Restoring, preserving official documents, manuscripts, books, and maps

Restoring Preserving Official Documents Manuscripts
Books
.and
Maps
RESTORATION SECfION GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY
SECRETARY OF STATE ATLANTA, 1972

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface .. Introduction Responsibilities and Functions Definitions . . . . . . . .
PART ONE
Restoration Process . . . . 1. Receiving and Cleaning 2. Deacidification 3. Sandwiching 4. Lamination 5. Finishing .
Map Restoration . Letterpress . . . Charred Documents Fungi and Vermin Infested Documents .
PART TWO
Hand Lamination .. Solvents and Their Use Parchment and Vellum Care of Leather . Scrapbooks . . . Spot Testing Procedures Chemicals, Materials, and Equipment for Small Shops Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. VII 1 1
2 2 3 4 6 7 8 10 10 11
17 17 19 19 20 20 21 23

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Al

PREFACE
The first effective process for arresting and stabilizing acidity in papers was developed in 1940 by Mr. W. J. Barrow. Before that development Mr. Barrow had invented a laminating machine which used cellulose acetate film, heat and pressure.
The Barrow method of deacidifying consists of five basic steps: (1) Placing each individual sheet between two bronze wire screens, (2) soaking the screened documents for twenty minutes in a solution of calcium hydroxide, (3) immediately soaking the documents for the same length of time in a solution of calcium bicarbonate, (4) air drying the documents, and (5) removing the documents from the screens, moistening them, and placing them under a press for twenty-four hours. In addition, the entire restoration method includes receiving and cleaning each individual sheet before the deacidification process takes place. Although this method is time consuming and tedious, all the steps are necessary in order to arrest the paper's acidity and to prepare the document for the additional steps of sandwiching, laminating, and finishing.
The state of Georgia purchased its first Barrow laminator in 1942 and applied Mr. Barrow's methods for the restoration and preservation of paper documents. Today, over thirty years later, most of the original steps are still used in the process, but some new steps have also been developed. Mr. Barrow's contributions were those of a pioneer in this field. Moreover, since his death in 1967 the W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory has continued his work and remains a leading authority in the field of restoration. Other researchers in this field have also contributed to the knowledge of document restoration and preservation.
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INTRODUCTION
The problems involved in the restoration and preservation of books, manuscripts, maps, and other documents have become increasingly acute over the past 35 years. The immense volume of documents which flows into an archives, library, or governmental agency each year has increased demands upon archivists, librarians, and records officers for the retention, microfilming, repairing, and safekeeping of documents, and has created a near-gargantuan task of restoring and preserving those documents. It is to this problem of restoration and preservation that this pamphlet is directed. Herein, all books, manuscripts, maps, etc., will be referred to as "documents."
It is not possible within the limited range of this pamphlet to include the many facets of research relating to this great problem of restoration and preservation of documents. Our purpose is to present the major results of such research as employed by the Restoration Section of the Georgia Department of Archives and History. The principal areas covered in this pamphlet were chosen for their practical value to the layman. The technician is directed to the bibliography for additional information.
The archivist, librarian, records officer, and bibliophile will probably find that their greatest problems come from either slightly deteriorated documents or documents needing repair without the added expense of re-binding or restoring by lamination. However, such persons will sometimes find documents which justify the expense of re-binding or lamination and which will need more elaborate preservation treatments. These problems and treatments, along with their monetary concerns, are discussed in this pamphlet.
The vast amount of restoration equipment and the cost of such equipment may be prohibitive unless the major work of an individual, library, or institution is directly connected with the restoration of a very large number of documents. Fortunately, such equipment is not necessary for restoring and repairing a small number of documents, and the equipment which can be used is generally at hand.
It is strongly advised that a careful survey be made of individual needs to avoid a great waste of time, money, and personnel. It is also suggested that the actual work of restoring or preserving documents be restricted to specific individuals trained in appropriate methods and techniques. The techniques involved in restoration and preservation are not difficult, but the proper and expert application of such techniques is the result of experience, since each restoration or preservation problem is distinctly unique. The methods of proper deacidification, expert inlay, wise use of chemical testing, etc., render better results through experience.
The methods, techniques and suggestions described are, of necessity, general in nature and are not to be interpreted as the only methods and techniques which can be employed in restoring and preserving documents. The Restoration Section of the Georgia Department of Archives and History is pleased to share what we have learned and welcomes information from others.
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RESPONSIBILITIES AND FUNCTIONS

As a unit of an official governmental agency, the restoration section's responsibilities are to preserve through archival restoration procedures those documents needed by state, county and municipal governments in the conduct of their official business, and to restore and preserve state and local documented history in compliance with the following Georgia Laws: Documents (section 40-805 of the Georgia Code); Maps (section 40-604 of the Georgia Code); and Evaluating and Testing (section 40802 of the Georgia Code).
Specifically, the Restoration Section of the Georgia Department of Archives and History is charged with the following functions:
1. Restoring and preserving the official records of state, county and municipal governments.
2. Restoring and preserving all official maps of surveys that the Secretary of State (Surveyor General) is required by law to maintain.
3. Compiling, evaluating, and testing informative data

and techniques concerning restoration and preservation and making the information available to governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and individuals.
4. Working with private industry in developing archival standards for paper, ink, glue, tape and other items.
5. Keeping up to date with the latest techniques and technological advancements in restoration and preservation of documents.
6. Maintaining all equipment, material and supplies so that the section remains operational.
Because the Archives Department's restoration lab is the only restoration lab in the state meeting archival standards, the staff responds to the need for training of personnel from various levels of government and the public. Training encompasses all areas of restoration and preservation as practiced in the Georgia Department of Archives and History.

DEFINITIONS

BINDING MARGIN: The space between two sheets in

a sandwich; position in which a

spine is placed to achieve proper binding.

CEMENT:

One pint acetone and one piece

of acetate film (88/1000" thick, containing a stable plasticizer), 23th" x 17%". The acetate film

should be stirred into the acetone until it has completely dissolved. Also referred to as glue.

DE-BACKING:

Cutting away old binding material

from pages.

DOCUMENT:

Any writing, book, or other single

instrument for the communication of information, including maps

or photographic material; the

smallest record or archival unit may consist of a page, sheet, or

image, or any number of pages needed to continue or complete the communication.

FOLD:

A bend in any flexible material.

(Example: bend made by posi-

tioning one document of a sand-

wich onto the other document of the sandwich and creasing).

FRAGMENT:

A small detached portion, an

HALF-SHEET: INK: INLAY:
PAPER: PRESERVATION: RESTORATION:

imperfect, or incomplete part of a document. A partial sheet from a volume made uniform with the other sheets of the volume by adding the missing portion from matching weight paper.
A fluid or viscous material, of various colors, used for writing or printing.
One piece of tissue, one piece of acetate and another piece of tissue laminated together. Also called filler. (It is cut to fill a missing area or spot in the document and gives structural strength and balance to the document).
A substance made in thin sheets or leaves from rags, straw, bark, wood, cotton, or other fibrous materials.
To keep from injury or destruction; protect, save; to keep intact.
Repair or rehabilitation of a document in which it regains all or nearly all the qualities and appearances it had in its original state.

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SANDWICH:
SECTION: SHEET: SIGNATURE: SPINE:

A unit of materials consisting of a sheet of tissue, a sheet of acetate, a document or documents, a sheet of acetate and a sheet of tissue. One or more signatures joined together to make up a uniform sandwich. Includes both the front and back of a single leaf document or single document from a bound volume. A sandwich made up of two sheets to form a unit for binding or folding. Acid-free bond paper of various widths and weights positioned within the binding margin of the

STORAGE: TACKING: TRIM:
VOLUME:

sandwich and laminated with the documents to give sheets correct flexibility.
Safekeeping documents or materials.
Sewing together with needle and heavy cotton or linen thread 2 or more signatures in the folds of the signatures.
To cut uniformly edges of a document, section, or a group of pages of a volume. (Trim should be approximately 1/16" from edge of document to insure proper sealing).
A group of sheets of a book, magazine, or newspaper.

RESTORATION PROCESS

The restoration process employed by the Department of Archives and History is broken down into the following five general stages: (1) Receiving and Cleaning- removing foreign material that could cause acidity and other damage to the document; (2) Deacidifying-restoring or establishing acidic neutrality of the document; (3) Sandwiching-preparing the deacidified document for laminating; (4) Laminating-protecting the document against a future harmful acidic environment; (5) Trimming (Finishing)-providing an edge or border of fused acetate and tissue around the laminated document, thus insuring a

seal against possible leakage which could re-introduce an acidic condition.
The following discussion of the restoration method and techniques employed refers generally to documents that were bound before restoration and are to be re-bound after restoration. Single-sheet restoration will be noted when discussed. The most economical and/or quickest methods are not always the most effective methods. In restoration, the end result-restoring the document so that no further damage will be imposed when the document is handled under normal conditions-must always be kept in mind.

RECEIVING AND CLEANING

The restoration section is a technical processing area and never directly accessions documents. Documents for restoration are accessioned through the appropriate public service section within the Department of Archives and History. Documents received must be accompanied by a work order (Fig. 1) which describes the document, gives its source, and provides instructions for the work required. Consultations are held at this time with the appropriate section if special restoration problems exist. These problems are then noted on the work order (Example: water soluble ink, arrangement of documents, sheets missing, stains, etc.).
After reviewing the work order the document is recorded in a work order log set up by name of the originating section. (Fig. 2). This work order log serves as the

principal aid in making out monthly and annual reports of work received from various sections within the Archives. It also is a quick reference that states which documents are in the process of being restored. After logging is completed, the work order is attached to a folder, and the document is placed within the folder.
Documents received for restoration which have irregularities . .'1bering must be numbered in order to insure that sheets are not lost or rebound out of sequence. Numbers should be placed in the lower left comer of each sheet in pencil (#3 lead) in odd numerical sequence: 1, 3, 5, 7, etc. The numbers should be clearly visible but should also be as small as possible in order not to detract from the document.
The problems of half-sheets, fragments and a sheet in

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several pieces can be eliminated if a set plan is followed. Half-sheets are given a number as though they were entire sheets. Fragments are given a number plus a letter. The number refers to the page involved and the letter refers to the fragment involved (Example: 43-A refers to page 43, 1st fragment; 43-B refers to page 43, 2nd fragment). These fragments after laminating are known as sew-ins. If a sheet is in several pieces each piece is given the same number, and the number is placed in the lower left corner on each piece. These numbers are carefully erased at the time of sandwiching.
When the entire document has been numbered, it is checked for mistakes by an individual other than the one who did the original numbering.
Numbering is followed by the cut-down or break-down of the document. The document's case or cover is cut off, exposing the back binding of the document which holds the various sections of the document in place. In most instances the back side of the binding is covered with leather or canvas which has been applied with glue. A sharp knife or a de-backer and a wood rasp should be used to remove this material (Fig. 5).
When all the glue, etc., has been removed, the document is then separated sheet by sheet. If no writing or printing interferes, the document is trimmed uniformly on the binding edge. The document is now ready for cleaning, which requires the greatest of care, attention and knowledge of procedure.
The cleaning of a document is the removal of any foreign material that would cause physical damage to the document or interfere with the restoration process. The cleaning should always precede deacidification since deacidifying may affix the foreign material to the surface of the sheet, making removal quite difficult or impossible. The procedure used for cleaning the document is determined by the type of foreign material to be removed. (See "Solvents and Their Use.")

Dust, the most common of all foreign material needing removal, is quickly and effectively removed by the use of a wallpaper cleaner, unless the dust is embedded in the pores of the sheets. Then, a soft art-gum eraser is used. The wallpaper cleaner should be molded in an amount large enough to fit the palm of the hand and should be constantly re-molded during the cleaning so that the compound remains moist. When the used wallpaper cleaner becomes almost totally black or dry, it should be discarded and new wallpaper cleaner applied. Should the cleaning be interrupted for any period over five minutes, the compound should be returned to the container so that it will not lose its moisture. However, too much moisture, or very high humidity should be avoided, as the compound will crumble and cling to the surface of the document. The entire sheet should be cleaned on both sides with quick and gentle strokes from top to bottom. It is important that all loose particles of the cleaning compound be removed from the surface of the document as these particles will harden and may become affixed to the surface. Should this occur, the particles are best removed by the use of a small brush. Use of hands would leave behind oil residue.
In cleaning a fragile document, the actual strokes should be even more gentle than usual to prevent tearing the document. Should a sheet be torn during the cleaning process and not actually separated, it is advisable to use a water-soluble tape (never use thermo-plastic or pressuresensitive tapes) to hold the tear together until the time of deacidification.
Pencil marks are easily removed with a soft art-gum eraser. No eraser should be used if there is a possibility that the eraser will damage the paper fibers or remove ink.
When the document has been cleaned of all foreign material it is ready for deacidification.

DEACIDIFICATION

The prime objective of deacidification is to neutralize the acid in paper documents.
An acidic condition is produced by various factors: compounds and impurities in the paper itself (groundwood); the manufacturing process (alum in sizing or glue in binding); atmospheric gases (sulfur-dioxide or carbon monoxide); chemical reactions of inks used; storage conditions (adverse lighting or insufficient temperature and humidity control); migration from other papers (discoloration); etc.
There are three methods used at Georgia Archives that can be used in the deacidification process: the sponge method (used for documents that contain water-soluble inks); the spray method (used for bound volumes that must remain intact); and the submerging method (used

for documents that contain inks which are not watersoluble). The last method is recommended for use whenever possible because it allows the documents to absorb a maximum amount of the deacidifying solution.
To insure optimal results, begin the deacidification process by mixing the necessary chemicals in the correct proportions. Use 8.5 grams of magnesium carbonate for each gallon of water in the deacidification tank.
Stir the solution vigorously for about 1 minute. Then place the hose from the carbon dioxide gas (C02) tank in the deacidification tank so that it is touching the bottom
of the tank. Let the gas bubble in the solution for 2
hours to diffuse all of the magnesium carbonate solution
to form a magnesium bicarbonate solution.

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While the solution is bubbling, the documents can be prepared for the next steps. First, any inks on the documents must be tested to determine whether or not they are water-soluble. Documents containing inks that are not water-soluble can be submerged in the deacidification tank. On the other hand, documents containing watersoluble inks must be deacidified by the sponge technique, which will be described later in this section.
A small piece of cotton and water are the only materials needed for the ink test. Saturate the cotton with water and touch it to the ink on the document. If there is any color on the cotton, or if the ink on the document has feathered or discolored, the ink is water-soluble. Documents that contain ink which is only slightly watersoluble may be painted with an acetone and acetate solution before proceeding with the deacidification process. This process is used only when ink is not soluble in acetone. The acetone and acetate solution will enable these documents to be submerged in the tank without having to be sponged.
Next, place the document with non water-soluble ink between bronze wire screens. Stack the screens and documents in the following order: 1 screen, document, 1 screen, document, 2 screens, document, 1 screen, document, 2 screens, etc. until the entire volume is screened or until the stack is 2 inches high. If the documents are badly deteriorated, use a short stack so that the weight of the screens will not crush or mutilate the papers.
Now, drain the solution of magnesium bicarbonate from the tank into a sink, and immerse the stacks of documents for 20 to 30 minutes. Be sure all documents are sufficiently covered with the solution.
After the immersion period has ended, remove the now deacidified documents from the sink and drain off any excess solution. Remove any water-soluble foreign material from the documents. Place the sets of screens and documents on a drying rack in groups of 3 screens for 24 to 48 hours.
After the documents have dried, remove the screens. Rub the documents with a sponge that has been dipped in the magnesium bicarbonate solution. This light rubbing removes any dust or dirt that is present and eliminates wrinkles and fold-overs. Then place the documents in a screw-type press until they are ready to be sandwiched.

Deacidification of Documents with Water Soluble Inks (Sponge Technique)
NOTE: If many documents are to be sponged, use a steam iron to damp dry each sheet to prevent curling.
Prepare a solution of magnesium carbonate and water (l oz. magnesium carbonate for each quart of water). Place the hose from the carbon dioxide gas tank into the solution. Let the gas bubble into the solution for 2 hours.
Soak a sponge in the magnesium bicarbonate solution. Squeeze out the excess and carefully wipe each sheet, avoiding areas of water-soluble inks. If water soluble inks are located on just one side of the document, wipe only the other side. The whole sheet will still absorb the solution. Then, put the documents in a screw-type press for 24 to 48 hours.
Check the documents to see if they have dried properly. If the drying process is not complete, insert blank dry sheets (blotters) after every fifth document and press the stack again. Deacidification of Volumes That Must Remain Intact (Spray Technique)
Prepare the same solution that is used in the "sponge" technique. Make sure that the volume to be sprayed has been opened as widely as possible.
Fill a hand sprayer or an electrically operated pressure spray can with the magnesium bicarbonate solution. Spray the pages on both sides, turning them rapidly to avoid over-permeation by the solution. Be sure the binding edges and sewn and glued areas of the volume have absorbed the solution. CAUTION: Be sure the case or binding (particularly leather) is protected and that the spine does not become distorted while damp.
After the entire volume has been sprayed, put it in a screw-type press under light pressure for 24 to 48 hours. Then place the volume upright on a stand or table and spread the sheets into a fan-like position to accelerate drying. Keep the volume in this position for several hours.
At this time check the sheets to be sure they are still slightly damp. If they are too dry, dampen every fifth sheet with some of the magnesium bicarbonate solution. If the sheets are too wet, insert blotters after every fifth sheet. Replace the volume in the press until it is completely dry.

SANDWICHING

Sandwiching is the stage in which the document is prepared for the actual lamination. This stage is simple in explanation, but the actual application is complex, and time consuming. If this stage is improperly performed a bound volume may not be in alignment, and sheets may not be in proper order, necessitating de-lamination of the document.

Sandwiching single-sheet documents or documents which do not require uniform folding is the simplest type of sandwiching. The sandwiching desk is cleared of all material that is not required. First, cement must be made. This is prepared by mixing 1 pint of acetone with a piece of acetate film (88/10,000" thick, with a stable plasticizer), size 23lh" x 17%", stirring until dissolved. If the con-

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sistency of the cement is thicker than this ratio, a spot may be formed on the document when it is laminated. Next, with the work board on top of the desk and in position to start, a sheet of tissue (6th lb. weight per 100 sheets of long fiber, size 23th" x 35th" tissue) is centered on the work board. The acetate, which must be 14" smaller on all sides than the tissue, is centered on it. (If the acetate is larger, or extends out over the tissue's edges, it can stick during the lamination process and tear the document). The document is then centered on the acetate and pasted to it by touching the cement at the corners of the document, using a small brush. Another sheet of acetate is placed on top of the document, then a sheet of tissue applied, completing the sandwich. In summary, the completed sandwich consists of the following: tissue, acetate, document, acetate, tissue.
Next, the four corners of the top tissue are pasted to the four corners of the bottom tissue so they will stay together during lamination and prevent foldovers.
Considering the tissue dimensions of 23th" x 35th", it is possible to place several small documents within the same sandwich. When using this technique, remember to keep a 1 inch margin on all sides of every document, measuring from the edge of the acetate.
Sandwiching for multi-page documents begins with the removal of the document from the screw-type press and its delivery to the sandwiching desk where the numbering sequence of the pages within the document are checked to see that all sheets are present and in the correct order. When this check is completed the sandwiching form is drawn (Fig. 4). The form consists of a chipboard taped to the work board with three lines on the right side two inches from the right edge. One line is drawn across the top of the form, 2" from the top edge and perpendicular to the three lines on the right side. Next, the document sheets are measured in width. The width of the widest sheet multiplied by 2, plus the width of the spine (the distance between the two documents which usually is 3" wide) gives the distance the line on the left side should be drawn from the inside line of the three on the right side. This line on the left side should be drawn perpendicular to the line at the top.
Next, the length of the document is measured (Fig. 4). If the volume sheets are not uniform in length, the untrimmed longest sheet is measured and this measurement is used to draw the bottom line of the form; it is parallel to the top line. The binding margin or spine lines are optional in the drawing of the form, but are considered an aid in learning this technique of sandwiching.
Alignment must be employed in all sandwiching processes when the finished document is to be bound. The three lines on the right of the sandwiching form are used in aligning the documents. The process is begun after the first sheet of tissue and acetate are positioned on the form.

The first 5 sheets or documents of the volume have been removed and placed as a unit in a stack to the left of the work form face down. The next 5 sheets of the volume have been grouped in a stack on the right and left face up. (These two stacks of sheets will make one section of the finished document.) This procedure of making sections in this manner will continue until the entire document is complete. The outer edge of the topmost document in the left stack, still in the face down position, is placed along the left line on the form, and the document is pushed up until its top edge reaches the top line. Making sure that it does not slip, it is pasted to the acetate with glue. The outer edge of the topmost sheet on the right stack is placed along the innermost line on the right side of the form and is pushed up until the top edge of the document touches the top line on the form. Again making sure that it does not slip, the sheet is also pasted to the acetate in the same manner. The spine is then pasted to the acetate in the binding margin. Be sure that it does not slip.!

After the document and spine are positioned, the second sheet of acetate and the second sheet of tissue are pasted down with glue. The finished sandwich is removed from the work board and the next sandwich is assembled. The same procedure is followed (always taking the topmost document from each stack) except for taking the sheets from the right stack. When applying the document from the right stack the sheet is moved to the right approximately 1/16" or halfway between the innermost and the center line of the three lines. The sandwich is then finished in the same manner as the first. On the third sandwich, the sheet from the right stack is placed on the center line of the three lines; on the fourth sandwich, the sheet from the right stack is placed halfway between the center line and the right line of the three lines; on the fifth sandwich the right sheet is placed on the right line of the three lines. This completes the first section of the document.

In most cases the last section will not contain ten

sheets, and such sheets should be divided into two equal

stacks. If an odd number of sheets is present, a blank

sheet should be added to the very back of the volume.

The same weight of paper should be used if possible.

This back blank sheet may be removed after restoration

is completed by cutting the binding margin at least th"

from the binding edge and applying cement to the cut

edge.

(Continued)

'The type or weight of paper to use for the spine (the reinforcem<!nt) in the binding margin is of great importance. It should be remembered that the spine must be more flexible than the document, but not to the extent that the sheet will flop around when the pages of the volume are turned. The flexibility and size of the document, along with the width of the binding margin, will determine the weight of the spine paper to be used. In most cases, 9 lb., long fibers, size 22" x 34" and 13 lb., long fibers, size 22" x 34", will be sufficient. Heavier and lighter paper can be used if warranted, but in all cases, the paper should be acid-free or deacidified.

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Installing inlay is a special procedure in sandwiching to achieve structural balance. Inlay is made by laminating one sheet of acetate between two sheets of tissue. If thicker inlay is required it is made by adding an additional sheet of acetate and tissue before lamination. Inlay sheets are made in quantity to be on hand when needed. Inlay is installed when the document sheet is placed in the form and a missing portion, if smaller than a quartersheet, is used for structural balance. The inlay is cut to fit the missing portion with an over-lap of approximately

YB". If the inlay extends to an edge of the document it is cut flush with the document to remain within the form. On quarter-sheets or larger it is best to use paper of the same weight as the document, as an inlay, to achieve structural balance.
Documents that contain oil, or are very brittle or are mold or fungus-infested should be painted with cement before sandwiching to insure better adhesion and to prevent splitting when they are laminated.

LAMINATION

Lamination is the sealing and fusing of a document to acetate and tissue, accomplished by applying controlled heat and pressure. The heat melts the acetate so that it is absorbed by the document and tissue. Pressure is then applied to form a homogeneous unit which protects the document from any acidic permeation.
Torn pages in bound volumes can be repaired by hand lamination. One should have a thorough understanding of machine lamination before employing the hand lamination method.
The Georgia Department of Archives and History uses both the Barrow and the Arbee laminators. The end results are the same in both machines, but the techniques differ. All laminating techniques discussed in this pamphlet may be applied to both machines unless otherwise stated.
The first step is to turn the laminating machine on and set the temperature. The temperature will vary according to the type and size of the machine and the size and thickness of the documents. 320F is usually used with adjustments made accordingly. While the machine is heating, one can assemble all materials to be used in the operation.
The laminating "sandwich" consists of two sheets of chip board cut to dimensions of 1" less than the width of the laminating oven and 2" to 4" longer than the length of the oven. Two sheets of teflon are cut to measurements that are 1" narrower than the chip board and 2" shorter. It is important that the documents, including the tissue and the acetate, are smaller than the teflon to prevent sticking and tearing. The teflon has amazing anti-stick properties and good resistance to tearing. It is also non-flammable, virtually chemically inert, and suitable for use up to 390F. Higher temperatures should not be used as the teflon exudes toxic vapors above 390F.
Two sets of laminating sandwiches should be made. As one sandwich is passed through the laminator, the operator should place documents in the second sandwich so that it will be ready for processing. By using two sandwiches the operator is able to work smoothly and efficiently.

When the temperature has reached the laminating level, the laminating materials must be dehydrated. The chip boards are run through the laminator one at a time, two times each, first one end and then the other. After all four chip boards are run through the laminator twice, the pressure rollers are wiped with a cloth to remove condensation. Then the chip boards are paired and run through again. Next, 2 sheets of teflon are put between the 2 boards, and these materials are run through the laminator. (IMPORTANT: The pressure rollers must be wiped to remove condensation after each "run" through the laminator.)
The Barrow Laminator requires adjustment by hand for the pressure rollers. The roller pressure is controlled by 4 screw bolts atop spring bars. Pressure should be applied evenly to the screw bolts until they are screwed fast to the spring bars. The front bolts on each side are turned for various pressures. For more detail on this technique, the reader is directed to the section in Barrow's manual of instructions pertaining to temperature and pressure adjustment.
The next step is the actual lamination of the documents. First, an L-shaped work table should be positioned with one end next to the mouth of the oven (Fig. 4). The operator then makes a laminating sandwich in the following manner: board, teflon, sandwich (document), teflon, board.
The oven is then opened so that the laminating sandwich can be inserted. An inch or two of the sandwich will protrude from the laminator. Using the Arbee machine, the laminating sandwich must be pushed in until it comes in contact with the pressure rollers. The oven time is preset and is approximately 25 seconds. The time element will vary slightly according to the size and thickness of the document involved. The sandwich automatically moves through the pressure rollers. Using the Barrow machine, the document must be pushed through the pressure rollers by the use of a pusher.
While the first sandwich is moving through the oven, the second sandwich is placed in the oven and the same

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techniques applied. The first sandwich is taken from the top of the machine (Barrow) or from the roll-out table (Arbee) and placed on the work table at the mouth of the oven. Next, the top board and teflon are removed and placed at the other end of the L-shaped table. The document is now removed and placed in the angle of the L. A new document sandwich is placed on the teflon and the entire process is repeated.
The laminated documents are then pressed by placing them one by one between chip boards until a stack approximately 4" high is made. Then a pressing board is inserted and, if necessary, the stack is continued, applying the same technique. When the stack is completed, it is placed under a heavy screw press where it should remain for 24 to 48 hours.
Pressing the laminated documents between chip boards accomplishes the following: (l) The laminated documents are flattened, eliminating the tendency to curl. (2) The pressing helps impart a smooth finish to the document. (3) The documents absorb moisture from the chip boards while they are being pressed. This absorption is important after the high temperature the document was exposed to during lamination. With the laminated documents in the press, the lamination stage ends.
Sometimes white spots or streaks appear on a laminated document. This spotting or streaking is usually caused by a puncture of the acetate and/or tissue before or during lamination, or perhaps because the top of the oven has

dragged on the document as it passed through the rollers. Spots or streaks which appear before lamination are usually caused by a drop of unproperly mixed cement on the acetate, or by sharp or heavy instruments puncturing or tearing the acetate or tissue. Spotting or streaking can be corrected by placing a small amount of cement on the spot or streak and rubbing it in with a folding bone.
Sometimes the fusion will not form a sufficient bond. This condition can result from incorrect temperature setting, leaving the document in the oven too short a time, or by applying the wrong pressure to the rollers. The bonding is tested by trying to pull the fused tissue apart after lamination. Insufficient bonding or a bubble may be corrected by inserting cement into the unbonded portion or the bubble with a hypodermic needle, allowing the cement to dry, and running the document through the laminator again.
Sometimes, however, delamination is required. Delamination is accomplished by trimming the tissue and acetate as close to the document as possible, taking care not to cut or damage the document. Only one single sheet is processed at a time. The document is then soaked in pure acetone (enough to cover the document) for 3 to 5 minutes. The soaking loosens the acetate bonding and the tissue can be lifted off. The document is then put into a fresh solution of pure acetone to remove most of the acetate film. The sheet is then ready to be processed for relamination.

FINISHING

The finishing stage encompasses several different procedures (See Fig. 3). First, the documents are taken from the screw type press and separated from the chipboard. If the documents are single sheets, they are now ready to be cut and trimmed. However, if the documents are to be folded and/or bound, they must be cut, tacked, and pressed before they can be trimmed.
In folding each signature (a laminated sandwich), bring the outside edges of the two sheets together, moving the top sheet until it is even with the bottom sheet outside edge. Then place the documents on the work desk with the binding margin closest to the operator. The following steps are then taken:
First, hold the sheets in position with one hand to prevent slippage and press inward and toward the binding edge with the other hand.
Second, crease the binding edge, top to bottom, with fingers. Continue to fold all signatures in this manner.
Align the first signature on a cutter so that the blade is perpendicular to the binding edge of the signature and the top edge is ready to be cut. A 1/8" to 3/16" margin should be left after the cutting is completed. After all top edges of the signatures have been cut in this manner, divide the volume into consecutive sections of five signa-

tures each. Check the numbering sequence in each section and correct any errors. Each section is now ready to be tacked together.
Using a needle and a single strand of thread, tack the five signatures together along the fold of the binding edge. Use long stitches, and knot the thread at the beginning and end of the stitching. Tacking prevents the signatures from slipping when the sections are trimmed to a uniform size. Be sure to keep the sections in order.
Divide the sections into two piles. Put the pile containing the later numbered sections on a piece of chip-board. Turn the other pile 180 degrees (See Fig. 4) and place it on top of the bottom pile. Place this stack in a screw press for 24 to 48 hours. After taking the. stack out of the press, turn the top pile 180 degrees so that all signatures are facing in the same direction. The volume is now ready to be trimmed on three sides. (Do not trim the binding edge unless the volume is to be post bound.).
To trim, hold the first section up to a light, and with a ruler measure its width. Trim the excess, leaving a 1/16" to 1/8" margin. Then hold the section up to the light again and measure its length. A 1/16" to 1/8" margin must be left at both top and bottom edges after

7

trimming. Trim all sections in this manner. Check the numbering sequence. Then place chip boards
between every ten sections and at the front and back of the volume. Each chip board should be I" larger than the size of the volume. Center the documents on the chip board and tape the boards with masking tape to hold the documents in place. The documents should not be bumped or allowed to curl.

Small pamphlets or one-section documents are trimmed and assembled in the same manner as is a section for a larger volume. If the document is not to be sent to a bindery, use an acid free file folder as a coverboard.
After the finishing process is completed, the documents, ready for binding, are returned to the appropriate person or agency.

MAP RESTORATION

All procedures of the restoration methoo should be thoroughly understood before attempting map restoration as some of the procedures and techniques are quite different.
Maps and the completed work order for restoration, are usually received from the Secretary of State's Surveyor General Department, and are recorded in the work order log. After the maps'deterioration problems are noted, any rough edges are trimmed. Measurements of the map are then taken and recorded on the work order. The size of a map is unlimited, but due to the size of the laminator, the maximum size of one sheet that can be laminated is 3' x 4'. Larger maps may be restored by this process but they must first be cut in three or four sheets (or less); at a later stage in the process the sections will be hinged together. Two pieces of chipboard are then cut to dimensions 4" longer in length and width than the map or sections of map, making a case for the map. The map case is only a convenience.
Removal of shellac is the most common cleaning problem related to maps, particularly nineteenth century maps. A shellac coated map is soaked in methanol, (using a closed sink or container, since fumes are toxic and flammable) for a period of 2 to 24 hours, depending upon the condition of the map and the thickness of the shellac. After the soaking period follow these steps: (l) Take a cotton swab and wipe off the shellac while the map is submerged in the solvent (large ink areas should be blotted instead of wiped to avoid smearing or feathering the ink); (2) Take the map from the solvent and place under a vented hood; (3) Take a cotton swab, soaked in methanol and wipe the map to remove additional shellac, being careful to avoid smearing ink. Blot, instead of wiping the ink areas; this will insure removal of shellac and proper bonding during the laminating process. (4) Let the map dry under the vented hood. (5) Open the map case and line the bottom side with wax paper, (6) Insert the map after dampening it lightly with deacidification solution (remember to take special care in ink areas if the ink is water soluble), (7) Line the top side of the document with wax paper and close the case. (8) Place under a press for 24 to 72 hours. For other cleaning problems refer to the general section on cleaning.

After the map is taken from the press any cloth backing is then removed. 2 Most cloth backings are easily removed since the adhesive has dried out. This is done by turning the map face down on the work table and pulling the old backing cloth off. Care must be taken since it is easy to break or tear the map. Paper backing is usually removed during the later deacidification process since most paste that was used in earlier years was water soluble.
After the backing material has been removed the back side of the map must be cleaned with a scraping knife or a razor blade to remove the dried adhesive. When this step is completed, brush off all dust and particles with a book brush and clean with a wallpaper cleaner. Tum the map face up and position the several pieces to reconstruct the whole map or whole section. If portions of the map are missing and draw-ins are required, the map must be returned to the originating section for the draw-ins and then returned for restoration. This is the only time, in any of the restoration procedures, that a document will leave the restoration section before complete restoration is accomplished. After the map is returned, or if no draw-ins were required, the map is ready for deacidification.
Perform the regular tests to determine ink solubility. If no solubility of inks is detected the map is placed between bronze screens and submerged in the deacidification solution, dried and pressed according to the normal restoration procedure. (If the ink was water soluble revert to either the sponge and/or spray method for deacidification.) After pressing, remove the map and inspect; again reconstruct the whole if necessary and eliminate fold-overs.
After the map or map sections are removed from the press, the sandwiching process begins. Tissue, acetate, and acid free backing paper must be cut 4" larger than the map specifications. Lay the backing paper on the work table, a sheet of acetate on the backing paper, and center the map, with a 2" margin around it. If the map is in several pieces, make a reconstruction of the map and paste down the several pieces with acetate cement. Start with the
"Most maps of the nineteenth century were of a low grade paper. Cloth backing and shellac were used to reduce stress and strain and to protect and slow up deterioration. As time passed this was not the result; the shellac yellowed and cracked and the cloth became acid and helped deteriorate the map after several years. Because of the low grade paper and the deterioration problems the paper soon became very brittle and could not be handled without inflicting further damage.

8

largest segment and work out from this piece. If parts of the map are missing and draw-ins are not used, substitute heavy inlay or the same weight paper as the map. If the missing portion is small in relation to the size of the map use inlay, or if a large piece of the map is missing, use the same weight and tone of paper as the map. This evens the stress and strain in the structural make-up. Next, lay a sheet of acetate on the face of the map and a sheet of tissue on the acetate, making sure that they align with the bottom sheets of acetate and backing paper. Paste the four comers of the sheets of tissue and acetate together. Tum the sandwich over so the backing paper is on top, and lay a sheet of acetate on the backing paper. Next, place a sheet of tissue on the acetate. Check the alignment and then paste the four comers of the acetate and tissue to the backing paper. Tum the map over so that the front of the map is facing up. Study the map carefully, making sure everything is in the correct place and pasted down. Correct any irregularities at this point. The final sandwich (from top to bottom) should be in the following order: Tissue, Acetate, Map, Acetate, Back Paper (Acid-Free), Acetate, Tissue. Light pressure should be applied to the sandwich until it is ready to be laminated.
If much information is on both sides of the map, then the map cannot be backed, and is sandwiched in the regular manner. If there are only a few lines of information in a small area, the map may be backed and the backing paper cut to expose the information. If at all possible, all maps larger than 300 square inches or maps in great use should be backed to reduce stress and strain. This increases the tear resistance. It should be noted that the larger the map, the greater the stress and strain.
The lamination process is basically the same procedure as that employed for other paper documents. Only the temperature and length of time in the laminator may vary. Maps may be very thin when no backing is possible, or they may be very thick when the map paper is heavy and the backing paper is also heavy. Then, the temperature , would be lower and time in the laminator would be shorter in the first case and higher temperature and longer time in the laminator in the second case. If problems exist after lamination, the same de-lamination is employed for maps.
After lamination the map is pressed from 24 to 72 hours, then removed from the press. All margins are trimmed, leaving approximately 1/16" border on all sides of the laminated map. This will keep the map sealed from acidic conditions. Next, rub the face of the map with a folding bone for finishing effects, and at the same time study the map for any irregularities in restoration. The map is now ready to be returned to the section of origin.
All maps should be stored flat. Never roll a map; a hinge (fold) may be used if necessary. Rolled maps are subjected to considerable stress and strain when rolling and unrolling. During the sandwiching stage the map is cut where the hinge is necessary. The two sections of the

map are separated by a ~" space. Acid-free bond paper of the correct weight is inserted into the space, overlapping the back side of each map section edge VB". The paper hinge is pasted in place with acetate glue and the map sandwich is completed with the normal procedures. This procedure is used when two map sections are placed on one unit of acetate and tissue and are not of a size to necessitate sectioning.
For a map that must be sectioned for lamination, and must be rejoined or hinged after lamination, the following techniques are employed. In the sandwiching process, the map section will be placed in the correct position and on the hinge side a 1" wide acid-free bond paper of the appropriate weight is placed. Each unhinged section of map is sandwiched, laminated and trimmed in the normal procedure (Fig. 5). After lamination and pressing, the section with the attached joining hinge is trimmed, leaving the appropriate margins. Apply cement to the hinge and to the back edge of the map. The section with the cement coated edge is placed on top of the cement coated hinge. The two sections are worked together until proper alignment is attained.
If the joining is to enable folding, a space of ~" is left between the two joined sections. Proper alignment is, again, of prime concern. These steps must be done quickly because the cement will dry and proper bonding will not take place.
Some maps contain hundreds of lines which make proper alignment extremely difficult. This is especially true of very large maps or ones that are tom in several places. This problem can be alleviated if a map can be submerged during the deacidification process. The wet pieces can then be properly aligned on wet glass and allowed to dry. (The expanding and contracting which occurs while the map fibers are wet will allow proper alignment of the lines and will not cause the fibers to break or tear.) Apply light pressure and allow the map fragments and pieces to dry on the glass, thus insuring proper alignment in most cases.
In some instances the map cannot be submerged. The spray and sponge method must then be used. However, this method is not as effective as the technique allowing total submersion.
Maps made from tracing paper or tracing cloth cannot be restored by deacidification and acetate lamination. These materials are very sensitive to moisture and if moisture is applied, the application must be light and with only slight pull pressure on any area, since the map material will stretch. Badly wrinkled tracing paper or cloth is extremely difficult or impossible to return to its original flat condition. A warm iron may be used with some success.
At the present time, the Restoration Section of the Georgia Department of Archives and History restores maps by acetate and tissue lamination. However, we are studying methods of using mylar, particularly the technique of placing acetate between the mylar and the map.

9

LETTERPRESS BOOKS

Letterpress books or papers are made by taking the original, dampening it shortly after it is written, placing the letterpress paper (a very thin, tissue-like paper) on the original, applying a small amount of pressure and allowing the papers to dry.
Most letterpress books are made using iron gall ink. The chemical reaction in letterpress involves the migration of some of the soluble unoxidized ink to the letterpress copy while it is damp and under light pressure. The migration of the ink through the letterpress paper makes the copy readable. This migration of ink is sometimes referred to as the "bum through" since sulfuric acid is formed in the ink through oxidation. As the years pass, the area where the ink is located may deteriorate and finally disintegrate, making the copy unsuitable for use because of its weakened structure. The copy then must be restored.
In restoring letterpress books, all procedures except the deacidification and sandwiching processes are the same as the steps followed in restoring other paper documents.
Letterpress copy, because of its weakened structure, cannot be deacidified in the usual manner. The copy must be placed between screens with tissue paper on each side of the sheets, forming a stack not more than one inch high. Then the normal aqueous magnesium bicarbonate deacidification process can be followed.
Next, in the sandwiching stage, 13 lb. bond, 100% acid-free paper is cut yz" larger in width and length than the letterpress copy. Bond paper should be used so that the pages of the letterpress book will not curl after the restoration process has been completed.
Then acetate is cut according to the same dimensions as

the bond paper. Next, acetate is placed on both sides of the bond paper and consecutively numbered sheets of letterpress copy are attached, first on one side and then on the other: Letterpress Copy, Acetate, Bond Paper, Acetate, Letterpress Copy.
The sheets should be pasted together on all four comers with acetate cement. This sandwiching process of using two letterpress copy sheets to one sheet of bond paper reduces the thickness of the restored book by approximately 40%. Furthermore, in making these sandwiches wax paper should be used between each sandwich so the cement will not stick the sandwiches together, and light pressure should be used on the stacked sandwiches. When the entire book has been sandwiched in the above fashion, a work board form is drawn to the size of the bond paper and room provided for the binding margin. The finished sandwich will be as follows: Tissue, Acetate, Above SandWich, Acetate, Tissue.
If heavy migration has taken place on the letterpress copy (very dark ink) an opaque bond paper should be used to eliminate the bleed-through of print from the two letterpress copies mounted to the same bond paper. In cases where the migration is poor (very light ink) the tissue can be left out of the finished sandwich to improve legibility. However, it is important to remember that if the tissue is not used, the flexibility of the restored document is impaired and the document must be handled with care. Documents not containing tissue should be so identified. A restored letterpress book should have constant light pressure applied to it, even on the shelf, to help prevent the pages from curling.

CHARRED DOCUMENTS

Charred documents are usually processed by the same methods as are other paper documents, but with extra care and a few procedural changes. In most cases, charred document deterioration is due to the loss of moisture. The charring affects the document's ability to reabsorb and maintain moisture, thereby making the tearing, folding, and fiber-breaking resistance of the sheet very low. With the addition of an acidic condition and/or other causes of deterioration, charred documents demand extreme care in restoration. The following techniques help solve this type of restoration problem.
First, in cleaning a charred document, which is usually very brittle, the document should be dusted with a brush containing soft bristles to remove the dust and dirt from the document. During the deacidification process it is best to deacidify with tissue placed on each side of the charred document to help prevent further damage.
Then, before sandwiching, the charred document should be coated or painted with cement to insure better fusion when laminated. The coating will usually aid the flexibility of the document but in most cases will cause curling. One

to several days are required to remedy this curling effect before the document is ready for sandwiching. In most cases the curled document will flatten itself enough to proceed with sandwiching, but light pressure and moisture may be applied to hasten the procedure (do not use heavy pressure, or the document will be crushed).
If the document is charred severely and the writing or printing is almost illegible, it is often best to omit the tissue in the sandwiching stage to give better legibility. This, however, lessens the strength of the charred document. The document should then be withdrawn from use and replaced by a photocopy.
After lamination, the tissue (if applied) may interfere with the visibility and/or legibility of the document, causing a whiteness on the finished document. Brushing the affected area with cement will help eliminate most of the whiteness.
In conclusion, one should use utmost care in every phase of restoring charred documents because of their extreme brittleness.

10

FUNGI AND VERMIN INFESTED DOCUMENTS

Fungi and vermin can cause much damage in paper documents. Living organisms chemically convert the animal and starch sizing to other compounds and then attack the cellulose fibers in the paper. The fibers, in turn, become soft, spongy, very weak, and may eventually disintegrate. Fungi also affect inks, causing them to fade. Vermin cause physical deterioration of documents, making the paper tear and crumble.
The following descriptions are given to promote an awareness of the prime document infestors:
FUNGI-Thallophytic plants including molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, etc. They do not contain chlorophyl and must get their carbohydrates from other organic matter. They reproduce mainly by means of asexual spores. They are the most numerous of living things, occurring wherever there is organic matter upon which they can subsist. They are quite harmless until they find an environment in which they can grow. They are either parasites or saprophytes. They grow much better in darkness than they do in light.
Mold and mildew are the best known of the fungi that attack documents and are recognized by the powdery masses of spores which form on the infested surfaces. Three conditions prompt the growth of mold and mildew: (l) excessive moisture (2) presence of food for growth (3) temperature favorable for growth. At first the problem is only a nuisance, and the spores can easily be removed by cleaning the document with a wallpaper cleaner or a book brush. If not eliminated, fungi will consume and stain the document and will eventually cause the paper to disintegrate.
VERMIN - Noxious, mischievous, or disgusting animals of small size, of common occurrence and difficult to control. Described here are some of the more common vermin and the damage they cause.
Insects
Cockroaches- Found in warm to tropical climates; are flat and oval in shape and are of different lengths; reddish brown to black in color; most primitive of insects. Cockroaches carry diseases, cause stains by excretion, eat sizing and glue material and leave a distinct odor in unventilated areas.
Termites - Found in warm to tropical climates; are soft bodied, pale colored and referred to as white or flying ants, but are not true ants. Termites are highly destructive to documents, since they will consume or destroy any material containing cellulose.

Silverfish - Found almost world-wide; are broad in front with 2 antennae, tapering toward the tip of the abdomen, which bears 3 long tail-like bristles; grayish in color; about 1/2" in length; can go months without food. Silverfish eat through paper to get to the sizing and glue.
Bookworms (grubs) - Found almost world-wide; various larvae of beetles which feed on the binding, glues, sizing and fibers of paper documents. Grubs tunnel through paper, discharging a glue-like substance which often cements the sheets of the document together. Remaining in the document, the larvae, through metamorphosis, become pupae or cocoons and then adult winged beetles. The adult bookworm will eat its way back to the surface of the papers.
Rodents
Rats and mice - Found almost world-wide; are white to black in color and are of various lengths. Rats and mice carry disease, transport insects, and eat glues, sizing, paper, leather, and parchment.
Squirrels - Found almost world-wide; are gray to dark brown, some solid in color and some have stripes. These small to medium size rodents have long bushy tails and strong hind legs. They carry insects and gnaw and shred paper.
Elimination is the best cure for dealing with fungi and vermin infested documents. The following practices for eliminating the activity and growth of fungi and vermin are the best preventive measures: (1) fumigation of all documents coming into an archives, library, governmental agency or private institution in order to destroy any and all fungi and vermin present and to keep them from spreading to other documents. (2) humidity and temperature control in document storage areas (The humidity should be 50+ 5%, and the temperature should be 70+2 F.) (3) extermination at least once every 3 months (4) dusting and checking all documents at least once every 2 years for infestation by fungi and/or vermin.
Restoring fungi and vermin infested documents is similar in procedure to restoring other paper documents. Some exceptions do exist. In the deacidification process, tissue paper is placed around fungi infested documents. Before the lamination process, the documents are painted with cement to prevent splitting and help bonding.
As a general rule, fungi cause chemical deterioration, and vermin cause physical deterioration.

11

RESTORATION SECTION
WORK ORDER,
(write in permanent ink or pencil only)

DATE:

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HAND LAMINATION

The primary purpose of both hand and machine lamination is to add physical strength to the document involved so that it may be used without the danger of further damage. The secondary purpose is to seal the document, thus preventing acid from entering.
In 1957 an article was published by the National Archives of India stating the discovery of a simple, inexpensive and effective method of laminating paper documents. This method employs the same materials used in the cellulose acetate lamination method but eliminates the need for expensive laminating equipment. Hand lamination can be very beneficial to all institutions, agencies, and individuals when only a limited number of documents need to be laminated. This method has been adopted by the U. S. National Archives as an approved repair process.
Deacidification always precedes any lamination process.
The following procedure is for hand lamination of singlesheet documents. If a mistake is found after the lamination process is' completed, the document can be de-laminated (See "Lamination"). It is recommended that hand lamination be practiced before applying the process to a document.
Equipment and Supplies Needed
1. 1 sheet of plate glass. with glazed edges or 1 sheet of teflon 16" x 20" x 3/ 16"
2. Acid free tissue 6lh lbs., 24" x 36" 3. Acetate (stable plasticizer) 88/10,000" thick 4. Pure acetone (CAUTION: highly toxic and flam-
mable) 5. Unsterile cotton 6. Wax paper 7. Cement (acetate dissolved in acetone)

8. Glass container to hold 2 to 4 ounces cement 9. No.1 fine point brush 10. Inlay (1 sheet of acetate between 2 sheets of tissue-
laminated)
DIRECTIONS-Proceed in well-ventilated area only. Do not smoke.
I. Make sure glass or teflon is free from dust and chemicals.
2. Lay 1 sheet of tissue on the glass and smooth it out. 3. Lay 1 sheet of acetate on the tissue and smooth it out. 4. Place the document in the center of the acetate. 5. Lay 1 sheet of acetate on the document and smooth
it out. 6. Lay 1 sheet of tissue on the acetate and smooth it out. 7. Make 1 cotton wad that will fit comfortably in hand 8. Soak the cotton in acetone and squeeze out the excess. 9. Place one hand at the bottom of the document. Hold
the cotton in the other hand and push it past the top of the document. Repeat until the top 2/3 of the document is sealed. 10. Place one hand at the top of the document and pull the swab past the bottom of the document. Repeat until all of the document is sealed. 11. Carefully turn the document over. 12. Repeat Steps 9 and 10. 13. Check both sides of the document for bubbles. Smooth out any bubbles with a folding bone. 14. Place the document between sheets of wax paper and put in a screw-type press for several hours. 15. Clean equipment and store chemicals and other supplies. 16. Remove document from the press and trim, leaving a 1/16" margin on all sides.

SOLVENTS AND THEIR USE

The selection of a solvent will vary, depending upon the stain or foreign material present. Water is the most effective over-all solvent employed in removing stains and foreign materials from paper documents. It should be used when possible since it is the safest solution; it is not flammable, toxic, or objectionable in odor. Study the paper and ink composition of the document before selecting other solvents. A solvent must not injure or cause future injury to the ink or paper of a document. In addition, a solvent which is effective in removing one stain may make another stain more persistent and difficult to remove. Avoid unnecessary experimentation. Consult the following list and use the appropriate solvents.
Solvent is applied with a cotton wad to the side of the document not containing the stain or foreign material, allowing soak-through, and then directly to the stained

side of the paper. Patience, time, and care is the best formula for successful removal of stains and foreign material from fragile documents.
It must be kept in mind that most solvents, concentrated enough to remove stains and foreign materials, are toxic and may have a noxious effect on the human body, especially when ventilation is poor in the work area. Many are highly flammable and some will have an objectionable odor.
Stains and foreign materials most frequently encountered in paper document restoration are listed below. Also listed are the solvents that may be employed in their removal. PLEASE READ THE WARNING AT THE END OF THIS LIST BEFORE USING ANY SOLVENT LISTED.

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STAINS AND FOREIGN MATERIALS

SOLVENTS

1. Adhesive tape
2. DucoCement 3. Fly specks 4. Glue (water soluble) 5. Grease, fat, oil
6. Lacquer 7. Lipstick 8. Mildew
9. Mud 10. Natural resins 11. No. 810 3-M (magic mending)
12. Paint
13. Paste (water soluble) 14. Plastic adhesives 15. Pressure sensitive tape
16. Rubber
17. Rust 18. Scotch tape 19. Scotch tape stain 20. Shellac 21. Tar
22. Tea or Coffee 23. Varnish
24. Wax
*Objectionable odor-toxic **Flammable-toxic
WARNING:
Use a well ventilated work area when removing stains with solvents. Many of the above listed solvents will have a noxious effect on the human body if poorly ventilated working conditions exist and if the solvent is used over a long period of time (10 minutes maximum time).

1. Carbon tetrachloride* Benzene**
2. Acetone** 3. Hydrogen peroxide 4. Warm water 5. Alcohol**
Trichloro ethylene Gasoline ** Benzene** Pyridine* 6. Acetone** 7. 5 % Tartaric acid followed by water 8. Ethyl alcohol** Benzene** 9. Water Ammonia 10. Alcohol** 11. Acetone** to remove tape Mixture of Benzene** and Toluene** to remove adhesive 12. Mixture of Alcohol** anI! Benzene** Pyridine* followed by water Turpentine 13. Water 14. Acetone** 15. Benzene** Trichloro ethylene Toluene** 16. Carbon disulphide* Mixture of Benzene** and Toluene** 17. 5 % Oxalic acid 18. Mixture of Benzene** 19. No known solvents available 20. Ethyl Alcohol** 21. Gasoline** Carbon Tetrachloride* Pyridine* Benzene** 22. Potassium perborate 23. Alcohol** Acetone** Pyridine** 24. Gasoline** Chloroform* Carbon disulphide*
Mixture of Benzene** and Toluene**
Benzene may be absorbed by breathing and by contact with skin, causing a harmful build-up of this chemical in the body; the human body Clmn'lt break-down fhis dangerous chemical. Use only if no other solvent is effective and only under a ventilation hood and with hands properly covered with gloves and the face covered with a mask.

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PARCHMENT AND VELLUM

Parchment and vellum are almost identical except that vellum is usually thicker, stronger and a finer grained skin than parchment. In addition, vellum is sometimes used as binding material. Because of the similarities between parchment and vellum, reference will be made only to parchment (since it is the more commonly known), but will include vellum unless otherwise stated.
Parchment was widely used before the manufacture of paper became widespread. Now it is used only in rare cases and for reinforcing older parchment that has deteriorated. It is more durable and stronger than paper, but parchment will react drastically with humidity change, making it a poor document for permanence unless the humidity can be carefully controlled. It will become stiff, and even brittle if exposed to low humidity, and it will expand, wrinkle, warp and become distorted if exposed to high humidity. If proper humidity is maintained (50%), the same humidity needed for proper paper storage, parchment can stand considerable use without further deterioration.
If parchment has been rolled or folded it should be unrolled or unfolded before cleaning. This can be accomplished by the addition of moisture, applied evenly with even pressure while unrolling or unfolding so as not to distort the parchment. Oil is not used to regain flexibility or appearance since parchment absorbs very little oil.
Parchment should be cleaned with a wallpaper cleaner or a soft eraser. Loose spores of mold or mildew should be removed by wallpaper cleaner or a brush. Embedded growth should be eliminated by fumigating; if a fumigator is not available, Lysol or Methanol spray will do the job in most cases (check ink solubility). Never use organic solvents or bleach to clean or remove stains on parchment where writing or printing occurs. Normal aging causes yellowing which should not be considered a stain. Where writing does not exist, the area can be cleaned

with soap suds (suds only) .or the use of saddle soap froth. Next the parchment should be deacidified if it has been
stored under acidic conditions; an example would be storage of parchment between acid paper, allowing acid migration to the document. Before deacidification, all inks should be tested for solubility. Use sponge or spray method of deacidification. Remember that on parchment, ink can be rubbed off, or smeared, easier than on paper.
If more flattening is necessary for correct storage, a dehumidifying room is an ideal method of reapplying moisture since the moisture will be distributed uniformly over the parchment. Remember not to pull or put undue pressure on one area since it will distort it, making it difficult to read, and will affect its appearance. Next it should be dried under pressure so it will not curl. The document is placed between slightly dampened chipboards. After approximately 48 hours, if the parchment is not dry, replace the damp chipboards with dry ones and re-press for 24 to 48 hours. Never use heat for drying, nor for any other purposes on parchment, since it will permanently shrink the material.
Parchment that is in fair condition and is kept flat, carefully handled, and stored under good conditions is a permanent record without any reinforcement added, but parchment that is badly torn or rotted needs reinforcement after flattening. This should be done while the parchment is slightly damp. Another sheet of parchment, or an acidfree board is used as the reinforcement. It is adhered to the parchment with a water soluble, wrinkle proof, and non-shrinkable glue or paste. This enables the reinforcement to be removed if need be with no damage imposed on the document. Neither will the document itself become wrinkled or distorted. Do not patch minor holes or tears; parchment is strong enough to resist further injury unless carelessly handled or stored. Because parchment documents cannot be laminated the above process completes its restoration and preservation.

CARE OF LEATHER

Acidity is the chief cause of leather deterioration. Lack of oil in the leather is a secondary cause. Nothing will restore leather that has begun to chemically or physically deteriorate. Leather should be treated while it is still in good condition. All leather-bound books should be inspected and treated at least once every 2 years; books stored under adverse conditions should be treated more often. The following treatment is recommended for new leather or for old leather still in good condition. NOTE: Do not use this treatment on powdery leather, suede, or alum-tawed leather.
Remove surface dirt on leather with frothed-up saddle soap (using very little water), applied with a soft cloth.

Wipe with a soft dry cloth and leave untouched for 24 hours.
After the leather has dried, apply a solution of 7% potassium lactate and water with a soft cloth. CAUTION: This solution stains cloth material and paper. (7% potassium lactate is available from bookbinding supply houses and chemical suppliers. It can also be compounded by a druggist using 92.75% water, 7.00% potassium lactate, and 0.25 % paranitrophenol). Immediately wipe off any beads that form on the leather.
Let the leather dry for at least 24 hours. Then apply a generous amount of the following salve (oil) mixture: 60.00% Nead's - foot oil mixed with 40.00% anhydrous lanolin. CAUTION: Do not let any salve get on cloth or

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paper portions of the document. If salve does get on these parts, remove it immediately with a cotton wad dipped in toluene (available from chemical suppliers).
Do not handle the document for at least 2 days. If the leather remains dull after the 2 day period has elapsed,

reapply the salve and let the leather dry again. Finally, rub the leather thoroughly with a clean soft
cloth, bearing down slightly. Too much pressure might cause damage to the leather. Use a patting motion around printed areas in all steps except this last.

SCRAPBOOKS

A study made by the Restoration Section of the Georgia Department of Archives and History has shown that most scrapbooks need entensive restoration before they are 10 years old. The following materials and procedures will prevent chemical and physical deterioration of scrapbooks:
1. Use acid free paper that is heavy enough to withstand the stress of the articles, clippings, photographs, etc., that are to be attached.
2. Use a sturdy binder with metal posts. 3. Use permanent ink that is not water soluble. Perma-
nent fountain pen ink is best. 4. Use a water soluble glue that will not wrinkle or
shrink. 5. Compile articles and clippings in the following
manner: A. Use only plastic paper clips, not staples, to join
an article or clipping which is more than one piece. B. Use only water soluble tape.

C. Make sure the entire article or clipping is present. D. Eliminate any duplicate articles and clippings. 6. If possible, photo-reproduce newsprint articles and clippings to increase durability and to eliminate acidity. 7. Identify articles and clippings by name of publication, date and page number with permanent ink. 8. Do not crowd a sheet. Leave a good margin, particularly on the binding side. 9. Place photographs so that they will not be face to face when the scrapbook sheets are closed. 10. Borders for articles or clippings, if used, should be made from acid-free paper which will act as a backing paper and will give the article more weight. Do not use ink-drawn borders. 11. Use separate pages for an index. Do not put it on the inside cover of the binder. 12. Compile the scrapbook in chronological order. If the event is extended over a period of time, use the index to refer to all related material.

SPOT TESTING PROCEDURES

It is difficult for the archivist, librarian, or records officer to be aware of all the differences in paper composition and to avoid purchasing low quality paper which will deteriorate rapidly. It is also difficult to identify documents which contain deterioration qualities not visible to the naked eye. Spot testing is a simple method used to determine the existence of problems and does not replace full laboratory testing.
Groundwood, high acidity, and the presence of alumrosin in paper documents are all associated with a fast rate of deterioration. The Restoration Section of the Georgia Department of Archives and History uses the procedure developed by the W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory to spot test for these items.
The following procedures are taken from the pamphlet, Spot Testing for Unstable Modern Books and Record Papers, W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, Virginia. (Library of Congress #63-22099).
Test for Groundwood
The groundwood papermaking process mechanically reduces wood to fiber with little or no chemical processing

to remove deteriorative components (i.e. lignin). It is generally accepted that papers containing groundwood are unstable. They quickly discolor and become brittle upon exposure to light and air. If the groundwood content is high, the life expectancy of the paper is only 10 to 20 years or somewhat longer if an alkaline filler has been used.
The groundwood test should be run first. If groundwood is found in the paper, the paper should be classified as unstable. No further tests would be needed.
Using a dropper, spread a thin line of a solution made of 1 gram phloroglucinol in 50 m!. methyl alcohol and 50 m!. hydrochloric acid on uninked portions of the paper. The paper will remain colorless if there is no groundwood present. If groundwood is present, the paper will turn a deep purple-red (magenta). The color reactions are immediately noticeable. Be sure fresh solution is always on hand since it yellows with age.
Test for Acidity
This spot test is intended to determine if the amount of acidity present is acceptable or unacceptable for good stability in a paper.

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Using a dropper, spread a thin line of a solution consisting of 0.420 grams of chlorophenol red in 1000 ml. of distilled water on uninked portions of the paper in a line about 1 inch long. If the line turns a decided yellow, strong acid is present. If the line turns a definite purple a near neutral or alkaline condition exists in the paper. The line should be allowed to dry before results are determined.

Test for Alum Spread a thin line of a solution composed of one gram of aluminon per liter of distilled water on uninked portions of the paper with a dropper. When there is no alum present in the paper, the spot will remain a very faint pink (the color of the solution) or turn colorless. It will turn a bright to deep pink if alum is present. The spot should be allowed to dry before results are determined.

CHEMICALS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT FOR SMALL SHOPS

The chemicals, materials and equipment listed below are the minimum items required for restoration work on paper documents using the deacidification and cellulose acetate lamination method. The source is listed to give a general idea where the items may be obtained. If a specific company is given, it is the only company known by the

Georgia Department of Archives and History Restoration Section which supplies that item or meets archival supply and equipment standards. Illustrations of some of the equipment involved is given for the layman to better visualize and understand the type of equipment required.

CHEMICALS
Acetone*
+ Benzene*
Carbon Dioxide Gas Ethyl Alcohol* Gasoline* Magnesium Carbonate Methanol* Toluene*

SOURCE OF CHEMICALS
Chemical Supply Company Chemical Supply Company Compressed (Cylinder) Gas Dealer Chemical Supply Company Service Station Chemical Supply Company Chemical Supply Company Chemical Supply Company

*Toxic-Flammable-Use only in a well ventilated area
+Benzene should only be used as the last resort. Toluene
may be substituted in most cases where benzene is used for removing foreign materials and stains. However, additional time may be required for the chemical reaction to take place. If toluene will not work as the solvent, use a mixture of toluene and benzene (50% of each chemical). This chemical solution should remove more stubborn stains and foreign materials. Benzene

should be avoided when possible since it can be absorbed by the human body through breathing and by contact with the skin. This chemical can not be broken-down by the body and benzene build-up can produce harmful effects. If pure benzene is the only chemical which will be effective, use it in a well ventilated room and protect the hands with gloves and the face with a mask designed with cartridges to control organic vapors.

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MATERIALS Bond Paper
(Acid free) (9 lb. & 13 lb.) Cellulose Acetate Film
88/10,000 inch thickness Celanese P-911 clear Chipboards Cotton Laminating Tissue (Long fiber) (6th lb.)
Pencils (Number 3 Lead) Wallpaper Cleaner
(Non-crumbly type)
Wax Paper

SOURCE OF MATERIALS
Paper Distributor Dealer
Hollinger Corporation 3810 South Four Mile Run Drive Arlington, Virginia 22206
Paper Distributor or Dealer Surgical Supply House Barrow TisslJe
B. W. Wilson Paper Company 915 East Cary Street Richmond, Virginia 23206 Manning Tissue (Troya) Nelson-Whitehead Paper Corporation 7 Laight Street New York, New York 10013 Local Store Paint or Hardware Store (If not available) Absorene Manufacturing Company 1609 North 14th Street St. Louis, Missouri Local Store

EQUIPMENT
Book Brushes Brushes (No.1) Deacidification Tank Hose (To connect CO2 gas to
above tank) Paper Scissors (8 inch) Pint Jar (For cement) Pressing Boards
(If Teflon is not used) Sandwiching Board Screw-Type Press
Spray Bottle With Trigger Steam Iron Surgical Knife
(Handle #4 - Blades #23) Synthetic Sponges Table Cutler Teflon (If glass is not used)
Plate Glass (Glazed edges) 3/16 inch thickness

SOURCE OF EQUIPMENT
Art or Office Supply Company Art or Office Supply Company Plastic or Glass (Container) Distributor Hardware Company
Office Supply Company Household Item Lumber Supply Company
Lumber Supply Company Contact - For Distributor
W. O. Hickok Manufacturing Company Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Paint or Hardware Store Appliance Company Surgical Supply House
Local Store Office Supply Company Contact a DuPont Distributor for (Teflon)
Flurocarbon Resin Coated Glass Fabrics Glass Company

If one acquires the above chemicals, materials and equipment, he can, with experience, develop skills in the restoration of paper documents without using expensive equipment. If one's interest is more extensive, the Georgia

Department of Archives and History Restoration Se<:t1on will be glad to render all possible service in assisting with layout in lab design, work flow patterns, and initial training of personnel in archival restoration.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Back, E. A., Bookworms (Publication No. 3572), Smithsonian Institution, Wash., D. C., 1940.
Barrow, W. J., The Barrow Method of Restoring Deteriorated Documents, State Library Building, Richmond, Va., 1966.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _, Manuscripts and Documents: Their Deterioration, and Restoration, Univ. of Va. Press, Charlottesville, 1955.
Beckwith, T. D., et al., Deterioration of Paper: The Cause and Effect of Foxing, (Univ. of Calif. at Los Angeles Series in Biological Sciences) Vol. 1, No. 13, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, 1940.
Clough, Eric A., Bookbinding for Librarians, Assoc. for Assistant Librarians, London, 1957.
Cunha, George D. M., Conservation of Library Material: A Manual and Bibliography on the Care, Repair and Restoration of Library Materials, Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, 1967.
Horton, Carolyn, Cleaning and Preserving Bindings and Related Materials, 2nd ed. (Library Technology Program Publication No. 16), Am. Library Assoc., Chicago, 1969.

Legear, H. M., Maps: Their Care, Repair and Preservation in Libraries, Library of Congress, Wash., D. C., 1950.
Minogue, Adelaire, The Repair and Preservation of Records. (Bulletin No. 5 of the National Archives),
Wash., D. c., 1943.
Permanence/Durability of the Book (Publications 1-6), W. J. Barrow Research Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, 1963-1969.
Plenderleith, H. J., The Preservation of Leather Bookbindings, Rev. ed., British Museum, London, 1947.
Rogers, J. S., and Beebe, C. W., Leather Bookbindings: How to Preserve Them (Leaflet No. 398), USDA,
Wash., D. c., 1956.
Wardle, D. B., Document Repair, Society of Archivists, London, 1971.
Winger, Howard, and Smith, Richard D., eds., Deterioration and Preservation of Library Materials (Papers from the 34th Annual Conf. of the Graduate Library School), Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1970.

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