Logistics centered talent : a perspective on supply and demand : final report

Logistics Centered Talent: A Perspective on Supply and Demand
Final Report
PREPARED FOR OFFICE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BOARD OF REGENTS UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA 270 WASHINGTON STREET, S.W. ATLANTA, GA 30334
PREPARED BY GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CITY PLANNING PROGRAM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE 760 SPRING STREET, NW ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30332
AUTHORS William J. Drummond Jan L. Youtie Nancy Nolan
June 2005
Copyright 2005 All Rights Reserved Georgia Tech Research Corporation Atlanta, Georgia 30332

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ......................................................................................... v Summary of Findings ...................................................................................v Top Recommendations............................................................................... vi
Acknowledgements .........................................................................................vii Introduction .......................................................................................................1
Definition of Logistics ...................................................................................1 History and Approach ..................................................................................2 Objective .......................................................................................................2 Method and Report Organization ................................................................3 Logistics and Georgia's Competitive Position .................................................4 Infrastructure.................................................................................................4 Population and Geography..........................................................................4 Employment and Competitive Advantage ..................................................6 Summary ......................................................................................................9 Logistics Firms and Demand for Knowledge Workers in Georgia................10 Measuring Current Demand ......................................................................10 Occupational Category ..............................................................................11 Educational Level and Major Area ............................................................11 Experience..................................................................................................13 Summary ....................................................................................................15 Supply of Logistics Graduates .......................................................................16 What is a Logistics Instructional Program.................................................16 Top U.S. Logistics Programs.....................................................................18 Georgia's Relative Position........................................................................19 Summary ....................................................................................................24

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Future Demand, Graduates, and Shortfalls...................................................26 What are Logistics Occupations................................................................26 Long-Term Demand...................................................................................28 Shortfall Analysis ........................................................................................30
Recommendations .........................................................................................32 Grow High-end Logistics Jobs...................................................................32 Leverage Georgia's Technical Strengths..................................................32 Strengthen Business Offerings..................................................................33 Promote Interdisciplinary Specialization ...................................................34 Maintain Computing Competency.............................................................34 Evaluate the Need for a Maritime Program Resource .............................34 Evaluate Technician Offerings...................................................................35 Promote Opportunities to Gain Industry Experience................................35 Conclusion ..................................................................................................35
References......................................................................................................36 Appendices .....................................................................................................37

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Tables in the Report Table 2.1. Current and Projected Employment in Core Logistics
Occupations: ...........................................................................7
Table 3.1. Engineering, Information Technology, and Business-related Academic Specialization Requirements Appear in 40 percent of Logistics-related Job Advertisements .....................................................................13
Table 4.1. Core and Related Academic Majors .........................17
Table 4.2. Georgia Institutions with Core Logistics Instruction Program and .........................................................................21
Table 4.3. Georgia is Specialized in Engineering, Under-represented in Business ................................................................................23
Table 5.1. Core and Related Logistics Occupations and Type of Educational Requirement..........................................................................27
Table 5.2. Annual Openings, Graduates, and Shortfall in Core and Related Logistics Occupations ..........................................................................31
Table 6.1. Maritime Academies in the United States.................34
Appendix 1. Definitions of Logistics and Supply Chain Management Elicited from Google ...................................................................................38
Appendix 2. Selected Companies in Georgia with Advertised Logistics-related Positions Requiring Some Postsecondary Education ........................41
Appendix 3. Titles of Advertised Logistics-related Positions Requiring Some Postsecondary Education.....................................................44
Appendix 4. Large U.S. Logistics Programs by Number of Graduates (Completions) in 2003 (programs with at least 25 graduates in core CIPs)......................................................................................52
Appendix 5. Results of Qualitative Interviews ............................60

Figures in the Report Figure 1.1 2000-2005 New Population within 750 Miles in Thousands of
Persons.. .................................................................................5
Figure 1.2 2000-2005 Projected Population Growth....................5
Figure 3.1. Nearly Half of the Logistics Related Job Openings Involve Business Functions ...............................................................................11
Figure 3.2. Half of All Logistics Openings Require a Bachelors Degree.... ..............................................................................12

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Figure 2.4. Experience Requirements in College-Level Logistics-Related Job Advertisements .....................................................................14
Figure 2.5. Experience Requirements in Logistics Job Advertisements by Type of Job .....................................................................14
Figure 4.1. Most Large Logistics Programs are Located in the Eastern United States..................................................................19
Figure 4.2. Most Large Logistics Programs are in North and Central Georgia...................................................................20
Figure 4.3. Georgia Institutions with Core Logistics Instruction Programs ........ ...................................................................21
Figure 4.4. Location Quotients Show That Georgia Has an Advantage in the Core Engineering, Core Business, and Related IT Logistics Fields ........................................................ ......................24
Figure 5.1. Annual Openings in Core Logistics Occupations: 2002-2012..........................................................................29
Figure 5.2. Annual Openings in Related Logistics Occupations: 2002-2012...........................................................................29

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Executive Summary
The Intellectual Capital Partnership Program (ICAPP) of the University System of Georgia (USG) asked Georgia Tech to investigate the extent to which current or future needs of the logistics industry can be enhanced by the type or level of talent coming out of the state's higher educational system. We define logistics has the management of the physical movements of materials, goods, and services.
Summary of Findings
More than 8.3 million employees worked in core logistics industries (wholesale and transportation sectors) in the U.S. and 263,000 in Georgia. Logistics comprised 6 percent of the workforce in both the national and the state. Core logistics industries are projected to add a further 12 percent nationally and 17 percent in Georgia by 2012.
Related industries in the business services sector accounted for 4.7 million U.S. workers and 150,000 Georgia workers in 2002. Taking core wholesale and transportation together with related service sector employment, we estimate that there will be nearly half a million logistics workers in Georgia by 2012 that will account for 10 percent of the state's workforce.
The state is somewhat more specialized in logistics than the nation but not substantially so. Georgia is projected to be rather more competitive than the nation in its ability to add logistics jobs through 2012.
Georgia is the only state located that is most proximate to new population projected for 2025 and nearest the fast-growing South Florida region.
Current job openings in logistics that require some college education encompass business, engineering, and computing/information technology (IT). These positions tend to have a more substantial experience requirement than we have seen in other fields.
Georgia graduated nearly 700 students in core logistics concentration areas in 2003. Seventeen higher educational institutions in Georgia had programs to produce these graduates, although only five demonstrated the capacity to turn out at least 25 graduates per year. The state has a distinctive concentration of engineering graduates, which account for three-quarters of the supply. Georgia appears rather weak in business specializations such as logistics and materials management.
Projections of long-term demand for logistics workers estimate that Georgia will need 1,100 workers annually in core logistics occupations and 12,170 workers

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annually in related logistics occupations through 2012. Nearly half of these occupations have experience requirements.
When comparing long-term demand to supply of graduates, we did not see many occupations with many shortfalls. Only one core occupation, Purchasing Managers, exhibited a shortfall (of more than 70 unfilled positions annually). There are more potential shortfalls evident in related IT and financial occupations.
Even though there were no overt areas of shortfall, we emphasize that Georgia's output may not be sufficient as the state moves forward with its efforts to develop a logistics cluster.
Top Recommendations
Strengthen the state's business offerings in logistics and supply chain management. Selected programs with existing capabilities should be further developed into world class business supply chain management and steps should be taken to ensure that the field is explicitly incorporated into all business programs. Attention should be paid to having undergraduate, masters, and doctoral level capabilities in business-based logistics in the state. If Georgia wants to have a world-class logistics cluster, the state needs programs ranked among the top institutions in the logistics/supply chain management area.
Leverage Georgia's strengths in engineering and maintain current IT capacity.
Encourage interdisciplinary programming to capitalize on the interrelationship that the logistics field demarcates among business, engineering, and IT.
Incorporate opportunities for students to gain industry experience through the following: internships, coops/part-time jobs, student projects, seminar programs, formal partnerships, involvement of students and business leadership in curricula design, and adjunct positions provided for industry executives.

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Acknowledgements
The project team gratefully acknowledges the helpful support received from the University System of Georgia. We thank Joy Hymel, Executive Director, Office of Economic Development, for her assistance with data acquisition and conceptual ideas regarding the place of logistics in the university system's economic development horizon. Final responsibility for the analyses and conclusions contained in this report rests with the authors.
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Chapter
1

Introduction
During the past three years, the Governor and his staff have focused on identifying industry clusters that will serve to keep Georgia competitive and innovative. The Logistics industry has been identified by the Governor's Commission for a New Georgia as one of the top six strategic industry clusters and is targeted for further growth within the state. The Harvard Business School 2001 Clusters of Innovation study cited the metro Atlanta's logistics cluster as one of the strongest in the nation with high growth and employment potential. Savannah, Georgia and the Georgia Ports Authority are also cited as being one of the fastest growing ports in the nation. Georgia's attractiveness for logistics functions has been recognized recently by Expansion Management magazine, with Georgia ranking number one as both "top state for logistics" and for its "logistics industry climate." To enhance this, the state of Georgia has invested in a number of Centers of Innovation throughout the state also focused on logistics: Maritime Logistics Center in Savannah, and the Middle Georgia Innovation Center for Life-Cycle Support in Macon.
Given the importance of the logistics industry to the state's economic development strategy, the Intellectual Capital Partnership Program (ICAPP) of the University System of Georgia (USG) is interested to understand the extent to which there may be current or future logistics industry needs that are unmet by the type or level of talent coming out of the state's higher educational system. It is this concern that we address in this report.

Definition of Logistics
Logistics is sometimes thought of as concerning the movement of materials from unfinished raw sources to intermediate to finished goods. The definition of logistics is sometimes perceived as coming from the perspective of a single firm and its immediate customers. The broader term supply chain management is deemed to take into account more than just the manufacturer and its immediate customers. It considers the whole supply chain from raw materials to end user, encompassing vendors, customers, carriers, facilitators, distributors, and other intermediaries. In practicality, the two terms are often used interchangeably.
One important element in the definition of logistics (or supply chain management) is that the term is not associated solely with the physical movement of goods. It also more specifically concerns the management of this movement. Various definitions speak of this element as planning, tracking, organization, controlling, cost-estimating, designing, modeling, analyzing, coordinating, collaborating, integrating, and executing. For all intents and purposes, most agree that logistics is a science learned through education in addition to being an art acquired through on-the-job experience. (See Appendix 1 for a list of definitions of logistics and supply chain management.)
Logistics does not appear in any standardized definitions of industries or occupations. This is because it is a cross-cutting function or importance to virtually all industries. To address

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the challenge of identifying a logistics industry, occupation, or academic program, we have defined two types of components:
Core: any academic program, occupational classification, or industrial classification that is most closely related to the logistics cluster
Related: any academic program, occupational classification, or industrial classification that is important to the logistics cluster but for the most part feeds other industries in addition to logistics.
History and Approach
The University System of Georgia has partnered with Georgia Tech since 1997 to develop a systematic methodology for assessing the supply of graduates relative to the projected demand for these graduates in the workplace. Previous studies have assessed demand for employees in various occupations at the national, state, and substate regional levels. We have also assembled information on the supply of graduates from both public and private postsecondary institutions in Georgia. We have broadly measured shortfalls across a range of occupations requiring some college education. These studies have pioneered methods for tracking and estimating intra- and inter-state migration of university graduates as they move from their school environment to taking their first job based on the acquisition of matched graduate data from the Georgia Department of Labor. In addition, we have focused on the talent needs of particular occupations such as those related to bioscience. Previous studies also have measured the value of higher education based on a new education-related measurement approach. (Drummond and Youtie 1997, Drummond and Youtie 1999, Drummond and Youtie 2001, Drummond and Youtie 2003a, Drummond and Youtie 2003b) This knowledge is drawn upon to address the unique challenge of measuring talent needs in the logistics industry.
Objective
The primary aim of this project is to assess current and future needs for educational programs to serve knowledge workers in the logistics industry. More specifically, the objectives are to
Understand the workforce development needs of the Logistics industry in Georgia
Determinate what jobs, current and future, are involved in this industry
Assess the current strengths and weaknesses of USG academic programs that serve to provide the necessary workforce for this industry
Create economic development in Georgia as it relates to the logistics industry
Make recommendations that address the workforce needs of the logistics industry

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Method and Report Organization
Logistics Industry Overview
The logistics industry analysis is designed to assess the size of the industry and Georgia's competitive position relative to the nation. We utilize employment data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Georgia Department of Labor to gauge the size of the logistics industry, its share of total employment in the U.S. and Georgia, projected growth to 2012, and competitive position of Georgia relative to the nation. Chapter 2 presents the results of this analysis.
Current Demand
Web sites of logistics companies and other sources are reviewed and data on job advertisements and their characteristics considered. Type of job, experience requirements, certifications, and particularly educational requirements are analyzed and presented in Chapter 3.
Academic Supply
Graduates of postsecondary institution specializations in Georgia and across the nation have been probed to assess where Georgia's educational strengths and weaknesses in logistics programs. Chapter 4 presents this information for graduates of public and private institutions in 2003 which we obtained from the Integrated Postsecondary Educational Dataset (IPEDS) of the National Center of Educational Statistics (NCES).
Projected Demand and Shortfall Analysis
Occupational employment projections in the 2002-to-2012 time period are matched with postsecondary institution graduate specializations to identify significant areas of unmet need or shortfalls in Georgia. Results are depicted in Chapter 5.
Recommendations
We conducted more than a dozen interviews with logistics company executives, academic professionals, and managers of state transportation infrastructure. These interviews along with the results of the above analyses are presented in Chapter 6.

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Chapter
2

Logistics and Georgia's Competitive Position
The logistics function is propelled by strategic, technological, and population considerations. First at the firm level, the U.S. economy has been dramatically affected by business strategies that focus on "core competencies" (such as manufacturing goods or retailing) and outsource non-core functions. For a growing number of firms, distribution is such a non-core function. This shift of functions from the inside of firm to external sources has given rise to an expanding cluster of industries that fulfill the management of the logistics function in areas such as transportation routing, inventory management, and justin-time delivery. Second, the use of Internet and other electronic commerce technologies by consumers and businesses stimulates the demand for more warehousing, transportation, and logistics services. Third, population growth in and of itself feeds the demand for these services. Although the logistics industry is becoming more productive, it is not predicted achieve productivity gains at as rapid a pace as the demand for logistics will grow. As a result, more workers will be necessary to maintain the increasing level of output. (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004).
These factors suggest that logistics is an important growth industry. This chapter addresses various factors that bear on Georgia's competitive position in this sector.
Infrastructure
Why is logistics so important to Georgia? One reason is infrastructure. Georgia offers capabilities along the multi dimensional elements of land, air, and sea. Georgia's interstate and road system connects the state with the rest of the nation in all directions. Hartsfield/Jackson Atlanta International Airport is a world leader in passenger and cargo transportation. The port of Savannah is the fifth largest container port in the United States. Georgia's infrastructure not only provides an advantage for logistics growth in Georgia but serves to connect Georgia companies to resources and business around the world.
Population and Geography
A second reason is geography and population. The state is uniquely proximate to new population growth, which often drives logistics activity. Figure 1.1 is a thematic map of the number of new people projected to be within 750 miles of a county centroid by 2025. This map is a measure of how accessible a particular county is to future population centers. Counties that are most accessible to future population centers are colored dark blue, and those least accessible are colored yellow. The most accessible area is an oval that comprises the non-coast southeast, including the northern half of Georgia and Alabama and the state of Tennessee. The only major metropolitan area (of more than two million in population) in this oval is Atlanta. Georgia is also located near one of the fastest population growth clusters in the nation in south Florida. (See Figure 1.2.) It is the only state in the oval with closest accessibility to this fast growing Florida region.

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Figure 1.1 2000-2005 New Population within 750 Miles in Thousands of Persons Figure 1.2 2000-2005 Projected Population Growth

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Employment and Competitive Advantage
A third reason is the attractiveness of the logistics industry itself. Logistics is a growing and important function. However it is not an industry segment in the way one thinks of say the automobile industry. It is in essence a cross-cutting function that involves almost every industry--manufacturing, wholesale, retail, services. It may be more appropriate to perceive logistics as an emerging cluster rather than an established industry.
Information about employment is primarily available based on established classification systems. There is really no clear logistics industry. Warehousing transportation is most commonly associated with logistics. But so is manufacturing. Moreover, the classification systems do not distinguish between the physical movement of goods and services and the management of this movement. One reason is because many firms do both. UPS is a logistics firm which physically moves goods but also directs the management of this movement. A second reason is that so many sectors are engaged in logistics. Third, many of the logistics management functions are actually embedded in large business service sectors. For example, when we put the term "logistics" into the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) search engine, we come up with "logistics management consulting services" which is a subcategory of management, scientific, and technical consulting services.
We can define a "core" element of the logistics industry based on the wholesale and transportation sectors. Selected business services might be viewed as a "related" grouping because certain subindustries within these business service classifications are important to the logistics cluster and at the same time comprise other unrelated enterprises as well.
More than 8.3 million employees worked in core logistics industries in the U.S. in 2002. Another million workers are projected for 2012 in these wholesale and transportation sectors. Georgia had about 263,000 workers in core logistics industries in 2002. The state's core logistics sector will be well over 300,000 by 2012 as a further 43,500 are added. Based on this level of wholesale and transportation sector workers, logistics comprises 6 percent of the workforce.
Related industries in the business services sector accounted for 4.7 million U.S. workers and 150,000 Georgia workers in 2002. These service sectors are expected to add employees at twice the rate of the core wholesale and transportation sectors. Taking core wholesale and transportation together with related service sector employment, we estimate that there will be nearly half a million logistics workers in Georgia by 2012 (and 15.6 million nationally). This means that logistics will make up 9 percent of the national workforce and 10 percent of employees in Georgia.
These percentages show that the state is about even with the nation in its concentration of logistics employment. To further explore Georgia's competitive advantage relative to the nation, we have calculated location quotients. An LQ is a statistic that measures the relative concentration of a given industry in a given place. It is calculated by dividing the proportion of the area's activity in a category by the proportion of the nation's activity, in that same category. The formula is shown in Box 1.)

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Table 2.1. Current and Projected Employment in Core Logistics Occupations: Georgia and the U.S.

U.S. Employment

GA Employment

NAICS Description

2002

2002-12 2002 2002-12

Core Industries

4231 Motor vehicle mcht. wholes.

345,500

47,300

4232 Furniture mcht. wholes.

107,900

18,300

5,215

736

4233 4234 4235

Lumber, construction mcht. wholes. Commercial equipment mcht. wholes. Metal, mineral mcht. wholes.

225,100 659,400 125,900

44,600 130,300
20,700

10,775 2,994

2,934 100

4236 Electrical, electronic goods mcht. wholes.

367,200

83,000

12,975

2,080

4237 4238

Hardware, plumbing, heating equip. mcht. wholes. Machinery, equipment, supplies mcht. wholes.

233,200 675,700

33,400 48,100

21,892

4,008

4239 Misc. durable goods mcht. wholes.
4241 Paper mcht. wholes.

267,200 159,900

31,500 15,800

6,323 6,420

1,179 1,014

4242 Drugs mcht. wholes.

212,500

38,900

5,612

967

4243 Apparel mcht. wholes.

150,100

9,700

4,585

799

4244 Grocery product wholesalers

676,000

48,800

21,015

5,197

4245 Farm product mcht. wholes.

75,200

(18,500)

1,638

(377)

4246 Chemical mcht. wholes.

133,100

14,000

6,005

773

4247 Petroleum mcht. wholes.

111,400

(34,400)

3,116

(473)

4248 4249 4251 4811

Alcoholic beverage mcht. wholes. Misc. nondurable goods mcht. wholes. Wholesale electronic markets, agents, brokers Scheduled Air Transportation

132,700 364,300 618,800 515,900

5,400 29,000 72,300 48,000

2,982 9,439 35,896 39,886

68 1,946
767 8,735

4812 Nonscheduled Air Transportation
4821 Rail Transportation

43,400 218,100

18,900 (21,200)

592 6,600

318 (1,062)

4831 Deep Sea, Coastal, G.L. Water Transportation

31,700

400

197

24

4832 Inland Water Transportation

19,900

(1,800)

4841 General Freight Trucking

956,900

199,300

35,524

8,657

4842 Specialized Freight Trucking

382,300

75,500

10,409

2,666

4860 Pipeline Transportation

41,500

-

289

(72)

4881 Support Activities for Air Transportation

140,600

20,400

3,274

394

4883 4884

Support Activities for Water Transportation Support Activities for Road Transportation

95,500 70,500

(8,900) 20,000

2,309 1,723

(240) 481

4885 Freight Transportation Arrangement

167,000

45,900

5,936

1,928

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NAICS Description Related Industries
5112 Software Publishers
5324 Commercial, Industrial Machinery, Equipment Leasing
5412 Accounting, Tax Preparation, Bookkeeping, Payroll Services
5413 Architectural, Engineering Services
5415 Computer Systems Design Services
5416 Management, Scientific, Technical Consulting
5619 Other Support Services

U.S. Employment

2002

2002-12

256,000 102,200

173,700 40,600

GA Employment 2002 2002-12

12,345 2,392

3,897 769

867,100

214,700

28,364

5,606

1,251,100 1,162,700
731,800 289,300

54,400 635,000 405,600
72,400

33,623 44,441 24,277
7,795

3,391 21,209 10,223
1,017

Core Industries Total

8,324,400 1,034,700 263,621

Core, Related Industries Total 12,984,600 2,631,100 416,858

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Georgia Department of Labor, 2005.

43,547 89,659

LQs are typically used in economic development to assess whether an industry is basic or

nonbasic but they can be applied to a variety of situations and have been used in recent

years to assess occupational employment strengths and weaknesses. (Bendavid-Val

1991; Markusen and Schrock 2001). An

LQ above one is typically interpreted as an indicator of specialization and human capital advantage. An LQ below one may be interpreted as an underrepresentation of human capital relative to the nation.
Georgia's location quotient for core

e ir
e ir
Ei
Ei

Box 1. Location Quotients
eir = employment in some group (i) in some region (r)
eir = total employment in the region

logistics industries is 1.10 and for total logistics industries (core plus related) is

Ei = national employment in some group (i)

1.11. This number indicates that the state as a slightly though not overwhelmingly greater specialization in

Ei = total national employment

logistics than the nation.

We also examined the state's competitive advantage through a "shift share analysis."1 This analysis tells us that if the state were to follow national growth projections, we should be adding about 28,000 logistics jobs from 2002 to 2012. However, Georgia is actually projected to add about 40,000. This extra 11,000 represents the state's competitive advantage. It says that 75 percent of the state's growth in logistics jobs will occur because of the national economy and 25 percent because of Georgia's distinctive capabilities. This is substantial but not overwhelming.

1 A shift share analysis breaks down employment growth into national share, national industry mix, and regional shift components to estimate a region's competitiveness relative to that of the nation.

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Summary
Georgia is a solid player in the logistics sector and there is room to build on that strength. The state is somewhat more specialized in logistics than the nation but not substantially so. Georgia is projected to be rather more competitive than the nation in its ability to add logistics jobs through 2012. The state may be bucking slower national trends because of its advantageous position to population growth centers, particularly those in the Southeast from Virginia, the Carolinas, Florida, and west beyond the Mississippi.
National growth rates, which are less robust than those projected for Georgia, may presume that logistics is becoming more efficient and therefore needs less low end employment. One strategy to counter this trend may be to focus on the high end management level positions. If the state is perceived to be good at managing logistics and developing and adopting relevant technologies, more companies may be attracted to Georgia. This high end strategy calls for a good educational underpinning.

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Chapter
3
Logistics Firms and Demand for Knowledge
Workers in Georgia
This chapter will examine the current demand for logistics services, with a particular emphasis on employment implications. As we indicated in Chapter 1, there is no one logistics industry. Moreover, we find that it is difficult to separate the actual physical movement of materials or goods from higher-end positions in the management of this movement. Because of these factors, there is no simple relevant analytic approach. We will uncover the demand for logistics through several methods, with this chapter focusing on present needs for college-educated knowledge workers in the logistics field.
Measuring Current Demand
We measure current demand for logistics-related employment by analyzing a sampling of job advertisements for open positions in Georgia. We use two sources of data for this analysis: (1) job advertisements registered on the Web pages of firms listed in the Metro Atlanta Logistics Directory in the "talent and innovation" section, which focuses on 3PLS and logistics software and technology, and (2) the 100 most relevant job titles in monster.com with open positions in Georgia. This gives us a knowledge base that places a bit more emphasis on positions in metro Atlanta in part because of the availability of the metro Atlanta directory. All data were collected in April and early May of 2005.
There were approximately 380 advertisements from about 100 companies for logisticsoriented positions in Georgia that required at least some postsecondary education. We set this educational bar because we wanted to focus on the jobs most relevant to USG programs. There were many more positions for warehouse workers, forklift drivers, material handlers, and the like but these positions did not have an educational requirement beyond the high school level. At the same time, some advertisements did not specify an educational requirement, but really appeared to require at least some college, so we did include these in our database. The 100 companies are listed in Appendix 2 and specific job titles in Appendix 3.
These advertisements are illustrative but by no means do they constitute all logisticsrelated jobs in Georgia for college-educated workers. Some positions are filled through word-of-mouth or unadvertised searches for talent. This is particularly the case for the highest level of jobs requiring the most experience. Nevertheless this knowledge base is helpful in illuminating the types of knowledge workers for which the logistics industry is advertising today.

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Occupational Category
Company advertisements for college-educated logistics workers were classified into occupational categories based on their job title and job description. Nearly half the advertised positions involved business functions such as marketing, sales, or finance. About 30 percent involved information technology, either application development or support, and 20 percent dealt with engineering or operational activities. (See Figure 3.1.)
Figure 3.1. Nearly Half of the Logistics Related Job Openings Involve Business Functions
Marketing/Sales/Customer Service
IT - Other
IT - Applications
Operations
Engineering
Finance/Accounting
Business
Consulting
Management
Administration
Other technical/driver
Broker
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%
Source: Georgia Tech Survey of 380 logistics-related openings, April/May 2003.
Educational Level and Major Area
Two-thirds of the advertisements specified some formal education requirement. This analysis focuses on the preferred degree level designated in the job advertisement. That is, an advertisement may indicate that a certain degree is required but a higher degree is preferred. We emphasize the preferred degree because it suggests that a candidate would have a competitive advantage with such a degree, which would in turn give the firm a competitive advantage with such an individual.
More than half of the jobs advertised required a bachelors degree. Masters degrees were preferred in 8 percent of the advertisements, and associates degrees in 5 percent. (See Figure 3.2.)

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Figure 3.2. Half of Logistics Openings Require a Bachelors Degree

Doesn't specify 34%

Associates 5%

PhD 1%
Masters 8%

Bachelors 52%

Source: Georgia Tech Survey of 380 logistics-related openings, April/May 2003.

We further examined the types of majors that logistics companies valued in their job

advertisements. Nearly 40 percent of the advertisements listed one or more majors or

academic concentrations that they expect. Some of these advertisements specified only one specialization. Others listed as many as three or four. The areas of academic concentration fell into

Figure 3.2. Logistics Encompasses Three Academic
Specializations

three categories: engineering, information

technology, and business. Some type of

engineering degree was referenced in 53 percent of

the advertisements, some type of IT degree was

Business

Engineering

referenced in 52 percent of advertisements (with an

Logistics

academic specialization requirement), and some

type of business degree was referenced in 45 percent of the advertisements. Logistics does

Computer Science

appear to be at the intersections of these three

disciplines (see Figure 3.3.)

Table 3.1. shows detailed academic specialization requirements in recent logistics-related job advertisements. The most common detailed specialization requirements were computer science degrees, logistics specializations, finance, and accounting.

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Table 3.1. Engineering, Information Technology, and Business-related Academic Specialization Requirements Appear in 40 percent of Logistics-related Job Advertisements

Academic

Number of

Specialization

Advertisements

Computer Science

51

Engineering (general)

33

Logistics

21

Information Systems/IT

20

Business (general)

18

Finance

16

Accounting

16

Technical degree (general)

14

Industrial Engineering

9

Electrical Engineering

7

Marketing

6

Transportation

5

Computer Engineering

4

Mathematics

4

MIS

4

Supply chain management

4

Communications

3

Science

3

Law

2

Architecture

1

Economics

1

Electronics

1

English

1

Journalism

1

Mechanical Engineering

1

Tech

Operations Research

1

Physics

1

Secretarial

1

Statistics

1

Doesn't specify

233

Total

380

Georgia Tech Survey of 380 logistics-related openings, April/May 2003.

Experience
Logistics is a field that requires college-educated candidates to have some level of experience. Interviewees call this being able to "hit the ground running."
Sixty-five percent of all current job positions for college graduates had an experience requirement. Two-thirds of the advertisements specified some formal education requirement. Experience requirements in the 1-3 year range were evidenced in 23 percent

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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of the job descriptions. About one-quarter of the advertisements required at least 5 years of experience. (See Figure 2.4.) This percentage may be low because our database may under represent openings at the high end which typically require substantial experience.
Experience levels differ based on the type of job being advertised. Certain technical positions in engineering and IT support are more likely to allow for fewer (three or less) years of experience. Positions in management, operations, and other engineering fields are more apt to require at least five years experience. (See Figure 2.5.)

Figure 2.3. Experience Requirements in College-Level Logistics-Related Job Advertisements
40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

doesn't specify <1 year

1-3

3-5

5-10

>10

Years of Experience

Figure 2.4. Experience Requirements in Logistics Job Advertisements by Type of Job

Engineering

IT - Other

IT - Applications

Administration Finance/Accounting

Less than 3 years 5 or more years

Consulting

Operations

Marketing/Sales

Business

Broker

Management

0%

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

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Summary
This chapter suggests that there is current demand for employment at the college level. We uncovered nearly 400 position advertisements for college-level logistics workers. Twothirds of the advertisements specifically spelled out an educational requirement, most commonly a bachelors degree. Academic specializations called for in logistics-related job advertisements verged near the intersection of engineering, business, and information technology. Most of these jobs required at least a few years of experience, particularly for positions in management, operations, and some technical fields.

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Chapter
4
Supply of Logistics Graduates
The previous chapter showed that there are a number of logistics-related job openings in Georgia that require some educational capability. This chapter examines the extent to which the state's public and private postsecondary educational system supplies graduates for these job openings.
Any examination of the supply of logistics graduates is based on the primary field of study or academic major. All primary fields of study leading to degrees or certificates are structured around what is known as the classification of instructional programs (CIP). There are nearly 900 CIPs. CIPs are organized hierarchically such that similar fields of study are organized into the same major grouping.
What is a Logistics Instructional Program
Logistics is easiest to define at the CIP level. At the most basic level, some of the CIPs actually have logistics embedded in their title. The instructional program description for CIP 52.0203 is "Logistics and Materials Management."
We also can review the fields of study listed near the obvious majors and include them to the extent that they appear relevant. Thus we take account of CIP 52.0209 Transportation/Transportation Management, and CIP 52.0202 Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management. These three fields of study are typically found in a business school.
We additionally included certain related engineering degrees because of the large number of engineering specializations that were listed as requirements in our job advertisement analysis. These primary fields of study involved in the engineering component of logistics were defined as: systems engineering, industrial engineering, industrial/manufacturing engineering, and operations research. Several parallel occupations existed at the technician level as well, so we incorporated them into our information base.
The above academic majors constituted "core" logistics programs. These core areas are considered to be most closely associated with the logistics field. We acknowledge that these do not comprise all the logistics-related academic majors. Our job advertisement analysis also picked up several additional peripheral but important areas of academic concentration such as IT, finance, and accounting. These fields of study were prominent in several of the current advertisements of logistics workers. At the same time, we recognize that these fields are found in almost any modern firm. For this reason, we classify them as "related" programs (Table 4.1) and proceed by orienting our analysis toward the core academic majors.

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Table 4.1. Core and Related Academic Majors

Logistics Relevance Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Core Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related Related

CIPCODE 14.2701 14.3501 14.3588 14.3701 15.0612 15.0688 15.1501 52.0202 52.0203 52.0209 11.0101 11.0103 11.0199 11.0201 11.0202 11.0203 11.0301 11.0401 11.0501 11.0701 11.0801 11.0802 11.0803 11.0899 11.0901 11.1001 11.1002 11.1004 11.1099 11.9999 14.0101 14.0901 14.0903 14.0999 14.1001 14.3601 15.0613 15.1201 15.1202 15.9999 30.0601 30.0801 52.0101

CIP Description Systems Engineering Industrial Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Operations Research Industrial Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Engineering/Industrial Management Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Logistics and Materials Management Transportation/Transportation Management Computer and Information Sciences, General Information Technology Computer and Information Sciences, Other Computer Programming/Programmer, General Computer Programming, Specific Applications Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician Information Science/Studies Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst Computer Science Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design Data Modeling/Warehousing and Database Administration Computer Graphics Computer Software and Media Applications, Other Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications System Administration/Administrator System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster Computer/Info Tech Services Administration & Management, Other Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services, Other Engineering, General Computer Engineering, General Computer Software Engineering Computer Engineering, Other Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing Technology/Technician Computer Engineering Technology/Technician Computer Technology/Computer Systems Technology Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other Systems Science and Theory Mathematics and Computer Science Business/Commerce, General

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Logistics

Relevance CIPCODE

CIP Description

Related

52.0201 Business Administration and Management, General

Related

52.0299 Business Administration, Management and Operations, Other

Related

52.0499 Business Operations Support and Secretarial Services, Other

Related

52.0601 Business/Managerial Economics

Related

52.0801 Finance, General

Related

52.0899 Finance and Financial Management Services, Other

Related

52.1201 Management Information Systems, General

Related

52.1299 Management Information Systems and Services, Other

Related

52.1301 Management Science, General

Related

52.1399 Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods, Other

Related

52.1801 Sales, Distribution, and Marketing Operations, General

Related

52.1802 Merchandising and Buying Operations

Related

52.1803 Retailing and Retail Operations

Related

52.1899 General Merchandising/Sales/Related Marketing Operations, Other

Related

52.9999 Business, Management, Marketing & Related Support Services, Other

Source: National Center for Educational Statistics and author classifications.

Top U.S. Logistics Programs
Logistics covers a substantial set of programs in U.S. academic institutions. U.S. News and World Report has recognized this by creating a distinct classification of university business specialties called "supply chain/logistics."
We obtained information on graduates (or "completions" as the National Center for Education Statistics calls them) by CIP in academic year 2003 for all public and private postsecondary institutions in the country. Using our definition of core logistics programs, we estimate that there were more than 15,500 graduates of logistics programs in the United States in 2003.
Core graduates largely came out of the nearly 200 logistics-related academic programs with at least 25 completions. These relatively larger academic programs are listed in Appendix 4. Figure 4.1 maps these programs at institutions across the nation. The magnitude of graduates in all logistics programs at a particular institution is symbolized in proportionally-sized circles. The map shows that most of the large logistics programs are located east of the Mississippi, particularly in the Midwest. At the same time, the Southeast is well represented by programs in Tennessee, Georgia, Florida and Virginia.
The top business programs in logistics by numbers of graduates were at:
Michigan State University (244 graduates)
Penn State University (216 graduates).
Arizona State University (185 graduates)
Ohio State University (179 graduates)

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University of Tennessee (174 graduates)
And the top engineering programs in logistics by number of graduates were at:
Georgia Tech (478 graduates)
University of Michigan (313 graduates)
Cornell University (241 graduates)
Purdue University (198 graduates)
Figure 4.1. Most Large Logistics Programs are Located in the Eastern United States (Circles Represent the Location of Institutions with Logistics programs and are Proportionally Sized based on Number of Graduates in 2003 )

Georgia's Relative Position
Georgia had nearly 700 graduates in the core logistics CIPs in 2003. There were an additional 14,600 graduates in related programs that logistics along with other industries.
This analysis will focus on the core logistics specializations because they are most directly relevant to the logistics cluster. Georgia graduates in the core logistics specializations came from 17 institutions across the state. Figure 4.2 maps these institutions geographically. Again, the proportionally-sized circles represent the magnitude of graduates in all logistics programs at a particular institution. The map shows that most of the programs reside in Atlanta, but there is also capacity in North and Middle Georgia.

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Figure 4.2. Most Large Logistics Programs are in North and Central Georgia (Circles Represent the Location of Institutions with Logistics programs and are Proportionally Sized based on Number of Graduates in 2003 )

The five largest programs that served a broad population (e.g., were not on a military base) were: Georgia Tech, North Georgia College and State University, Heart of Georgia Technical College, Georgia Southern University, and Dalton State College. Figure 3.3 lists these and all other Georgia institutions by their total number of graduates in 2003. The particular majors offered by all the Georgia Schools are further detailed in Table 4.2. These programs include business, engineering, and technician-level fields of study.
The numbers in and of themselves do not tell us much about whether they are at sufficient levels. One way to assess the sufficiency of the quantity of Georgia's logistics graduates is to make a comparison with the number of graduates in the national logistics educational system. Those areas in which Georgia is producing a higher concentration of graduates relative to the national system could be viewed as comprising the state's areas of specialization. Alternatively, areas in which the state is producing fewer graduates could be viewed as being under represented.

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Figure 4.3. Georgia Institutions with Core Logistics Instruction Program and Number of Graduates in 2003

Georgia Tech

498

N. GA College & State U.

57

Heart of Georgia TC

56

Georgia Southern 38

Dalton State 35

GA College & State U.-Robins 29

Georgia State 22

Augusta TC 20

Griffin TC 20

W. Georgia TC 17

Coosa Valley TC 12

Georgia Military College-Robins 7

Gwinnett TC 7

Sandersville TC 4

Central Georgia TC 3

Southern Tech Univ. 1

Devry U. 0

0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Table 4.2. Georgia Institutions with Core Logistics Instruction Program and Number of Graduates

Institution

CIP Description

Degree

Grads.

Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus

Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering

Bachelors degree

298

Georgia Institute of

Industrial/Manufacturing

Masters degree

149

Technology-Main

Engineering

Campus

North Georgia College Purchasing,

Bachelors degree

57

and State University

Procurement/Acquisitions and

Contracts Management

Heart of Georgia Technical College

Logistics and Materials Management

Award of less than 1

56

academic year

Georgia Southern University

Logistics and Materials Management

Bachelors degree

36

Dalton State College

Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician

Associates degree

35

Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus

Operations Research

Masters degree

31

Georgia College and Logistics and Materials

Masters degree

29

State University

Management

Robins Air Force Base

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Institution Augusta Technical College Griffin Technical College Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus West Georgia Technical College Georgia State University Coosa Valley Technical College Georgia Military College-Robins Air Force Base Ctr Georgia State University Gwinnett Technical College Sandersville Technical College Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus Central Georgia Technical College Gwinnett Technical College

CIP Description Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering
Logistics and Materials Management Operations Research
Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management
Operations Research
Industrial Technology/Technician
Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management
Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management

Southern Polytechnic State University Georgia Southern University Gwinnett Technical College West Georgia Technical College

Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management

Central Georgia Technical College

Logistics and Materials Management

Georgia Southern University Devry UniversityGeorgia

Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management

Degree Award of less than 1 academic year Award of less than 1 academic year Doctors degree
Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree
Award of less than 1 academic year Associates degree
Masters degree
Associates degree
Award of less than 1 academic year Masters degree
Associates degree
Award of at least 1 but less than 2 academic years Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree
Associates degree
Award of at least 1 but less than 2 academic years Award of at least 1 but less than 2 academic years Bachelors degree
Postbaccalaureate certificate

Grads. 20 20 18
16 16 12
7
6 5 4 2
2 1
1 1 1 1
1
1 0

We calculated location quotients for each of the core primary fields of study, comparing Georgia and the nation. Our calculation focuses on all educational institutions that serve a broad population; specialty programs for military or other personnel are excluded. Table 4.3 shows these results.

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Georgia has a concentration of graduates in the industrial/manufacturing engineering and operations research areas. In 2003 there were 465 industrial/manufacturing engineering graduates and 53 operations research graduates. This relatively high number of graduates gave the state location quotients of 4.49 in the industrial/manufacturing CIP and 3.48 in the operations research CIP. Although there were no completions in the systems engineering and industrial engineering classifications, these programs are cross-fertilized by industrial/manufacturing engineering graduates. Taking the four core engineering programs together, Georgia's location quotient is 2.54 in engineering. This high location quotient suggests that the state has a human capital advantage on the engineering side of logistics
In contrast, technician-level logistics majors show under representation. Georgia had only 41 graduates with associates degrees in the technician-level logistics majors. This gave the state a combined LQ of .27 for industrial, manufacturing, and engineering technicians programs. One reason for this weakness is that institutions in several Midwestern states (Michigan, Ohio, Indiana) have large numbers of industrial technicians that feed their automobile industry.
In the business area, Georgia had 57 graduates in purchasing management programs and 39 graduates in logistics and materials management programs. There were no transportation management programs in the state. The resulting LQ for purchasing management was 2.58. However for the more common logistics and materials management CIP, the state's LQ was only .83. Taking all these business majors in the logistics area together, the state LQ was slightly over one (1.31).
Table 4.3. Georgia is Specialized in Engineering, Under-represented in Business (Location Quotient Analysis of Number of Graduates in Georgia and US CIPs, 2003)

Core CIP 14.2701 14.3501 14.3588
14.3701 15.0612 15.0688
15.1501 52.0202
52.0203
52.0209

Description
Systems Engineering Industrial Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Operations Research Industrial Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Engineering/Industrial Management Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Logistics and Materials Management Transportation/Transportation Management

US

Georgia LQ

Grads. Grads.

1004

0

-

2063

0

-

3751

465 4.49

551 1261 2462

53 3.48 5 0.14
36 0.53

1762 799

0

-

57 2.58

1705 156

39 0.83

0

-

This LQ does not denote weakness in the state's business programs, but it may well indicate a possible bottleneck for growing a logistics cluster in the state. Considerable growth the demand for logistics-related employees would probably require employers to recruit from schools in nearby states such as the University of Tennessee. Alternatively,

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companies could draw on Georgia graduates in related business fields and provide logistics-specific training in-house. Georgia institutions had 8,694 graduates in related business CIPs. This is a substantial number of graduates; however the LQ associated with these graduates is only .86.
Figure 4.4 summarizes Georgia's position in the national logistics educational system's core and related specializations. This is a "waterfall chart" in which the horizontal x-axis depicts the number of graduates in each logistics academic specialization and the y-axis represents location quotients that signify Georgia's position relative to the national educational system The figure further demonstrates that Georgia is well situated in the technical disciplines associated with logistics--engineering and computer science (depicted as CS/IT in the chart)--but is less strong in the business disciplines and fields associated with technical degrees. The figure also indicates that the core disciplines have relatively fewer graduates than do the related disciplines.
Figure 4.4. Location Quotients Show That Georgia Has an Advantage in the Core Engineering, Core Business, and Related IT Logistics Fields
3.00

Engineering - Core

2.50

Business - Core CS/IT - Related

Related

-

Engineering Related

Business - Related

Location Quotients

2.00

1.50

Eng. Tech - Core

1.00

-

0.50

Tech

Eng.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Number of Logistics Graduates in Georgia

14000

Summary
Having a strong and balanced educational presence is integral to developing a logistics cluster. This chapter has shown that Georgia graduated nearly 700 students in core logistics concentration areas in 2003. Seventeen higher educational institutions in Georgia had programs to produce these graduates, although only five demonstrated the capacity to turn out at least 25 graduates per year.

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Location quotients were employed to measure the state's relative specialization in logistics compared to the national academic system. The analysis showed that the state had a distinctive concentration of engineering graduates in the logistics area. Engineering students account for more than 75 percent of all logistics graduates in Georgia. At the same time, there was a weakness in technician level programs based on the number of graduates with an associates degree coming out of programs at Georgia institutions relative to national proportions.
Business specializations in the logistics fields posed a more subtle challenge. Fewer than 20 percent of the state's logistics graduates are in business or management disciplines. Georgia had a smaller proportion of graduates in the important field of logistics and materials management than existed nationally. This under-representation was balanced to some extent by a presence in the purchasing management field, but further weaknesses in several of the peripheral related business disciplines suggest that the state could face obstacles in growing a foremost logistics cluster as a result of having an undersized quantity of graduates in the business logistics field.

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Chapter
5

Future Demand, Graduates, and Shortfalls
Having sufficient numbers of employees with the right capabilities has become increasingly important in economic development strategies in a knowledge economy propelled by ideas and talent. For the last 10 years, the USG has examined the extent to which mismatches between the demand for knowledge workers and the supply of university graduates exist in various occupations. The objective of this type of supplydemand analysis is to avoid obvious gaps that occur when industry structure transforms, consumer tastes change, demand for products or services shifts, and/or technological advances occur. Lack of labor mobility, rapid pace of change, and regional industrial concentrations can make it difficult for industries on the upswing to find the skills they need. The ability to foresee potential gaps in demand for various types of jobs can accelerate attention on certain educational programs such that employers in the state have the supply of knowledge workers from the universities when they need them.
This chapter utilizes long-term projections of employment in occupations in the logistics cluster and matches these projections to current levels of graduates from logistics specializations in the state's postsecondary educational institutions. The analysis basically looks at long-range mismatches between projected demand for certain types of workers and current supply of graduates. It does not take into account any changes that may occur in demand as a result of new and highly successful economic development business recruitment strategies. Also, because logistics does not have a clear-cut occupational and industry definition, we are not analyzing the extent to which out-of-state labor may migrate to Georgia to take up any open positions in logistics firms. It gives us a first cut at any longrange employment disparities in the logistics field that could restrict Georgia's economic development recruitment strategy.

What are Logistics Occupations
There is no standard agreement on what is and what is not a logistics occupation. The 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics is used in all dissemination of occupational employment projections and analyses. All workers are classified into one of over 820 occupations. To facilitate classification, occupations are combined to form 23 major groups, 96 minor groups, and 449 broad occupations. Each broad occupation includes detailed occupation(s) requiring similar job duties, skills, education, or experience. There is a major classification called "transportation and material moving occupations" (51-0000) but as we discussed in the first chapter, we consider logistics to concern the management of materials moving, not the actual physical movement per se.
We defined a set of eight core occupations and 26 related logistics occupations based on what we learned from our job advertisement analysis. We also drew on the SOC-CIP crosswalk to help guide our decisions about logistics occupations. Table 5.1 presents the resulting list of occupations. All of these occupations require some type of
university or college degree.

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Table 5.1. Core and Related Logistics Occupations and Type of Educational Requirement

SOC

SOCTITLE

Type Educational

Requirement

11-3011 Administrative Services Managers

Core

Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

11-3061 Purchasing Managers

Core

Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

11-9041 Engineering Managers

Core

Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

15-2031 Operations Research Analysts

Core

Master's degree

17-2112 Industrial Engineers

Core

Bachelor's degree

17-3026 Industrial Engineering Technicians

Core

Associate degree

25-1011 Business Teachers, Postsecondary

Core

Master's degree

25-1032 Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary

Core

Doctoral degree

11-1021 General and Operations Managers

Related Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers

Related Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

11-3031 Financial Managers

Related Bachelor's degree

11-3051 Industrial Production Managers

Related Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

13-1111 Management Analysts

Related Work experience, plus a bachelor's or higher degree

13-1199 Business Operations Specialists, All Other Related Bachelor's degree

13-2051 Financial Analysts

Related Bachelor's degree

13-2099 Financial Specialists, All Other

Related Bachelor's degree

15-1011 Computer and Information Scientists, Research

Related Doctoral degree

15-1021 Computer Programmers

Related Bachelor's degree

15-1031 Computer Software Engineers, Applications Related Bachelor's degree

15-1032 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software

Related Bachelor's degree

15-1041 Computer Support Specialists

Related Associate degree

15-1051 Computer Systems Analysts

Related Bachelor's degree

15-1061 Database Administrators

Related Bachelor's degree

15-1071 Network and Computer Systems Administrators

Related Bachelor's degree

15-1081 Network Systems and Data Communications Related

Analysts

Bachelor's degree

15-1099 Computer Specialists, All Other

Related Associate degree

15-2041 Statisticians

Related Master's degree

17-2061 Computer Hardware Engineers

Related Bachelor's degree

17-2071 Electrical Engineers

Related Bachelor's degree

17-3023 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians

Related Associate degree

19-3021 Market Research Analysts

Related Master's degree

25-1021 Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary Related Master's degree

25-1022 Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary

Related Master's degree

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Long-Term Demand
Projections by the Georgia Department of Labor from 2002 to 2012 tell us that the state will need 1,100 workers annually in core logistics occupations and 12,170 workers annually in related logistics occupations.
Figure 5.1 and 5.2 breaks down the number of annual openings by the various logistics occupations. The top core occupations with at least 100 annual openings per year include:
Administrative Services Managers
Engineering Managers
Industrial Engineers
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Also important are Purchasing Managers, Operations Research Analysis, and Industrial Engineering Technicians which are projected have 70 to 80 openings a year. Sixty percent of these occupations also require work experience in addition to a postsecondary degree--most likely a bachelors degree.
In the related industries, the top occupations based on projected annual openings are:
General and Operations Managers
Business Operations Specialists, All Other
Computer Systems Analysts
Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Management Analysts
Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Support Specialists
Forty percent of the annual openings in related occupations are projected to have a work experience requirement. Nine out of 10 of these related occupations have a bachelor's degree requirement.
These numbers indicate that there will be considerable growth in logistics-related knowledge occupations over the next 10 years.

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Figure 5.1. Annual Openings in Core Logistics Occupations: 2002-2012

Administrative Services Managers

390

Engineering Managers

200

Industrial Engineers

170

Business Teachers, Postsecondary
Operations Research Analysts

100 80

Purchasing Managers

80

Industrial Engineering Technicians

70

Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary

10

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Annual Openings, 2002-2012

Figure 5.2. Annual Openings in Related Logistics Occupations: 2002-2012

General and Operations Managers Business Operations Specialists, All Other
Computer Systems Analysts Computer Software Engineers, Applications
Management Analysts Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software
Computer Support Specialists Financial Managers
Computer and Information Systems Managers Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Computer Programmers Network and Computer Systems Administrators
Computer Specialists, All Other Database Administrators
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians Financial Analysts
Industrial Production Managers Market Research Analysts
Financial Specialists, All Other Electrical Engineers
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary Computer Hardware Engineers
Computer and Information Scientists, Research Statisticians

940 920 790 760 710 620 550 510 430 350 220 220 190 180 160 150 90 80 50 40 40 20 10

1240

0

500

1000

1500

2000

Annual Openings, 2002-2012

2500

2900 3000

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Shortfall Analysis
As a rough measure of the extent to which there are short falls in logistics occupations, we compared these projected annual openings to the number of graduates that Georgia's postsecondary educational institutions put out in 2003. We allocated graduates to these logistics occupations using a modified CIP-SOC crosswalk. The results are presented in Table 5.2.
The results do not show substantial numbers of shortfalls. Only one core occupation, Purchasing Managers, exhibits a shortfall (or more than 70 unfilled positions annually). There are more potential shortfalls evident in related IT and financial occupations.
Despite the lack of gross numbers of unfilled occupations projected particularly in the core occupations, we emphasize that there are limitations to this analysis. In particular, it does not take into account the state's economic development strategy. To the extent that the state continues to build up a significant cluster in this area will not be accounted for in the projections.

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Table 5.2. Annual Openings, Graduates, and Shortfall in Core and Related Logistics Occupations

SOCTITLE

Annual Graduates Shortfall

Openings

Core Occupations

Purchasing Managers

80

4

76

Administrative Services Managers

390

390

0

Engineering Managers

200

200

0

Industrial Engineers

170

170

0

Business Teachers, Postsecondary

100

100

0

Operations Research Analysts

80

80

0

Industrial Engineering Technicians

70

70

0

Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary

10

10

0

Related Occupations

Computer Systems Analysts

940

797

143

Financial Managers

620

477

143

Financial Analysts

180

134

46

Computer Hardware Engineers

40

6

34

Financial Specialists, All Other

90

67

23

Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software

760

745

15

General and Operations Managers

2900

2900

0

Business Operations Specialists, All Other Computer Software Engineers, Applications

1240

1240

0

920

920

0

Management Analysts

790

790

0

Computer Support Specialists

710

710

0

Computer and Information Systems Managers

550

550

0

Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts Computer Programmers

510

510

0

430

430

0

Network and Computer Systems Administrators

350

350

0

Database Administrators

220

220

0

Computer Specialists, All Other

220

220

0

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technicians

190

190

0

Industrial Production Managers

160

160

0

Market Research Analysts

150

150

0

Electrical Engineers

80

80

0

Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary

50

50

0

40

40

0

Computer and Information Scientists, Research

20

20

0

Statisticians

10

10

0

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Chapter
6
Recommendations
This section draws on the quantitative analysis in the previous chapters to develop recommendations. In addition, we undertook a "qualitative" analysis to further information these recommendations. More than a dozen corporate executives in logistics firms (e.g., 3PLS, software firms, and wholesalers), university faculty, and management of government logistics infrastructures were interviewed. Appendix 5 highlights the results of these interviews.
We reinforce that few logistics occupations appeared to have significant shortfalls when comparing projected job openings against graduates of existing higher educational programs. Therefore most of our recommendations involve the need for strengthening aspects of the logistics cluster in light of the state economic development strategy.
Grow High-end Logistics Jobs
Logistics is a solid strategic industry for Georgia's economic development focus. The state has the infrastructure and proximity to current and future population centers to make it attractive from a geographic perspective. Georgia is rather more specialized in logistics employment than is the nation and is expected to add logistics at a higher rate than national trends would support.
Expert interviews suggest a further important aspect of logistics. One interviewee indicated that in the past, the vast majority of logistics positions involved transaction-based manual labor. However, the growth of IT and importance of linking members of a supply chain together reinforce the need for college-educated workers in logistics positions. The requirements are not about moving the boxes but where the boxes should be, how to send them, and how to set the right amount of inventory.
Another respondent reported that it was a competitive advantage to have individuals in first level supervisory positions with college degrees. These individuals had a better understanding of the strategic business importance of their decisions.
Leverage Georgia's Technical Strengths
One of Georgia's critical strengths in the logistics field is engineering. Georgia is a leading state in terms of number of graduates in logistics-related engineering fields. The state's instructional program location quotient for engineering of 2.54 shows that Georgia is already strong in engineering. Logistics-related engineering has an international reputation, which is important for the state to maintain as it seeks to develop recognition of its logistics sector across the globe.

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The question is whether the state can build on this strength and leverage it for the entire logistics cluster. Our recommendations apply not so much to engineering as much as in other areas.
Strengthen Business Offerings
Georgia does not have a substantial national presence in logistics-related business programs. Interviewees recognized only one business program as have a logistics specialization--Georgia Southern's undergraduate degree in Business Administration with a major in Logistics and Intermodal Transportation. The state does not have any programs among the national leaders in business logistics as recognized program rankings, magnitude of graduates, and by business interviewees. Business interviewees either hire graduates from well-known out-of-state programs (University of Tennessee, Arizona State University were mentioned in particular) or hire in-state graduates and train them on the job. The latter approach is not desirable because of the importance of timeliness to logistics firms.
The most critical need is for more undergraduate business programs with logistics concentrations. Interviewees emphasized the desirability of having a broad-based program that covers the range of activities including transportation, warehousing, purchasing, and network design. One responded pointed to Penn State University's Supply Chain and Information Systems major as a good model.
Logistics is not a skill that can be quickly learned through a continuing education course, but rather an academic discipline. Thus, addressing gaps in business education requires careful consideration. Two approaches for developing such programs might be regarded. First the state can build on existing strengths. This report contains a listing of existing programs with business logistics capabilities. There are also a few programs not listed that do in fact have some logistics resources, but not enough for an official major. Georgia College and State University has one faculty member that teaches formal courses in logistics and places graduates in logistics firms located near the airport. Georgia Tech's College of Management achieved a ranking of 15 in U.S. News and World Report's top business programs in logistics/supply chain management and several faculty conduct research in this area. University of Georgia has an instructor that teaches a logistics module in an executive MBA program. As these programs are further developed, Georgia should aim to have a more recognizable academic reputation on the business side of logistics. The state should set a goal to have at least one of its business logistics program in the top 20 rankings of logistics/supply chain management at undergraduate and graduate levels.
Second, it is important to incorporate some logistics/supply chain management instruction into the core curriculum of every major business program in the state. One interviewee proposed that modular curricula could be built into existing business programs. For example, logistics-related instructional toolkits have been developed by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals for use by academic programs. Further examination should be made into the extent to which logistics is taught into the state's postsecondary business programs and how best to enhance this instruction.
It was also suggested that the state may wish to establish a doctoral program in businessrelated logistics. This type of program would enable the roll out of additional instructional capacity from an in-state source. Doctoral programs typically require considerable

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investment to attract faculty and support research, but they are an important element in reputation building.

Promote Interdisciplinary Specialization
Our analysis suggested that logistics embraces the juncture of business, engineering, and computing disciplines. We recommend that the state encourage development of programs crossing one or more of these disciplinary boundaries. Ohio State University recently announced the creation of a joint program between its engineering and business schools called "Master of Business Logistics". This program will be offered for the first time in the fall of 2005. If successful, it could serve as a model for a similar program in Georgia.

Maintain Computing Competency
Previous studies that suggested a shortfall of graduates in IT and computer science disciplines have backtracked in the face of the dot.com bust and economic downturn that occurred in the 2000-to-2003 time period. The tendency in this situation is to pull back the number of computing graduates.
We propose that IT competency is important to the logistics field. To be sure, workers with IT specializations who go into logistics are a small proportion of the total employment base in the discipline. But the future of logistics will depend in part on robust computing capabilities to address modeling-related problems. Computing is still a crucial element of the state's success in this field.

Evaluate the Need for a Maritime Program Resource

Georgia's ports are a critical logistics resource. Positions in marine transportation or maritime business are filled from graduates of one of the seven maritime academies in the United States. Table 6.1. lists these institutions. Not only is there not maritime academy in Georgia, but there are no academies between New York and Texas.

Table 6.1. Maritime Academies in the United States

Academy California Maritime Academy Great Lakes Maritime Academy Maine Maritime Academy Massachusetts Maritime Academy Seattle Maritime Academy SUNY Maritime College Texas Maritime Academy

Location Vallejo, California Traverse City, Michigan Castine, Maine Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts Seattle, Washington Throgs Neck, New York Galveston, Texas

The establishment of a maritime academy is a risky strategy because most of these academies were established decades if not centuries ago. Moreover, Georgia Port Authority management does not view an in-state maritime academy to be essential. The

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biggest bottleneck that the port faces is moving cargo on land from the port to the intermediary or final customer warehouse.
Evaluate Technician Offerings
Quantitative analysis of graduates suggests that there may be a need for more educational activity at the technician level. We found that the state does not graduate many logistics-related technicians, but at the same time, no shortfalls were evident in these types of occupations. Executive interviewees were mixed in their views regarding deficiencies in the availability of logistics technicians. Whether technicians are important in the state's logistics cluster should be evaluated in light of the cross-over of related technician level occupations in manufacturing.
Promote Opportunities to Gain Industry Experience
Because the logistics industry places such a premium on time, it is important that there be an experienced base of knowledge workers in the state. Industry executives emphasized the need for the following efforts to integrate academic and experience requirements: internships, coops/part-time jobs, student projects, seminar programs, formal partnerships, involvement of students and business leadership in curricula design, and adjunct positions provided for industry executives.
Conclusion
Georgia's geographic position and existing industries give it great potential for developing a world-class logistics industry. The state's higher educational system can greatly enhance the knowledge segment of the industry through its programmatic offerings and quality graduates.

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References
Bendavid-Val, Avrom, 1991, Regional and local economic analysis for practitioners, Westport CN: Praeger Publishers.
Drummond, W. and Youtie, J. for the ICAPP Program, 1997, June. "Occupational Employment and Demand for College Graduates." Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
Drummond, W. and Youtie, J. for the ICAPP Program, 1999, June. "Occupational Employment, Demand for College Graduates, and Migration: A Statewide View." Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
Drummond, W. and Youtie, J. for the ICAPP Program, 2001, August. "Our Students and Alumni: Where Do They Come From and Where Do They Go." Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
Drummond, W. and Youtie, J. for the ICAPP Program, 2003a, June. "The Value of University System of Georgia Education." Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
Drummond, W. and Youtie, J. for the ICAPP Program, 2003b, June. "Supply and Demand of Human Capital for the Biosciences Industry." Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Tech Research Corporation.
Markusen, A. and Schrock, G. 2001, October. "Occupational Advantage: Detecting and Enhancing Occupational Mix in Regional Development." Minneapolis: Hubert Humphrey Institute for Public Affairs, University of Minnesota.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2004, March. Occupational Projections and Training Data, 2004-05 Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.

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Appendices

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Appendix 1. Definitions of Logistics and Supply Chain Management Elicited from Google
Definitions of logistics on the Web:
Logistics Management is that part of Supply Chain Management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements. http://www.cscmp.org/Website/AboutCSCMP/Definitions/Definitions.asp
The concept of logistics covers all activities relating to the procurement, transport, transhipment and storage of goods. Logistics as generally understood is concerned particularly with material flow (raw materials, interim and final products), but also involves providing companies with services and information. www.lehnkering.com/leh/struktur/metatop/glossar/index,language=en.html
the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces. In its most comprehensive sense, those aspects of military operations which deal with design and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of material; movement, evacuation, and hospitalization of personnel; acquisition or construction, maintenance, operation, and disposition of facilities; acquisition or furnishing of services (Joint Pub 1-02) www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/100-8/gloss.htm
the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. https://www.ism.ws/AboutISM/MediaRoom/KeySupplyMgmtTerms.cfm
The tracking and movement of raw materials to finished products and consumption throughout the supply chain. home.intermec.com/eprise/main/Intermec/Content/About/GlossarySubpages/Glossary_KL
The organisation of any project or operation, including transportation and housing for example the warehousing of goods as they are being transferred from one country to another. www.scottish-enterprise.com/sedotcom_home/help/help-glossary.htm
The art of calculating material amounts and arranging their delivery to the proper place at the proper time. www.yourwebassistant.net/glossary/l9.htm
The KreW facilitates the flow of matter, energy and information through the DesignShop event or the Management Center environment. Logistics focuses on the flow of matter and energy. This includes providing the physical environment, tools, equipment, materials, food. It also calls for the continual refreshing and maintenance of these elements. [Of course, these all comprise messages bearing information... darn that interconnected, fractal, feedback driven, recursive nature of the universe!] www.mgtaylor.com/mgtaylor/glossary.htm
The aspect of military operations that deals with the procurement, distribution, maintenance, and replacement of materiel and personnel. www.army-technology.com/contractors/publications/l.html
The total process of moving goods from a manufacturer to a customer in the most timely and cost-efficient manner possible. www.prenhall.com/rm_student/html/glossary/l_gloss.html
Meetings will be held primarily in Ottawa. The use of teleconference or other means will be facilitated to maximize participation and reduce barriers. www.canadian-health-network.ca/servlet/ContentServer
The planning, execution and control: www.eyefortransport.com/glossary/kl.shtml

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The art of moving and quartering troops, and especially of supplying them. * www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/2354/directory.html
In an industrial context, logistics means the art and science of obtaining, producing, and distributing material and product in the proper place and in proper quantities. In a military sense, its meaning can also include the movement of personnel. www.homercomputer.com.au/homer_software_guide/glossary.htm
the process of transporting, supplying and supporting a field project. farahsouth.cgu.edu/dictionary/
are the shipping and distribution functions used by an organisation and are sometimes used to define a role that manages all the company's resources. www.tecc.com.au/tecc/guide/glossary.asp
The planning, execution and control -of the movement and placement of people and/or goods and of the supporting activities related to such movement and placement within a system organized to achieve specific objectives. www.shipping.francoudi.com/main/main.asp
The movement of materials and information in a supply chain. (697) www.csus.edu/indiv/f/freemand/Class%20Notes/Ch%2016%20key%20terms.htm
Providing resources and other services to support incident management. Logistics Section: The section responsible for providing facilities, services, and material support for the incident. www.emacintl.com/nims_3_04/glossary_of_key_terms.htm
The procurement and physical transmission of material through the supply chain, from suppliers to customers. enbv.narod.ru/text/Econom/ib/str/261.html
the handling and movement of inbound raw materials and other supplies as well as outbound physical distribution. wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/1452/1487687/glossary/glossary.html
In an industrial context, this term refers to the functions of obtaining and distributing material and product. www.optas.net/glossary.htm
The time-related positioning of resources to meet user requirements. www.blinco.com/solutions/glossary/schainfn.htm
handling an operation that involves providing labor and materials be supplied as needed www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn2.1
Logistics is the art and science of managing and controlling the flow of goods, energy and information. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics
Definitions of supply chain management on the Web:
Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all Logistics Management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies.. http://www.cscmp.org/Website/AboutCSCMP/Definitions/Definitions.asp
The delivery of customer and economic value through integrated management of the flow of physical goods and associated information, from raw materials sourcing to delivery of finished products to consumers. www.ediuniversity.com/glossary/
the design and management of seamless, value-added processes across organizational boundaries to meet the real needs of the end customer. https://www.ism.ws/AboutISM/MediaRoom/KeySupplyMgmtTerms.cfm
The management and control of all materials, funds, and related information in the logistics process from the acquisition of raw materials to the delivery of finished products to the end

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user. www.blinco.com/solutions/glossary/logisticsoz.htm The interlocking series of transactions necessary to convert crude oil into marketable products. www.conocophillips.com/newsroom/other_resources/energyglossary/glossary_s.htm procurement, contracts, bids, supplier opportunities www.vita.virginia.gov/services/voiceServices/cellular/commonTerms.cfm A broader concept than logistics; extends the concept of logistics beyond the firm to all firs in the supply chain, including vendors, customers, carriers, facilitators, and channel intermediaries. vtm.com/glossary.asp Inter-company planning control and monitoring of central functions such as procurement, production and sales to increase their efficiency. www.karstadtquelle.com/englisch/konzern/3652.asp The control of the supply of Parts from vendor through to customer. There is no fundamental difference in principle between Supply Chain Management and Manufacturing Resource Planning. SCM is also used to refer to short cycle manufacturing, which is the manufacturing elements of Just in Time. www.bpic.co.uk/jargon.htm An attempt to coordinate processes involved in producing, shipping and distributing products, generally with large suppliers. Net markets can extend supply chain management to all trading partners regardless of size because they provide a central hub to integrate information from buyers and sellers. www.eyefortransport.com/glossary/st.shtml A systematic approach to handling the constituent links in the supply chain. www.itilpeople.com/Glossary/Glossary_s.htm The process of materiel control including purchasing electronic and mechanical components using a variety of e-commerce data base sources and key vendors with an established track record. www.naso.com/pages/news_glossary.html The integration of the supplier, distributor, and customer logistics requirements into one cohesive process to include demand planning, forecasting, materials requisition, order processing, inventory allocation, order fulfillment, transportation services, receiving, invoicing, and payment. www.vpa.org.vn/english/maritime_term/glossary1/s.htm Supply chain management (SCM) deals with the planning and execution issues involved in managing a supply chain. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management

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Appendix 2. Selected Companies in Georgia with Advertised Logistics-related Positions Requiring Some Postsecondary Education

Company

Number of

Advertisements

3C Software

2

Advanced Solutions for Tomorrow Inc

3

Advantage Solutions Group Inc

1

Allen Lund Co Inc

3

APL Logistics Inc

1

ARAMARK Uniform Services

1

Arch Chemicas

1

ASAP

3

Associated Global Systems Inc

4

Atlantic Paper & Foil Corp

1

BDP International Inc

2

C D Group

1

CNH America LLC

1

[company name confidential]

8

Computer Sciences Corporation

1

ConAgra Foods, Inc.

1

Concord Business Systems Inc

3

CORESTAFF Services

1

Crawford & Company

1

Custom Recruiting Solutions

1

Daifuku America Corporation

1

Datascape.com Incorporated

3

Delta Technology Inc

3

Descartes Systems (USA) LLC

2

DHL Danzas

1

Dunhill Staffing

1

Enforcer

1

FedEx Ground

3

Friendly Systems Inc

1

FSC Securities Corporation

1

GENCO Distribution Systems

2

General Freight Services Inc

4

Giant International

1

Global Logistics

8

Gypsum Express Ltd

1

Handler

1

Horizon Software International LLC

3

I-Business Network

1

Inovis Inc

5

Insource Software Solutions LLC

7

IT Solutions Inc

8

JCPenney, Inc.

1

Kraiburg TPE Corp.

1

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Company
LeasePlan USA Inc LMS Local ContractJobs Inc. Logility LXE Inc Management Recruiters Intntl Manhattan Associates Inc MARC Global Maristaff, Inc. MeadWestvaco Metasys Technologies Inc Mro International Software MTC Technologies, Inc. Nations Express Navy Neenah Paper In New ERA of Networks Inc New Frontiers International Ltd Openhr America Inc Oracle Ozburn-Hessey Logistics LLC Pacer Global Logistics Paperless Office Inc Peach State Integrated Technologies Inc Penske Logistics Procuri Inc Randstad Resource Technologies Retail Publication Ruan Transport Ryder Ryder System, Inc. Saddle Creek Corporation SAP America Inc SCM Resources Inc Servigistics Inc Siemens Communications, Inc SolomonEdwardsGroup Spherion SPL World Group, Inc. Sprint Stanley Associates Inc Stone Connection StorePerform Technologies Target

Number of Advertisements
10 1 1 2 19 3 46 2 1 1 17 1 1 3 1 1 6 24 3 19 1 22 6 4 5 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1

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Company
Target Logistic Services The Coca-Cola Company The Home Depot The Robin Shepherd Group TNT Logistics TRX Inc Turner Transfer Twin Engines Inc UPS Headquarters Viewlocity Inc Vignette Corporation Grand Total

Number of Advertisements
1 1 13 1 1 17 1 1 8 1 1 380

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Appendix 3. Titles of Advertised Logistics-related Positions Requiring Some Postsecondary Education

Number of

Title

Advertisements

ABA Developer for Web Applications

1

Account Executive

2

Account Executive-emerging fleet

1

Account Executive-Sales, Atlanta based

1

Account Management Consultant 5-Suport

1

Account Manager

1

Account Manager-Electronic Print and Document Management

1

Accounts Payable Representative

1

Acount Auditor

1

Acount Executive

1

Administrative Assistance A3 (3)

1

Administrative Assistant

4

Administrative Asst South

1

Antenna Engineer

1

Antenna Systems Engineer

1

Application Developer

1

Application Engineer

1

Applications Sales Representative III

1

AS/400 Computer System Operator

1

ASP.net Developer Architect Programmer

1

Assistant Manager

1

Assistant Network Administrator

1

Associate Software Consultant (VB, C#)

1

Associate/Software Consultant-RFID

1

Associate/Software Consultants/RFID

1

Audit Manager (Sr. Staff Auditor)

1

Audit Supervisor

1

Billing Documentation Specialist

1

Billing Specialist

2

Body Shop Technician

1

Branch Office Examiner

1

Broker's Assistant

1

Business Analyst

4

Business Analyst 3-Ops

1

Business Architect

1

Business Architect/Project Manager

1

Business Consultant

2

Business Development Executive

1

Busness Analyst

1

Cargo and Credit Insurance Manager

1

CDL A Driver

1

Client Relations Specialist

1

Communications Specialist

1

computer professionals

1

Consulting Engagement Director-South

1

Consulting Project Manager

1

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Title Consulting Project Principal Consultant Consulting Sales Director Consulting Technical VP Contract Technical Recruiter (3 months) Controller Corporate Logistics Manager Corporate Recruiter Credit Manager Customer Logistics Coordinator Customer Service Customer Service Representative Customer Support Analyst Customer Support Representative Data Migration Testers Data Migration/SQL Server DBA Data Warehouse Data Steward Data Warehouse Quality Assurance-Level 2 Data Warehouse Quality Assurance-Level 3 Data Warehouse Requirements Analyst-Level 2 Data Warehouse Requirements Analyst-Level 3 Database Administrator/Developer Demand-Supply Manager GSM/UMTS Desktop Support Coordinator Developer Director of Product Management, TMS Director of Sales Director of Sales and Marketing Directors of Techical Support Director-Sales and Marketing Dispatcher (Logistics) Drivers Drivers (3-Atlanta, Cedartown, and Savannah) Drivers (Logistics) EDI Coordinator EDI Software Developer Education Consultant Engineering Manager? Fleet Operations Engineer-Technical Sales, South Eastern Region Entry Level Transportation Freight Broker Entry Specialist ERP (multiple positions) Executive Assistant Experienced Transportation Freight Broker Express Center Owner Express Truck(s) Owner Facilities Manager Field Service Engineer File Room Assistant

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Title Financial Analyst Financial Reporting Manager Fixed Asset/General Accountant Forecasting Analyst Freight Claims Assistant graduate web developer Help Desk Administrator Human Resources Generalist Implementation Consultant Implementation Consultant (CONSULTANT) Implementation Manager Implementation Managers Implementation Specialists Import Manager Industrial Engineer Industrial Engineers/Logistics Engineers Information Architect Information Technology Inside Sales Representative Instructional Design Intern Instructor Instructor-PLM International Financial Analyst International Sales Manager IS Support Analyst IT IT Defense Java Programmer/Java Developer Java Programmers (multiple positions) Junior Programmer Lead Accountant (1108) Lead General Analyst Lead Programmer/Analyst Lead QA Engineer Logistics Analyst Logistics Analyst-International Logistics and Administrative Assistant Logistics Coordinator Logistics Engineer Logistics Engineer-3PL Logistics Engineer-Distribution Engineering Logistics Engineer-Supply Chain Security Process Engineer Logistics Manager Logistics Manager-Delivery Logistics Planer/Coordinator Logistics Planner Logistics Specialist Logistics Specialist/Coordinator

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

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Title Logistics Supervisor Logistics Supervisor-2nd shift Logistics/Warehouse Manager Management Analyst Management Trainee (3) Manager Manager of Logistics Manager, Business Consulting Services Manager, Quality Assurance Manager, Technology Solution Center & NOC Marketing Programs Specialist Marketing Support Representative Mechanic Mechanical Engineer (2) MIC Manufacturing/Process Engineer (2) MicroStrategy 7i Developer/Lead Microwave Enginner-Active Multi National Logistics Officer Netegrity Experts Network Administrator Network Billing Analyst no title Ocean Export Customer Service Representtive Office Administrator Operations Assistant Operations Management Operations Manager Operations Research Architect Operations Supervisor Operations Support Oracle Developers (multiple positions) Oracle Development DBA Paralegal Paralegal/Secretary Paralegals-Intellectual Property Law Part-time Logistics Clerk Plant Operations Manager Pricing Analyst Process Analyst Process Manager Product Management Consultant Product Manager Production Software Engineer Productions Support Developer Professional Services Project Manager-Web-based Enterprise SW Implementations Program Manager Programmer

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1

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Title Programmer Analyst I Programmer/Analyst Programmer/Analyst, ERP Systems Project Analyst Project Engineer-Conveyor Project Manager Project Manager-eBUSINESS (Logistics/DSN) Project Manager-Level 2 Project Managers Proposal Coordinator Purchasing Manager QA Manager QA Testers Quality Assurance Analyst Quality Assurance Analyst II recent veteran to support anti-terrorism training at Fort McPherson, Ga Receptionist Recruiters Regional Sales Manager Reliability Engineer Remarketing Assistant Remarketing Coordinator Remedy Developer/Programmer Report Analyst Report Developer (2) Reporting Analyst Requirements Analyst Requirements Analyst-Level 2 Requirements/Implementation Tester-Level 1 Research Mgmt Manager Revenue Analyst S/W Eng II- Dev S/W Eng-Dev Sales Sales Sales & Marketing Representatives Sales Agent Sales and Marketing Manager with Motorcycle or ATV Industry experience Sales Associate Sales Consultant Sales Director Sales Executive Sales Executive-Transportation Sales Executive-WMS Sales Representative Sales Support Analyst

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1

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Title sales/marketing person Salesrep SAP Business Analyst SAP SD Functional/Supply Chain & Logistics Senior .NET Developer Senior Account Executive Senior Account Manager Senior Client Relations Analyst Senior Commercial Underwriter Senior Consultant Senior Consultant (Labor Management) Senior Consultant-Labor Management Senior Financial Analyst Senior Great Plains Consultant Senior Level Accountant Senior Product Consultant - iseries Senior Product Marketing Manager Senior Programmer Senior Programmer/Analyst Senior Project Manager-WMS Implementation Senior Sales Consultant Senior Sales Consultant (3) Senior Sales Engineer Senior SAP HR Consultant Senior Software Analysts-AS/400 Senior Software Engineer Senior Technical Implementation Consultant Senior Technical Support Senior Trainer Senior VP Sales and Marketing Service Team Leaders Site Manager Software Analyst-Build/Configuration Engineer Software Analysts-J++/C# Software Architect Pocket PC Windows CE Software Consultants Software Developer Software Developer for Web Applications Software Distribution Administrator Software Engineer Software Managers-EJB Software Support Analyst (Labor Management) Software Support Analyst -C++/Unix Software Support Consultant Solutions Consultant-RFID SOX 404 Analyst Specialist-Meetings and Events SQL Business Intelligence Software Developers

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Title SQL Server Database Programmer/Analyst Sr Analyst International Logistics Sr Logistics Engineer-SDI Sr S/W Eng- Dev Sr S/W Eng-QA Sr. Business Systems Analyst Sr. Communication & Training Specialist Sr. Digital/Analog Design Engineer Sr. Financial Analyst Sr. Level Accountant Sr. RF Hardware Design Engineer Staff or Principal Engineer Staff S/W Eng I-Prod Mgmt Support Consultant-Implementation Support Consultants System Administrator System Administrator (Hosting) System Engineer Systems Administrator Systems Development Director Systems Engineer/DBA Systems Support Specialist (Applications Programmer) Technical Architect-Level 1 Technical Architect-Level 2 Technical Architect-Level 3 (6) Technical Consultant Technical Consultant, Level 1 Technical Consultant, Level 2 Technical Implementation Consultant Technical Manager-Cons (8) Technical Order Manager Technical Software Manager-EJB Technical Support Technician Technical Writer Technology Sales Representative II (4) Telemarketing Manager Telephone Marketing Position Telesales Representative III Test Engineer/Manager TL Sales Consultant TMS Senior Consultant- Carrier Management Solutions TMS Senior Consultant-Carrier Management Solutions TMS Senior Consultant-Transportation Planning & Execution TMS Senior Consultant-Transportation Procurement Trade Show Manager Traffic Manager Trainer & Application Developer Tranportation and Logistics Opportunities (2)

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

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Title Tranportation, Supply Chain, Logistics Professionals Transportation Broker Transportation Customer Logistics Manager Transportation, Supply Chain, Logistics Professionals Unix/Application Server Administrators (multiple positions) VB and .Net Programmers (multiple positions) VB Programmer Vehicle Maintenance Mechanics/Technicians Visual Basic.NET programmer VP of Logistics and Operations VP, Technology Development Warehouse Operations Manager Warehouse Supervisor-Distribution Center web developer Web Developer, Mid Level Web Testers Windows Network Administrators (multiple positions) Grand Total

Number of Advertisements
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 380

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Appendix 4. Large U.S. Logistics Programs by Number of Graduates (Completions) in 2003 (programs with at least 25 graduates in core CIPS)

Institution Community College of the Air Force Georgia Institute of TechnologyMain Campus Michigan State University
Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale Olympic College
Arizona State University-Main Campus
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
The University of Tennessee
Illinois State University
Pennsylvania State UniversityMain Campus Stanford University
George Washington University
Georgia Institute of TechnologyMain Campus University of Missouri-Rolla
Cornell University-Endowed Colleges Purdue University-Main Campus
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
Pennsylvania State UniversityMain Campus United States Naval Academy Community College of the Air Force
George Washington University
Northeastern University Columbia University in the City of New York Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne

CIP Description Logistics and Materials Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Logistics and Materials Management Industrial Technology/Technician Industrial Technology/Technician Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Logistics and Materials Management Industrial Technology/Technician Logistics and Materials Management Engineering/Industrial Management Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Systems Engineering
Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management

State AL GA MI IL WA AZ
MI TN IL PA CA DC GA MO NY IN MI PA MD AL
DC MA NY FL

Degree Associates degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Masters degree Masters degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Associates degree
Postbaccalaureate certificate Masters degree Masters degree Masters degree

Grads. 752 298 244 238 212 185
179 174 169 154 153 152 149 146 141 139 134 130 127 126
122 117 110 109

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

PAGE 52

Institution Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ Cornell University-Endowed Colleges Ohio State University-Main Campus Texas A & M University University of Virginia-Main Campus Auburn University Main Campus
University of Florida Cuny York College Olympic College
University of Wisconsin-Madison Devry University-Illinois
University of Puerto RicoMayaguez Northwestern University
Texas A & M University Florida Institute of TechnologyMelbourne Quinnipiac University
Western Michigan University
Iowa State University
Ohio State University-Main Campus Ohio State University-Main Campus Bemidji State University
Webster University
California Polytechnic State UnivSan Luis Obispo Iowa State University University of Michigan-Dearborn
Baker College Corporate Services
United States Military Academy Columbia University in the City of New York Northwestern University

CIP Description Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Logistics and Materials Management Industrial Engineering
Systems Engineering
Logistics and Materials Management Systems Engineering
Operations Research
Industrial Technology/Technician Industrial Engineering
Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Industrial Engineering
Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial Engineering
Logistics and Materials Management Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Logistics and Materials Management Transportation/Transportation Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Logistics and Materials Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering
Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Systems Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering

State VA NY OH TX VA AL FL NY WA WI IL
PR IL TX FL CT
MI IA OH OH MN MO
CA IA MI MI NY NY IL

Degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Associates degree Bachelors degree Masters degree
Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Associates degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree

Grads. 104 100 100 100 100 93 92 92 91 89 89
87 86 85 85 82
81 81 79 79 77 76
75 75 70 70 69 69 67

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Institution East Carolina University
Central Michigan University
Johns Hopkins University The University of Texas at Arlington University of Florida Southeast Missouri State University North Carolina State University at Raleigh Pennsylvania State UniversityMain Campus Lehigh University Stanford University
Purdue University-Main Campus
Focus Hope Machinist Training Institute University of Arkansas Main Campus New Jersey Institute of Technology
North Georgia College and State University
North Harris Montgomery Community College District Heart of Georgia Technical College
Bowling Green State UniversityMain Campus University of Missouri-Rolla
University of Pittsburgh-Main Campus Arizona State University-Main Campus University of California-Berkeley United States Merchant Marine Academy University of Wisconsin-Madison Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ University of Southern California Baker College Corporate Services
Universidad Politecnica De Puerto Rico Florida International University

CIP Description Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Logistics and Materials Management Systems Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Systems Engineering
Industrial Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Logistics and Materials Management Industrial Engineering
Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Engineering/Industrial Management Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Operations Research
Systems Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial Engineering

State NC MI MD TX FL MO NC PA PA CA IN MI AR NJ GA
TX GA OH MO PA AZ CA NY WI VA CA MI PR FL

Degree Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree
Masters degree Masters degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree
Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree Bachelors degree
Masters degree
Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree
Masters degree
Bachelors degree
Award of less than 1 academic year Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree
Masters degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree
Masters degree Masters degree
Masters degree Bachelors degree
Masters degree
Masters degree

Grads. 67 65 65 64 64 62 62 62 62 62 59 59 58 57 57
57 56 55 54 53 52 52 50 50 48 47 47 47 46

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Institution Arizona State University-Main Campus University of Louisiana at Lafayette
University of Virginia-Main Campus Syracuse University
Hocking College
Millersville University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Central Michigan University
University of North Texas
Wayne State University University of South Florida Jackson State University
University of California-Berkeley Bates Technical College
Southeastern Louisiana University
Florida International University Oklahoma State University-Main Campus Eastern Michigan University
North Carolina State University at Raleigh Alcorn State University
Texas A & M University-Commerce
University of Southern California Iowa State University University of Kansas Main Campus
Naval Postgraduate School Ohio University-Main Campus
University of Iowa Appalachian State University
New Mexico State University-Main Campus California State UniversityFullerton

CIP Description Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Systems Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Operations Research
Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Operations Research
Transportation/Transportation Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Systems Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial Technology/Technician Systems Engineering
Systems Engineering
Engineering/Industrial Management Systems Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Operations Research

State AZ
LA
VA NY
OH
PA
NJ MI
TX
MI FL MS
CA WA
LA
FL OK
MI
NC
MS
TX
CA IA KS
CA OH
IA NC
NM
CA

Degree Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree
Masters degree Masters degree
Award of less than 1 academic year
Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree
Masters degree Masters degree Bachelors degree
Masters degree Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree Masters degree
Masters degree
Masters degree
Bachelors degree
Masters degree
Masters degree Masters degree Masters degree
Masters degree Bachelors degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree
Masters degree
Masters degree

Grads. 46
45
45 44
44
43
43 43
43
43 43 42
42 42
42
41 41
41
40
40
40
39 39 39
39 39
38 38
38
38

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Institution University of Michigan-Dearborn
Southwest Missouri State University Wayne State University
Patrick Henry Community College
Universidad Politecnica De Puerto Rico Iowa State University
Johns Hopkins University
Georgia Southern University
Ohio State University-Main Campus Western Carolina University
Drexel University
Arizona State University East
Ohio Northern University
Dalton State College
University of Pennsylvania Eastern Illinois University
Mississippi State University
Tufts University
Johns Hopkins University
San Jose State University
University of St Thomas Ivy Tech State College-Northeast
Naval Postgraduate School
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Rutgers University-New Brunswick
Eastern Illinois University
George Mason University

CIP Description Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial Engineering

State

Degree

MI

Masters degree

Grads. 38

MO

Bachelors degree

38

MI

Masters degree

38

VA

Associates degree

37

PR

Bachelors degree

37

Transportation/Transportation IA

Bachelors degree

37

Management

Industrial/Manufacturing

MD

Masters degree

37

Engineering

Logistics and Materials

GA

Bachelors degree

36

Management

Industrial/Manufacturing

OH

Masters degree

36

Engineering

Industrial/Manufacturing

NC

Bachelors degree

36

Technology/Technician

Engineering/Industrial

PA

Masters degree

36

Management

Industrial

AZ

Bachelors degree

36

Technology/Technician

Industrial

OH

Bachelors degree

35

Technology/Technician

Industrial/Manufacturing

GA

Associates degree

35

Technology/Technician

Systems Engineering

PA

Bachelors degree

35

Industrial

IL

Bachelors degree

35

Technology/Technician

Industrial/Manufacturing

MS

Bachelors degree

34

Technology/Technician

Engineering/Industrial

MA

Masters degree

34

Management

Systems Engineering

MD

Postbaccalaureate

34

certificate

Industrial/Manufacturing

CA

Bachelors degree

34

Engineering

Systems Engineering

MN

Masters degree

33

Industrial

IN

Associates degree

33

Technology/Technician

Purchasing,

CA

Masters degree

33

Procurement/Acquisitions and

Contracts Management

Systems Engineering

MA

Masters degree

33

Industrial/Manufacturing

NJ

Bachelors degree

33

Engineering

Industrial

IL

Masters degree

33

Technology/Technician

Systems Engineering

VA

Masters degree

32

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Institution Oklahoma State University-Main Campus Clemson University Middle Tennessee State University
University of Houston-University Park Oklahoma State University-Main Campus Portland State University
Farmingdale State University of New York Clackamas Community College
Devry University-California
Georgia Institute of TechnologyMain Campus Portland State University
Iti Technical College
Ivy Tech State College-Southwest
University of Arkansas Main Campus New York University Western Washington University
Oakland University
Suny at Buffalo University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign Suny at Binghamton Western Michigan University
Northeastern State University Montana State UniversityBozeman Washington State University
Devry University-Missouri
United States Air Force Academy University of Nevada-Reno
Georgia College and State University-Robins Air Force Base

CIP Description Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial Engineering
Engineering/Industrial Management Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial Technology/Technician Industrial Technology/Technician Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Operations Research
Logistics and Materials Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial Technology/Technician Logistics and Materials Management Operations Research Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial Engineering Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Engineering/Industrial Management Purchasing, Procurement/Acquisitions and Contracts Management Operations Research Logistics and Materials Management Logistics and Materials Management

State OK SC TN TX OK OR NY OR CA
GA OR LA IN AR NY WA MI NY IL NY MI OK MT WA MO
CO NV GA

Degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Masters degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Associates degree Masters degree
Masters degree Bachelors degree Associates degree Associates degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Masters degree Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree Masters degree
Bachelors degree Bachelors degree Masters degree

Grads. 32 32 32 31 31 31 31 31 31
31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30 30 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
29 29 29

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Institution Phillips Community College of the University of Arkansas Morehead State University
Texas A & M University-Kingsville
University of Miami Colorado State University
North Carolina A & T State University Western Michigan University
North Dakota State UniversityMain Campus University of Washington-Seattle Campus Case Western Reserve University
Pennsylvania State UniversityMain Campus New England Institute of Technology University of Arizona University of Southern California University of Minnesota-Duluth University of Missouri-Rolla Mississippi State University
United States Military Academy
University of Louisville
Trinidad State Junior College

CIP Description Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Systems Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Systems Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Engineering/Industrial Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician

Wayne State University
Berea College
Duquesne University
Louisiana State Univ & Ag & Mech & Hebert Laws Ctr Suny at Buffalo California State Polytechnic University-Pomona University of Pittsburgh-Main Campus Rochester Institute of Technology
Southeastern Louisiana University

Logistics and Materials Management Industrial/Manufacturing Technology/Technician Logistics and Materials Management Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial Engineering
Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing Engineering Industrial/Manufacturing

State AR
KY

Degree Award of less than 1 academic year Bachelors degree

Grads. 29
29

TX

Bachelors degree

28

FL

Masters degree

28

CO

Bachelors degree

28

NC

Masters degree

28

MI

Masters degree

28

ND

Bachelors degree

27

WA

Bachelors degree

27

OH

Masters degree

27

PA

Masters degree

27

RI

Associates degree

27

AZ

Bachelors degree

26

CA

Bachelors degree

26

MN

Bachelors degree

26

MO

Masters degree

26

MS

Bachelors degree

26

NY

Bachelors degree

26

KY

Masters degree

26

CO

Award of at least 1

26

but less than 2

academic years

MI

Bachelors degree

26

KY

Bachelors degree

26

PA

Bachelors degree

25

LA

Bachelors degree

25

NY

Bachelors degree

25

CA

Bachelors degree

25

PA

Masters degree

25

NY

Bachelors degree

25

LA

Associates degree

25

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Institution Northeastern University

CIP Description Technology/Technician
Engineering/Industrial Management

State

Degree

MA

Masters degree

Grads. 25

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

PAGE 59

Appendix 5. Results of Qualitative Interviews

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Executive Interviews

Organization 3PL

Where there are shortages
Primarily middle management positions
Degreed professionals for long-term management development ("benchstrength"), particularly with some type of logistics education; candidates must have grasp of operations; does not typically recruit from GT because students are more engineering oriented

What drives hiring;
Some hiring done for building "bench strength," management succession
Most hiring is direct result of new business, which can change quickly
New facilities must sometimes be opened very quickly, as little as 2 weeks

Experience vs. education
Degrees ideal for lowlevel managers, required for middle and up
At least 1 year experience for lowlevel managers, who manage hourly employees; 3 to 5 years required for managing supervisors
Mix of internal experience and industry/business knowledge ideal when opening new facilities
Persons coming out of college without experience do not understand how to manage people, how to communicate with and motivate workers

How they recruit
Through recruiters and internet, as well as internally

Georgia vs. other states
Entry-level talent is adequate in Georgia
Neither surplus or shortage of logistics talent, except experienced, degreed persons who can move up the management ladder
Have not lost people to logistics positions in other locations, relocations are primarily due to personal reasons; generally the opposite is true: persons in logistics move to Atlanta

Relationship with universities
Recruits only from universities with formal undergraduate logistics programs; does not recruit from Georgia universities
Recruits all levels of students, including Ph.D.s (rarely)
University programs need to be more specific to logistics and supply-chain management; must cultivate management and leadership skills; must have an internship program
Technical schools only used for existing employees who have management potential but no secondary education
Willing to consider

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Organization IT

Where there are shortages
None, occasional needs for specific skills in development engineering (e.g., experienced Windows CE programmer)

What drives hiring;

Experience vs. education

Growth and attrition, both are slow and steady
Approximately 3 positions currently open only because the hiring cycle time

Degrees generally required for R&D positions, also require a minimum of 4-5 years experience
Experience is more important than education for other positions

How they recruit
Recruiters and HR staff No problems finding personnel Not an issue Some hiring from universities and tech colleges

Georgia vs. other states
Adequate to good Not an issue

Relationship with universities in-kind contribution to universities; already working with Clayton State, has worked on GT student projects, would enjoy working with larger universities
Interested in working with HBCU, need diversity in upperlevel position (industry-wide)
Have hired a fair number of GT grads and use GT interns, also hire from other techoriented schools
Programs are adequate
Make use of seminar programs (Logistics Institute, etc.) for highpotential personnel, feedback from programs has been good
Would like to see more RF

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Organization Where there are shortages

What drives hiring;

Experience vs. education

How they recruit

Georgia vs. other states

3PL

Transportation

Acquisitions

Both degrees and

Interpersonal

Entry-level talent

management and logistics sales, particularly with experience

Long-hours for executives; hiring contract labor

experience required for management positions

networking for higher level positions, some use of recruiters
Ads and internet

is good Not an issue

General talent

used to recruit lower

Largest numeric needs

level positions

for drivers and

warehouse personnel

3PL, IT

Creative, critical thinkers with industry experience

Business growth and attrition
Concerned with "logistics of people," getting talent to the right place quickly, this is a business imperative

Degrees required for all positions, logisticsrelated experience desired; both can be from diverse sources

Various

Not an issue

Relationship with universities technology training programs at tech colleges
Interested in university partnership on a limited, nonmonetary basis
No relationships, but approaching GT
Would like to see both university and college programs augmented, particularly freight brokerage training in tech colleges
Very interested in partnership with universities
Extensive partnerships
Hire from universities
Students need to cycle between the classroom and marketplace more rapidly; such students could be source of business intelligence for

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Organization Where there are shortages

What drives hiring;

Experience vs. education

Transportation provider

Experienced, lower-level personnel: agents and drivers
Higher-level personnel with combination of technical and leadership skills, experience/ability to work in large-scale operations
Persons with strong general work skills and logistics experience, largest shortages in drivers and experienced managers
Current need for import agent, import agent, and customs clerks

Customer demand, business growth, attrition, corporate objectives

Experience is much more important, degrees desired for managers and supervisors

How they recruit
Various Constantly networking and interviewing constantly Hire from competitors

Georgia vs. other states
Only an issue for persons with experience working in large, high-volume operations
Entry-level talent is adequate
No surpluses or shortages, but not a lot of interest in the industry in workforce
Generally easy to recruit people to Atlanta, away from other major metros
Not an issue

Relationship with universities universities
Has no relationship with universities or colleges, and does not generally hire from them
University grads tend to have high salary expectations and no experience
Training is a huge investment, personnel must have a long-term commitment
Would like to see programs that give students experience, parttime jobs in logistics
College can be important for basic skills, learning ability, and general business knowledge
Students should be informed about opportunities in logistics, but must have reasonable expectations about

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Organization Where there are shortages

Trucking, 3PL

Shortages is highly trained, certifiably qualified personnel at both the low end (truck drivers, fork lift operators, warehouse workers) and high end (operations research and management, systems engineering, programming, etc.)

Logistics

Truck drivers, logistics,

What drives hiring;
Customer requirements and productivity. Constantly pursuing major business (USPS, LG Electronics, Home Depot are recent customers)
The need to fill

Experience vs. education
Experience and education are both essential, although exact combination varies by customer needs, person and circumstance High-end employees require education in accounting, systems engineering, and computer programming, but must be familiar with customers, their needs and businesses Low-end employees have to have experience and training, now including haz-mat, quality, computers, etc. Quality, ethics, and leadership are important areas for training/education Need mid-level

How they recruit
Primarily from within, via development and succession planning and training/education, and from competitors
Multistate search

Georgia vs. other states
Entry-level personnel is adequate Georgia is a favorable location because of industry opportunity, climate, and presence of major metro Atlanta competes with Memphis, Nashville, Louisville, Cleveland, Columbus, Dallas, Chicago
Maritime college

Relationship with universities salary and career path Is interested in recruiting from universities Interviewee is adjunct faculty for two universities, including Georgia Tech Uses interns and co-ops, and has hired undergrads from GT, UGA, Emory Seeking greater diversity in hiring, especially women and minorities Sees need for more education in ethics, leadership, and quality Low-level workers need computer and systems skills
Work with Georgia

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Organization
Infrastructure Manager

Where there are shortages warehouse workers.
Higher demand for scheduling and planning of cargo movement to distribution warehouse
Well rounded, understands, business acumen, can beyond a standard business model. Understands multiple transportation modes.
Not as much the maritime/marine workers,

What drives hiring; land-based demands.

Experience vs. education management with an industry background.

How they recruit
Competition for experience and industry familiarity is fierce. Cannot rely on other in-state locales.

Georgia vs. other states level institutions in the states, whether its SUNY or maritime academy.
Landside support network is Georgia's largest gap today. Use University of Tennessee and Arizona.

Relationship with universities Southern, UT, Arizona.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Academic Interviews

Strengths

1

Technical capability,

engineering

Multinational firm linkages

2,3

Professional development,

Executive programs

Multinational firm linkages

Challenges
MLOG at MIT
Not well known business program vs. University of Tennessee
Lack of strategic business courses
Lack of undergraduate program
Lack of understanding of international logistics issues

Who Hires Graduates Multinationals 3PLS Large retailers with many outlets Shippers
International firms Multinationals

4

Some capability in

undergraduate business

programs

Best known programs are out of state: U Tenn, Michigan State, Arkansas, North Florida

Large firms in Atlanta

Maritime Logistics Innovation Center

Lack of academic expertise in maritime logistics

Not enough logistics-faculty in any business program

Logistics is a discipline, not a skill to be taught

5

Proximity to the Atlanta airport Best programs are not in

Entry level front line supervisory

Proximity to distribution firms
Advisory board of businesses
Some capability in undergraduate business programs
It is a competitive advantage for logistics firms to have someone

Georgia: Penn State, Ohio State, U of Tenn, Michigan State
Lack of faculty resources to create an accredited major
Logistics is a discipline, not a skill to be taught

positions Inventory mgt. Fleet mgt. Freight forwarders Distribution centers Warehouses

Suggested Initiatives MBA+Masters in Engineering Scholarship to retain logistics graduates RFID and information systems Modular curriculum development
Risk Mitigation International Logistics Lean Logistics Logistics portal Incorporate logistics into core business curriculums Support offer of doctoral level logistics program in Georgia business school Cooperative professional development programs merging business and technical aspects of logistics Draw on existing professional association toolkits Offer an undergraduate business concentration in logistics Need at least 3 faculty for this.

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

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Strengths with a college degree who can see the big picture
Most graduates with logistics education want to stay in Georgia

Challenges

Who Hires Graduates Trucking lines Customs house brokers

Suggested Initiatives

6

Is an important industry in

No undergrad course in

Industry is probably filling positions Most important to have good

Georgia

logistics

with graduates from out-of-state

undergraduate logistics business

An increasing number of

Embedding logistics in existing institutions

program (need 3 faculty)

positions in logistics require

discipline limits possibility of

Program should be broad-based:

college education (growth of IT tenure

transportation, warehousing,

and importance of linking supply chain)

Logistics is a discipline, not a skill to be taught

purchasing, modeling, network design (Penn State is a model)

Embed logistics into business core

curriculum

Draw on existing professional association toolkits

SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF HUMAN CAPITAL FOR LOGISTICS FIRMS

PAGE 68