Proceedings of the athletic workshop, February 2-3, 1966, Atlanta, Georgia [1966]

_____ ::-:-.--
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ATHLETIC WORKSHOP
FEBRUARY 2-3, 1966 ATLANTA, GEORGIA
Conducted By:
THE GEORGIA RECREATION COMMISSION
7 HUNTER STREET, S. W ATlANTA, GEORGIA 30334

CARL E. SANDERS Governor

JoHN H. DAvis Executive Director

W ToM MARTIN, Ja. Assistant to the Director

JAMES A. COLLEY Assistant to the Director

COMMISSION MEMBERS

ADVISORY COUNCIL

WILLIAM R. TILLER, Ohair'1TI4n Evans

CHARLEs M. GRAVES, Ohair'1T14n Atlanta

MRS. W A. BowEN, V. Ohmn. Statesboro
RoBimT T. BAGGOTT, JR. Newnan

RoY A. HAMMOND, V. Ohmn. Dublin
FRED w CASWELL
Cartersville

JAMES E. BROWN Dalton

CuAm.Es EAvEs Elberton

ARCHIE L. CAMPBELL, J B. Warner Robins
MRs. CicERO A. JOHNSTON Atlanta

JAMES R. GOFF Moultrie
A. c. KERBY
LaGrange

vERNE J. PICKREN Folkston

CLAuDE }.f. LEWIS Wamer Robins

LuKE L. RusHTON Young Harris
J w STONE
Cordele

Huon B. MAsTERS Athens
llALPJI G. TuRNER Statesboro

JESSE MATnEws, ex-officio President, Georgia Recreation Society

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page FOREWORD-------------------------------------------------------- 1 ATHLETIC WORKSHOP PLANNING COMMITTEE---------------------------- 2 PHILOSOPHY OF ATHLETICS IN RECREATION--------------------------- 3
Rod Blaylock ORGANIZATION OF ATHLETIC LEAGUES-------------------------------- 9
Kermit Perry------------------------------------------------- 9 James 0. Oates----------------------------------------------- 12 ATHLETIC LEAGUE ORGANIZATION------------------------------------ 14 TIPS FOR ARRANGING SCHEDULES------------------------------------ 31 LUNCHEON PROGRAM - February 2, 1966----------------------------- 33 TOURNAMENT SELECTION-------------------------------------------- 34 Herbert Brantley ATHLETIC WORKSHOP BANQUET--------------------------------------- 44 Bill Curry DISCUSSION OF THE GEORGIA RECREATION SOCIETY ATHLETIC MANUAL---- 54 GIRLS AND WOMENS ATHLETICS-------------------------------------- 58 Edith Klein Question and Answer Session---------------------------------- 63 LUNCHEON PROGRAM - February 3, 1966----------------------------- 64 SHOULD MIDGET TACKLE FOOTBALL BE DISCONTINUED?------------------ 65 Dr. Robert T. Bowen------------------------------------------ 66 Richard Lane------------------------------------------------- 72 Question and Answer Session---------------------------------- 75 SUMMARY--------------------------------------------------------- 87 PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS-------------------------------------------- 88

FOREWORD
The Athletic Workshop came about as a result of numerous re~uests from Recreation Practitioners throughout Georgia. It is this type of training experience which the Georgia Recreation Commission hopes to make available in the future for Georgia recreators.
Hany things contributed to the success of this Workshop. I refer to the program participants, local arrangements, cooperation of the delegates, and the splendid work of the Steering Committee. Too much cannot be said about the latter group who were responsible for the planning and promotion of the event.
It is our hope that the many agencies represented at the meeting will benefit from their participation. By the same token, future training experiences will be designed to help all of us in the recreation profession to stay abreast of our ever expanding field and, conse~uently, improve the ~uality of our recreation services.
On behalf of the Georgia Recreation Commission, I express sincere appreciation to all of those who helped to make this Workshop a success. It is to them that we dedicate these proceedings.
'fn~~i~~ ecutive Director eorgia Recreation Commission
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ATHLETIC wau<sHOP PLARNING COIO'.ITTEB
Mr Torarny Drumaond. 1-rogram Director Dalton Recreation Department Mr. Herman Guinn, Executive Director Atlanta Boys' Clubs. Inc.
Mr. James o. Oates. Director
_Carrollton Recreation Department Mr. Charle3 OUzts. Assistant 'Director hacon Recreation Department Mr. Kermit Perry. Bxecu.tive Director Newnan-Coweta Young Mens Christian Association Mr. Ralph TUrner Assistant Director Statesboro Recreation Department
*****************
Mr JBr.les A. COlley Assistant Director Georgia Recreation Commission WOrkshop Coordinator
Paqe 2

"PHILOSOPHY OF ATHLETICS IN RECREATION"
Rod Blaylock Director of Recreation Albany, Georgia
Thank you Grady for that very kind introduction. You don't know how much it did for my ego. In fact, being asked to addrE"3S this very esteemed group is a great honor and it too has meant a great deal to my ego. I have been in Recreation some 17 years now and I guess I have felt les~ like a Recreation Jirector the last two or three of those years than before I ever got into ~ecreation. I have stayed pretty close to athle~ics though and I am delighted to have been asked to handle this assignment. I don't know what John and the Workshop Committee were thinking about when they came up~ith me, but I'm glad they did. You probably won't g~t a thing out of ~~at I have to say, but like I said, I'm gonna enjoy the hell out of it.
Ny topic is "PhilC'31')phy Of Athletics In ~ecreation". This in itself disturbed me a little only from the standpoint of how to approach it. Philosophy usually means the accepted principles or ethics in the operation of something. In '=>ther words the mears of viewing or operatir.g it, the theory of it, its motus operandum, etc. So since we are all connected with Recreation or thletics or both, you can easily under3tand how this could be approached from several angle 3. The topic could easily be "Philosophy of P.ecreation in Athletic;", or "Recreation in the Philosophy of ~thletics", or "l\thletics in the Philosophy of f<.ecreation". F"r references you could go to "Philosophy of Recreation", or "Philosophy of Athl~tics", or "Philosophy of Physical Education", or a dozen more. I didn't go to any of them, so this will be 3trictly my own viewpoint on the subject today.
We are all familiar with the old saying, "It matters not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game", and I guess this topic cou11 be summed up in that one simnte statement if we could discover the ideal philpsophy and put it irto action in the physical and athletic parts o;./-6ur Recreation progrcms. You know and I know, however, that it d()E(s matter how you play trte game ano it does matter whether you have won or lost. t-1aybe not so much to us who are in general charqe of all the programs, maybe not so much to the ~thletic Directors who are responsible for the overall success of the various athletic programs, but to key staff people closely allied with teams, to players, citizens and especially mothers and daddies it matters. So to start with we can say we are outmanned,outvoted, and face tremendous odds on our principles, ethics, or philosophy of operation. In other words our opponents in this thing are our very participants, our players, our spectators, the very people we are trying to help and the very people who created our job and the very people who pay our salary.
The American Public is a cutthroat, competitive public, and getting more so everyday. Ethical business standards are practiced in our nation today, that a businessman in 1920 would have gone broke . before he would have done some of them. Today they are accepted standards, and if you want to stay up there you better practice them too.
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Well, you say, that's different. This is Recreation, it's not the same. Vie are not faced with those million dollar make or break deals, and I agree with you 100%. But we are dealing with that same American public, those same people, for after all, that is all any recreation program is desiyned Eor, to serve the American public. :'.r.-3 that same hard nosec banker, that -;arne used car ~ea ler, that sC~nl0. appli.ance c;alesman, that same insurance salesman "''ho practice~ these competitive principles everyday ~f his life can't walk o~t on that soEth~ll field or bas~etball court at night and turn int~ a little saint.
rhank God for nature' c; instinct H'tlich makes these pe~ple see"'< Recreation, which is to get ~way fr0m what they 0o all day long, to seek :;omething relaxing, that takes their ::ninn; off of the thing'3 they go through with auring the "'!orking -:9ay. But when the chips are down, and the sc~re an~ the umpire mis:;es one, he ;ometimes forget:; he is Recreationing or that his son is out there t~ develop his vhysical statue, his em~tional control, his agility and coordinati~n. ~ometime3 fair play depends on whether we are winning or not. ~ports manship sometimes is at its best from a proud victor. The ur,canny thing about athletics and athlete~ is that we can never : ;ay, well he, or she, or they don't know about fair play or sportsmanship, because they do. We see them practice itl ~nen they winl They know how to play fair and be good sports, but so many only practice it when it suits them to practice it. It really is easy t~ see, how we sometimes say, Well we can't fight 'em .;o we might as well join 'em. Our problem in Recreation is who to joinl You've got 50% loosers and you've got 50% winners. The loosers are hollering chcnge everything, and the winners are saying "Great Program".
You know what I call a "Real Winner""?? A Recreation ::>irector or Athletic Director who is sweating out a \'ery important athletic contest, holding his breath for the entire contest, waiting for something to happen, and it ends with everyone happy and congratulating each other. You just look at him when this happens and y~u are looking at a real winner - a happy guy. Now I am sure we have all experienced this situation, and usually it will happen when we are lcoking for the worst. \'."'hy7 Did these players, and fans, and mammas and daddies change all of a sudden? Did they make up their mind before they came to the game, that regardless of how the game turns out, I am going to act like a winner? I don't believe so. This could involve hundreds and maybe thousands of people, and you could hardly believe that they all decided the s~e thing on one given night. If you look back on one of these type athletic contests you will see that several things could have contributed to it. Don't just assume you were lucky and hope it happens again next time. Try to make it happen again next time.
Probably if you knew it was going to be a crucial contest and had some explosive possibilities in it, you took a few extra precautions. Pos9ibly you talked to the officials and a~ainted them with a few facts of life, like if they wanted to save their own, they better be on the ball. The take charge attitude and efficiency with which an official starts a game will go a long way toward keeping the game under control. Start one loose and it will usually end wild and loose. You probably also had a talk with the Managers or Coaches of the two teams, and in a nice way let them know that tbeir actions
Page4

during a ball game had a lot to do with the actions of players and fans, because this is certainly so. Let a coach shake his fist at an official and you've got both players and fans who might not have even known anything was wrong ready to hang the officials. Your fans are another problem, because we dislike to get on a public address system and lecture or appeal to fans, but actually you don't have to. If you have to, you have gotten through to the coache3 and officials. Very seldom do the fans become a problem, unless the coaches and players start it. I had a problem such as this in an adult basketball league one time.
Now I know and you know that where you are running several fields of kids in the morning more kids in the afternoon and several fields or buildings full of adults at night for six days a week, it is hard to see that this kind of profes3ional dignity is given to every contest. It's impossible that all officials could be there at their assigned fields on time, especially if they are volunteers, lights will go out, e,...uipment will .fail, things will be forgotten, but no matter how small the program or how large, how young the age group or how old, the be3t of e~uipment or the worst, paid officials or volunteers, the leadership,planning, and directing of that athletic contest can lend it professional dignity.
Now we are talking about the 11 Philosophy of Athletic3 in Recreation11, and I know most of you are probably saying when you are going to get to it. All you have been telling us is about the problems we have, which we are thoroughly familiar with. But if we look at it this way, gentlemen, the problems we have are what set our philosophy. ~hey guide our operation. They help us avoid past mistake3. Problems aren't just a part of an athletic conte3t like a ball or bat. s~mething has to happen to make a problem. Either a direct action or action that was not taken and should have been. 3o really our outlonx, our philosophy or motus operandum on theae athletic conte3t 3 are base-3 or the prnble!ns \ve encounter or the problems we know could occur.
There are a lot of things about an athletic contest that are the same whether it is a Recreation program game or a top professional game. The age group of the players may be different, the field may be a different size, the talent of the players widely varies, the size of your spectator group may be differ~nt, but in all cases it's one team trying to beat another, one coach trying to out coach another, officials that are having to make judgment and deci:;i"ns, and spectators that are biased. The3e things are cornnon to all athletic contests. Just think how important the outcome of a final w~rld ~eries game i3 t~ so many people. The difference in money to the plRyers, the championship of the world for one team, al thnse fans, and all those people who bet on one team or another, but did you ever 3top to consider hO\-r many mothers could care less nr doesn't even Know who won the world series, but at Johnny's sandlot game of the morning she is right behind that backstop yelling bloody murder.
Now we only had one world series in the United States and I don't know what the total attendance was or the total number of people who cus~ed an umpire, but I'll bet you that whatever that
Page 5

total was, throughout America that week we had more mothers behind sandlot backstops yelling at umpires. So regardless of how small the contest may be, it is of vital importance to somebody.
Now I know you will say that there is one big difference in our athletic contests conducted in recreation programs and those on a higher age group or more professional level, and this big difference is the competitive nature of the contest. More competitive in other words, and I agree with you. But I do not believe it is a vital factor as far as our philosophy or mode of operation is concerned. This competitive spirit is a natural trait - to a higher degree in some athletes than others, and certainly it i.s something that can be increased or cultivated by good coaching and experience in participating. But properly handled and with a contest which has this professional dignity that we have talked about, I believe that a keen competitive spirit on the part of participants will only make a better contest.
There is certainly a difference also between the athlete and those who compete or just play. I call them non-athletes, and I am not speaking of our youngsters in a program. Certainly these kids have varying degrees of talent, but they have not been exposed long enough to athletic eontests, to build up this competitive spirit or to discover whether they are really athletes or not. As a rule we can tell early in a boy's performance if he has the natural talent, but it does not always prove out that he moves on into a natural talent. It does not always prove out that he moves on into a successful athletic career. Rather I am talking about the adult, who never competed. He was never on a varsity school team of any kind. He never received the benefit of a professional coach. Perhaps for many reasons. Maybe he didn't have talent. Maybe there was no coach or no team: maybe he just didn't want to play. In any event he didn't and now as an adult he is out in your program participating in some of the athletic contests.
I renember when the adult softball program was all fast pitch, and very competitive, demanding players with talent. One error or one hit could mean the ball game. Then slow pitch came along and I was so glad to see it from a Recreation standpoint. So many more could play because it was less demanding on talent. If you made an error and let in four runs, you just knocked in that many when you got to bat. The good players came into the slow pitch too, and some very fine competition has been developed in this slow pitch game. In Albany it got to be just about as competitive as fast pitch was, so we decided to get up a church league. Here was a game that was good Recreation, good fellowship, good exercise, didn't demand a great deal of talent, and we must have 100 churches in Albany. With these good brothers and Deacons, and Sunday School teachers out there we would have it made. The program would practically run itself. Hat Hat Well, I am not going into detail about the leagues of churches we have. We still think it is a good program, but if you walked out there to see it sometimes, you wouldn't associate them with a church. "Non-athletes" in the first place they had never won or lost before. They had a natural desire to win, of course. They didn't know rules, or how to run bases or how to get out of the way of each
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other. Some have a natural animosity toward other faiths and churches. so really we were faced with a much tougher program, and when we can keep the same players coming back each year we are P~ ucating them and they are beginning to understand competition.
Your competitive athlete, some one who has competed over the years will normally only give you trouble in a contest when a rule is missed or a real bad judgment decision is rendered. Your Nonathlete may protest a game on the basis you only h've to run within three feet of the base, or a runner is out because you cut across in front of him with the ball.
"To develop young mind-,, young bod1es and to teach them the ethics of competition, and to relax nlder minds, ann keep older bodies fit". This would be my definition and my rhilosophy l")f athletics in recreation.
Keeping in mind the problems and 3ituations I have mentil")ned, plus those which you have encountered, ana others we have no~ mentioned, I believe the number one prere~uisite for carrying out this philosophy in recreation athletics is to have the "Professional Dignit. y11 we have spoken of. And first it begins with your :)epartment. If JOU are not receiving at least onP- c~ll a day to settle an argument, on rule3, or hl")w wide a badminton cnurt shou~oe, or how high a basketball g~al should be =rnm the ground, or any one of a 100 different ~'lestions, then ~"OU don't have this professional athletic respect in your community. I you haven't directed your entire '3taff that there are no such words a'3 "I don't know" in regard to a ~uestion on athletics or r~creation, then you are not gaining ground on building this prl")fessional image. If you have not also told your staff that they will find out the answers to any ~uestions they don't know anq get thi-, information back to the person or persons who wanted it as soon as possible, then you are loosing ground on maintaining this profes5ional image. If the people in charge of your athletic program, including your Athletic Director, are not the final authority and not the person all look to for the final decision in regards t0 all problems that occur ~n the playing field, then this professional dignity and respect is lacking.
I do not mean that these people must be former professional or even talented athletes. ~hey may have never played before. But they must have knnwledge of the game, good judgment, and a keen understanding of these various problems as we have mentioned. It is they who build into the mindc; of players, coaches, officialc;, and fans that here is a person who knows the right answer. It is his business to know, and he has proved before that he doe3 know. It's so eac;y to back off from one of these decisions, especially if you have just driven up to one of the fields and both sidec; cnme charging at you at once. It's easy to say, I wasn't here, I didn't see it. What can I do now? It's too late111
It's never too late to listen111 To both sides111 or three sides111 or four sides111 Haybe then there is nothing you can do. But your profes:;ional knowledge decided that, and you explainedyour decision, and they respected you for it. If you back off from your professional duties, no one will ever respect you for it. Let your
philosophy of athletics be to "Develop young mind-, and bodies and
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teach them the ethics of competiti~n. ~o relax older minds an~ keep older bodies fit 11 and do it with a professional dignity.
I see by the program that there will be at this Workshop a session on Midget Football. the pros and cons. and \olhether it should be continued or not, I am looking forward with interest to this session. and I don't want to touch on any subject matter here that will be pertinent to that session. We operate r1idget Football in Albany. It's our large~t athletic program. and by far the most popular with the players. fans. and everyone else. I am keenly aware of the controversy about this type of activity and I have always stated that if I ever thought the disadvantages of Midget Football outweighed the advantage.3. then I would no longer condone it or recommend operating it. We have certainly had problems with it. 3ome more in some years-less in others. Yet if I WPrE' to go back to Albany tomorrow and aovocate the stopping of ~~idget F'ootball in that City. I would be looking for a new job by Saturday, and t1idget Football would continue in the City either under private sponsorship or under a Director who wanted tiidget Football.
How many times have all of you said when it can~e time to start planning a certain seasonal pr~gram that you wished you were not operating it. it was just more headache3 than it was worth. But yet you do because of popularity or because it's expected. We all face this. And the answer is to get it more under control and give it a touch of this professional dignity we are talking about. civic clubs and various organized groups are fine for sponsors, and the purchasing of e~uipment and helping publicize your program. But don't ever let them have the say so in the operation of that program. Keep this within your Department and under the leadership of your professional people.
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"ORGANIZATION OF ATHLETIC LEAGUE~"
James o. Oates, Director of Recreation
Carrollton, Georgia
Kermit Perry, Executive Director Newnan-Coweta YHC.:::.
The importance of well organized athletic leagues cannot be over emphasized. Especially since most Recreation programs revolve and exist through their athletic leagues. This runs the gamut from Pee Wee Baseball to the Adult League.
I say revolve because a large per cent of all Recreation programs is athletics, therefore, your sta~f, budget, publicity are primarily concerned with the organization and administration of athletic leagues.
I say exist because not too many Recreation programs are going to be successful if we run our programs or a varsity type level. Picking only the best players to represent our Department against outside competition. I am a firm believer that a program should be first and foremost organized for the people of your community, then play outside competition only at the conclusion of the League.
I'm injecting some of Rod's philosophy so I'll try to get back on the point of discussion.
Now Kermit and I will be discussing only one approach which is ours to the organization of Athletic Leagues. No one will ever do the same job in the same manner, so we aren't advocating today that you abandon the method you have been pursuing in the past. The method we have outlined, however, has been tested and proved to be succes3ful.
hnile preparing for this presentation, Kermit and I found that we did numerous things alike; however, our approach sometimes might vary. \;e don't hold that ..:e have all the ans'\olers. We are planning to set aside about 20 minutes at the conclusion for you to make comments or ask any -u~stions.
We will foll,.,w closely the booklet and invite you to glance over the examples 2s we discuss them.
As an upcoming season ap~roaches, let's say for the sake of an example, softball, send out letters to all teams who played in your softball league last year.
These teams 3hould be given an opportunity to reclaim their position in the league before opening it to new teams. In the letter set a deadlin for them to commit themselve3 to play. Set a committment fee also, because they might half heartidly say,"Yes, we will play", bu:. if they send a $10 fee you can almost be sure
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they will play.
This fee is applied tn the entry fee, however, if they decide not to play, the deposit is forfeited.
~~ile old teams are claiming their spot~ names of new teams are taken on a first come, first serve basis with the under3tanding that they will take the vacant spot left by those teams that did not indicate they will play. It is a good idea to make the new teams put up a deposit and return it if a vacancy does not materialize.
As the deadline approaches, call the teams who haven't committed themselve3. Thi3 will serve as a reminder to the team and also may indicate through conversation that they definitely won't have a team this year.
About a week after sending out the letter issue a news release to the radio and paper telling about the league. Indicate that several new teams would like to enter the league. This will prompt teams to beat the deadline. Outline how new teams will be accepted, etc.
The deadline should be set earlie- enough that if more teams are needed sufficient time would be available to publicize for addit~onal teams. This would prevent a last minute panic to come up with the final team.
Once tha league is complete, set a date - time - place for an organizational meeting with the team representatives. Write them a letter approximately a week in advance. In larger cities which have more activities a week and a half to two weeks should be allowed.
Always make sure the site of the meeting is definitely arranged if a luncheon meeting is planned. Confirm date and time with the eating establishment.
The day of the meeting have the Department secretary to call the team representatives to remind them of the meeting. It is very important that all teams have someone present to speak for their team.,
The meeting should be publicized. This is another method of reminding representatives and it lets the public know that they can expect the season to be opening shortly.
In organizing for the meeting have it set up similiar to the way you would with your Recreation COmndssion. Have scratch pads and pencil3 and all necessary information pertaining to the league at each sitting place.
The information each representative should have is (a) How the cost of the league is derived, (b) Information on the nights and the fields that will be available for play, (c) Form to obtain proper addresses of team representatives , and (d) a contract.
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I won't go into detail about this information because Mr. Perry will cover it more thoroughly when he discusses decisions at meetings.
Too much emphasis cannot be placed on the importance of the decisions that will be made at the organizational meeting. They will be the keynote to the entire league season. Decisions that are made can determine whether the league will be a success or a failure.
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James Oates:
Whew11 I'm glad that's over. No, Noll I didn't mean Kermit finishing, but rather that's how I feel after an organizational meeting.
Now the work will really begin. I'm like Kermit- an excellent way to publicize the meeting is to take a picture of the team representatives and also submit the results of the meeting, telling number of games each team will play, who the teams will be, days or nights they will play, time of games, when season will open, etc.
Another publicity angle would be to publicize the rule changes. This is great public relations especially for your umpires. It lets the spectators and players know what changes have been made in the rules. This prevents the players and spectators from griping at the umpire needlessly.
A few years back the pitching rule in slow pitch softball seemed to change each year. It went from one foot to two feet then to three. This is just an example as to how it would be beneficial.
Also include in the news release about rules that the season will be opening shortly, when, who will be playing and any special opening game features.
A week before the season opens place posters around town to indicate that the league will be starting. If that particular sport is real popular, have the Mayor proclaim it softball week.
The By-Laws which were determined at the meeting will have to be typed. A copy of these By-Laws should be given to each player in addition to the coaches, representatives, and sponsors. The players will know what league rules they are playing by. It will give added meaning when he signs his contract. He will not only
be agreeing to play for a certain team, but also stating that he
will abide by the rules governing the league.
How many of us wait until the last minute to order trophies for our league. I'm a real good one to be standing up here telling you how to organize a league when I ordered my trophies for basketball recently only a week and a half before it would end.
If it is settled at the organizational meeting that trophies will be given, then why not go ahead and order them immediately following the meeting. Display them in the Recreation Center or in some show window downtown.
They won't be collecting dust, the teams and spectators will have a topic of conversation. We're going to win that big one there11. Our team stands a good chance of winning one of those beautiful trophies.
I've saved the old bogger bear for last. You will see how I
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feel about drawing up schedules. Now in my presentation on schedules a lot of this may be old
stuff to some of you, but Im going to go over the information in the booklet just a3 if no one knew anything about scheduling.
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ATHLETIC LEAGUE ORGANIZATION CHECK LIST

I.

Issue Call for teams

A. Letters to last year's teams 1. Set deadline and committment fee
B. If necessary, publicize for additional teams

II. Set Date-Time-Place for Organizational Meeting A. Be sure site of meeting definitely arranged B. Representatives should be notified in plenty of time prior to meeting 1. Write letter 2. Call day of meeting 3. Publicize meeting

III.

Have all necessary information ready for distribution A. Information showing cost of league
1. How arrived at entry fee B. Information on nights and fields available for play C. Form to obtain proper addresses of representatives

IV. Decisions at Meeting A. Team Representatives 1. Person in charge of each team (manager, coach, sponsor) 2. If possible an assistant should be named 3. Obtain address and phone number both business and home. B. Number of Games 1. Facilities available 2. Number of teams in league 3. Days or nights that league is able to play 4. Number of game~ each day or night 5. Time of games (a) How early should first game begin (b) How late should second game begin 6. When will tournament begin, dates, type
c. Amount of Entry Fee
1. Determined by cost analysis (a) Umpires and scorers - cost (b) Possible rent of field (c) Cost of light, if any (d) How to show entry fee to sponsor 1. All e"llipment and entry fee 2. Entry fee plus responsibility of e,.,uipment (e) Deadline for payment (f) Trophies (cost)
D. Who will Officiate 1. Will you use an association? 2. Will you train officials? 3. Can you hold clinic for beginner officials?

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4. How much should you pay per game? 5. Who picks officials (Rec. Director -
league committee)? 6. Dress for officials E. Conflicting playing dates 1. Some conflict is unavoidable with other groups 2. Fourth of July, other holidays, important com-
munity activities F. Starting date and who plays first G. Straight through or divided season H. When to pick up contracts
1. All at same time I. Setting up practice sessions
1. When 2. Procedure 3. Scheduled by whom 4. When can teams begin practice J. Review and adoption of by-laws

V.

After Meeting

A. Publicize results of meeting

1. Take picture for paper

2. Posters

B. Publicize rule change.3 in paper

1. Helpful to officials, spectators, and players

2. Recognize that season will soon start

C. Print by-laws and send to representatives

1. One for each player

D. Order Trophies

1. Usually wait too late to do this

E. Draw up schedule

1. Send to all representatives

(a) One for each player

(b) Mail to Radio Station

(c) Publicize in Newspaper

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CARROLLTON RECREATION DEPARTMENT FEBRUARY 2, 1966
~ear ________________ : With spring and the 1966 softball season rapidly
approaching it's time to start preparations. If your team will again participat~ please let us know by filling out the enclosed form and returning it to City Hall Ave., Carrollton, Georgia. We will need to have a committment for 1966 play by March 15.
The names of new teams are being taken now with the understanding that they will take the vacant spots left by those teams that do not indicate they will play in 1966. Please don't get left out!
In order that we will know which teams will be active and to enable us to get organized early, we ask that each team send $10.00 with the enclosed form. This will be applied to your entry fee but in the event that your team does not play, the deposit will be forfeited.
Remember! The deadling is the 15th of March so let us hear from you as soon as possible.
Cordially yours,
James o. Oates
Superintendent of Recreation
Page 16

CARROLLTON RECREATION DEPrlRTMENT NEWS RELEASE: FEBRUARY 15, 1966 SPORTS EDITOR: RALPH PAR~~ WLBB SPORTS: LOWELL ~~ITE

NEWS RELEASE

The City County Softball League, which was a great success last year, will be getting underway soon. The League will be under the auspices of the Carrollton Recreation Department with the teams being sponsored by various business or industrial concerns over the county.
Eight teams participated last year and as many clubs or more are anticipated this season. Intere3t in this program is running high with several teams already beginning to organize. Also several new teams have indicated that they would like to enter the Ler.gue.
Teams that were in the League last y~ar were: West Georgia t-1ills, H & H Food3, t~aryon Hosiery, :\merican Legion, DuW:e Brothem Jaycees, Srmthwire, and Co.i.Jeland Sausage.
Letter3 have been mailed to representatives of all teams who played last year. If they plan to participate again this year they will have until Tue-,day, t-!arch 15th to reclaim their spot in the League.
The ncmes of new teams are being taken now with the understanding that they will take the vacant spot left by those teams that do not indicate they wi'll play in 1966.
In order to know which teams will be active and to enable the Carrollton Recreation Department to get organized early, each team is a3ked to send a comrnittment fee of $10~00. This will be applied to the entry fee, but in the event that the team does not play, the deposit will be forfeited.
An organizational meeting will be held shortly after the deadline to discuss league entry fees and to adopt a constitution and by-laws.

Page 17

March 15, 1966
Dear Just a reminder that the organizational meeting for
the Carrollton Recreation Department's City Slow Pitch Softball League will be held at City Hall in the c,..,uncil Room at 7:30 Tuesday night, r-1arch 15.
At this meeting plans for league play this summer will be discussed. This includes drawing up by~laws and determining the cost to each team.
If for some reason you are unable to attend, please send someone to represent your team. Looking forward to seeing you Tuesday night.
Sincerely yours,
Jim Oates Superintendent of Recreation
Page 18

i-'.PFROXIHr.TE COST FOH A CONCERN TO SPONSOR A SCF I'BALL TEJl.J1

Entry fees are figured on the basis of the costs for umpires, scorers, trophies, play off games, and by the number of games each team plays. The fees listed below is compiled on a team playing a 14 game schedule with 8 teams in the league. A total of 56 league games will be played.

Cost of umpires per game Cost of scorers per game Total cost per game A Total of 56 games will be played
Total Cost for Umpires & Scorers

$ 5.00 1.0) 6.00 x56 3600
3000
$336DO

y... 336.00

Trophies

Three play off games if needed

$48.00

lj Teams--/ ...,.-----

$384.00

Entry fee for each team is Two Dozen Balls 6 Bats
1 Catchers Hask 15 Jerseys & Rust Cote Lettering

30.00 18.00
$ 384,.00
$ 48.00 42.00 11.00 2.50 55.00

Total

$ 158.50

After the first year the cost would be only

Entry fee Balls

$48.00 42.00
$90.00

Page 19

THE CHART BELOW SHOWS THE USAGE OF EACH FIELD UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE CO~~ISSION L!~ T SUMMER

CORONET FIELD
BARWICK FIELD

MONDAY

TUESDAY

WEDNESDAY

THURSDAY

FRIDAY

SATURD,c\.Y

Free Play
6 pm-10 pm
Little League

9 arr.-noon Knot Hole
6 pm-10 pm Little League

Free Play
6 pm-10 pm Farm League

9 arr.-noon Knot Hole
6 pm-10 pm Little League

Free Play
6 pm-10 pm Farm League

For rained out games and/or
Recreation play

Afternoon Practice
6pm-10pm Pony League

Afternoon Practice
6 pm-10 pm Pony League

Afternoon Practice
Night-rained out games or practice

Afternoon Practice
6 pm-10 pm Pony League

Aftert".oon Practice
Night-rained out games or practice

Same as
Above

BELCRAFT FIELD

3 pm-5 pm Lassie Practice
7 pm-10:30 Church League

;:,fternoon Practice
7 pm-9 p:n Lassie League

3 pm-5 pm Lassie Practice
Night-rained out games or practice

Afternoon Practice

Afternoon Practice

7 pm-9 pm

6 pm-10 pm

Lassie League Farm League

Same as
Above

CABIN CRAFTS FIELD

Afternoon Practice
7 pm-10 pm Church League

..;fternoon Practice
7 pm-10 pm Employee League

Afternoon Practice
7 pm-10 pm Whitfield League

Afternoon Practice
7 pm-10 pm Employee League

Afternoon Practice
7 pm-10 pm Whitfield League

AMERICAN LEGION FIELD

Free Play 6 pm-10 pm Cole League

Free Play 6 pm-1 pm Legion

Free Play
6 pm-10 pm Explorer League

Free Play
6 pm-10 pm Colt League

Free Play
6 pm-10 pm Explorer League

Same as
Above
Free Play 6 pm-10 pm Legion or Dalton

TEAM~-----------------------COLOR OF UNIFORMS-----~-----NICKN~m OF TE~~---------------------------------~---------SPONSOR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~PHONE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

ADmEss-----------------------------------------------------

MANf\.GER -----------------------------------------------------

Is 1-~hNAGER ADDRESS-------------------------------------------

HOME PHONE

BUSINESS PHONE________________

CHECK (X) BY THE LEAGUE YOU WANT TO ENTER.

( ) CITY-COUNTY

( CHURCH

( ) INDUSTRIAL

SIGNED ~T~E-AM~.-R-E~PR--E~~~-E~NT~~-T~I~VE~------
FEE ENCLOSED -------------

Page 21

CARROLLTON RECREATION DEPARTMENT CARROLLTON, GEORGIA
PLAYERS CONTRACT

N..;t.~-------------------------- TEAU----------------------------

PLAYER Is A1)DRESS------------------------------------------------

PHONE~----~--------~-=------~------AGE AS OF THIS DATE___

(HONE)

(BUSINESS)

I, the undersigned, agree that I will play for the above

na~ed team and will abide by all the rules as outlined in the

Constitution and By-Laws governing the League, and all policies

set up by the Carrollton Recreation Commission. DATE._____________________
PLAYER'S SIGNATURE

Is ~.ANAGFP. SIGNATURE

RELEASE FORM DATE_____________________________Tmu60F RELEASE_____________
PLAYER Is SIGNATURE MANAGER Is SIGNATURE
THIS CONTRACT IS NOT VALID UNTIL OFFICIALLY LOGGED ON PLAYER REGISTRY.
Page 22

CON3TITUTION, BY-L~~S, RULES &
REGULATIONS - CARROLL SL<m-PITCH SOFTBALL LEAGUE 1966
1. The governing body of this league will be composed of one representative from each team and the league coordinator. The league coordinator will be the Superintendent of Recreation or his assigned representative in his absence.
2. A player cannot be a member of another softball team in the Carrollton Recreation Department softball program.
3. Game3 will start on time. If a team fails to field 9 players at game time, that team shall forfeit the game. If 'l"!e:i.ther team can field 9 players "NO CONTEST" is declared.
4. In the event of rain 5 innings constitutes an official game.
5. In the event of rained out games the Recreation Department will reschedule games and notify all team managers 48 hours or 2 days prior to playing date. Teams failing to appear for make-up games shall forfeit. Gamed will be made up within two weeks if possible.
6. If an argument goes over one minute the umpire shall call "PLAY BALL" and if the offending team refuses to play within one minute the game shall be forfeited to the other team. The manager is the only authorized person to discuss rule interpretations with the umpire.
7. In case of light failure the game will be treated as a rained out game.
8. In cases when eligibility is in doubt the burden of proof will rest with the team whose player is in ~uestion. Also when eligibility is in doubt it must be reported to the league coordinator within 24 hours of the game played. If not reported in the time set, the game will be official and cannot be conte3ted.
9. All teams must be uniform from the waist up. All managers are directed to have all players in matching color shirts. Caps are optional.
10. Umpires will make sure only uniformed players, one bat boy, one scorer, and manager sits on the players bench. It is the duty of the umpire and each ~anager to keep unauthorized persons out of playing territory and off the bench.
Page 23

11. No profanity is allowed by players either on the bench or on the field. Offenders are subject to ejection from the playing area.
12. In order to change teams a player's manager must report to the league coordinator and release the player. His contract will then be destroyed. Released players fall into two categories: The player who re~uests release and the player who is released without this re~uest. In the case of the player being dismissed without his re~uest, he shall be allowed to sign with another tea~ immediately througl1 the contrcr.t system. In the case of a !)layer reNuesting relea3e, ob~aining same, an~ wishing to play with another team, he must have another contract filed with the league coordinator. After the contract is filed he must wait for his new team to play 3 league games before he is eligible.
13. A manager has the right to protest over an umpire's interpretation of the rules provided that protest is made immediately and before the next official pitch takes place. ~~en prote3t is made the umpire-in-chief shall consult with his associate umpires. If he is convinced that his decision is in conflict with the rules he shall announce that the game is being played under protest. Failure of the umpire to make such an announcement shall not effect the validity of the protest. The protosting manager shall report to the league coordinator in writing within 2~ hours and post a proteqt fee of $5. If the protest is upheld the fee will be returne~, but if not upheld the fee will not be returned. Upon receipt of written protest and protest fee the league coordinator will determine the validity of the protest. If in his judgment the prote3t i3 made on misinterpretation of rule3, he shall call a meeting of team representatives. At this he~ring both managers involvea in the protest, if present, qhall be given the opportunity to outline the incident upon which the protest was made. Team representatives in attendance will then be given the opportunity to ~ue3tion both parties after which the involved manager~ will be excused. After discussing the findings, the representatives shall cast votes as follows: yes - to uphold the protest, no - to deny protest. After a decision is reached, the group will them determine how the game shall be treated. A ~orum will consist of those present at the meeting. If no representatives appear for the protest hearing, the league coordinator shall make the decision.
14. No smoking is allowed on the field. Smoking is allowed on the bench only.
15. There shall be no time limit on games. However, games will be scheduled for 7, 8, and 9 o'clock. No grace period, will be allowed. If at any point after 4~ innings the home team is winning by 10 or more runs, the game shall be called. In
Page 24

the event that the 3rd game of the evening has not ended at curfew, play will be stopped and the Recreation Department will reschedule the game to begin at the inning it was called. No inning may start after 11 p.m., no game after 10:20 p.m.
16. No gambling will be tolerated. Violators will be suspended.
17. In cases of rowdyism or unsportmanlike conduct a player must upon re~uest of any team manager or umpire, appear before the governing council where his case will be reviewed. The council has the authority then to suspend the player for any length of time deemed necessary.
18. The roster shall be determined by the contracts posted at the Recreation Center with the league coordinator. Player3 not under contract are not eligible to play.
19. The roster shall not exceed 15 players at one time.
20. After a team has played its seventh game, no'players having been under contract with another team in the Carrollton Recreation Department Program may be added to the roster.
21. Any player who so much as touches an umpire in anger or threatens to do him bodily harm shall be. barred from the program. Such a suspension shall be mandatory for one year.
22. Any player who is ejected from a game a second time in one season for unsportsmanlike conduct, etc., shall be suspended for the remainder of the season.
23. No drinking will be tolerated. A player who is guilty of being under the influence of intoxicates shall be immediately removed from the playing area ana suspended from the softball program. This suspension is mandatory for one year.
24. Players released from a team in this league shall not be allowed, under any conditions, to play with that same team again that season.
25. Ten minutes prior to game time each manager is re~uired to submit one copy of his line up to the official scorer.
26. The official ball for the City Slow Pitch League is WILSON #A-9100. The home team manager shall present two new balls to the umpire prior to game time and it will be his responsibility to keep playable balls in the game at all times.
27. The four teams possessing the best won-lost records during the scheduled playing season will represent the league in the district tournament. In the event that two or more teams are tied for one of these positions the league coordinator will schedule a play-off to determine which team shall play.
Page 25

28. ASA Slow Pitch rules will be strictly adhered to unless contrary to these by-laws.
29. The season will be divided into two halves with each team playing 6 games each half. Trophies will be given to first and second place teams. A play-off between the first and second half champions will determine the two top places. Should one team win both halves the team with the 3econd best over all record will be runner-up. Playoffs con3ist of one game.
Page 26

1965-66 Yt-1CA BASKETBhLL LEAGUE
1. Entry Fee $50.00 per team (total) A. $25.00 membership B. ?25.00 league expense (entrance fee)
2. Each team will be limited to 12 members, this number to include the coach if he is a playing coach.
3. All teams must have uniforms wit~ jer3eys numbered. Each team is responsible for securing own uniforms.
L Before a player can participate on a team, he must have been on the approved roster 24 hours prior to the game in which he plays.
5. hll roster change3 (additions & d~letions) must come through the YMCA office.
6. Once a player participates with a team in a game he cannot change to another team either during the regular season or in tournament play.
7. Each team must have 5 certified !:1layer.'3 in proper uniform to begin game.
8. Before a player can participate in tournament ?lay, he must have played in two regular season games.
9. If a player is dis-ualified for the 2nd time, due to unsportsman like conduct, that player will not be :t:Jerm:i t.ted to play in the league the remainder of the season incl 1~ding tournament play.
10. All games will be played at the YMCA building.
11. Number of games to be played .during season____________
12. Length of -uarters 8 min. Half time 10 min.
13. 2nd game will start 15 minute after completion of 1st game.
14. Team.s will have a 10 minute 11 grace 11 period after schedule starting time to begin play if not enough certified players are present. After this waiting period, if one team does not have enough certified players, it will be ruled a forfeit and be scored in the standing as a win for the team ready for play and a loss for the team that does not have enough players
This league is a part of the YMCA program and not an independent leaaue. If at any time it is necessary to adjust a starting time, reschedule games or make any other reasonable adjustment, the YMCA director will contact the league conuilitte~e
Paqe 27

and these adjustments will be made. Each team will have one person that will represent their team on the league committee.

In the event a team drops from the league druing regular season play, the players will be absorbed by the remaining teams in the league with the last place team having first choice and the next to last team having second choice etc. on up to the first place team.

Tournament to begin immediately after completion of regular season with a single elimination type tournament. Seeding will be based on a won-loss % including both halves of season. If two teams are tied in % their bracket location will be decided by the flipping of a coin. In the event of an uneven bracket,
6, 7, etc., the highest seeded team or teams to draw bye or byes.

E~UIPMENT & PERSONNEL FURNISHED BY YMCA

1 scorebook 2. Game Ball 3. Practice Balls

4. Officials
S. Scorer
6. Timer

Admission to games and tournament will be 25 per person. Members with cards admitted free.

A membership roster will be submitted to the YMCS office upon payment of entry fees and cards will be issued to these 15 individuals. Rosters must be completed by Saturday, November 27. With roster, please supply name of player, address and telephone number.

Each team may check out two practice balls 15 minutes prior to game.

Practice games must be cleared through YMCA office.

The league will begin Monday, November 29 and will end February 17.

The week of February 28 through March 4 will be the week of the tournament.

All playing dates will be on Monday and Thursday nights, with the
first game beginning at 7:00 p.m. and the second game beginning
15 minutes after completion of the first game. Playing dates are as follows:

START NOVEMBER 29

DECEMBER

Monday

Thursday

6

2

13

9

20

16

27

JANUARY

Monday

Thursday

3

6

10

13

17

20

24

27

31

Pa4Je 28

There will be no games scheduled on Thursday 1 :>ecer':lber 2 3rd 1 and Thursday1 December 30th.

F2BRUARY
Honday 7
14

Thursday
3 10 17

TOURNAMENT

Page 29

CARROLLTON RE~EATION DEPARTMENT NEWS RELEASE .SPORTS EDITOR: RALPH PARKMAN WLBB SPORTS: LOWELL WHITE
Representatives of the teams in the City-County Softball League met last Thursday night at the Teen Center to organize for the upcoming softball season. Present representing teams were: James Duffey, Duke Brothers; Bill Eason, Jayceesr John Smith, Southwire: Philip Carter, H & H Foods: Jim Yeary, Maryon Hosiery: Leon Yancy, American Legion: David Wilson, West Ga .Hills: and Fred Harman, Copeland Sausage.
The league will open June 6 with H & H Foods meeting Duke Brothers in the first tilt at 7 PM and the Jaycees tangling with Southwire at 8 PM. Games will be played each Mopday and Thursday nights.
The sea3on will be divided into two halves with the winner of each half meeting for the championship in a best two out of three series. Should t~e same team win both halves the club with the 3econd best overall record will be the runner-up.
The top four teams based on their over-all record will represent the league in the Fourth District Tournament. This tourney is scheduled to be played at Newnan the first week in August.
Page 30

TIPS FOR ,:-.RRANGING SCHEDULE.:i

h league schedule is in reality only a type of tournament-Round Robin. Every team plays against every other team once with the final standing determined on a percentage b~si3.

The following formula will apply to any number of teams, whether the total i3 odd or even. ~ith an odd number 0{ teams there is the same number of rounds, with an even number of teams there is one leqs number of round3 tha~ teams.

FOR ODD NUEBER OF 1'EA""..S

In drawing up schedules first assign each team a number and then use only the figures in drawing the 3chedule3.

In the case of an odn number of entrie->, a bye i3 used and placed at the top 0 the first c0lumn. With this arrangment, all number"J revolve with t"!"le last number ~rawing the bye or "op~n r=late" in each round. The numbers will rev0lve counter-clockwise around hye until the original combination is reach~d.

Bye-S 1--1: 2-3

Bye-4 5-3 1-2

Bye-3 4-2 5-1

Bye-2 3-1 4-5

Bye-1 2-5 3-4

FOR EVEN NUM.BER OF TEM-t3

With an even number of teams the position of No. 1 remains stationary and the other numbers revolve counter-clockwise around 1 until the original combination is reached.

1-6

1-5

1-4

1-3

1-2

2-5

5-4

5-3

4-2

3-6

3-4

2-3

5-2

5-6

4-5

Always remember that with an even number of teams, No. 1 remains stationary and the other number3 revolve; with an odd number of teams, all numbers revolve and the last number each time draws a bye.

NUHBER OF GAP-E;:> IN ROUN;J ROBIN

Before giving the team representative3 the approximate cost you must determine the total number of games to be played. This may be done two ways:

1. ~pply the formula N(N-1) with N representing the number

of entrie3.

2

Ex. - 6 teams in a league

N(N-1} 6(6-1)

2

2

6(5) 2

30 = 15 total games
2

Record the number of entries (6 , 5 , 4 , 3 ,2,1 ) and then cancel the Page 31

highest number, adding the remaining figures. (5+4+3+2+1 = 15
total games.).

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Several things must still be done after charting out the initial schedule as shown before on the five and six team round robin.

They are:

1. Each team should play the same or nearly the
same number of home games and the same or nearly the same number of first and second games. 2. Numbers must be converted to team entries. 3. Double check after converting making sure
each team played every other team.

Four team round robin

1-4

1-3

1-2

2-3

4-2

3-4

Reorganize round robin so each team will be home team th~ same and will play the same number of first and second games. For the second round robin just invert.

First: 4-1 4-2 1-2 2-3 3-4 3-4
Second:3-2 1-3 4-3 1-4 2-4 2-1

1. Sewells 2. Burger 3. Southwire
4. Duffey

Method to check if each team is playing same number of home games and the same number of first and second contests.

1

H~me

2

3

3

3

4

3

Vis!tors
3 3 3

Firsl Game
3 3 3

Secon~ Game
3 3 3

Method to check to make sure each team is playing each other the same number of times.

1

II II II

2 II

II II

3 II II

II

II II II

Page 32

ATHLETIC WORKSHOP PROGRAM

LUNCHEON PROGRAM February 2, 1966

Host of Luncheon:

Charles C. Clegg Director of Recreation Dalton, Georgia

Introduction of 3pEaker: James R. Goff Director of Recreation Moultrie, Georgia

Guest Speaker:

Bud Erickson Assistant to the President Atlanta Falcons

EXCERPTS FROM MR. ERICKSON'S SPEECH
"So I came down here and we open the gate and within seven (7) weeks we have sold 45,000 season tickets and we have to shut it off".
"We think that pro coaching is a full time job as is college coaching and after searching around we were fortunate in coming up with a boy the caliber of Norm Heckler. We think he is going to develop into a real fine pro football coach".
"But I guarantee you this - we will have a young, hard hitting team that will go on the field well conditioned, well drilled.team".
"Salaries in the league have grown tremendously. They are probably in the range of $18,000. This ladies and gentlemen is for five (5) months work".

Page 33

TOURNAt-mNT SELECT! ON
by
Herbert Brantley, Instructor Department of Recreation and Park Administration
N. c. State University Raleigh, N. c.
I am well aware that the job assigned is not to offer a philosophical discourse on recreation. However, there are several statements which I wish to make since they are indicative of my thinking as to the scope and direction of programmed recreation. They should also form some basis for understanding my method of presenting to you a short study in "Tournament Selection 11
How often has the recreator b~en asked to describe his responsibility and how often has he replied, "Find out what recreation activities our people want and then provide them with as m~ny of the3e opportunities as possible \<'ithin our budgetary means? It ]q with this seemingly traditional approach to job responsibility that one might take exception. The need for appraising individual differences is great and the recreator, unhindered by traditions, must be ab~e to meet the challenge. It is not necessary for all recreators to attempt to improve the recreation literacy of the people whom they serve? Our century seems destined to be characterized by transition, even turmoil. Assessment of man and leisure in the present as well as retrospectively underscores change. Recreators have often been slow in recording these changes and analyzing them in the light of their effect upon the leisure market. All too often the professional has been unaware of the need or has been inade"uately e"Uipped to understand the individual with whom he deals and the environment to which man is expected to adapt.
After considering the multiplicity of our make-ups - trait~ of personality, abilities and disabilities, attitudes, and elements of social compatibility the enormity of our tasks becomes more apparent. For most of us the world in which we live seems foreign to that which we knew two short decades ago. Ours is a mobile society preoccupied with social prestige. The migrations to our cities and the subse~ent flights to the suburbs which "uickly become oneclass comm~nities have had a tremendous influence on societal value orientations. It seems apparent that the idealism of our American heritage is fast losing the battle with the utilitarian, materialistic system so prevalent in this age of technology. In return technology has provided man with little job satisfaction and with practically no concept of self-realization. At the same time we have e"Uated healthy, productive individuals with a 11healthy society ...
Page 34

Man, the individual, is the basic unit with which we have to be concerned qnd his productivity is little related to the contributions which he makes to society. If the recreator is to be an effective agent of social policy he must develop a concept of man as a responsible, self-directive organism. The clinical and manipulative approach to program development ani) planning in recreation is not consistent with man in modern America. Can there be consistency in the comnlex society of today? This NUestion must be explored and answered within a framework of educational and recreational philosophy and methodology, taking into account the freedom of occupational choice and life-style which has come about through the several societal institutions dedicated to these objectives. In a search for consistency in our philosophy of recreation we must arrive at a standardization of our descriptive language in the field. We also need to know considerably more about what happens to participants in our programs. This does not imply that the professional recreator must have pre-conceived ideas as to the end-product of the various recreation experiences. He does need to have adeNuate understanding as to acceptable future leisure patterns which need to be molded around the supposition of man's uniNueness, fully understanding that there are many ways to live life richly and well.
Now let us turn to the task at hand. With an increase in the number of individuals and teams desiring to be included in our athletic activities and with time allotment becoming more restrictive it is increasingly necessary for us to make ourselves knowledgeable of the various types of tournaments and to know how to select the one best suited to fit a particular need. I would not want to spend the allotted time dealing with material which is much too elementary. I shall proceed knowing that most of us can profit from a review of the principles related to selection. For some the material will be relatively new.
It seems that too often we select the single elimination tournament because it is the one most easily understood by the participants and the one which "gets it over with". What then are some of the factors to be considered in tournament selection?
1. Number of entries. 2. Availability of playing areas. 3. Time 4. Type of activity. 5. Participants - age, sex, skill level, etc.
There are basically three types or categories of tournaments to be included in this discussion: (1) Extended, (2) Round Robin, (3) Elimination.
SINGLE ELIMI!'lATION TOURNM1ENT
The single elimination tournament emphasizes the elimination
Page 35

of teams and/or players. The method is direct and is the shortest route to the championship. Often, facilities and time will not permit more lengthy methods. Once completed we have some as-
surance that the champion is the be3t team entered, but we do know that the finalist is the second best. On the plus 3ide of the ledger, this type, once organize,d, can be carried out with
minimum staff supervision. Seeding is particularly important in order to avoid early elimination of the better teams through a faulty draw.

The athletic director needs a "llick way of determining the number of games, the number of byes, the number of rounds. etc. re-uired for tournament completion before he can make a logical decision regarding the use of the single elimination tournament. To have available an aid such as the following table could be helpful.

SINGLE ELil-liNATION TOURNAt~ENT

N,.,. of Entries 3
4
c::
J
6 7
s
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

No. of Rounds
2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
4
4 4 4
4
4
5

No. of Games 2 3
4
5 6 7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16

32

5

31

33

6

32

There are other means which might be employed. In the sngle elimination tournament the number of games re~uired is always one le3s than the number of entrants. The number of re~uired rounds e~uals the power of two corresponding to the number of entries but not exceecing the perfect power of two. Example:
t teams = 22 or 2 round~
5 8 teams = 23 or 3 rounds

9 -16 teams = 24 or 4 rounds
17 -32 teams = 25 or 5 rounds

Page 36

""t this point some consideration rou~t be given to the placement of tea~s on the ~raw sheet. ~his involves placement
of bye:J and placement of "seeded" teams. Keep in min~ that in
. seeding the final objective is to judge the teams on the ba3is of past performance3 an1 to place them 30 that the two best teams .;tand a gnod chance of meeting in the finals. Several years ago the placement of seeded teams was done almost completely as follows: The best team was placed in the top slot, the second best in the bottom slot, the third place team was placed in the bottom of the top bracket \'lith the fourth team occupying a position at the to~ of the_bottom bracket. Today most tournament directnr; are ;witching teams 3 and 4 so that ~1 is given a slightly better chance to advance tn the finals. The awarding of byes can be aone in many ways. One of the most important things to con3ider is con3istency. They 3hould be evenly distributed between the upper and lower brackets. The higher 3eeded teams generally recei.ve the bye:;. \'1'hen :;etting up a draw sheet it is desirable to keep it -;imple. The placing of innumerable byes make; this impo3sible. Cnnsider the following two draw sheets designed tn acco~~odate the same number of teams. For teams ~~ and ~9 the first round hecome3 a ~ualifying one. If fifteen tea~s were entered you would wish to show that ~1 received a bye and prepare a dr3w sheet with space for sixteen entries.
Page 37

1

b y,..._. e <:.

l

9 I

r

.
-

5
-b-y.er

-I.

bye 1-

~

:J ~ 6
,bye I

_bb...;.y'.l=e-e--I____.1. A.----

DOUBLE ELIMINATION TOURNAMENTS
Very few players, if given the chance, would select~the single elimination over the double elimination as a means of determining a champion. The double elimination offer.a some security from elimination on an "off night". Probably the double elimination tournament is the best to use when inter-league, inter-conference, or area championships are to be determined. Often teams object to traveling any great distance only to be eliminated after one game. This type tournament sustains ~nterest.
The number of matches in a double elimination tournament may be determined in the following manner: No. of Matches = 2N-2 or 2N-l. If the winner from the losers' bracket wins wh~n playing the winner of the winners' bracket, an additional game is re~uired. Seeding in the initial round is still important because the route through the losers' bracket is much more arduous than that on the winners' side of ledger. The losers' bracket can be set up independently of the original draw sheet or it can be extended to the left as shown below. The main problem in setting up double elimination tournaments is "crossing the brackets". Here again consistency is essential. However, it is desirable that losers be crossed to other brackets so that two first round opponents would not play each other early in the losers' bracket.
Note that the loser in the second round (upper Winners' Bracket) was shifted to the bottom of the Losers' Bracket whi~e the other second round loser was likewise cross-shifted. If sixteen teams had been involved, the first shift should have taken place within each eight team bracket. The second shift should take place between upper and lower brackets. No matter what system is employed it is imperative that the draw sheet indicate the movement of losing teams.
Page 38

E

E

E

c
'"

G
_ *"""'/~,G--:__ _.a.___.~ I __."-

A B

CONSOLATION TOURNAMENTS
The superiority of this tournament over the single elimination lies in the fact that each team is permitted to play at least twice. We often forget this guarantee so far as teams drawing a first round bye is concerned. Also, it should be noted that this tournament can be completed as -uickly as the single elimination if ad~ate playing facilities are available. Some Directors set the tournament up in such a way that all losers are given the opportunity to play in the consolation bracket.

A

~- B

B

A

B

D

c

L c

D I

A

B

E

~ r'.~F ~

t~F----

G

--~.~~-4

---=--~

G

The illustration shown above is a sample of the 11 typical 11 consolation tournament.
Page 39

A

-, c G

_ H_

"

The above chart shows how a different type of consolation tourn-
ament can be used ao that any loser can win the consolation championship no matter the round in which~e loss was incurred.

ROUND ROBIN TOURNAMENTS

Un~estionably this type of tournament affords the best basis for determining a champion. Even when we use this too often we
feel compelled to end the season with a single el~mination tourna-
ment. No doubt our thinking has been conditioned bY events which
are inspire4 to a degree by finances. We are in a posit1on to sell participants in our recreation programs on the types of to~na ments which are fairer to all concerned. Our methods do not need to be based entirely on tradition.

We must keep in mind that a great deal of time is need.ed if

this tourney type is to be employed, since each team is to play

each of the other teams entered. The formula for determining the

number of games needed for completion of the round robin tourna-

ment is nJn -1) wher4=! n11 11 represents the number of teams in the

2

tournament. In a 7 team league we have 7(7 - 1)-7 (6)- 21 games.

2

2

Below are two Widely used draw schedules for the round robin:

/1/ 6 /1/ 5 /1/ 4 /1/ 3 /1/ 2

256453 4 236

3

4

2

3

6

2

5

6

4

5

Note that one of the teams was kept in the same position and then the others were rotated counterclockwise. If you have an eneven
number of teams it is easier to keep the bye position constant and rotate the teams.

Page 40

AB c D E F G H

A X1 2 3

4 56

7

B

X3 4

5 67

2

c

X 5

6 71

4

n

X

7 12

6

E

X 23

1

F

'X 4

3

G

X

5

H

X

hll numbers are in numerical order with the exception of the last column. The numbers in the last column correspond to thost that would normally have preceded the first number shown in the row. Where byes are involved the draw can be shown in two ways. If for instance, seven teams were in a league the draw could resemble the schedule .above with the "H" column representing the byes. However, if you prefe~ the draw sheet could show only those figures shown through the "G" column with the byes being
implied.

Page 41

l.

R

(" D

E_

F

r.

J.t T

.Rua

A

1

2 ~

4.

~

fi.

7 A

9
..

_R X l 4 5 6 7 8 9

2

c

X5 6 7 8 91

4

D

X 7 8 9 1 2 .6

E

X 9 1 23

8

F

X 2 34

1

G

X 45

3

H

X 6

5

I

!

X

7

The checkerboard method affords a bandy score sheet for keeping league won and lost records. In the first round A defeated 8 3 to 2. You: could enter that score in the proper space. I. on
the other hand 8. had defeated A, you could eriter 2 to 3,. In other words, give the score of the team in the left hand ealumn
first.

The Lonbard Round Robin is uni~ue and lends itself to informal competition often found in recreation. The entire tournament can be completed in several hours. A round robin schedule
is set up with abbreviated contests. Composite scores are kept for all teams. This is an excellent means of stimulating and
maintaining interest. Ideally, the total amount of playing time e~als that for a regular contest. An example of a satisfactory scOreboard is shown below:

Team I
II
III IV
v
VI VII

Game I

Game II

Game III

Game IV Game V Game VI

Total

EXTENDED TOURNAMENTS

One advantage to the athletic director which the extended or perpetual tournament affords is that generally the arranging
and playing of matches are the responsibility of the indivi-

Page42

duals or teams involved. The Ladder Tournament
The Ladder Tournament is probably the best known of the extended type. There are no particular problems associated with its administration. It is necessary, however, to use specific rules as to who may challenge whom. Generally, contestants are permitted to challenge one or two positions above their own. It is a good idea to reNuire that the loser accept a challenge from a player below him while the winner has the right to challenge upward. Rules should reNuire that each contestant play within a specified period of time. For most activities once per week would be sufficient. Placement of contestants on the ladder to start the tournament can be done arbitrarily or a "seeding" procedure can be followed. When an arbitrary placement is made, it is best to use the draw to determine positions. It is desirable to prepare a chart to show positions and to place this in a conspicuous location so that interest will be stimulated and sustained.
There are 3everal references which might be us'ed if other types of tournaments are desired:
Boyden, Douglas and Roger Burton, Staging Succe3sful Tournaments. New York: The Associated Press, 1957.
Voltmer, Edward and Arthur Esslinger, The Organization and Administration of Physical Education. New York: AppletonCentury-Crofts, Inc., 1949.
Page 43

Athletic Workshop Ban,...uet
BILL CURRY GEORGI A TECH ALL AMERICAN
GREEN BAY PACKERS, FOOTBALL CH~~IONS
Thank you very much, Mr. Graves. I don't know why in the world you were worried about that introduction. You did very well. You read that just like I wrote it. Seriously, I appreciate it. I don't know where you got all those stories and all that other stuff but somebody sure made one up. I hate to try to stand up here and say anything after hearing an introduction like that. For about the first ten minutes I didn't know who he was talking about. I can hardly wait to hear what I've got to say. It better be good.
It's a great privilege to be with you. I've been married for three years for one thing and in that time I've learned to appreciate a free meal. I can say that because my wife is at home, but this was a wonderful meal. It's an exception on the ban.-.uet circuit, I'm afraid, to have steak. I was a little shocked and ate so much that I may have ,;orne trouble talking. One of my friends was thinking about getting married abr-mt six months or so after I got married and he came up and said, "Bill, how's married
life-i How or:> like it and how are things going '?" I said, "\'i'ell,
it's really gre"lt. Nm\' I'm living like a Greek goo." He said, "Living like a Greel<: god, v:hat do y0u mean'?.. I c:;r:1i~, "\-Tell three burnt offerings a day you lc:n0'"" Seriously though, my wife has improved ,...uite a bit and I've managed to gain a little weight and I hope I can gain a little more. I was fortunate in being the smalle:3t man on the line on our team this year. I remember the first day I got there, I dian t know 'how big these guys \vould be and one of our smaller boys, he'3 about 270, was over in the corner having group pictures made - by himself. I didn't really know what to expect, you know - try to hit these guys! I knew I had to hit them - but I was a little bit afraid. We had a fellow there, 'number 66, and he was my favorite guy. During the course of the year he burst my lip, my nose, one chin strap, and two head gears, all in practice. I hope I never have to play against Ray. He's a ,great football player and he taught me a lot of lessons. I thought the guys in college really hit hard but this guy is fan-. tastic and so are a lot of other guys on the team. I know the f1rst time we played the Colts I was getting ready to cover a kick - first time I had ever played against the Baltimore Colts and speaki~g of kick-offs, I had to run right down the middle. They have a l1ttle device on kick-offs in professional football that they call the . wedgep I don't know if you've ever noticed it, but they put the 1r oh, I don't know how to really describe the guys - but a good typical one is Jim Parker who plays for the Colts and he's ~umber 77 if you've ever noticed him. He's only about 6'3" an~ we~ghs 275. He runs like a freight train. He can fly and so my JOb 1s to meet
Page 44

him head on. I remember I was going to just run full speed and burst that wedge, and that's about the last thing I remember about that. I got off the field and I thought, my gosh what hit me. I'm going blind, what's the matter with my eyes? And one of my friends said, 11Well, Bill why don't you just turn your head gear around ... So I learned a lot of lessons the hard way in pro football and I could talk about that for a long time. I'll get back to some of the lessons I learned a little more important than those unpleasant ones.
A lot of people ask me what my greatest thrill in football is and this year being on the kicking teams, more professionally known as the suicide SNUad, I was the man whose job it was, like I said, to run right down the middle of the field. And trying to stop and think back to what my greatest thrills were I know certainly it was a great thrill to be in the championship game and be on the winning team. But as I think back and try to be perfectly honest, my greatest thrill was running down the middle of that field and seeing the play go the other way. That just thrilled me to death. I know I was very fortunate, and I'm not trying to sound modest here, I'm just being NUite honest. I was very fortunate to make the team of the Packers this year and we had four rookies to make it not just three. We had three if you don't count me. I was pretty happy about it and I guess I got to thinking that I was tough. I'm not exactly sure what I said to my wife, but I guess I was boasting a little bit about it and I got to looking down at the roster at the guys who made the team. My wife was in the other room fixing dinner or something and I said, 11 Carolyn, do you realize how many great football players are on this team? .. She said, 11 No, but I'll tell you one thing, there's one less than you think there is. 11 It's sort of easy to get to thinking you're pretty good and I'm glad she set me straight on that because, really she didn't have to because I learn that everyday. ~1en like Henry Jordan and Ray Niski were very kind - off the field - and taught me a great deal. I know that I will always be appreciative of them and also to our coaches there. They are great guys.
People ask about the Green Bay air and how it was different from Atlanta. Well, believe me it's different. It's one of the few places in the United States where you can wake up in the morning and hear the birds - coughing. They've got their own air conditioning system in up there. I've never seen air in such condition in my life. It was a real challenge to get use to that weather. It was the funniest thing putting on long underwear to go to football practice everyday.
It's a great thrill for me to be able to talk to friends, and I didn't expect Bobby Dodd to be here because he's heard me before. I was surprised to see Mary and Ronald Cadora here. I grew up ,.,ith them and we hQ.d the great misfortune, especially Ronald, of spending
Page 45

most of our time together throughout high school. Ronald is ~uite an athlete. In fact, I know of t'\o!o letters he got in high school, in football. One of them saia, "PleaS"e ao not come back out", ana the other said, "Please return the e,...uipment".
But seriously, Ron is a great athlete and a great fobtball player, baseball player, and is also a great golfer. I know the other day he was telling me that he's improved a lot. He 3aid he played in the low 70s ana if got any colder than that he just doesn't go out at all. I played with him one aay, and this is almost unbelievable, he lost 13 balls. That may not be too surprising to you but what surprised me was that he lost three of them in the ball washer. We got up to the sixth hole at the College Park Golf Course one aay and he teed up a brand new ball. There was a great big lake right there in the middle and he hit it right in the midale of the lake, as he usually aoes. He got out another brand new ball and teea up and hit this one a little more to the right ana it went in the right side of the lake. There's a big ~'\<lamp way off to the right and he hit the next one over there. That was three or four and he ended up losing seven or eight brand new balls. So I said, "Wait a minute, Ron. Why don't you use an old ball?" He said, "I can't, man I've never had one."
Old Ron used to have real long hair and he wanted to be different. Y0u know the great pressure in our society today is to conform and old Ronald wanted to be different. So he went to the barber one day and he was going to do something that nobody had ever done. He said to the barber, ur.uster I want you to part my hair from ear to ear." The barber kind of laughed and said, 11 I can't do that. That'll lor:>k stupid. 11 Ron said, "Just do like I say, anything will be an imporvement. 11 So the barber did and he said, "Let me tell you something, you're not going to be able to take it because everybody is going to make fun of you and laugh at you and you'll be back in here within three days to get me to change it. Ronald said, 11 0h no, I'm going to be different. So he walked out. Two days later sure enough old Ronald walked back in. He sat down in the barber's chair and he said, 110. K. put it back like it was." The barber got on his back and said, "I told you you couldn't take it ~ith the guys making fun of you and laughing at you. You just couldn't take it could you? 11 Ron said, "No, that wasn't it." The barber said, "Well what is it then, why are you changing it? Ron said, "Well, I just got tired of people whispering in my nose." Ronald and I have been such close friends I just couldn't pass up an opportunity to needle him a little bit. I was serious when I said that he was a great athlete and I'm very glad that he and his wife could be here tonight, in fact, I'm a little surprised because they've heard me before too. So I'll keep an eye on you to see if you stay awake over there.
I'd like to talk a little bit tonight about some impressions and thoughts that have come to me in just recent years. I'm not a preacher, I'm not any kind of great speaker, but I'd just like to share
Page 46

with you some thoughts and ask ' you to think with me about these things and as they apply to you. If they don't apply well so good, but just see if th~y make sense and, as I said, they have meant a great deal to me, in every respect of my life. So this is more like a sharing session rather than one man being an authority and trying to talk to you on your chosen field. I am certainly no authority on people, but I do have something t."hat I feel is worth sharing. That is the reason that I feel thati am NUalified in that way to speak tonight. I don't come to you as any sort of authority.
This is an unusual and strange day I think for young people and for adults alike. There are a lot of things pulling on us and I know that you are probably closer to this than I am but working with the Fellowship of Christian Athletes I get a chance to talk to a lot of young people - to see then and see the things that they are interested in. I get to watch them and see the way they dress, for example. It's sort of surprising. I get a chance to travel around a lot with the football team and see how a lot of the people in the athletic wor-ld adjust themselves and how they think. I believe that this ~really a uniNue.period in American history.
The pressures are somehow opposing each other. Some of us are fired up about rebelling and being different and going to the extreme and showing ~eople we don't care about anything. Then there are those of us who bow down under the burden and go along with what anybody else says and are a part of the gang.
I think that somewhere between these two points of being the extreme rebellious sort and trying to think up something new and reuelling against all the good things that we know to be true ~omewhere between this and bowing to the god of conformity, or .7the god that's so prevalent in our day and time of material gain and I don't think that anybody here can really be guilty of that in the recreation field because in your very jobs you can see by the dedication that you have some higher purpose than achieving the material g<:~in for yourse1ves. So really I don't think that would be a problem or a factor.
This is a great country for spectators and you can see examples of that every day. Green Bay, Wisconsin is a town of 85,000 and has recently taken in some outer frinae areas to make it that big. T~e stadium there seats 52,000 people-and every time there is any k1nd of ballgame, even if it's exhibition or an inner s~uad game, they pack that place and there are thousands of them griping because .they can't get in. It's fantastic. They have legal suits aJ?d d1sputes over wills where a pair of season tickets have been W1lled_and ~here a:e a couple of relatives fighting over them. They f1ght 1t out 1n court. It's amazing. These people are dying to see football game3 and it's the same way here in Atlanta. The
Page 47

all time National Football League first year record for selling tickets "'as established by the Hinnesota Vikings. I think they solo 27,000. They put on a big push in the spring and a tremendous advertising program. h~at does Atlanta do? No advertising to speak of and they sell 10,000 season tickets before they start their campaign.
The people in '-illlerica today are anxious to watch things, especially sporting events, and I think that this is fine. As a matter of fact, it pays my salary. So I am certainly not one to complain about it. But when it carries over into the more vital and important parts of our lives such as jobs, our mental and physical development and most of all into our spiritual lives, this being a spectator I think is tragic. And I think it's happening. I really do. I think there are people who like to watch and as the coach says, Let Charlie do it. He's got a lot of nice little sayings. We won't go into that. But we are guilty of it and it's up to each one of us to take a look at ourselves and see what we are living for. I think it's especially vital in the field of endeavor that you are engaged in. I've heard it said before, this is nothing original but I agree with it whole heartedly. I think that the youth of today are probably the most amazing and powerful source in the world possibly and potentially. It depends on which way they go and a lot of that rests in your hands, especially in that area. I'm sure there is no need for me to tell you that. There is an amazing responsibility and one that just staggers me.
It is a great privilege to be a part of athletics and recreation and all these are inter-related. It's not necessary to go into how they are. Again, you know more about it than I do. But there's something very special and very strange about athletes. There's a kinship and a togetherness th::It you feel with a group of guys that you ve gone out on the. field with and worked your heart out with and sweated blood and tears with. There's a kinship there that you won't find anywhere else in the world outside of possibly the armed forces where you fight together.
And so we have this privilege, but with every privilege in life I believe there goes an obligation and a responsibility. As athletes and people who work with athletics in this day and time, people are looking up to us whether we like it or not. There is not a person in this room that doesn't have a bunch of li~tle rascals who think that you are the greatest guy in the world. This is hard to swallow I know. I was 10 years old before I realized anything of this sort. My life was designed by me for one basic purpose - and that was to get out of it what I could for Bill CUrry.
Now that I happen to be a football player and that this is where I put all my time, my strength and my efforts, I felt that this was the place where I could get it for me. Get that name in the paper,
Page 48

get a little bit of glory, maybe even become a professional athlete. I don't say that there is anything wrong with this but when it became the mo3t important part of my life, then it ,.,as terribly wrong.
;:,.bout the time I was 19 I was invited to go to a Fellowship of Christian Athletes Conference and there I met some of the greatest athletes in the world. Men like Paul Anderson, the strongest man in the world, who is now dedicating his entire life to young people. Everything he's got is tied up in that youth home. He's got 22 kids am.vn there that come from broken homes and the juvenile judicial authorities here and nobody wants them. This i:; what he's dedicated to. The 3trongest man in the v1orld. There's no telling how much he could have made on his feats of strength but he's interested only in seeing this fantastic potential of the young people develop into something that it should be.
vfuen I met Paul, I met men like Fran Tarkinton, Bob Petit, pos3ibly the highest scoring player in basketball, until Chamberlain broke his record, and guys like this. I was really excited about seeing them because I wanted to learn how to become '3 better football player.
They stood up and they beg<m to talk and I was very di3appointed because they weren't talking about football or basketball or baseball. They vlere tal king about a 1 i fe that I ha d heard about, that I had known about, but that I ~adn't really examined, and that I rjeally dinn't care anything about. They were talking about the Christian life. They "'ere t-:=.ilking abnut the example I .shoulr1 be to young people looking up to me ano I began to think about my t'm ynunger si 3ter:; and there s no doubt about i.t, anything I do they think it's great. I began to think about the sort of example I ,.ras 3etting and it really shook me up.
h3 people in this sort of enoeavor, to influence the38 kids, it's vital the way you live. It':=; vital the things you stand for. We can talk to them and oreach to them and tell them to do this and dnn't do this but believe me what speaks the loudest is the way y0u live.
I once heard '\vhere one m:::J.n was attempting tr:> influence another m:=.in and was trying to argue him into his own position. He said, "Your acti0ns speaK. so lour1 I can t hear a \.:ord you are saying." ..nd that s true nf m0ny of us. \.Je try to lead people in the right way by talking about it. Big words, a lot of smoke and no fire. Th0se young people know whnt you a0. They know what you stand fnr. Ynu can't f0ol them for a minute. It's amazing the things that they can see and some of the ~uestion3 they can ask .
.\lso I ve heard it said that you can t think in a palace and live in a pig sty. As I think back, this is what I was guilty of. I was in my church every .3unday. I \<?as there at gun point but neverthele.ss I thought I was doing my little part because I put in my hour a week. I said, "Nov! there you go God, there 3 my
hour", and forget it. Then I'd walk out and I'd have the
Page 49

stupidity to call myself= ~ Christian \Ihen I c:Hr1n ' t \:no\'.' what a Christian was. I ::tlso harl the stupidity to fool myself into thinking that I .va.s leading the right kind of example for the young peo?le that I worked \<li'.:.h. To me this \a:as one of the greatest tragerHe3 that ever occurrer1 in my life. I just hope and pray that in the re=:>t of my life that there is some small way that I can make up f=or whoever I might have lead astray by the way I conchicted myself during the first fe"' years ?f my lifethe first t\'.'enty year5. It maol? no difference to me ,.:ho .as around or hi")\\' I tal"<ed, I just si=~Vl anything I \'!ante-:! to because I thought it '"cs sm'3rt t0 use ~')rofanity. I rUdn ' t care about my con :'luct in school. I didn't c"3re whether or not I cheated. That \las fine, just a ':; lpng as I could get the grade.
t"''hen I got to college I foun0 0Ut that I n ir'ln It have :it right
here \<!hen it came to standing up against things that I knew \'.'rong. I made 1 t clear to my friends that I stood for this thing of being a disciolined person, a disciplined athlete and I didn't care about participating in drinking. The fir;t time the guys came by I couldn't stand it. I didn't have what "'e call in the athletic circle, guts. It wasn't inside me, it was all talk you see.
So when I lookeo at myself, I saw a mess. I saw the mess I had made in my life. I begun ~o wonder why. \"411at had happened"( It all got back to the same thing of what is more important to you because what was mo:;t important to me was me. The reason I tried hard in football \\'as to get .;omething for me. But if this is the motive that you believe in,the young people are going to know it. They ~re going to know that you don't really care about themand this is ju'3t a job for you~ I think there is a big difference in really caring and doing a job.
There was a g_reat man speaking at a ministers' convention a couple of weeks ago and he mentioned that this is . the problem in the ministry t0day. There are ministers who believe that they have got a job to do and they just kind of do it without really caring. They don't really love the people they work with. I think this is vital, this thing of love. For so many years if anybody would mention this I thought, "r-~an that's sissy and you can't give me tha't stuff." "I'm supposed to be tough and I'm supposed to hit people
and walk hard and go on the football field." y,..,u can't give me
that love and Christianity business." It was a real shock to me to hear the greatest athletes in the world talking about a personal relationship with God through Jesus Christ. It didn't make sense to me and I had to think about i t a long time before i t c~mEf 1true to me. Christians and this exposure to them got me to thinking about it. And when I came to the place and the realization 'that this is what should be true in my life and that I should have this life,-then I made the decision to go along and try it with'all I had. There wasn't a miracle change, I mean there was a miracle
Page 50

change, but it wasn't overnight. It took a good while before I realized all the implications of the Christian life and what it really means. I didn't know it was as tough as it is. A professional athlete at the professional locker room can take some pretty good ribbing about his faith. It's not long before you find out that those guys respect you for it. These probably are the toughest guys in the world, at least they seem like that to me this year. It's amazing as you live from day to day to realize the influence that one person can have as small as you might be or as important as you might be bedause of what God can do with a dedicated life. The influence that you have is almost unbelievable.
I heard an illustration of what is going on in America today in many families and what is going on in many places where people have responsibility to the young people. The parents had sent their children off to surmner camp. I really remember how I liked surmner camp, but I don't guess some kids do because some of those letters were pretty funny that they had written back. One of them was how a five year old expressed himself. It said, 11Dear Mom and Dad, I knew if you sent me to summer camp that something terrible would happen. Well, yesterday it did. 11 Love, Johnny. The next one said, "Dear Mom and Dad, I have to hurry up and address this letter before the fire reaches my bunk." Love, Johnny. And the third one sort of had a double meaning I think. It said, 11Dear Mom and Dad, Camp was over yesterday. Did you forget where you put me7" Love, Johnny. At first glance this is funny and you laugh, but when you stop and think about it we ought to cry because there are parents, and I am sure you know it, who forget where they put their kids. I know they don't forget where they get them physically but the influence they exert on them. So it's up to people like you to sometimes be the Mom or Dad or both to some of these kids. I know that if it weren't for the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and I've found this true so often, that when I sit down to talk with a young person I realize that this person has never really had anyone to talk to at all, nobody to really care about him. It's sort of shocking to me. I guess I was fortunate to come up in a home where I could always go to my parents with things. They were the first people that I came to. So many kids don't have this and this is another reason why it is so important to really care.
About 11 years ago a college coach, Don McClanton, began to notice how the athletes were selling razor blades and after shave, cigarettes and things like this. This was really a tremendous media of advertising and he began to get a vision or an idea of how great it would be if Christian athletes would use the same influence to show their Christian witness to people who look up to them. So from this small idea he went straight to the big wheels in the sporting worla. Many of the great athletes were in this thing from the beginning and really made the FCA work. This
Page 51

is the one thing that influenced me and the thing th3t is infl~encing kids all across the nation. It's a great program. I think it might be the hope of many young people.
We were talking about good examples and the Christian faith and I think they are both real important. It's easy to talk a good fight, but it's real hard to live it. And the relationship here is that no man or woman is strong enough to live the life that ought to be lived to lead these young people in the right direction. It's through the power that God can give us that we find ourselves doing things differently than we ever did before. So many of us consider the fact that we are church members and that is enough, but we don't really put if first in our lives.
I heard of a college paper advertising for an archeological assistant for one of the profs and he needed to be a college graduate and have an adventurous spirit. So a fellow five feet tall drops in one day and the lady looks up at him and sees that he's not as tall as he should be ano says, "Have you got a college ~ducation? He says, "nd'. 3he says, "Well, do you have an adventurous spirit?" He says, "No, I don't at all." She ::;aid, "Well, why did you come by?' He anwered, "I just wanted you to knO\"' that you couldn't count on me".
I think many of us drop in a church service to let them know not to count on us. I know I was guilty of this. So if there is any one thing that I could say that I believe is important in this area in fact, in any area would be to let your light shine for these young people. Let it be for real. Don't try to kid them. They don't take it and they can read you like a book. Hore of us as Christians try to push people and point them in the right way instead of leading them.
I'd like to close with this illustration. There was a minister walking through a reformatory one day. As he looked all around the walls of the recreation room, he saw pictures of Christ. So he asked the warden about it. He said, "In a place like this it's sort of surprising". The warden said, "There was a kid here who had great talent in art and he was in for armed 'robbery. He got interested in painting and for some reason he got interested in painting these pictures of Christ. That's all he could do so the rest of the kids called him "Angel" -the kids kidded him about it." 3o the minister said, "Well, where is Angel now? He was shocked as the warden said, "He's in the state penitentiary. Th,e day we let him out he robbed the first filling station and the next three houses that he saw." The warden sort of hesitated as to whether or not to drop the bomb on the minister but he said, "Well that's the trouble with a lot of you Christians - you say look at Christ and you talk of Christ - just look again and follow him, but that's not enough. It wasn't for this kid. You've got to see the Christian faith. It's not enough to talk about it.
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It's been a great privilege to talk with you and to share a few of these thoughts. As I said, they are just reflections of my own, taken for what they may be worth to you. These have been the most important things in my life. I'd like to close with one real short verse of scripturethat changed my life completely. Not that I'm a saint. I fall and make mistakes everyday. If my wife were here, she would be glad to tell you about it. She tells me often enough. But this verse of scripture, every time things would be so rough that I would want to drop out and NUit after Green Bay this year, I would think about.
Phillipians 4:13 - In Paul's writings it says: I11 can do all things through Christ who strengthens me. 11
Thank you very much.
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11 DISCUSSION OF THE GEORGIA RECREATION SOCIETY ATHLETIC ~.I.ANUAL"
A panel consisting of members of the 3tate Athletic Committee descussed with the delegates the rules and regulatio~s governing athletic activitie3 of the Society.
BASKETBALL
Charles Ouzts, Chairman of the Conunittee and Assistant Director of Recreation for the City of Macon, discussed the rule,s of eligibility for participation and the basketball program of the Society.
FOOTBALL
Sonny Hiller, Director of Recreation for the City of Brunswick, presented the football regulations.
B.ASEBALL
Hugh Radcliff, Athletic Director for the Cordele Recreation Department, gave detailed information on the G.R.S. baseball program.
SWitWJ.lNG
James 0. Oates, Director of Recreation for the Carrollton Recreation Department described the rules pertaining to the swim program.
TRACK
Freddy Layton, Director of Recreation for MilledgevilleBaldwin County -
Last year, the Georgia Recreation Society sponsored Track and Field on the State level for the first time. The State ,Track Meet was held in Macon, Georgia at Porter Stadium during thEf' last Saturday in Anril.
Of the eight districts that represent the Georgia Recrea-
tion society, six of these districts were represented at the
State l\1eet. There were twenty conunun:iti.es represented that made up the six district teams that participated in this event.
The total number of participants for our first State Track ~1eet came to over 250, while there were approximately 615 spectators that watched as these events were being held.
In summing up the first State Track Meet, I personally thought this sponsored program would have to be considered successful. I believe that the succes3 of this State Meet reflects
Page 5~

on the unity of the Georgia Recreation Society and demonstrates to the rest of the State Societies that Georgia is the best, when it comes down to the core of the Recreation programs, with its hard work and cooperation.
I'm not going to say that we didn't have problems at our first State Meet, because we did have a few problems that had to be clarified before the starting of the events. This job or task was ably handled by the State Athletic Director of 1965, Mr. Jim Colley and all of the ~vents went off on schedule and finished on schedule.
,.
Before I finish my discussion on the State Meet held in Macon, I am sure that some might have missed the results of this fine event. .Finishing in first place was the First District scoring a total of 158 points, while the Second District finished in the runner-up spot with a total of 150 points scored. The three top municipalities .scoring the most points were Cairo, Statesboro, and Vidalia. The Sixth District again turned out to be the perfect host as we finished in last place, showing again that our district goes all out to make any event sponsored by the Georgia Recreation Society a success.
Looking over this report, I see that Bome was a participant, but did not score any points and from talking to sonny Miller and witnessing the Rome -Midget Football team, I feel sure that these boys could not make the trip to Macon because of Midget Football practice.
You will notice in the Athletic Manual that the Society will sponsor events in the 10 - 14 year old age group for both boys and girls during the 1966 year. This will be our first year in the girls' track program and we hope that this part of the program will be even more successful than the boys' program.
You will also notice in the Athletic Manual that the events sponsored by the Society are events that are on the Recreation level and with some advanced publicity and know how, you should add new participants to your overall Recreation program.
Do not let the lack of facilities make you hesitate to sponsor this activity in your community. You will discover that there will be new faces to come into your program. These participants will not be your Midget football players, your Little League players, but rather kids that would like to participate in a wholesome Recreation activity, that could be considered athletic, but still does not have the contact work that is found in some of the athletic programs being sponsored by your Department.
There can be no shortage of facilities for this program on the local Recreation level. All it takes is an open field,
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measuring tape, stop watch and a little organization for some
good hours of community Recreation in the 10 - 14 year old age
group.
The Nilledgeville and Baldwin County Recreation !:>epartment sponsored Track for the first time last year and found out that it was one of our most successful programs and we hope to again be a part of Track and Field on the district and State level this year.
There are always objectives in sponsoring any program in your community and we thought that the general objectives of our community would consist of the following, pertaining to Track on the local level.
1. To provide pleasure and an emotional outlet in vigorous competitive activities without contact work.
2. The development of skills, coordination and stamina for the individual.
3. To teach teamwork and the values learned in association with others.
4. To aid in the~evelopment of self confidence, determination, and courage of the individual.
5. To provide enjoyable wholesome Recreation under the supervision of the Recreation Department.
6. To teach honesty and fair play in competitive situations.
7. The development of a well conditioned body and a well conditioned mind.
8. I think that this last objective is by far the most important part of all our Recreation spo-nsored programs and that is the development of character and leadership in the individual that participates in our sponsored programs.
All of these objectives that I have just discussed is a must for any successful program and you as an Administrator, a Supervisor or a volunteer worker, must try to carry out a program with these sound objectives in mind.
In closing, let me remind everyone that the State Track Heet will be in Macon, Georgia wj.th the Boys' Meet being held on May 7th and the Girls' Heet to be held the following Saturday, May 14th
I would like to encourage you, as Recreation personnel, to add Track to your overall Recreation program and I am sure you will be pleased with the results of this program and also the participation in this program.
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A NUestion and answer period followed the presentation of the panel. Each delegate was given an opportunity to NUestion the Corrunittee regarding specific re,..uirements for participation.
Athletic Manuals of the Georgia Recreation Society are available upon re,..ue3t.
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GIRLS AND WOMENS ATHLETICS
EDITH KLEIN ASSIST.~ PROFESSOR OF RECREATION
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
When John Davis called me to discuss my doing this section of the Workshop, I had mixed emotions. I took it for granted that I would have help from magazines and books. That references would be available that would help me to present some ideas to you pertaining to female sports activity in the Recreation setting. I was really an optimist. I found more frustration than I found information.
So, I would like to present some ideas to you, some gleaned from books and articles, some from people and some from the dark reces3es of the mind. At this point I would like to ask you to listen but only so that we can set the stage for discussion -this might be the intr0ductory narration -~ but the play begins when you ask Nuestions.
Perhaps, our first woman athlete was discovered as Eleanor Hethany suggests. Hiss Methany tells of the Little cave girl who ran after her big brother/ and decided that he had all the fun -- running, throwing, climbing, and competing. But Pappa made the young girl go back to the cave and her t-1other, and I would suppose, the young girl asked the usual child's NUestion w~y? For centuries people told young girls they were different each time they wanted to try something new. This probably went on through the ages until a Frenchman, overhearing the comment about differences, said in a loud and clear voice, "Viva la difference".
So, let's talk about girls and women. We should, perhaps, just go ahead and make some basic assumptions -- females need activity, need recognition, need movement, need to be loved, need tq be accepted, and need to compete.
I look around me every day at the University as I work with young women who are preparing themselves for teaching and coaching, either in the formal school setting or the informal recreation setting. I can't help but think of the advise that was given to females by a physician nearly 85 years ago. "Do not think of sitting down to table until you have changed your under clothing, and, after a delightful wash and rub-down, NUietly and leisurely dressed again". (Dulles, Foster Rhea, "A History of Recreation"). He made the female sound like a fragile plaything that needed special care and feeding and had very little sense.
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Now, perhaps there are many females who are fragile but, by golly, I know more young ladies who are eager for activity than I do those who are content to sit still. The advise given above was offered to young ladies who were bicycling. Eightyfive years ago bicycling was thought of as being a very high level recreational activity. Much more acceptable than playing on a ball field, especially for young ladies of good breeding.
Ethel Bowers in "Recreation For Girls and Women" discussed some of the changes in our way of life as it affects women -"In the matter of clothes, for instance, heavy, tight, long and voluminous clothing has given way to light, loose, short and scant dress, permitting much activity with ease and safet;y, especially in bathing suits and sports apparel. While both young men and young women are probably freer from parental oversight and control today than fifty years ago, the change is greater relatively for the young woman than for the young man.
This is especially true in the field of physical activities. Athletic games and sports have until recently been enjoyed almost exclusively by boys and young men, but within the last fifty years women have been demanding and taking an incl!easingly prominent place in these activities. Having no other examples, they have of necessity followed in the path blazed by the opposite sex, and lacking their own teachers they have most naturally appealed to the men experts of the time for instruction in these new arts. Almost overnight a program was launched following practically in every detail the program developed through the years for men and boys." So, in order to get started, we played follow the leader!
The following statement is from the "Policies and Procedures for Competition in Girls and Womens Sports".
"Sports needs, interest, ana ability are best met through sports programs which offer a- wide variety of activities and provide for varying degrees of skills. Limiting participation in competitive sports to the few highly skilled deprive others of the many different kinds of desirable experiences \-.rhich are inherent in well conducted sports program. Development of all participants towards high competencies and advanced skills is a major ovjective in all sports programs".
Couldn't we be discussing activities for men and boys -using the same statement? Surely we could. We aren't really discussing a new or foreign program, you know, only one with some differences.
I can't begin to tell you how many times I have heard that girls shouldn't participate in sports because they are competitive. Life is competition. Each day every one of us competes for attention, for a raise, for a new position. Youngsters in
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school compete for grades and recognition. Sports are pre-
paration for other portions of life -- one can't always win.
vmen I hear someone say girls are emotionally unsuited for
sports, I could acreamll If we are unsuited for competition because we are emotional -- many times emotional disregarding the fact that we may have won -- or lost, then perhaps, we are unsuited for life. But you would have to have a very good argument to convince me of the fact.

In a good sports program you would find many similarities between programs for both sexes. There are some differences that :3hould be discussed and let me mention them briefly, let you think about them, and then you might want' to discuss them in our ~uestion and answer period.

1. The Division of Girls and Womens Sports of the .~PER,
set up standards based upon sound practices. Rules may vary
because of the physical and biological differences between the
sexes. Because rules may vary, court measurements may also need modifications.

2. Certain sports are more suited for females than others.

3. E~uipment differences may be necessary.

4. Team sports are more popular for girls but individual and dua1 sports are more appropriate for women. Hen usually consider team sports more important than do women.

5. Women coaches and officials should be utilized, whenever possible, in administering athletics for females.

6. Competitive activity for females should not be a supplement to boys programs -- they have a purpose of their own and should "stand on their own feet 11

7. All skill levels should be considered in program planning.

3. Adult women li1(e co-recreational activities. They also like to include social activities with their sports programs and it is wise to utilize this feeling on their behalf.

In the recreation program we are at a distinct advantage because the individual feels no compulsion to participate in sporting activities but the desire is present. We must classify our players in some way. The following suggestions might lead to classifications in any one program:

Grade in School

Age

Height

Weight

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Combination of: .~ge and height
..:.ge and weight
Wei')ht and heigl1t
,-,ge an c skill
Perha p ~, the be3t classification varies with age an~ sex and the activity invnlved. General clas3ifications fnr female activitie3 might be:
10 - 12 years of age
13 - 15
15 - 13
19 - 24
over 24
;)oes that sound new ana different"? I hope not -- because you are probably doing the same thing in your programs for males.
Perhap s, one concrete suggestion in the area of volunteers and officiating--
In the October, 1965 issue of Recreation ~iagczine, Stan Peters, wrote an article on obtainina ~ualified officials for your recreation athletic programs. M~. Peters discusses the training of high school boys to officiate at elementary athletic events. A very gond idea -- but why only boys? Could WP not train girls to referee, to cocch elementary school grade girls? Coula 1tre not train young women to officiate and coach junior and senior high ~chool age team events-- or for that matter women's sports.
In the winter of 1961 the Birmingham, Alabama Recreation Department decided to run two girls basketball league3 -- one for junior high and one for senior high school girls. The league was for females, run by females -- coaches, timers, scorers, referees. There were three ~ualified female referee:3 in the entire city -- teacher3, students and recreation directors and workers were surveyed. Ball games were arranged when they were convenient' to the referees not the ball teams or coaches. After one season the league was disbanded -- not because of intere3t but becanse the Birmingham Recreation Board technically went out of business.
But back at the Community Center we had created a problem. By permitting our junior and senior high school youngsters to
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participate in league play we had many young ladies who wanted team sports. But the problem was in frottof us -- coaches, referees, etc. So we took the bull by the hor'1s and gave a course in officiating and coaching -- the girls, sophomores, juniors, and seniors in high school came twice a week for five weeks. They played, called and coached and at the end of that time worked with other coaches :::md referees. Each graduate was given a badge and, believe me they were worn proudly. The group had and has status, pride and really know what they are doing. By the way, the program was so successful that the following year the boys started a group also.
Here is a natural outlet for the girls who want a leader-
ship role and who could use their interest in sports to fulfill
this desire.
Try this program -- you will find it very rewarding and a great asset -- training today and perhaps reaping the harvest in the years to come.
But remember, that girls are girls and '"'ant to be identified as females -- especially teenagers. W.W. Bauer, Director of Health Education, A.M. A., made the statement that, "The modern girl is not content to be fair, frail and subject to fainting. 3he \vants to be, and is, a healthy individual, eager to get the most out of life. Despite some extreme examples to the contrar.y, it is Nuite possible for girls to be strong and fit and still reta.in their femininity 11
"The time has come the Walrus said,to speak of many things, of shoes and ships and sealing wax, of cabbages and kings and why the sea is boiling hot and whether pigs have wings". (Aliee in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll) Perhaps, the time has come, not to speak of shoes and ships or even cabbages and kings but to speak of the need for on-going continuous programs for girls and women. We are not, however, talking about something new -- but something old with modifications.
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GIRLS AND WOKENS ATHLETICS EDITH KLEIN
I:SSISTANT PROFESSOR OF RECREATION UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA 2UESTION AND ANSWER SESSION
Q. What activity do you give priority to programming for girls through recreation? A. Generally in the total recreation program the individual and dual activities are of most importance, as these are the ones most likely to be carried into womanhood.
Q. In co-recreational activities (Boys and Girls)' is it wise to
begin teaching combined classes in tennis and badminton, or should upper rate classes be held for boys and girls? A. Aqe groups really determine this, for example, 10 year old boys and girls would not mix as well as those in their later teens. Q. '\~.bat suggestions do you h;:a,re in reaching women for adult activities as this is a problem? A. Old high school records have proved a wonderful source of information of women who, while in high school, participated in sports.
Page 63

:\THLETIC WORKSHOP FROGRAM
LUNCHEON PROGR~ February 3~ 1966

Host of Luncheon;

Tommy Drummond Director ,.,f Programming
Dalton, Georgia

Introduction of Speaker: Frank Hood, Director Community Development Georgia Power Company

Guest Speaker:

Paul Snyder Atlanta Braves

EXCERPTS .FRON ~l{. SNY:>ER 'S SPEECH
"There are an awful l~t of balls and e.-.uipment that is not used on the profes3ional le'vel. I think if the proper 'people would get in touch with the ~rave;, we could have :;orne: e"'U'fPment available for you here in the State of Georgia."
"We have. all types of films, educational material and W,.,rM Serie3 film - all you have to 0o is get in touch with us ahead 6f your scheduled shmo~ing date."
"There are a . -+ot o'f personnel behind the, scene in baseball, much more so than in football. ,,t the pre .,ent time there are 10 persons working in the :;tadiutn and we are expanding."
"We have ball players here that are available i~ you are
within driving distance for clinics and small fry training programs."

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SHOULD f..'.IDGET TACKLE FOOTB ALL BE DISCONTINUED ~
MODERATOR: i'vlr. r:ax Lockwood 0irector of Recreation Statesboro, Georgia
The real title of this di3cussion this afternoon as far as I'm concerned on ~idg~t Football really and truly should be headed "How N0t To Get Elected To Congress". I think that somebody when I cam~ in ha ci a sign, "Everybody for ~1icl< on the riqht and everybody f0r Bob on the left". But we succeeded in destroying that and took th-=.t sign down an<'! I'd like for you to know that we are going to have Sonny t-iiller from Brunswiclc \-Jell t;.nder control. we're going t0 have him paged fifteen minutes t0 three and see if we can get him on his way to Brunswiclc and then we'll go on with the program. Sonny ar.~ I are good friends so I can afford to say that. We used t0 be in the District with him do"m there in athletics and it got to the place where we couldn t control him anym0re so we did a little gerryman:Jering and g0t him off in Brunswick in a ryistrict by hi~self so he'~ been able to get along pretty well.
This afternoon in this discussion I thinlc we should try t0 follow some fairly :-:>imple rules in order to keep order and see that everyone has the opportunity to be recognized. We are going to follow this procedure if it meets with your approval. 9r. Bowen will lead off here and he will limit his original presentation to 20 minute:S and Hr. Lane will do likewise. In fact, we will allow them 20 minutes. They can use less than tha~ of course. Then any NUestion that is directed from the audience I'd like for that ~"'~'Ue3tion to be directed to them, but please do wait until you are recognized by the Hoderator before you ask the ,...uestion. We will not permi t any long winded speeches on the pros and cons from the audience regardless as to who you are. That includes Mr. John Davis. You will be limited to three minutes so don't feel like you are being descriminated against when I call time on you if you go beyond that point. We've got some folks back there in the back of the room who are going to take care of anyone who insists on going beyond that point. They've put fresh water in the pool and broken the ice so we can dispose of the dissenters. So at this time I am going to ask Dr. Bowen if he will lead off.
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"SHOULD r-".IOOET TACKLE FOOTBALL BE DISCONTINUED'? 11
DR. ROBERT T. BOWEN ASSOCI ATE PROFESSOR OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
DIRECTOR OF GRADUATE EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
DR. BOWEN: YES
"The people up here asked me if there was anything special that I would like to have for this presentation and I said, 11 Yes, I would like to have the Colgate invisible shielo up here to fend off the brick bats 11
Speaking to you on this negative side of football puts me in the sort of position that Julian Bond would be in if he were to appear at a Ku Klux Klan session or maybe that Peter Zack Geer would be in if he were asked to speak to a SNCC rally. In fact, I was told by one of my colleagues when I told him what I \>las to ta,lk on, "Well if you deliver that speech, just dont even come back to Athens 11
The controversy surrounding this issue and its parallel issue of inter-school competitive athletics below the senior high school level borders on being ancient history. As early as 1933 studies were being ma.de on growth comparisons of athletes and non-athletes going all the way down to the smallest participants in athletics. Studies in 1954 were r:>n the effects of competitive athletics on the growth and development of pre-pubscent boys. Norman referred to this problem in writing about the vulnerable age in 1947. As you can see, all of the writings kind of indicate the tenor of the publications.
However, the controversy reached its most intensive level during 1950. Midget sports and junior high school athletics be-
gan a very rapid period of expansion during this era even as nu-
merous groups rose up to rruestion the worth and to recommend t~at i t be discontinued.
The Educational Policies Commission of the National Education Association in 1954 issued a report titled "School Athletics Problems and Policies" in which they said, "Athletics, th-':!t is organized competitive sports, have less to contribute to growth and health in the early school years than is the case lat.er on. For children in grade 1-6 developmental needs will be ~eveloped most ade~ately if athletiC$ C\re largely in=ormal and non-competitive. Above all, children should learn to play for the fun of playing. If sports activitie.a are so organized so that great stress is made on making the team, the few who succeed may gain personal satisfaction. The others may develop aversions to athletic participation.
Paqe 66

1'hc value of r:icget Frv:>tball ;::!"> a means of ~~rly t.r;:>i:ning in 3Y.ills is ,...uestinnable. r)r. S~t.l; ~.rsenion, r)irPCt'"'r of Gra~uate 3tu~ies at 3~ringfi~l~ College and a practici~g psychologi -:>t at the Nat::.""'nal Conference on Val'lPS of 3port3, ha0 t_his to say, "}'.ny k.ind of tr'3ining, motor 0r other, must ~e pen,.:; on the neurological and r:mscular rear'Jj_ness of the chi 1.0.
r: you push the training ahea0 an~ it dr:Ye3 nr~t seem .to be nf
particular valu~ ann in s0me instances c0ul"l be -:langerous or .-Jam<'lCJi ng. "
The re!lort of t'he C0mmi t.tee 0n .".thletic c,-,mpetition f,.,r children o= ele::1~ntary or juninr high school age '1la"!e in 1QS2 rec0':1:7lende.-J that t.he progra;n be m"!oe rm ~ n in f,-,rmf'l.1 an1 v0l untary rrogra~ oE individuaL dual 2nd tea~ sports with team cornpetition limite"! tr1 contests by the tea:ns within the scho,.,l or the neighrv)rhood C0mmunity r. ecreation Center. The report said tnat inter-school competition o= a varsity pattern and -;imilar t0 organized cl')mpetiti0n under the 3uspices of other com'Tiunity agencie3 are oefiniteiv disapproved to those below the ninth grade.
The report of the National Conference Program Planning an Games and Sports for ~oys anc girls of elementary school age published in ~1ay 1953 had this to say: "Competition is inheren in. the growth of children ant:'l depencing rm a variety of factor~ . will be beneficial or harmful to the individual. l~de.....uate competitive programs organi7en on neighborhood or community level will meet the needs of the::;e childrer.. 3tate, regional, and national tournaments, bowl, charity, and exhibition games, are not recommended for thes~=> age gr,ups. Education and recreation authoritie:; ana other youth corrununity serving agencies have a defini .te responsibility to the development of aderouate neighb(')rhood and community programs of games and sports ana to provioe competent leadership for it.
An ,,:,.thletic Institute public~tion, 11 Physical Education for Ghildren of the -Elementary h.ge 11 , says, .....uote, '"1'he kind of competitive sports f,.,r children in the Elementary School must be based on what is best for the growth and developement of boys and girls at this level of maturity. Boxing and tackle football are undesirable activities for children.
Hany discussions of the problems associated with Hiaget Football relate to physiological, psychological, and social as~cts. 3ome surveys of orthopedic physicians have shown a majority concerned about epiphyseal injuries. The danger lies in a possible permanent impairment to growth. On other ocassions this same group has indicated a willingness to forget Hidget Football.
The .....uestion of a long-range. injury in Midget Football needs more study. However, this danger area is one which makes one wonder if the risk is worth the possible reward. t-iany have ex-
Page 67

pressed concern for the effect of intensive competition on the developing heart and other organs. It was pointed out that exercise, however, cannot damage a normal heart. Of course, if we are going to involve youngsters in intensive competition without concerr of heart damage, we must precede this competition with a thorough physical examination. Ocassionally, congenital heart conditions go undiscovered in routine, souno health programs. It may not be a problem unlesg physical and emotional stress is applie~
.r.:any of those advocating Hidget Football support it on the basis of the claim that it is better for youngsters to participate in programs with good leadership and protected by face e,..uipment. Hollis Fair, Director of Physical Education and Director of the Physical Efficiency r<agazine at the University of Connecticut, points out, however, and I -uote, "Some of the survey studies indicate that more injurie3 occur among children of highly organized groups than in free play activities."
11 If the injuries which occur on playground e,..uipment such as swings and slides "'ere excluded from consideration, the instances of injuries would be overwhelmingly higher in organized sports."
rhe argument that inter-scholastic sports, where b~tter supervision is afforded, decreases the pos"3ibility of accidents, does not appear supportable in the light of surveys. The author would like to suggest that perhaps the additional importance of . winning from such factors as the aging of the coach, the pre3ehce of leaders, and the interest of the CC"'mmunity in the team, show that the emotional stimulus drive the participant to greater. exertion. It is this which brings about the greater number of accidents in inter-scholastic athletics.
It is my belief that this st .::~tement is e,...ually applicSlble to the ~:idget r:rogram. 'li\'hen related to the ps:.,?chnlogical i$nr9 social influences of the athle t ic prng ram, the ef:ects of . intPr schol.as tic athletir::s upon tb? emotional personality an0 characteristics of the immatt1re participant are less l':>asily r.le~~rrnj_ned than the p'hysjological effr->ct. 1'he ch~l"''}es in personality an.P.. character, eiti1er nositive 0r n e gative, vihi("'h may occur as a result of cnm:::>et i ti ve s~0rt s, 11as never been sati sf.actl')rily demnnstrated by controlle :3 stu~y.
In the p receding remarks we loo1-: at s0me of the major areas of opposit-i.on to Midget Football. At different times theresolutions of 0ppositi0'1 of Midget Football have been passed by the American Associ at ion of Health, Phvsical ;:;oucation, and F-ecreation, the American Association of 3cho0l A<'l:ninistrator:s, t'he Cor.tmittee on the Medical Aspects of 3ports, the American Medical Ass0ciation and several others. The rep0rt on the junior high school by Dr. Jame3 Conant st.rongly suggested that inter-school
Page fir.A

athletics at this level are not in the best interest of the children.
Even with all this, the ~uestions of the feasibility of Midget Football is pretty controversial. It seems to me that there are many reasons why we cannot conscientiously support the continuation of this program. Let me present problems that must be solved before the program can be acceptable.
1. Leadership - This program demands the highest level of professionally trained leaders. Teachers from this group should not come from interested young men in the community who have a background in football. This group should have a fair knowledge of child growth and development, an expert's knowledge of the care, prevention, and treatment of athletic inJuries along with the full understanding of methods of teaching fundamental skill. These youngsters are being given their first instructions. Many of the problems in the development of skills in athletes is due to bad habits developed early in the skill learning process. Changing established bad habits is much more difficult than teaching new skills. How does the leadership in the program that you are associated 'with measure up?
2. This is related to facilities, e~uipment, and leadership. Dr. Jack Houston, orthopedic surgeon of Columbus, pointed out that while the fact of Midget Football was controversial, it was going on. He said that if it is going to continue that i t is imperative that the e~uipment be of the highest ~uality. How many programs can meet this standard? How many sets of enuipment issued by the high school are outgrown by previous participants? How many programs follow the re~uired standard of high schools and e~uip each player with an approved mouth protector? What about the youngster who does not try out because he cannot afford gear? How many programs provide playing areas which are regularly checked for safety - free of rocks, glass, and other dangers? Does the leadership have regulations regarding the length of time for practicing? What is the maximum safe practicing period for these youngsters? Does it change from age 9 to 15?
All these nuestions must be answered satisfactorily before a safe environment can even be considered to exist.
3. Legal Liability - This area of concern has hardly touched us until the present but it is beginning to infiltrate from the far East and from the far West where it is a major problem.
Several years ago a case was instituted on the West Coast asking $325,000 in damages following a high school football injury. The court was good enough to reduce the award to somewhere around $185,000. The Coach, the Board, and the school system were held responsible.
Page 69

How does this effect Midget Football? Most liability cases hinge on negligence. This is centered around improper e"uipment, failure to take proper steps to check the participant's medically approved participation, allowing a youngster to continue to play following an injury without medical clearance, poor judgement regarding practice procedures and others. How many Midget programs could meet high standards of medical supervision at practice as well as the game? These are the things that can make you legally liable in the event of an injury to one of the boys participating in the program.
Still another aspect of this is travel. Bus transportation is one thing. These are usually insured ade"uately if a major wreck should occur. More important, if private auto transportation is arranged by a sponsoring organization, the organization could be charged that liability fee if an accident should occur.
Finally there is the element of possible injuries to spectators. The law can do some seemingly strange things in this area. I'm sure that most of you are aware that a signed statement authorizing a child's participation and assuming responsibility for injury is no protection in court. These are the things that you face in the terms of liabilities.
4. The Area of Participation - Midget Football is in most instances selective. Many youngsters are cut. The late maturing youngster may be denied the opportunity to develop fundamental skills in such a program and conse"uently abandon football for life. Emphasis on Midget Football often leads to neglect of other phases of the total program. How many of your recreation programs give the same emphasis to activities for the girls in your community as you do for Midget Football? To the adult program as to the Midget program. To your Golden Age citizens as you do to Midget Football? To the young boys who prefer something other than football? Does your program meet these standards?
5. Cost - This is related to previous items. Too often I have seen youngsters sent out as beggers for funds for additional cost of this type of program. Too often I have seen local merchants asked to buy advertising. This is rarely a good way to spend the advertising dollar. If you don't believe me, ask your own local merchant. If you haven't sold them advertising, then they are still your friends. This type of fund raising is really a little bit of blackmail. How can he refuse the youth of the community, after all a stand against Midget Football or failure to support it is almost as bad as taking the politician's stand against God, motherhood, and country.
6. Competition for Time for Other Activities - Not too long ago !heard of a coach when asked if it would be all right
Page 70

for a youngster to miss a game to attend a youth function at the church tell the youngster that one day a choice would have to be made between the team and other things. You know the choice that was made. This youngster was not the star but rather a bench warmer who did not even get into the game. I've seen families split when the choice was made between the team in an intensively competitive situation and an important family function.
7. Extensive Travel and Night Games -These things often take the activity out of the realm of recreation and into the entertainment field or even worse, into a civic promotion stunt. The participation of the youngster becomes secondary to other values.
8. Age Classification for Competition - I've known of instances in the so-called midget sports when birth certificates were falsified and even one incident where a young athlete played using his brother's birth certificate. Much of Midget Football is based on weight classes. Should youngsters be encouraged to diet and not even eat? Are we using good health practices here? This type of thing happens.
In conclusion I readily admit that many of the reasons that you have given in allowing youngsters not to play Midget Football are debatable and have not been proved in scientifically valid research. To much "expert" opinion clouds the issue, however, I feel the areas of concern that have been mentioned could be used to de-emphasize the intensense competitive football program and to promote more time, money, and effort to comprehensive programs in recreation for all ages and both sexes. When we have achieved this, let us hope that we will know more about youngsters from 9 to 13 in relation to participation in Midget Football.
One more comment before I get up. I know we are going to have ~uestions on this -I'm not worried about it~ but if the ~uestions get too difficult, I'm just going to have to excuse myself and take off and call the Midget Basketball game up the road. Of course,some -of these Midgets stand 6"5' tall.
Page 71

"SHOULD MIDGET TACKLE FOOTBALL BE DISCONTINUED?''
RICHARD G. LANE SUPERINTENDENT OF RECREATION
EAST POINT 1 GEORGIA
RICHARD LANE - ~
Dr. Bowen, you have convinced me and the next thing that I'm going to do when I get home is to close up our program and go home. The only thing that keeps me from walking out right now is Bing Miller and Sonny Miller. I'm afraid I wouldn't make it to the door. Perhaps Coach Dooley won't get this information that you are handing out, but in the event that he does, maybe you can seek employment where they are de-emphasizing football anyway over at Tech. Charlie, that was for you and it was below the belt.
In all sincerity I do appreciate the opportunity to speak on behalf of Midget Football because this is the position that I take in the field of recreation. On any subject there are arguments for and against and on this subject, "Should Midget Football Be Discontinued", in my estimation the materials speak very heavily in favor of its continuation.
I'd like to mention this before I get further along into this. Dr. Bowen gave you a little history of Midget Football and I always got a different version. I thought it started in Brunswick, Georgia about 20 years ago and that Sonny Miller started it.
To justify any point of view on any nuestion there must be some conditions met and the position that I have been given is not an exception. No activity is good under all circumstances. Such as ballet on a cliff overhanging Niagara Falls, ska~ing on a busy street - these are not desirable under the circumstances. However, they may be acceptable under different circumstances. The above conditions are no more absurd than Midget Football without proper leadership. The condition that I make for Midget Football is trained, capable leadership. The by-product of trained personnel are:
1. A well e~uipped team with ade~uate e~ipment
2. A good playing field - Football shouldn't be played
where there is any glass or rocks.
3. Medical attention nearby with a doctor in attendance.
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4. Prudent practice and game procedures - This does not include head on tackling for an undetermined length of time.
My support of Midget Football rests on the following points:
1. No one could deny the value of sheer physical exercise demanded by participation of this activity so vital to youngsters of this age. These are formative years, not only mentally and emotionally, but physically. I have seen the development of flabby youngsters, underdeveloped youngsters beyond expectation and increased stamina and strength.
2. Behavior problems - This game, as well as other activities, provides the tools to erase many behavior problems. I have seen through proper guidance the bully become a team player with the realization that he must consider others and work with them to attain his goal. I have seen the introvert, the shy boy, become a leader and take his place on the team. This game affords enlightened and interested tools to mold 'good citizenship and acceptable behavior.
3. This game can provide individuals with the feeling of belonging to a group. This is so important, not only for youngsters, but for adults as well. This is fundamental to everyone and is a basis for the well adjusted person.
4. This game affords the opportunity for family recreation and especially a father-son relationship. It gives the father an opportunity to be nearer his son than any other sport that I know of. It gives the mother an opportunity to work in the concession stand. It gives the daughter a chance to be a cheerleader. It can be a family recreation activity.
5. In this program the player must keep up his school program in order to play. This creates an incentive to do better school work. In a recent report from National Pop Warner headf'f\larters the grades of the participant increased 30" from one year to the next. This grade increase cannot be counted as insignificant.
6. There is a definite carry over of this activity to high school and football and all related sports - sometimes giving a youngster an opportunity to participate on a varsity level that he might not have otherwise had. I have seen youngsters go to high school with very little ability and play with just the skills that he has gotten from playing Midget Football.
7. Whatever deters from juvenile delin,.uency that any wholesome activity may offer is also shared by this sport. The coach does have the opportunity to teach right from wrong and to direct or re-direct thinking and behavior in socially accepted direction. It has always been my philosophy that r~crea-

tion and football in particular is not being played to erase juvenile delin,.uency, however, it is and can be a by-product.

8. Midget Football programs set the stage for healthy fun
and excitement and produce the opportunity to make lasting friendships for ~very member of the family.

9. One of the big arguments used by all polls in young-

sters football is the danger of injury. I believe that there is

no more danger in Midget Football under ideal conditions than

other rough body contact sports. A three year study was .recent-

ly made on junior high football under. th~ supervision of the New

York High School Athletic Association. The findings showed that

approximately 6,000 boys who participated during the three year

period in normal practice sessions and in excess of 1000 under

game conditions. A careful appraisal of the injuries showed

the activity to be safe. In the year 1957, for example, ap-

proximately 2000 different boys in some 47 schools participated

in the inter-scholastic programs. Twenty one schools -reported

two or less injuries during this season and thirty eight schools,

five or less. Many of the injuries were of a very minor nature

such as scratches or slightly sprained ankles. This has been

the case in my town. We have found Midget Football is no more

dangerous to participants than activities not known for body con-

tact. Which in your estimation if the most dangerous1 A hardy,

strong tackle or a zooming baseball1 Which is the most dangerous1

A hardy tack~or a basketball elbow to the temple1 There is no

comparison.



10. Another point that captures considerable time and attention of opponents of ~idget Football is the emotional stress suffered by the players. I feel that the coach is in complete control and charge of this matter. With the proper guidance, this ceases to be a problem. I have never known or heard of any youngster suffering any lasting, emotional upsets due to this. . It makes little difference whether we have organized Midget Football programs or not - youngsters are going to play the garae. It may be in the streets, on back lots, and most of the time without proper e~ipment and not any supervision. Which situation do you choose1 Supervised programs or back yard football1 As long as
Jo,hn Unitus, Jim Taylori and other professional or high scboaa players play the game, youngsters are going to enter. I feel that it is the professional recreators duty to provide the op-
portunity for these Midget players to make this dream a sane,
well planned reality.

PaCJJI 1

usHOULD MIDGET TACKLE FOOTBALL BE DISCONTINUED1 11
QUESTION AND ANSWER PERIOD
Q. Mr. Lane, Dr. Bowen has stated that some medipal associations have definitely come out against football, can you think of anyone that you can quote other than Pop Warner in favor of Midget Football?
A:. There is an article that has been written on 11Should My Son Play Midget Tackle.. by Dr. Charles A. Bucher, Professor of Education at New Yor~ University.
o. On reports from these Medical Associations and National Or-
ganizations on Health, they didn't just pin point competitive sports such as football. Wasn't that all competitive sports?
A. Most of the reports, and most of these deal with inter-school problems, speak specifically against boxing and football to a lesser extent than they do about the extensive intramural program within the school and most of the others point to the need for a much wider base than the inter-school program usually gives you. Let me make one comment about the matter of emotions. I'd like to tell two stories here very quickly. One has to do with research on it and research does indicate that the youngsters do not develop the same sleep patterns especially after an intense competitive game. Their eating habits are also impaired temporarily. I'd like to tell the story that Craten Hill told about the first no hitter in little league baseball. He had a sports writer with him and he said it was obvious that as the game went along, that the kid was on the verge of a no hitter and he said, "Don't you know the pressure on that kid is great." He says, "Yes, I guess it is, but I'll tell you what we'll do. We'll take an EOG of the pulse of these kids before the game starts. I'd like to test them and one other thingI'd like to test the coach too." Well they went down and he did pitch his no hitter. The youngster's pulse rate was a good bit higher, his blood pressure was up -- in fact, it was up about one half or one third as much as the coach's. The coach's was just out of sight. He said, "Now please stick around because I 1 d like to test them just before they go to bed." So at 9:00 that night they went in and ran the test on the kid that played the no hitter and they ran one on the coach. The poor coach was still on the verge of a heart attack and the kid was back to normal.
Q. Dr. Bowen, at what age level do the physical educators consider a young person to be most conducive to learning?
A. Dr. J. B. Nash says the learning of physical skills, the Golden Age of Learning, is from 6 - 16.
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Q. I'd like to know how many games you would suggest that we play for 13-14 year olds and how many days a week should we practice. This is directed to both sides.
A. I don't know of any guidelines other than what we have experienced in East Point. We play one game a week. As you know, a youngster probably could play today and recuperate by tomorrow. But for safety's sake, cutting down on the amount of times he is due to injury, we follow the routine of one game a week. Some teams practice three times a week and some teams practice five, depending on whether or not the coach can get out or not. We practice an hour or an hour and a half on the outside.
o. If the team would not show up on time, would you have a
time limit that the game would not start after1
A. We do, but most of the time the people that are there would rather play a late team than forfeit. This is a matter that the coach handles. I might say this, it seems more like I'm taking Dr. Bowen's side and he's taking mine. Let's be realistic. The problem is leadership and this is a 6ifficuley. To find a Midget Football Coach is probably the hardest thing that you have to do. You can't take the high school hero and make a coach out of him. This is a big problem and I don't really know how to overcome it other than shake the bushes.
o. Dick, in your presentation originally you used the word ideal
four times. You said "under ideal conditions Midget Football is good". Well, how many programs do operate under ideal conditions1
A. This would have been my argument if I had been in Dr. Bowen's shoes. We don't have any ideal programs. I've just been in this thing fifteen or sixteen years and I really have an insight as to what happens. I know that we lack trained personnel. On occasion we have had inadequate enuipment and have played on unsuitable fields. I know on occasion that we haven't had a doctor or a hospital within five miles. We got by somehow. I guess the good Lord takes care of people like us. I know these are problems. They're just something we have to improvise and do the best we can with.
Q. Dr. Bowen, I'd like to ask you a question dealing with this stress. I think we probably hear more about this than anything else. What about at school with these examinations and tests. I've seen mine sick, I 1 ve seen them nauseated and I've seen them when they wouldn't want to go to school. Is there a connection between the two1
A. This is fast becoming one of the very, very significant problems in our education of today -- the pressure and
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stresses that are being placed on youngsters academically. One of the major problems at Harvard today, for example, is the pressure on particularly the incoming Freshmen the pressure of standardized tests. This is one of our great concerns - that we are putting too much pressure academically.
In fact, I was informed by my wife last night that we were putting too much pressure on our fifteen year old. It didn't have to do with academics though,. it had to do with something else. But this is probably one of the real serious problems. We've gone from the point where we weren't concerned about them in school as long as they got by. Now everybody has got to make Phi Beta Kappa. Everybody has got to get into college but only 20% are going to make it.
We were talking before this session started and somebody made the comment that the father wants his son to be as good as he was. But that's all wrong. The father wants his son to be better than he was and whether he's got the skill or not, he's got to be better. I never did make Phi Beta Kappa, but by golly, my son's going to make it -only I don't think he's going to make it, by the way.
Q. Along those lines of thinking, would it be possible to think in terms of Midget football or any of these other related programs as being a period in which the child could relieve stress rather than create stress7
A. I think there is an emotional release involved in it and my own feeling is that the stress comes when you have a Midget Program that is very selective and a youngster gets cut out of the team and you don't have any place for him to go. Now if he gets cut off the first team, and there's a second and a third and a fifth and a fifteenth and nobody gets cut out, the stress is a little less. In addition to that I think there's stress when you go beyond the program at the local level.
Q. Don't you think that this is stress too - that Daddy who was the college quarterback and the son doesn't go home from the field and get to relax and let that tension go down in him. He's in the living room and his Daddy's saying you should have done this and you should have done that. We have actually had kids that when they got up to 11 B" team and varsity age, they should have been great athletes, but they had a disliking for it because they associated:it with nothing but "I catch hell at Home". This to me is the greatest stress on a particip~nt, much more than the actual tension built up out there on the field.
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A. I've seen that just this year in a great athlete in Athens. I worked with this kid who was a later maturer when he was working in the little league baseball programs. He became pretty good considering the fact that he was slow maturing. He was one of these big, awkwCt:rd ones. When he reached 13 he didn't meet the criteria of a coach that probably shouldn't have been working with that age youngster and he was cut out of it. As a result, he never got back into any athletics until last year as an 11th grader. He played "B" team basketball because he was the biggest boy in school who would come out for the team. That 's the rea~n he was kept on the "B" team. Well, this year he's developing into a pretty good basketball player. But if he had been encouraged and given the opportunity to play at his level and at his developmental stage along the way rather than cut out, I think he would have been great.
0. Last year we had teams from South Georgia travel to North Georgia to play in a basketball tournament. This involved youngsters under 12 years old or right at that age limit. We were playing basketball at one o'clock in the morning and, of course, we had a lot of parents up there with us. To tell you the truth, I was embarassed. I didn't know anything to say about it or anything to do. We were participants and we participated. How can we justify that kind of thing7 What can be done about this?
A. I hadn't heard about it but it happened to me in Savannah. We were playing baseball at two o'clock in the morning.
A. If they show up late, you don't want to be a you know what and make them forfeit. When you get into tourne~nts and people have traveled from all over the state, you've got eight or sixteen teams who should be there on time or be made to forfeit. I don't think the tournament should take a vote and say, "How much compassion do you have7 Let the poor fellows come in tomorrow". If we don't put teeth in our rules and say, "Well now if you don't show, you can turn around and pack your bags, you're going home". I promise you I think that every member of this Athletic Committee has had a belly full of gripes. If you don't want to go by the book, don't come.
A. I'd like to say that I was in the meeting one night that set up these tournament sights. Charlie Oates sent out letters to ask people to be hosts for these tournaments. There were two cities that sent them back in. One of them was Tifton, the other Moultrie.
A. I think there are a lot of people who are trying to pass rules down and develop rules and regulations concerning Midget Football that know even less about it than we do. Just because they have reached a certain level in their
Page 78

training and in their studies, this doesn't necessarily make them experts. I dont know that they are trying to tell us what to do in so much as they are trying to get us to do something.
A. Doctor Bowen - Thats why I used the expert in quotes. One of these experts, Bucher, is not one of my favorites. He wrote an article on Little League Football not long ago in which he was highly critical of it. There were about 14 errors in this article that all he had to do was go get the rule book and read it. This I think is true. Many of the experts had never studied the ~uestion. I'm afraid that neither has anybody else. With regard to this matter of the 8, 9, and 10 year old not playin9 and then he gets injured in the twelve year old age group - maybe if he had had a developmental program at 8, 9, 10 and 11 he would have been ready at 12 to play Midget Football without getting hurt and with a high level of skill. One of the points that I think was very important brought out by one of these reports that I think was most important is that there are other activities that are better for this age group and developing those skills can come in those other activities.
o. Today, who is advanced enough to play?
A. We are a long ways from it. In terms of tackle football I think that this is the best classification that we could have. I dont say that you are going to get it next fall. but Wben we arrive at a good, simply administered test to discover pubescence and pre-pubescence and post pubescence. If the kid is nine years old and post pubescent, which he is not going to be, play him. If he's pre-pubescent and he's thirteen years old,don t play him. Unfortunately it would not solve your problem.
I've read a little bit about these tests and in little league baseball they measured every youngster at the World Series for pubescence, pre-pubescence, and post pubescence and recorded these each year. But then it takes special equipment. This is the problem that we face now. We don't have any skin tests that we can use yet.
0. Wouldn't this be wise on educational basis for parents to have it done and give you a slip to tell you whether he's pre or post pubescent?
A. The main problem that you face there is that the parent wants Johnny to play-then they go to the family physician and say, 11You got to sign him, DOC 11 This really puts the pressure on the Doctor.
o. Are we saying not to start these boys off young? I have
Kim King at Tech, I have Lynn Hughes with Georgia, I have Bill Kinard with Tech, and Charles Casey from Florida. These
Page 79

kids have been playing since second and third grade. Now you hear them tell it, physically, they have had few injuries. But is it best not to continue to teach young boys"? A. This, of course, is the problem that I mentioned earlier. When you start getting into this question of psychilogical and solialogical, for example, I could site you 1\any cases of youngsters that started playing with Kim but d.idn' t make the team and now they stand 6"5' amd weigh 245. They won't get within three miles of a football field. Now maybe these kids weren't encouraged because they were late maturers. I don't say that the youngsters who have gone through it and have made it haven't benefited from it. I'm asking the ~uestion, do the rewards justify the risk and do the rewards justify the things that happen to others that might have been involved. This is as controversial~ it can be and we don't have the answer. But I do think that we have got some ~uestions that we can ask that probably need an awful lot of thought given to them and a lot more research done.
Page 80

SUPPORTING STATEMENTS
MR. BING MILLER
I d like to support Mr. Lane on the thing. At EaS:: Point jf a partipants Principal or mother comes to me and says her son's grades have fallen off and she doesn't think he needs to be on the team, then off he comes. On the statement a while ago on the 30% ~uote by Pop Warner, this is true because three times a year I have to turn in grade reports of my football players in order to get a rating on the National level. I can tell the difference in the grades myself. I take my first report from the first actual report card that comes from the school. I get my second report on the report sent home by the principal in the next six or eight weeks. I get my final report at the end of school and I can see the change in the grades going up because even after the season is up and we have our little ban~uet, I remind the boys that their grades for the rest of the year are what's going to determine their height on the National ratings. You can see their grades going right up and some of them are really progressing. Of course, all boys are not alike. You're going to have a "C" student that is going to be a 11C" student right on through college. I have seen the "C 11 student come up at the end of the year and come up to an "A11 student for the simple reason that he has team spirit and wants to do as much for the team as possible. I'd like to touch on injuries a little bit, too. I say that if a boy is trained in the use of hi~ hands, shoulders in tackling, and if he's taught to protect himself that there won't be these injuries. I'd like to state this, since 1959 in this program I remember we have had two broken fingers, an arm dislocation at the elbow, and outside of a few minor cuts and scrapes that's all the injuries I've had out of about 150 boys.
MR. ROD BLAYLOCK
I'd like to say that I thought that both of these gentlemen did a. very fine job. It's kind of like being on a jury. When Dr. Bowen got through I was kind of like Dick. I said, "My gosh, $185,000"- I was thinking about the 1400 kids we've got in our program and I know we can't stand anything like that. His presentation of it on that side was fine. He had a tough job and Dick's outline and his ten points were excellent. A combination of these two presentations is really the answer to Midget Football. If we keep in mind the things Dr. Bowen has said, and remember he said some things which haven't been proved by research yet, but these papers which have come out have pretty good research behind them and there is a chance of that ha?pening to all of us.
Then you take Dick's points and these advantages as we see what is happening and as this gentleman back here mentioned, if we handle it with both sides in mind I think that we'll have a pretty good program.
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Now I've seen this stress stuff and I certainly agree with Dr. Bowen that by and far that blood pressure and those heart attacks are the Mamas and Daddies more than any youngsters. I've been knocked down more times by men that have been in this business more years than I've been born. They thought I was just slap crazy, but like I said to you yesterday, I wouldn't go down there and take them out of it because I'd be looking for a job.
This is our most popular group. Its a hugging, kissing type of t1.t.ing with no talent really there to teach them. At the OPening of the season, at a seven and eight year old game, the little boy runs this way and that way, gets another 20 yards and nobody's
tackled him, nobody's blocked him and finally he goes into his own
end zone with 21 people chasing him. He throws the ball up like he's seen them do on TV and the official calls safety, kicks it off on his 20 yard line and eventually this other team scores a touchdown. But as I walked across that field, that little boy says, "We tied them didn't we coach- 1 and 1." I didn't have the heert to tell him. I'll let him see it in the paper tomorrow.
When dealing with youngsters they don't know much about stress. He's not familiar with that. I was telling Paul (we got up at 4:00 yesterday morning and drove up here) as we heard all this talk about Go-Go and Copa Cabana that we were going to all these places. We went to bed at 9:00 and my Athletic Director was already asleep with his suit on. I can remember when we wouldn't have gone to bed. So I think your stress and your strain and your emotional upset on the youngster is far less than on the parents and coaChes. This competitive thing comes from growth and participation in Athletics. As you can see, I'm on Dick's side, but I have a lot of resp,ct for what these people are saying about it.
Statement
I think that Midget Football here is going to stay. One thing that I'm pleased with and I think that all of us recognize is the fa~t that Georgia likes to dress up our Midget League Program as best we can with leadership and proper supervision. From my standpoint this is the most important thing.
MR. FREDDY LAYTON
I'd like to say that we are really proud of our little Midget Football team at Milledgeville. I've faced ""Uite a few of you people and I played Sonny a few times, but we think Midget Football is a good thing. It boils down to the leadership of your Recreation Department, your volunteer workers and this is something that you have to do and that you have to administrate. It's hard to get good volunteer workers and it's hard to fire volunteer workers. I hate to do it, but I'll bet every Director here has had to let volunteer workers go. That's a tough problem.
Page 82

We've kind of spoiled everybody in our community about Midget Football, and I'm bragging. But we won about 50 and lost 3 and tied 3 in seven years. This year we were going to re-emphasize this at our All-Star game and I think we won five games, but we still wanted to stay in the state competition. We were awarded the State District play-off and then we went up to play Rome which was a real good host to us. We had a good time and it is a trip that my kids will never forget. Not only did they show me a good time, but they ran me off the playing field. They had a mighty good team and it was a real good ball game. Later we had our ban~uet and the Mayor game us a fine present. He gave us a U-Haul-It trailer. So that will give you gentlemen an idea as to how well we like Midget Football.
MR. MAX LOCKWOOD
The Recreation program at Statesboro is dated back to 1948 and like most rural communities we developed first primarily the white program involving all the white citizens of the community. About 10 years ago we moved into the Negro community in our city and county. Since that time we have been able to develop a program in their community serving all the people. But we have found this and I think it's of interest In the last four or five years we have gone down from the 13 and 14 year old level in children's supervised football down to the 8, 9, and 10 year old level of our Negro children for the first time. We found that those children who are now on that 13 and 14 year old team have had injuries perhaps ten times as great as the program where mostly white children are involved. These youngsters started in football at 8 or 9 years old and have come all the way through the program and their injuries are practically non-existent. Youngsters who come into it for the first time at 11, 12, and 13 have injuries which are about 10 to 1. I wonder if anybody else has had this type of experience or if ours is isolated?
Statement
We've always had the same age group where maybe a kid has skipped an age group and come out at 11 or 12 years of age. We find that he is more apt to get hurt. This is true about all the other sports - swimming, baseball, or anything else.
Mr. Roy Hammond
I'd like to comment on one of the points that Dr. Bowen had. First of all, we took a survey in the last three years in our Midget program and we only had 15 injuries and only three major injuries out of three years and about 700 boys participating. We find that our injuries have been very minor ones, but the point I wanted to co.mment on was - do we as recreators emphasize any activity for girls as much as we emphasize Midget Football? I'd
Pa_ge 83

like to tell you that much to my amazement this year we had eight Midget Football teams this year with approximately 250 boys a~d we had 190 girls going out for cheerleader. They practice three days a week and probably train as hard as our boys did for that Saturday afternoon game. We didn't stress this particular program, but this is something we offered and they carne out. So we are taking care of our girls as well.
MR. W. F .MONTGOMERY
We had three injuries on our football team this year. One was a sprained shoulder, one of our better boys got hurt on a sunday afternoon in the back yard and had a bro~en shoulder, and then the other injury - a boy tried to stand on his head in the bed and went through the window. So two out of the three happened off the field. The competition in this sport is like I heard about the butcher over in Gainesville who had a sign in his window that said, "The king buys his meats here". The butcher shop across the street had another sign which said, "God save the "'Ueen.
MR. JIM GOPF
I cant get up and brag about our Midget Football in Moultrie but since Valdosta is not here, we can brag a little on high school. We don't play Midget Football at 6, 7, 8, or 9 years old. We start them at 10 years of age. All of them are on one team and they are not organized. They play one game a year and at the end of the year the last thing we do is break them up into two teams and let them have a football game. The rest of the time is spent in teaching them the fundamentals. They have that to look forward to at the end of the year. We don't have any scheduled games until they reach 11 years old. I might be good at 6, 7, and 8, I don't know, but we start them at 10.
Statement
When I started in this program some years ago I was taken out .to a field and shown one afternoon some kids who were playing football. They were really interested. I watched that day and went back other days. They reconunended me for the job and I felt that I had to do something about it. I told them if I were going to do it that we were going to do it first class.
Statement
I feel like this book is worth fifty dollars or more. You couldn't put a price on it. I believe that it will really help me on my program. I wish you could see it now and I wish you could see it a year from now. From reading this book and from the comments that you have made, I think we will have a fine team in 1967.
Page 84

MR. ROD BLAYLOCK
I want to say that this is one of the finest things I be-. lieve that this Society has ever done. In evaluating it I want to be fair. I feel sure that our gentlemen from Raleigh had the toughest job of anybody I think could have on the program. One of my evaluation remarks was that I thought it got too elementary in certain places. I realize that some of us feel that this is second nature and we've got folks coming in who need this type of thing. I think that one of the greatest things that .has ever happened to our Athletic Conunittee was here t;his morning. Jim Colley and all the people that have been on this Conunittee have done a fine job. To my knowledge at no conference or anything else have we had th~t Athletic Manual right up there and discussed nothing but it and that set-up on it was needed to be done. I think that there was a lot of comments that came out of that session this morning that will help us all in our programs and help that Committee, too. I want to commend Jim and your staff and all of the people, and I'm like some of the rest of you, I think that Kermit's and Jim's part on the program were outstanding as were all the others. But I would like to have seen for instance a little league coa.ch from Atlanta here and high school coach - a Georgia Tech baseball coach and perhaps somebody from the Braves here and have a panel discussion on athletic components - baseball, softball, and football. This type of thing could be set up at all levels to see just a panel of this type compared. You could do the same with a Midget Football coach, a high school coach, or a college coach and a pro coach. Just get some of these research people here to let us hear from it all the way down the line. I think it would really add something to the Workshop.
MR. MAX LOCKWOOD
I haven't been to a lot of the sessions and the reason that I haven't is the fact that I'm serving the Society this year as Chairman of the Legislative Committee and I've been spending two to three days each week while legislature has been in session over there in the Capitol. I've been trying to work for you recreation people. In the past ten years we have seen more legislation affecting recreation than we have seen in the previous history of this country. This legislation is being drafted, written by and passed by people who don't know anything in the world about recreation. They do know a little bit in instances about outdo.or recreation, but practically nothing about community recreation, the thing which is closest to us. We people need to go back home and we need to talk to our legislators on the local level and let them know what this Commission is doing. Because when you sit down and talk with them, you're getting to them first. We're going to come up with some legislation in the Capitol one year that's going to be real restrictive if we aren't very careful
Page 85

and if we don't guide it carefully. We already see this coming down from the National level. These Bureaus are being created and we're going to have some more created and recreation people are not staffed on these things, not the kind of recreation people that we know. I can cite many instances where we have people who are transferred out of existing agencies in the government, pushed over into recreation with big salaries and don't know anything about it. We're not doing anything about, we're just sitting back and taking anything they dish out.
These programs that come down from Washington to us aren't worth a darn. They don't get down to the local level and they don't do us one bit of good. Statesboro has a budget of $80,000. We're straining for every penny that we can get and then the Federal government stamps down and says, 11 Now if you'll put up another $100,00 we'll give you $100,00 and we will help you buy some property to expand your program11 We can't possibly get $100,000 anywhere. All these matching .programs look good on paper but they have no value to us. They don't help us enrich our programs, they don't help us pay for personnel, they don't put anything in the program where we can really use it. That's where we are really missing the boat and that's where this Commission, if you'll support it, can really carry the ball. We talked to one of the major gubernatorial candidates this morning and he says he wants u: to draft the plank and his platform next year. Well we didn't involve the Commission and we didn't involved the Society. We talked to him as individuals. These people will support us if we get to them and tell them what we want.
How many of you have talked to your representative about the Recreation Commission or about recreation in Georgia? How many of you have done it this year7 I tell you, the times past when we can just sit back and expect somebody else to 9o it for us. If you want to take what they can give you, then that's what you're going to get.
Statement
Do you realize how much pressure it put on us from the political standpoint in Little League football? Do you honestly? All these beautiful facilities that we are building, we don't even have the keys to the field. We play on a mudhole. This is what is happening in DeKalb County and it is happening all over the country. It's really a serious situation.
Statement
You can beg for a few dollars to do something for four years and then in one night's session they appropriate $5000 to build a Little League field. It's strictly political. The people they give that money to are being bought whether you want to look at it that way or not.
Page 86

EVALUATION OF ATHLETIC WORKSHOP February 2, 3, 1966
Heart of Atlanta Motel

The Athletic Workshop sponsored by the Georgia Recreation Commission was a tremendous success as indicated on the evaluation reports of the participants.

The Workshop was rated Good by 16 delegates, excellent by 57.

A total of 54 delegates stated a need for an Athletic Workshop each year while 8 did not.

An overwhelming number of delegates suggested Atlanta as the site of the Workshop. Other suggestions were: Macon 4, Milledgeville 2, Augusta 1, and Savannah 2.

Participants suggested the following areas for workshop sessions:

Administration 14

Public Relations 29

Social

28

Music

5

Budgets 1

Mt

1

Topics that should be included in future Athletic Workshops were:

Preparation of Officials Individual Sport Activities Treatment of Athletic Injuries More Girls' Activities Adult Athletic Activities G.R.s. Athletic Manual Discussion

Page 87

ATHLETIC WORKSHOP

PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

Miss JIMMIE MIMB

Miss ELAINE CoRLEY

Miss EDITH KLEIN

J GRADY McCALMON

Ron BLAYLOCK

J ScoTT FRizzELL

w FRED

CASWELL

JAMES. 0. OATES

KERMIT PERRY

RICHARD BROOKS
c. CHARLES CLEGG

JAMEs R. GoFF

Bun ERICKSON

liERBERT BRANTLEY

LARRY NEIL

JESSE MATHEWS

HERMAN B. GUINN CHARLES M~ GRAVES

BILL CuRRY

SONNY MILLER

HuGH F RADCLIIfFE

CHARLES OuTzs

FREDDY LAYTON
JOHN Yv PniPPs

HARRY HARRINGTON

ToMMY DRUMMOND

GEORGE CHAMBLISS

FRANK A. HooD

PAUL SNYDER

RoY A. HAMMOND

MAX LOCKWOOD

DR. RoBERT T BowEN

RICHARD G LANE

w CLYDE

DAVIS

WILLIAM C. ScEARCE

JACK FINCHER

The Georgia Recreation Commission
(The States Recreatwn Adv~sory Agency)
Serving Your Recreation
Needs - Problems - - Programs - Opportunities
The staff and other designated consultants are available to you upon request.
This staff will share data from the Commission files, will study your local problems with you, and will help to adapt the needed aspects of experience of the whole field of recreation to fit yonr own recreation situation.
The Recreation Commission believes that the best way to serve IS to help Georgia people to help themselves.
THE GEORGIA RECREATION COMMISSION'S Service Tria ngle In Georgia
PUBLIC Write to Tha Georg:a Recreation Commission 7 Hunter Street, S. W Atlanta, Georgia 30334 Telephone: 524-5550