Fourth annual report of the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, for the year 1877

Fourth Annual Report
OF THE
1
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA,
For the Year 1877.

James T

ATLANTA, GEORGIA: Hakrison & Co., Printers and Binders.
1878.

Fourth Annual Report
Mimtssunwr of J^grkttttarf
STATE OF GEORGIA,
For the Year 1877.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA: JamRb P. Harrison & Co., Printers and Binders.
1878.

Annual Report.
To Bis Excellency A. H. Colquitt, Governor: Dear Sir--I have the honor of reporting, in compliance with
.law, the work of the Department of Agriculture of this State for the year 1877.
ORGANIZATION.
There has been no change in the working force in this office since my last report.
The resignation of Mr. P. H. Mell, jr:, as chemist of the depart ment, was accepted March 1st, 1877. Since Mr. Mell's resignation, the laboratory has been used by the State Geologist for the purpose of conducting the analysis of soils, the chemicals being supplied by this department from the fund appropriated* by law for that purpose.
Prof. R. H. Loughridge was appointed on November 1st for spe cific work connected with this department, to continue in its em ployment for three months.
INSPECTORS OF FERTILIZERS.
Under the authority of " An act to render more efficient and economical the inspection and analysis of fertilizers, and to amend the laws in relation to the inspection, analysis, and sale of the same," approved February 26, 1877,1 appointed, on the 1st day of September last, the following gentlemen as inspectors for the State, viz:
Gen. Geo. P. Harrison, Savannah. . Col. T. J. Smith, Augusta.
Capt. E. T. Davis, Brunswick. Mr. B. D. Lumsden, Macon. Dr. J. S. Lawton, Atlanta. While these gentlemen make their headquarters at the above places, respectively, they are instructed to co-operate with each other, and required j;o make inspections at such other places 5s the exigencies of the trade require. Prof. W. J. Land was appointed chemist far the analysis of fertilizers on the 1st day of September last, in accordance with law.
SYSTEM ADOPTED.
The inspectors are required to take samples of each shipment

4

ANNUAL REPORT.

into the State, from a sufficient number of packages to insure a fair average sample of the whole.
These are thoroughly mixed together, and from the mixture three bottles are filled, two of which are sent, by express, to the department, and the third retained by the inspector; of the two sent to the department one is retained in this office, properly la beled and numbered ; the other, 'properly numbered^ but without label, is handed to the chemist, for analysis.
The chemist makes the analysis, and reports, by the number, without knowing the name of the brand. A complete record of the whole transaction, embracing both the inspections and the analy ses, is kept in this office.
The inspectors furnish, at each inspection, a tag for each pack age. All tags pass through this office, aud are issued to the inspec tors as needed, the inspectors giving their personal receipts for them.
The amount paid into the treasury by each inspector must cor respond with the number of tons inspected by him during the season.
For rules and regulations for inspection, and special instructions to inspectors, see Circular No. 44, and Special Circular No. 42, ac companying this report.
SOIL TEST.
Samples of every brand of fertilizers sold in the State were sent to practical farmers in different sections of the State, for practical soil test, under directions from the department. See Special Cir cular No. 32, accompanying this report. The following reports of experiments on different crops will illustrate the system :

Experiment of W. P. Edmondson, La Orange, Troup County, on Cotton.
Soil. --Red clay; number of years in cultivation not known ; original growth, oak and hickory.
Previous Treatment.--The plat has been cultivated for a series of years without fertilizers.
Preparation --Without breaking broadcast, the land was laid off with a long shovel plow; fertilizers applied and the beds completed with common shovel plow. The plat was on a hillside, sloping towardsJTie north.
Application of Fertilizers, etc.--The fertilizers were applied about the 20th of April. The Acid Phosphate was composted--using 200 pounds Phosphate, 200 pounds cotton seed, and 200 of stable ma nure. The phosphate flour was composted in the same way, ex cept that 15 pounds salt were added. The compost heap lay about six weeks.

ANNUAL REPORT.

5

PUmting was done the last days of April; seed covered with a board.
Cultivation.--First plowing done with scooter; balance shallow, with sweep and scraper.

'

Lbs. of

Lbs. of

Fertilizer 1st 2d 3d 4th seed cotton

per acre. pk'g. pk'g- pk'g. pk'g- per acre.

% Atlantic Acid Phosphate Compost..........

_ 200 10 14 12 6

1470

Natural Soil.........................................................

Charleston Phosphate Flour Compost..........

300 8 12 10 3

1155

Cotton Seed and Stable Manure Compost...

300 10 13 8 2

1155

a Barry's Compound Bi-phosphate...............

200 11 15 10 5

1485

<2 Leyden's Am'd Soluble Guano...............

200 13 15 9 4-5

1452.5

a Bradley's Patent Superphosphate............

200 14 16 8.5 4

1487.5

Hensonn.--Favorable for maturing cotton--unfavorable for gath ering.
Experiment of J. T. Dennis, Eatonton, Putnam County, on Cotton.

Soil.--Bed, with stiff red clay subsoil. Has been cultivated about 40 years. Original growth, oak and hickory. Land very poor.

Previous Treatment.--ICas plat was in corn in 1874, without ma nure. In 1875, in cotton, manured with Kti wan Dissolved Bone and cotton seed; oats planted in among the cotton in fall of 1875. After the oats were harvested in 1876, the land was pastured closely.

Preparation.--It was wdll broken in January, 1877, with onehorse Watt Plow; rows laid off last week in March, running twice in the same furrow, fertilizers deposited, and the land bedded. Rows 35 yards long.

Fertilization.--Farmers' Fertilizing Compound was mixed with green cotton seed after they were mashed. All fertilizers applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre.

Planting.--Beds opened April 20th with small scooter, seed

sown, and covered with harrow.

*

* The fertilizers used in the experiments to which the letter a is prefixed were fur*
nished by the Department for experiment. The other brands tested by experimenters were purchased by them in the market.

6

ANN UAL EEPOItT.

Lbs of

Yield

Fert'zer 1st

2d

8d in Se'd

per picking picking picking Cotton

acre.

p'r ac'r

Without Fertilizer...............................................

Etiwan Dissolved Bone...,......................... u.......

Without Fertilizer............................ ....................

Empire Guano................. .....................................

Without Fertilizer........................ .......................

Patapsco Guano.................................................... Without. Fertilizer ...

aFarmer's Fertilizing Comp'd* Cotton Seed,

Without Fertilizer

... .........

Stono Soluble Guano..... ......................................

Witho .t Fertilizer.................................................

aWatKin & Clark's Superphosphate.................

4 Without Fertilizer................................................

oFarmer's Fertilizing Compound.......................

WUbout Fertilizers...... ........................................

5

15

.75 192 5

200 4.o

3.5

1.25 647.6

'.5

1.5

1

210

200 6

3.25 1

717.5

.5

2

1.5 280

200 7

3.5

1

805

0

2.5

.5 210

200 4

3.5

2

265

1.25 2.5

1

432.6

200 5.5

3.5

.75 682.5

1.5

2.5

.1 350

200 5.5

2.5

.5 595

1.25 1

175

200

3

3.5

1

525

2.5

.5 210

Seasons.--Good to May 8th; June 10th, first rain after May 8th ; June 13th, rain, and continued nearly every day to 18th; 23d and 24th, rain; 27th,light shower; July 5th,6th, and 9th, good rains; August 8th, light rain --not enough to do any good; September 17th, gpod rain--first to do any good since July 19th.

Experiment of 3. F. Hanson, Rutledge, Morgan County, on Cotton.
Soil.--Plats No. 1 and 2 dark, with stiff red clay subsoil; been in cultivation ten years. Nos. 3 and 4 same character of land, but has been in cultivation fifty years. No. 5, thin, gray land. No. 6 very old and worn out land, that has been cleared of second growth pines,_ and cultivated in cotton ten years without much manuring,
Previous Treatment.--Plats No. 1 and 2 was good land, planted in corn in 1876, and manured heavily with cotton seed. It was in sweet potatoes in 1875, without manure. Plats No. 3 aud 4 were in cotton in 1876, with manure from the lot-very old and much worn. It was in wheat in 1875, manured with cotton seed.
Preparation, efe.--The preparation was the same on all of the plats. All were broken in winter, with long scooters. The fur rows were opened about the 1st of April, fertilizers distributed, and the land bedded. The rows were 35 yards long, and three feet

ANNUAL REPORT.

7

three inches wide. The cotton was left one or two stalks every ten inches in the drill
Fertilizers were applied April 1st, on Plats N'o. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, in a good shovel furrow, at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre, and the beds made with a long, small shovel plow. The composts were made substantially by formula No. 2, Circular No. 42.
Planting.--The seed were planted April 16th, with Dow Law planter. Nos. 3 and 4 were .very dry when planted, and the seed did not come up until June 10th.
Cultivation.--The cotton was plowed first time with scooter, and hoed to a stand when five leaves had formed. June 15th, worked second time with sweep and hoe; worked in the same way July 15th.

Plat no. 1.

Lbs.of f e r t ili-
zer
per acie

1st picking
Sept. 16.

2nd picking Nov. 1.

3rd picking
Dec. 18.

Yield of Seed Cotton
per acre

a Logan's South'u FertiPng uowp'd Comp't

200

Without Fertilizer............................................................

Plat No. 2.

aWando Fertilizer......... ..............................................

200

Without Fertilizer... ........................................... .

Plat No. 3.

a Minor's Ammodiared Superphosphate......

200

Without Fertilizer ......... .........................................

Plat No. 4.

/7. Wnnrln Fprt.iHypr ............ ............... .. .

200

Plat No. o.

Ladd's Alkaline Fertilizer, composted with stable manure and cotton seed, equal quan-
. tity of each........................................................................ ' ' 300

Without Ff*rH li^nr ..........

............ ..............

Plat No. (>. 56J

Ibs.cotton seed and SOOlbs. stablemanure (

200

Withmit PVrt.iUzpr

X90

600

60

400

185

585

60

400

126

400

20u

20

20u

16

100

707 500.5

626

598

157 " 287.5

220 1,010

237

707

237 1,007

237

707

236

762

227

447

560 320

100

820

123

239

1,907.3
1,224
444.5

Seasons.--The spring was very cold and dry--April to June 10th. Prom June 10th to 1st September, did not suffer for rain.

8

ANNUAL KEPOHT.

ExperimentofrS. H. Stallworth, Bandy Ridge, Henry County, on Cotton.
Plat No. 1--Boil---Park mulatto, with clay subsoil; cleared in 1860. Original growth, oak and hickory, mixed with dog-woed.
Previous Treatment--Has been cultivated in cotton, corn and wheat. Preparation--It was plowed deep with square pointed scooter in Feb ruary; opened furrows with steel shovel; run twice in the same furrow fn March, and bedded the land with shovel. Rows 25 yards long and three feet wide. Plat arranged as directed in special circular No. 32. Fertilisers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs per acre, in a deep fur row. Composts were made according to formula No. 1 from Depart ment. Planting--April 17th, opened bed? with small, narrow steel scooter, sowed the seed and covered yiem with two furrows of the same plow. Cultivation--As soon as the cotton was up, a deep furrow was run in the middle of the rows, to make the drainage good. Cotton sided, first with scooter, and chopped to a stand; following again same day with scooter. Subsequent cultivation done with hoes and steel sweeps.

Plat No. 1.

Lbs- of 1st

2d

3d Yield in

Fertili Picking Picking Picking Seed

zer per Sept. Oct. Nov. Cotton

acre. 14th. '20th. 17th. per acre

aMountYernon Guano.................. -................ Without Fertilizer............................................. aWhann's Raw-Bone Superphosphate.......... Without Fertilizer............................................. oStono Soluble Guano...................................... Without Fertilizer............................................. aSchafer's Atnmoniated Superphosphate... Without Fertilizer............................................ rtSoluhle Pacific Acid Phos.--Composted....'. Without Fertilizer.............................................. Merrvman's Dissolved Bones......................... Without Fertilizer............................................. Brighton's Raw-Bone Superphosphate........ Without Fertilizer........ *'.................................

200 3

3

10

1470

1.5

4.5

9

1050

200 3.

7

12

1540

2

4

8

980

200 2.5

.5

11

1400

* 1.25 3.75

8

. 910

200 3

7.5 11

1505

1.5

4

8.5

980

200 3

8

11

1640



2

5

7

980

200 3

8

12

1610

1.5 4

9

1015

200 3

7

11.5 1505

2

5

7

98,,

Plat No. 2--Boil--Light sandy loam, with dark red clay subsoil. It has been cleared fifteen years. It has been cultivated in wheat, corn, cotton and oats. Cotton planted April 19th, cultivated about as No. 1.

ANNUAL REPORT.'

9

Showing Effect of Different Quantities of Fertil Lbs. of

Yield in

izer per Acre.

Fertilizer Seed Cotton

per acre. per acre.

Mount Vernon Guano.. aWhann's Raw-Bone Superphosphate.. Stono Soluble Guano.. Without Fertilizer.. Schaefer's AmmOniated Superphosphate.. Soluble Pacific Acid Phosphate Compost.. Merryman's Dissolved Bone.. Brighton's Raw-Bone Superphosphate.. Without Fertilizer.......................................

20q 150 100 200 15 too 200 150 100
200 150 100 200 150 100 200 . 150 100 200 150 100

1187 1095 1000 1200 1179 990 1187 1050 980 805 1204 1108 1000 1250 1135 1040 1207 1100 1045 1130 1092 960 795

Plat No. 3--Poor, gray and rocky, with gravelly subsoil--the ' poorest in Jhe field; been in broomsedge. Planted April 21st.

10

ANNUAL REPORT.

PLANTED APRIL 2st.

Lbs. of Yield in Fertilizer Seed per acre. Cottou
per acre.

oMount Veruon Guano. tfWhann'a R*w Bone Super*Phosphate. oSchaefer's Ammoniated Superphosphate. Without Fertilizer........... ........................ ..... aStono Soluble Guano.......... ........................... aSoluble Pacific Acid Phosphste. Merryman's Dissolred Hone Brighton's Raw Bone Super-Phoephate. Without Fertilizer.......... ...........................

,i

200

1030

150

960

125

895

200

1110

1*50

1001

125

935

200

1014

150

976

125

904

567

200

1081

150 \ 993

125

964

200

1098

150

1002

125

.890

200

1114

150

1803

125

915

200

1040

150

1003

125

830

512

Seasons have been uniformly good, both as to rainfall and tem perature, but rust seriously injured the bottoms and gray sandy lands.
Bema/rks.--All of the fertilizers were received in neat packages, and in good order, and paid well in every test.
Mr. Stallwarth thinks much injury is done fertilized cotton by hoeing too deep without returning the dirt to the cotton promptlyHe thinks the fertilizers should be applied deep, and not exposed during the cultivation.
Experiment of Wm. Hix, Dirt Town? Chattooga County, on Cotton.
So'il--Mulatto, with clay subsoil; been in cultivation twenty years. Original growth, hickory, post, black and red oak.

ANNUAL EEPOET.

11

Previous Treatment--The land has been in cotton* for four years in

succession; was manured with commercial fertilizers in 1876.

Preparation--The land was well broken, and rows laid oil thirty-two

inches apart; applied the fertilizers in the furrow and bedded the land.

The rows were seventy yards long.

Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre, except the

compost, which was applied at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre. Composted

100 lbs. of Preston & Son's Acid Phosphate with 200 lbs. of stable' ma

nure and 100 lbs. cotton seed; mixed well under shelter and let it lie

two weeks.

'

Planting--Beds opened April 20th with small plow, seed sown and

covered with iron-toothed harrow.

Cultivated every two weeks with Towers' cotton scrape, after scraping

over with an iron-toothed rake and hoeing to a stand.

Lbs.

Yield of

Fertili 1st

2d

3d Seed

zer picking picking picking Cotton

per acre

per acre

aPreston & Son's Acid Phosphate................... tern's Ammoniated Superphosphate............
aSoluble Sea Island Guano................................ Soluble Pacific Guano......................................... aPreston Sons' Acid Phosphate Compost.. Without Fertilizer...............................................

too 39.25 30

18.75 1738

100 42.25 26.5 16.75 1688

100 46.5 19.25 18.25 1639

100 43.25 18.25 14

1491

200 41.5 12.75 17.5

1397

5

10.25 20.75

809

Seasons--The spring was late, with no rain during May. The crop started off slowly. After May, there was an abundance of rain, and the seasons favorable in. every respect. The fall was fine, and frost one month later than usual.
Bemarks--Fertilizers have paid well all through this section for the season 1877.

Experiment of Wm. F. Matthews, Winterville, Clarke County, on Corn.
Soil--Of the upland is gray; has been in cultivation sixteen years; original growth, oak and hickory. That of the low-grounds, dark creek bottom; been in cultivation about the same length of time ; growth, usual to bottom land. No fertilizer ever applied to the land previous to 1877.
Preparationr--The, land was thoroughly broken with square-pointed ripper as deep as a strong horse could pull it; the rows seventy yards long and four feet wide.
Fertilizers were applied in a deep shovel furrow, at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre. This was done March 30th, corn planted same day in the same furrow, and covered with two coulter furrows, one on each side-

12

ANNUAL REPORT.

Cultivation--The'flrst of May the corn was sided with coulter, and the middles plowed out deep with square-pointed ripper; after fifteen days, plowed out again with same plow as deep as a strong horse could pull it. It received after that two light sweepings, just enough to break the crust.

UPLAND.

Lbs of Bus. of Lbs of fertili Corn Fodder When *
zer per acre. per acre. Matured. per acre

a Farmer's Fertilizing Compound.................

200

Without Fertilizer .................. ................. .......... .

a Cotton Food.............................................. ........

200

Without Fertilizer.................... ........... ............

a Wattsoa & Clark's Super-Phosphate............

200

Without Fertilizer...............................................

BOTTOM LAND.

a Farmer's Fertilizing Compound................

200

Without Fertilizer...............................................

a Cotton Food......................................................

200

Without Fertilizer..............................................

a Wattson A Clark's Super-Phosphate..........

200

Without Fertilizer.............................................

32 26 30 .20 26 31.25 26

893.25 Fodder

682 .5 Aug. 20th

830

82

Corn

735

Nov. 8th.

624

3T 69 88 .5 69 87 69

1627 .5 1300 1820 1352 1675 1315

Bemarks--" The fertilizers have not given general satisfaction this year. I attribute the failure to the unprecedented drouth, and too shal low cultivation of the land. The use of fertilizers, if properly applied, is, in my judgment, decidedly beneficial to all of our field crops."
Experiment of B. N. Seago, Augusta, Richmond County, on Cotton.
Soil.--Sandy, with clay subsoil; has been in cultivation about 40 years. Original growth, oak, with some pine.
Previous Treatment.--It was planted in corn in 1875, with about 100lbs. of guano per acre ; in oats in 1876, manured with 20 bush els cotton seed per acre.
Prepardtion.~-T\xe land was broken in February, with two-horse Brinley turning plow. Plat arranged as directed ; rows 35 yards long and four feet apart.
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre. For com post, one-third of the phosphate was mixed with two-thirds cotton seed. The cotton seed were thoroughly wet and rolled in the acid, placed in a box, and allowed to remain three weeks before using.

ANNUAL REPOKT.

13

April 5th, furrows were opened with two-horse shovel plow, the fertilizers applied and a small plow run in the furrow to mix the fertilizers with the soil; listed with 6-inch shovel and left until April 17th, when the beds were finished with the same plow, and the cotton planted.
Cultivation.--May 12th, barred and chopped to stand, leaving one and sometimes two stalks to the hill, 12 to 15 inches apart. May 18th, sided with sweep ; 31st, plowed out the middle ; June 2nd, hoed; 20th, plowed with sweep ; July 9th, hoed; 25th, plowed last time with sweep.

Lbs. of 1st

2d

3d

4th Yield in

Fertili picking. picking. picking. picking. Seed

zer Sept. 6. Sept.12. Oct. 4. Oct. 26. Cotton



per acre

per acre

Georgia Fertilizer.............................. Without Fertilizer ......................... a E.Frank* Coe's Am'd Dis. Borae Wlthnnf Fprtiliy.pr Empire Guano.................................... Withmit FprHliTpr Patapsco Guano Co.'s Sol. Phos.....
a Georgia State Grange Acid Phos composted........................................
a Barry's Corn'd Biphos, compost.
Barry's Chemical Fertilizer............ Without*Fertilizer.............................

200 7 .5 2 .5
200 8 5 2.25
200 6 2 .5
200 8 2.25
200 6 .5 2 .75
200 4 2*75
200 7 1 2.75

2

3

1.75 5

8

3 .5

2

6

4

5 .5

1

6

4.75 '5 .5

2 .5 6.25

4 .5 5

2 .5 7

4.75 8

3

7

4

6

1.75 * 7

3

806 '

1

546

1

806

1.25 603 75

2

918.75

2

60S 75

1 1018

1 25 653

2 962

1

705 25

2 .5 1018

757 5

1.25 966 .5

1.75 705.25

Experiment of B. N. Seago, Augusta, Richmond County, on Sorghum.
Soil--Previous treatment and preparation, same as in experiment on cotton, except that the rows were 5 feet apart.
Planted April 13th. Cultivation, --May 2d, plowed out with shovel plow; 17th, chopped to a stand, leaving two stalks in ,the hill twelve to fifteen inches apart; 29th, plowed second time with shovel plow; June 27th plowed with sweep.

14

annual export.

Lb*, of Gals. oJ Fertil Juice Gals, of
izer from 2 Syrup per acre Rows. per acre

Patapsco Guano Co's Soluble Phosphate........................................

200 15

90

Without Fertilizer............................................................... .............

10

60

Barry's Chemical Fertilizer..............................................................

200 * 15

0

Without Fertilizer..................................................... ....................

10 5

67

E. Frank Coe's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone............................

200 10

60

Without Fertilizer.............................................................................

95

57

Georgia Fertilizer....................... .........................................................

200 15.5

98

Without Fertilizer...............................................................................

10

60

a Barry's Compopnd Bi phosphate, composted............................

200 15.5

98

Without Fertilizer.............. ..............................................................

10

60

aGeorgia State Grange Acid Phosphate, composted..................

200 16

96

Without Fertilizer............ .................................................................

9.5

57

Empire Guano........... .........................................................................

200 12 5

75

Withont Fertilizer...................................................................`..........

9.5

57

One day's boiling was measured, and seven gallons of juice made one of syrup. The sorghum was mature the last week in Septem ber.

Seasons.-- DATE.

ANNUAL EEPOET.

15

HOUR.

TEMPERA RAIN

TURE.

FALL.

June 9th.................... ..... 3.00 p. m.

88 deg. F. 1-4 inch

Jane 10th......................... Showery all day 80 .. .

9-16 inch

June 13th............... ........... Showery all day 70 to 74 deg. F. 1 1-8 inch

June 14th.......................... Showery all day 74 to 76 ..

1-8 inch

June 18th.......................... 12 00 m.

84 deg. F 1-16 inch

June 21st.......................... 11.00 a. m. 86 ..

1-4 inch

June 23d............................

3.00 p. m. 88 ..

1-16 inch

June 24th..........................

9.30 a. m. 80 ..

7-8 inch

July 11th........... .............. 12.00 m.

89 ..

11-16 inch

July 15th......... .................

7.00 p. m. 85 ..

3 1-16 inch

July 20th..........................

3.00 p. m. 78 .

1 inch

July 22d............................

1 00 p. m. 82 ..

3-8 inch

July 23d............................ 12.00 m.

84 ..

3-4 inch

July 24th...........................

5.00 p. m. 85 ..

1-8 inch

July 30th.......................... ` 8.30 p. m. 94 ..

3-16 inch

July 31st............................ 12.00 m.

90 ..

9-16 inch

August 7th......... ...............

2.00 p. m. 91 ..

3-8 inch

August 8th.......................

6.00 p. m. 86 ..

1-2 inch

August 13th.......................

3.00 p. m. 84 ..

3-4 inch

August 14th.....................

7.00 p. m. 80 ..

5-8 inch

August 27th......................

1.00 p. m. 88 ..

1 3-8 inch

September 6th.................

11.00 p. m. 82 .. *

3-8 inch

Experiment of John Turner, Culverton, Hancock County, on Cotton.

Soil--Thin gray soil, with yellow clay subsoil. been applied to it in the last three years.
Prepared in the usual way. Planted April 20th. Cultivated with hoe and sweep.

No fertilizers have

16

ANNUAL REPOKT.

Lbs.

Yield in

Fertilizer Seed Cotton

per acre. per acre.

oE. Frank Coe's Dissolved Bone....................................................... uBahama Soluble Guano............................................... ...................... aBaldwin & Co.'s Ammoniated Dissolved Bone..*....................... aBusey's Excelsior..........1',................................................................... Sardy's A.cid Phosphate--Composted^ ........................................... aBahama Soluble Guano--Composted............................................ Clber's Ammoniated Superphosphate............................................... aE. Frank Coe.'s Dissolved Bone.................................................... .. Without Fertilizer.................................................................................

200

672

200

671

200

584

200

588

200

750

200

750

200

1008

200 < 1008

S36

8easom have been excessively dry and unfavorable to the use of fer tilizers.

Experiment of B. LeSueur, Knoxville, Crawford County, on Corn and Sweet Potatoes.
Sail--Poor sandy land; been in cultivation about forty years. Previous Treatment--The treatment has been what would be called exhaustive--crops removed and nothing returned. Preparation--Land thoroughly broken with one-horse plows. Corn rows four and one-half feet wide, four feet in the drill. Sweet potato rows three and one-half feet wide, plants twenty to twenty-two inches, on a good bed. Fertilizers applied at the rate of .200 lbs. per acre, in the drill, under each crop. Planting--Corn planted March 20th; sweet potatoes, May 10th. Cultirdtion--Corn was cultivated in the usual way, but not as well as ' it should have been, on account of the drouth. Sweet potatoes plowed once, and afterwards kept clean with hoes and hand.

CORN.

Lbs. of Bushels of

Fertilizer

Corn

per acre. per acre.

aRussell Coe's Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.....................
. SWEET POTATOES.

soo

11

g

Bushels of
Sweet Potatoes per acre.

aRussell Coe.'s Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate... .............!

200

70

J Without Fertilizer................................................................................

20

ANNUAL KEPOttT.

17

Seaxom--Mr. LeSueur says: " After the 6th of April we had nothing like a season, until the second week in June, and that lasted only a few days, and it was not until August that we had a good supply of rain.

Experiment of 3. R. Rbspkss, EUaville, Schley County, on Cotton.
" On my five-acre cotton patch, land that would, in its natural state, not have made exceeding 500 pounds seed cotton per acre, I have made the present year (1877) 15,000 pounds of seed cotton, at the cost of one ton of Acid Phosphate, 150 bushels of cotton seed, 4,500 pounds stable manure, and fifty bushels of ashes."
EXPENSE ACCOUNT.
1 ton Acid Phosphate................................................... $ 30 00 150 bushels Cotton Seed.................................................. 15 00
2)4 tons Stable Manure................................................ 3 37 50 bushels Ashes.............................................................. 7 50
Labor........................................................................... 100 00--$155 87
CTtEDITS.
15,000 lbs. Seed Cotton, at 3c. per lb.......................... $450 00 Cotton Seed............................................................ 30 00--$480 00

Balance......................................... or $60.02, net, per acre.

$330 13

Experiment made on the Experimental Farm of the State College of Agri culture and the Mechanic Artx, at Athene.
Soil--Surface gray, with coarse gravel, derived from decomposed granite; subsoil red clay. It was originally thin, and is now much worn and denuded of vegetable matter. It dries rapidly after rain, and suf fers severely from drouth. Original growth, oak and pine, about equally divided.
Part of the plat was in corn and part in oats ip 1876. The following is a copy of the analysis of six samples of this soil made for Dr. B. M. Pendleton by Prof. H. C. White, and reported January 10, 1876: No. 1. Surface soil, S. E Valley of New Q-round. No. 2. Subsoil, S. E. Valley of New Ground. No. 3. Surface soil, N. W. Valley of New Ground. No. 4. Subsoil, N. W. Valley of New Ground. No. 5. Surface soil, Ridge of New Ground. No. 6. Subsoil, Ridge of New Ground. The samples were air-dried, and lost as follows:

1 Water................................................... 12.72

I1 28.426

13 j 12.659

4 8.591

5

16

11.312 1 7.328

II. The air-dried soils exhibited solubility as follows:
2

18

ANNUAL EEPOET.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Soluble in water............................................. 3.218 2.106 3.149 2.082 2,121 1.016

Soluble in Acid.............................................. 20.326 21.510 20.995 21.736 20.467 20.797

Insoluble.......................................................... 76.456 76 384 75.856 76 182 77.412 78.187

100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000
III. The air-dried soils yielded in 100 parts:
I i i 2 i S I 4 j 5 I 5~ Nitrogen .................... ........ .......................... [ 0.095 I 0.061 I 0.097 I 0 QoS | O.OS4 I O.ftXS
IV. The air-dried soils exhibited the following compositions:

1

2

3

4

5

6

Water, determined at 212 deg, F............................ 2.036 1.132 1.875 1.006 1.134 0.975

Organic Matter............................................................ 2.375 1.545 3.029 2.875 2.647 1.302

Insoluble Silica.......................................................... 69.603 70.770 68.906 70.376 70.380 71.362

Silica--soluble in Sodium Garb.............................. 8.721 9.312 S.654 8.415 7-584 7.629

Phosphoric Acid......................................................... 0.452 0.321 0.461 0.398 0.415 0.372

Sulphuric Acid......................... ................................. 0.075 0.069 0.074 0.071 0.069 0.070

Lime............................................................................... 0.523 0.214 0.568 0.312 0.572 0.298

Magnesia....................................................................... 0.754 0.543 0.782 0.704 0.781 0.648

Potaeli........................................................................... 0.812 1.106 0.429 1.009 1.115 0.989

Soda....................................... ......................................... 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.009 0.009

Oxide of Iron............................................................... 5.784 6.312 6.146 6.082 6.428 7.106

Alumina........................................................................ 7.543 8.414 7.659 8.515 8.469 9.111

Oxide of Manganese.............................................

0.312 0.152 0.409 0.226 0.397 0.129

Preparation.--The land was broken in winter with turning shovel. Plat sixty rows to the acre, 210 feet long, arranged according to direc tions from the department, in sets of four rows, fertilized and unfer tilized, alternately.
Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 and 200 lbs. per acre, April 20th. The rows were laid off with scooter, followed by a straight shovel to open the furrow. In this the fertilizers were distrib uted. One of the inside rows of each set of four was subsoiled with the Lester plow. The fertilizers were listed on with scooter, and the beds finished with straight shovel.
Composts made according to formula No. 2 from the department. Plantinf/.--May 4th, opened the beds with scooter, seeded heavily, and covered with a board.

ANNUAL KEPOET.

19

Cultivation.--May !50tli and 31st, sided with narrow scooter on shank of subsoil plow, and ran two sweep furrows in the middles; June 4th and 5th, chopped out; June 20th and 21st, sided with straight shovel, and plowed out the middles with sweep; June 25th to 27th, hoed; July 9th, ran two sweep furrows to the row; July 18th and 19th, ran a straight shovel in the middle, deep, two sweep furrows on each side, and a sweep furrow in the middle; August 17th and 18th, hoed lightly.
Seasons.--There was rain April 13th, 19th, and 27th; May 5th, 0th, and 7th; no more till June 6th; rain June 9th, 10th, 13th, 18th, and 28d; July 6th, rain and hail, injuring cotton; rain 17th and 22d; rain August 22d and September 7th.

Eleven Commercial Fertilizers applied at the rale of 200 lbs. per acre, in sets of four rows to each brand, alternating with sets of * four rows unfertilized--60 rows, 210/eei long.

ANNUAL REPORT.

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS

YIELD IN SEED COTTON. 1st picking 2d pick'g 3rd pick'g 4th pick'g 5tb pick'g 6th pick'g Sept. 17th. Sept. 27th. Oct. 6th. Oct. 24th. Nov. 14th. Dec. 10th. Per Acre.

Jbg. oz. Ibe. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz.

(Inside rows.
Without Fertilizer......................................................................< { Outside rows

(Inside rows. a Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone............................ <
^Outside rows

\ Inside tows. Without Fertilizer......................................................................<
( Outside rows

o Homestead Super-Phosphate ol Lime..........................

^ Inside rows.. ( Outside iows

( Inside rows
Without Fertilizer...................................................................... < / Outside rows

1 Inside I'ows.. a Bradley's Patent Super-Phospnate of Lime..................... -1
( Outside rows

i Inside row?.. Withont Fertilizer................... .................................................. .
1 Outside rows

36- 9 43- ay2 144- 6 135-15 88-12 46-14 149- 8% 136-14 41-11# 41- 4 9699-13^ 18- 4# 22- 8

170-10 213-12 402- 3 425-10 148- 2 192-10# 429-13^ 425-15 191- 4 205- 5 486- 9 445-12 231- IX 245-10

80- 2^ 92-13 113- 7 114- 6 S3-14X 87- 3 93- 4% 94-11 98- 4# 109-11 161-11# 160- 5 129- 6 110-10

120-...... 147- 3 146- 4 157-15X 131- 4 118- 2 101-11% 111- 9 171- 1% 153-12 181-14 192-10 181-14 168-12

56- 4 63-12 41-11% 41- 3 53-14X 45-15 33- 4X 34- 3% 90-15 88- 9% 71- 4 81- IX 95-10 70-12%

48- 4# 35-10 27-10# 23-14# 45- 7% 30-15 17-13 23-14% 60- 7# 63-12 47-13 -s74- S% 67- 8

511-14 596-11% 875-10 901-14 496- 6# 521-11% 825- 7# 837- 3 648-12 602- 5% 1045- 5 1057-15% 730-12% 685-12#

Dickson's Diamond (A) Compound............................... Without Fertilizer.......... ....................................................... Charleston Soluble Phosphate....................................... Without Fertilizer................................. ...................... ......... a Increase Crescent Bone....................................................... Without Fertilizer..................................................... a National Soluble Bone................................................... ^Without Fertilizer............................................................... a Peruvian Guano No. 2--(Guanape).............................. Without Fertilizer............................................................... a New Haven Chemical Co's Am'd Super-Phosphate.

[ Inside rows.. i [ Outside rows f Inside rows. i l Outside row?. f Inside rows.. { Outside rows
f Inside rows.. -I [ Outside rows | Inside rows.. | Outside rows
[Inside rows. [ Outside rows [ Inside rows.. (Outside rows
j" Inside rows.. [ Outside rows | Inside rows.. ^Outside rows j" Inside rows.. L Outside rows ( Inside rows. | Outside rows

16o- 7> 334- 1 15- 7^
8 139-11 12023- 7 30-15 104- 814 102- 3 10- 5 13- 2 53- 7 59- 8% 48- 4^ 27-10K 125-10 95-10 32-13 =4-11
97-15^ 113- 4^

502- 8 | 517-1514 225- 714 277-1534 403- 2 410-14 272- 534 292-1534 392-13 419- 834 241-14 253- 2 370- 5 407- 5% 319-11 343- 934 272-13 316-14 105135-15 341- 4 330-

123- 434 151-14 142-1534 138- 434 124-11 138-12 120- 7J4 139- 334 124- 334 131-1134 118- 2 126- 9 150-15 161-11X 152-13 139- 334 121-14 121-14
87- 3 90115- 5 132- 3

117- 3 151-14 147- 3 153- 2 91-14 105-15 134- 1 139-11 110-10 134- 1 154-11 152-13 142-1534 171- 134 151-14 155-10 155- 234 144- 6 170-10 173- 7 195-15 195-

48 12 61-14 67- 34 70- 5 42- 3 45- 7J4 66- 1J4 52- 8 44-. 1 53-14)4 81- 9 65-10 53-1414 73- 9J4 73- 9% 73- 9X 67- 8 63119- 1 101- 4 105- 7^ 101-11#

* These two rows ran across a lertile spot, which affected results.

30-...... 987- 3

36- 1)4 1053-12

56-11)4 654-1334

38- 7

680-10

27-10)4 829- 334

34- 3)4 851- 4

49-11

666- 13^

44- 1

699- 6

35- 2)4 811- 6)4

38-14)4 880- 5

45-15

652- 8

64- 3)4 675- 7#

49-11

821- 4

60- 7X 933-12

65-10

811-14

78-12

818- 7

35-10

778- 9)4

28- 2

770- 2#

48-12

563- 7

46-14

582- 3

39- 6

895- 5

33- 4)4 906- 1%

ANNUAL REPORT.

Commercial Fertiuzers--Continued.

ANNUAL REPORT.

YIELD IN SEED COTTON.

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS.

1st p'k'g, 2d p'k'g, Sept. J7th Sept. 27th

3d p'k'g, 4th p'k'g, 5th p'k'g, 6th p'k'g, Oct. 6th. Oct. 24th. Nov. 14th. Dec. 10th.

Per acre.

lbs. oz lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lb s. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz. lbs. oz.

i Inside rows. 0

177-10# 106-14 223- 2 174- 6

71- 4 753-

( Outside rows 0

176-11% 94-11 212- 5% 146- 4

63-12 693-12

(Inside rows.. Ml- 3% 428- 1% 122-13 a Peruvian Guano No. 1--(Lobos Island).....................................-1
{ Outside rows 211- (,y2 463- 9% 122-13

203-14% 118- 9% 207- 3 113- 7

41- 4 46-14

1154- 1 1165- 5

(Inside rows. 0 Without Fertilizer............................................................................. S
( Outside rows 0

140-10 184-11

35-10 8V- 3

227-13 192- 3 244- 3% 181-14

iifi-n% 712-15% 91-14 789-13%

i Inside rows. 125-:0 a Mount Vernon Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.......................< '
( Outside rows 143- 7

415-12% 124-11 243- 4% 151-14 458- 7 124- 8% 279- 6 133- 9#

70-12 K 1182-...% 36- 1% 1175 2%

Ten Commercial Fertiiteers, applied at the rate of 1.00 lbs. per acre, in sets of four rows to sack brand, alternating with sets of four rows vnfe:tilized--60 rows 210 feet long.

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS.
Without Fertilizer............................................................... a Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone..................... Without Fertilizer............................................................... a Homestead Super-Phosphate of Lime......................... Without Fertilizer.......... ..................................................... a Bradley's Patent Super-Phosphate.............................. Without Fertilizer................................................................
Dickson's Diamond A Compound.................................

YIELD IN SEED COTTON.

1st p'k'g, 2d p'k'g, 3d p'k'g, Sept. 17th Sept. 27th Oct. 6th.

4th p'k'g. Oct. 24th.

5th p'k'g, Nov. loth.

6th p'k'g, Dec. 10th.

Per

Acre.

(luside rows., r Outside rows (Inside rows. ( Outside rows
Inside rows. Outside rows Inside row . Outside rows T Inside rows.. ^Outside rows Inside rows. Outside rows Inside rows.. Outside row? fInside rows. Outside row?

0 0 296-1 286-14 0 0 282-3 330 106-14 103-2 214-11 256-14 0 0 196-14 195-15

125-10 69-6 279-6 275-10 135 214-U 259-11 246-9 145-5 120 253-2 261-9 114-6 167-13 327-3 339-6

63-12 28-2 88-2 75 53-7 69-6 81-9 81-9 67-8 60 88-2 94-11 49-11 72-3 72-3 82-8

89-1 122-18 121-14 141-9 110-10 133-2 113-7 120-15 128-7 115-5 169-11 161-4 146-4 148-2 150-15 176-4

46-14 63-12 55-5 60 63-12 59-1 38-7 30 49-11 53-7 65-10 111-9 85-5 77-13 46-14 52-8

17-13 26-1 15-15 28-2 29-1 33-12 11-4 7-8 14-1 15 11-1 8-7 19-11 21-9 17-13 17-13

343-2

307-8

ANNUAL aBPOET.

856-14

867-3

391-14

510

786-9

816-9

511-14

466-14

832-8

894-6

415-5

487-8

811-14

864-6

to
03

T A BLE-- Coni? nued.

ANNUAL EEPOET,

NAMES OF FERTILIZEKS.

YIELD IN SEED COTTON.

1st p'k'g, 2d p'k'g, Sept. 17th Sept. 27th

3d p'k'g, Oct. 6th.

4th p'k'g, Oct. 24th.

5ttt p'k'g, Nov. 15th.

6th p'k'g, Dec. 10th.

Per

Acre.

Without Fertilizer.........................................................................

i luside rows. / Ootside rows

a Charleston Soluble Phosphate................................................

( Inside rows.. ( Outside rows

Without Fertilizer................... ................-................................... a Increase Crescent.Bone.............................................................

f Inside rows, ( Outside rows
( Outside rows

Without Fertilizer........................................................................ ..... (Inside rows.

(Outside rows a National Soluble Bone.............................................................. ..... (Inside rows.

( Outside rows Without Fertilizer........................................................................ ..... i Inside rows.
( Outside rows

a Peruvian Guano No. 2. Guanape .........................................

j Inside rows. j Outside rows

0 0 129-6 119-1 0 0 121-14 99-6 0 0 125-10 151-14 0 0 363-12 373-2

76-14 86-4 196-14 180 69-6 71-4 188-12 164-1 117-03 117-03 243-12 243-12 110-10 95-10 245-10 281-4

48-12 45 59-1 46-14 41-4 36-9 109-11 52-8 54-6 21-9 82-8 66-9 90 50-10 75 84-6

119-1 112-8 99-6 106-14 116-4 89-1 95-10 109-11 105-15 119-1 144-6 180-15 165 114-5 136-14 140-10

79-11 48-12 30-15 38-7 70-5 57-3 51-9 58-2 60 66-9 58-2 60 92-13 73-2 33-12 33-12

21-9 20-10 13-2 11-4 28-2 22-3 15 26-4 ' 13-2 16-14 10-5 23-7 33-12 24-6
5-10 11-4

345-15 313-2 528-12 502-8 325-5 276-9 577-8 510 350-10 341-4 664-11 726-9 492-3 358-2 860-10 924-6

( Inside rows..

0

Without Fertilizer........................ ....................................................... <

( Outside rows

0

225

60

191-4

60

241-14

69-6

181-14

43-2

15 16-14

611-4 493-2

i Inside rows. a New Haven Chemical Co.'s Ammmiated Super-Phosphate.,
( Outside rows

356-4 296-4

204-6 286-4

45 76-14

135 168-12

56-4 33-12

5-10 15

802-S 826-14

l Inside rows. Without Fertilizer..............................................................................-j
( Outside rows

0 . 261-6

0

215-10

67-8 61-14

204-6 211-14

54-6 78-12

18-12 30

609-6 598-2

l Inside rows.. 480

271-14

61-14 112-8

24-6

a Peruvian Guano No. 1--Lobos Island........................................ s

( Outside rows 519-6

290-10

54-6

127-8

24-6

0

950-10

5-10 1021-14

ANNUAL REPORT.

t Inside r> ws.

0

Without Fertilizer................................................................................<

( Outside rows

0

148-2 146-4

63-12 60

3 06-14 136-14

13-2 35-10

3-12 335-10 5-10 384-6

Other very interesting experiments were conducted, but at too great length to be embraced in this report. These experiments have been con ducted with the utmost accuracy, and are entirely reliable in every respect.

26

ANNUAL REPORT.

INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.
So great has been the change in the relations between labor and cap ital as the result of emancipation, that practical, rational education has become a necessity. The time has come for the education of our youth to be directed into more practical channels.
We have a college of " Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts," at which the science of these two indusetris is taught, but there is but one school in which the hoys are prepared to enter the college. We need preparatory schools and experimental stations, eligibly located in different sections of the State, where the elements of Agricultural chemistry, botany in its relation to agriculture, and zoology, so far as it relates to domestic ani mals, should be taught, and the farm, complete in all its appointments, illustrated.
There should be at least three of these preparatory stations estab lished.
With that at Dahlonega in the North-eastern part of the State, addi tional ones at Cartersville, Milledgeville and Thomasville would repre sent the different geological formations, elevations and productions of the State. The sciences, as far as taught at these schools, could he il lustrated on the farm as applicable to the farm economy and products of each section, and the students leaving these schools would be pre pared either for the higher course of the college, or for the practical duties of the farm.
The State already owns the necessary buildings for such a school at Milledgeville, and the buildings and sufficient land for the farm would no doubt be donated at other points. An annual appropriation of $15,000 would he sufficient for the three stations, after the buildings and land have been supplied. This sum appropriated annually to the Uni versity, for the purpose of establishing such auxiliary schools, would he the best investment that the people of Georgia could make of the same amount, and would he speedily returned in the improvement in the agriculture of the State.
AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION AND OO-OPEKATION.
There is, perhaps, no State in the Union which has received greater benefit from agricultural organizations than has Georgia. It would be difficult to estimate the value of the influence of the State Agricultural Society upon the farming interests of the State.
Organized on a representative basis, its conventions have been composed at each session of many new members, who carried with them to their respective homes much valuable information, to be imparted to their neighbors.
The experience and practice of the most advanced and progress ive farmers in the State have, through the conventions of this so ciety, been made the common property of all.

ANNUAL REPORT.

27

The discussion of scientific questions bearing upon agriculture by the professors in the State University, and others, has contribu ted very largely to the general fund of information among the farm ers of the State, and stimulated a spirit of inquiry, so necessary for the development of thought, enterprise and progress in profitable agriculture.
The exhibition at the recent State Fair, under the auspices of this society, showed decided progress in the improvement in the quality of field crops and stock.
The display of corn in the ear was remarkably fine, and illus trated the importance of a judicious selection of seed. The dis play of cattle, sheep and swine was very fine, and composed prin cipally of stock owned in Georgia. There is a greater disposition on the part of the farmers of the State to improve their stock by the use of pure bred males than ever before, mainly the result of the work of this Department, and the influence of the various ag ricultural organizations of the State. The establishment of the Department was first suggested by the State Society, from which it has received repeated indorsements, and the most valuable sup port and co-operation.
To other organizations the Department is also indebted for hearty co operation and support. The State and local Granges have rendered valuable service directly to the farmers, socially, educationally and financially, and indirectly through their co-operation with the work of this Department.
Many Granges and local societies and clubs render valuable service by reporting, through their Secretaries, to the Department the condi tion of crops, etc., in their neighborhoods.
The State Horticultural Society is exerting a beneficial influence in stimulating improved fruit culture, both for home use and for market. The display of fruit, at the annual exhibition of this Society at Macon, last August, was remarkably fine in every respect, but that of peaches was perhaps the finest irf size, coloring and quality of the fruit ever seen in any country.
Quite a number of local Horticultural Societies have been organized within the last year, and the indications are that there will be more fruit trees planted this, than during any three previous seasons.
A number of successful local fairs were held in the State during last fall. These fairs exert a very beneficial influence in the counties in which they are held, by stimulating production and imparting informa tion to visitors.
Fairs were held in Thomas, Dougherty, Sumter, Washington, Coweta, Spalding, Newton, Greene and Rockdale counties.
These fairs are generally the outgrowth of active local organizations.

28

ANNUAL REPORT.

and indicate a progressive agriculture, and at the same time encourage enterprise and investigation.
I am indebted to the managers and exhibitors at the State Fair, and to those of some of the local fairs, as well as to a number of farmers in various parts of the State, for samples of crops for permanent exhibi tion in this office. The principal object of this exhibition is to illus trate the variety and quality of the productions of the State.
Strangers who come to the State with a view to immigration, inva riably visit this Department and the. Geological rooms, in search of in formation in regard to the resources and productions of the State. The sample display in this office illustrates the variety and character of the products of the different sections of the State, which, taken in connec tion with other information attainable here, and in the office of the State Geologist, furnishes proposed immigrants with more correct in formation in regard to the State, in a few hours, than they could gain by a month's travel.
IMMIGRATION.
The publications of the Department have excited great interest in the North and Northwest in regard to Georgia, and numerous letters have been received from parties seeking additional infor mation, with a view to coming to the State. Georgia now offers to immigrants, singly or in colonies, rare inducements in cheap, fertile lands, rich mineral deposits, splendid water-power, and a climate unsurpassed on the continent. The fide of immigration is being turned to the South ; other States have established bureaux of immigration, and are rapidly receiving valuable additions to their population.
Georgia need only make known her resources and advantages, to attract desirable immigrants to her borders.
The Hand-Book of Georgia supplies much of the information sought by immigrants, but the number printed has been too small to admit of its general distribution. I have information that a large number of northern and western farmers desire to come to Georgia, and are earnestly seeking information.
A pamphlet setting forth in a clear and condensed form, the ad vantages and resources ot Georgia, widely distributed in the North and West, would be the means of inducing many farmers, with capital for investment in our surplus lands, to come to the State. Our farmers own more land than they have capital to work profit ably. The sale of a portion of their surplus lands to industrious, enterprising immigrants, would not only enhance the value of the remainder, but furnish working capital for its profitable cultiva tion.
The want of sufficient working capital has been the principal obstacle to successful agriculture in the South since the war.

ANNUAL REPOET.

29

The necessity for purchasing at credit prices, has perpetuated itself by rendering the planting too largely in cotton, as a means of meeting liabilities, compulsory.
Cash working capital is as necessary to successful farming as in any other business.
The difficulties attending the cultivation of large plantations, under the present system, are now generally recognized, and hence the large land owners are seeking to reduce their estates by the sale of their surplus acres.
These lauds are offered at prices far below their intrinsic value, and present rare opportunities to immigrants, who need only to be informed of the advantages which Georgia offers to induce them to come to our State. Georgia needs an official source from which immigrants may obtain correct information, and through which land owners may make known their desire to sell. North Carolina and Tennessee have bureaux of immigration, where land registers are kept, and through which many immigrants and much capital are being brought into those States. Georgia is unsurpassed in resources, but these are not known in the northern part of our own country, or in the countries of Europe, whence we must took for an influx of immigration. This is an important question, worthy of the careful consideration of our people.
FISHERIES.
Not, having funds sufficient to operate independently in stocking the waters of Georgia with fish, I have, as far as possible, sought the co-operation of Professor Spencer F. Baird, United States Com missioner of Fish and Fisheries, and the Commissioners of other States, which have already established hatching houses.
We are under obligations to the Georgia representatives in the United States Congress, and especially to Hon. J. H. Blount, of the Committee on Appropriations, for services rendered in secur ing an appropriation of $17,000 in advance of the regular appro priation, which, not being made until June, would have been too late for operations in Southern waters. The following shipments of fishes have been made during the last three years, by the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries to Georgia:

30

ANNUAL REPORT.

SPECIES.

DATE.

WATERS STOCKED.

PLACE

NUMBER

Shad............. ........1875.................. Coosa Kiver^.....................__ Rome.......*..................... 60,000

Shad............. ....... 1870......... ........ Chattahoochee River...... ..... Near Atlanta.............. 122,500

Shad............. ___ 1876......... ....... Ocmulgee River..................... Macon............................ 79,800

Shad............. ........1876.......... ........Oconee River.................... ..... Milledgeville............. 40,900

Shad......................1877.......... ........Oconee River.................... ...... Milledgeville.............. 100,000

Shad..................... 1877.......... ....... Yellow River.................. ....Covington................... 100,000

Shad............. ....... 1877.......... ....... Chattahoochee River..... ..... Columbus A W't R't. 110,000

Total Shad....................

. 613,500

Calif'na Salmon^.1876........ .........Etowah River................. ..... Cartersville^............. . 10,000

Califna Salmon...1876..................Oconee River.................... ..... Ga. R. R. Crossing... . 20,000

Calif'na Salmon...1877......... ........Savannah River.............. ..... Near Toccoa............. . 5,000

Calif'na Salmon...1877......... . .. .Ogeechee River................ ....N'r Crawfordsville. .. 7,500

Calif'na Salmon ...1877........ ........ Chattahoochee River.... ..... Near Norcross............ 7,500

Total Salmon,

50,000

Agricultural Outlook.
The seasons have been unfavorable in many portions of the State during the past year, and consequently the reasonable expectations of the husbandman have not been realized. In some counties, disastrous drouths occurred at a critical period in the growth of the two great staples of the State--corn and cotton.
In consequence of the irregularities of the seasons, the effects of fer tilizers have not been satisfactory in many localities, and the yield of the staple crops below an average. The yield of wheat and sorghum was far above an average, both in quantity and quality, and the reports to this Department show that an unusually large area has been sown in wheat for the next crop.
IMPEOVED SYSTEM.
The increased production of small grain necessarily implies a better system of husbandry since it involves rotation of crops, in which veget able matter will be restored to the soil.
It may be asserted as an incontrovertible fact, that there neither has been, nor can be, a 'permanently successful agriculture without a judi cious rotation of crops, different in their character and needs, at least one of which shall leave a mass of vegetable matter to be restored to the soil at intervals of only a few years.
This is being better appreciated by the farmers of Georgia each suc ceeding year, and, together with a general increased attention to the production of provision and forage crops, the greater interest taken in raising stock of all kinds, and in the small industries of the farm, give evidence of decided improvement and progress toward a permanently successful agriculture in our State. As will be seen under the head of B. B. Statistics, there has been a decided decrease in the amount of supplies purchased by the farmers of the State in consequence of the increased home production; while the aggregate yield of the market crops has not been reduced by the production of the increased quantity of supplies.
Georgia can raise a full cr@p of small grain, and by so doing actually increase her production of cotton by having the stubble fields to plant in the latter crop, and at the same time better maintain the fertility of her soil.
The farmers of tlje State are annually studying their business with

32

ANNUAL REPORT.

greater assiduity and intelligence, and practicing a wiser economy and a more persistent industry, which, if continued in connection with the judicious policy of diversified agriculture, now being generally adopted, must soon emancipate the tillers of the soil in Georgia from the finan cial servitude to which they have been so long subjected.
The crops in many portions of the State were inferior this year on account of unpropitious seasons, and the price of the great staple of the State--cotton--has been low, and hence money is scarce, but in a large part of the State where the seasons were favorable, full crops wore gathered. By reference to the supplemental report, (circular No. 48) accompanying this, it will be seen that 57 per cent, of the correspondents represent farmers in a better condition than in 1870; 18 per cent, in the same condition, and 25 per cent, in worse. So that, in spite of the unfavorable seasons of 1877, they are in better condition than in 1870 after an unusually favorable year.
Judging from the information at my command, the farmers of Geor gia are less depressed by the financial stringency which now affects the whole country than are those of northern States, where no losses were sustained as the direct result of the late war.

INTEREST IN FRUIT CULTURE.
The indications are that more fruit trees are being planted than during any previous winter, some of the leading nurserymen having already sold out their entire stock of trees. This is an industry which may he made an important source of revenue, and will be, as soon as as advantage is taken of the superiority of our soil and climate for the production of some of the most delicious market fruits.
We have peaches now which ripen one month earlier than the earliest of ten years ago. These may be sold in the New York market a month in advance of the local crop, thus securing the advantage of the highest, prices. We have peculiar advantages in the production and sale of peaches, pears and watermelons.
A cheerful, determined spirit pervades the farmers, who, while they complain of scarcity of money, are more than ever interested in their business, and hopeful of the future.

SOME OE THE BENEFITS OF THE DEPARTMENT.
There are many respects in which the work of the Department exerts an influence upon the agricultural interests of the State in so silent 'and unobtrusive a manner that it is scarcely observed. Such is the influence of the publications issued from time to time.
The Hand Book, the manuals of sheep and hog raising in Geor gia, the circulars giving the analysis and soil tests of fertilizers, with formula: for composting,'the monthly crop and statistical reports and other publications, have all been doing a silent but eflective work, not only for the farmers of the State, but have drawn the attention of the reading public to Georgia and her re sources, ample evidence of which may be seen by reference to nu merous letters now on file in this office, and to the files of the agrigultural papers from every section of the country. " It wilTbardly be denied by any'observant person, that the area sown in small grain in Georgia has been largely increased through the influence of the Department, that the attention to stock has been increased in amount, and improved in intelligent applica tion, that the aggregate information as to the varieties of stock and their management, has been increased, and the disposition to introduce improved breeds materially stimulated.
The greater intelligence shown in the purchase and application of fertilizers, as well as the improvement in the quality of the lat ter, is subject of general remark, and notwithstanding the strin gency in the finances of the country, the farmers themselves (see Circular No. 48j report the agriculturists of the State in better condition than twelve months since as a result of the improved farm policy adopted for the last few years.
While it is not claimed that all of these are entirely attributable to the influence of the Department, that it is mainly due to its influence will not be denied.
Only a few years since,^farmers spent their money for fertilizers in entire ignorance of the amount offplant food they contained; now they are not only acquainted with the elements of value for which they pay, but buy only after informing themselves of the percentages of the principal fertilizing elements contained in the various candidates for their patronage.
Fertilizers are bought and sold in Georgia now " by the analy sis, "nwhicli, though not an infallible index of the agricultural value
3

34

ANNUAL EEPOET.

of a fertilizer, furnishes positive evidence of the presence of plant food in the form and of the kind needed by our crops.
The intimacy of the mechanical union, the thoroughness of the trituration, the peculiar form of chemical combination, as well as the physical and chemical character of the soil, the preparation and cultivation of the land, are all factors which participate in the determination of the agricultural value of a fertilizer, but no intelligent person will disregard the indications of chemical analy sis in making a selection of commercial fertilizers.
In view of these facts, the analysis of the various brands offered on the markets of the State are published as early in the season as possible, in order that farmers may know for what they pay their money, and the eagerness with which the pamphlets containing the analysis are sought by farmers, shows that they not only ap preciate them, but act upon the information which they contain.
It is claimed by some that the chemical analysis is worthless as an index either of the commercial value of fertilizers or of their agricultural value. As before stated, infallibility is not claimed, but facts have been developed in Georgia which go far towards establishing the reliability of chemical analysis as an index of both. Analysis shows a decided improvement in the percentages of the principal elements of plant food in the fertilizers sold in Georgia during the last few years, as a direct result of the inspec tion system under the laws of the State, as shown by the follow ing extract from Circular No. 42, which accompanies this report:
" The average percentage of available phosphoric acid in the fer tilizers sold in Georgia during the seasen of 1873-4--the last before the organization of the present system--was 8.02; that of the last season was 10.87, a difference of 2.85 pounds to every hundred, or 57 pounds to the ton, which, at 12J cents per pound, gives an aver age increase in value of phosphoric acid per ton of $7.13.
In the purchase of 75,824 tons inspected last season, the farmers of the State received an average of $7.13 per ton more in value of phosphoric acid, or $540,625.12 greater value than was received in the same number of tons purchased in 1873-4.
The average price per ton of fertilizers sold in Georgia in 1874-5 was $50.38; that of the last season, 1876-7, was $43.70, which is an average reduction in price of $6.68 per ton in three years. The number of tons inspected this year cost, therefore, $6.68 per ton, or, in the aggregate, $506,504.32 less than the same numberof tons would have cost three years ago.
Assuming, therefore, that the average price per ton was the same in 1873-4 as it was in 1874-5, and considering the reduction in price, and improvement in the quality, 75,824 tons cost the farm

ANNUAL KEPOKT.

35

ers of Georgia, $1,047,129.44 Jess this year than the same number of tons cost them in 1873-4.
Add to this the fact that, in 1873-4 there were a number of very low grade fertilizers on the market, for which high prices were paid, while all such are now excluded, and it is difficult to esti mate the benefits which accrue to the farmers from the supervis ion exercised over the sale of fertilizers under the present system.
There is an average of 37.8 pounds more available phosphoric acid per ton, in fertilizers sold in Georgia, than in those sold in Massachusetts. At 12Jc per pound, this makes 4,721 per ton, or $358,268.40 on 75,824 tons in favor of the Georgia purchasers over those in Massachusetts.
The Georgia farmers receive in the purchase of 75,824 tons, $365,850 more in value, in available'phosphoric acid, than Connec ticut farmers receive in the same number of tons."
The rapidity with which improved methods in agricultural prac tice, valuable seeds, and statistical information are disseminated throughout the State by means of the Department, renders it an indispensable medium of communication and information to the farmers of all sections of the State.
To illustrate: The system of composting which is now gener ally adopted all over the State was confined to a few counties when the Department was established, though strongly recom mended by individuals in the agricultural press of the State, was making but slow progress. Under the influence of the Department its spread has been rapid, and the resulting saving to the farmers in their annual outlay for fertilizers, together with the saving by the increased attention given to husbanding home manurial re sources, is difficult to estimate, but is worth not less than half a million dollars annually to the agriculturists of the State.
Again many valuable varieties of seeds which were limited to only a few counties have been rapidly spread over the State through the influence of the publications of the Department. The general use of the rust-proof and winter grazing varieties of oats, both of which were only locally known three years ago, has added hun dreds of thousands of bushels to the aggregate annual yield of this valuable grain in the State. Other valuable seeds have been di rectly and indirectly distributed through the influence of the De partment with correspondingly beneficial results.
The leading publications of the Department are in great demand all over the Union, and I have satisfactory evidence of their bene ficial influence in attracting immigration and capital to the State.
The law establishing the Georgia Department has been taken as a model by several states, and others contemplating the estab lishment of deparments, have written for the Georgia Act.

36

ANNUAL KEPORT.

Our State sustains an enviable reputution for progress and en terprise among her sisters.

MOVEMENTS OF FARM PRODUCTS AND SUPPLIES.
The railroad statistics which follow, though not so full as was desired, show a material reduction in the importation of farm sup plies in the section traversed by the Georgia Railroad and branches, and official information from the Western & Atlantic Railroad, shows a corresponding decrease in the aggregate importations of farm supplies during the year, beginning with October 1st, 1876 and ending September 30th, 1877, as compared with those of the previous year. I regret exceedingly that I have not been furnished with.the exact statistics of this road for the last fiscal year, as it is believed the comparison with those of the previous year would be interesting and instructive.

TABULAR STATEMENT of the aggregate amounts of Farm Products, eta., Received by Rail--also, of the same Shipped by Rail at Local Depots, and the Termiruil Points, (Atlanta, Augusta, Macon and Athens,) on the Georgia Railroad and Branches, durina the fiscal Year beginning October 1st 1875, and coding September %Oth, 1876.

LOCAL DEPOTS.

Bushels of Corn.

Bushels oi Bushels ot Bushels of Barrels of

Wheat.

Oats.

Peas.

Flour.

Pounds of Bacon and Lard.

Bales of Hay and Fodder.

Bales of Cotton.

Tons of Fertilizers.

No. of Live Hogs.

No. of Horses &
Mules.

Barrels of Spirituous Liquors.

Received. Shipped. Received.! Shipped. j ! e ived. Shipped. Received. Shipped. Shipped. Shipped. Received. Received. Shipped.; Received. Shipped. | Shipped. Received. | Shipped.
!
Shipped.

Totals.
At Local Depots.. 364,667 Excess of Receipts 349,124 Excess ofShipm'ts

6,533

rO
"3 a> Ph

7,798 2,096 36,118 1,321 1,625 1,182 36,771

5,702

34,797

443

36,297

'O9>
<9
473 7,197,285 7,106,335

'OacA>, 2C/1 90,950 1,409 2 1,407

1,117 115,010 17,538 17,089
113,893

9> '3VO) Ph 449 4,943 4,934

9 332 327

>8 3 5 3,327 453 1,874

At Termin'! P'nts. Excess of Receipts. Exc'ss of Shipm'ts.

,6S8 280,459 12,348 43,512

268,111

9,816

882,568

TERMINAL POINTS.

i,uiO 225 3MiS ypio 10,857,441 6,428,280 1,883 -m 110,045 72,655 7,748 13,073 5291S,S2S

2,785

8,206

4,429,161

895

37,390

5,325 ..... [3.494

^285 AM 2,409
793

Oi
00

ANNUAL EEPOET.

TABULAR STATEMENT of the Aggregate amounts of Farm Products, etc., Beceived by Bail--also, of the same Shipped by Bail at the Local Depots and the Terminal Points {Atlanta, Augusta, Macon and Athens) on the Georgia Bailroad and Branches during the fiscal Tear beginning April 1st, 1874, and ending March Zlst, 1875.

TERMINAL POINTS.

: Received, i Shipped,
i
Received. Shipped. Received. Received. 1Shipped. | Received. Shipped. ]
i
Received. L________ ! Shipped. Received Shipped. Received. Shipped. Received. Shipped.

Bushels of Corn.

Bushels of Bushels of Bushtls of Barrels of

Wheat.

Oats.

Peas.

Flour.

Pojt ids of Baton,
and Lard.

Bales of Hay and Fodder.

Bales oi Cotton.

TOTALS. Excess of Receipts.............................. . ..

T3
fftt.
CO
819,222j.... 22,175

2,052

16,579

3,116,769 3,284

66,858

Excess of Shipments..................................... ........... 225,859

LOCAL DEPOTS.

Tons of Fertililizers.
7,812

TTYfioaq nf TJp.f'A'Ipts

444,536

Excess of Shipments.......................................

10,059 47,993

41,016 498

9,392,234

4,253

............ 12,879 106,6051..........

-ANNUAL KEPORT.

STATEMENT o/ the Aggregate Importation of Farm Products, etc., over the Western and At!antic Railroad During the fiscal Year beginning October \st, 1875, and ending September ZOth, 1876.

; Bushels | of Corn. Bushels
of W heat i Bushels
of Oats. ; Barrels
of Flour. Pounds of
Bacon and Lard. Bushels of Barley, etc. Bbls. of
F ruit and
1Vegetables.
I
Bales of Hay, Fod der, etc. : Bales of
Cotton. Ton s of Fertilizers. No. of Horses and Mules. No. of
Cattle. Cars of Coal. Barrels of
Lime and Cement. Barrels of Spirituous Liquors.



*0 .

<>o

03

2.939,028 695,664 392,018 247,704 53,621,016 18,306 20,587 25,483 1,758 57

22,980 8,570 9,270

The principal exports northward were 4123 hales of cotton, 6,190 tons of pig iron, and 127 car loads of watermelons.

6,103

4,249

11,709

CO

ANNUAL REPORT.

Aggregate Shipments over the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, to and from Savannah, from iSeptemSer 30,1876, to October 1,1877.

TO SAVANNAH.

AKTICLES.

FROM SAVANNAH.

37,233.............................. Bacon, pounds......................... .................................. 4,153,620

5,005.................................. Cattle, head..............................

47,892.................................. Corn, bushels.......................... ......................................... 70,411

86,182.................................. Cotton, bales..........................

Fertilizers, tons...................... ........................................... 8,595

141.................................. Flour, barrels.......................... ................................V...11,781

1,460.................................. Lard, pounds........................... ....................................... 250,674

33,420,653.................................. Lumber, feet..................

......................................46,981

13,831.................................. Oats, bushels.......................... ......................................15,910

30,381................................

rnno'h, hnshfds

...........................................942

Rice, clean, tierces............. .. ............... ............................1,256

79,164.................................. Rosin, barrels.........................

1,750.................................. Syrup, barrels.......................... ...............................................282

16,335.................................. Turpentine, barrels............... ................................................ 49

1,502.................................. Vegetables and fruit, barrels .................................................. 9

15,012.............................. VpgpfsThlps and fruit, hn\*p.. ......................................... 923

ANNUAL EEPOET.

41

Transportation of Cotton (Bales) oner Central Bailroad and Branches to 8a vannah,for the Tear Ending August 81, 1877.

MONTHS.

Through to Savannah.

>

2*

M

P$'

5

M

c

r4



js

o

3

ce

<

33

<5

a

Total.

'3
o

cu

'd



a

9-

September, 187G.... October, 187G......... November, 1876..... December, 1876.... January, 1877...... February, 1877..... March, 1877.......... April, 1877.............. May, 1877.............. June, 1877.............. July, 1877............. August, 1877..........

23,860 34,376 39,834 31,936 22,831
3,485 7,731 5,798 3,497 4,706 3,082
781

4,316 6,950 16,748 9,595 3,414 2,332
287 293 130 27 83 37

2,919

904

3,490 5.388

6,349 12,403

4,507 12,363

2,466 7,625

835 2,147

230

580

194

32

293

397

43

1

107

1,487 4,110 6,804 6,198 1,691 1,361
415 80 61 15 36 29

30,694 48,656 73,494 56,763 35,564 13,336
8,745 6,285 3,912 5,127 3,207
922

7,876 15,930 19,201 16,574 6,651 3,860 1,196
358 165 53 81 80

38,570 61,586 92,695 73,337 42,215 17,196
9,941 6,643 4,077 5,180 3,288 1,002

Total, 1876-7...... 186,420 44,212 20,982 42,282 22,237 286,705 72,025 858,730 Total, 1875-6...... 155,374 86,752 35,722 72,451 21,007 343,084 62,182 405,266

42

ANNUAL EEPOET.

Transportation of Gotton (Bales) oner Central Bailroad and Branches to Augusta, for the Tear Ending August 31, 1877.

C entral E. K.t A tlanta Div. Total.

P$

MONTHS.

03

St GQ

SaptArnhATj 1R7fi ... ... ....................................

120

1,950

October, 1876..... ................ ............................ ................... ............................. 168 `.'30 3,190

November, 1876................................................................................................ 200 274 2,528

T)flf*fmhpr 187fi ................... ........... .................................................. ........

90 20 889

January, 1877....,.............. ........... ................................................................. 10

1 471

Fehruarv 1877 ...... .............................................................. ..........................

210

March, 1877.............................................. ...............................

6 240 342

April, 1877..........................................................................................................

15 55

May, 1877............................... ..................................................... ...................... 100

115

.Tuna, 1877.................................................................................... ................... 155

164

Jule, 1877............... ....... .................................................................................... 47

33

August, 1877...... ................................................................................................ 25

88

Total, 1876-7................................................................................................ 930 Total, 1875-6.............................................................................................. 1,842

780 10,035 782 8,492

Principal Articles of Down Transportation over the Central Railroad and Branches, for the Year ending August 31, 1877.

j

Horses & Mules. Bushels of W heat. Feet Timber and
Sawed Lumber.

Dried Fruit.

Pounds ef Wool. j

J

Domestics.

Bales Georgia Cotton Yarn.J

ANNUAL EEPOET.

| Bales of Hay.

Pounds of Lard. . Pounds of Bacon.

Through S a v atn0n a h . Way Stations
to Savannah. Macon & Stat'ns
to Augusta.

BALES COTTON.

Total.

Bales Georgia

Pounds of Hides.

Pounds of Leather.

NAVAL

0

STOKES.

0

"o

6

.5

0

c

CG3Oh

JohSi Ah3m S3H CQ

Barrels Rosin, i
Bushels of Oats.

Pounds of Bran,

Pounds of

Bushels of Corn.

Barrels. Pounds. Cattle.

LIVE FLOUR. STOCK
to 0

MONTHS.

1876... 80694 7876 1950 40520 316 436 9383 9583 3518 49460 32589 511304

7334 23260

*3980 6375 2102 68734

1035 36000

15930 3190 67776 901

1091 1190 4211 72719 18738 328535

1242 32284

11144 8116 1189 29821 20

2 9 4500

7S494 19`>ni

95999 941 715 9389 80596 93:11 179907 3`>Q2 441604

40425 120 3551 32593 2516 2349G 136 70 2259 112500

Dec... 56763 16574 8S9 74226 356 706 2819 52597 10187 187302 49972 2282S3

1750 2809 104487 30 617 16780 2868 19286 290 127 695 787500

1877...

Jan... 35564 6651 471 42686 367 517 668 54579 8425 137162 26519 313730

1046 2720 193131 140 2890 28244 3645 5898 290 93

535500

Ffth 13336 3860 210 17406 458 658 973 49832 10126 144424 28971 444687

250 1431 33575 469 5800 33512 1694 8128 267 26 88

1134000

Mar... 8745 1196 342 10283 402 1650 548 40337 9963 193244 60483 469430 166 82 80 58625 646 2905 29876 2470 2736 363 47

1687500

April. 6285 358 55 6698 381 1915 648 28215 6890 117031 27675 821608 235 445 1629 56200 219

7959 2147

341 5 41

900000

May... 3912 165 115 4192 355 924 57024 33538 19765 103884 30977 394700 372 1933 7310 80914 935 100 12628 2083 7800 127 19

1116000

5127 53 164 5344 355 1066 916087 99986 10890 98019 15318 397296 803 2104 1949

280

7080 1073 9000

1 18

832500

July. 3207 81 83 3371 293 917 55979 23581 16768 104059 15799 552360 333 2653 3533 36008 167 9033 11391 2664 83895

9132 873000

Aug.. 922 80 38 1040 375 1197 12750 23813 10916 194874 26876 872191 350 2524 1551 118939 171 996610 25783 2644 132415

15 5289 841500

1876-7 286705 72025 10035 368765 4100 10666 352659 420027 120960 1526378 366753 5275723 1759 12787 35638 777848 3177 1066630 220337 27095 396759 1834 32 520 18419 8S60500 1875-6 343084 62182 8492 413758 4887 8496 214657 583109 120065 13S8410 501146 6985299 184 4397 91118 1001452 2185 370197 341075 51328 307634 2229 792|577 19930 7924500

Statement of Number Pounds Guano, Lime and Salt transported, over the Central llailroad and branches, for the year ending August 31, 1877.

ANNUAL EEPOET, erapi |

SEPTEMBER.

OCTOBER.

NOVEMBEE.

DECEMBEH.

JANUARY.

FEBKUABY.

!
1Guano. Salt. |
1
; Lime. Guano. Lime.
I
Guano. | ,i i
Salt. Lime. Salt. j
!
Lime. Salt. Salt. Lime.

Macon........................................... Atlanta division.......................... Augusta......................................... Georgia Railroad......................... Western Railroad....................... Columbus..................................... S. W. Railroad............................ M. & E. Railroad........................ A. & S. Railroad........................ C. R. R. Way..............................
Total..........................................

480
1560 37800 33810 95150 12600 11760
2920 152370 10700
4480 343970 10700

lwa 1650 78151
38277 27300 2100 18900
460 98970 7040 116888 128920 7040

6 C33

dart

d 33

C3

o

o

100 10800 1800
100800 4000 359100
69510 20370 252720 11370

208720 380200 4.63H00
4200 4840 116280 16000
1185

16800

178423 150

(554900 1360

35280

1946342 4000

6584936 18900

107100

96662

965397

33600

641195

2414302

4840

676065

2078164

167200

1303530 8-100

1523095

396060

2024339 09750; ... .. 5588027 53970

91350 1320

52500

277020 6510

19470

193524 19840 220 296373 16800

330640 12710 1498962 109600 7020 4437663 23520 6700

5900 813300 11370 119-1025 1202340 14030 9139571 294240 7240 24819817 121060 8700

MARCH.
Macon........................................... 1078490 960 Atlanta division.......................... 10195043 1050 Augusta.......................................... 911887 Georgia Railroad........................ 4521346 Western Railroad..................... 1726622 Columbus...................................... 1425922 16800 S. W. Railroad............................ 6128539 40950 M. & E Railroad........................ 1385123 A. & S. Railroad...................... 612507 C. E. E. Way.............................. 5714204 25910

APEIL.

MAY.

310000

21000

749888

4620

335000

508000

9218

178066

44000 16000

50400

488144 92510

23600 11760

258430 5250

4200

250 47960 1680

4620 40000

6480 1113471 50432 890 18169 27510 5050

Total........................................... 33699613 84960 673b 4032959 165872 890 50987 124110 45050

JUNE.
88410 200 19950
450

JULY.
21000 4200

AUGUST.
75600 20000

33600 600 88670
46200 2520 1400 56130 1760
2200 315480 2210

2000 50400 33900 24200 1680
13804 89080 8740
15804 230460 8740

21000 2600 232950 2004 78120
18690 7920 73920 6820
32524 500280 6820

1875-6. (Guano....78,506,891 RECAPITULATION. ..A Salt.......... 9,570,075
(Lime........ 93,785

1870-7. 73,114,828 4,324,992
127,520

Increase. 33,735

Decrease.
5,392,063 5,254,083

Statement of Number of Pounds Guano, Salt and Lime, Transported from Augusta, for the Year ending August 31st, 1877.

ANNUAL EEPOET.

SEPTEMBER.

OCTOBER. NOVEMBEE. DECEMBER. JANUARY. FEBRUARY.

,

Salt, j

Guano. Salt. 1 jLime. |

TO STATIONS ON Total........................................................................

Guano. Salt. Guano.

j L im e.

j L im e.

/____

O

a

a

a3

5

co 3

o

Salt.

7CO5

1060U 640 2000 69520 10660

6000 7420 8065 6800 23070 93230 3810 4380 1149975 1000 22100

32000

32000

103852

51937

448800

1926600

32000

89630

132000

1471105

2080967 200

32000 10600 640 660000 69520 10660 193482 6000, 7420 192002 6300 23070 2013135 3810 4380 5157542 1200 22100

Lime.

| Guano.

Guano.

MARCH.

APRIL.

MAY.

JUNE.

JULY.

AUGUST.

OontYal RfiBrnurl Atlanta TUviaimi f'pntrHl Railrruwl Rnntliwoetprn Railrnart

......... 1809218 2940 11070 750892 3820 1280 48400 1000 220 1200 1800 8110

700700

246000

8000

2000

1045947

103134 400

1100 2570

Total........................................................................ 3555865 2910 11070 1100026 4220 1280 56400 2100 2790 3200 1800 8110

1876-7.

(Guano........................... 12,372,652

RECAPITULATION.-v1 Salt................................. 112,590

( Lime................

98,500

1875-6.
6,545,027 66,759 47,828

3000 3600 6980 3000 3600 6980

--

Or

05 STATEMENT OP Q-UANO, SALT AND LIME, Transported from 3fa<'ony for (he Year ending August 31, 1877.

ANNUAL KEPORT.

TO STATIONS ON SEPTEMBER.

Southwestern Railroad Total............................

7844 10310 13550 1030 201745 2280 1030 223139 12590

Guano. Salt.
1
Lime, i i
jG u a n o . Salt. Lime. | Lime.
i
Guano. |
!
j Guano.
1
Salt. . Salt. Lime.

OCTOBER.
41870 14970 74300 2360 8700 22666* 21970 8700 842830 89300

NOVEMBEE.

ca3 O

'mcS

9450 5740

60800 8670

75000 173940 9074

750001244190 1S484

DEC EMBER.

JANUARY.

FEBRUARY.

I
;y? 7500 20090 62640 3700 4230 188030 23925 66870 104230 44015

as.'

o 53

3

O

240440 1950 20S60 38935 4000 20920

HT'JO 7000

453310 1600

805 10 57578 29215 1200995 36490 4123

332770 00528 50075 1093240 42090 25043

MARCH.

APRIL.

MAY.

JUNK.

Central Railroad.......... AtlantaDivision C R R Southwestern Railroad
Total............................

07177 2690 25986 104320 75000 1900 265114 35210 3330 4366U 112800 31216

770 2590 9490 53000 21150 87913 2440 6085 148613 26180 15575

2160 4025 15480 15200 61000
1380 14990 3540 34215 76130

3220 30190 230 33410 230

1870-7. Guano.. I .................................................. ....................................................................................................................^,04-1,0/'fc RECAPITULATION./ Salt.................................................................................................... 1,:3,`I52 ( Lime................................................................................................. 325,833

JULY.

AUGUST,

9000 17440 1100 20440 1100
1S75-6. 1l..d3/7O3.O ,0t9f9y
455,460 286,423

16000 son 31200 385 47200 1275

ANNUAL EEPOET.

47

Number of Bales of Cotton Transported over Southwestern Rail road, from Stations to Maeon and Columbus, for the Year ending August 31 si, 1877.

September 187G............................................................................................................................. 6,268

October, 1876................................................................................................................................. 10,321

November, 1876..................................................................................................

8,326

December, 1876.......................

6,644

January, 1877 ...................................................

2,376

February, 1877............................................................................................................................. 1,615

March, 1877.................................................................................................................................. 69S

April, 1877................

488

May, 1877...............................................................................................................................

51

June, 1877...................................................................................................................................... 17

July, 1877......................

70

August, 1877............................................................................

122

Total, 1876-7 ......................................................................................................................... 36,996 Total, 1875-6 ............................................. - ....................................... .................................25,611

Number of bales of Cotton Transported over Atlanta Division, C. M. D.,for the Year Ending August 31, 1877.

September, 1876...........

775

October, 1876........................................................................................................................... 4,811

November, 1876............................................................................

7,812

December, 1876..............................................................................

5,274

January, 1877.............................................................................................................................. 569

February, 1877..............................................................................

355

March, 1877.....................................

262

April, 1877.................................................................................................................................... 220

May, 1877.....................................................................................................................................- 323

June, 1877..................................................................................................................................... 739

July, 1877..................................................................................................................................... 19

August, 1877.............................

5

Totals, 1876-7...................................................................................................................... 21,664 Totals, 1875-6....................................................................................................................... 6,809

48

ANNUAL REPORT.

Statement of the following Freight Imported, over the Port Royal Railroad, at Augusta, Georgia, from October 1, 1876, to September 80, 1877.

Meal.

Fertilizers.

Flour.
1
W heat! Oats. Cotton.

1Corn and

Bacon and Lard.

MONTHS.

!

October........................................ NVwpmhpr .. ............ ...... ...... December...... ............................. .Tn/nnarv........................................

1,184 Bus. 63 Bbls 5 Bus. Bus.

514 14

3,210 80

465 2,884

1

1,652 1,555 1,379
649

1,725,410 Lbs. 5,8*4,177 u 3,493,967 (( 9,238,433 u

'PVhrnsrv .................................... 152,896 1,590 80

TVfnrr'h

.............. ............

982

A jvril

.. ............. ...... 81,081 1,921

Mnv. ......................................... . 22,710

152

1

171 18,414,676 it 124 14,366,226 (<
9 1,334,691 t( 24 1,008,227 ((

.Tnnft ................ .....................

1,089

1 52

4

it

Tnly...... ..................................... .

736

1

Anylist ......................... .......

810 1,302

pptf>m'h#r............ .. . ......... . 31,934

60 14

6 9 1,411,572 ({ 4 935 315,529 u

240,580 14,505 19" 52 4 6,517 52,122,908 Lbs.
Totals.................................. Lbs. Lbs. Bbls Bus Bus Bales 26,061.5 Tons.
During the fiscal year beginning October 1st., 1875, and ending September 30th., 1876, the following farm products were imported into Georgia over the Atlanta and West Point Railroad, viz: 3,262 bushels corn, 387 bushels wheat, 3,979 bushels oats, 6,585 barrels flour, 117,246 pounds bacon, and 502 barrels molasses.
During the year beginning October 1st., 1876, and ending September 30th, 1877, 810 barrels flour and 2,025 barrels molasses were imported over the same road, and no corn, wheat, oats or bacon.
An examination of the returns from the Georgia Railroad, develops the following facts:
The territory traversed by this road, exclusive of terminal points, re ceived, in excess of shipments, 95,412 bushels of corn and meal more in 1874^5 than in 1875-6 ; 4,963,073 lbs. more bacon and lard, 4,357 more bushels of wheat, 13,196 more bushels of oats, 4,719 more barrels of flour, and 2,846 more bales of hay; while the excess of shipments of cotton over the receipts in 1875-6 is 7,288 more than that in 1874-5.
On the other hand, the receipts of fertilizers were 4,210 tons greater in 1875-6 than in 1874r-5.

ANNUAL KEPOKT.

49

The reduction in the amount of farm produce purchased is attributable to increased production and greater economy on the farm, both of which are encouraging signs of a determination on the part of the farmers to make their farms self-sustaining.
I regret my inability to get the statistics of the receipts and ship ments over this road during the last fiscal year, since I am satisfied, from information derived from other sources, that they would show a still greater reduction in the amount of farm supplies purchased.
The tables showing shipments over the Central R. R., and branches, are interesting, and show a decided increase in the production of im portant articles, and a decided decrease ip the purchase of bacon, lard, corn, flour, oats, etc. The increase in the shipments of wool, dried fruit and naval stores is worthy of notice.
The table of aggregate shipments over the Atlantic & Gulf R. R. is interesting, as showing the development of those industries peculiar to the section traversed by this road.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.
In view of the fact that the returns made by the Tax Receivers in 1876 were so meagre, and that the complaint was made that the questions involved too much detail, the inquiries in the digests, sent out in February last, were confined to a few leading staple crops and to the principal kinds of stock raised in the State.
Every effort has been made to induce the proper effort on the part of the Tax Receivers, ahd to remove the prejudices from the minds of the farmers against what many of them consider an unreasonable inquisition into their private affairs, but while there has been a decided improvement upon the returns of 1876, those of 1877 are still in a very large number of cases so incomplete, that great injustice would be done the State if they were published as "statistics" other productive capacity.
It is simple justice to state that the Tax Receivers ofmany coun ties have performed their duty efficiently, but there are so many who have made only partial returns or none at all, that no general consolidation of the areas planted or the crops produced can be made with any assurance of accuracy or justice. As the publica tion of the returns from the counties which are correctly reported would serve no practical purpose without the means of ascertain ing, even approximately, either the acreage or production from the large number of counties in which they are either partially re turned or entirely neglected, I deem it best not to make a publi cation of partial and inaccurate statistics.
Statistics that are deficient in accuracy are worse than none, since they necessarily misrepresent.

50

ANNUAL REPORT.

WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT DURING 187T.
Such was the demand for the Hand Book of Georgia, that in addition to the 1,000 copies issued in January last, a second addi tion of 2,000 copies was issued in May. Many of these ha ve been distributed in other States, and some sent to Europe. Being the first official publication of the kind giving reliable information as to the resources of the State it is in great request, and has served a valuable purpose in removing erroneous impressions as to our peo ple and resources, as well as supplying much of the information sought by persons desirous of making Georgia their home.
CIRCULAR NO. 35.
Ten thousand copies of the results of the Soil Test of Fertilizers for the year 1876, and the analyses of fertilizers to be sold in Geor gia in 1877, were issued in January.
Tile object of the soil test is to determine, by experiment, the comparative agricultural value of the different brands and thus supply the place, as far as possible, of an experimental station.
The analyses, as far as made to the date of printing the soil tests, were published that farmers might see the composition of the diiferent brands before purchasing.
CIRCULAR NO. 42.
The "analyses and statistics of Commercial Fertilizers inspected, analyzed, and admitted to sale in Georgia during the season of 1876-7" were published in July.
Ten thousand copies of this were printed and very widely dis tributed.
CROP REPORTS.
Monthly crop reports were issued each month from April to De cember inclusive. These, besides showing the comparative acreage, condition and yield of the principal crops cult!fated in the State, contain much valuable information on the progress of stock-rais ing and general farm economy.
Your attention is especially invited to the supplemental report issued in December, (see Appendix).
The material for these reports is furnished by a corps of volun teer correspondents representing nearly every county in the State. Questions and blanks for answer are sent to these each month. The answers are consolidated, and published as quickly as possible after the first of each month, and widely distributed into every county and neighborhood in the State. From 12,000 to 15,000 of these are issued according to the importance of the report.
They are eagerly sought by the farmers hi every section of the State.

ANNUA I. REPOET.

51

CIRCULAR NO. 40.
A Manual on the Hog was issued in June, (10,000 copies pub lished) which has stimulated the raising of pork in the State, and by supplying reliable information on the different breeds, has ma terially increased the disposition on the part of farmers to improve their stock, by judicious crossing on the common stock by the most approved breeds. The opinion has been expressed, by those well informed, that this manual will materially increase the number, and improve the quality, of the hogs raised in the State.
It is confidently believed that both of these results have alreadybeen partially effected.
CIRCULAR NO. 44.
Five thousand copies of the Rules and Regulations for the Inspection of Fertilizers in Georgia, Season 1877-78 were issued early in September,
These wore made in pursuance to Sec. 9 of the Act "to render more efficient the inspection and analysis of fertilizers, and t amend the laws in relation to the inspection, analysis and sale of the same" approved February 26, 1877, and were distributed to manufacturers and dealers in fertilizers, as well as to the farmers of the State.
Other circulars of minor importance were issued, as occasion seemed to require.
WORK FOE 1878.
The Results of the Soil Test of Fertilizers, for the year 1877, is now being prepared, and, together with the analyses of fertilizers sold in Georgia in 1877, will be published in January, 1878.
Circulars containing the analyses of fertilizers admitted to sale, will he issued as the analyses are made, in advance of sales, for the informa tion of purchasers.
The usual circular containiug the analyses and statistics of commer cial fertilizers, inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale in the State, will be issued at the end of the present season.
A Farmers' Chemical Manual, and a Manual on Cattle, will be issued during the spring or summer.
If possible an Immigrants' Manual will be issued, and the Manual on Sheep Husbandry in Georgia revised.
As soon as the press of work, incident to the analysis of fertilizers, is over the chemist will commence the analysis, of the various useful veg etable products of the State, which will be published from time to tim* in the issues of the Department.

52

ANNUAL EKPOKT.

OFFICE WORK.
Besides the labor involved in the preparation of the various publica tions of the Department, the office work has materially increased, and there having been no increase in the working force, continuous and un remitting diligence is required, on the part of the clerk and employ ees, to keep abreast with it.
The records and correspondence incident to the inspection and anal ysis of fertilizers, employ almost the entire time of an efficient clerk from September to June; and the general correspondence of the De partment has more than doubled within twelve months.
There are no periods of leisure or intermission in the work of the Department. The time of all employees is fully occupied throughout the entire year.
METEOROLOGY.
In^order to obtain more general and accurate meterological reports throughout the State, stations will be established in about forty locali ties, representing, as nearly as possible, every section of the State.
The services of volunteer observers will be secured, and thermome ters, rain-gauges, books of record, and blanks for monthly reports, will be furnished by the Department.
These monthly records will be condensed and published in the circu lars of the Department, and also a record of the whole kept on file in this;'office.
These records, kept for a series of years, will be exceedingly valua ble.
In connection with the records of the temperature, rainfall and direc tion of the wind, observations on the influence of the weather on vege table growth will be regularly made and entered upon the monthly re ports.

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i

Day of the Month.

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Day of the Month. O

Mean of Daily Maxima.
Maximum. 5 Day of the >
Month. k

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Month. k

a h 'a ai a

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Day of the

Month.

a

a

K TA

Minimum.

3 '

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Day of the

a

Month. s

Mean for the Month.

Maximum.

at>

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Minimum.

aa

aah3

Mean.

Maximum Daily

Mean Percentage of Saturation

O
M

a

Minimum Daily

few

Mean Percentage

of Saturation.

i--i

a

Mean Percentage for the Month.

-3
aa

Pain or Melted

isg

Snow--Inches.

W INI

Percentage of N. to E. Winds.

Percentage of E. to S. Winds.

Percentage of S. to W. Winds.

Percentage of W. to N. Winds.

Percentage of Calms.

- Percentage of Clear.

CO -3 >

Percentage of Hazy.

a
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Percentage of Fair.

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ANNUAL REPORT.

55

ACKNOWLE1 )GEMENTS.
I take pleasure in acknowledging the valuable services ren dered to this Department, and through it to the farmers of Georgia, by the crop correspondents and experimenters.
These public spirited gentlemen have contributed materially to the efficiency of the work ol the Department, and deserve the thanks of the people of the State for gratuitous labor for the advancement of our great leading interest--Agriculture.
I am also indebted to the following gentlemen for(thestatistics of shipments over their respective railroads :
Gen. Wm. McRae, Superintendent of the Western and Atlan tic Railroad, Mr. Wm. Rogers, Superintendent of the Georgia Central Railroad, Mr. 8. K. Johnson, Superintendent of the Georgia Railroad, Mr. H. S. Haines, Superintendent of the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad, Col. L. P. Grant, Superintendent of the Atlantic and West Point Railroad, and Mr. R. G. Fleming, Superintendent of the Port Royal Railroad.
Very respectfully,
Thomas P. Janes,
Commissioner of Agriculture.

APPENDIX
\Special Circular No. 32.]
DIRECTIONS
T'OR CONDUCTCNG THE SOIL-TESTS OF FERTILIZERS} FOR 1877.
STATE OE OLORGIA, Df.partmekt of Agriculture,
Atlanta, February 8, 1877.
The Commissioner of Agriculture, in pursuance of duties imposed upon him by the act of February 28, 1874, requiring that a fair sample of all fertilizers sold in this State shall be thoroughly tested by him, hereby issues the following rules for conducting said tests:
Persons to whom samples of fertilizers are submitted for thorough and practical test, are required to conduct their experiments in a man ner that will set forth results fully and fairly, and report the same promptly by the first day of December to this Department, giving full details as follows:
1. State the character of the soil and subsoil in which the test is made, whether sandy, clayey, marly or calcareous, and whether up land or bottom.
2. Select a plat of land as nearly uniform in character and fertility as possible.
3. Apply each fertilizer to four consecutive rows, 35 or 70 yards long, leaving four rows unfertilized betwTeen those fertilized with different brands; thus, A four rows; without fertilizer four rows; B four rows; without fertilizer four; C four, etc., through the plat. When the crop matures, weigh carefully and report the production at each picking of the two middle rows of each four, fertilized and unfertilized, and the rate of yield per acre from each set of rows.
4. State the treatment of the soil on which the test is made, both as to crops cultivated and fertilizers used for several previous years, and, if practicable, select a plat which was not fertilized in 1876.
5. In this experiment use each fertilizer or compost at the rate of 200 pounds per acre, regardless of cost.
6. If compost is used, state the formula adopted in composting, giving the quantity and character of each ingredient and the method employed in com. posting.
7. If convenient, purchase on the market some of the same brands as those submitted for test, and report the result as directed in No. 3 above.
8. Use on the same plat any other brand which you may have. 9. Use a portion of the samples submitted for test in contrast with

It

-fiPPENDlX.

any others you may have on any other crop on your farm or garden', and report results.
10. In conducting these tests, be careful to have the preparation,, planting, stand and cultivation, identical on each four rows, the only differ ence being in the kind offertilizer used. Without this the test will not be reliable.
11. State the time and manner of preparation, time and manner of planting, mode of cultivation, seasons, both as to temperature and rain fall, and any other facts of interest connected with the test of fertilizerst
12. If the test is made on small grain, report the bushels of grain and pounds of straw per acre. If it is made on corn, report the bushels of grain and pounds of f odder per acre.
13. Conduct any other test in any manner you may prefer, and repor results and facts- as above requested.
14. When ah Acid Phosphate or Dissolved' Bone--not ammoniated,--- is tested, compost it by formula No. 1, for composting, given in cir cular No. 35 of this Department.
15. Preserve a fair sample of every fertilizer you test. Put it in a bottle and seal it up; and label it correctly. A common quinine bottle full is' about the proper quantity to save, and is most convenient.
Blanks for reports will be furnished in November next. These experiments, to be valuable, should be conducted with great care, and the results accurately reported as soon as they are ascertained.

ANALYSES AND STATISTICS OP COMMERCIAL FERTIL IZERS INSPECTED, ANALYZED AND ADMITTED TO SALE IN GEORGIA DURING THE SEASON OP 1876-77.

Circular Wo. 42.]

State op Georgia, Department op Agriculture,-
Atlanta, July 14, 1877.

In the following Table of Analyses, the Acid Phosphates, or non-ammoniated fertilizers, are given first, and include all having less than one per cent, of Ammonia. The ammoniated fertilizers follow, and include all having one per cent,,- or more, of Ammonia.
In the case of fertilizers which have been analyzed more than one time during the season, the several analyses have been averaged and consolidated into one, showing the general average for the season. The figures annexed to their names show the number of times each brand has been analyzed during the season; thus, Atlantic Acid Phosphate has been analyzed twice, Grange Mixture three times. Soluble Pacific Guano nine times, etc.
In arranging the Table, the chemical determinations to which no value is attached in the calculations, are first given, viz: Moisture and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid,

APPENDIX.

Ill

Next are the deter-fiiinations of valuable ingredients, viz: Soluble and Precipitated Phosphoric Acid, Ammonia, and Potash.
(The Soluble and Precipitated Phosphoric Acid are entered separately in the Table, but being of equal agricultural value, the same money value is given them; hence, the sum of these is placed in one column, making the "Total Available Phosphoric Acid.")
Note.--Insoluble Phosphoric Acid is not immediately available as plant food--espe cially if derived-from phosphate rock; but if derived from awiwaJ towig, it is valuable, if wwiediaie results are not sought.
The determinations in each analysis are given in percentages, and every determination made by the chemist is given in the table;, but the undetermined portion is not given, being unnecessary.
After the Analyses, the Commercial Values, at Savannah, of the vab uable ingredients found by analysis in a ton of each fertilizer, are given. The fertilizers named in the following table could have been sold for cash, m Savannah, during the past season, at or about the "commercial value" given to each one* with fair profit.
The Commercial Value is followed by the Prices at which the fertil izers were sold, (as far as was obtained,) the names of parties for whom inspections and analyses were made, the names of manufacturers, etc. These are given as reported to this Department by the Inspectors,
The following prices of the elements of plant food in fertilizers, were adopted for the past season, being the nearest possible approximation to the true value at Savannah, viz:
Available Phosphoric Acid.......................................................... 12% cents per pound. Ammonia...................................................................... ............ ..18 cents per pound. Potash............................................................................................. 8 cents per pound.
The commercial values are calculated as follows : the " Available Phosphoric Acid,'' "Ammonia," and "Potash," being the valuable ingredients for which the farmer pays his money--they, only, are considered, in ascertaining the commercial value. The num bers in the respective columns of the above ingredients, indicate the number of pounds of each in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer.
To ascertain the value of the available phosphoric acid in any brand, multiply the num ber in that column by 12% cents (the value of oue pound) for the value of that element in 100 pounds; which product, multiplied by 20 (twenty times 100 pounds makes 2,000 pounds, or one ton,) will give the value of the available phosphoric acid in one ton.
Multiply the number in the column of Ammonia by 18 cents (the value of one pound.) This product, multiplied by 20, will give the value of the Ammonia in a ton.
Multiply the Potash by 8 cents (the value of a pound,) and the product by 20, which will give the value of the Potash in a ton.
Then add these three values together, and you will have the commercial value of a ton of the fertilizer.

i

TABLE--of Analyses, Commercial Values and Prices per Ton, etc., of Commercial Fertilizers, Inspected, <1 Analyzed and admitted to sale in Georgia, for the Season of 1876-77.

Commercial value per ton.
1
j Cash price. Time price. l Cotton option | price. I Price per lb. al| lowed for Cotton
Where sold at the price named.

A P P E N D IX .

name of fertilizers.

ANALYSES. Phosphoric Acid.

PBICES PER TOH.

1. NON-AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS OR
ACID PHOSPHATES.
Atlantic Acid Phos..........2 14.31 2.94

S'c*
& -Ts* cI"o5i'rd* i"a2!>.. % ^
10.60

ft-
1.78 $29 35 $28 00 $33 00 $40 00

35 00

Baldwin & Co.'s Acid 6.70 5.70 2.50 Phosphate....................... l
Barry's Compound Bi- 13.36 1.55 6.55 Phosphate........................1
Defiance Super-Phos...... 1 8.25 4.50 11.00

8.25 10.75

26 88 42 00 52 00 52 00

1.65 8.20 0.35 4.87 29 55 43 00 50 00

3.20 14.20

35 50 30 00 47 00 47 00

Dickson's Acid Phos........ 1 2,95 2.35 3.T5 4.25 8.00

20 00 35 00 40 00 40 00

Dobb's Chemicals...............1 21.74 0.65 10.45 0.95 11.40 0.70

31 02 50 00 80 00

E. Frank Coe's Dissolved 10.40 2.10 14.00, Bones................................1
E. Frank Coe's Ground 10.00 1.70 5.00 Bones................................1
Etiwan Crop Food Chemi 16.92 0.85 9.70 cals..................................... 1
Etiwan Dissolved Bone, 15.12 2.11 8.80 29 per cent........................1
Etiwan Dissolved Bone 14.30 1 75 6.85 24 per cent........................2
Excelsior Dissolv'd Bone.l 12.88 0.26 10.90

2.95 16.95 7.00 12.00 0.85 10.55 5-90 14.70 6.35 12.20 1.65 12.55

42 38 40 00 60 00 70 00 30 00 40 00 60 00 70 00 10.54 43 24 47 00 54 00 62 00 36 75 35 00 42 00 47 00 30 50 32 00 33 00 44 00 32 74

Georgia State Grange Acid 10.32 3.35 5.55 7.00 12.55 Phosphate........................1

31 38 30 00 36 00 52 50

By whom and where sold

or for whom Inspected By whom & where Man

and Analyzed.

ufactured.

Charleston Pelzer, Rogers & Co.,

Charleston, S. C. M T) Hooil fr. fY> j

fVv-

AtlanticPhosphate Charleston, S. C.

Co.,

lumbus, Ga.

15 Augusta.... Franklin Bros., Augusta. Steno Phosphate Co.,

Charleston, S. C.

Augusta ... Edward Barry & Co., Au- Edward Rnrrv & fV f

gusta.

Augusta, Ga.

15 White Tappau,Bro. <Co , White Geo. E. White. N. Y.

Plains, Ga.. Plains, Go.

15 Augusta ... Dickson Fertilizer Co., Dickson Fertilizer Co.,

Augusta.

Augusta.

15 Athens...... S. C. I}obbs, Athens, Ga. John R. Long & Co.,

Baltimore.

15 Savannah.. Purse & Thomas,Savan'ah Coe & Richmond, Phila-

delphia and Brooklyn

15 Savannah. Purse <Sc Thomas,Savan'ah Coe & Richmond, Phila-

d<*Jphia and Brooklyn

12 Augusta ... W. C. Bee & Co., Charles- SulphuricAcid &Super-

ton.

Phos. Co., Charleston.

12 Augusta... W. C. Bee & Co., Charles- SulphuricAcid & Super-

ton.

Phos. Co., Charleston,

12 Augusta ... W. C. Bee & Co., Charles- SulphuricAcid A Super-

ton.

Phos. Co., Charleston.

Rogers & Leman, Macon...

15 Savannah. C, C. Hardwick, Savan'ah Lister Brothers, Newark, N. J.

14.21 2.15 10.87
14.33 0.50 11.101 ing Compound.............. } Long's Prepared Chemi 16.20 0.90 13.00 cals...................................1
7.58 4.80 8.S5

4.28 15.15 0.23 2.00 13.10 1.50 14.50 3.30 12.15

Merryman's Acid Pbos...3 17.68 1.47 7.76 3.71 11.37

38 70l 35 00 42 50 60 00 15 Savannah., C. C. Hardwick, Savan'ah X-ister Brothers, New

ark,N. J.

32 75 Price not given

Roirers A. Fenian. Maenn.. Sulphuric Acid& Super-

Phos. Co., Charleston.

36 25 Price not given

John R. Long & Co.,

Baltimore.

30 38 30 00 42 00 42 00 13^ Augusta... Beall, Spears & Co.,Au- ]

gusta.

35 00 40 00 52 50 15 Atlanta..... M. YYT. Johnson, Atlanta Lorentz & Rittler, Bal

Price not given

Johnson & Strohecker, timore.

Macon.

28 68 40 00 50 00 60 00 15 Athens..... Reaves & Nicholson,']

Athens.

John Merryman & Co.,

Price not given

Howard & Son, Augusta Baltimore.

, Merryman's Dis. Bone. ...1 18.36 1.90 8.04 4.06 12.10

30 25 Price not given

Moro Phillips' Sol. Bone 10.84 2.10 8.50 4.20 12.70 0.18

32 40 Price not given

Phosphate........................1

National Soluble Bone 13,50 8.36 7.87 4.32 12.19 0.33

31 66 35 00 40 00 47 50 12

Pratt's............................... 7

Navassa Acid Phos.......... 2 13.75 3.17 3.78 10.63 14.41

1.62 38 62 32 00 35 00

Ober's Soluble Acid Phos.2 12.32 4.90 7.63 3.85 11.48

28 70 35 00 40 00 55 00 15

Ober's S. U Dissolv'd Bone 9.24 4.05 9.10 3.65 12.75 Phosphate....................... 1
Palmetto Acid Phos.......... 1 5.62 1.55 9.75 2.00

31 88 Price not given 29 38 Price not given

Palmetto Acid Phos.......... 1 4.46 1.55 4.40 4.05 8.45

21 13 32 00 50 00 50 00 15

Patapsco Acid Phos.......... 1 14.64 5.00 5.20 8.10 13.30

33 25 33 00

52 50 15

Pendleton's Phosphate for 15.26 3.10 7.50 4.50 12.00 0.33 Composting......................1
Preston's Acid Phos........1 9.11 2.25 7.20 6.42 13.02

31 19 35 00 34 05 35 00

54 00 15 50 00 15

*Popplein's Silicated Su 11.74 1.25 5.65
per-Phosphate................ 1 Reaves & Nicholson's Acid 16.04 2.50 10.45
Phosphate........................1 fRhodes' Ammoniated 12.85 2.95 7.20
Bone Super-Phos.........1

3.35 9.0C

6.10 32 26

2.45 12.90

32 25 40 00 50 00 60 00 15

4.25 11.45 0.25

29 53 Price not given

Howard & Son, Augusta. John Merryman & Co.,

Baltimore.

Harrold, Johnson & Co., Moro Phillips, Phila

Americas.

delphia. Pa.

At the I'orts, Charles Pratt, Atlanta.. TJ.S.Fertilizing & Chem

Delivered <ifc furchaser's nearest depot minsrton, N. C.

ical Co., Camden, N.J. Navassa Guano Co., Wil
mington, N. C.

Augusta.... Warren, Wallace & Co G. Ober Sons, Balti

Augusta.

more.

G. Ober & Sons, Balti

more.

Langston & Crane,Atlanta Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Boston.

Augusta .. Barrett & Caswell, Au-

gusta.

Augusta ... M. A. Stovall, Augusta. Patapsco Guano Co. Bal

timore and Augusta.

Savannah.. Pendletons & Lampkin, li. W, L. Basin, Balti

Atlanta.

more.

Rome........ RounsaviHe & Bro., Rome jl. Preston & Sons,

Greenpoint L. I.

G. & N. Popplein, Bal

timore.

Athens...... Reaves & Nisholson, Reed & Co., New York.

Athens, Ga.

Johnson & Btrohecker, J. M. Rhodes & Co.,

Macon.

Baltimore.

APPENDIX.

* Popplein's has vegetable silica, 14.86.
fMessrs. Rhodes & Co. claim that their fertilizer has a fair per centage of ammonia, and that this analysis docs not fairly represent their goods in the a mmonia determination. The sample furnished by the Inspector for analysis, in this case, gives only 0.25 of ammonia.

TABLE--Continued,

Commercial Value. Cash price. Time price. Cotton option
price. 1Price per lb, al
lowed for Cotton. W here sold at the
price named.

A P P E N D IX .

ANALYSES.

PEICES PEE ION.

NAMES OF FERTILIZEBS.

Phosphoric Acid.

NON-4 MMCVNTATED FEHTILTZERS-- Continued.

*0*13,-S2
^03 0-

Sardy's Acid Phosphate.1 11.00 2.85 6.45 4.55 11.00

Snowden's Soluble Phos 12.40 4.25 4.25 8.00 12.25 phate ............................... 1

Soluble Pacific Acid Phos 13.68 phate................................ o

8.52 5.59 14.11

So. Ca. Phosphate Flour, 0.62 22.85 ! Ground Phos. Rock) .1
Stouo Acid Phosphate.... 2 9.51 6.45 6.92
Wando Acid Phosphate..l 12.15 1.85 8.75
Warren, Wallace & Co.'s 42.46 3 60 8.30 Acid Phosphate............1
poll's Cotton Acid Phos 13.11 3.98 6.12 phate ............................... 1

2.15 2.15 3.50 10.42 4.00 12.75 4.70 13.00 5.00 11.12

By whom and where sold, By whom & where Man

or for whom Inspected

ufactured.

and Analyzed.

$27 50 $28 00 $32 00 $........

30 63 Price not given.

38 00

15

35 28 36 00 42 00 42 00 13

35 00 45 00 45 00 13

35 00 52 00

15

5 38 21 00

2.32 29 76 30 00 43 00 43 00 15

31 88 30 00 35 00 42 00 12

32 50 39 00 44 00 60 00 15

27 80 43 00 57 50 57 50 15

Charleston J. B. Sardy & Son, Charles J. B. Sardy & Son,

ton.

Charleston.

Griffin. Ga Woods & Co., Savannah, 1 Pacific Guano Company,

Augusta.... J.O. Matbewson, Aug'a, V Wood's Holl, Mass.

A tlanta..... Adair & Bro,, Atlanta. )

Atlanta..... Adair & Bro , Atlanta. Pacific Guano Company,

Charleston, S. C.

Atlanta..... J. H. Ketner, Agent, At

lanta, Ga.

Augusta.... Printup, Bro. & Pollard, Stono Phosphate Cora'y,

Augusta. Ga.

Charleston, S. C.

Charleston George E.Gibbon, Charles Wando Min, & Man. Co.,

ton, S. C.

Charleston, S. C.

Athens..... Jeff Lane, Athens, Ga...... G. Ober & Sons, Balti

more, Md.

Augusta.... W. H. Howard & Son, P. Zell & Sons, Balti

Augusta, Ga.

more, Md.

Averages of Acid Phos. ... 12.05, 8.16 7.44. 4.24 11.6S 0.30 4.54 $31 OS *35 57 $45 93 $51 76'14.29

ANALYSES.

3 PEICES PEE TON. "

Names of Fertilizers

Phosphoric Acid.

<0



<4

'S >



9O

3

U

9--

II.--AMMONIATED



FERTILIZEBS.

a

1 wa

A3 'co

>'9 i, it

a



as

m oP-

2 OSo

cL
a
a

3. -- a S





-g-3

2 i By whom and where sold. By whom and where

or for whom Inspected Manufactured,



and Analyzed.

; Total ; Aval Cottor
pric' Price
low

A P P E N D IX .

Athens Chemical Com- 1.94 1.40 3.75

pound.............

1

Abaco (ruano................ 1 11.35 3.10 1.75

Ammoniated Alkaline 4.94 3,87 5.68 Phosphate.................. 2

Ainmon'd Soluble Bone, 10.27 3.07 7.62 Pratt's......................... 2

Atlantic Fertilizer...... 1 14.22 0.S2 4.75

Bahama Sol. G-uano. ...1 21*40 3.50 5.25

18 12 0.15 4.45

Bale's Wheat Fertili'r..! 15.40 0.95 3.40

Baldwin & Co.'s Ammo- 12.30 2.97 7.47 niated Diss'd Bone...2
Blue Bone Super-Phos..! 13.44 2,45 8.20

Bradley's Ammoniated 10.11 1.15 7.50 Dissolved Bone..........1
Bradle' 's Patent Super- n-\ 3.2^ 5.81 Phosphate.................. 5

4.45 8.20 2.40

$29 36 $35 00 $40 00 $40 00 15

5.25 7.00 2.10

25 06 50 00 60 00 60 00 15

3.85 9.53 1.72

30 02 45 00 62 00

15

40 00 48 00 3,95 11.67 1.54 2.05 3? 75 45 00 50 00 60 00 12

3,25 8.00 3*32 2*76 36 37 44 00 50 00 60 00

4.75 10.00 3.50 2.32 41.31 47 00 67 50 67 50 15

2.55 7.00 2*00

24 70 37 50

60 00 15

5.65 9.05 1*75

28 93 33 00 50 00 50 00

4.53 12.00 3.30 2.26 45 50 56 00 70 00 70 00 15

41 00 52 00 70 00 15

3.20 11.40 2.20

36 42

67 50 67 50 15

3.70 11.20 2.25

36 10 Price not given

4.04 9.85 3 03|

35 53 40 00 55 00

Price not given

Augusta. .. Dickson Fertilizer Com* Dickson Fertilizer Co ,

pany, Augusta, Ga.

Augusta, Ga.

Augusta.... Branch dfc Son's Augusta, Branch & Sous. Augusta,

Georgia.

Georgia,

Augusta.... Printup, Bro. & Pollard, )

Augusta, Ga.

V

Hawk'ville ............................................J

Chesapeake Guano, Co., Baltimore. Md.

At Ports.... Charles Pratt, Atlanta, U.S. Fertilizer & Chemi-

Georgia

c;d Cp.jCooper's Creek,

Camden, N* J.

Charleston Pelzer, Rogers & Company, Atiantio Phosphate Co.,

Charleston, S. C.

Charleston; S. C.

Augusta.... Claghorn, Herring & Co*, Walton, Whanu & Co*,

Augusta, Ga.

Wilmington, Dei.

Rome___ _ J. A. Bale, Rome, Ga. J. A. Bale, Rome, Ga.

Rome........ J. A. Bale, Rome, Ga. J. A. Bale, Florae, Ga.

Augusta.... Franklin Bros., Augusta l Lister Bros,, Newark,

Savannah.. C. C. Hardwick, Savan'h f New Jersey.

Conyers..... J. A W. E. I readwell, P. S. Ohapptdl & Son,

Conyers, Ga.

Baltimore. Md.

Langston & Crane, At- Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

lanta*

Boston.

Savannah.* L. J. Guilmartin, Sa-j Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

vannah, Ga.

\ i Boston.

Langston & Crane, At- f

lanta, Ga.

j

V II

TUX

TABLE--Continued,

A P P E N D IX .

Moistur Soluble. Reverted, Reduced, Precipitat Total
Avails Potash.

KAMES OF FERTILIZEBS.
AMMONIATED FERTILIZERS-- Continued.

ANALYSES.

Phosphoric Acid.

<o

<j5

.o

o

'o l-aH

s

>

FESOES PEE TON.
fol

Ao fl 9

*3

9O 5S Su

t&_> A

Uo **

eS o

a<

<

price.

<

<u

9, S

a

.u --o

EH

A

rS 3 Bv whom and where sold,

o g

or for whom inspected By whom and where

ss

and analyzed.

manufactured.

te

Cotton
1

Brighton Raw Bone Super- 7.96 5.85 2.85 phosphate....................... 1
Barry's Chemical Fenili. 19.96 1.05 7.64 zer............................. i
Barry's Grangers Fertili- 11.80 1.80 9.25 zer.....................................j
Busey's Excelsior..............l 9.72 0.20 12.15 Carolina Fertilizer............2 17,76 3.81 5.67
Charleston Soluble Phos, 1 10.10 3.20 4.30 Chesapeake Guano-..........3 13.64 4.19 4,46
* Cotton Comp'd Ammoni- 11.46 5.16 3.72 ated Diss'd Bone Phos...2
Cotton Food....................... 1 10.97 8 Go 5.20 Cumberland Bone Co.'s 12.64 3,92 6.88
Super-Phosphate .........2 Dickson's Compound...... 1 6.52 4.25 2.15
Dickson's [Diamond A] 7.11 4.00 1.40 Compound....................... 1

6.20 9.05 3.22 2.39 $38 04 Price not given

0.75 8.39 4.75 1.75 11.00 3,95

38 08 50 00 60 00 41 72 43 00 60 00

2.85 15.00 3.55

43 55 Price not given

3.35 9.(2 3.02

33 42 45 00 70 09 70 00 15

34 00 4 55 8 85 3.35 1.85 37 16 Price not given

4.90 9.36 3.06 1.64 37 04 50 00 62 00 70 00 15

50 00 60 00 60 00 12

5.86 9.58 2.79 2.10 37 35 45 00 70 00 70 0C 15

Price not given

Price not given

4.80 10.00 2.00

32 20 No price given

4.78 11.66 2.88

39 52 40 00 52 50 70 0C 15

5.10 7.25 3.30

30 01 Price not given

6.55 7.95 3.59

32 80

70 00 70 00

George Upton,Brighton,

Mass.

Augusta... Edward Barry & Comp'y, Edward Barry & Co.,

Augusta.

Augusta ... Edward Barry & Comp'y, Edward Barry & Co.,

Augusta.

N. Gallaher, Warrenton.. W. G. Busey, George

town, D. C.

Augusta... Barrett & Caswell, Au \

gusta.

J- Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

H. M. Comer, Savan'ah J Boston.

George W. Scott & Co., Stono Phosphate Com'y

Atlanta..

Charleston.

At ports.... Printup, Bro. & Pollard, l

Augusta.

1 Chesapeake Guano Co.,

Hawkins- J. O. Jelks & Brother, j Baltimore.

ville. Hawkiosville.

j

Atlanta..... John N. Swift, Atlanta,]

M. A. Stovall, Augusta, 1- Patapsco Guano Com'y,

D. B. Hull, Savannah. J Baltimore.

Cubbedge & Hazlehurst, Maryland Fertilizer Co.

Macon.

Baltimore.

Savannah. Austin 3c Ellis, Savannah Cumberland Bone Co.,

Portland, Maine.

Dickson Fertilizer Co., Dickson Fertilizer Co.,

Augusta.

Augusta.

Augusta ... Dickson Fertilizer Co-, Dickson Fertilizer Co.,

Augusta.

Augusta.

Cotton compound lias 1.60 magnesia,

DeLeon's Complete Fertil- 17.60

iy.f-'r

1

0-68 12.75

Eagle Ammoniated Boneill.23 2.92 7.33

Super-Phosphate.......... 2

E. Frank Coe's Ammonia- 12.30 0.17 11.00

ted Bone Super-Phos...2

Empire Guano..................2 12.24 1.87 7.68

Etiwan Guano....................2 15.29 1.12 5.S2
Eureka Ammoniat'd Bone 16.75 3.59 7.32 Super-Phos..................... 4
Excel lenza Cotton Fertili- 14.82 0.80 10.95 zer.................................... 2
iEtna Ammoniated Bone 22.48 5.10 6.10 Super-Phos..................... 1
Georgia Fertilizer.............1 13.94 4.00 5.45
Georgia State Grange Fer 17.62 0.55 10.00 tilizer................................ l
fGrange Mixture..............3 13.12 4.86 4.18
Homestead Super-Phos...2 9.58 2.52 5.13

Increase Crescent Bone...l 16.26 2.55 10.35 Leyden's Ammonia'd Sol- 13.88 5.00 5.20
uble Guano..................... 1 Liebig's Ammoniat'd Dis- 12.59 4.68 3.78
solved Bone................... 2
Liebig's Formula............. 1 13.11 3.55 6.65 Long's Dissolved Bone.... 1 18.78 1.05 6.85 Lorentz & Rittler's Am'd 12.08 2.37 7.68
Soluble Phosphate........3

1.85 14.60 1.80

42 98 50 00 65 00 65 00 15

2.77 10.10 2.70

31 97 46 00 55 00 70 00 15

2.25 13.25 3.42

45 44 40 00 60 00 70 00 15

4.33 12.01 2.05

37 41 45 00

70 00 15

50 00 60 00 70 00 15

4.43 10.25 2.22 2.68 37 97 47 00 54 00 62 00 12

3.55 10.87 2.62 1.42 12.37 2.82

36 61 45 00 GO 00 60 00 15

70 00 15

41 08 50 00 72 00

15

1.20 7.30 2.92

28 76 Price not

5.75 11.20 3.20 1,22 41 47 40 00 67 50 67 50 15

Augusta.... Franklin Bros., Augusta. Lister Bros., Newark,

N. J.

Augusta.... Barrett & Caswell, Augs'a Bradley Fertilizing Co.,

Boston.

Savannah. Purse & Thomas, Savan'h Coe & Richmond, Phila

delphia aud Brooklyn

Augusta... O. M. Stone, Augusta.. ]

Athens...... Hampton & Dearing, [ R. W. L. Rasin, Balti

Athens.

j more.

Augusta ... W. C. Bee & Co., Charles- SulphuricAcid & Super-

ton.

Phos. Co., Charleston.

Atthepn's J. M. Johnston Macon. ) Atlantic & Virginia Fer-

Toccoa.Ga. Moseley & Yow, Toccoa ) tiiizer Co.,Orient,L.I.

Athens...... S. C. Dobbs, Athens.

John R. Long & Co.,

Baltimore.

W. H. Howell, Atlanta. New Haven Chemical

Co., New Haven, C^n Savannah. C. C. Hardwick, Savan'ah ..................... Baltimore.

2.45 12.45 3.30

43 01 41 00 52 00 70 00 15 Savannah. C. C. Hardwick, Savan'ah Lister Brothers, New

50 00

65 00 15

5.75 9.93 1.65 2.28 34 41 50 00 68 00 68 00 15

40 00 65 0(> 65 00 15

8.16 13.29 3.39 2.43 49 32

67 50 67 50 15

ark, N. J.

Rome

Berrys & Co-, Rome.

Augusta ... M. A. Stovall, Augusta. - Patapsco Guano Com'y

Savannah. D. B. Hull, Savannah.

Baltimore.

Macon...... F. D. Tinsley, Macon. '

Price not given

Langston & Crane, At- Jarvis & Hooper, De

3.00 13.35 2.00

lanta.

j troit, Mieh.

40 58 45 00 55 00 55 00 13 Augusta.... J. M. Berry, Augusta. Lisier Brothers, New

4.60 9.80 2.85

34 76 45 00 67 50

15 Atlanta.... A. Leyden, Atlanta.

ark, N. J. Walton, Whanu & Co.,

5.78 9.56 2.41

32 58 60 00

65 00 15

No price given

No price given

6.75 13.40 1.55 2.52 43 11 42 00 60 00 60 00 15

Wilmington, Del.

Augusta....

M. A. Stovall, Augusta."I J. N. Swift, Atlanta. 1 D. B. HujI, Savannah. J

Patapsco Guano Baltimore, Md.

Co.,

Augusta.... M. A. Stovall, Augusta. Patapsco Guano Co.,

3.45 10.30 2.05

33 13 40 00 50 00 60 00 15 Athens...... S. C, Dobbs, Athens.

Baltimore, Md. John R. Long & Co.,

3.68 11.36 2.21

Baitimore. 36 36 45 00 55 00 67 50 15 Atlanta..... M. W. Johnson, Atlanta'|

45 00 60 00 60 00 13K Augusta.... Beall, Spears & Co., Au-

gusta.

j- Lorentz & Rittler, Bal

No price given

Johnson & Strohecker, i timore.

Macon.

j

APPENDIX.

*An analysis of Empire Guano, made 22d June, alter this table was nearly completed, gives 10.80 of available Phosphoric Acid, and 5.20 of Ammonia.

fGrange Mixture has 1.69 magnesia.

X

TABLE--Continued,

M

M oisture. Soluble. Reverted, Reduced, or P r e c ip ita t'd Total 1 Available. jAmmonia. Potash. Commercial Value. Cash price. Time price. Cotton option
price. Price per lb. al
lowed for Cotton. Where sold at the ^ price named.

A P P E N D IX .

Names op Fertilizebs.

ANALYSES. Phosphoric Acid.

PEICES PEE TOH.

6

AMMONIATED FER

TILIZERS -- Continued.

'g

1--aH

Manhattan Blood Guano..l 14.10 2.15 8.10

MflthG'

Corn- 11 fifl 2.75 7.65

pound............................. 1

Merrvman's Ammoniated 15.94 0.80 9.70

Dissolved Rnnps ... fi

Minor's Ammoniated Su- 11.68 2.65 3.40 per-Phosphate............... J
Mt. Vernon Ammoniated 11.97 3.75 6.85 Soluble Phosphate...... 1
NavaxSH Ammoniatpd ftnl- 13.40 5.60 2.67 uble Phosphate............. 2
Navassa Oot.tfm Mivinre 0 12.68 4.23 4.67

New Haven Chem. Co.'s 21.00 2.85 4.50 Ammon'd Super-Phos.1
Ober's Soluble Ammo't'd 17.07 2.47 9.60 Super-Phosphate..........2

Ober's Ammoniated Dis- 15.50 0.85 8.05

solved Bone................... 1

Ober's Genuine Phospho- 11.30

4.00

Peruvian Guano........... 1

Patapsco Guano Co.'s Sol- 10.58 5.94 3.71

nhlfi Phosphate* ... ft

* Patapsco Guano ha>s 1.55 Magnesia.

3.50 11.60 2.75 2.35 10.00 1.25

$38 90 $45 00 $60 00 No price given 29 50 60 00 76 66

2.48 12.18 3.21

42 01 50 00

72 00 15

50 00 65 00

No price given

7.45 10.85 3.00 ....... 37 93 No price given

3.00 9.85 3.20 1.74 36 15 40 00 50 00 67 50 15

6.45 9.12 3.10

33 96 50 00 55 00

7.36 12.03 1.54

35 62 42 00 48 00

2.70 7.20 4.00 4.10 38 96 50 00 60 00 67 50 15

2.30 11.90 2.12

37 38 50 00 60 00 70 00 15 47 00 52 50 70 00 15

3.95 10.00 2.25

83 10 47 00 52 50 70 00 15

5.20 9.20 4.11

37 80 Price not given

5.81 9.52 3.27 1.84 38 52 45 00 70 00 70 00 15

50 00 68 00 68 00 15

55 00

70 00 15

By whom and where sold, By whom and where

or for whom Inspected

Manufactured.

and Analyzed.

Savannah.. Rnnenn/fr .Tnhnsnn Sn v , ) Wing & Evans, N. Y.

W. T. Cole, Griffin. f

No.lSCR.R A Miit.hi fv Nr ia Lorentz & Rittler, Balti

Central R. R.

more, Md.

Athens...... Savannah..

Reaves W. Hr

& Nich'is'n, Ath's')i Howard <fc Son, \

John Merryman Baltimore.

& Co.,

Augusta.

J

Savannah. B. R, Minor, Jr., Savan'h, Patapsco Guano Com'y,

Balti'nore.

Macon....... Johnson & Strohecker, Gustav Damhmann, Bal

Macon.

timore, Md.

DIM at pur. n'st depot in Ga.

Navassa Giifl.nef1fimpa.nyj Wilmington, N. C!

Navassa Guano Com'y, Wilmington, N. C.

Navassa Guano Gnmpflnyj Navassa Guano Com'y,

Wilmington, N. C\

Wilmington, N. C.

Macon...... English & Huguenin, Ma- New Haven Chemical

con.

Co.,New Haven,Con.

Athens...... Augusta....

Jefi Lane. Athens, Warren, Wallace A
Augusta.

) Co., >
)

G. Ober & Sons, more, Md.

Balti

Augusta.... Warren, Wallace & Co., G. Ober & Sons, Balti

Augusta.

more, Md.

Warren, Wallace & Co., G. Ober a Sons, Balti

Augusta.

more, Md.

Savannah.
A ucmst!}
Rome.........

D. B. Hull, Savannah.
\f A Sinvfl.ll Augusta
Berrys & Co., Rome.

1
v
)

Patapsco Guano Com'y, Bulto. and Augusta.

A P P E N D IX .

Pendleton's Ammoniated 11.02 2.01 10.40] Bi-Phosphate................. 1
Pendleton's Ammoniated 12.93 3.70 6.97 Super-Phosphate..........2
Planter's Favorite............1 20.44 1.2C 10.40

3.85 14 25 4.021

50 10 53 00 60 0(1 75 00 15

2.88 9.85 3.48 2.0( 40 35 52 00 59 00 74 00 15

1.80 12.20 3.25

48 or 55 00 60 00 12 35 0C No

Peerless Guano................. 1 11.36 3.50 5.55 4.55 10.10 3.33 2.78 41 69 47 00 67 50 67 50 15

Ppruvinn ftn aTin Nn I 0 4? 1 55 7 95 Rectified,Lobos Island..
Peruvian Guano, second 5.98 1.1C 4.80 quality (Guanape)........1
Preston's Ammoniated Su- 17.05 1.32 7.80 per-Phosphate............... 2
Ragsdale's Ammoniated 11.68 4.77 6.27 Bone Super-Phospbate..2
Reaves & Nicholson's Cot- 17.04 0.9C 10.40 ton Grower.....................1
Russell Coe's A mmoniated 18.62 1.97 7.82 Bone Super-Phosphate. 2
Samana Guano*............... 1 14.13 4.95 5.25

13.00 3.00

51 58

7.25 12.05 2.00

37 33

3.98 11.78 4.11

44 25 60 0C

70 00 14

3.88 9.65 1,80

30 61

not given

3.25 13.65 2.87

44 46 50 00 60 00 70 00 15

2.98 10.80 3.05

37 98 50 00 65 00 70 00 15

5.60 10 85 1.75 2.43 37 31

not given

Sardy's Ammoniated Sol- 16.20 3.75 5.25 uble Pacific Guano...... 1
Sardy's Phospho Peruvian 13.04 3.60 4.45 Guano............................. 1
Schaefer's Ammoniated 9.92 3.12 4.45 Super-Phosphate.......... 1
Sea Fowl Guano [B.D.]..4 15.65 3.13 5.66

3.50 8.75 1.75 4.65 9.10 3.75 6.20 10.65 2 35 3.30 8.96 2.91

28 18 No price given

36 25 46 00 52 00

35 09 Price

given

32 88 50 00 70 00 70 00 15

50 00 60 00 60 00 12

Price not' given

Sea Gull Ammoniated Dis- 10.81 3.62 4.07 solved Bone................... 2
Sibley's I. X. L. Soluble 4.00 0.58 8.40 Guano............................ 1
Snowden's Cotton Com- 11.53 4.90 4.50 pound.............................. 1

6.88 10.95 1.90 4.55 12.95 2.15 5.75 10.25 2.41

34 22 Price not given 40 12 50 00 60 00 60 00 15 34 30 Price not given

Savannah.. Pendletons & Lampkin, R. W. L, Raein, Baiti-

Atlanta,

more, Md.

Atlanta.... Pendleton's & Lampkin, 1 R. W. L. Rasin, Baltic

Atlanta.

> more, Md.

Athens..... J. H. Huggins, Athens, j

John R. Long & Co.,

Baltimore, Md.

Augusta.... Claghorn, Hening & Co., Walton, Whanu & Co.,

Augusta. R ft T.nVj Savannah

Wilmington, Del. Hobson, Hurtado & Co.,

New York.

R. G. Lay, Savannah.

Hobson, Hurtado & Co., New York.

Romp......... RounsaviHe & Bro., Rome H. Preston & Sons, Green Point, L. I.

Hosch & Estes, Buford, Patapsco Guano Com'y,

Georgia.

Baltimore, Md.

Athens...... Reaves & Nicholson, Ath- Reed & Co., New York.

ens.

At Port..... Brunch, Smith & Co., Russell Coe, Linden, N,

Augusta.

Jersev.

Robson Bros., Atlanta. Patapsco Guano Com'y,

Baltimore, Md.

J. B. Sardy & Son,

Charleston.

Charleston .1. K Sardv 'fa Son! < lharlps- J. B. Sardy & Son,

ton.

Charleston.

ft#o SpbapfpT*! TTampton

Georgia.

Augusta.... i rintup, Bro. & Pollard,]

Augusta.

j

Savannah.. N.A.Hardee's Son & Co., ! Bradley Fertilizer Co.,

Savannah.

J Boston.

Langston & Crane, At- j

lanta.

J

D. B. Hull, Savannah. Patapsco Guano Com'y,

Baltimore, Md.

Augusta.... Sibley & Wheless, Au- Dickson Fertilizer Co.,

gusta.

Augusta.

Patapsco Guano Com'y,

Baltimore.

* Samana Guano has 2.87 Magnesia.

w

W here sold at the price named.

Time price. Cotton ^option
price. i Price per lb. allowed i for cotton.

Cash price.

Commercial value.

| Potash.

| Ammonia.

Available.

Reduced, or P r e c i p i t a t'd

Reverted, g-

Soluble. "St.

Insoluble. ^

KAMES OF FERTILIZEBS..
AMMONIATED FER TILIZERS--Con tinned.

0 1

?> 1

^



ANALYSES.

TABLE--Continued.
PEICES PEE TON.

By whom and where sold, By whom and where or for whom inspected manufactured. and analyzed.

Total

Moisture.

i

1

appendA .

Soluble Pacific Guano...9 15.82 6.15 4.84
Stern's Ammoniated Su- 11.-59 4.67 5.93 per-Phosphate..............4
Stern's Pure Fine Ground 4.20 16.68 Bone................................ 1
Stono Soluble Guano...... 9.20 3.82 4.07 Strong's Ammoniated Su- 16.18 2.20 7.55
per-Phosphate............... 1 Sunnyside Ammoniated 11.58 2.75 5.65
Super-Phosphate.......... 1 Sun Guano.........................1 5.98 2.55 3.25 Wando Fertilizer............1 13.12 3.40 4.75 Wattson <fe Clark's Super- 8.55 3.05 7.00
Phosphate.......................1 Whann's Rawbone Super- 11.82 3.10 4.58
Phosphate.......................2

2.38 7.22 3.12 1.98 32 45 48 00 55 00 60 00 12 Savannah. Woods & Co.,S9vaimah.'

50 00

67 50 15 A tlnntn Adair & Bro., Atlanta.

48 00 60 00 60 00 13 Augusta... J. 0. Mathewson & Co.,

Augusta.

Pacific Guano Comp'y,

No price

SV.H.Young, Columbus. Boston.

No price given.

W. T. Cole, Griffin.

47 00 60 00 60 00 13 Macon...... Turpin & Ogden,Maeon.

6.56 12.49 2.84

41 45 50 00 55 00 75 00 15 Marietta... Winters, Whitlock & 1

48 00

69 00 15 T?,rmp

Co., Marietta. Horn & McGhees,Rome, j- Stern's Fertilizing and

50 00 55 00 75 00 15 Columbus. Rosette Xawhon & Co., Chemical Co ,N.O..La.

5.32 5.32 5.95

Columbus.

J

34 72 50 00 55 00 75 00 15 Marietta... Winters, Whitlock & Co., Stern's Fertilizing and

Marietta.

Chemical Co,,N.O.,La.

4.25 8.32 3.17 1.85 35 17 46 00 70 00 70 00 15 Augusta.... Printup, Bro., & Pollard, Stono Phosphate Com'y,

3.90 11.45 3.20

40 15 55 00

Augusta.

Charleston.

75 00 15 Atlanta..... C. H. Strong, Atlanta. Lister Bros., Newark.

5.85 11.50 2.00

N. J. 35 95 50 00 60 00 60 00 13 Augusta.... R. P. Sibley, Augusta. W, Whitlock,Baltimore.

4.00 7.25 2.00

25 43

not

3.75 8.50 2.95

31 87 45 CO 50 00 60 00 12

3.80 10.80 1.25

31 50 38 00

4.18 8.76 3.42 3.88 40 42 47 00 70 00 70 00 15

Price not given.

Cubbe'ige & Hazlehurst, Walton, Whann & Co.,

Macon.

Wilmington, Pel.

Charleston Geo. E. Gibbon, Charles Wando Mining & M'f'g

ton, S. C.

Co., Charleston.

Savannah.. Jas. G. West, Savannah, New Jersey Chemical

Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

At Ports... Claghorn,Herring &Co., ]

Augusta.

I Walton, Whann & Co.,

Cubbedge & Hazelhurst, [ Wilmington, Del.

Macon.

J

Whitlock's Vegetator. ...1 12.92 4.00 6.00

Wilcox, Gibbs & Co.'s 1 11.94 2.35 7.65

Manipulated Guano......

Tipll's A

11 92 2.C5 6.23

Super-Phosphate.......... 2

Averages of Ammoniated 12.91 2.93 6.24 Fertilizers.......................
General Averages of ah 12.64 3.00 6.61 Fertilizers........................

5.00 11.00 2.70

87 22 55 00 65 00

4.35 12.00 2.85 3.10 45 22 55 00 70 00 70 00 15

3.12 9 35 2.73

33 20 55 00

67 50 15

No price given.

Augusta... Sibley & Wheeless, Au- W.Whitlock,Baltimore.

gusta.

Savannah.. Wilcox, Gibbs & Co.,Sa- Wilcox, Gibbs & Co.,

vannah.

Savannnah, Ga.

Augusta... W. H. Howard & Son,1 P. ZeH Sons, Baiti-

Augusta.

^ more, Md.

Toccoa, Ga Yow & Bruce, Toccoa. J

4.27 10.51 2.73 2.43 $36 82 $47 14 $60 02 $66 19 14.39

4.26 10.87 2.52 2.75 $34 18 $43 70 $55 97 $62 13 14.36

Calcined Marl; Moisture, 3.32; Caustic Lime, 15.50; Carbonate of Lime, 45.92; Sulphate of Lime, 5.10 ; Bone Phosphate, 10.15. Manufactured and for sale by Raven el & Co., Charleston, South Carolina, at $10.00 per ton.

A P P E N D IX .

Two analyses of Palmetto Acid Phosphate were made. These were not averaged, because it was evident, from the analyses and the appearance of the samples, that they were not the same article; hence, both analyses are published just a'? they were made.
The amount of Bone Phosphate, heretofore given in the tables of analyses, is omitted in this. Bone Phosphate is Phosphoric Acid and Lime, or Phos phate of Lime, as it exists in the form of animal bones. To ascertain the Bone Phosphate in a fertilizer, multiply the total Phosphoric Acid by 2.183 ; the result will be the total Bone Phosphate. If the available Phosphoric Acid is multiplied by 2.183, it will give the tri-calcic, or Bone Phosphate dissolved, which a fertilizer contains.
The averages of Ammonia and Potash, are of those fertilizers only, in which Ammonia and Potash determinations were made. They are not averages of the whole number of fertilizers in the trade.
The Chemical Analyses in this Table were made by Prof, W* J* Land, Atlanta, Ga;, Chemist of the Department of Agriculture for the Analysis of Fertilizers,

Xm

XIV

APPENDIX.

COMPARISONS.

To present the comparative values of fertilizers, as shown by analysis the past two

aeasons, the following table is given, in which the Available Phosphoric Acid, Ammo-

uia, Potash, Commercial Values, and Cash Prices of Fertilizers for the seasons of 1875-6,

and 1876-7, are arranged for ready comparison, by which the reader can see, at a glance,

whether or not the standard of 1875-6 has been maintained, or has been improved or

lowered, daring the seasons of 187G-7.

4

From an examination of this table, it will be seen that in the averages of the two sea

sons, for all fertilizers, there has been a slight falling off in available Pliospboric Acid

(10.97--10.87); a little improvement in Ammonia (2.41--2.61); a still further improvement

in Potash (2.36--2.99); a very slight advance in the Commercial Value ($35.63--$35.82);

and a decrease in the cash price per ton ($46.52-$44.08).

The table does not include all the fertilizers placed on the market in Georgia during

cither of the two seasons, hut only such as were offered during both seasons--thus ad

mitting of comparison; hence the averages are only of those included in the compara

tive table.

This table deserves the careful study of every manufacturer, dealer, and purchaser of

commercial fertilizers in Georgia. Some brands of high grade, during the season of

1875-6, have fully maintained their high standard, and lowered the price, while others

have maintained their high price and considerably lessened their percentage of valua

ble ingredients. These need not be named--they are in the table, and show ior them

selves.

It will be seen that the -average commercial value of non-ammoniated fertilizers ha*

declined $1.78 per ton during the past season, and that the cash price has been reduced

$2.82 per ton.

The average commercial value of ammoniated fertilizers has increased 41 cents per

ton, and the price has advanced $2.28 per ton.

For all fertilizers during the past season the average commercial value is very near the

same, being an increase of only 19 cents per ton in actual worth; while the cash price

has decreased $2.44 per ton.

It will be the pleasure of the Commissioner of Agriculture, from year to year, to pub

lish these comparisons, that purchasers may know the most reliable brands, who are the

most reliable manufacturers and dealers, and which fertilizers are sold upon the most

favorable terms.

The Commissioner expresses the hope that manufacturers and dealers will offer none

but high grade fertilisers in the Georgia market, and at reasonable prices; and he earn

estly exhorts fanners -to be diligent in saving manures at home; to use every means at

command to improve and permanently enrich their land, and thus reduce their fertilizer

bills; and to adopt and persistently adhere to the system of making home composts--thus

bringing them, year by year, nearer to the time when they will not need to purchase

more than one-fourth as much fertilizers as nowT--the only necessity to purchase any be

ing to obtain a supply of Phosphoric Acid and Potash.

APPENDIX,

XV

A TABLE--In which the Analyses, Commercial Values, and Cash Prices of Fertilizers, for the Seasons of 1875-6, and 1876-7, are compared.

Total Available Phosphoric Acid.

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS.
I.--Non-Ammoniated Fertilizers, or Acid JPhosphvtks.

o3

eS

C3



oa
a <

o (U

wa1

<a d

Atlantic Acid Phosphate................................... . -j 1875-6 12.90 0.04 1.50 $34 79 $28 00

1876-7 10.60

1.78 29.35 28 00

Barry's Compound Bi-Phcsphate.......................j 1875-6 11.21 0.22 5.57 37 77 43 00 1876-7 8.20 0.35 4.87 29 55 43 00

1875-6 14.25 1876-7 14.20

35 68 35 00 35 50 30 00

1875-6 15.00 0 51 1876-7 11.40 0.70

39 34 56 00 31 02 56 00

1875-6 18.87 1876-7 16.95

47 18 45 00 42 38 40 00

Etiwan Crop Food Chemicals............................ | 1875-6 9.66 0.09 10.00 40 47 52 00

1876-7 10.55

10.54 43 24 47 00

p

................... 1

1S75-6 1875-7

14.30 14.70

0.04

35 89 40 00 36 75 35 00

Etiwan Dissolved Bone 24 per cent.................. j 1875-6 13.60 0.04 1876-7 12.20

' 34 18 35 00 30 50 32 00

s

..............1

1875-6 1876-7

15.12 15.15

0.23

37 80 31 00 38 70 oD 00

Logan's Southern Fertilizing Compound........j 1875-6 13.19 1876-7 13.10

32 98 50 00 32 75

Merryman's Dissolved Bone................................ | 1875-6 11.05 1876-7 12.10

27 63 50 00 30 25

National Soluble Bone, Pratt's...........................ji

1875-6 1876-7

14.08 12.10

0.33

35 9,0 35 00 31 66 35 00

Navassa Acid Phosphate...................................... j 1875-6 } 1876-7

11.00 14.41

27 50 32 00 1.62 38 62 32 00

Ober's S. C. Dissolved Bone Phos1phate............ i1

1875-6 i876-7

12.65 12.75

31 62 31 88

Palmetto Acid Phosphate.................................... ji

1875-6 1876-7

11.85

0.90

32 87 33 00 29 38

Popplein's Silicated Super-Phosphate,.............j 1

1875-6 1876-7

7.30 9.00

Sardy's Acid Phosphate........................................ j 1875-6 10.45 1876-7 11.00

Soluble Pacific Acid Phosohate.......................... i(

1875-6 i876-7

14.00 14.11

18.25 52 50 6.16 32 26 ..... ..
26 13 28 00 27 50 28 00
35 00 36 00 35 28 35 00

Stono Acid Phosohate................................................. i (

1875-6 1876-7

12.45 10.42

1.50 33 53 30 00 2.32 29 76 30 00

Wando Acid Phosphate.............................

( 1

1875 6 1876-7

13.26 12.75

0.04

33 29 30 00 31 88 30 00

Zell's Cotton Acid Phosphate........,............

"i{

1875-6 1876-7

10.58 11.12

26 45 40 00 27 80 43 00

Averages of Acid Phosphates.............. .

j 1875-6 12.70 0.23 4.64 $34 92 $39 07 1876-7 12.31 0.40 4.54 33 14 36 25

XVI

APPENDIX.
TABLE--Continued.

Total Available Phosphoric Acid. Ammonia. Potash. Commercial
Yalue. Cash Price.

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS. II--Ammoniated Febtilizers.

Atlantic Fertilizer.................................................

1S75-G 1876-7

8.86 8.00

3.2( 3.32

1.50 $34 82 $44 00 2.76 36 3" 44 00

Ammoniated Soluble Bone, Pratt's......-............

1875-6 1876-7

14.27 11.57

1.77 2.33 45 78 50 00 1.54 2.05 37 75 45 00

Bahama Soluble Guano..........................................

1875-6 1876-7

10.40 io.oo

3.00

36 80 47 00

3.50 2.32 41 31 47 00

Bale's Guano............................................................

1875-6 1876-7

6.10 7.00

1.2< 2.00

1.38 21 96 37 50 24 70 37 50

Baldwin & Co.' Ammoniated Dissolved Bone..

1875-6 1876-7

12.50 12.00

3.00

42 05 41 00

3.30 2.26 45 50 41 00

Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.......... -

1875-6 10.40 1876-7 11.2(

2.35 2.25

34 26 40 00 36 1(

Blue Bone Superphosphate...... ........................... .

1875 6 1876-7

9.68 11.40

2.57 2.20

33 45 36 42

Bradley's Patent Superphosphate..................... .

1875-6 1876-7

9.57 9.85

3.10 3.03

35 09 45 00 35 53 40 00

Brighton Kaw Bone Superphosphate................-

1875-6 12.80 1876-7 9.05

3.20 3.22

43 52 2.39 38 04

Barry's Chemical Fertilizer..................................-

1875-6 1876-7

11.13 8.39

5.14 0.04 46 89 50 00

4.75

33 08 50 00

Barry's Granger's Fertilizer........... ..................... j 1875-6 9.88 1876-7 11.00

3.17 3.95

0.22 36 54 45 00 41 72 43 00

Carolina Fertilizer.................................................. j 1875-6 9.84 2.95 1876-7 9.02 3.02

35 22 4!) 00 33 42 45 00

Chesapeake Guano...................................................j 1875-6 1876-7

10.10 9.36

2.80 3.06

1 50 37 73 1.64 37 04 50 00

Cotton Compound Ammoniated Dissol'd Bone -j 1876-7

10.80 9.58

2.25 2.79

35 10 2.10 37 35 45 00

Cumberland Bone Co.'s Superphosphate........ j 1875-6 11.42 2.84 1876-7 11.66 2.88

38 77 48 00 39 52 40 00

Dickson's Compound.............................................j 1875-G 6.25 3.00 1876 7 7.25 3.30

26 43 55 00 30 01

Dickson's [A] Compound....................................... j 1875-6 8.05 3.56 1876-7 7.96 3.59

32 94 60 00 32 80

Eagle Ammoniate d Bone Superphosphate.... j 1875-6 10.00 2.60 1876-7 10.10 2.70

34 36 48 00 34 97 46 00

E. Frank Coe's Ammo'd Bone Superphosphate | 1875-6 12.32 3.03 1876-7 13.25 3.42

41 71 45 Q0 45 44 40 00

Etiwan Guano..........................................................-j 1875-6 8.80 3.09 2.75 37 52 50 00 1876-7 10.25 2.22 2.68 37 97 47 00

Eureka Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.. | 1875-6 10.18 2.36 1876-7 10.87 2.62

33 95 50 00 36 61 45 00

Excellenza Cotton Fertilizer................................| 1875 6 12.65 1876-7 12.37 2.82

41 53 50 00 41 08 50 00

Gergia State Grange Fertilizer..............................| 1875 ( 12.43 3.18 1876-7 12.45 3.30

42 52 41 00 43 01 41 00

APPENDIX.
TABLE--Continued.

xvn

Total Available Phosphoric Acid. Potash. Commercial
Yalue, 1Cash Price.
1

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS. ci



Ammoniated Fertilizers--Continued.

0

a

<

Orange Mixture.....................................

-j 1875-6 11.58 1.34 2.40 $37 61 *47 BO 1876-7 9.93 1.65 2.28 34 41 50 00

Leyden's Ammoniated Soluble G-uano............| 1875-6 9.65 2.75 1876-7 9.80 2.85

34 03 52 00 34 76 45 00

Leibig's Formula....................

| 1875-6 13.31 1.03 2,20 40 50 42 00 1876-7 33.40 1.55 2.52 43 11 42 00

Manhattan Blood Guana...................................... j

1875-6 1876-7

11.20 11.60

3.40 2.75

40 24 55 00 38 90 45 00

Mathis' Chemical Compound............................... | 1875-6 8.40 1.25 1876-7 10.00 1.25

25 50 66 66 29 50 60 00

Merryman's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone...... j 1875-6 11.94 3.06 1876-7 12.18 3.21

40 87 58 00 42 01 50 00

Minor's Ammomated Super-phosphate............j

1875-6 1876-7

10.00 10.85

2.95 8.00

35 62 55 00 88 18

Navassa Ammoniated Soluble Guano............... | 1875-6 1876-7

9.27 9,12

2.75 3.10

1.51 35 49 50 00 33 96 50 00

Ober's Soluble Ammoniated Super-phospnate | 1875-6 9.40 2.28 1876-7 11,90 2.12

31 71 60 00 37 38 47 00

Patapsco Guano--a Soluble Phosphate............j 1875-6 10.38 3.14 2.15 40 69 55 00 1876-7 9.52 3.27 1,84 38 52 50 00

Pendleton's Ammoniated Super-phosphate... j 1875 6 12.00 3 40

49, 94

1876-7 9.85 3.48 2.00 40 35 52 00

Preston & Son's Ammoniated Super-phos...... | 1875-6 12.45 3.45 1876-7 11.78 4.11

43 55 45 00 44 25 50 00

Ragsdale's Ammoniated Super-phosphate...... j 1875-6 9.30 2.00 1876-7 9.65 1 80

30 45 80 61

Russell Coe's Ammoniated Bone Super-phos.. | 1875-6 11.30 2.50 1876-7 10.80 3.05

37 25 55 00 37 98 50 00

Sardy's Ammoniated Soluble Pacific Guano... j 1875-6 7.86 2.61 1876 7 8.75 1 75

29 05 50 00 9.8 18

Sardy's Phospho-Peruvian Guano...................... _j 1875-6 9.28 3.02 2.50 38 07 46 00

1876-7 9 10 3.75

36 25 46 00

Sea Fowl Guano |BD].................................... j 1875-6 8.87 2.86 1876-7 8.96 2.91

32 47 50 00 32 88 50 00

Sea Gull Ammoniated Dissolved Bone........... 1875-6 12.00 3.90 1876-7 10.95 1.90

36 84 55 00 34 22

Soluble Pacific Guano-......................................... ^ 1875-6 7.15 3.06 2.05 32 17 48 00 1876-7 7.22 3.12 1.98 32 45 48 00

Stern's Ammoniated Super-phosphate............J 1875-6 14.30 2.00 1876-7 12.40 2.84

42 95 50 00 41 45 50 00

Stono Soluble Guano............................................. 1875-6 8.09 3.45 1.41 34 90 46 00 1876-7 8.32 3.17 1.85 35 17 46 00

Strong's Ammoniated Super-phosphate...........j 1875-6 12.05 3.78 2.58 47 86 55 00

1876-7 11.45 3.20

40 15 55 00

Wando Fertilizer.................................................... | 1875-6 9.89 2.76 2.26 38 28 46 00

1876-7 8.50 2.95

31 87 45 00

xvm

APPENDIX.
TABLE--Continued .

Total Available Phosphoric Acid. Ammonia. Potash. Commercial
Value. Cash Price.

NAMES OF FERTILIZERS. Ammoniated Fertilizers--Continued.

Watson & Clark's tfuper-Phosphate................ Whanm's Raw Bone Super-Phosphate............. Whitlock's Vegetator........................................... Wilcox & Gibbs' Manipulated Guano............ Zell's Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate... Averages of Ammoniated Fertilizers............. Averages of all Fertilizers.................................

1875-6 11.14 2.02 1876-7 10.80 1.25

$35 12 $50 00 31 50 38 00

1875-6 9.14 2.95

33 41 47 00

1876-7 8.76 3.42 3.88 40 42 47 00

1875-6 10.07 2.72 1876-7 11.00 2.70

34 97 60 00 37 22 55 00

1875-6 9.55 2.84 2.34 37.84 55 00 1876-7 12.00 2.85 8.10 45 22 55 00

1875-6 8.76 2.54 1876-7 9.35 2 73

31 04 52 00 33 20 55 00

1875-6 10.25 2.75 1.83 $36 53 $44 85 1876-7 10.24 2.83 2.37 36 94 47 13

1875-6 10.97 2.41 2.36 $35 63 $46 52 1876-7 10.87 2.61 2.99 35 82 44 08

N. B.--The Commercial Values adopted for the past two seasons not being the same, the values In the foregoing table have been reduced to the same basis (that adopted for 1876-7) to make the comparison a just one. The basis oi valuation for 1875-6 was, for--
Available Phosphoric Acid.................................................................15% cents per pound. Ammonia....................................... ......................................................... 18% cents per pound. Potash............. ........................................................................................ 6% cents per pound. Insoluble Phosphoric Acid.................................................................. 4% cents per pound.
For present valuation see page III of this Circular, upon which the commercial values of the fertilizers in the foregoing table, for both seasons, are calculated.
TONS OF FERTILIZERS IN PECTED.
The following is an exhibit of the quaitity of fertilizers inspected for the Georgia market for the past two seasons, as reported by the in spectors, viz.:

APPENDIX.

XIX

By A. Means. Inspector Chatham county..................... By 0. P. Fitzsimmons, Inspector Richmond county... By Jas. S. Lawton, Inspector Fulton county.............. By John W. Janes, Inspector Floyd county................ By J. Emmett Blackshear, Inspector Bibb county....... By Geo. W. Mason. Inspector Clarke county............... By E. C. Hood, Inspector Muscogee county................ By Geo. C. Wheeler. Inspector Catoosa county...........

Season of

1875-6.

....80.384 tons.

... .17.379 tong.

.... 6,660 tons.

.... 750 tons.

.... 140 tons.

....

tons.

....

tons.

.... 103 tons.

Season of 1876-7. 34.423 tons. 29.383 tons. 9.577 tons. 980 tons. 426 tons. 819 tons. 147 tons. 69 tons.

Totals........................................................................ ...... 55,316 tons. 75.824 tons.

Tims it 'vvil! lie seen that there were 20,508 Ions more inspeeted for 1876-7 than for 1873-6. This shows a very marked increase in the de mand for commercial fertilizers in Gleorgia; and yet the general testi mony is. that much more could have been sold if the manufacturers could have supplied it. The long continuance of yellow fever in Sav annah, followed by the extreme cold, blocking up northern harbors with ice, greatly retarded shipments from northern manufacturers, and thereby reduced the quantity that would otherwise have been sold.

ACID PHOSPHATES.
Of file 7o,824 tons inspected for the Georgia market during the past season, 13,842 tons were placed on the markets as Acid Phosphates, to be composted with home manures, and 62,982 were sold as Ammoniated manures. For the previous season (1875-6), 6,499 tons were Acid Phos phates--the quantity of this class of fertilizers having nearly doubled during the last season. This is an encouraging fact.
For the season of 1875-6, 11.66 percent were Acid Phosphates; while for 1878-7, notwithstanding' the great increase in the quantity of fertil izers sold in the State, the per centage of Acid Phosphates has consid erably increased, being 16.82 of the total quantity.

COMMEHOIAL VALUES AND PKIOES.

The following are the averages of Commercial Values and Cash Prices, per ton, of fertilizers admitted to sale in Georgia for the past three seasons, viz :

Acid Phosphates--
1874-5 Vverage coimnetcial value........................................................ $84 88 Average cash price...................................................................... 43 91

1875-6 1876-7

$88 73 f$3i 08

88 60

35 57

The average Time price for 1876-7 is $45.93, and Cotton Option price $51.76 per ton.

Ammoniated Fertilizers--

., .

i874'5

Average commercial value........................................................$40 55

Average caeli price.......................................................................... 53 15

1875-6 $4109
50 07

1876-7 $36 8a
4f 1

XT

APPENDIX.

The average Time price for 1876-7 is $60.02, and Cotton Option price $66.19 per ton.

General Averages-- The Average Commercial Values and Cash Prices of all fertil
izers for the last three seasons are as follo'vs:

1874-5 Average commercial value....................................................... $40 53 Average cash price......................................................................... 50 38

1875-6 $40 37 46 65

1876-7 $34 18 43 70

The average Time price for all fertilizers for 1876-7 is $55.97, and Cotton Option price $62.13 per ton.
The average price per pound allowed for cotton in payment for fertilizers for 1876-7, is 14.39 cents.

AVERAGES OF ANALYSES FOR THREE YEARS.
The following are the average percentages of valuable ingre dients or elements of plant food in commercial fertilizers per ton, as ascertained by analysis, for the past three seasons, viz : General Average of all Fertilizers--

SEASONS.

Phosphoric Acid.
Total Soluble. Precipi Availa
tated. ble.

AmmoNXA.

Potash.

Season of 1874-5............... 5.73 3.50 9.23 2.55 5.17 Season of 1875-0............... 6.73' 4.18 10 94 2.53 2.49 Season of 1870-7............... 0 61 4.26j 10.87 2.52 2.75

Ammoniated Fertilizers--

Season of 1874-5............... 5.22 3.51 8.73 2.84 5.31 Season of 1875-6............... 6.23 4.13 10.36 2.98 2.79 Season of 1870-7............... 6.24 4.27 10.51 2.73 2.48

APPENTMX.

XXI

A nid Phosphates--

Season of 1874-5.............

7.54j 3.51 11.05 0.29 3.85

Season of 1875-6............. 7.71 j 4.28 11.99 0.37 4.04

Season of 1876-7 ............ 7.44i 4.24 11.68 0.30 4.54

It is proper again to observe, as previously stated on page xm, that the averages of ammonia and potash are not averages of the amount of these elements in all fertilizers named in the table, but only of those in which these determinations were made. By reference to the table of analysis beginning on page tv, an idea of the relative number of these determinations may be obtained.
HKOBGIA COMPAKED WITH OTHER STATES.
The foregoing table shows that the average of available Phosphoric Acid in fertilizers sold in deorgia for the past three seasons is: for 1874-5, 9.23 per cent.; for 1875-6, 10.94 per cent,; and for 1876-7,10.87 per cent.
In Massachusetts, the average available Phosphoric Acid of fertilizers placed on the market this year, according to amdyses published by the State Inspector, is 8.98 per cent. In Connecticut last year, the analyses officially published show the average to be 8.94. It thus appears that the supervision of the sale of fertilizers secures to the Georgia farmer a higher grade in fertilizers than those sold in Massachusetts or Connec ticut, and no doubt better than the average of those placed upon the market of any other State in the Union. A prominent manufacturer, in a letter to the Department, written last January, says: "Every man ufacturer in the United States who hopes to sell his goods to the Geor gia farmer, sends to your market Ms best goods, and reserves his lowest grades" for other markets.
There is reason to believe that the fertilizers placed on the Georgia market for the past two seasons, are superior to those offered in any State, either in Europe or America.
Before the passage of the law requiring inspection and analyses, a number of very inferior or worthless brands were sold to Georgia farm ers at high prices. These laws, though not systematically enforced-- the same being left entirely to the Inspector in each locality--materially improved the standard or general average of the elements of plant food in fertilizers. Dr. A. Means, the Inspector at Savannah, states, that from the time of his first appointment to the organization of this De partment, the quality of fertilizers had improved about 25 per cent. Mr. O. P. Fitzsimmons, the Inspector at Augusta, also gives testimony of very decided improvement during the same period. The analyses of

XXII

APPENDIX.

Dr. Means, for the season of 1873-4, show an average of available Phos phoric Acid of 8.02 per cent. The next season the general average was 9.23; the next, 10.94, and the last 10.87. This is an average improve ment, under the supervision of the Department, for the three seasons of nearly 30 per cent., and for the last two seasons of nearly 36 per cent.
It is proper to remark, that the comparative values for the last three seasons are all calculated upon the basis of the prices adopted for the season of 1876-7. See page m of this Circular.

DO INSPECTION LAWS PAY THE FARMER ?
This question is sometimes asked : "What is the use of inspec tion laws? Why not leave the sale of fertilizers on the same foot ing as that of cotton, corn or wheat ?
There would be no necessity for the inspection and analysis of fertilizers if the purchaser could determine their quality by mere ocular inspection, as can be done with cotton, corn or wheat ; but the chemical test is the only one which can determine the per centage of plant food in a fertilizer before the risk of the purchase is made.
The best test, however, of any Jaw or practice, is found in the practical results of its operations.
Let us then examine some of the effects of the inspection system, as practiced in Georgia, and see whether the consumer can afiord to pay the inspection fee at present imposed by law.
It is usual for the consumer to pay such fees, and yet, 'under our system, we get a higher grade of fertilizers in Georgia, and at low er prices, than in any other State in the Union, the same brands being sold at lower prices in Georgia 'than in adjoining States, where no inspection is had. So much for general facts. Now let us see what the figures are, and what inspection is worth in money to the farmers. The average percentage of available Phosphoric Acid in the fertilizers sold in Georgia during tj|e season of 1873-4--the last before the organization of the present system--was 8.02; that of the last season was 10.87, a difference of 2.85 pounds to every hundred, or 57 pounds to the ton, which, at 1234 cents per pound, gives an average increase in value of Phosphoric Acid per ton of $7.13.
In the purchase of 75,824 tons inspected last season, the farmers of the State received an average of $7.13 per ton more in value of Phos phoric Acid, or $540,625.12 greater value than was received in the same number of tons purchased in 1873-4.
Tfie average price per ton'of fertilizers sold in Georgia in 1874-5 was $50.38; that of the last season, 1876-7, was $43.70, which is an average reduction in price of $6.68 per ton in three years. The number of tons inspected this year cost, therefore, $6.68 per ton, or, in the aggregate,

APPENDIX.

XXIII

$506,504.82 less than the same number of tons would have cost three years ago.
Assuming, therefore, that the average price per ton was the same in 1873-4 as it was in 1874^5, aad considering the reduction in price, and improvement in the quality, 75,824 tons cost the farmers of Georgia $1,047,129.44 less this year than the same number of tons cost them in 1873-4.
Add to this the fact that, in 1873-4, there were a number of very low grade fertilizers on the market, for which high prices were paid, while all such are now excluded, and it is difficult to estimate the benefits which accrue to the farmers from the supervision exercised over the sale of fertilizers under the present system.
There is an average of 37.8 pounds more available Phosphoric Acid per ton, in fertilizers sold in Georgia, than in those sold in Massachu setts. At 12J4 cents per pound, this makes $4.7234 P61' ton> or $358,268.40 on 75,824 tons, in favor of the Georgia purchasers over those in Massachusetts.
The Georgia farmers receive, in the purchase of 75,824 tons, $365,850.80 more in value, in available Phosphoric Acid, than Connecticut farmers receive in the same number of tons.
The new law, which will go into effect 1st September, 1877, will give even more favorable results. Heretofore the fees for inspection, after paying for the analysis, inured to the benefit of individual inspectors. Under the new law, the fees will be paid into the treasury of the State. The fee, under the new law, will be uniformly fifty cents per ton; the fees for inspecting 75,824 tons will be $37,912. Nine thousand dollars will pay all expenses of inspection and analyses, leaving $28,912 to be paid into the treasury.
The objection is made by some, that the farmer is taxed fifty cents per ton for the inspection. Admitting that be pays it, is he not repaid many fold by the protection afforded in the assurance that he is receiving a reasonable equivalent in plant food for his mo ney? The farmer who does not avail himself of the information giv en in the table of analyses, and buys a superphosphate containing only eight per cent, of available phosphoric acid, at $35.00 per ton, pays 22.9 cents per pound for phosphoric acid, while he who se lects that containing 14.20 per cent, of available phosphoric acid, sold at $30.00 per ton, pays only 10.5 cents per pound for that ne cessary element of plant food. These examples are taken from the table of analyses, page iv of this pamphlet, and Illustrate their value to the farmer who uses them properly.
Farmers will do well to compare carefully the colunns showing Commercial Value and Cash Price. There are some in which the elements of plant food are sold below the standard prices--others much higher.

XXiV

APPENDIX.

There has been little change in the average percentage of ammo nia contained in the fertilizers sold in Georgia during the last three'years. For summer crops, in our climate, there is too much ammonia in some of the brands, unless a portion of it is in such combination as to render it only gradually available. For winter crops, a high per cent, of ammonia is very desirable. There should be a difference, also, in the application of fertilizers to win ter crops. Since there is generally an abundance of moisture dur ing their period of growth, the fertilizers should be applied near the surface of the soil, readily accessible to the numerous, fibrous, surface roots of the plants. In summer the fertilizer, or part of it, is deposited deeper, in order that it may be in reach of moisture during drouth.
COMPOSTING SUPERPHOSPHATES WITH HOME MANURES.
When we consider the fact that the farmers of Georgia expended nearly three and a half millions dollars last season for fertilizers, even on a cash basis, the question of the most economical mode of permanently improving our soil, and at the same time produc ing remunerative crops, is one of vital importance to our people.
It will be seen, by reference to page 21 of this pamphlet, that 12,842 tons of plain Superphosphate were sold in Georgia during the last sea son, to be used in combination with home material. This does not rep resent fully the extent to which composting was practiced, since many use ammoniated fertilizers for this purpose, where the home manures have not been properly sheltered, in accordance with advice previously given in the circulars of this Department. This practice has deservedly become very popular with Georgia farmers, and is rapidly spreading into other States.
The Philosophy of Composting.--Stable manure is admitted, on all sides, to be a complete manure, in the sense of containing all of the necessary elements of plant food. There are some of the more impor tant elements (Phosphoric Acid is the principal) which are contained in such small percentage that large quantities of the manure must be ap plied in order to secure a sufficient quantity of this essential element for the necessities of plant sustenance. To supply this deficiency. Su perphosphate is added to the compost heap. A combination of stable manure and cotton seed, in the proportions recommended, supplies enough Ammonia for summer crops, but hardly sufficient for winter small grain, unless applied at the rate of 400 pounds per acre. The sulphate of lime contained in every superphosphate, besides being otherwise valuable as a chemical agent, serves to fix the Ammonia gen erated in the progress of decomposition in the compost heap. The fermentation reduces the coarse material, and prepares it for the use of the plant.
" Composting in the (x/wrerf. This is advocated by Prof. Pendleton

APPENDIX.

xxy

and others, and, as far as results on crops are concerned, is satisfactory, but has some serious objections in practice. If cotton seed are used, they must be put into the ground before warm weather commences, to prevent germination. This necessitates stirring the manure just before planting, which would risk bringing some of it to the surface, or the crop must be planted on a hard bed. Another difficulty, under the general practice in Middle and Southern Georgia, is, that stock would have to be taken out of the field before spring. This would be advan tageous to the land, but would give the planter some inconvenience. There is no labor saved by this system, but it is applied at a season of comparative leisure.
Composting Under Shelter.--This may usually be done on rainy days, or when the ground is too wet for the plow, so that little time need be lost by the manipulation of the heap. There are two methods prac ticed with equally satisfactory results:
One is to apply the different ingredients in successive layers, and cutdown vertically after a thorough fermentation has taken place, mixing well with shovel at the same time.
The other is to mix thoroughly the ingredients at first, and allow the mass to stand until used.
The effects of composts thus prepared far exceed the indications of analysis, and, cost considered, are truly remarkable.
Formulae for Composting.--As this circular will fall into the hands of many who have not seen previous publications of this kind, the follow ing formulie are again published.
If the stable manure and cotton seed have been preserved under shelter, use the following:

FORMULA NO. 1.

Stable manure...,..................... .................................................... Cotton seed (green).......................................................................... Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone....................... ................... Muriate of Potash............................................................................

750 lbs. 700 " 500 " 50 "

Making a ton of........................................................................ 2,000
Directions for Composting.--Spread under shelter a layer of stable manure four inches thick; on this sprinkle a portion of the phosphate; next spread a layer of cotton seed three inches thick; wet these thor oughly with water in which the muriate of potash has been dissolved, and then apply more of the phosphate. Next spread another layer of stable manure three inches thick, and continue to repeat these layers in the above order, and in proportion to the quantity of each used to the ton, until the material is consumed. Cover the whole mass with stable manure, or scrapings from the lot one or two inches thick. Allow the heap to stand in this condition until a thorough fermentation takes

xxvi

APPENDIX.

place, which will require from three to six weeks, according to cir cumstances, dependant upon proper degree of moisture, and the strength of the materials used. When the cotton seed are thoroughly killed, wdth a sharp hoe, or mattock, cut down vertically through the layers, pulverize, and shovel into a heap, where the fermentation will be renewed, and the compost be still further improved. Let it lie two weeks after cutting down; it will then be ready for use.
The following plan of mixing gives equally satisfactory results: Mix the cotton seed and stable manure in proper proportion, moisten them with the potash solution, apply the proper proportion of phos phate, and mix thoroughly, shoveling into a mass as prepared.
There is some advantage in the plan, from the fact that the ingredi ents are thoroughly commingled during fermentation.
For Cotton.--Apply in the opening furrow 200 pounds and, with the planting seed, 75 or 100 pounds making in all, 275 or 300 pounds per acre. If it is desired to apply a larger quantity, open furrows the desired distance, and over them sow, broadcast, 400 pounds per acre; bed the land, and then apply 100 pounds per acre with the seed.
For Corn.--Apply in the hill by the side of the seed, half pint to the hill. An additional application around the stalk, before the first plowing, will largely increase the yield of grain.

If lot manure, or that which has been so exposed as to lose some of its fertilizing properties, is composted, use

FORMULA NO. 2.

Lot Manure........................................................

650 pounds.

Cotton Seed (green).......................................................................... 630pounds.

Acid Phosphate, or Dissolved Bone............................................... 600pounds.

Sulphate of Ammonia...................................................................... 60pounds.

Muriate of Potash............................................................................ 60pounds.

Making a ton of...................................................................... 2,000pounds.
The Sulphate of Ammonia and Muriate of Potash must be dissolved in warm water, and a proportionate part of each sprinkled upon the other ingredients as the heap is prepared. Apply as directed under Ao. 1, to cotton and corn. To wheat or oats, apply 400 to 500 pounds per acre, broadcast, and harrow it in with the grain.

APPENDIX.

XXVII

Special Circular No. 33.]
The following Act of the Legislature of the State of Georgia, passed at its recent session, is herebj- published for information :

AN ACT
To render more efficient and economical, the Inspection and Analysis of Fertilizers, and to amend the laws in relation to the Inspection, An alysis, and sale of the same:

Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this Act, all fertilizers or chemicals for manufacturing or composting the same, offered for sale or distribution in this State, shall have branded upon or attached to each bag, barrel, or package, in such manner as the Commissioner of Agriculture may, by regulation, establish, the true analysis of such fertilizer or chemical, showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizer or chemical contains, embracing the follow ing determinations, viz:

1. Moisture at 212 deg. Fah....................... ................ ...........per cent.

2. Soluble Phosphoric Acid.......................................... ........... per cent,

3. Precipitated, or Reduced Phosphoric Acid.........................per cent.

4. Equivalent to Available Phosphoric Acid.........................per cent.

o. Insoluble Phosphoric Acid..................................... .............per cent,

<j. Ammonia by Nitrogen Determination ................... ...........percent.

7. Potash............................

percent.

8. Organic Matter.......................................................... ...........per cent.

9. Undetermined Matter, i. e. Sulphuric Acid, Lime, etc------- per cent.

10. Total Bone Phosphate............................................... ...........per cent.

And any manufacturer, dealer, or other person offering any fer tilizer, or chemical for manufacturing the same, for sale or distri bution in this State, without having a brand, tag, or such other device as the Commissioner of Agriculture may require, showing the analysis thereof, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con viction of the same, shall be punished as prescribed in Section 4310 of the Revised Code of 1873.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted blithe authority aforesaid. That the analysis so placed upon or attached to any fertilizer or chemi cal, shall be a guaranty by the manufacturer, agent, or person offering the same, that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby in the percentages named therein, and said guaranty shall be binding on said manufacturer, agent or dealer, and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law, to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agricul

XXTtTI

APPENDIX.

ture to forbid the sale of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone which is shown by official analysis to contain less than ten per centum of available Phosphoric Acid ; and also to forbid the sale of any Ammonated Supor-phosphate, which is shown by official analysis to contain less than eight per centum of available Phosphoric Acid, and two per centum of Ammonia. A copy of the official analysis of any fertilizer or chemical; under seal of the Department of Agriculture, shall be admissible as evidence, in any of the courts of the State, in the trial of any issue involving the merits of said fertilizer.
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That it shall be tiie duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to appoint an experienced and com petent Chemist to analyze all fertilizers or chemicals for manu facturing the same, offered forsale ordistribution in this State, and make such other analyses as may be required by the Commission er of Agriculture. The said Chemist shall take and subscribe, be fore some officer duly authorized to administer the same, an oath, faithfully and impartially to perform all the duties winch may tie required of him under the provisions of this Act, which oath shall be filed in the office of the Oommissioner of Agriculture. His sal ary shall not exceed the sum of three thousand dollars per annum, which shall be full compensation for all duties which are, or may be required of him under this Act; including tin- rent of laboratory and of apparatus, and cost of chemicals. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture, to appoint Inspectors of fertil izers at such places as he may deem necessary to cany out the provisions of this Act, provided that the Commissioner of Agri culture shall not appoint exceeding six Inspectors. The Inspec tors so appointed shall receive salaries proportioned to the services rendered, the highest not to exceed the sum of fifteen hundred dollars per annum, provided the salary of no Inspector shall ex ceed one-half of the fees received by said Inspector, and by him paid into the State Treasury. They shall take and subscribe, be fore some competent officer, an oath, faithfully to discharge all the duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this act, and shall give bond, each, in the sum of five thousand dollars, pay able to the Governor of the State, and his successors in office, and approved by the Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Treas' urer, for the faithful performance of said duties; said oath and bond shall be filed in the office'of the Commissioner of Agriculture. It shall be the duty of the Inspectors to take samples, in person, of all fertilizers, or chemicals for manufacturing the same, in tended for sale or distribution in this State; furnish Inspectors Tags, or other devices prescribed for each and every package; to make such reports as may be required by the Commissioner of

APPENDIX.

XXIX

Agriculture; to collect and to pay over to the Comptroller Gen eral, on the first day of each month, all sums collected during the month preceding; and to perform such other services, incident to their offices, as may be required by the Commissioner of Agricul ture. They shall, in no ease, inspect fertilizers or chemicals until the fees for each inspection shall have been first paid.
8EC. 5. [4], Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the fees for inspecting fertilizers and chemicals shall be uni formly fifty cents per ton, which fees shall be paid by tiie manu facturer, agent, or dealer procuring the inspection.
Sec. 6. [5]. Beit further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the salaries of the Chemist and the Inspectors shall be paid out of the treasury upon Executive warrants, which shall be issued on the certificate of the Commissioner of Agriculture, that the services required have been performed, and that the amount claimed is due.
Sec. 7. [6]. Be itfurther enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the Chemist and Inspectors provided for in this Act, shall hold their appointments at the pleasure of the Commissioner of Agri culture, during his term of office, unless otherwise removed accor ding to law.
Sec. 8. [7]. Be it further enacted, That any person refusing a full opportunity to inspect and sample fertilizers or chemicals as re quired by this Act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished as prescribed in 4810 of the Code of 1873.
Sec. 9. [8], Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Ag riculture is hereby authorized and required to prescribe and enforce such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary to carry fully into effect the true intent and meaning of this Act.
Bed. 10. [9]. Be it further enacted, That this Act shall take effect and be of force from and after the first day of September, 1877.
Sec. 11. [10]. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws conflicting with the provisions of this Act, be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved February 26, 1877.

XXX

APPENDIX.

Oinular No. 44. J

RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE INSPECTION OF FER TILIZERS IN GEORGIA--SEASON OF 1877-8.

State op Geobgia,

Depaktment of Agbicultere, Atlanta, September 1, 1877.

In compliance with section 9 of the foregoing act, and to carry out the laws in relation to the inspection of fertilizers, the following rales are hereby prescribed:

[Note.--The following (No. I) was substituted for Rule L, in Circular No. 44, and pub lished nfSpecial Circular No. 44.]

I. Every package of fertilizer, or chemical for manufacturing the same, or for composting, intended for sale or distribution within the State of Georgia, shall have its true analysis placed upon or securely attached to each package by the manufacturer. If the fertilizer is in bags, it shall be distinctly branded, stamped, or printed upon each sack, or distinctly printed upon a tag and securely attached to each sack. If

in barrels, it may be either branded, stamped, or printed upon the head of each barrel, or distinctly printed upon good paper and securely pasted upon the head of each barrel. In every case it must be distinct. When this guaranteed analysis is printed upon tags to be attached to sacks, or on paper to be pasted on barrels, it must show all the determi nations as set forth in the Act of 26th February, 1877. If placed upon sacks or barrels by brand or stamp, the following determinations will be required, viz:

Moisture, at 212 deg. Fah..................................................... Available Phosphoric Acid.................................................. Ammonia by Nitrogen determination............................... Potash...................................................................................... Undetermined matter...........................................................

per cent per cent per cent per cent per cent

The determinations in the analysis thus placed upon or attached to a fertilizer is a guaranty on the part of the manufacturer, and the dealer, agent, or other person offering the same for sale or distribution, that it contains substantially the percentages of the elements of plant food so

named or set forth. II. If the offleial analysis of any ammoniated Super-Phosphate,
made after inspection, under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture as required by law, shall show that it contains less

than 8 per cent, of available Phosphoric Add, and 2 per cent, of Ammonia ; or if such official analysis of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone, shall show it contains less than iO per cent, of available Phosphoric Acid, its sale will be forbidden by the Com missioner of Agriculture ; and any sales thereof made before being

thus forbidden, shall be null and void.

APPENDIX.

XXXI

III. Any manufacturer, dealer, agent, or other person, who pro cures the inspection of a fertilizer, may, after it is inspected and has the Inspector's Tag attached in compliance with law, proceed to make sales thereof before the offleial analysis is completed, pro vided he gives a written guaranty to cancel all sales in case the fertilizer is condemned by the Commissioner of Agriculture.
IY. Inspectors shall not furnish any tag or device to be attached to any fertilizer, or permit it to be offered for sale or distribution, until the manufacturer's guarantied analysis is plainly placed upon each parcel or package, claiming, in the case of any ammoniated Su per-Phosphate, that it contains at least 8 per cent, of available Phosphoric Acid and 2 per cent, of Ammonia; and of any Acid Phosphate or Dissolved Bone, that it contains at least 10 percent, of available Phosphoric Acid : neither shall any such tag or device be furnished or applied to any fertilizer that is in a damaged or unmerchantable condition.
V. Inspectors, after collecting inspection fees and taking sam ples, shall furnish the person or firm procuring the inspection, with Inspector's Tags, which shall be attached by said person or firm, one to each package of fertilizer, before the same is offered for sale or distribution. Inpector's Tags, will have printed upon them the words and figures, "Inspected--1877-78--Georgia," also a fac-simile of the signature of the Inspector.
VI. The Inspector's Tax, when attached or applied in compli ance with law, is a recognition that it has the consent of the Commissioner of Agriculture to go to sale, and that it is such as a farmer may safely purchase.
VII. All fertilizers manufactured in this State, for sale or distribu tion within the State, must have the manufacturer's guarantied analysis printed, stamped or branded thereon, and must be in spected, and the Inspector's Tag be attached, and Inspector's fee must be paid, before it can be removed from the mill or factory.
VIII. For the purpose of making inspections and executing the laws and regulations in relation to the Inspections of fertilizers, the following persons have been appointed Inspectors, with offices at the places annexed to their names, viz:
G. P. Harrison.................................................... Savannah. T. J. Smith..............................................................Augusta. E. T. Davis.............?........................................ Brunswick. J. S. Lawton............................................................. Atlanta. B. D. Lumsden..........................................................Macon.
Whenever it is necessary to facilitate transportation, the Inspec tors at Atlanta, Macon and Brunswick, will co-operate with the Inspectors at Savannah and Augusta. Inspections can be made

XXXII

APPENDIX.

at other points in Georgia and those named above, when desired, but it is expected that the railroad fare of the Inspector will be paid, in ail such cases, by the party procuring the inspection.
IX. No Inspector will be allowed to inspect any fertilizer with out the State, except by special permit under official seal of the commissioner of Agriculture in every case. Application for such permit must be made directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture by the person or Arm desiring it; giving the name of each fertil izer to be inspected, the place where, and the time.when, the inpection is to be made, the number oi tons of each brand, the kind of pabkages and their weight, and the reasons for desiring the in spection to made outside of the State. If a permit is granted, the Inspector will proceed according to special instructions, to be given by the Commissioner of Agriculture, in each case. In all such cases, it is expected that the person procuring the inspection will pay the railroad fare of the Inspector, actually incurred, in going from and returning to his office.
X. In all cases, in making inspections, samples must be taken by the Inspector, in person. He must provide such samplers as will penetrate to the centre of the bulk or package. If in bulk, samples must be taken from different parts and from the interior, so as to obtain fair representation of the whole. If in packages, samples must be taken from a sufficient number to fairly repre sent the whole--not less than one-tenth of the packages in lots of ten tons or over, and not less than one-fifth of the packages in lots of less than ten tons.
XI. As far as possible, all fertilizers must be inspected at the port of entry or place where they come into the State. Inspectors are required to be vigilant, and see that none escape. Persons in the interior of the State, to whom fertilizers are consigned, must give timely notice to the Inspector at the point where they enter the State, and must be prepared to furnish him with the necessary guaranty and give all required obligations, and to pay' to him the inspection fee, by the time the fertilizer arrives. All persons in Georgia, who expect to deal in fertilizers, or have fertilizers ship ped to them during the coming season, for sale or distribution, will please take due notice, and make all necessary arrangements to meet the requirements of law promptly when the fertilizer reaches the State line, and thus save delay and embarrassment. The law must be enforced, and parties interested will greatly oblige by taking such timely steps as win insure its easy execu tion, without annoyance to themselves or others.
XII. Inspectors, at the time of first inspecting a fertilizer for the season, must require of the person procuring the same, three packages of equal weight, not less, in the aggregate, than three

APPENDIX.

XXXIII

hundred pounds, of each distinct brand, to be then set aside out of said first lot, the same to be shipped or delivered to the order of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for the purpose of a thorough soil test during the approaching crop season.
XIIJ. Manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers outside of the State, before making each shipment of fertilizers into Georgia for sale or distribution, are earnestly requested to notify the Commis sioner of Agriculture, directly, and also the Inspector at the port or place where the same is to enter the State, of such shipment, giving the name of the vessel or railroad on which shipped, the name of each distinct brand, and the number of tons of each; the number and kind of packages and their weight; the name and place of the consignee; and accompany this information by a copy of the guarantied analysis. Let this notice be timely, to both the Commissioner and the Inspector. It will facilitate busi ness, and result in advantage to those who give such timely no tice.
XIY. The season for inspecting fertilizers, as heretofore estab lished, shall be from the 1st of September to the 1st of May follow ing. If any necessity arises for having an inspection made be tween the 1st of May and the 1st of September, special permission to do so can be obtained by making application to the Commis sioner of Agriculture.
XV. Prom and after this date, all fertilizers offered for sale or distribution in this State must be inspected, and the inspection fee must be paid as prescribed in the Act of 26th of February, 1877 ; though any remnants of lots that are legally inspected before the 1st of May last, and left over unsold, from last season's trade, may be permitted to go to sale without re-inspection or further cost, provided the facts in each case are first submitted to the Commis sioner of Agriculture, and he consents to their sale upon the old inspection and analysis.
All railroad officers are earnestly requested to afford the inspect ors of fertilizers whatever facilities they can to obtain information concerning the movements or transportation of fertilizers. Such favors will be greatly appreciated.
All manufacturers of fertilizers will take notice, that a circular, giving the results of the soil tests of fertilizers made by the Depart ment experimenters this year, will be published early in January> and also, in the same '`beular, the analysis of alll fertilizers that shall have been inspected before the 1st of January. All who wish the analysis of their fertilizers to appear in that circular are requested to send a lot into the State, in ample time to be inspected and analyzed before the circular is printed.
SUGGESTIONS TO FABMEBS.
Farmers are advised not to buy any fertilizer, or chemical for
*3

X XXIV

APPENDIX.

compounding or composting the same, unless it has both the man ufacturer's guarantied analysis and the Inspector's tag upon and attached to it; and all farmers are requested to inform the Com missioner of Agriculture of any ease where a fertilizer is sold, or offered for sale, without having both the guarantied analysis and the Inspector's tag attached.
As before remarked, a farmer may safely purchase a fertilizer that has the manufacturer's guarantied analysis and the Inspect or's tag attached ; but if any farmer wishes to be further assured^ and made secure from imposition in purchasing a fertilizer, he can save a fair sample of it, and have it analyzed at the Department Laboratory. Let such sample be fairly taken--a small quantity from every sack or barrel of the same brand, or if a large quantity is purchased from a sufficient number of the packages to fairly rep resent the whole lot. Then very thoroughly mix, (but not grind or triturate) these small quantities taken from different sacks, and from the mixture fill a common quinine bottle, or any bottle hold ing a like amount; cork it closely and seal it with wax, and cor rectly label it. Let this be done in the presence of witnesses, and place it in the hands of a disinterested party for safe keeping. Let a correct and certified copy of the guarantied analysis, and the Inspector's tag which was attached to it, be also carefully pre served by the same party.
Then, after the crop is made, if the farmer has reason to believthe fertilizer was not such as it was represented to be, let the same pie be sent to this Department, either by the hand of some relia ble disinterested party, or by express, and it will be analyzed with out charge.
Section2, of the Actof26th February, 1870, provides that the man ufacturer's guarantied analysis " shall be binding on said manu facturer, agent, or dealer, and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer."

Circular No. 38.]
EXTRACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE REPORTS OF CROPS, Etc., FOR THE MONTH OF APRIL, 1877. Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga., May i5, 1877.
CORN.
Under our present system, this is the all-important food crop for man and beast. The reports make an encouraging exhibit. In

APPENDIX.

XXXV

crease of acreage is one per cent, over the unusually large crop planted last year, the acreage being 101 ; the preparation 10o, and stand 99; against 85 last year. The per cent, of the crop fertilized is about the same. With propitious seasons the crop will be fully equal to last year in the final yield. (See further, under the head of Cotton.)
OATS.
There is an increase of five per cent, in the area devoted to this crop, which is rapidly taking its proper place as the principal food crop for work animals during the summer season. Thirtyeight per cent, of the fall-sown were killed by the almost unprece dented cold of the winter. Notwithstanding this drawback, the average condition is reported at 86 on the first of May.
WHEAT.
An increase in area of seven per cent., which is offset by 7.4 per cent, winter killed.
The condition, May 1st, was 96, against 116 last year. The pros pect, on the whole, is encouraging, but the experience of last year alone should prevent too sanguine expectations. A week of un favorable weather may prove disastrous. On May 1st, 1876, the condition of the Wheat was 116; yet, owing to the damage from rust, as developed in a very few days, the yield, as returned in the July report, Circular No. 27, was only 79, and in the supplemental report, Circular No. 34, 76 per cent, of an average yield.
COTTON.
The impression has very generally prevailed that there would be a large increase in the area devoted to cotton. Under the un favorable aspect of the market, present and prospective, it is gratifying to note that the reports do not sustain the impression. The area planted is 99J per cent, of that of last year, and^ at the same time, without a single exception, there has been an increase in all the provision crops.
It is an interesting fact, perhaps surprising to many, that the area devoted to com is, to that planted in cotton, over the entire State, as 136 to 100! This corresponds with the actual statistics of crops planted in 1875, as collected by the Tax Beceivers, and pblished in Annual Report, for the year 1875, page 177.
By the proper calculation, it will appear that the aiea in corn was 126 to 100 in cotton ; and, by adding the reported increased per centages of 1876 and 1877, the ratio will be even greater than is shown by the reports now in hand.
In most of the counties in the middle and southwestern por tions of the State the area in Cotton is largely in excess of that in corn, but this ratio is inverted for the State, as a whole, by the

XXXYI

ArPUNDIX.

relative areas in these crops in the northern and southeastern sections.
SUGAR CANE.
There lias been no marked increase over the area of last year-- the reports showing 104. The stand is nearly up to an average. This crop is deserving of more attention from the farmers of Southern and Southwestern Georgia. The introduction of im proved machine*^ and evaporators, and the use of the saccharometer to determine when the juice is sufficiently boiled for syrup or for sugar, would enable the careful Georgia farmer, and his neigh bors over the line in Alabama and Florida, to meet at least the home demand for choice syrup, to the exclusion of the inferior, non-saccharine compounds, from more northern markets.
It is gratifying to note the increase in the acreage of Sorghum. This once despised crop is justly growing in favor. It does not require rich soil, is subject to no insect enemies or disease, and the syrup, when well made, is superior to much that is found in the market.
MISCELLANEOUS CHOPS.
German Millet.--'There is an increase in the area of German, sometimes called Golden Millet, of twenty-five per cent.; lowland rice, three; upland rice, twelve.
The attention of farmers is again directed to the culture of up land rice. It can be successfully grown nearly as far north as the northern limits of cotton culture, and does not require wet low lands, though producing well on such soils. Perhaps, it would be safe to say that our ordinary uplands produce double the quantity of rough rice per acre as of corn, worth at least twice as much per bushel. A cheap, effective machine for cleaning the grain is the one desideratum.
Clovr.--There has been a very slight decrease in the acreage of clover. The great value of this as a forage crop and renovator of the soil, should command increased attention from the farmers of Middle and Northern Georgia. There is, perhaps, no soil or cli mate better adapted to the growth of clover than that of the sec tions referred to.
This crop is receiving increased attention, the increase in area amounting to twenty-seven per cent., though limited by the scarcity of seed. It is remarkable that the chufa, though grown to a limited extent in this State for thirty years, is just now attracting general attention, and seems destined to a permanent place on the list, as one of the best food crops for hogs. Those who have them growing will do well to save a large quantity of seed for the next season's demand. They have sold readily in Atlanta at from eight to ten dollars per bushel.

APPENDIX.

XXXYTI

ORCHARDS.
The Peach prospect is unusually good, being reported at 124, compared to an average. Every section seems equally blessed with a fair promise. Many of the trees are overloaded with fruit.
In such cases a large portion--sometimes one-half, or even more, should be removed, otherwise the trees will be broken and injured, and the fruit he inferior.
The Apple and Pear prospects are but little below the average. The complaint of pearblight is, as usual, very general, and its prevalence deters thousands from engaging in the culture of this delicious fruit.
DRYING FRUIT.
In view of the prospectively large crop of fruit, farmers are ad vised to make preparations for drying large quantities for winter use, and for market. By the use of the process of furnace drying, the operator is independent of the sunshine, and the dried fruit is much superior, and will keep better than the sun dried. Apples dried by furnace heat are now retailing in Atlanta at fifteen to twenty cents per pound.
I STOCK.
The condition of stock (excepting work stock) is inferior to last year. The usual complaints are made of the ravages of sheep killing dogs.
It is much to be regretted that all efforts heretofore made have ' failed to induce the passage of a law to remedy this universally admitted evil--this only obstacle in the way of successful sheep husbandry. It is to be hoped that the problem will continue to be discussed, and if the people desire such a law as will encourage and foster this industry, that constitutional difficulties, if any ex ist, may be removed.
The stock of hogs of all kinds has increased 11 per cent., which closely corresponds with the increase in the corn crop of last year over the year previous.
FERTILIZERS.
The quantity of fertilizers purchased this year is 17 per cent, greater than last year--a very considerable increase. There has been a falling off in the proportion composted this season, which is satisfactorily explained by the unusual tardiness of dealers in sup plying the demand for Acid Phosphates, in time to justify the forming of compost heaps.
The results of the soil tests of last year, as published in Circu lar No. 35, abundantly sustain all that has been claimed in favor of the greater economy and efficiency of properly prepared composts of Acid Phosphate, cotton seed, and stable manure, over the ordi nary Ammoniated Super-phosphates. A number of these Circu lars are still on hand, and a copy will be sent to any applicant.

XXXVIII

APPENDIX.

LABOR.
A slight increase is shown in the wages paid to laborers over last year, amounting to seven cents per month, or $8 40 this year, against $8 33 last. This would be fully justified by the increased efficiency of one per cent., as reported, were it not true that the practical value of our labor is probably less than the money paid for it--by reason, first, of its misapplication to the over-production of cotton, and the neglect of provision and food crops, the raising of stock, and the general improvement of tiie farm; and, secondly, its poor quality. This poor quality is very largely due to the want of constant, persistent supervision by the employer. High wages for labor, generally prevailing over a section of country, indicate its profitable use, and is a direct result of a judicious system of farming, other things being equal. The greater the profit to the farmer from the employment of well-directed labor, the greater the margin out of which reasonable demands for increased wages may be granted. There is a minimum rate for labor, below which we can not safely venture. This must be sufficient to enable the laborer to enjoy the common necessaries of life ; these he must have--these he will have.
The problem, then, to be solved is, not how to reduce the abso lute wages of labor, but how to make it more efficient, and more productive of value, and, conseqently, more profitable to the farmer and satisfactory to the laborer. The cheapening of all the necessary provision supplies would be one of the necessary and direct results of their abundant home production ; another result would be to greatly lessen the cost of producing cotton; and, lastly, we would necessarily produce less cotton, and receive for it a higher price. A fair proportion of the increased productive value of labor would, of course, go to the laborer, in the way of in creased wages. These causes and effects would act and react on each other, until we shall realize the " good time coming," when the farmer, surrounded by his well-cultivated and wealth-produc ing acres, his herds of cattle, sheep and swine, grazing upon his fattening pastures--" owing no man anything," will be prosperous and happy, and the laborer,``content with his wages." It may not be amiss to suggest, too, that this prosperity and mutual con tentment of the farmer and the laborer, will witness the subsid ence of the political antagonism of the two races, and an abate ment of the feverish demand for legislation, to cure all the evils that prevail, and relieve the embarrassments of debt and poverty.
GENERAL REMARKS.
It is gratifying to announce that circulars No. 36 and 37, issued in view of the then impending, now prevailing, Eastern war, have been well received, and the suggestions adopted by many

APPENDIX.

XXXIX

farmers. It is still timely to urge upon farmers to make every effort possible to increase the coming harvests of food crops. Pre pare now for a large turnip crop. It is not too late to set large patches in common Georgia collards. If grown on rich soil, and well cultivated until they shade the ground, they will produce, in the course of a year, more food, perhaps, than any other crop, with the same expenditure of labor. Those who have fed them largely to shogs consider them well suited for the purpose, as inducing a healthy, growing condition, and, in great measure, preventing the attacks of disease, especially cholera. The plants should first he set in three-feet rows, eighteen inches distant. As they grow large, remove each alternate plant and feed them to hogs and cows. Afterward, remove the lower leaves successively through the summer, fall and winter, until seeding time in spring.
Let every acre possible be planted in sweet potatoes. The vines may be planted until July, with fair prospect of a crop.

Circular No, 39.
EXTRACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE
REPORTS OF CROPS, ETC., FOR THE MONTH
OF MAY, 1877.
Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga., June 15, 1877.
In consolidating the reports for this month, the State has been di vided into five sections, with a view to exhibit more correctly the con dition of the crops in each, as influenced by different natural features of climate, elevation and diverse meteorological conditions.
This division is made, first and mainly, with reference to geological formations and elevation above the sea level, modified, to some extent, by differences in latitude, and also by natural division lines.
These diverse conditions have resulted in giving different degrees of prominence to a given crop or industry in the several sections of the State.
It is well known that in the first section, embracing the counties of North Georgia, the labors of the farmer are chiefly directed to the pro duction of corn, wheat, oats, rye, clover, and the grasses, and (compar atively) sorghum, Irish potatoes and apples.
The second section, Middle Georgia, produces, chiefly, cotton, corn, wheat, oats, peaches, pears, grapes, etc.
The third section, Southwest Georgia, and the fourth section, East Georgia, are very similar in geological formation, and in products also,

XI

APPENDIX.

both giving special attention to cotton, corn, and oats, and much less to wheat than in Middle or North Georgia, whilst sugar cane, ground peas, and chufas are important products.
The fifth section. Southeast Georgia, embraces the coast, or tide water region, and covers a greater part of the area devoted to rice and Sea Island cotton, and is considered well adapted to sheep husbandry, and unsuited to the production of wheat and rye, and the fruits of the more northerly sections.
CORN.
Owing mainly to the cool, dry weather, the condition of this crop is reported at from 2 to 15 per cent lower than average, being highest in North Georgia, 98, and lowest in Middle Georgia, 85. The average of all sections is 94; the average for the State 1st June, 1876, was 106. Since the 1st June, good rains have fallen in many parts of the State, and the prospect proportionately improved.
OATS.
Average condition of fall-sown..oats, by sections, was 81--compared to average of the State 1st May, 86.
Their condition in North and Middle Georgia was 62 and 69 respectively, owing to the fact of maturing later, and being, therefore, more injured by the May drought; and also to the cir cumstance of greater injury from winter killing.
In North and Middle Georgia the preference is almost evenly balanced between the winter grazing and yellow or red rust-proof, as to hardiness. In the other sections, the Irwin rust-proof has greatly the preference.
All varieties have escaped rust, the injury from this source being less than 2 per cent. Spring-sown bear about the same com parison to an average crop, being reported at 80.
WHEAT
Is reported considerably over an average in those sections-- North and Middle Georgia--where it is most grown. The general average of the sections is 103, but the correct average would be about 107, or 7 per cent, better than an average crop. Severa reports of comparatively extraordinary yields have been received One correspondent, in Randolph county, reports yields, respec tively, of 27 and 22 bushels per acre, and an average for the county of fifteen bushels ! This is a remarkable result in a section of the State that has never been considered as adapted to the produc tion of wheat, and is due chiefly to the peculiarly favorable condi tion, as to moisture and temperature, which prevailed during May, and indicates the great importance of discovering a rust proof variety which shall make the crop more independent of these favorable circumstances.
Of the varieties distributed with the view to test their rust proof character, correspondents generally report the Dallas as

APPENDIX.

XU

exempt from rust; one, however, says "not more so than others, and ten days later than blue-stem." A small quantity of a new variety--the Nicaragara--vras sent out, and the reports are unani mous that it is rust-proof. The season, however, has been very favorable for wheat, and the test has not been very severe. The average injury from rust is reported at 4 per cent.

COTTON.

The stand of cotton in North Georgia is far below an average, being only 46. A great part of the crop was planted just at the beginning of the dry weather. In the other sections the stand is 93 per cent of an average.
The size of the plant is much below an average,- but the fields ax . e from grass, and the warm, growing weather will soon make great improvement in the prospect. Cut worms have been very destructive to the young plants, notably in Lowndes and Ma con counties, necessitating planting over a large part of the crop in Lowndes
sugar cane

Is inferior both as to stand and size; but it shows a better aver age in those sections where it is most grown.
Where the stand is good, propitious seasons will easily overcome the drawbacks of the spring.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Sorghum is a little below the average in stand and condition. Ground peas and chufas, each, 90; and melons 85.

ORCHARDS.

The peach prospect is 111--11 per cent, better than an average.

The attention of farmers is again dii'ected to the importance of

providing means for rapidly drying the surplus fruit. The reports

show that the peach crop, in the last ten years, has been destroyed

by frost, in North Georgia, five times ; in Middle Georgia, three times; in Southwest Georgia, two to three times; in East Geor

gia, five times; and in Southeast Georgia, three times. The ap

ple and pear prospects are inferior in North and Middle Georgia,

where they are chiefly grown, and good in the three other sec

tions.

POTATOES.

Irish potatoes are a little below an average. The planting of sweet potatoes has been much delayed by dry weather. This should not be. It is a good practice to keep the ground intended for draws always mellow, by frequent plowing*, and set the draws when large enough, with or without rain--provided there is a

moderate supply of branch or well water to be had. To plant-- opeu holes with a dibble, or stick, insert the draw, pour in half

XLII

APPENDIX.

pint of water and cover the wet with dry earth No pressing is needed.
Farmers, try this plan.
BICE
Is little below an average in the State at large, but in the South eastern section, where much the greater part of the crop is pro duced, it is five per cent, better.
STOCK--SHEEP--DOGS.
The number of sheep killed by dogs in the last twelve months was eight and a half per cent, of the whole, and destroyed by disease and cold only five per cent.
The value of the sheep annually destroyed in Georgia is not less than $70,000!--sufficient to pay the expenses of a Constitutional Conven tion, or a twenty-day session of the Legislature.
That amount of money would be wisely expended if it should result in the passage of an effectual sheep-protective dog-law.
It costs no more to produce a pound of wool than a pound of cotton, and the wool sells for three times the price of cotton. Again, the one hundred thousand dogs in Georgia consume and destroy food either already fit for human use, or suitable for feeding to productive animals, an amount which, estimated in bacon, would supply, perhaps, fifty thou sand laboring men! Perhaps one-fourth, or even one-half, of these dogs are more or less valuable and profitable. The remainder are a curse and a burden. Certainly these considerations merit the careful attention of our legislators.
HOGS.
There is an increase in the pork prospect, compared with last year, of six per cent. Cholera has prevailed to but limited extent, destroying five per cent, of the stock.
LABOR, SUPPLIES, ETC.
Labor is very generally reported as equal to the demand, and more efficient. Supplies good, and farmers generally in better condition than at any time since the war. On the whole, the general condition of the farming interest in Georgia is encouraging, and farmers are gradually, but surely, attaining independence and prosperity.

APPENDIX.

XLm

Circular No. 41.]

EXTRACT FROM CONSOLIDATION OF THE RE'
PORTS OF CROPS ETC, FOR THE MONTH OF
JUNE 1877.
Department of Agriculture,
Atlanta, Ga., July 12,1877.

CORN.

A considerable improvement in the condition and prospect of this leading crop appears since last monthly report, especially in

North and Middle Georgia--the two sections which usually pro

duce it most largely. North Georgia reports the condition com pared to an average crop, at 103, and Middle Georgia 99--against

98 and 85, respectively, on 1st June. East Georgia has improved, Southeast Georgia shows a slight falling off, and Southwest Geor

gia is 2 per cent, better. In the whole State, the condition is represented by average of the sections--as 98. The undetermined,

but the preponderating influence which the first two named sec tions should have, would place the condition more accurately at

something over 100. The average condition as compared with last year at the same time--97--is too high--on account of the high

average of the two smaller producing sections, East and Southeast

Georgia. A small per cent, of the cotton crop has been crossed and planted in

corn,- which will result in adding thousands of bushels to the aggregate yield. The general crop is reported smaller, in size of stalk, and more

backward than usual, but of good color and in clean condition. The seasons have been generally favorable, though some localities
have suffered, and are still suffering for rain, whilst others have had an

excess.

COTTON.

The year, thus far, has been an unfavorable one for this great staple. A variety of circumstances have conspired to produce a low average condition. Chief among these were the cool weather and prevailing East winds of the month of May, and late stands on account of drouth. A dry May is proverbially favorable to cotton, but it can be true only where an early stand is secured.
Cut-worms have been unusually destructive to the young plants in Southwest Georgia, and lice have been more numerous and more per sistent in their attacks than usual. It is generally small, and the bloom ing is later, from one to two weeks. The general average condition is 89. This prospect, taken in connection with the fact as reported--but not tabulated--that about 4 per cent, of the land planted, or prepared for planting, on 1st May, has since been planted in com or other pro vision crop, renders it highly improbable that an average crop of cotton will be produced this year in Georgia.

XLIT

APPENDIX.

THE ITRUIT CROP--FRUIT DRYING.
The peach crop is even better than was thought a month ago, and will be more .abundant than for many years. It is reported at 115 com pared to an average crop. North Georgia reports the lowest average, 58, and Southeast Georgia the highest, 168. Only one county in Mid dle Georgia reports less than an average, viz., Warren, 95. The middle belt of the State seems peculiarly adapted to peaches. The general pros pect of the apple crop is little less than an average.
The especial attention of the farmers of Georgia is invited to the im proved appliances for drying or desiccating fruits and vegetables The season for saving fruit is near at hand, and the abundant crops of peaches and apples warrant a special effort to prepare them, by drying, for future use and for market.
In previous publications, allusion has been made to the great value of the fruit crop--the tithe of which has not been realized, because of the want of appliances to render the farmer independent of the weather, and of machines for rapidly paring and slicing.
For years past, simple, cheap machines for paring, coring and slicing apples, and for paring peaches, have been offered to the farmer. They are more or less effective and save a great deal of labor.
Becent inventions for drying by the use of furnace heat alone, effect the object much more rapidly than by the old plan of sun-drying, and the product is much more saleable at two to three times the price. These dryers are also adapted to drying other fruits--berries, etc., as well as potatoes, green corn, squashes, and other vegetables. Where individuals have not enough fruit, etc., to warrant the purchase, alone, of a dryer, several neighbors might unite, and thus save cost.
The following embraces the names and addresses of parties who are manufacturing fruit-dryers ;
The Aldin Fruit Preserving Co., Nos. 20 and 22 West Fourth street, Cincinnati, make only large machines, ranging in price from $500 to $1,300.
The Automatic Fruit Evaporator Co., 112 North Sixth street, Phila delphia, furnish machines at from $300 to $1,500.
Jones Brothers, Sturgis, Michigan, make very small portable ma chines, ranging in price from $50 to $90, and larger ones from $525 to $1,250.
The Excelsior Fruit Evaporator, made by Rogers & Tuttle, of Atlanta, Ga., is of the same class. Their portable machines range in price, ac cording to capacity, from $60 to $75, and are capable of turning out from eight to twelve bushels of dried products per twenty-four hours. Their large stationary evaporators vary in price from $225 to $450, and in capacity from thirty to ninety bushels per twenty-four hours.
OATS.
The yield of fall oats is less than an average in the State at large.

APPENDIX.

XI.V

notably so in Middle, North, and Southwest Georgia. The general average is 82. Yield per acre, 13 bushels.
The yield of spring sown is 85 compared to an average. The fall crop encountered a winter unprecedented in severity, reducing the stand very materially, yet it has yielded better than the springsown. The yield, per acre, was 13 bushels for fall, and 11 for spring oats. The season for fall-sowing is rapidly approaching. The experience of of the past indicates August, September and October as the proper months, according to latitude, for sowing this grain. Oats may be successfully produced by sowing in cotton land in Sep tember and October, without material injury to the cotton, if plowed or harrowed in immediately following the cotton-pickers. Many farm ers have tried the plan of drilling two rows of oats in each cotton-mid dle, with gratifying success. By sowing thus in cotton land which has been fertilized, the oats will immediately secure the benefit of the ma nure not appropriated by the cotton. It is very convenient, if desired, to apply any of the commercial fertilizers, either broadcast or in the drill, by simply wetting the seed oats thoroughly, and rolling them in the proper quantity of guano--say 50 pounds, or more, per acre. The oat crop is a very important one in Georgia, and, it is believed, will soon be the leading food crop for work animals, especially in the summer months. The labor of sowing is small, they require no culti vation, and usually yield large returns. Where failure occurs from winter freezing, there is practically no loss of labor, since the ground may be re-sown in spring, or planted in corn, cotton, or other summer crop, to great advantage. Farmers are ad vised, therefoi e, to make preparations for a large sow ing of fall oats. Don't wait for spring, but, to use a common, yet forci ble expression, "take all the chances sow in the fall, and if the crop fails, then sow in spring; but by all means, sow oats. The Rust-Proof is preferred before all other varieties, on account of the quality from which its name is derived. It has been tried for many years in Geor gia, and is practically rust-proof. From one to two and a half bush els per acre--according to quality of land--is the proper amount of seed. The Winter-grazing is very popular, especially in North Georgia, on account of its hardiness and adaptation to grazing by light stock.
WHEAT.
A kind Providence has blessed the labors of the farmer with a boun tiful crop of wheat--the best for many years. In North Georgia the yield, compared to an average, is 116; Middle Georgia, 115; Southwest Georgia, 122; East Georgia, 118; and Southeast Georgia, 100. The yield per acre, in bushels, in North Georgia, is 10 ; in Middle Georgia, 11; in Southwest Georgia, 9%; in East Georgia, 8; and in Southeast Georgia, 15. The last, however, is exceptional, as only two countie*

XLVI

APPENDIX.

reported'wheat--Clincli and Glynn. Mr. James Postell, of St. Simon's Mills, Glynn county, Georgia, one of the correspondents of this Depart ment, sends a report of ` ` the first experiment in planting wheat in Glynn county." He writes that he sowed one peck of wheat in drills 15 inches apart, at the rate of 1J4 bushels per acre. After grazing one horse and two calves on it until 15th February, it was harvested on the 28th of May, and yielded at the rate of 19 bushels per acre. "The land was light, sandy soil, manured for, and planted in, cabbage the fall of 1875. In August, 1876, in beets, without manure. The stand was so poor that I again broke it up, and planted in wheat as above. The success of the experiment will induce many in this section to plant wheat this fall."
This experiment is indeed remarkable and encouraging. It points strongly to the conclusion that even the southern section of the State may successfully produce wheat.
The countries of the old world, corresponding in latitude with Southern Georgia, from remote antiquity have been famous for the production of wheat of the finest quality. As has often been ob served, the great desideratum for our climate is a hardy, rust-proof variety.
It has grown into a proverb, "a dry, cool May for wheat." This year has proved again its truth. Much may be done in the way of se lection of varieties, time of sowing and location of soil, to overcome the unfavorable effects of a hot sun and moist atmosphere. In the section under consideration, wheat should ripen as early in May as possible, or even April. This early ripening cannot be safely secured by early fall sowing alone, since if sown before frosts have destroyed ihc Hessian fly, it is liable to be materially injured by this pest. We have Scilla on the one hand and Charybdis on the other--between which we must steer.
The happy mean between the extremes is to sow rather late in the Fall, or in early Winter, an early maturing variety; selecting high, dry, rolling land, having a clay subsoil, and fertilizing well with a highly ammoniated superphosphate of lime. We shall then have fulfilled the conditions most necesssary to success--so far as we can control them. As to varieties, then, the chief requisite is earliness of ripening; the next is hardiness--general power to resist disease and casualty. In the last point the red wheats are generally to be preferred.
The past season has been peculiarly favorable for wheat, and on that account has not furnished a crucial test, either of the general merits or the rust-proof character of the several varieties. The tests have been chiefly negative--have shown what varieties will not succeed.
The Commissioner takes pleasure in calling special attention to the record of the experiment of James Davison, Woodville, Greene county, Ga., as presented on the following two pages:

EXPERIMENTS WITH THIRTY-TWO VARIETIES OF WHEAT.

XLVIII

^Experiments of James Davidson with thirty-two varieties of Wheat, furnished hy the Department of Agriculture, all sown 1st October, 1876.

| Number. Color of Grain, etc.

APPENDIX.

Names, as given, of the different
Kinds of Wheat Seeded.

Bearded, or Beardless.

Observations made as to Observation Made, Time oJ

Growth, Appearance, etc., General Appearance, Ripen

March 25.

etc,, May 1.

ing.

Grnebal Remabks.

Bill Dallas........................... Beardless.. Red.... Vigorous, healthy......... Fultz Winter....................... Beardless.. Amber. Vigorous, healthy......... Muskingum......................... Beardless.. Amber. Vigorous, healthy......... Shumaker............................ Beardless... Amber. Vigorous, healthy.,.,,... Amber.................................. Beardless... Amber. Vigorous, healthy.......... Arnold's Hybrid............... BfinrdTpRS Red...... Vigorous, healthy.......... Nursery Wheat................. Beardless... Red.... Vigorous, healthy.......... Lamas.................................... Beardless... Red.... Spreads well, vigorous. Red May....................... Beardless... Bed Largest of any, fine........ Russian................................. Beard'd and Amber, Fine grower..................
Beardless...
Red Russian......................... Reardpd Red Not so good.... ............
Dott...................................... "Rftsrdpd Red Ordinary.......................... Mediterranean................... Bearded. . Red..... Not growing well........... Jennings Winter............... Bearded...... White.. Vigorous........................... Rodgers Winter................. Bearded.... White.. Vigorous................... ...... .

Slightly heading........ June 8 Badly mixed; no indication of rust. Slightly heading........ June 6 A splendid variety; quite prolific; no rust. Somewhat later......... June 10 Tall, luxuriant growth ; no rust. About same as No. 3. June 10 A beautiful growth, purple heads and
straw; free of rust. About same as No. 3. June 10 Resembles Muskingum very much; no
rust. About same as No. 3. June 10 Good growth ; resembles 4 and 5; no rust. Considerably later.... June 15 Not recommended; slight rust; too late. Backward, late............ June 20 Considerable rust; not desirable.
Headi'g--dn bloom 1st May 30 A desirable variety for this climaie; no rust.
Heading and bloomi'g June 2 An early variety; desirable; free from rust
Little later................... June 8 No rust; purple straw; good. Slightly heading....... June 8 No rust; purple straw; better, slightly. Not so early.................. June 8 No rust; not so good as two last named. Later............................. June 10 Slight rust on blades; rather late; good. About the same.......... June 10 Resembles No. 14 in every particular.

16

Bearded- White Poor, not growing.................

Very backward.......... June 15 Rust, stalk and blades, not desirable.

17 Michigan Wick......................... Bearded.. White Fair....................................... .. *18 Treadwell.................................... Bearded.. White Fair...........................................

Quite

backward........

June

10

No rust, bearded

long heads, varieties.

best

of White,

Quite backward..........

June

15 Slight Jate.

rust,

fine heads

and

grain,

rather

19 Tappahannock........................... Beardless White Broad blades, extra growth 20 Delhi............................................. Beardless White Fair.............................

Nearly all headed...... June 6 No rust, one among the best varieties.

Not so

good..................

June

12

A pretty wheat, too late.

short plump

heads,

but

21 Herts White.............................. Beardless White Fair........... ..................

Very late--poor.......... June 20 Rusted, not desirable or recommended.

22 Arnold's Gold Medal-.............. Beardless White Fair............................

Little

better,

but late

June

14

A beautiful variety, rather late.

quite

prolific, but

23 Trump Wheat.......... .................. Beardless White Fine spreader............

Some better.................. June 20 Not desirable, rusted.

*

24 Chidham...................................... Beardless White Fair..............................

T,,+,,

June 20 About the same as 23, not desirable.

APPENDIX.

25 Clawson................ ...................... Beardless White Not so good............ .

Some earlier-.............. June 12 A splendid wheat, free of rust, and rec ommended.

26 Rough Chaff....... -...................... Beardless White Rather poor...............

Late; not so good........ June 22 A peculiar ruff chaff, rusted, not wor thy.

27 Victoria........................................ Beardless White Under the average...

Late and backward... June 20 Very ordinary, rusted and late.

28 Silver Chaff................................ Beardless White Good, lair..................

Late and backward... June 15 Slight rust, large showy heads.

29 Kentucky White....................... Beardless White Fine growth.............

Heading we 1 up........ June 8 No rust, recommended, resembles Nos. 19 and 32.

30 Louisiana White...................... Beardless White Fair.............................

Rather backward...... June 12 A pretty wheat, same as N<. 20.

31 Grecian Wheat........................... Beardless White Fair.............................

Rather late............... June 20 Rusted and too late, not recommendable.

S2 Boughton .................................... Beardless White Fine growth, extra.

Heading finely........... June 8 mended.

33 Schley.......................................... Beardless Red... Fair......

Later............................ June 14 l long-heade rust-proof-

XLIX

L

APPENDIX.

In September last this Department furnished Mr. Davison with a small package, each of thirty-one varieiies of wheat, for the purpose of experiment. They were from the seed farm of Messrs. David Landreth's Sons, through the courtesy of Hon. Burnet Landreth, one of the firm, and Centennial Commissioner. The experiment was conducted with great care and accuracy, as the Commissioner can testify, from personal observation of the grow ing plat, and as the table abundantly shows.
Samples in small bundles of thirty-one varieties are now on exhibition in this Department.
The following extracts are made from Mr. Davison's report: * * * * * "I thoroughly prepared a large garden plat, rather grayish light soil, of even uniform texture, and on the first of Oc tober, with a small plow, ran off drills twelve to fourteen inches apart, and therein drilled the seed as uniformly as possible, using a bottle and fixtures for that purpoae, same as for turnips, and co v ered with a rake as fast as planted. When the seeding was com pleted, the plat seemed the perfection of preparation. "To the varieties received from the Department, I added two other kinds--`Boughton' and `Schley,' making in all, thirty-three varieties seeded upon the plat. I noticed no difference in the germination of the seed, the stand was good, and withstood the severe Winter admirably; none seemed the least injured by the extreme cold that prevailed. At stated intervals, as you will ob serve by reference to the accompanying table, I noted the general condition and growth. . . . The seasons were remarkably propi tious, and the growth, with few exceptions, vigorous and luxuri ant. After the 4th day of May there was no rain until the 5th of June. With light showers--say from 10th to20th May--probably longer heads and fuller meshes might have been produced, and quite likely more rust developed. ... Of the specimen samples sent you, I call your attention specially to No. 3, `Schley,' none of the heads being less than six inches, and some as much as 7J inches long--pretty good development for a long drought. "On the 4th June a committee, comprising a number of our best farmers, Capt. Willis, Peek, Sanders and others, were invited to inspect the plat of wheat, and select such kinds as they might think desirable, and best adapted to this climate. After very care ful examination, they recommended the following varieties in the order as designated: 1st, No. 10,--`Russian Wheat;' 2d, No. 9,-- `Red May,' the earliest variety; 3d, No. 2,--`Fultz Winter;' 4th, No. 4,--"Shumaker,'--a peculiar growth, maturing beautiful pur plish heads--very attractive--luxuriant, tall, smooth, small purple straw, etc., a little later, but recommended on account of its entire freedom from rust, either on stalk or blade; 5th, No. 19, --`Tappa hannock;'No. 29,--`Kentucky White,' and No. 32,--`Boughton.' Nos. 19 and 32 are, doubtless, the same variety.

APPENDIX.

LI

"Specimen ]So. 1, `Bill Dallas'--amber, beardless, ripe 8th to 10th June,--unfortunately was so badly mixed with a coarse, rough wheat, ripening some days later,--evidently the ` Schley,'--that a fair estimate of its merits could not be made. It is doubtless a good wheat, as may be seen from the specimen of `pure Dallas' sent you, as culled from the mixed rows."
The experiment of Mr. Davison is interesting and valuable, and it is hoped will lead to many similar ones in every section of the State the coming fall.
In this connection, as a matter of interest, is noted a letter just re ceived from Hon. Henry T. Smith, Ordinary of Jasper county, in which he states, from returns of the several threshing machines, the yield of wheat this year in Jasper county is 45,000 bushels.
HONEY.
The yield of honey has been much better than usual. Questions in regard to the comparative value of the movable comb hive, and of the Italian bee, have been propounded with a view to exciting inquiry into this branch of farm industry.
From those who have tried the movable comb hives, the reports are unanimous that they are much superior to the old style of dee gums, or box hives. The Italian bee is reported as far superior to the common bee. Some of the reports are very interesting, and would be published in this circular if space permitted. Mr. J. M. Williams, of Batonton, Ga., writes: " The value of the honey bee is unknown, even to men accustomed all their lives to bees--in box hives; and only two years since, 1 was waked up on the subject,"
"It is a subject on which really intelligent and thinking men are not informed; yet, it is questionable, whether any portion of the animal creation is capable of returning to man greater profit in proportion to outlay, than bees. Still, millions of pounds of honey go to waste in the State, for the want of a little attention to these tiny creatures that work for us for nothing and board themselves. "
Other extracts might be made, but perhaps the above, in connection with the tabular information, will be sufficient to excite inquiry, and di rect the attention of the farmers to this neglected interest. Small in dustries form a safe and sure foundation for individual prosperity, and he is not a true farmer, who neglects to develop all the resources which Providence has placed within his reach.
SAMPLES EOB DEPARTMENT DISPLAY AT THE FAIR.
The Commissioner earnestly desires the farmers of the State to pre serve samples of field crops, such as wheat, oats, rye and barley--in sheaf and the clean grain; small bales of hay and forage, corn in the shuck, cotton stalks--with the cotton, peas of all kinds, etc.; in short, stich specimens as will illustrate Georgia farming and Georgia resources. Attach to the specimens plainly written descriptions, including name of grower, or exhibitor, name of variety and general qualities of the article,

LII

APPENDIX.

Send them hy railroad or express, to "The Department of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia." They will be carefully arranged and exhibited at the State Fair, in October.
It is intended to make a Department display at the Fair, and ultimatety add largely to the collection of samples already on permanent exhibition at the Department Rooms in the Capitol.
DISTRIBUTION OP SEEDS.
The Commissioner is constantly receiving enquiries for the best seeds of various kinds, and has endeavored in the past to keep a register of the names and address of the growers of choice varieties of Wheat, Corn, Oats, Cotton, etc., with prices of seed. Many of these enquiries have been answered to the mutual satisfaction and profit of all interested.
It is not intended to make this Department a medium for advertising, but to attend only to special enquiries, and to furnish disinterested and reliable information in regard to varieties of special merit and peculiar adaptation to local wants. Farmers who have for sale seeds, of vari eties of special value, are, therefore, invited to inform this Department, giving prices and full information.
The Commissioner will be glad to receive small amounts of seeds of valuable plants, for gratuitous distribution to experienced, careful farm ers, for experimental purposes. Especial pains will be taken to ensure reliable and accurate reports.
Those to whom packages of seeds have been sent during the past sea son--wheat, oats, tobacco, etc.--are requested to report the results of experiments, so soon as ascertained, that they may be published for the benefit of all.

Circular No. 43.]
EXTRACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE
REPORTS OF CROPS, ETC., FOR THE MONTH
OF JULY, 1877.
Department of Agriculture,
Atlanta, Ga., Augusts, 1877.
CORN.
There has been no change in the condition and prospect of corn in North Georgia--the average being the same as reported first of July--103. All the counties of this section report a high average prospect, excepting Floyd, 90, Forsyth, 90, Polk, 83, and Union, 90. The seasons have been almost uniformly good. A

APPENDIX.

LID

considerable surplus yield is indicated, which will go far towards making up the deficiency in other sections of the State.
In Middle Georgia there is a falling off of 10 per cent, in the prospect since 1st July, being 89 against 99 one month ago. This is owing to drouth--which was particularly severe in Hancock, McDuffie, Newton, Taliaferro and Warren, the average prospect in these counties being only 71 per cent, of an average crop.
The injury to the corn crop has been still greater in Southwest Georgia--the falling off in one month amounting to 21 per cent.-- noticeable in Bibb, Clay, Dougherty, Early, Quitman, Randolph, Terrell and Webster, in which counties the prospect ranges from 40 to 66 per cent. --averaging 68. The average for the entire sec tion is only 72, against 93, on 1st July. One half of the counties average less than 75.
In East Georgia, the prospect is 88, against 96, 1st July. The most marked decrease is observed in the counties of Dodge, Telfair, Twiggs, Washington and Wilkinson, which show an average prospect of only 72.
In Southeast Geougia, there is an improvement of one per cent. The average is 97, but as it embraces but a comparatively small area of the State, it does not materially affect the general average, which is es timated at 89.8 per cent.--a reduction of 8.2 per cent, from the pros pect on 1st July.
On the whole--whilst the prospect is not very gratifying--it is not discouraging. There is ample time and abundant resources to provide against any undue scarcity of corn, which might otherwise exist next season. See under head of oats, etc.
COTTON. There has been a steady falling in the prospect throughout the month in Middle, Southwest and Bast Georgia, and an improve ment of 5 per cent, in North, and 1 per cent, in Southeast Georgia, Rust is reported in Early county, and caterpillars in several counties. The average prospect for the State--by sections--is 86.6, against 89 on 1st July, showing a reduclions of 2.4 percent.; but it must be borne in mind that Middle and Southeast Georgia are the largest and chief cotton producing sections of the State, and it appears that the prospect in each of these is only 80--a mean reduction of 8 per cent, from 1st July. The opinion was expressed in the June Report, that it was "highly improbable that an average crop of cotton will be produced this year in Georgia. " That opinion has been confirmed by the reports herein presented, and, as the drouth still prevails, and the close of the grow ing and fruiting season is near at hand, the indications are very strong that not more than three-fourths of a crop will be made.
MISCELLANEOUS CROPS.
Sugar cane, sorghum, field peas and sweet potatoes, have all shared

LIT

APPENDIX.

more or less, in the injury from the drouth. Rice is slightly improved in prospect.
WHEAT HARVEST.
An effort was made in the questions, on which this report is based, to ascertain, approximately, the yield of wheat--but with only partial success. The yield of Murray county was 41,500 bushels; Banks, 42,000. Twenty-three counties in Middle Georgia report an aggregate of 868,501 bushels; ten counties in Southwest Georgia, 54,720, and five counties in East Georgia, 20,587 bushels.
SYRUP MAKING.
In answer to the question, " What variety of sorghum is best--all things considered--for syrup?" the preference is generally given to the variety known by the various local names--Golden, Golden Top, Gold en Rod, etc., and the Imphee. Query--are these all identical? For crushing the canes, the Victor Mill seems to he most generally pre ferred where it has been tried. The same is true of the Cook, and the Scantling Evaporators. These comparisons appear, however, to have been made only with the old style appliances.
The cane should be harvested about the time when the seed are pass ing from the dough state, whilst still soft enough to be divided easily with the thumb nail, and stripped and cut several days before grinding. In the southwest portion of the State, where the Southern or Ribbon cane is almost exclusively grown, the Improved Georgia two-roller mill is generally used for grinding, and common iron kettles for reducing the juice. Where the improved machinery has been used, it has gen erally been preferred--especially the evaporators.
The use of the Saccharometer to determine the moment when the syrup is sufficiently reduced, greatly facilitates making uniformly good syrup. They cost but little--$1.5!! each, hy the dozen.
pai.i, crops--t;; u:.';ps.
In view of the partial failure of the corn crop in a large portion of the State, as well as the intrinsic value of turnips, they should be largely sown on well-prepared land, highly fertilized with a good ammoniated superphosphate. They are not to be relied on as a fattening food, but when fed to milch cows, they increase largely the flow of milk; and, as a hog food, they furnish considerable nutriment, and, in connection with more condensed food, aid largely in inducing a good appetite and healthy digestion.
IRISH potatoes.
For a fall crop, these may now be planted in Middle and Southern Georgia. If the soil is well prepared, and the tubers planted without cutting, not less than six inches deep, with good seasons, a fine yield may he secured, especially if they are well mulched. These will keep much better during winter than the summer crop. Extreme Northern

APPENDIX.

LT

Georgia can and ought to supply the whole State with potatoes during the winter.
OATS.
This important cereal has occupied a large space in the publications of the Department since its establishment, and it is highly gratifying to note the greatly increased area annually devoted to it.
The crop just harvested was not a full one, chiefly owing to the late sowing of the fall crop, and the unprecedented cold of the past winter; but the result has not been at all discouraging. The rust-proof oat, which has become so popular, is not strictly a winter oat, proof against winter-killing, but is practically so if sown early in the fall. The Winter grazing is strictly a winter oat, but not rust-proof.
Sowings should commence, in North Georgia, the latter part of Au gust, and later further south, and extending through September and October. Farmers are again urged to sow a large crop of oats. If the same conditions be complied with in both crops, oats are much more reliable than corn: with the exercise of the same judgment as to the time of sowing oats as to planting corn--not consulting mere conveninience, as was once the universal practice--the same care in selecting approved seed, and in preparing, manuring and sowing, the oat crop will more uniformly succeed than will the corn.
What would be said of the farmer who should plant his corn crop any time bet ween 1st March and the first of June, as mere convenience and other demands upon his time might determine? And yet such a system, or want of system, has prevailed, in regard to sowing oats, for many years; and very often the sowing has been postponed to Novem ber or December, or to March--and indeed, often entirely neglected.
WHEAT.
The large crop harvested the past season will induce largely increased sowing this fall. This is as it should be. But caution should be used to comply with the conditions known to be necessary to success.
First, in point of time, and in importance, is securing improved seed. If possible, procure seed from a reliable grower. Early ripening is an all-important quality. Hardiness to resist disease is next. Color or size of the grain are minor considerations. Red wheats are generally more hardy. The Early Red May is an old and very popular variety, and generally escapes rust by reason of earlyness and general hardiness. The Early Red Purple Straw is another good variety. The Nicaraugua, a new variety, seeded for three years by Mr. C. D. Black, Campbellton, Ga., is believed to be peculiarly rust-proof, but is somewhat objection able on account of its exceedingly long, rough beard. Select, if possible, high, rolling land, with clay subsoil, not too rich, and after thorough preparation of the soil by deep plowing and har rowing, sow 15th October to ist December, according to latitude, using, if convenient, the following compost, which will answer also for oats:

LVI

APPENDIX.

FORMULA FOR WHEAT OR WINTER OATS--ON CLAY LAND.

Cotton seed (green)... Stable manure........... Superphosphate........ Sulphate of ammonia

25 bushels, or 750 pounds. ....................... 650 pounds. ....................... 500 pounds. ....................... 100 pounds.

Making a ton of
Cotton seed (green) .. Stable manure........... Superposphate........... Sulphate of ammonia Muriate of potash....

2,000
ON PINE LAND.
.............................25 bushels, or 750 pounds. ..................................................... 550 pounds. ................................................... 500 pounds. ..................................................... 100 pounds. ..................................................... 100 pounds.

Making a ton of.......................................................... 2,000 pounds.
Prepare as directed in circular No. 42. After the land has been thor oughly broken, apply 400 pounds of the compost per acre, and harrow or plow in lightly with the grain. For winter crops, the fertilizers should be applied near the surface, and should contain a larger per cent of ammonia than those used on summer crops.
Refer to circular no 41, where the subject is discussed more at large, and some valuable experiments detailed.
HOG CROP, Hogs intended for killing next winter should be pushed for ward by liberal pasturage and feeding, so as to induce rapid growth and high condition before cold weather. They fatten much more easily in the fall than winter. The first cold spell in November should find them ready for butchering. Send for a copy of the Manual on the Hog, published by this Department.
SHEEP HUSBANDRY. Now is a good time to begin this branch of farm industry. Pur chase a flock of ewes of the common breed, and cross with the thoroughbred merino ram. The "Manual of Sheep Husbandry" will be sent to any applicant.
SUPPLEMENTARY FARM WORK. Much may be done in the way of reducing the heavy and con tinuous drafts on the cord crib and the forage, house. The grass which springs up with the August and September rains, in the corn-field, and which grows so luxuriantly in the swamps, and on the borders of the mall streams, may be easily made to yield many tons of excellent forage. It should be a rule with farnlers, to post pone the regular draft on the stored corn and forage to feed work animals, as long as possible--using for this purpose, pasturage, cut gross, com tops, pea vines, etc., so long as they can be had. It will astonish any one who has never before tried it, to realize the great saving which may be accomplished in this way.

APPENDIX.

LVII

It is now the season for sowing rye and barley for winter grazing and for green feeding in the spring. Eye may be sown on small, very rich, lots, at the rate of two bushels of seed per acre. It will furnish grazing during the winter, and an immense amount of green forage from early in March until May.

Circular No. 45.]
EXTRACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE
REOPRTS OF CROPS, ETC., FOR THE MONTH
OF AUGUST, 1877.
Department of Agriculttjee,
Atlanta, Ga. , September 8, 1877.
CORN.
The average condition and prospect of corn in North Georgia is reported at 103--exactly the same as recorded for June and July. This is the only section of the State in which over an average crop has been produced.
In Middle, Southwest and East Georgia, there has been a very decided falling off since first of August,--amounting to 9 per cent., or 80 against 89 one month ago, in Middle Georgia; 5 per cent., or 67 against 72, in Southwest Georgia; and 9 per cent., or 79 against 88, in East Georgia. In Southeast Georgia, the prospect is unchanged. The general average prospect for the State, on the 1st September was 81.7 against 89.8 per cent. 1st August.
The prospect September 1st, 1876, was 106, and September 15th, 1875, 85 per cent, of an average.
It is evident from these estimates, that the supply of corn for next year will be deficient.
COTTON.
There has been a general falling off in the prospect throughout the State, varying greatly in the different sections, viz: in North Georgia 2 per cent., or 91 against 93; in Middle Georgia 4 per cent., or 76 against 80; in Southwest Georgia, 7 per cent., or 73 against 80; in East Georgia, 12.4 percent., or 75.6 ogainst 88; in Southeast Georgia, 1 per cent., or'91 against 92. The general average for the State was 79 on 1st September, against 86.6 on 1st August.
In North Georgia the complaint is common that cotton is ulate, some rust;" in Middle Georgia, "drought, and some rust;" in Southwest Georgia, almost universally, "rust and drought;" and in Thomas, Decatur, Early and Dougherty counties, in addi tion, "caterpillars."

LVirr

APPENDIX.

The crop will certainly be short Any difference between the estimates now and the final yield, must be attributed chiefly to errors in the former, since it is too late in the season for the recent rains--which perhaps have been general--to effect more than secure the present estimates. During the prevalence of a long drought, and undei its discouraging influence, farmers generally over estimate the injury to the cotton crop. Still, the complaint of injury from rust and drought are so general--well nigh univer sal in large cotton-producing sections of the State--and the cotton being generally late in North Georgia, the final yield will prob ably not exceed three fourths of an average crop.
SUGAR CANE.
The prospect for this crop is inferior, except in Southeast Georgia, where it is reported at 97. This section has been favored with more abundant rains, during the whole growing season, than and other, and the crops of all kinds more generally good.
FIELD PEAS, SWEET POTATOES, AND SORGHUM are generally inferior, except in North and Southeast Georgia. The general average for the State is, for field peas, 87; sweet pota toes, 77; sorghum 91.
BICE.
In Southeast Georgia, the only section producing this cereal in considerable quantity, the yield is 96 per cent, of an average. In the other sections, the reports refer chiefly to upland rice. The general average prospect and yield is 82 per cent.
The culture of upland rice in Georgia should receive more atten tion. The want of a cheap machine for cleaning the rough grain is the only drawback on its general cultivation, to supply the home consumption.
TURNIPS. The seasons have been very unfavorable for securing stands of turnips. It is not too late to sow even now, and advantage should be taken of the rains during September to put in crops of the hardier varieties, such as Yellow Aberdeen and Seven Top, for winter use, manuring very highly and cultivating rapidly.
B'AI.L, WORK--OATS. It is now time to begin sowings Rye and Barley tor winter grazing anti for green feeding in the spring. For this purpose the soil cannot be too rich. Small patches highly enriched and heav ily seeded, will yield better returns than larger areas of thinly seeded poor land. A plat of very rich soil sown with two and a half bushels of Rye per acre, will bear grazing when the ground is not wet, during the winter, and furnish an enormous amount of nutritious food from March to the middle of May In view of the short crop of corn, farmers should take advan tage of the seasons as they occur, to sow a large area in fall oats. This subject has been brought to notice very often in the monthly

APPENDIX.

LIX

circulars from this Department, but the importance and great value of the crop, justifies "line upon line, and precept upon pre cept."
It would seem that the conditions of success are well under stood by those farmers who have been successful in producing large crops for years past.
First among these conditions is--the selection of the proper seed--the Red or the Irwin Rust proof, and the W inter Grazing. These are now almost exclusively sown in Georgia. Next, euw'fy Fall sowing. September and October are the principal months for seeding. If practicable, sow in September, lest the season be un favorable in October, as was generally the case last year.
Heavy seeding is important--not less than one bushel per acre on the thinest soil, worthy of cultivation, and as much as one and a half to two bushels on rich or well fertilized land.
If sown in drills, one-third less seed will do. There is, perhaps, no grain sown on which fertilizers will pay better than on oats.
HOGS.
The long drought that has prevailed will be likely to develop the hogcholera--so-called--or other disease, unless proper attention has been given to their sleeping places. On this point, the following extract is taken from the "Manual on the Hog," published by this Department:
"It should he the especial care of the farmer to provide suitable sleep ing places for his hogs, for it is while asleep that all animals are most susceptible of disease. There is, perhaps, no cause so fruitful of dis ease in the hog as sleeping in 'dust Every one who has had any expe rience in raising hogs will admit that sleeping in dust invariably pro duces disease of some kind, and especially of the respiratory organs and canals. The first evidence of the ill effects of inhaling dust in their beds is manifested by a wheezing cough -when leaving them, which is also one of the first premonitory symptoms of cholera.
" The health of the hog is impaired by the dust, and the system brought into a debilitated condition, favorable to both the propagation of the acari, or mange insect, and to the production of lice. The seeds of disease are often sown in the system while bedding under old houses or shelters, in manure heaps or rotten straw, or in dusty places in times of drouth, and lie dormant for a time until they are developed by some sudden change of habit, or of food, into a serious malady--perhaps chol era."
Hogs intended for butchering should be pushed forward as rapidly as possible, so that they will be fat before December.
In cold, windy weather, a very large portion of the food consumed is required to keep up the animal heat.
They should have the run of the corn-fields, after the corn has been gathered, but it is well to give them, in addition, a liberal feed at night, if they seem disposed to eat. To hasten the fattening, therefore, the

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APPENDIX.

corn, potato, chufa, and ground pea fields should he opened as soon as possible. Farmers who have made short crops of corn--in addition to utilizing all these resources--would do well to buy the needed supply in the fall and winter, -while it is cheap, and use for fattening hogs, rather than buy shipped corn--which is inconvenient, and often dam aged--next spring, for work animals.

Oircular No. 46.
EXTRACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE REPORTS OF CROPS, ETC., FOR THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER, 1877.
Department op Agriculture, Atlanta, Oa., October 9, 1877.
GENERAL STATE AVERAGES.
CORN.
Correspondents were requested, in the current questions of this month, to make comparisons with the yield of 1876.
In consolidating the reports from the several counties, it was evident that many of them compared the prospective yield of the present crops with an average yield. It is, however, also quite evident that the esti mates of the yield of the corn crop are higher than those of last month, and the deficiency, consequently, not so great as was feared. But a small portion of the crop has been gathered, and it will require an other month to secure satisfactory estimates.
cotton.
The same remarks as to errors of comparison are applicable also to the cotton crop, with this exception: that the prospect seems not so good as one month ago.
The probable yield for the State may he set down at 75 per cent, of an average crop. A small majority of the correspondents report the picking as well advanced as last year. The equinoctial storm which occurred from 18th to 20th of the month, was quite disastrous in its effects upon the open cotton, especially in Southwestern Georgia. One correspondent in Stewart county reports a very destructive fall of hail during the last week in September, utterly destroying the cotton, peas and remaining fruit throughout the section visited by the phenomenon.
A larger proportion than usual of the cotton, this season, will be stained and otherwise injured, and, of course, bring a corresponding low price. The rust has injured the yield 11 per cent, in the State, the loss falling chiefly on East, Southwest, and Middle Georgia, in the or

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LXI

der named. Caterpillars have appeared only in a few counties in South west Georgia--the probable injury amounting, in this section, to about 3 per cent, of the crop; in the State at large, 1 per cent.
Sugar Cane.--The recent rains, about the 20th September, and later, will prove greatly beneficial to the cane crop, and, with a late frost, a moderate yield will be assured. In some counties, however, the crop is reported as ruined.
Sorghum.--This is the only crop that is reported above an average. The yield generally has been very fine.
The several varieties which go under the general name of sorghum, seem peculiarly independent of seasons and locations, and subject to no casualties, disease or insects. It is one of the most valuable plants that has been introduced into the country in the last fifty years. It grows well, and produces remunerative crops on very ordinary soil-- does still better on rich--is very easy of cultivation, requires inexpen sive machinery, and the sjump, properly made, is a valuble and health ful food. The prejudices that long prevailed against its cultivation and the use of the syrup, are fast giving way.
Field Peas are generally inferior, though the yield is very good in North Georgia and East Georgia. The drought of July and August almost entirely cut off the crop.
Ground Peas and Ohufas.--These important hog crops have shared in the general injury from drought--chufas to a less extent. This crop, like sorghum, seems almost independent of soil and season--growing luxuriantly on ordinary lands, even through a protracted drought, and producing a large yield of fat-producing food for hogs. As it is destined to occupy a prominent place among the stock food crops of the South, a few hints as to the method of culture, will be appropriate. Any ordinary soil will answer, light soil perhaps best. Prepare as for cotton, in low beds 2j- to 3 feet apart, and plant from 1st April to 15th May, one to two tubers in a place, 18 to 24 inches distant, and cultivate shallow in most convenient way. They are very easily cultivated, and when fairly started are an overmatch for ordinary grass. For saving seed a plat of ground, free from gravel, should be selected. One peck will plant an acre,
Sweet Potatoes.--There has been no manifest improvement in this crop since last report. It is believed that the recent general rains will make a great change by frost, if the latter does not occur earlier than usual.
Tbrmps.--The acreage in turnips is reported at 102 compared to last year, but owing to dry weather in August, and until 20th September, the stand has been very imperfect. With a mild fall a fair crop may be realized from the sowings in latter part of the month.

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APPENDIX.

SMALL GRAIN--WHEAT.
The indications are, that the area to be devoted to wheat wil be 17 compared to the acreage of last year.
There is a wide-spread determination on the part of farmers to become less dependent on the Northwest and upon intermediate merchants for supplies of flour. Even in Southeast Georgia one correspondent reports a prospective increase in the crop this fall at 250 per cent! This determination is due, in large manner, to the extraordinary success of the crop last season.
It is to a great degree, an impulse, but happily, in the right direction. Much has already been published on this subject in former reports, and perhaps it is not necessary to repeat much of what has been written. Farmers who are determined to succeed will have perfected their plans, secured seed, and prepared fertili zers ere this report will reach many of them, and are only waiting for the seed time to arrive. Let every step in the preparation of the soil, the manures, the selection of seed, and the sowing, be as nearly perfect as possible. Sow no more than can be sown accor ding to the requirements which have been taught by experience and by precept to be necessary to success. A farmer who shall merely scratch in a half bushel or three pecks of inferior seed to the acre, on thin land covered with corn stalks, grass and weeds, using, perhaps, the worn-out plows from the last summer's plow ing, has no right to expect a good yield of good wheat--no right to complain if Providence does not smile upon his slipshod efforts, or perform a miracle for his special benefit.
The farmer who has not secured his seed wheat, should do so without delay. Early ripening red wheats are the most reliable. Early Red May, Early Purple Straw [Red), Fultz, Nicaraugua, are recommended. Tappahannock (white) does well in Middle and North Georgia. Sow on cotton land if possible. Prepare the ground by deep plowing, and sow the seed and fertilizers, and harrow or plow in smoothly with a small plow. It will pay to roll the land after covering the seed.
OATS.
The indications point to an increase of 10 per cent, in the acreage in oats. Every farmer should so order his plans that he may be indepen dent of the com merchants next summer, and the readiest and most practicable resource to that end is found in the oat crop now to be planted.
It is not too late yet to sow fall oats, if not already done. A few correspondents say that some farmers hesitate to sow largely on ac count of the extensive loss from winter killing the past winter. These should bear in mind that owing to dry weather last September and Oc tober, they were late in securing stands, and the freezes of winter,

APPENDIX.

LXIII

which were very early, severe and repeated, caught the plants in a young and growing condition.
One correspondent in Early county incidentally remarks that, "The oat crop had saved them for three years past.''
Farmers should not be deterred from sowing by these considerations, but on the contrary, in consideration of the short crop of corn now ready to harvest, and the demands for next year's food supplies, the oat crop should be the special care of eveiy farmer.
If the proper seed are sown at the right time, and in the right way, the risk of failure--involving scarcely more than loss of seed--is too small to weigh in the scales against the great advantage and benefits of an abundant crop of oats next June
The present season is admirable for sowing. There is no reason to expect an unusually severe winter. Our wants will be urgent next season. Then sow oats, and sow largely and well, and sow now.
These special considerations are urged, why farmers should seed down a broad area to oats this fall; but back of these, and independent of them, is the proposition that oats constitute a cheaper and better food than corn for work-stock, especially in summer; in a series of years they are more reliable in yield, and the loss of a crop from win ter killing, involves less loss of labor than a failure of the corn crop.
The two crops, corn and oats, whose seeding time are about six months apart, may easily be made to supplement each other. If the corn crop should fail, the failure is apparent in August, giving ample time to prepare and sow an increased area in oats to supply the defi ciency. So, likewise, in the spring, a failure of the oat crop, from any ordinary cause, will be manifest before the season for planting corn shall have past, and thus they may dovetail into each other most har moniously. A superabundant crop of either or both has not occurred in this section in many years, and would prove no drug in the market, but a great blessing to our people.
stock--Hogs, Sheep, Cattle.
Seventy per cent, of the correspondents report that farmers are intro ducing improved breeds for crossing on the native stock of hogs, whilst only forty per cent, report any effort to improve the common breed of sheep by crossing with improved bucks. Some say they are waiting for a, dog law.
Many inquiries have been made in regard to the resources of the State for profitable sheep husbandry, and thousands of copies of the " Manual of Sheep Husbandry," published by this Department, have been distributed. Capita] from the North and Northwest is seeking in vestment in this direction. Our own people are well aware of the na tural advantages afforded by our mild climate and almost perennial pastures and cheap lands. Bui the great and almost only drawback, is the want of adequate protection to the capital invested--protection of

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APPENDIX.

the lives of these wealth-growing animals from the forays of the thou sands of wTorthless dogs in the country.
Crossing of the common sheep with the Merino will about double the weight of fleece, and add fully 10 per cent, to the market value, making it much more saleable.
Judicious crossing on our Georgia hogs with approved breeds, such as the Berkshire, will greatly improve their fattening qualities, inducing more rapid growth and earlier maturity.
Unremitting attention should be given to the hogs intended for kill ing this winter. They should now be rapidly fattening, and the "first good cold spell" should find them ready for the "hog killing." Any stinting now is the poorest sort of economy.
Stock of all kinds should be in good condition at the beginning of winter. It is very difficult and expensive to bring them into good flesh in cold weather. Let them have access to the gleanings of the fields as promptly as possible. In the meantime, every effort should be made to postpone the continuous daily drafts on the corn and fodder already housed, or to be gathered, as long as possible. When fields cannot be pastured by mules and cattle, let pea vines from the fields, and the lux uriant grasses that spring and grow in waste places, be cut and fed reg ularly to them in their stalls and feeding places.
Economize now, whilst plenty is around you, by consuming, with your stock, that which will otherwise soon go to waste and decay.

Circular No. 47.] EXTBACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATION OP THE RE
PORTS OP CROPS, ETC., FOR THE MONTH OF OCTOBER, 1877.
Department op Agriculture,
Atlanta, Ga., November 9, 1877.
GENERAL STATE AVERAGES.
CORN.
As in the last report, the comparisons have been made with the yield of 1876.
Since a large portion of the crop has been gathered, the reports show an increase in the yield of corn over the estimates of one month ago--amounting to 1.5 per cent, or 87.5 against 86. This advance in the estimate is noticeable in North Georgia. This sec tion has made an abundant crop of corn--104--compared to last year. East Georgia also gives increased estimates--88 against 84

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LXV

on 1st October. A lower average--72--is reported in Southwest Georgia, than in any section. Farmers should make every effort to supplement the corn crop by sowing a large area in small grain.
COTTON.
The months of September and October have been favorable for maturing late cotton, and the estimates for this month show an improvement in the prospective total yield of 1.8 per cent. No killing frost had occurred up to the 1st November--even in North Georgia. The general average of the State, as compared with the yield of 1876, is 80.4. Three-fourths of the crop has been gathered --much of it in bad condition, owing to the storms and frequent rains--and one-half sent to market.
The result of the present crop of cotton will not be encouraging to those who have relied on it to furnish the money to pay for corn, bacon and other supplies, that should have been produced on the farm--and for excessive purchases of fertilizers, to the exclu sion of home-made and home-saved manures. The cotton crop should be the measure of the net profits on the farm.
SUGAR CANE AND SORGHUM.
The late rains have materially improved the prospect for Sugar Gane--but the crop will be much below an average.
The Sorghum crop has been unusually fine, and the area much larger than at any time since tfife war. An inspection of samples on exhibition at the late State Fair in Atlanta, and on sale in the markets, will convince even the most incredulous, that a very su perior syrup may be produced from the improved varieties of the Sorghum now in cultivation.
The reports from some counties state that there are not mills enough in operation to " make up" the large crop produced.
The Department has been persistent in pressing this crop upon the attention of the farmers of Georgia, and it is gratifying to note the enlarged area devoted to its production, and the improved re sults of manufacture. These improvements have resulted in a syrup, in many respects, fully equal to that produced from the tropical cane.
FIELD PEAS, SWEET POTATOES, GROUND PEAS, CHUFAS.
Meld Peas are not so good as were reported October 1st. A full crop will be harvested in North Georgia and Southeast Georgia.
Sweet Potatoes have been greatly benefitted by the abundant rains, and a fair crop will be realized in many sections. It is very important to save them properly. They are now full of sap, and will be more disposed to rot in the hills. They should be dug when the ground is as dry as possible, and be allowed to dry in the hill before covering with earth. A very simple plan for hill-
*5

LTV I

APPENDIX.

Ing potatoes is as follows: Select a dry situation, from which the water will easily run; drive down a rough stake, to stand three and a half feet in height, in the center of a circle of about seven feet in diameter. liaise the edge of this circle by drawing up the earth from without. Cover the entire bed thickly with dry pine straw or other dry material. Heap the potatoes on this bed around the stake so that the sides may be as steep as possible. Then cover over entirely with dry corn stalks or broom sedge set up right, or with boards, in such manner as to prevent the rain, which may soak through the earth-covering, from reaching the interior. Then cover the whole with several inches of earth taken from immediately around the hill, leaving the top of the hill open for ventilation, but protected from rain. On the approach of severe weather, gradually increase the covering of earth to a depth of one foot.
The secret consists in keeping potatoes dry, of uniform temperature, and the hills ventilated until the tubers have undergone the usual sweating.
Ground Peas and Chufas have improved since last report. The total yield of chufas will he much larger than last year, owing to the greatly increased area. They have not produced so well, and some who have tried them for the first time, pronounce unfavorably on the practical value of the crop. Those, however, who have had several years expe rience, are still strong in advocating th#ir great value for fattening hogs.
MILLET.
The yield of German Millet for hay has been fair, and the experience of this year adds to the testimony of past years in favor of this plant for forage purposes. It might be well if its value be tested by every farmer in Georgia.
TURNIPS.
A very moderate yield of turnips is reported. Late stands were se cured, and the roots generally are small. Many farmers have yet to learn that this vegetable requires the most thorough preparation, by repeated and deep plowings, long in advance of planting, together with liberal manuring, to insure a crop under unfavorable circumstances.
WHEAT.
This circular will find many farmers engaged in sowing. The reports indicate an increase of 17 per cent, over the area in wheat last year.
The Department has received many inquiries for seed wheat, which indicate a newly developed interest in this crop, even in sections which have never before engaged in its production.
It is to be hoped that the demand for suitable seed will be supplied, and that the suggestions in regard to sowing and fertilizing, which pre vious reports have pressed upon their attention, have been adopted by

APPENDIX.

I,XVII

the farmers. In Middle, Southwest, East and Southeast Georgia, the greater part of the crop will be sown in the next two or three weeks from this writing. Attention should be directed to the details of pre paration and sowing, rather than to seeding large areas imperfectly.
Farmers who have not already determined to sow wheat, are urged to do so now before it is too late.
OATS.
There will be an increase in the area of oats sown of 8 per cent. The season has been remarkably favorable for sowing, and those who sowed early, report their fields in fine condition. This is rapidly attaining the position of a staple crop in Georgia.
It will be wise policy, where there is a tendency to joint, to graze the early sown during November and December, taking care to keep the stock from the fields when the ground is at all wet, and not to graze closely. The best plan is to allow light stock to remain on the oats only a few hours each day.
Hoes.
The hints given in previous circulars, are again presented. Hogs for butchering should have close attention, and most liberal feeding. If they have had access to the field peas, chufas, groundpeas, potatoes, etc., there will be little need for feeding on corn from the crib. If necessary, the best form in which it can be used is that of a stiff mush, made by stirring the corn meal into boiling water.
LABOR. This is a most delicate question--the vexed question of South ern Agriculture. It is not proposed to go into the discussion at this time of the merits of the different systems which prevail in Georgia, but to drop a word of caution to the farmer. Before mak ing contracts for labor, consider well the advantages of different systems and adopt that one, or that combination, which promises the greatest success and satisfaction to all parties. The questions for the final report of this year will bring out some interesting and practical information on this subject. The deductions from the experience of farmers are worth more than theories, and yet these deductions must be made with care-- effects must be attributed to the true causes, etc., etc.
HAS GEORGIA PURCHASED MORE FARM SUPPLIES THIS YEAR THAN LAST?
This inquiry having been made very often within the last few weeks, the following facts have been obtained from the Superin tendents of the three roads over which shipments of farm supplies are made into the State. Although perfectly satisfied, from infor mation received directly from farmers and merchants, that there had been a considerable decrease, in order to substantiate the re

Lxvm

APPENDIX.

ports made to the Department by its correspondents, the following information was obtained from the officers of the railroads:
The amount of farm produce brought over the Atlanta and West Point Railroad has not at any time been very large. A small quantity only came into Georgia during the year, ending 30th September, 1876, and during the year ending 30th September, 1877, the quantity was very much less.
A very small quantity of farm produce, has in former years come into Georgia over the Air-Line Railroad; but the whole of it has been inconsiderable. A small amount of farm produce, brought into Geor gia by other roads, was, during'1875-76, carried from Atlanta to points in Georgia on this road; but, during the year 1876-7, these shipments have greatly decreased, and are now almost nothing--indeed, very much more farm produce is shipped out of the section of Georgia tra versed by this road than is carried into it.
A considerable rush of produce from the West came over the West ern and Atlantic Railroad in July, August and September of this year --much more than for the same months last year; but it did not stop in Georgia. The great bulk of it was transferred to the Georgia Railroad, and went into South- Carolina, to Charleston and Port Royal, whence it was shipped to Northern and Eastern ports, and to Europe: some was also sold in South Carolina.
These greatly increased shipments over this road during these months above those for the same months last year, were the result of different freight arrangements on Northern roads last year and this.
Notwithstanding the greatly increased shipments of Western produce over this road during the three months mentioned, above those of the corresponding period of last year, there has, in the aggregate, been con siderably less produce brought over it during Vi'iQ-'i than in 1875-6, and, hence, wry much less quantity for consumption in Georgia.
These facts correspond with the reports of the correspondents of this Department, as published in the supplemental report issued in December, 1876. This report showed that there was ten per cent, more corn raised in Georgia in 1876 than the average of the five years imme diately preceding ; thirteen per cent, more oats, and twelve per cent, more sorghum.
There was eighteen per cent, more pork killed in Georgia in 1876 than in 1875. Ninety-three per cent, of the correspondents reported, also, " a general disposition on the part of the farmers of the State to still further diversify their crops, and to give more attention to raising stock."
Again, in consequence of the mildness of the winter of 1875-6, a very large per cent, of the pork killed in the State was spoiled, so that the deficiency thus caused had to be supplied by purchase in 1876. There was not only eighteen per cent, more pork killed last winter than in that of 1875-6, but none was spoiled.

APPENDIX.

LXIX

Again; the merchants and farmers in every section of the State report less corn and meat bought this year than in 1876. The number of hogs being prepared for pork this fall is larger than that butchered last win ter. The area planted in corn this year was reported one per cent, greater than in 1876. The yield will not be quite so large, in conse quence of summer drouths in some sections of the State. The crop of oats was smaller this year than last, but the increase in wheat produc tion probably more than compensated for this deficiency. The unusually large area being sown in small grain this fall will supplement the short yield of corn, so that a still further decrease in importations may be ex pected next year.
In spite of all the difficulties with which the farmers of Georgia have contended, they have, to a large extent, accomplished their emancipa tion from the ruinous effects of the " all cotton system," pursued for so many years. When they reach the point of raising on the farm all the supplies necessary for home consumption, they can produce cotton profitably as a money crop, even at present prices, but not on purchased

Circular No. 48.] EXTBACT FBOM THE SUPPLEMENTAL BEPOBT

Of Comparative Total Yield and Yield per Acre of the Leading Crops, Cost and Profits under Different Systems of Labor, Etc , Etc.--Keturned to the State Department of Agriculture, at Atlanta, Ga., De cember 10, 1877.

State of Geobgia,

Department of Agriculttre,

'

Atlanta, December 22, 1877.

GENERAL STATE AVERAGES.

The reports show a slight increase in the final total yield of Corn, Cotton, Sugar Cane and Sweet Potatoes over the estimated yield of the October Beport ; a large increase in the yield of Sorghum, and a small decrease in Ground Peas and Chufas.
In this Circular the "Total Yield" compared to 1876, and the actual " Yield per Acre" of the leading crops, are given in detail--by sections. Other valuable information is aggregated by sections. Attention is in vited to these tables, as they will be found to contain a great amount of valuable and interesting matter, and will furnish many useful sug gestions, worthy of the most careful consideration by the farmer who is desirous of improvement. The estimates and opinions of hundreds of practical farmers from every section of the State, on the various ques tions that affect our vital interests as an agricultural people, and which lie at the very foundation of our prosperity, have been thoroughly and

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APPENDIX.

carefully digested and consolidated, and presented in a condensed form. Comments on these tables are made, with the view to direct the atten tion more closely to the results reached in them--suggestive in many instances of the only sound policy which should govern in the future. The wise farmer will be guided by the light of experience, and led by the wisdom which results from observation of the success of others, and, with due regard to their opinions, will abandon his cherished but fal lacious theories, give up his prejudices, and reform his system of farm ing and general farm economy.
GENERAL CONDITION OF FARMING.
The replies to the question, "Are the farmers, generally, in better or worse condition than last winter?"--as will appear by reference to the Table, show that the farmers are in better condition in every sec tion except South-west Georgia, and particularly so in North and South east Georgia. These have been favored with better seasons, and have produced larger crops of Corn and Cotton than the other sections of the State. For the State at large, by average of the sections, 57 per cent, of the correspondents indicate their condition as "better," 18 as " the same," and 25 as "worse," than last winter. On the whole, it is safe to say that the farmers of Georgia are in better condition, in several re spects. than at this date last year. There has been a material decrease in the amount of. corn and cotton produced, but, on the other hand, the wheat crop was much better than last year, the amount of homeraised pork is greater, but above all. and more than all, closer economy has been practiced in many of the details of living, and the aggregate of debt reduced.
This improvement is not indicated by any material increase of money in the farmer's pocket, but has a deeper and broader foundation--upon which, prosperity may be slowly but surely built. The farmers.are gradually realizing their situation--their altered circumstances, result ing from the revolution of labor and loss of property. Speculative ventures in plant ing cotton--to replace in a few years the loss of the patrimony and the accumulations of half a life time--are becoming ex ceedingly rare. Many are now beginning in earnest to adopt and prac tice the policy they have long openly advocated, but practically repudi ated--raising farm supplies on thefa/rm. This policy in years past has been advocated by many to induce others to plant less cotton--whilst its advocates have quietly enlarged their cotton-fields for the greater harvest and higher prices. But the higher prices have not been attained, and their hopes have been disappointed.
There is a decided and increasing tendency to diversified farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and raising small grain, and a disposition to develop the minor resources of the farm--sorghum, sugar cane, millet, chufas, ete.
COST OF PRODUCING COTTON.
In the circular to correspondents, 47 questions were asked, the replies

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LXXI

to which form the basis of this Report. Among them were the follow ing: " What is your estimate of the lowest price per lb. at which cot ton can be produced by farmers who raise every thing at home," and "The lowest price at which it can be produced by those who buy ba con, flour, syrup, etc., and more or less corn?"
These were answered by nearly every cori'espondent, and the answer* are not the result of mere theoretical calculation, but of the practical experience of years; they are conclusions drawn from the question of profit and loss, which every thoughtful farmer, at the close of each year, can answer for himself. The careful attention of every farmer is invited to Table II, where these estimated prices have been consolidated and averaged for the several sections of the State. It will be seen that in the four interior sections there is a close correspondence in the lowest price, when supplies are all made on the farm. In North Georgia, the lowest price, when bacon, flour, syrup, etc., and more or less corn are purchased, is less than in the three other sections. This may be ac counted for chiefly by the comparative cheapness of these purchased supplies. In South-east Georgia, a large portion of the estimates were based on Sea Island Cotton, and are not taken into account in the gen eral average for the State, which is 9 cents and 2 mills per pound, where every thing necessary is raised at home, and 14 cents where these sup plies are not produced. The former is, perhaps, not more than the average price received throughout the present season for all grades of cotton. The conclusion is inevitable, that the farmer who has made an average crop of cotton, and produced at the same time a full supply of corn, fodder or hay, syrup, potatoes, vegetables, bacon and lard, etc., and has a stock of hogs and cattle for next year, has done a profitable year's work; and just in proportion as he has neglected these supplies, his profits have been less and less until the opposite extreme is reached, when he will have lost not less than 4.8 cents on every pound produced! It should be borne in mind that these figures are not claimed to repre sent the actual cost of producing cotton under the two plans respec tively,--but the lowest price at which it must be sold to save the farmer from loss on his general farm operations. The actual cost under both plans is the same, as it is made up of the same items--labor of men and horses, seeds, tools, fertilizers, interest and taxes, superintendence, marketing, etc.--each of which should be charged at the same market prices. This actual cost is less than 9 cents per pound. The excess of the price received by the provident farmer over this cost, is the measure of his profit on his cotton crop; the deficit of the price received by the improvident farmer less than the minimum price of profitable produc tion, is the measure of his loss resulting from a neglect of other crops and resources of his farm. In whatever light it may be viewed, it is evident that the true policy is to diversify; to plant largely of corn, oats, wheat, sugar cane, pota toes, and other crops adapted to our soil and climate. And this should

Lxxn

APPENDIX.

be done with a view to direct profit in themselves, and not as merely subsidiary to the cotton crop.
The money received for the cotton produced on a farm, might be made the measure of the net profit on the whole farming operations proper. The general adoption of this policy would very largely reduce the aggregate of the cotton crop for a few years; but the resulting im proved condition of the farmers, aided by the stimulus of higher prices, would in a short time enable them to supply the increasing demand for the staple, without deviating from a system which has been taught them by so long and bitter lessons. They would certainly be too wise to step back into the mire from which they had just extricated them selves.
STOOK-GEOWIN&.
It is encouraging to note the increasing disposition to improve the common breeds of cattle, sheep and hogs, by the introduction of thor oughbred animals, which is indicated in the correspondence of the De partment. There are really no insuperable obstacles in the way of suc cess in ordinary stock husbandry. The farmers of Georgia can and should produce all the bacon, beef, mutton and wool, butter and cheese consumed in the State.
As a separate and distinct department of stock husbandry, more at tention is directed to the questions connected with sheep husbandry than to any other.'
Here they are met with the one obstacle--sheep-killing dogs--which has prevented many from taking the first step.
In the State at large, 77 per cent, of the correspondents (see Table II) say that the people favor the passage of laws for the protection and encouragement of sheep husbandry. With the exception of a few counties, it seems that quite a large majority of the free-holders favor a wise law that will bear equally upon all--infringe on the just rights of none--and afford such protection to property in sheep as will induce and encourage the farmers to devote a due share of their capital to this most profitable industry. This would also encourage the introduction into the State of experienced sheep-growers--many of them with more or less capital--who are now looking in this direction for the favored, genial climate, and almost perennial pastures, so desirable for the pro fitable pursuit of wool-growing.
The representatives of the people, lately assembled in convention-- in obedience to the quiet demands of an intelligent public sentiment, and the dictates of sound policy--have removed all constitutional ob stacles that have heretofore been urged, and the legislature is now fully empowered to "impose a tax upon such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits, are destructive of other property.
The opportunity is now presented to the friends and patrons of sheep husbandry to impress their views upon the members elect to the Gen eral Assembly; and it is the duty of the members to seriously and con-

APPENDIX.

Lxxm

seientiously consider the wants of the people and the demands of pub lic interest, in this regard, and the propriety of immediate legislation to secure the benefits contemplated.

FRUIT-GKOWING--- DRIED FRUIT.

An effort was made to ascertain the amounts of fresh and dried fruits shipped from the several counties, but with very limited success, from obvious causes. From several important shipping points, however, the reports approximate the true amounts, and are sufficient to indicate that the raising and shipping of fruit, both fresh and in the dried state, may be made a most profitable business.
From Washington county there were sold, of fresh peaches, 3,000 bushels at an average price to the grower of $1.00 per bushel; from Twiggs 2,500 bushels, and Wilkinson 2,500. From these same counties were sold from 1,000 to 1,400 bushels of fresh apples at from 40 to 87 cents net per bushel.
From Bartow county 225,000 lbs. each of dried apples and peaches; White, 50,000 lbs. dried apples; Hall, 50,000 lbs. dried apples and 40,000 lbs dried peaches. In Southwest Georgia, Houston county sold 30,000 lbs. dried peaches and 10,000 lbs. dried apples; Macon county, 150,000; Muscogee, 24,000; Sumter (and adjacent counties), 300,000 pounds dried peaches. In Middle Georgia, of dried peaches there were sold, from Carroll, 45,000; Clayton, 50,000; Elbert, 30,000; Monroe, 400,000; Morgan, 46,000; Rockdale, 40,000, and Upson 100,000 pounds. Many other coun ties report less amounts. These figures are here given to show what large gross amounts may be reached by the aggregation of the individual farm products--which are usually the result of the tabor of the "women and children"--and to direct the attention of

farmers to this source of profit. By means of the improved appli

ances for artificial drying, and the planting of large orchards of

peaches and apples, this hitherto neglected source of income may

be made largely productive.

In those sections which are convenient to railroads, the busi

ness of growing and shipping early peaches, in their fresh state,

to Northern markets, should receive greater attention.

A reliable gentleman says the net proceeds of his shipments of

peaches to home and Northern markets the present year, amount

to nearly $3,000.

LABOR SYSTEMS.

While there is still a considerable diversity of opinion and practice in the employment of farm laborers in the State, the tendency of both is in favor of what is known as the wages system.
It appears from the reports of correspondents, that dur ing the year just closing, farm laborers have been employed in the different sections of the State under three plans, in

LxXIV

APPENDIX.

the following proportions: North Georgia--wages 27; on shares, 42; as "renters," 31. In Middle Georgia-wages, 24; on shares, 51; renters, 25. Southwest Georgia--wrges, 39 ; on shares, 42 ; as renters, 19. In East Georgia--wages, 39 ; on shares, 34; and rent ers 27. Southeast Georgia -wages 60; on shares, 26 ; and renters, 14. In every section the majority of reports represent that the wages system has been most satisfactory, this year, to both landowners and laborers.
The comparative results of the wages ami share system, meas ured by the number of bales of cotton, produced per mule, is in favor of the wages plan, and it can hardly be doubted that much larger proportionate product of corn, meat, etc., is the result of this plan.
Still, it may tie said, in explanation of these disproportionate results, that thev are largely due to the fact that the better lands, larger proportionate areas and more fertilizers are devoted to the provision crops under the wages system. This explanation, how ever, while just, only adds force to the arguments in favor of hiring for wages, illustrating, as it does, a want of confidence in the other plan.

S b c t io n s.

N Gtorgia...

M Georgia.

S W Georgia

E 8

G

eorgia... Georgia

G en'l av'ge for State..
1

J

CO

l>*

cs --

OOC-J- o

Total yield

CC 60 O 53 O

.s

to tO 6H Bushels per

Ol Ol --1 CO C"

acre.

o

$

H

a

O

i-3

>'

-

0C0 6-771 -03J -C4O OCD Total yield.

9

*< ,

ft

o CO Ol Lbs. seed cotton 3

O > 07 03 60 * Ol O Ol OS

per acre.

s

H|
tO1

CO

<o o -j co Total yield.

CJ*

txi to CO 6* .

je

o

8i

h- to i-- : Gallons syrup

$a S

Z

s

gggS:

per acre.

ft

s

00 CO CO -- to Total yield.
to 60 60 oo

>

tc

W

w

Bushels rough S a

tOoS

tO ^ tO tO 631 Ol to to Ol O

per acre.

H

o

8

! 5EC5 Total yield.
- tO 631 CO

3 p
b*

s

: p -4 o Bushels per

: *oi to

acre.

<t

Sc

p

H

00

QO CO CO CO Total yield.

-4 -- 60

Bushels per

B
t* 50

1 12

1 0 .3

14

16 14

s

acre.

{>

S5

CO 05 ~J 00 Total yield
C wa. h-

OS 03 (P-

Bushels per

CO Ol

acre.

E5

*3



*v
ft

>

o

GO

H

2

h-t-tO CK OS iC Total yield.
OS CO --

DO

a

*



cr1

Bushels per

co Ol

-J " ~4 --J

acre.

h

!

ft

M

K

Total yield.

w

o >0. o. o-

Bushels per

co oo

: bo ^3

acre.

r

T1

O

v

ftT

K

05

8

E- Jo Total yield.

Ja. 631

cc

H

o

:

Gallons syrup P* P3



: . 0 OS *-* 631

per acre.

B*

H



--T Total yield.
~J -- 'J



O

Bushels per



s

60 60

tO W 06 Ok O. M

acre

GO

53

Total yield.
671 tO M -4

o

gr

O

Bushels per

cn 6>l

rfa. ~4 . ~

acre.

jH

M

o

<5

3

oi-->-- Total yield.

s

Ok CO to

! -- Tons hay per 3

cc

.

acre.

p

co : : co Total yield.

co

. :

2

C
o:0

1.57

jl.40

;

Totis Hay per

60

acre.

to

to 1-- 671

Area compared last year.

to

Wheat

3
<c

k- o O to

Area compared to last year.

Oats

>_

Amountof home-raised Pork

o CO

CO l-- l-- to " Cc to 671

compared to last year.

>u
3
ot

toib.^ 1 Average, salable, cash value

to





'

iyi o

|

of farms per sere.

LXXVI

APPENDIX.

REPORTS ON LABOR, ETC., BY SECTIONS.

N o r th G e o r g ia . M id d l e G e o r g ia . So u t h w e st G e o r g ia .
E ast G e o r g ia . So u t h e a st G e o r g ia .

QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO CORRES PONDENTS.

Oaa4s

Average wages oi full hands (men) per month,

with rations. Dollars.................

9.45 7.70 7.50 8.22

-------- day hands, per day, with rations, (cents). 48 43 39 43

Average number bales of cotton ( made this vear, pe?' mule,-! (witft plenty of corn) on the. (

Wages system Share system.

8.7 3.2

4.6 3.4

4.9 8.75 3.8 3.0

OaS zK O
11 8.31 55 44
3.6 4.4 3.0 3.5

What per cent, oi the farm f For Wages..... 27 24 39 39 60 32

laborers were employed this-< On shares...... year........................... ..................( As Renters.....

42 81

51 25

42 19

34 27

26 14

42 26

System most satisfactory this ( Wages............

year to land-owners. Per-< Share..............

centage of replies.)

Renting..........

50 80 55 64 100 69

10 11 24 21 00 13

40

9 21 15 00 28

( Wages............. 40 52 54 54 100 60

Renting.......... 34 15 30 20 00 20

Under which system can stock f Wages............ 80 91 90 81 100 88

be most successfully raised.. < Share..............

8

9

3 19 00

8

(Per centage of replies.)

Renting.......... 12 00

7 00 00

4

Disposition to sell lands com- ( Greater..........

pared with last year. (Per-^ Same...............

centage of replies.)

( Less.................

27 49 34 46 40 40

31

7 28 11 20 17

42 44 3b 43 40 41

Condition of farmers generally, f Better............. 78 52 32 57 66 57

compared with last winter. < Same............... 13 21 21 18 17 18

(Per centage of replies.)

( Worse.............

9 21 47 25 17 25

Average estimate of lowest price at which cotton can he produced--supplies all made at home.. 8.7 9.5 9.0 9.6 12 0 *9.25

--------when bacon, flour, syrup, and more or less

corn, are pnrehased....................

12.5

15 13.3 14.5 18.0 *14.0

Per centage of farmers who favor legislation for the protection of sheep husbandry..................... 74 80 85 80 66 77

Per centage of whole farm labor devoted to male-

mg and repairing fences............

8

7 6.5 7.2

5 6.7

Per centage of opinions in favor of inclosing

stock rather than crops..........

80 85 70 40 33 61

*Much of t he cotton made in Southeast Georgia is of the Sea Island variety, and does not enter into this general average.

INDEX.

A.

Analysis of Soil at State College Farm................................................ 18

Agricultural organization and co-operation.......................................... 26

Agricultural Outlook................................................................................ 31

Agriculture--Improved system of........................................................ 31

Agricultural Statistics............................................................................. 49

Acknowledgments............................................................................... 55

Analysis and_Statistics of Fertilizers 1876-7.................................. ii--xiii

Analysis, Average of, for three years.......................................

xx

c.

Cotton, Experiment on...................... 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,13,16,17, 20, 23

Corn, Experiment on........................................................ ................. 12,16

Composting...........................

xxiv

Composting, Formulas for......................................................................... xxv

Composting, Directions for........................................................................xxv

Composts for Wheat.................................................................................. Ivi

Crop Report for April............................................................................ xxxiv

C op Report for May.......................................................................... xxxix

Crop Report for June...............................................

xliii

Crop Report for July................................................................................ lii

Crop Report for August.......................................................................... Ivii

Crop Report for September................................................................... lx

Crop Report for October..........................................................................ixiv

Crop Report, supplemental.........................................

Ixix

D.
Dennis, J.T............................................................................................... 8 Department of Agriculture, Benefits of................................................ 33 Directions for soil test, 1877.................................................................... i Do Inspection Laws pay the Farmer.................................................... xxii

E.

Edmondson, W. P.................................................................................... 2 Education--Industrial.............................................................................. 26

F.

Fertilizers--Inspectors of...............................................

1

Fertilizers--System adopted for Inspection of...................................... 1

LXXVIII

INDEX.

Fertilizers--Soil test of...........................

2

Fertilizers--Analyses and Statistics of, 1876-7 ................................... ii

Fertilizers--Tons inspected, 1876-7........................................................xviii

Fertilizers--Commercial values and p'ices ot...................................... xix

Fisheries ...........

29

Fish put in Georgia waters.................................................................... 30

Fruit Culture--Interest in...................................................................... 32

Fertilizers--Comparison of............................................................xiv, xviii

Farm Supplies--Purchase of.....................................

ixvii

G. Georgia compared with other States.....................................

........ xxi

H.

Hanson, J. F..................................................................

6

Hix, Wm...................................................................

10

I.

Inspectors of Fertilizers..............................

1

Industrial Education.......................................................

26

Immigration...................................................' . ................................... 28

Inspection Laws--Do they pay the Farmer?........................................ xxii

Inspection Law requiring ....................................

xxvii

Inspection--Regulations for.................................................................... xxx

L.

LeSueur, B................................................................................................ 16

Labor--Report on ...........................................

Ixxvi

M.

Mathews, Wm. F.................................................................

11

Meteorology.............................................................................................. 52

Meteorological Record at Atlanta.......................................................... 53

o.

Organization........................................................................................

1

Office Work.............................................................................................. 52

R.

Respess, J. R............................................................................................ 17 Railroad Statistics...................................................................................36-48
s.
Soil test of Fertilizers.............................................................................. 2 Stallworth, T. H....................................................................................... 8

INDEX.

LXXIX

Seago, B. N...............................................................................................12,13

Soiglium, Experiment on........................................................................ 14

Sweet Potatoes, Experiment on. .. . .............................................. 16

State College of Agriculture ................................................................ 17

Statistics--Agricultural .......................................................................... 49

Statistics--R. R...............................................

36-48

Statistics of Fertilizers inspected........................................................... ii

Soil tests of Fertilizers--Directions for conducting.......................... i

Suggestions to Farmers...........................................................................xxxiii

T.

Turner, John............................................................................................. 15 Table of Analyses of Fertilizers, 1876-7..........................................ii--xiii

W.

'

Work of the Department during 1877.................................................. 50 * Work of the Department for 1878......................................................... 51
Work--Office............................................................................................. 52 Wheat--Experiment with 32 Yarieties................................................ xlviii

f