There is a fine economical view of this subject. The young shad deposited in the river pass down the stream to the ocean, and in three years return to their spawning grounds to reproduce their species, and the fact seems well established, that during the passage to and from the ocean they draw no supplies from the river, as they eat nothing during the transit, and the run of the

[379]

ANNUAL KEPOBT.

35

fish lasting many days, an excellent opportunity to cap ture them for food is thus furnished. It is, too, a fish of great fecundity. A shad, ripe for spawning, will yield at least ten thousand eggs to every pound of its weight. These eggs are hatched with great facility artificially--hatching in fifty-eight hours with the water at a temperature of seventy-five degrees; and best of all, when young shad are hatched, they are measurably able to take care of themselves, and hence, can at once be turned into the stream. It is only by artificial hatching that we can ever again make shad plentiful in our rivers. The most careful estimates which have been made show that not more than one egg deposited in the natural way, out of forty thou sand, produces a fish. The eggs are the prey of almost everything that lives in the water, while, by the artificial process, under ordinary circumstances, ninety-eight per cent, will hatch: The young shad, artificially hatched, when turned into the river, are put into deep water, where their natural enemies, the small fish, do not go from fear of the large ones. These diminutive shad do not attract the attention of the larger fish, and hence few are lost. Enor mous quantities of shad can be annually hatched and de posited in the streams at very small expense. There has been great difficulty for the past several years in finding the spawning grounds of the shad, owing to the limited number which have been passing up the streams, Seth Green, the great pioneer of fish-culture, wrote me that he visited Georgia a few years ago with a view of artificially hatching shad here, but, unfortunately, could procure no shad for the purpose. In fact, in some of the streams they have become almost extinct, as the result of over fishing and the obstruction of dams.
In June last my official duties called me to the city of Augusta, where I chanced to meet Col. McDonald, the Commissioner of Fisheries for the State of Virginia, and

36

DEI'AKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[380]

Mr. Page, Superintendent of Fisheries of the same State, both experts in artificial fish culture. We visited the dam at the head of the canal, where we found that shad had been taken in large numbers, and it was decided that this would be an excellent place to establish a hatchery, and Mr. Page consented to superintend the work. A few hatching boxes were prepared on the Seth Green plan, and we hoped that a few million of shad might be hatched be fore the run was over, but before we could get everything in readiness the fish had ceased to run. Our material, however, is on hand for future work. The expense incur red was light--only $12.50. This is a most excellent place for a hatchery and will doubtless be the initial point for future operations. The work of re-stocking our barren rivers has been carried on to the extent of our means. We received from the U. S. Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries over one million of young shad during the month of June last. Three hundred thousand were placed in the Oconee river at the railroad crossing near Greenesboro', over three hundred thousand were placed in one of the branches of the Ocmulgee at the railroad crossing near Covington, and over four hundred thousand of these fish were placed in the Chattahoochee at the railroad crossing near Iceville. Some of these streams have obstacles to the return of these fish to their spawning grounds, for it is a well known fact that they return unerringly to the river in which they were spawned or deposited. The obstacles alluded to are mill-dams. This difficulty can be dUhxome
by constructing fish-ways, which can be done very cheap ly and efficiently. I most respectfully suggest that this matter be brought before the General Assembly.

[381]

ANNCAL KKt'ORT.

37

TEMl'KKATURE OF THE RIVERS,
In crossing the State for the purpose of planting these fish in the waters of Georgia on the 7th and 8th of June last, the temperature of each and every river was noted and found to be about 80. The waters are all more or less turbid, but this will not seriously interfere with artificial culture. The Oconee thirty years ago, when teeming with shad, was equally as muddy as at the present time. With our water supply and the appliances within our power, fish can be taken from the list of luxuries and placed within the reach of all. With an appropriation which need not exceed one cent per capita of ail the people of Georgia, fish may be made so exceedingly plentiful that a full-sized shad may be bought for ten cents. I most respectfully and urgently ask that such an appropriation may be recommended.

GERMAN CARP.
Much interest is now being manifested in the culture of the German carp, a fish introduced into the United States from Europe in the last few years. This fish, for pond cul ture, is no doub't the best known. Among its good points may be mentioned great fecundity, rapid growth, living largely on vegetable matter, not predacious in its habits and an excellent food fish. Its fecundity is extraordinary ; a fish weighing from 4 to 6 pounds will produce four hun dred thousand eggs. In the month of November last, about seven hundred of these young fish, weighing about one-half ounce each, were received from the U. S. Fish Commissioner and distributed to various parties in the State, in small quantities to each. They have done re markably well so far as heard from, one correspondent re porting by letter received to-day that a fish of this distri bution deposited in his pond on the 21st of Nov. last, now weighs four pounds; others report a growth nearly as large. These fish, when well cared for, attain a great

38

DEPABTMfiNT OF AGB1CULTFKE--GEOKGIA.

[382]

weight, frequently from thirty to fifty pounds. They are

usually captured at about four to six pounds as their table

qualities are perhaps best at about that size. I have now

on file numerous applications for the carp from all parts of

the State and am promised a liberal shipment from the U.

S. carp ponds at Washington. Circulars giving instruc

tions have been sent to all applicants, and as soon as the

shipment is received the distribution will be made. It is

very desirable to introduce this fish into the large natural

ponds of the State as rapidly as possible, and to meet all

wants that may arise I suggest that hatching ponds be es

tablished in this State as soon as practicable.

Respectfully submitted,

H. H. Cary,

La Grange, Ga., Oct. 16, 1880.

Superintendent.

Your attention is respectfully invited to the foregoing re port of Dr. H. H. Cary, Superintendent of Fisheries, and especially to that portion in which he shows the necessity for a reasonable appropriation to carry on this most impor tant work. At no period in the history of the State have the people manifested so much interest in fish-culture. It is a question of vast economic importance to the people of the State, and one well worthy the consideration of the Gen eral Assembly. The present annual appropriation is utter ly inadequate to accomplish results commensurate with the importance of the interests involved.

GENERAL OUTLOOK.
Notwithstanding unpropitious seasons in some localities, Georgia has participated in the general prosperity of the agriculture of the country. This is noticeable in the im provements in home comforts and conveniences, the more general introduction of improved implements and machin ery on the farm, and in improved methods of cultureThe introduction of steam power on the farm to supply the place, as far as practicable, of the more expensive mule

[383]

ANNUAL kepoRt.

31)

power, is a striking feature in this advancement. Five years ago there were but few gins run by steam engines ; at the rate at which they have been introduced in the past three years, in less than ten years steam power gins will be the rule and mule power the exception.
Another evidence of progress is shown in the demand for improved seeds and the greater care exercised by the farmers in the selection and improvement of farm seeds of every variety.
More attention is being paid to the improvement of stogji by the introduction of thoroughbreds. This is par ticularly noticeable in cattle and sheep. The introduction of thoroughbreds is invariably followed by the bestowal of better attention upon stock. Notwithstanding the contin ued opprobrium upon sheep husbandry occasioned by the unchecked ravages of dogs, that industry offers so inviting a field for enterprise and profit, that it is receiving acquisi tions, especially among young farmers all over the State. The ravages of dogs furnish, at present, the only serious obstacles to Accessful sheep husbandry in Georgia. The remuneraffve price at which cotton sold last winter has unfortunately checked the interest which the previous low prices had Stimulated in pork production. While this is unfortunate, it is a natural consequence of a paying price for cotton and cheap Western pork.
The dairying interest has received a decided impetus from th^introduction of Jersey cattle. Not only have reg ular dames been established, but butter production is re ceiving more and better attention on the farms. The small industries of the farm, the fruit and vegetable garden, the apiary and poultry yard, while receiving more attention than formerly, are still having less than their importance justifies. Fruit culture for market, on a large scale, has been materially stimulated by the work of the Georgia State Horticultural Society, and notwithstanding we have

40

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA,

[384j

had two unpropitious fruit seasons, nurserymen find it im possible to supply the demand for trees. The opening of the Cincinnati Southern Railway, affording rapid transpor tation of perishable products to Western cities is exert ing a wholesome influence on fruit and vegetable produc tion.

AG RTC1J LTDRA L ORGAN (ZATIONS.
One of the encouraging signs of the times is found in the increasing numbers and greater activity of local agri cultural organizations. The success of local fairs in dif ferent parts of the State and the greater disposition, gen
erally, amongst farmers to avail themselves of all instru mentalities of progress, none of which are more potent than the local and county organizations, is another evi dence of improvement amongst the farmers. The State Agricultural Society has been an important factor in the dissemination of information and the consequent advance ment of agriculture in the State. It is the only State so ciety in the United States which is organi^d on a repre sentative plan. The delegates to its Co^entions repre sent local organizations.
Another evidence of progress is manifl^ted by the in creasing interest felt by the farmers of the State in the work of the Department of Agriculture. This is shown by the almost daily inquiries received at this office for improved stock, seeds and implements. Altogether, the agricultural interests of the State seem to be on ^jbealthy basis. The farmers are hopeful, and manifest a determi nation to make Georgia, in fact, the Empire State of the South.
ACKNOWLEDGEMKNTS.
I desire to acknowledge the valuable services rendered by the correspondents of the Department in supplying re liable information in regard to the areas planted in differ

[385]

ANHCAL EEPOET.

41

ent crops in their respective counties, the condition of growing crops, their comparative yield, and other infor mation which has aided the Commissioner in the discharge of his duties. Soil test experimenters are entitled to my thanks and to those of all who use commercial fertilizers, for conducting for the general information of the farmers of the State, careful comparative tests of the different brands of commercial fertilizers. These tests involve the expenditure of much time and labor, which these gentle men have cheerfully bestowed for the general good.
I take pleasure in acknowledging the valuable service of nu^^ous gentlemen all over the State who have received
and distributed in their respective counties, the publica tions of the Department.
I desire to acknowledge valuable service rendered by the meteorological observers, who have given their time to public work for the general good.
The press of the State, with their characteristic public spirit, have rendered valuable service to this Department and the agricultural interests of the State, by inviting the attention of tlflv readers to the work and publications of the Department.
Valuable assistance has been rendered the Department by the hearty co-operation of the Georgia State Agricul tural Society, the Georgia State Horticultural Society and by the local agricultural societies and clubs of the various counties.
TojBfcUnited States Department of Agriculture, and to the E^partments and Boards of Agriculture of other States, I am indebted for many valuable additions to the library of this Department.
To Hon. Spencer F. Baird, United States Fish Com missioner, I am indebted for the shad and carp which have been distributed in the State. He has placed many fish culturists in this State under obligations to him.

42

DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE--GEORGIA.

[386]

To your Excellency I desire to acknowledge, on behalf of the farmers of the State, your promptness in refitting the rooms of the Department, and making them as com fortable as their location in the basement of the capitol will admit.
Very respectfully,
J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture.