African-American historic places and culture : a preservation resource guide for Georgia

COVER PHOTOS: (left to right) Stained glass window, First Bryan Baptist Church, Savannah, Chatham County; shotgun houses, Pleasant Hill Historic District, Macon, Bibb County; historical marker for Benjamin Franklin Hubert, Camilla-Zack Community Center District, Hancock County;Noble Hill School, Cassville, Bartow County; Laurel Grove-South Cemetery, Savannah, Chatham County; Sweet Auburn Historic District, Atlanta, Fulton County; an excerpt of the mural, "From Africa to America," Harriet Tubman Historical and Cultural Museum, Macon, Bibb County; the Old Market, Louisville, Jefferson County; and the King-Tisdell Cottage, Savannah, Chatham County.
THIS PRe}( ;RAl\1 Is SUI'!\ )RTEI1 IN PART By
TI IE CEllRt;IA HUMANITIES Cell INCIL ANI1 THE NATIUNl\L ENI1UWMLNT FUR TI IE HU!vLANITIES
This publication has been financed in part with federal funds from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, through the Office of Historic Preservation of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names, commercial products or consultants constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior or the Georgia Department ofNatural Resources.

a
Afrlcan-Am-e--;rt,--can---;H"'I,--s-,-to-rt-;-c-;P""'a-c-e-s----;;A-n-d;--,:C,--u""'"'t,--u-.-e: A Preservation Resource Guide For Georgia
Minority Historic Preservation Committee Office of Historic Preservation
Georgia Dcpal1mcnt of Natural Resources 1993

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
African-American Historic Places and Culture: A Preservation Resource Guidefor Georgia was prepared
by the Office of Historic Preservation, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, as part of the project "Buildings, People, Culture: African-Americans in Georgia History, II funded by the Georgia Humanities Council.
Written, Edited and Compiled by:
Carole Griffith, Donna Fuller, Elizabeth Rosser, and Mary Ann Eaddy
Cover and Logo Design by:
Allen Omar Rasheed, DNR Graphic Artist
Interior Design and Production by:
Carole Moore
Photographic Contributions by:
James Lockhart
We gratefully acknowledge the support and participation of the staffof the Office ofHistoric Preservation, members of the Georgia Minority Historic Preservation Committee, Georgia Power Company, and all those individuals who contributed information and materials for the Resource Guide. Considerable
information was taken from previously published sources, especially Historic Black Resources, Visionfor the Future, and Georgia On My Mind. Material not included here can be submitted to the Office ofHistoric
Preservation for consideration in future issues of this publication and as reference material.
ii

CONTENTS

PREFACE
INTRODUCTION Historic Preservation: A Sense of Place Janice White Sikes

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN GEORGIA HiSTORy Spanish Exploration Colonial Georgia Settlement Patterns Economic Growth in Georgia Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 Segregation Educational Institutions The Great Migration The Civil Rights Movement Historic Resources Reflect African-American History

PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY AND THE BUilT ENVIRONMENT

African-American Places in History: Historic Properties in Georgia, 1519 to 1960

Richard Cloues

How Oral History Documents the Built Environment

Vincent Fort

African-American Literature and the Physical Environment: Establishing a Sense of Place

Shirley Hardin

Community History, Culture, and Historic Preservation

w: w: Law

'

A Look at the Prosperity of Sweet Auburn Through Historic Preservation

Barbara Tagger

The Gardens and Yards of African-Americans

Richard Westmacott

Community Landmarks: How Buildings Shape a Community

Susie Wheeler

AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY AND THE NATIONAL REGISTER Houses Plantations Schools Churches Cemeteries Community Landmarks Historic Districts

V
7
11 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 17 17 18
19
21
23
23
24
26
27
30
31 33 37 39 42 48 49 52
iii

THE FRAMEWORK FOR PRESERVATION. 59

The Preservation Network

61

Historic Preservation Legislation

69

Funding Sources and Financial Incentives

71

PRESERVATION CASE STUDIES

75

Historic Preservation Fund Grants

Sallie Ellis Davis House, Milledgeville

77

Certified Local Governments

City ofAtlanta

78

Preservation Planning

Beach Institute Neighborhood, Savannah

79

Historic Resources Survey

4frican-American Cultural Resources Survey, Thomasville

81

National Register of Historic Places

Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory, Midway

82

Preservation Tax Incentives

Pleasant Hill Historic District, Macon

84

Review and Compliance

Housing Rehabilitation, Augusta

85

Rehabilitation Technical Assistance

Noble Hill School, Cassville

86

Archaeology

Springfield Community, Augusta

88

Information and Education

Columbus

89

PRESERVATION INFORMATION

91

"Local History Museums and Cultural Centers

93

Tours

99

Special Collections and Special Projects

.102

Exhibits

105

Festivals and Special Events

107

Audio/Visual Materials

111

TEACHING THE PAST TO THE FUTURE

115

State and National Organizations and Programs

117

Statewide Resources

119

Archaeology

120

Community Organizations, Programs, and Resources

121

BIBLIOGRAPHy

125

iv

When the Office of Historic Preservation published Historic Black Resources in 1984, appreciation ofthe historic properties associated with
Georgia's African-American heritage was just beginning to be recognized. The historical significance of these properties had long been unnoticed. We became aware that interest in particular buildings or places in different parts of the state was growing, but many people were working in isolation, unaware of others' efforts.
As a result, we called a meeting in Macon in 1989. More than fifty people from allover the state gathered to share their experiences and plan for future coordination. From this meeting, the Minority Historic Preservation Committee was established and began its work in 1990 with activities and projects to build public awareness of the importance of the African-American aspects of Georgia's history.
With the assistance of the Georgia Power Company, Preserving Our Heritage, a poster series highlighting historic properties listed in the
National Register was created and presented to the Governor and other state officials in the Capitol Rotunda during Black History Month in
1991. The tourism brochure, Preserving the Legacy, again with Georgia
Power Company's assistance, followed the next year. The current project, funded through the Georgia Humanities Council, "Buildings, People, Culture: African-Americans in Georgia History" has been designed to expand the CommitteeI s education effort. A part of this project, this resource guide provides information materials that can be used by educators, preservationists, and the public at large.
Cultural diversity in historic preservation has increasingly become a matter of concern to preservation professionals across the country, as well as to citizens who want to recognize and preserve all of the nation's history. Indeed, national, state and local organizations throughout the country are devoting considerable study and time to bring this issue before all interested parties.
It is clear that all people feel a connection to the places and things that are a part of their daily lives and are concerned that this history not be
lost. We hope that African-American Historic Places and Culture: A Preservation Resource Guidefor Georgia will help Georgians recognize
the significance of the historic resources associated with AfricanAmericans in their communities. And, it will provide tools and strategies that can assist the preservation of the historic properties that give meaning to all of our lives.
ElirAbeth Lyon, Georgia State Historic Preservation Officer

PREFACE

v

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INTRODUCTION

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Creating a sense of place has always been a challenge for the human mind. After many years away, the phrase "home" is used across America in reference to small towns and rural locations, in inner city neighborhoods and on unmapped roads. Embracing "place" can generate preservation action. The need to understand the importanceofbelonging to a place was my motivation as co-project director for "Buildings, People, Culture: African-Americans in Georgia History." This project features a series of seminars and the resource guide, African-American Historic Places and Culture: A Preservation Resource Guide for Georgia. Together, they offer perspectives and guidelines for the exciting cultural and historical work needed in preservation in Georgia today.
As volunteers, the members of the Georgia Minority Historic Preservation Committee represent a collective memory and a collective belief in sharing. Our spare time is filled with projects to increase the awareness of the importance of the African-American built environment. The memories these places hold, along with a sense of history, purpose and direction for the future, is a focus of the Committee.
"Buildings, People, Culture: African-Americans ip Georgia History" provides the opportunity to share our passion for the preservation of buildings and the ideas of people. The Georgia Office of Historic Preservation, under which the Committee functions, provided the technical and managerial support to make the sharing ofconcepts ofplace a reality. Funding by the Georgia Humanities Council, through the National Endowment for the Humanities, made our individual efforts across the state become a unified offering to the citizens of Georgia through the series of seminars and the resource guide.
Humanities scholars prepared essays thai explore the philosophical and historical concepts raised by thinking about places and their relationships to people. The concept of a sense of place in the context of historic preservation is multifaceted. Therefore, in their thought-provoking perspectives, historic preservation is viewed through several humanities disciplines--literature, architecture, landscape architecture, community history, and oral history.
Preservation is personal. A story, a belief, an event, or a family connection become reasons to get involved in the restoration of a building, a neighborhood, or a town. After the desire to become involved in preservation has been ignited, the question of how to proceed is inevitable. This resource guide provides information for action. Resources described can be used to develop children's activities, living history programs, or festivals incorporating oral history, architecture, or literature. Answers to questions about the actual restoration ofa building
Introduction

HISTORIC PRESERVATION: A SENSE OF PLACE
9

or the revitalization ofa community are available here. The possibilities for preservation, using the resource guide, are limitless. Musing over the thoughts of the scholars and reviewing the preservation case studies should spark the imagination.
The goal of the four seminars and this resource guide is to reach thousands of people across Georgia with the news of the importance of African-American historic properties. Additionally, the memories and futures of the individuals and groups these buildings have served, and can serve in the future, are the focus of our efforts. In the quest for including all parts of Georgia history, this effort clarifies a segment of Georgia history, the reality of which is plank by plank, brick by brick, tangibly available to all Georgians.
The Committee understands the larger implications of historic preservation, such as heritage tourism and economic development for forgotten, neglected neighborhoods and rural areas. Preservation, as one of the building blocks for development, is the viewpoint we promote. This resource guide and the seminars provide a vehicle for sharing our vision.
Janice White Sikes, Chairperson Georgia Minority Historic Preservation Committee

10

African-American Resource Guide

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN GEORGIA HISTORY

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The history of Georgia is reflected in its historic properties. Twelve distinctive aspects that give unique shape to the built environment have been identified in Georgia. Three relate directly to African-American history: 1) a relatively large black population and a correspondingly strong African-American cultural presence; 2) conflict and accommodation in race relations between blacks and whites, marked inparticular by slavery, segregration and civil rights; and 3) the civil rights movement, for which Georgia served as a major theater.

The presence of African-Americans in Georgia can be traced to the early 16th century. Spanish explorers and settlers apparently brought blacks with them to the "New World" of European colonization. Under the Spanish, blacks were held as slaves and hired as servants and crew. In the 17th century, Georgia was caught in a colonial clash between the English colonies to the north and Spanish territory to the south. Few blacks lived in Georgia during these years, although some escaped slaves from the Carolinas may have found refuge here. No specific historic properties associated with this earliest period of African-American history in Georgia are known to exist, although it is likely that ongoing archaeological investigations along the Georgia coast will discover such sites.
When Georgia was first colonized by the English under General Oglethorpe in 1733, four African Americans from South Carolina helped layout SavannahI s streets and lots and constructed its first houses. Brought in temporarily by Colonel William Bull, these four slaves introduced the significant role African-Americans were to play in shaping Georgia's built environment. African-American settlement in Georgia was determined largely by labor demands. However, the development of the black community has also reflected the distinctive cultural impact of an African people adapting to American life.
In 1736, slavery and blacks were prohibited from living in Georgia. Many colonists feared slaves would discourage European settlement or create a rebellious black element in a society already threatened by the Spanish. The prohibition was not strictly enforced, however. Soon after enactment, slaves were reported tending cattle and working the larger farms on the Georgia side of the Savannah River. By the late 1740s slaves were sold openly in Savannah. As the struggle with Spain subsided and the wine and silk industry dissolved, the tide of public opinion turned in favor of slavery, which now seemed to promise GeorgiaI s economic salvation.
Historical Overview

SPANISH EXPLORATION
COLONIAL GEORGIA
13

Slavery was legalized in 1750, and within a decade the AfricanAmerican population ~ illCreasallCnfold. Georgia' scarly blacks came
primarily from South Carolina and the Wesllndies. Not until the 17605 did slave cargoes arrive directly from African countries, particularly the coasts of present-day Senegal, Gambia, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Ghana, and in the laller period of the slave tr.Ide, Central Africa.

SETTLEMENT PATTERNS

Georgia's development is reneo::ted in the growth and settlement pattems of the bI.ack population. On the eveofthe Revolutionary War, and during the height of African slave importation, blacks were nearly half of the colony's population. Along the ooastal tidelands, huge plantations with large slave forces were engaged in the cultivation of rice, which by 1775 had become Georgia's major crop. Much of thecoastal area at thai lime, however, consisted ofsmall farms where wheat wou grown and livestock raised.

H_i""" SIo... c...... sr. so--. hllvod, GIy.. co"",:>,
The Indian presence had for a while delayed settlement northwestward into tile Piedmont, but with the ce$Sion of Creek and Cherokee lands in
In3, setUemen\ northwest of Augusta was begun. TIle gmwth rate of
tile white population over the next few decades increased sharply with tile immigration of farmers from Virginia and the Carolinas. The center of population shi~ from the coast to the middle and upper countiesof the state. By 1790, the pmportion ofblaclts in Georgia had fallen to about 35 percent, while in the coastal area blacks maintained a numerical majority of 70 percent.

Settlement southwestward along the Piedmont plateau came gradually as Creek Indians were pushed from the Ogeechee River to the Ocmulgee by 1803 and to the Flint River by 1821. With the last of the Creeks gone by 1827, agricultural development in middle Georgia became a reality. This area was part of what was to be known as Georgia's Black Belt, the agricultural center that stretched eventually to the southwestern part of the state, incorporating portions of the Piedmont and the coastal plain. Large cotton plantations displaced small diversified farms, and by 1825 they made Georgia the world 's leaderin cotton production. The intensive cultivation ofcotton with slave labor was accompanied by the large-scale influx ofslaves from the Upper South. The region became predominantly black, and by 1860 Georgia was again nearly half black.
Two areas of Georgia had relatively little black settlement. In the sparsely-populated mountain region of north Georgia, the soil and climate were unsuitable for staple crops. After the Cherokees were forcibly removed in the 1830s, this area consisted largely of small farms settled by white Virginians, North Carolinians, and middle Georgians. Small subsistence farms established after the Creeks had been removed in the late eighteenth century also characterized the upper Piedmont just south of the mountains. In this area, however, by 1910 the proportion of blacks, particularly in the lower area of large plantations, was four times that in the mountain region.

Economic growth mandated the development of Georgia's transportation systems. River transport, which was facilitated by steam navigation, moved agricultural and forest products between the coast and the fall line --the ridge from which the rivers descend from the Piedmont to the coastal plain. The location of Augusta, Macon, and Columbus on the fall line not only established these towns as transportation centers but also gave them the water power for later industrial development. Canals and roads were constructed during the first part ofthe nineteenth century, but railroads, which were first chartered in the state in 1833, became the major means of transportation in antebellum Georgia. By 1841 the Georgia Railroad connected Augusta and Athens. The Central of Georgia Railroad joined Savannah and Macon in 1843. Both these railroads soon connected with the southern terminus of the Western and Atlantic Railroad at Atlanta, making that city the state's most important transportation hub. African-Americans played a significant role in Georgia's transportation development. River dredging, canal excavation, and road repair depended heavily on slave labor, as did railroad construction.

ECONOMIC GROWTH IN GEORGIA

Historical Overview

15

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION OF 1863

The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 freed the slaves by official decree. The end of the Civil War in 1865 brought an immediate change to the political status of blacks but did not substantially alter their economic and social position society. With the failure ofReconstruction, political gains were lost and blacks continued to suffer in an increasingly hostile and repressive Georgia. Ex-slaves labored as tenants, many paying cash rents, but most before 1900, shared harvested crops as rent payment. The crop lien system of credit, which pledged future crops to pay for a loan of supplies, subjected blacks and whites to the legacy of the plantation system. Many large plantations had been broken up, but many tenants were nearly as tied to the land and cotton production as they had been as slaves. Cotton production had been interrupted by the war, but by 1880 it was higher than ever.
Although many African-Americans remained in the areas they had worked as slaves, some migrated immediately after the war to towns and cities such as Atlanta, Macon, Milledgeville, Savannah, and Augusta. In time, a significant number from the older Black Belt counties moved to south and southwest Georgia, where more fertile land brought higher wages. Blacks from the coast migrated to the wiregrass area in the southeastern section of the state, which incorporates much of the coastal plain. The last area ofGeorgia to develop, this region eventually attracted other blacks to its agriculture and lumbering. By 1910, nearly 40 percent of the population in the wiregrass was black.

SEGREGATION

Starting in the 1890s, "Jim Crow" laws provided legal sanction for the increasing segregation of blacks from whites and virtually disenfranchised Georgia's black citizens. These new laws manifested themselves almost immediately in separate public facilities including schools and in separated accommodations for blacks and whites in such places as courthouses and city halls, railroad depots and passenger trains, and theaters. However, this led to the establishment of strong black social and cultural institutions, like lodges, fraternal organizations, and schools, and to the founding of black-owned and -operated businesses, which along with churches, formed the nucleus of Georgia's growing black neighborhoods and communities. Attempts towards self-determination foundered in the agricultural depression of the 1920s and the subsequent Great Depression.

16

African-American Resource Guide

Educational in$lilutions are particularly important to the history of
African-Americans in Georgia. JustO years~rslavery, twoofevery
tItRe bbcks OVeT len years ofaae were litente. By 1m, Geor&ia had thirtem oollqes offerin, COlIna for Aflican-AmerkaJu. MOlt were in
Atlanta, makin& the city. nationa.I <:alia f black higher education.
CoIIqes and univenities thrivul and prodl.lCed Sradllltes whose Icadership and contributions serve local communities, the stale. and nation
"",y.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Wk oppcxtllllities explained. in iaIJe part. the twentieth Cl:Zltury 0111mi&ration of black Geor&iaM to cities in the North and Well. A few deQdes aftcf the Civil War thctt was. small, but steady, movement to
Alabama, Mis.sissippi, Arbnsa.s, and Florida. By World War I, however, the Gre;u Milration was in full JWiIll, drawillJ thousands of GeorJians 10 the war indll5triel of Pc:nnIylvania, OtIio, Illinois, and Miehipn, as well as 10 Florida. The boll W'OeYil's destruction gave further impetus 10 the move, as dkl Geor&ia's inmasill& radaI violence. From 1882 10 1923, Georgia led the nation in recorded lynchinp. The oulmigration of blacks in the state reached its peak in the 19201. The Depres$ion sltarpl)' cunailed, bUI did IlOl stop, black f1ighl. During
World War II, mi&ration increased, this time destined also for New
Jersey, New York, and the West. The trend of black migration appears to have been reversed in the lasl dec;ade, but a cenlury of out-mi&ration has ~uced Georgia's proportion of blacks from nearly one-llalf I(l one-
fourth.

THE GREAT MIGRATION

The national movement toward racial equalily and delqrcption that began in the carly 2<lth cenlury ....'IS well evident in Geor1ia by midcentury. In 1946, the National As5ocia1ion for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) reponed-40chapten in Geor&ia. A series of U.S. Supmne Court decisions in the 1950s made it ckar that the 'separate but equal' doctrine ....-as unconstirutiona.l. Emboldened by these court rulings, new sociaJ. orpniDtions includilll the $outhem Ouistian Uadenhip Confe:rt:ne:e (SCLC) and the Student NonviokJlI Cooniinatilll Committee (SNCC) orpnized demonstrationf; against qrqation in the carly 1960s, tatgetilll public tnJUpOrWion systems, restaurants, and lunch COWlta'S in Atlanta, Au&USlI, Savannah, and Albany. Martin Luther Kine, Jr., emerted as the nation's civil ri&hts leader durirtl these years. In Georgia, the li&hllpina discrimination was speartw:aded by tile desegregation of public schools, at first bitterl), resisted by state and local governments, and brou&ht aboul by fedmll
COlIn orden and changes in state legislation durine the 19601. Passage

THE CIVil RIGHTS MOVEMENT

"

of the federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965 signalled the end of the era of legally sanctioned segregation and discrimination.

HISTORIC RESOURCES
REFL.ECT AFRICANAMERICAN HISTORY

The full history of Georgia's African-American community--the development of its people and its institutions--is little known. Population changes and settlement patterns provide only the broad framework within which the struggles and achievements ofa people took shape. The specific historical background of particular African-American communities can tell us much about present conditions and can help establish a sense of heritage and place. It is important, therefore, to know how individual communities were founded, what forms they took, and who led them. Perhaps more important, it is necessary to know who lived in the communities and what institutions, facilities, resources, and values gave form and substance to their lives.
A great deal of research must be conducted even to begin to answer these questions. However, a variety of historic properties record some aspects of the development of the African-American community. The archaeological remains and standing structures ofantebellum Georgia document little-known aspects of slave life. The houses, churches, schools, and other facilities which survive from the late nineteenth century provide valuable insight into the community leadership, structure, and processes of the freedmen. The historic resources of the early and mid-20th century--residential, social, institutional, and commercial--both rural and urban, help recreate the African-American community's steady progress, often through periods of conflict and accommodation. All these resources reflect the history of African-Americans in Georgia, help explain the present, and suggest options for the future.
[fhis overview was taken from Historic Black Resources, 1984, and
updated, 1993]

18

African-American Resource Guide

PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

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Georgia history is reflected in the structures, buildings, archaeological sites, neighborhoods, and districts that make up the historic built environment. Several scholars from a variety of disciplines, such as architecturalhistory, community history, landscape architecture, literature, and oral history, were invited to examine African-American history and the historic places that survive. Theirperspectives and insights are summarized here.

Places associated with Georgia's African-American history are very special historic places. They include historic buildings and structures, historic landscapes and archaeological sites, residential neighborhoods and commercial centers, and entire communities. These places form a distinctive part of Georgia's historic built environment. They also tell stories about the people who lived and worked in them, who built them, and about the historic events and activities which took place in and around them.
A broad range of historic places associated with Georgia's AfricanAmerican heritage exists today. Included are urban communities in major cities, residential neighborhoods in numerous towns and cities, portions of commercial districts and individual commercial buildings, landmark community buildings including churches, schools, theaters, hospitals, and fratemallodges, and the houses of famous black Georgians along with the homes of "everyday" black Georgians. Also included are archaeological sites associated with former black settlements, an experimental Depression-era self-help community, buildings and structures including covered bridges, mills, and plantation houses designed or builtby African-Americans, cemeteries ranging from simple churchyard burial grounds to elaborate designed landscapes, properties associated with the history of race relations from slavery to civil rights, and places which commemorate African-American history in Georgia.
Chiefamong Georgia's historic African-American propertiesare churches. Churches were extraordinarily significant places in historic black communities, serving not only religious but also cultural, educational, and political purposes. Historic black churches in Georgia range from simple wooden buildings to elaborate architect-designed masonry structures. They are located in isolated rural settings, small towns, and urban neighborhoods, and they date from the mid-19th century through the early-20th century. Many remain in use.
Schools are also well represented. Reflecting African-Americans' desires for education and social advancement, they range from simple
Perspectives on African-American History

AFRICAN-AMERICAN PLACES IN HISTORY: Historic Properties in Georgia: 1519-1960
21

one-room country schools to large urban high schools and institutions of higher education. Some are still in use; others have been adaptively used as community and cultural centers.
Houses are the most numerous of all the historic places associated with African-Americans in Georgia. Ranging from slave cabins to mansions, they represent the wide variety of historic African-American lifestyles in Georgia. Most are examples of vernacular house types, including some specifically associated with African-American heritage, like the shotgun, and others which correspond to larger vernacular house traditions, likedouble pens, gabled ells, and bungalows. Somerepresent interpretations ofprevailing architectural styles such as the Queen Anne, Neoclassical Revival, and Craftsman. Most were built by black craftsmen. Many are still lived in byblack families today, some ofwhom descend from the original owners.
While many historic buildings and structures associated with Georgia's African-American history still exist, others have been lost. Forexample, although most black Georgians lived in the country during the 18th and 19th centuries, relatively few rural houses or farms survive today. Other types of historic buildings and structures have been lost entirely. But even in these cases, physical evidence may still exist in the form of archaeological sites. If carefully examined, these sites can tell us much about the former buildings and structures and about the people who built them, lived in them, and worked in them.
A final category of places associated with African-American history in Georgia includes properties which document the history ofrace relations from slavery through Emancipation and the "Jim Crow" era to the civil rights movement. Represented here are slave dwellings, a trade market, free black communities, schools and churches founded immediately after the Civil War, segregated places of public accommodation including railroad stations, schools, theaters, and neighborhoods, and places associated with the civil rights movement.
In addition to these historic places, there are commemorative places-museums, foundations, and other institutions--which document, interpret, and celebrate Georgia's African-American history. Whether housed in new structures or in historic buildings, these places help bring the past to present and future generations of Georgians.
Richord Cloues, Architectural History Office ofHistoric Preservation, Atlanta

22

African-American Resource Guide

Oral history is a critical tool, not only in doing a history ofa community as part of the historic preservation process, but also in documenting how the built environment has changed over time. This is especially true in the African-American community. The task of documenting how structures related to the community's historic development and how structures have changed over time must include the use of recorded interviews with residents ofthe community. This is especially important in the African-American community since the quantity ofprinted sources which can be used in such efforts is many times lacking. Subjects for interviews should include not only the most famous members of the community but also less prominent subjects who have valuable information to contribute as well, church members as well as preachers.
New technology such as lightweight video cameras and remote microphones allow for interviews to have a visual as well as audio component. This is a great help in helping those who are using the interview in writing a more precise history of a community.
Through an emphasis on oral history and the use of video technology, the significance of Georgia's African-American communities can be documented and preserved.
Vincent Fort, Oral History Morehouse College, Atlanta

HOW ORAL HISTORY DOCUMENTS THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

From the boisterous jokes and frolicsome laughter heard from the front porch ofJoe Clark's neighborhood store, to the ancient run-down Sam's Barber Shop, to the mournful tones escaping through the open windows of the old Beulah Baptist Church, African-American writers have skillfully captured the essence of the built environment and its contributory influence in helping the characters identify strongly with a sense of place. As daughters of the custodians of culture, black women writers especially have taken it upon themselves to preserve the history of a people, including the physical environment, be it natural or built. Alice Walker, Maya Angelou, and Zora Neale Hurston have artfully portrayed the significance of their fictional and autobiographical settings and have arrived at some definite, interesting conclusions.
In The Alice Walker Calendarfor 1986, one of the first pictures is that of a church, Wards Chapel of Eatonton, Georgia. The Pulitzer Prize winning novelist describes it as her "family's church for over a hundred years, and where [she] was baptized." In a poem called "Burial" Walker associates the church with family history:

AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: Establishing A Sense of Place

Perspectives on African-American History

23

They have fenced in the dirt road That once led to Wards Chapel A.M.E. church, And cows graze among the stones that mark my family's grave....
Maya Angelou and Zora Neale Hurston, too, have written about the importance of the southern black church. As children, both were impressed by the "high drama" ofit all. The members were God fearing soldiers who believed that as long as they were in the "house of God" they were safe and could bear anything for the sake of the Lord. The spirituals, thepreaching, the shouting--all were wonderful entertainment for the young. Angelou narrates a particularly humorous account of an overzealous widow who attacks Reverend Taylor shouting "Preach it!" as his false teeth fall at the young Angelou' s feet during the struggle. For the adults, the church was a secure place that offered warmth and protection from the harsh southern environment while offering, at the same time, excitement and entertainment for the young children.
Besides the church, there are other physical structures and features of the environment that have been significant in shaping an identity and sense of place for African-Americans. These include the early two-room schoolhouses, black businesses, and the railroad tracks that traditionally separated the blacks and whites in small southern towns.
In a similar manner, black writers have been successful in capturing the significance of the natural environment's effect on the shaping of black identity and sense of place. Angelou' s grandmother, for example, as well as Walker's mother, created what beauty they could out of the cruel environment in which they lived. Through their own resourcefulness, along with the organic elements of the natural landscape such as flowers, they were able to "order[ing] the universe in [their] own perception of beauty," thus creating a more meaningful identity.
Shirley Hardin, English Literature Valdosta State College, Valdosta

COMMUNITY HISTORY, CULTURE,
AND HISTORIC PRESERVATION
24

No matter where I lived, I would have worked to preserve black heritage and improve living conditions ofblacks. ButI'djustas soon do itat home in Savannah, where I know people and where my ancestors are buried. My roots are here.
The Africanisms that blacks brought with them to this area stayed with them, mostly because they were isolated on the barrier islands between
African-American Resource Guide

South Carolina and the Florida border and because large numbers of blacks were needed for the coastal rice culture. Because ofthat isolation they retained their speech patterns, ways of cooking, superstitions, herbal medicine, animal folklore, spirituals, work songs, and crafts such as basketmaking, caning, and woodcarving.
Living at my grandmother's house, I learned about these traditions and a lot of important things happened. Many of the people who visited Grandmother, Mrs. Lillie Belle Wallace, had been born at the time of slavery or shortly thereafter. Many were not privileged to have much schooling. They determined their age by natural phenomenon, saying they were born at the time of the great war, or when the comet fell, or during a storm or fire. All were great storytellers. I listened very carefully and learned much from what they had to say.
When we finished the Freedom Struggle in the 1960s and 1970s, we realized we had to put an end to the tearing down ofthe black community and the moving of blacks out of the inner city. In the name of urban renewal or in the name of providing low-rent housing, all of the old neighborhoods whereblacks had lived werebeing demolished. Yamacraw, the Old Fort, Frogtown, Curry Town--all these areas were lost. This was very depressing because some of the oldest housing that remained in the city and some very exciting buildings from an architectural point ofview were the plain houses with peaked roofs, two or three stories high, where the blacks lived. No effort was made to preserve anything in these communities except, sometimes, the church.
The historic restoration that had gone on in downtown Savannah did not bring back what we know was true about the past when blacks and whites lived close together, sometimes in the same house, sometimes in different houses on the same property. Very often, the cottages where the servants lived had been destroyed, and property values had risen so high throughout these areas that black renters had been forced to find housing elsewhere. Black residents were almost completely absent from the restored areas.
We wanted to do something with Savannah's last surviving black neighborhood which centered around the historic Beach Institute, the first school built for blacks after the Civil War. It is the oldest section in the downtown area and blacks have lived there since the 1850s. There's a wonderful stock of diverse early dwellings there. Some of the few remaining examples of original Savannah structures, the small cottages with dormers, are found in the Beach Institute neighborhood. These are the last remaining houses with early black historical significance.

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25

We needed to preserve the buildings there and to rehabilitate the lives of the people who lived there. We were excited about preserving as much as possible, and so we started the Beach Institute Historic Neighborhood Association in 1978. Our goals continue to be to maintain black housing, to increase black home ownership in the area, and to preserve the homes of early black residents.
Our concerns are to educate and develop leadership skills among young African-Americans so that they can continue the legacy. We also are encouraging black professionals to come back into the community and channel their resources into our projects.
W. W. Law, Community History, Savannah(Yamacraw) Branch, Association for the Study ofAfro-American Life and History, Savannah

A LOOK AT THE PROSPERITY OF SWEET AUBURN THROUGH HISTORIC PRESERVATION
26

Auburn Avenue is one of AtlantaI s premiere black communities. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of "Sweet Auburn" was its business district, which produced great economic prosperity for black Atlantans from 1900 to the 1970s. As a result of this financial success, Auburn Avenue was recognized as the "richest Negro street in the world."
The development of Atlanta's most prosperous black community began at the tum of the century. Although the city had a number of black communities such as Summerhill, Buttermilk Bottoms, Mechanicsville, and others, the most famous African-American neighborhood was Auburn Avenue. Within this area, some of the city's and the nation's most recognized civil rights activists, politicians, entrepreneurs, entertainers, and clergymen lived and worked. Auburn Avenue was the home of several major black corporations, such as the Atlanta Life Insurance Company, Mutual Federal Savings and Loan Company, and Citizens Trust Bank. Most of them still have headquarters there today. Because of the economic, political, and social opportunities it offered blacks, Auburn Avenue was affectionately known as "Sweet Auburn."
The Auburn Avenue vicinity did not become"sweet" until 1910. Before then, the majority of black enterprises were located in the Central Business District (CBD) of the downtown area. But during the next five years (1906-1911), most of these businesses were relocated to the Auburn Avenue area, since it was situated near the CBD. A large number of thriving enterprises lined Auburn, Piedmont, Houston, Boulevard, and Butler streets. These businesses offered every type of service to their customers. One could find, for instance, jewelry stores, beauty and barber shops, shoemakers, restaurants, funeral homes, a pharmacy, grocers, banks, and insurance companies.
African-American Resource Guide

Auburn Avenue was not only the premiere location for black enterprises, but it also served as a convenient site for black professionals. A host of doctors, lawyers, and dentists located their offices in the Rucker, Herndon, and Odd Fellows buildings. In addition, these office complexes were locations for the Standard Life Insurance Company, the Poro Beauty College, and the city's leading black newspaper, theAtlanta Independent.
Auburn Avenue reached its peak between 1920 and 1940, when the nation first enjoyed financial prosperity, then suffered through ec0nomic disaster. During this time, Auburn Avenue became headquarters for several major companies such as CitizensTrust Bank, Mutual Federal Savings and Loan, Atlanta Life Insurance, and the nation's first black daily newspaper, Atlanta Daily World. Additional office complexes such as the Prince Hall Mason Building became the home ofWERD, the country's first black radio station, the APEX Beauty College, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Along with these companies, a host of enterprises such as tailorshops, nightclubs, hotels, and realty firms contributed to the financial success of Auburn.
In short, the prosperity ofAuburn Avenue can be attributed to the efforts of those men and women who built a financially successful business district. The men and women who helped build the foundation of the Auburn area, therefore, should be remembered as the pioneers of one of the wealthiest black communities in the country, "Sweet Auburn." Preserving the historic buildings along the street can also preserve the great legacy of "Sweet Auburn. "
Barbara Tagger, History .National Park Service, Atlanta

What are the traditions of African-American gardens? Which of these can be attributed to an African ancestry and which to a process of acculturation? What is uniquely African-American about these places.
I went into the country side to find out more about the gardens and ways of life of old-time residents of one Piedmont Georgia county. The gardeners I met were all more that 50 years of age. They lived in the country all their lives, mostly within a mile or two of their present home and all could remember and describe the yards and gardens of their parents.
These memories were very important given the lack of evidence of African-American gardens that exists. American gardens have few
Perspectives on African-American History

THE GARDENS AND YARDS OF AFRICANAMERICANS
27

structural features, such as walls or steps, that persist more than a few seasons after abandonment. Gardens are also constantly changing. Vernacular gardens are particularly vulnerable to adaptation and change. Nor is there much evidence, written or photographic, of AfricanAmerican yards from the past. Photographs of African-American yards before the 1930s are rare.

Until recently, the yard was still an important extension to the kitchen. The well-head and the fire were the center for most kitchen tasks. An array of work stations, each for a specific task, was once very common in kitchen yards, but the function of the yard has changed. Indoor plumbing and electric stoves have brought the kitchen into the house from around the well-head and the open fire in the yard.

Although home-grown produce, eggs and meat are very important in the economies of many families, they are becoming less so as cash incomes increase. Gardens have become smaller, and increasingly gardeners no longer keep livestock. To a small, self-sufficient household, chickens and pigs mean much more than eggs and bacon. They consume scraps and surplus produce and convert them into manure that can be applied to the garden. Hog-killing is a community affair. The equipment for processing hogs is a feature of many yards. The yards and pens for animals, usually constructed of reused materials, often look rustic, even ramshackle. All the curious paraphernalia and materials lying around often give a trashy appearance. These are things that might come in useful sometime in the future. This resourcefulness in the use and reuse of materials is characteristic of small farmers and gardeners everywhere, black and white.

Plants for ornament around homes were not common in West-African cultures, but the use ofornamental plants by African-Americans appears to have distinctive characteristics. White people's yards are "all shaped up, II with the widespread use of evergreen foliage shrubs for hedges, foundation plantings, or to enclose a lawn. In contrast, AfricanAmericans treat each plant individually and evergreen foliage shrubs are not popular. Plants are appreciated mostly for their flowers. The plants are usually widely spaced. The spaces are kept swept with a brush broom. The plans show no sign of plants used for hedging, edging, to give formality, or to emphasize spatial structure.

Sweeping the yard is a traditional practice that is rapidly disappearing. Although it is practiced in Africa, it is not exclusive to African-American yards although very few swept yards belonging to white families survive. In Georgia, brush brooms are made from dogwood. Branches for brush brooms are still collected from the woods, although the practice of collecting plants in the woods and fields has almost disappeared.

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African-American Resource Guide

Color is very important. Most yards contain colorful annuals and perennials. Gardeners like to edge flower beds with field stone or bricks. Snuffbottles were also popular in the past and are still occasionally seen. Containers for plants are also very common -- livestock troughs, wash tubs, and inside-out tires.
Yards and gardens were seen as symbols of resourcefulness and self reliance. Many of the parents of today' s gardeners had been owners or renters and the level of self-sufficiency that they managed to achieve is a source of great admiration. The signs of resourcefulness are everywhere in these yards and gardens. Flower yards and decorated porches are a gesture of welcome, an invitation to stop aild visit. A favorite way to enjoy the yard is to sit in the shade and greet passers-by. Sitting areas are, therefore, located in a shady spot that commands a view of the road; a spot from which passing cars can be greeted with a wave and a shout. If there is no suitable shade tree, the front porch is used.
The flower yard is not a symbol of leisure, rather of sociability and graciousness. It signifies that work is not so pressing that visitors are unwelcome. Although leisure time might be spent sitting in the yard, many gardeners admit that they have a hard time staying seated for long. They jump up and pull a weed or two. The gesture of invitation offered by these rural yards is very different from inward-looking urban yards where privacy and separation from the street are often criteria in their design.
Every person I met had vivid memories, not all unpleasant, of working long hours in the field. Some have built their own homes and most have constructed animal pens and shelters or hand-dug their own wells. Selfsufficiency, resourcefulness, and hard work go hand-in-hand and this work ethic is attributable to an upbringing on the land. Even the flower yard is a place of work, but pleasurable work. Gardeners speak of "watching, " not "looking at" their yards. Watching implies that change is imminent and change necessarily involves adaptation and work; but the changes and the work are anticipated with pleasure. All real gardeners derive pleasure from working in the garden. These gardens are gardener's gardens in which the gardeners love to garden.
Ric1ulrd Westnulcott, Landscape Architecture University of Georgia, Athens
[This narrative was taken from an article published in Magnolia, Bulletin of the Southern Garden History Society, Spring 1992.]

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COMMUNITY
LANDMARKS: How Buldngs Shape
A Cornrrority

Landmarks have been described as structures of unusual historical and aesthetic interest that are officially designated and set aside for preservation. These landmarks distinguish a community giving it history, beauty, and appeal. These places can be all inclusive with homes, churches, schools, farms, businesses and other buildings that shape and give a community distinction.
Visualize a community that has preserved its heritage and makes it a showcase for others. Most of the landmarks will be interspersed with modern structures and, together, they will illustrate history, past and present. Communities have options and can preserve districts and neighborhoods, as well as individual properties. Community and small group support enhance resources for funding and development of priorities.
One such example is the Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center in Cassville, Bartow County. The Center, a restored Rosenwald elementary school building, was identified as a landmark for black education in the early 1900s. Several interested citizens and former students worked together to restore the deteriorating building and adapt it as a heritage museum to recapture life and lifestyles of black citizens from the early 1900s to the present. The group generated publicity for the effort and tapped resources of local government, the Coosa Valley Regional Development Center preservation planner, the Georgia Office of Historic Preservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and the Georgia Humanities Council. The group of 13 members called Trustees worked together for six years and in 1989 opened the Center to the public. Noble Hill School is on the National Register and the organization has expanded into a foundation with 40 members and a fulltime curator. Many other preservation activities are being planned.
This Center represents only one of the preserved historical landmarks that shape communities in Bartow County. These buildings shape our communities in that they provide visibility in historical locales when preserved and developed along with other properties, as tourist attractions and for other purposes. The story of landmarks, their utilization of the past, can present a vivid story of the early life of a community and compare styles and changes with modern day living.
Landmarks preserved and restored influence development in communities. Let's locate those buildings of significance, restore them, and see how they shape our communities!
Susie Wheeler, Community History Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Foundation, Cassville

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African-American Resource Guide

AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY AND THE NATIONAL REGISTER

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The National Register is our country's official list ofhistoric buildings, structures, sites, objects, and districts wonhy ofpreservation. Properties listed in the National Register are automatically listed in the Georgia RegisterofHistoric Places. There are over 1,450 Georgia listings in the NationalRegisterwhich include over34,000individualhistoricproPerites. Statewide, these listings represent the physical reminders ofthe broad patterns ofGeorgia history. Georgia's historic black propenies hold a special place in the National Register. Constituting about 10% ofthe state's listing, these historic propenies reflect the full range ofAfricanAmerican heritage.

Milledgeville, Baldwin County
Sallie Ellis Davis House, Milledgeville Historic District
301 South Clark Street The Davis home serves as the focal point of the Eddy School neighborhood. Mrs. Davis was a teacher and later principal at the school for over 55 years. The Eddy School was the major center of social, educational, and cultural activity for Milledgeville's blackcommunity until its closure in 1945. Restoration and conversion into an African-American heritage museum are planned.

HOUSES

Savannah, Chatham County
King-Tisdell Cottage, Savannah Historic District
514 East Huntingdon Street The King-Tisdell Cottage is a beautifully restored 1896 Victorian cottage named for local black citizens Eugene and Sarah King, and later Mrs. King's second husband Robert Tisdell. A proposed public housing project threatened the environmental context of the cottage at its 516 Ott Street address, and it was subsequently moved to its current site. Today the building serves as a black culture museum, highlighting the contributions of African-Americans to the nation's history.

African-American History and the National Register

33

Atlanta. Fulton County
Alonzo H~mdoo 1I(lIIR, AtJanla Uninl'5ity Center lIislork Dislrict SV University P/ou A powerful ycI elepnt symbol of achievement. this 1910 Beaux Arts Classical mansion iJ the fonner homeof Aklnw Franklin HtmdorI, once AIWl~'s 't'tUIlhiesIblactcitiz.eD. A1lbou&h born inlO.lo1avery, Herndon
went 011 to found the AlWlla Ufe 1nsufaIlce Company which ranks atnOllI the most prominent black--<l'WnCld buline:sscs in the nation,
Wl"tn's Nest Uotl Cbandltr Harrb; House) 1050 RDJph David A/btfll(J/hy Bouhvard The Wrtn'S Nest iJ Iocatcd in West End, Atlanta, and was the home of J~I Chandler Hal'1'is. aLIthor of the worid-renowned Uncle Remus stories, from 1880 untilhisdeath in 1908. Five ycanlf\erhethusband's death, Mn.. Harris.dd the bouse with most of the orlCinai fumishinp to be opened to the public IS I memoria1 museum.
Greensboro, Greene County
Dr. CaM.o M. Babtr"oust Ptt(tfd RtxJd This 1924 Crafllman 8uJlplow bouse is sicnirlClllt for its distinctive
arthiteelwal delailinc, and for its wociation with Dr. Baber, who wu prominent in rea1 estate and ....-as the seoood black physician 10 establish a prKUce in Greensboro.

Hartwell, Hart County
H. E. Fortson House 221 Richardson Street The Fortson House (c. 1913) is important as an intact example ofan early 20th century house built for a prominent member of Hartwell's black community. Mr. Fortson was a minister and teacher in the Rome community ofHartwell and an influential force in both social and cultural aspects of the black community.
Jackson Morrison House 439 Rome Street Jackson Morrison was a carpenter, farmer, and real estate broker in the Rome community of Hartwell during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mr. Morrison was a leading figure in Hartwell, whose real estate transactions contributed to the development ofthe Rome neighborhood. Morrison designed and built the house around 1902.
John Underwood House 825 South Jackson Street Like Mr. Fortson, John Underwood was a prominent member of Hartwell's black community. Underwood worked as an overseer at the Hartwell Mills and was one of very few blacks with management status in the town. Builtin 1916, this house is a fine example of Folk Victorian architecture.

Columbus, Muscogee County

George Henry House 1612 3rd Avenue This one-story Greek Revival Cottage is of the shotgun type. The name "shotgun" refers to the layout of the floor plan. Typical shotgun houses have three or more rooms, one behind the other, with front and rear entrances aligned. This particular house, owned by black carpenter George Henry, dates back to the 1860s. Some scholars believe that the spatial arrangement, alignment, and size of shotgun houses suggest linkages to West African dwellings dating back several centuries.
Isaac Maund House 1608 3rd Avenue The Maund House is a one-story Victorian cottage dating back to the I890s. The home was built by Isaac Maund, a black mill worker and carpenter. The house is also significant because it shows how closely whites and well-to-do blacks lived together (despite Jim Crow) in what

African-American History and the National Register

35

0....l1li. '/II.' ~~ u-..
,~

amounted to an intqrated neillhborllood in late 19th and early 20th century Columbus.
WIUIam PriI:t H~ 1620 JITJ Avrillit' Built in 1900 for tile William Price family. this one-story Victorian
cotta&e is also an inlqnll dement of the ardtilell:tUnJly distinetive ItteeUCape of $Ilot&un hou$e$ built for blacks in Columbus.. Price was a ~ for the po5lIl savice.
Gntnl~ "M.- Rallwy House
.!ItB5t1JAvtIIUt The "Ma" Rainey Howe is signifil;ant in music, black history, and women's hislory beqoll<e it is tile only /'lome auocialCld witll Gertrude
'Ma" Rainey (1~1939). The !louse in tvo'O-story, frame housewitll a two-story front porch, who$e kJwer columns an: of brick. The Columbus,born son&stJtSS was nationally recocniUld as tile "Mother of
the Blues."
William H. Spencer II~
745 4th AvrllUe 11Ie Spencer HOIlsc is an outstarlding example of Neoclassical Revival architec::rure popular during the early 20th century. The elegant two-
story structure has been fully restored. William Spencer, a leading black educator in theColumbus Public Scllool system, ~ the house custom built for his family in 1912. Spencer's dedication 10 the educational development of Columbus' youtll is witnessed by the IocaJ high scllool named in his honor.
JobD Ste....rt House 1618 JITJ Avrillit' Sitlllted close 10 tile Maund Howe, the Jobn Stewart Howe refkcU similar architectural stylin& and historical siCnirscance. Built in 1900 by a black miller. the house is a typical eumpk of a one-SlOfy Vidorian ~ occupied by Il1Ort: affluent AfricanAmerican citittnJ in IlIm-d-
tbo-oentury Columbus.

Cuthbert, Randolph County
Fktdlfr HtDdtr$oa HOUSt 1016 AJtdrrw $I"tl
This onc-uory Viclorian d\O~ling \O'U buill in I U8 and l1li two claims
IOfame. It iJ fU1l.liJniflCalluuhehomeofF1cldler H. Henderson Sr.,
wOOwua ieIdin& cducaIorin Cuthbert for 64 years. More prominently,
the boux islipi6can1 as the boyhood home of Fk:Iclltt Henderson Jr.,
one of Americ:t'slrat;UZ musicians known for his keyboanI amnac-
menlS, composilions, and pttf"ormanteI. FIctchc:r Jr. becamtthe Ieadc:r ofa number of OidlUtiiU in New York, and ~ the work: oflaler mu.IicWu 5UCh II Louis Amuu'ong, Benny Goodman, and Count~.
Tennille, Washington County
Cbaries Madden H _ ("omiJuJIW" fHtutiJll1 102 Sourh QNru/ $1"(/ ThisOfle.-story ViclOrian COllage was built in 1899 by Charles Madden, mail qent for the WashinclOn and Tennille Railroad. The house was
cksicned by Charles Choate durinC the arly years of his career as an
:m:hiteet. Choate ~ter became Irnown throuchout Georcia and the Soutlleast for his work; lie len an ususual ItJllCy of early designs in Washington County. This is the only known example of Choate designing a structure for a black client.

Milledgeville, Baldwin County
Westover 1$1 Meri'WtnhtrRtxMi This pi optlly iJan IIIldJellum planwion mnWnina teVl:n1 in~ wood-
framed s1ayc quartel'S--very rare surviY'OfS of a onee-common bouse Iype. WUAt1Vrr c::onsUts of hiIIoric buildincs, fornWly Wxbcaped arounds, and an unnwked s1ave~associaled with 1Il1lltebc:l1l1m
plantation in Nral omtnl. Georiia. The planlalion bouse burned in 19S4
and has been replaced on the same fOUlllbtions by a non-hiuoric rqlToduction. WC$lOVer is one of only halfa dozen ea:tantdocumcnlal
examples of formalllltebc:llum landsc:apinc in Georzia.

PLANTATIONS

"

Thomson Vicinity, Columbia County
Woodville Route 5 The main house at Woodville was built between 1814 and 1820 for Thomas Napier Hamilton. It was auctioned to John E. Smith in 1895 and has remained in the Smith family since this time. The main house and twelve outbuildings remained unaltered, and, excepting gradual deterioration ofoutbuildings, the landscape and agricultural character of the property remains unchanged. Woodville is an early example of the vernacular plantation homes in Georgia, but it is notable for its exceptional Federal interior details. Greek Revival and Victorian embellishments as well as extensive room additions were made prior to 1895. Thomas Napier Hamilton I s estate inventory of 1859 lists seven slave carpenters. It was probably these slaves, and their predecessors, who built the main house and the outbuildings.
Newnan, Coweta County
Goodwyn-Bailey Plantation 2295 Poplar Road The Goodwyn-Bailey House was built as the main house of a cotton plantation between 1835 and 1840. It was from the main house that the farm/plantation was managed. It survives today with several historic buildings. The rubble remains of what may be slave house foundations still exist around an ancient oak tree on a knoll behind the house. The plantation was established by Thomas D. Goodwyn, then owned and operated later by his son-in-law John L. Bailey. This plantation remained in the Bailey family until 1949. Some original landscaping survives, as well as a pecan grove.
St. Simons Island, Glynn County
Hamilton Slave Cabins St. Simons Island This site contains two of the few surviving antebellum slave cabins in the state. These structures are significant in that they offer an impression of what domestic slave life in Coastal Georgia might have been like. The cabins are unusual in that they are built of "tabby," a form of concrete that was used during the 18th and 19th centuries along the coast.

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African-American Resource Guide

Brunswick, Glynn County
Hofwyl Plantation On U.S. 17 nonk of Brunswick Hofwyl was one of the great rice plantations along the Southern coast. Prior to the Civil War, the plantation's 357 slaves produced some of the finest rice in the world. The plantation stopped rice production in 1915, the last of the coastal plantations to do so. Afterwards, it operated as a dairy. The plantation house was built by slave labor. Traces of the rice fields are still visible. The plantation is now a state historic site and exhibits interpet the life of the plantation family and slaves and the operations of a working rice plantation.

Juliette, Jones County
Jarrell Plantation, Jones County Off Dames Ferry Road, about 6 miles east ofJuliette, 15 miles from Macon Jarrell Plantation, a state historic site, is a middle Georgia plantation consisting of20 historic buildings dating between 1847 and 1945. It has one of the largest and most complete collections of original farm buildings and family artifacts ofthis time period in Georgia. Forty-seven slaves were known to have worked on the plantation prior to Emancipation. Afterwards, many stayed on as tenant farmers until the 191Os.

Crawfordville, Taliaferro County
Liberty Hall On U.S. 278 in Alexander H. Stephens State Park Liberty Hall is the home of Alexander H. Stephens, the Vice-President of the Confederacy and Governor of Georgia. He lived at this site from 1845 until his death in 1883. The main house was built nearby and moved to this location and remodeled in 1875. The original servants quarters are located on the grounds.

Cassville, Bartow County

SCHOOLS

Noble Hill School 2261 Joe Frank Harris Parkway The Noble Hill School is a restored two-room school sponsored and built by the Rosenwald Foundation in 1923, when little public funding was

African-American History and the National Register

39

provided for educating black children in Georgia. Recently converted into a black history and education museum, the school has been renamed the Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center in honor of its builders.

Savannah, Chatham County
Beach Institute, Savannah Historic District 502 East Harris Street The Beach Institute was established in 1865 by the American Missionary Association to educate newly free black citizens in Savannah. The structure was acquired from the Savannah College of Art and Design in 1980 to be converted into an African-American Cultural Center. Today the Beach Institute serves as a showcase for African-American arts and crafts exhibitions.
Hill Hall at Savannah State College Campus of Savannah State College Hill Hall was built in 1901 as a student dormitory on the first publicly supported state college for blacks in Georgia. The Georgia Industrial College for Colored Youths (1895) was made part of the University System of Georgia in 1931 and became Savannah State College in 1951.

Athens, Clarke County
Chestnut Grove School 610 Epps Bridge Road Built in 1896, this one-room school served the religious, social, and educational needs of the black community in Clarke County around the tum of the century. It is one of the few remaining single-room schoolhouses in the state.

Atlanta, Fulton County

Atlanta UDiversity Center Historic District Bounded roughly by Ashby Street, Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive and Northside Drive The district is composed ofMorris Brown College (1885) , Clark College (1869), Atlanta University (1865), Morehouse College (1867), Spelman College (1881), and the Interdenominational Theological Center (1957). Clark College and Atlanta University have merged to form Clark Atlanta University. The Atlanta University Center is significant as the nation I s largest concentration of major institutions ofhigher learning for African-

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African-American Resource Guide

Americans. Many prominent African-Americans an: associated with the AtJanta University Center including Or. Martin Luthtt King Jr., pod VId writer James Weldon Johnson, autllor Alice Walker, historian W. E. B. DuBois, film di~ Spike Lee, and AtJanta Mayor Maynard
Jaclaon.
Booker T. Wasblqtoa HiP School 45 M!Jw~ Dri.\Ot This four-story eclcctic ~ was bvilt in 1924 as the fint black public hip ~ in AtJanta. It bel;:ame prominmt cultunl and
educational cornc:rvone of the rommvnity, altnlCtin& Itlldents from all over the AUantl. rqjon.
Yoqe Street School 89 YOIIge $lrttr Consuuctcd in 1910, Yonge Sma SchooI"''U the rlI1t IIlOdem brick sdIooI built for blacks in AtJanta. The.schoo1 was also the site or the fint "Colored Parents and Teachers Unit" in the United States. In 1921, \he original vnit became \he Georgia Congress of Colomi Parents, headed by Selena Sloan Butler. A national organiution was subsequently founded which merged into \he formerly all-white Parent Teacher Association (PTA) in 1910. The school's name was changed to H.R. Butler School in honor of Mrs. Butler's husband in 19S5.
Midway, Uberty County
OordJestcr Academy Boys' Donnilory
GA Highwuy J8 The Dorchester AClidemy evolved from a one-room primary school. in 1871 into a lcadilll educational R:SOUn:c for black children in n.uaI
coastal Geof&ia. The Georgian Revival style cIonn;tory is \he only
surviving stnICtUre. The Academy "''U fOl.lll6ed by cx-s1a\'eS with \he
assistaneeofthe American Missionary A$$OCiation and offem! iIJricul-
tural., voeaaionaI, and basic aadcmic education. The buildilll wuabo used durilll the civil rights lllO'o-ement as the tnininC site for the Citizenship Education Procmn.

_ If ...... T. waaIIlof_
loy awl.. ~d.
lJc<hT T. w'""""'r- Hit" $dooo(
,,~

Valdosta, lowndes County
Duber"1Ib Scbool 900 Ttollp SUtel Built in 1929, this school was the third SC"ool1O serve u a public high school for blacks in Valdosta. In 1956, it becameajunior hiCh scOCool
"

and was the sole black high school in Valdosta at that time. Presently, it serves as a senior citizens and community center.
Columbus, Muscogee County
St. Christopher's Normal and Industrial School 900 5th Avenue This annex is an example of school architecture in the black community at the beginning of the 20th century. Extremely simple in design, it suggests that functionalism was used as financial necessity to create a school to teach local black residents. This building is significant for educational reasons as it serves as an early church-affiliated school (apparently private) in Columbus' black community.
Sandersville, Washington County
Thomas Jefferson Elder High and Industrial School 316 Hall Street T. J. Elder High is an authenticated Rosenwald Plan school. The Rosenwald Fund was established to build schools for black children in the South. Georgia once had 242 Rosenwald schools, but only a small number remain. Built in 1927, Elder High is the oldest extant school building in Washington County.

CHURCHES

Waynesboro, Burke County
Hopeful Baptist Church Located 12 miles northwest ofWaynesboro and 20milessouth ofAugusta Built around 1850, this one story church is an excellent example of the Greek Revival style. It retains its original pews, pulpit, hardware, windows, shutters, and molding. Hopeful is a documented example of an antebellum congregation that included members of both races, a practice that continued through the Civil War period. At Hopeful, both races worshipped the Baptist faith, with black members having their own preacher once a month. The churchI sblack members left in 1857 to form their church, Second Hopeful Baptist, on land donated by Hopeful.

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African-American Resource Guide

Savannah, Chatham County
First Bryan Baptist Church 575 West Bryan Street First African Baptist Church 23 Montgomery Street Founded in 1788, both churches are direct descendants of one of the first black Baptist congregations on the North American continent. A doctrinal dispute split the congregation in 1832, at which time a majority of the membership established First African Baptist on Franklin Square, while the remaining congregation formed First Bryan Baptist on the original site. The current structures were built in 1859 (First African) and 1873 (First Bryan).
Nicholsonville Baptist Church White BluffRoad in Nicholsonboro The original congregation had been slaves on the Waldburg Plantation of St. Catherine's Island. After the Civil War, church descendants migrated to the current location, building a modest structure in 1883. A larger church was constructed in 1890 to accommodate the growing membership.
St. Bartholomew's Church 15 Willow Road Constructed in 1896, this elegant Victorian Gothic style church is home to the oldest continuing Black Episcopal congregation in Georgia.
St. Philip African Methodist Episcopal Church 613 Manin Luther King Jr. Boulevard Dating back to 1865, St. Philip was the first African Methodist Episcopal Church founded in Georgia. The original building was destroyed by a storm in 1896. The new church (c. 1911) was designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style by black architect John A. Lankford.
Athens, Clarke County
First African Methodist Episcopal Church 521 North Hull Street The church was organized in 1866 by Henry McNeal Turner, the first black chaplain in the U. S. Army. The current Romanesque Revivall Craftsman style structure was built in 1916 and reflects the growing wealth and prominence of the black community in Athens.

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Marietta, Cobb County
Zion Baptist Cburd! 149 Htr)tIQ Strut The 7Jon Baptist congrqation was formed in 1866 when newly-frCIcd blacks petitioned 10 leave I whilecongrqation to form 1hc:ir0'll'll chwch. In 1&88, chwch lIIaJlbul applied brick w:neer 10 III aida' wooden struelIue 10 establisll I pertrWlmt meeting plaoc. M the oldest blacl:
BaptiSlconcrcption ill Marieua, Zion FbpriSl twbecn. key iJutitution around which the lOWn'S black community has evoIWld.
Guyton, Effingham County
New Hope Arrkan Mdhodist ~ I Cburd! Aluolldu Strut Built in 1W, New Hope iJ a charming example or lale 19th century vernacular archilcCture and is among the oldcM AME churches in
$OIJtheut GeolJia.
Chubbtown, Floyd County
Chubb Methodist Episcopal Church 1185 DruM Rood Chubb Methodist Epi5lXlpal Church (now Chubb Chapd United Methodist Church) is I line example orvemacular Gothic Revival arch.i1cC ture. The church iJ the only intact structure from the ()fI(:O-lhriving CIlubbiown, I free black community established in the 1860s.
Atlanta. Futton County
Buller St~ CoIortd Methodist Episcopal Cburd! 2J &U~, Strut I ocatnf just south or the $wm Auburn Historic DiJtrict, this Nco-
Gothic Revival chu.rch is home 10 the third okIe:st blacl: Methodist eongrcption in Atlanll(I882). The Colored Mdhod.iSl Episcopal wth WillI rounded in 1870 and the name "iU changed 10 CIlrislian Methodist Episcopal in 19S4.

First Congregational Church 105 Counland Street Founded in 1867, this church boasts a proud history of leadership in Atlanta's black community, including the founding of the first YMCA and YWCA for black youth.
Greensboro, Greene County
Springfield Baptist Church Canaan Circle Prior to the Civil War, the congregation of Springfield Baptist Church had been part of a white church, First Baptist of Greensboro. After the Civil War and Emancipation, there was a mass dismissal of the black membership, who founded Springfield Baptist in 1864. With a $200 donation from the white church, Springfield's founders purchased an old railroad building in which to hold services. The current Gothic Revival style structure was built in 1907.
Clarkesville, Habersham County
Daes Chapel Methodist Church Nonh Washington Street This structure was moved to its present location in the early 1900s after a member of the black community, Miss Amanda Daes, donated an acre of land for a church. It is a small, simple church; one-story high, rectangular plan, gabled roof, gabled vestibule/entry, wood framed structure. Daes Chapel is the only histot1c structure in Clarkesville directly and exclusively related to Clarkesville's black history. Appropriately, it is a church, the traditional center of social and cultural as well as religious life in the black community.
Columbus, Muscogee County
First African Baptist Church 901 5th Avenue Organized in the 1840s, this congregation was an outgrowth of First Baptist Church, a white congregation. Formerly known as the African Baptist Church, this community institution has served the social and spiritual needs of its membership for more than 150 years, and is the oldest black congregation in Columbus.

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SI. James AJrican Methodist Episcopal Church
1012 6th Aven~
The original congregation ofSt. James was called 'Old Ashbury, the
name given them by whites shortly after Emancipation. The site of the
present church was donated by !he state legislature for religious purposes and !he church was erected in 187S. St. James is considered
one of the finest examples of High Victorian eclectic architecture in southwest Georgia. The church is also significant as having served as lIle primary meeting place for Columbus' black citizenry during the civil rights movement.
St. John AJrican Methodist Episcopal Church
JjJ6 jth Avenue This one-story Victorian Gothic structure dates back to 1870. The
cornerstone of the church claims that the building was constructed in 1870, with the basement added in 1890. This suggests that the original wooden church was raised, a basement added. and then !he entire
structure bricked-in. St. John AME church was originally named SI.
John Chapel and its congregation descended from that of 5t. James AME Church in Columbus. The congregation was forced to move to a new site when the historic stTUClure was severely damaged by a tornado.
Augusta, Richmond County
Springfield Baptist Church
JJ4 12th Strut The original historic structure (c. 1801) has been the home of
Springfield Baptist since 1844. Foonded in 1787, this is one of the oldest independent black congregations of any denomination in the country. Springfield Baptist Church has been a leading social, cultural. and religious institution in Augusta for over 200 years. The present brick sanctuary was constructed in 1897, and the 1801 wooden educational building has been restored recently.
$priIotfIt1d Boprist a",...,~. ,j~,,,,,,, AfricanAmericall ROIOOft* Guido

Thomasville, Thomas County
Bethany Cona;rea;ational Churth
J12 LulU Strut
This church was buill in 1891 by the American Missionary Association
to serve the religious needs of black stOOents at the Allen Normal and Illdustrial School (1&85-1933). The school was originally built in Quitman, but was relocated toThomasville in 1886 because of a hostile
lllCepIion from the white community and the subsequent burning of the school. Both the school and the church played a vital historical role in educating black youth in Thomasville. The educational slnJClures were
razed in 1935 to make way for a housing project, leaving Bethany
Congregational Church the OIIly e~tant structure associated with the former school comple~.
Chun:h of the Good Shepherd 5JJ-5/9 0tJk Sirut Thc group of religious structures includes the main church, pari!Jl hall, and vicarage. Theoriginal church. was built in 1894, with additions being added as late as 1923. Church of the Good Shepherd is a fine eumple of late-Victorian Vernacular architecture and has served as the focal point of social and educational activity in Thomasville for many years. This Episcopal congregation is also onc of a few churches which maintained a racially mixed congregation in the late 19th and early 20th. centuries.

CEMETERIES

Savannah, Chatham County
Laurel Grove-South Cemetery Western end of37th Street This cemetery was dedicated in 1852 for the burial of "free persons of color" and slaves. To make room for city expansion, all remains in the old Negro cemetery were ordered exhumed and re-interred in Laurel Grove-South in 1855.

Rome, Floyd County
Myrtle Hill Bordered by South Broad Street, Myrtle Street, Pennington and Branham Avenues This site is designed in the picturesque or romantic style of the mid1800s. It is situated on a very steep hill that provides a dramatic view of Rome and its rivers. The first burials took place around 1857. After the Civil War, a large section developed for the Confederate soldiers in the southern part of the cemetery. Other special sections include a black section, located in the southwest corner.

Atlanta, Fulton County
Oakland Cemetery 248 Oakland Avenue AtlantaI s oldest extant burial grounds, this cemetery (c. 1850) is rich in character and architectural detailing and is among the most important historic sites in the city. Oakland Cemetery is the final resting place for a number of the state's prominent black citizens, including Bishop Wesley J. Gaines, Carrie Steele Logan, and Henry A. Rucker.

Andersonville, Macon County
Andersonville National Historic Site 1 mile east ofAndersonville This site incorporates two areas previously administered by the United States Army: Andersonville Prison Park, and Andersonville National Cemetery. The initial interments at the cemetery were Union soldiers (more than 12,()()() who died at the prison, including members of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment.

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African-American Resource Guide

Columbus. Muscogee County
Portmlak CemettrJ (-Colored CemettrJ"> /()hAwllUt, sowh ofSlh Slr~n Known only as IiIc .Cok>rcd Cemetery. until 1936, lbe ~e
Cemecery was believed 10 have bclm included in lbe oo,illlllO'AlI pbn as lbe buriaI,l'tlUIIlb for Columbus' blad: eitiu:N. 'The name Por1adaIe wu chosen in honor ol Ridlml P. Porter ...110 teI'\Ied as lhe cemecery's su:.r.on from 1878 until 1920.

Macon. Bibb County
Dou,ulbnter, Macon Hb10rk Db1rid JJS-37S BfT}QI/w(.ry Built c. 1912, this historic theater was lbe focal point for black entertainment for more than 60 yean. This thea~r hosted $OCh greats as Beuie Smith, Counl Basie, and Cab Callaway as well as offering a swtinc place for thecareersor Otis ReddinC, Litlle Richard Penniman, Lena Home and James Brown.
Savannah, Chatham County
U,S. CustOln House 1-3 Etul Bay $Jrttt
Complelcd in 1848, this structure was buill in the Greet Revival style. II is recanCular with I raised basemenl and 1""0 floors. This building is construeted or Quincy granilc with carved 'oW<:co IeaVe5 011 the capill15 of the toIid wood a,XUlllll$ ar.lbe front or the buildin& instead of
the u$lW awlthUS aves.. It is the oIdc:st federal buiklin& standinc in the Slate or GcorJia.ln 1&S~ IiIc ce1ebrata:! cu:5,rowin&: WI or illcpl
w.ve-runninp by the yaclll WCUld.trtr were tried hcK tlr;fore JIlStice Wayrte of the U.S. Supmne Coon.

COMMUNITY LANOMARKS

Athens. Clarke County

Morton Thater

199 Wru W4!h1ngt(HI Slrrtt

Buill in 1909-10, the Morton Theater served as a major meetinC plaoe

for Athens' blackcommunily. II wu a pl..ee for the people IOsho....case

..

their talents in the performing arts and is named for a leading advocate of blacks in theater. The building also provided space for black businesses and professional offices.

Albany, Dougherty County
Bridge House 112 Nonh Front Street This structure was built c. 1857. The first floor of the building was formerly the entrance to a bridge that spanned the Flint River. The bridge was built by Horace King, a former slave and noted bridge builder.
Tift Park (nomination pending) Bounded east by Jefferson St., on the south by 5th Avenue, on the nonh by 7th Avenue, and on the west by Palmyra Road This park is significant in landscape architecture for the remaining carriage trails lined with 70-80 year old Live Oaks. The trails were part of a larger park plan designed by landscape architect, Otto Katzenstein in 1912. In the 1960s, TiftParkwasinvolvedincivilrightscontroversy when the City of Albany closed its parks and sold swimming pools in an attempt to avoid desegregating these public facilities.

Atlanta, Fulton County
Grady Hospital 36 Butler Street Grady Hospital was built in 1890-92. The original brick and frame wards, outbuildings, and the connecting corridors were demolished c. 1959 to make way for a parking lot. The main building, however, is still in use, and, except for two major changes, the exterior remains intact. The hospital is significant in medical history as a city-sponsored hospital. Grady Hospital served as the one institution that rallied both black and white citizens to support a common goal: to build a public hospital.
Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium 228-250 Auburn Avenue Constructed in 1912-13, this complex is one ofAtlanta's most interesting and significant historic places. Situated in the heart of the historic Sweet Auburn District, it stands as a proud symbol ofthis once thriving business community and signifies early achievements in the history of AtlantaIS black community.

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African-American Resource Guide

Louisville, Jefferson County
Old Market U.S. 1 d (1t U
This is one of very few Utalll structures of its type and purpose in the U.S. This four-sided open air pavilMln once strWld as the fOCiJ poinl of
commen::c in the first planned capital ofCieorIia. The Old Market was
buih between 1m and 11911 at what was then the CfOSSI"OIl1s of the
Gt.orgetoWll and Savannah tnil~ II served as a mllllipurpme tndin& house u.scd fOf the sale of 1and and household JOOds. The Old Market
is also bdicvecllO have bem the site of slave auctions.
Woodbury, Meriwether County
Red Oak C~k Conred Brid~
HudB_ Rood This 412-ft. lOWn lattice type bridge was built e. 1S40 by OOI~ black bridge bllilder and e~-slave Horace King. It is be1iev~ to be the oldest
covered bridge in Georgia and the loog~1 covered bridge span in the
state. Red Oak Creek Covered Bridge isan ootslal\ding remindc:rofthe
age wilen over 250 covered bridges uisted in Georgia. Today only 14 remain.
_"'0loI e.-..I ...... III.';....., e - ,
"

Columbus, Muscogee County
Liberty Theater 821 8th Avenue The 1924 Liberty was one of a few theaters in the state built for black audiences, and served as the principal entertainment center for Columbus' black community for over 50 years. The theater is also significant for the role it played during the rise ofjazz and blues music in the South. Of special importance were the frequent performances of Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1886-1939), a Columbus native who became known as the "Mother of the Blues." Other famous black performers, including Marian Anderson, Ella Fitzgerald, Ethel Waters, Lena Home, Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, and Georgia's own Fletcher Henderson, also performed there.
Springer Opera House 105 Tenth Street The Springer House opened in 1871. For the next 60 years, the threestory, red brick, Victorian structureled a glamorous existence. America's greatest musicals and actors, including nationally known black performing artists, visited its stage. In 1971, its Centennial year, the Springer Opera House was designated the State Theater of Georgia by thenGovernor Jimmy Carter.

HISTORIC DISTRICTS

Macon, Bibb County
Fort Hill Roughly bounded by Emery Highway, Second Street Extension, Mitchell and Morrow Streets, and Schaeffer Place This area is part of a large residential area historically known as East Macon that developed from the mid-19th century through the early-20th century. Fort Hill is significant for its large collection of historic residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, representing a variety of styles and types used from about 1870 into the 1940s. The majority of houses in the Fort Hill Historic District are modest, with a few larger houses that reflect its connection with the rest of East Macon. This part of East Macon was both white and black, represented by two 1930s school buildings built for each race.

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African-American Resource Guide

Macon Historic District Area around Broadway, 5th, 6th, and 7th Streets, Central ofGeorgia, Southern and Seaborn Railroads tracks This district, which encompasses most of the city's historic core, contains a variety ofhistoric properties associated with Macon's AfricanAmerican heritage. Included are Cotton Avenue, the city's historic black business and professional services district, the Douglass Theater and adjacent hotel, several churches, and the Harriet Tubman Historical and Cultural Museum.
Pleasant Hill Historic District Bounded by College Street, Vineville Avenue, Rogers Street, and Neal Street This is the major black historic community in Macon with housing dating from the 1870s. Now bisected by 1-75, it remains among the most intact historic black districts in Georgia. A variety of houses, both vernacular and high style, along with several comer stores, a school, churches, a Masonic lodge, and a landscaped cemetery, are among the historic properties present in this neighborhood. Pleasant Hill also includes the birthplace of musician Little Richard.

Cumberland Island, Camden County
High Point/Half Moon Bluff Cumberland Island National Seashore The High Point/Half Moon Bluff Historic District on the north end of Cumberland Island has been identified as the location where former slaves settled in the years after 1865. The village that was laid out in 1890 had as its focal point the First African Baptist Church. This church not only met the religious and spiritual needs of the community, but also served as a social and educational center for the blacks who settled at Half Moon Bluff.

Savannah, Chatham County

Savannah Historic District Bounded by the Savannah River, East and West Broad streets, and Gwinnett Street This district contains very important historic black resources. Chief among them is the Beach Institute, an 1860s freedman's school, and the King-Tisdell Cottage, a house museum and center for local black heritage. Both are located in the middle of the Beach Institute neighborhood, which runs along the east edge ofthe historic district. The

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neighborhood contains examples of vernacular houses including singlefamily houses and one-and two-story rowhouses associated with Savannah's 19th century black population.

Athens, Clarke County
Reese Street Historic District Area between Finley, Harris, Meigs, and Broad streets The Reese Street Historic District in Athens is one of only two documented black historic districts in Athens. This district illustrates residential, commercial, and institutional development patterns associated with Athens in the late 19th- and early 20th-century minority community. Reese Street is among the most intact black districts in the state. A broad spectrum of AthensI black citizens from educators, doctors, and lawyers to unskilled laborers lived in the area. Some of the prominent black Athenians who lived in the district were Dr. W. H Harris, a physician, Dr. Charles Haynes, founder of the nursing department at Athens High and Industrial School in 1918, and Drs. Ida Mae and Lace Hiram, dentists.
West Hancock Historic District Boundedby Glenhaven and West HancockAvenues, Reese, Billups, Rock Springs, and Indale Streets This historic black community was originally settled in the rural outskirts west of Athens and later annexed to the city. The district contains a variety of vernacular house types including shotguns and bungalows, as well as a number of significant churches and commercial buildings. Due to the patterns of racial segregation, the entire cross-section of Athens' black population resided in the West Hancock area. A residential hierarchy developed, with the more affluent residents living on the higher, more level sites.

Newnan, Coweta County

Newnan Commercial Historic District Downtown Newnan, Coun Square, EastlWest Washington Streets, East/ West Broad Streets, and LaGrange, Greenville, Jackson, andJefferson streets The Newnan Commercial Historic District was laid out in 1828 with the founding of the town and has continued to develop up to the present. A section of this district developed to serve Newnan's black community. Newnan's black commercial center is significant because its history is well documented and its buildings remain largely intact today.

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African-American Resource Guide

Atlanta, Fulton County
Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District Auburn Avenue between Jackson and Howell Streets
Within a few city blocks may be seen the birthplace, church, and gravesite of one of this century I s most influential leaders. The historic birthplace is a Queen Anne style house built in 1895. Ebenezer Baptist Church, which Dr. King co-pastored with his father, was founded in 1886. Among his many laurels, Dr. King was the founder and first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the leader of the civil rights movement, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, and the only black to have a national holiday in his honor. Also in the district are the homes of other prominent black Atlantans, several churches, commercial buildings, and a fire station.
Sweet Auburn Historic District
Along Auburn Avenue
Once the center of a thriving black business economy, this district contains a number of distinctive buildings, including Big Bethel and Wheat Street Churches, the Odd Fellows Building, and the Atlanta Life Building. The name Sweet Auburn refers to the fact that Auburn Avenue was known as the "richest Negro street in the world" during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The concentration of black businesses along Sweet Auburn is intricately linked to the segregationist policies of Jim Crow and today serves as an outstanding example of black entrepreneuralship in America.
Mayfield, Hancock County
Camilla-Zack Community Center District Routel Formerly known as the Camilla-zack Country Life Center, this area was a thriving regional center for rural black citizens of middle Georgia from its construction in 1932 until the 1950s. The Center, which at its height included a cooperative store, health center, school, teachers' cottages, and community center, enabled Hancock County' s blackcitizens to form a proud, thriving, and self-sufficient community.

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- - T...,._...C="",b_.

St, Catherine's Island, Liberty County
St. CatbniDe'slslliod
10mi. oJItheGA COOSI betwullSl, CiJlMriM'sSDwldtJlldStJptIoSowtd
From 1S661O 1684, St. Catherine'sisIancl wasoneofthe mostimportant Spanish mission cenlCrl in the southeastern United Swes. In 1765, it became the pbnlaOO:l home of Button Gwinnett, I siper of the DcclanUonofl,KIepo,' iCe After 1876, it rapidlycleYcloped inlOone
of the Mbon'S fiDe$l: counlry eswts and private pine reserves. Of special interest is the unctisnubed $ile of !he Minion of Santa Catalina. numerous Inctian mounds, residenoes, and .daves' quarters dliinl bad: from the 18th centuty.
Midway, Liberty County
Midway District
JlUICtiQfl U. S, Highway 17 tJIld Ga. Highway 38 This site includes the Midw.ayChurch, it.scemetery, and an interpretative museum, adjacent to wll.ich is a small portion of Sunbury Road. The cll.urch's interior is prototypical of the early Protestant CTI. Slave
gallerietagainstllle ,idean<! rearwalls dictate lIle double tiel' of windows common 10 ~rly churches. A hieh pulpit witll a lOundinl board overhead was moved in 1849 from lIle east 10 the north end and the slave gallery extended 10 the tIIrt:e opposite sides.

Lincolnton, Lincoln County
Double 8l'1lnebes HQoric District (lIOI1IiJWW1I ~1!diflg) DoWNe ~ RoGd, Ga. 220sptU, tatlojU1laJlJtNl Double Branches is a rurallXllllmunity in southeast Lincol.n County. Within the district art: xveraJ historic community landmar:lr:: buiklinp
and houses auociated with the small black settltmmt known as
"Mulberry, AU datin& from the arty 2(ktI centuty, the ODmmWlity
landmark buildin&t include a C.M.E. churdl, I MaJonk Iod&e, and I
school, aIon& with a cemetety. 1be houses lie modest vemaeular
structures sunounded by qricullunl fJdds and woods.

"

Darien, Mcintosh County
Vernon Square-Columbus Square Downtown Darien The Vernon Square-Columbus Square Historic District consists of Darien's two intact early 19th century wards that originated with McCall in 1805. The Vernon Square and Columbus Square wards are the only areas of Darien that survived intact. Each ward consists of a central square, flanking trust lots, and surrounding lots. The district contains a significant number ofrepresentative homes ofDarien's white and black middle class families who collectively contributed to the community which supported the active timber industry in the late 19th century. Black homeowners were a part of an unusually large group of middle class blacks in the 19th century as sheriff, constable, judge, state senator, and state representative. McIntosh County had a black state representative frequently from 1868 to 1907, a most unusual occurrence in Georgia's history.

Columbus, Muscogee County
Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District Along the Chattachoochee River between 8th and 38th streets This rare complex of dams, bridges and mills built between 1844 and 1900 shows how early technology transferred water power to manufacturing. The district contains the best surviving concentration of 19th and early 20th century hydro-mechanical and hydro-electrical engineering systems related to grist, textile and iron mills in the South. The oldest remaining building at City Mills is a com mill, built by Horace King, a black contractor and bridge builder.

Augusta, Richmond County

Laney-Walker North Historic District Bounded by D'Antignac Street & Walton Way, 7th & Twiggs Streets, Laney-Walker Boulevard, and Phillips & Harrison Streets This historically and architecturally important district has direct linkages to three of Augusta's early minority populations--Irish-American, Chinese-American, and African-American. The area developed through the 19th century as a multi-ethnic working class community. In the early 20th century, the Laney-Walker district evolved into a self-sufficient black community with residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional facilities. Several buildings in the district deserve special note for their architectural qualities, most notably the 1922 Penny Savings Bank,

African-American History and the National Register

57

recognized as one of the most important black commercial buildings in the state.
Pinched Gut Bounded north by Reynolds & Bay Streets, west by Gordon Highway, south by Magnolia and Cedar Grove Cemeteries, south by May Park, and east by East Boundary The Pinched Gut Historic District is the largest and most intact historic residential area in Augusta. From the early 19th century until the present, it has constituted the east end of the city. Historically, both blacks and whites lived in Pinched Gut, with the black neighborhood located toward the southern edge of the district. Every domestic architectural style from early 19th Federal to early 20th Bungalow is represented with a preponderance of Victorian houses. The sizes of the houses range from large two-story townhouses to tiny, one-story, threeroom shotgun cottages. The Houghton School represents a pioneering local effort toward free public education, the African Baptist Church (today the Thankful Baptist Church) illustrates an important chapter in Augusta's early 19th century religious history.

Thomasville, Thomas County
Thomasville Commercial Historic District Borders Broad & Jackson Streets and include properties on North & South Broad streets, North Madison Street, East and West Jackson Streets, & Remington Street A separate section of this historic district developed around the tum of the century to serve Thomasville's black community. Although racially separate commercial centers evolved throughout the South, Thomasville's black commercial center is distinctive because its history is well documented and its buildings remain largely intact today.

Many other historic districts in Georgia also contain historic properties associated with African-American history. These districts were usually designatedfor an entire community's historic properties, with black resources being incorporated. These districts rangefrom the Greenville HistoricDistrict in Meriwether County that includes three large black neighborhoods with churches, houses, and community landmarks, to the Adairsville Historic District with a single house and church, all that remainsfrom the black community.
Historic districts in Fort Gaines, Milledgeville, Madison, Greensboro, and Americus have similar concentrations ofhistoric black properties, and there are others as well. These are only the districts with documented historic black resources. There may be others that have not been documented.

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African-American Resource Guide

THE FRAMEWORK FOR PRESERVATION

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There are many organizations that participate in historic preservation activities, support local community efforts, providefunding and technical assistance, and offer opportunities for personal involvement in historicpreservation. This networkincludespublicandprivate agencies at the local, state, and national levels. The listings below identify organizations that specifically sponsor African-American preservation and cultural activities, preservation groups at the local, state, and national levels, and other statewide programs that support historic preservation. There are many more organizations and programs that may be helpful.

THE PRESERVATION NETWORK

African-American Culture, History, and Preservation Programs
African-American Association of Augusta PO Box 69, Augusta, GA 30903, (706) 733-7510 Local, non-profit, membership organization promotes African-American heritage in Augusta through education, research, and special events.
African-American Family History Association PO Box 115268, Atlanta, GA 30310,(404) 344-7405 Statewide, non-profit, membership organization encourages family history, research, genealogy, historic property tours.
African American Foundation PO Box 229, Albany, GA 31702-0229, (912) 888-1701 Local, non-profit, membership, organization fosters growth of AfricanAmericans through educational and community programs in Albany.
African-American Museums Association PO Box 548, Wilberforce, OH 45385, (513) 376-2007 National, membership organization serves black museums, cultural institutions, and museum professionals.
African-American Preservation Society 4545 Kerz Court, Columbus, GA 31907, (706) 687-4688 Local, non-profit, preservation organization promotes historic preservation within the African-American community in Columbus.

The Framework for Preservation

61

Association for the Study of Afro-American Life and Heritage 1407 Fourteenth Street, Washington DC 20005, (202) 667-2822 National nonprofit organization encourages the study of the life and history of African-Americans; historical research, annual meetings, information clearinghouse, and professional services.
Black Arts Committee, Macon Arts Alliance 4182 Forsyth Road, Macon, GA 31211, (912) 743-6940 Local arts organization promotes blackarts and cultural events in Macon.
Black Heritage Society 825 Bunche Street, Valdosta, GA 31601, (912) 242-8227 Local group studies places, people, and things associated with AfricanAmerican history in the Valdosta and Lowndes County region.
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Department of African-American Interpretation and Presentations PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776, (804) 220-7212 Private foundation's interpretation programs include 18th century African-American history.
King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation 502 East Harris Street, Savannah, GA 31401, (912) 234-8000 Local, membership organization sponsors research, collections, preservation, and interpretation of African-American heritage in Savannah.
National Association of Black Story Tellers PO Box 67722, Baltimore, MD 21215, (410) 755-9119 National organization perpetuates the African and African-American tradition, art and skills of story telling.
Pepper Bird Foundation PO Box 69081, Hampton, VA 23669, (804) 723-1106 Non-profit organization for multi-cultural heritage; produces heritage brochures in several states including Georgia; prepares materials for classroom teachers, and children's adventure books.
Smithsonian Institution Visitor Information Center, 1000 Jefferson Drive, Washington, DC 20560, (202) 357-2700 15 museums and galleries offer programs related to African-American history, art, and culture, including the Anacostia Museum, the Museum
of American History, and the Office of Folklife Programs; African & African-American Resources at the Smithsonian provides a summary.

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African-American Resource Guide

Statewide Preservation Organizations
Office of Historic Preservation Georgia Department ofNatural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840 State agency carries out preservation programs in federal and state law; basic functions are to identify, evaluate and treat (planning, registration, rehabilitation, research, etc) historic properties. (Chapter Five, "Preservation, Case Studies, " provides further descriptions of these preservation programs and case studies on how local communities have used them.)
Georgia National Register Review Board Statewide committee recommends properties for nomination to the National Register and advises the Office of Historic Preservation on preservation issues.
Minority Historic Preservation Committee of the Georgia National Register Review Board and Statewide Minority Historic Preservation Network Volunteer committee formed to advise the Office of Historic Preservation on preservation issues related to minority heritage in Georgia, particularly African-American heritage; sponsors Preserving the Legacy, a statewide tourism brochure on historic black resources, Preserving Our Heritage, a poster series, and Black History Month celebrations. The statewide network is an informal group of over 200 individuals who have an interest in African-American preservation.
Georgia Alliance of Preservation Commissions School ofEnvironmentalDesign, University ofGeorgia, 609 Caldwell Hall, Athens, GA 30602, (706) 542-4731 Statewide network of local preservation commissions; training, professional services, workshops.
Georgians for Preservation Action 1516 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309,(404) 881-9980 Statewide grassroots, membership, organization advocates for federal and state preservation legislation, incentives and programs.
Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation 1516 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309, (404) 881-9980 Statewide, non-profit, membership, organization offers preservation programs and services, annual meeting, newsletter, and membership activities.

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63

Regional Development Centers
AItamaha-Georgia Southern ROC Baxley (912) 367-3648
Central Savannah River ROC Augusta (706) 737-1823 Chattahoochee-FHntROC Franklin (706) 675-6721 Coastal ROC Brunswick (912) 264-7363 Coosa Valley ROC Rome (706) 295-6485 Georgia Mountains ROC Gainesville (706) 536-3431
Lower Chattahoochee ROC Columbus (706) 324-4221 Middle FHnt ROC Americus (912) 928-3179 Middle Georgia ROC Macon (912) 751-6160 North Georgia ROC Dalton (706) 272-2300 Northeast Georgia ROC Athens (706) 369-5650 South Georgia ROC Valdosta (912) 333-5277 Southeast Georgia ROC Waycross (912) 285-6097
64

Regional and Local Preservation Organizations

Regional Preservation Planners Statewide network of professional preservationists based in Regional Development Centers (ROC); provide information, educational and technical assistance on a full range of preservation services and programs; work directly to help carry out preservation programs of the Office of Historic Preservation. Contact the Office of Historic Preservation at (404) 656-2840 to determine which planner serves your community. Four RDCs do not employ regional preservation planners but maintain information and coordination contacts for preservation programs: Atlanta Regional Commission, Heart of Georgia RDC, McIntosh Trail RDC, and Southwest Georgia RDC.

Historic Chattahoochee Commission

(Main Office)

(Georgia Office)

211 North Eufaula Avenue

136 Main Street

PO Box 33

PO Box 942

Eufaula, AL 36072-0033

LaGrange, GA 30241

(205) 687-9755

(706) 845-8440

Regional preservation and tourism organization serves eleven Georgia

counties and seven in Alabama along the lower Chattahoochee River;

programs include public education, technical assistance, grants, and

historical markers.

Local Non-profit Preservation Organizations Non-profit, membership, organizations devoted specifically to historic preservation; most offer a range ofprograms including annual meetings, workshops, newsletters, special events, and professional preservation services; contact local historical societies as well since many actively support preservation activities.

Certified Local Governments

Local city or county governments with approved preservation programs;

include local preservation commissions that designate historic districts

and review proposed alterations within those districts.

Ashburn

Hartwell

Thomaston

Atlanta

Hogansville

Thomasville

Augusta

Jefferson

Tifton

Carrollton Cedartown

Lexington Madison

Valdosta West Point

Conyers

Milledgeville

Winder

Dalton

Monroe

Athens/Clarke County

Darien

Monticello

Cobb County

Decatur

Moultrie

ColumbuslMuscogee County

Fitzgerald

Plains

Richmond County

Fort Oglethorpe

Roswell

Troup County

Grantville

St. Marys

African-American Resource Guide

Main Street Towns Towns with full-time programs to promote historic preservation and economic revitalization in historic downtowns.

Americus Athens Bainbridge Brunswick Carrollton Cartersville Cedartown Commerce Cordele Covington Dalton

Douglas Dublin Elberton Fitzgerald Fort Valley Griffin Madison Milledgeville Moultrie Newnan Rome

Statesboro Thomaston Thomasville Tifton Toccoa Valdosta Vidalia Washington Waycross Winder

Archaeological Organizations
The Archaeological Conservancy 415 Orchard Drive, Santa Fe, NM 87501,(505) 982-3278 Secures permanent protection for the nation I s most significant archaeological sites through outright purchase or acquisition of easements; a southeastern office in Atlanta is being planned.
Office of the State Archaeologist 208 Martha Munro Hall, West Georgia College, Carrollton, GA 30118, (706) 836-6454 State office responsible for identifying archaeological sites on state property; curation, public education and technical assistance.
Society of American Archaeology Committee on Public Archaeology, clo Bureau of Reclamation, PO Box 25007, D-5611,Denver, CO 80225-007, (303) 236-9026 Promotes involvement of the public in the effort to understand and preserve the past through archaeology.
Society for Georgia Archaeology 12465 Crabapple Road, Alpharetta, GA 30201,(404) 656-2840 Non-profit, membership, organization includes professional and avocational archaeologists; regional chapters located in Atlanta, Central Georgia, Georgia Mountains, Northeast Georgia, Northwest Georgia, Southeast/Coastal Georgia,and Southwest/Lower Chattahoochee.

Non-Profit Preservation Organizations
Athens-Clarke Heritage Foundation (706) 353-1801
Atlanta Preservation Center (404 ) 876-2041
Hwtoric Augusta (706) 724-0436
Hwtoric Columbus Foundation (706) 322-0756
Hwtoric Savannah Foundation (912) 233-7787
Macon Heritage Foundation (912) 742-5084
Thomasville Landmarks (912) 226-6016
Thronateeska Heritage Foundation Albany
(912) 432-6955

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65

African-American State Historical Markers
Banks County Leatherwood Baptist Church
Bleckley County Evergreen Baptist Church
Camden County St. Marys Methodist Church
Chatham County Andrew Bryan
First Bryan Baptist Church Lazaretto
Nicholsonboro St . Philips Monumental AME Church
Savannah State College
Columbia County Sharon Baptist Church
Elbert County Old Dan Tucker
Fulton County Building Together for Youth (National Congress of Colored Parents & Teachers)
Gilbert Memorial Cemetery Women Who Serve (National Alumnae Assoc. of Spelman College)
Glynn County Slave Cabin, Retreat Plantation
Mess Kettle from Wanderer
Liberty County Dorchester Academy Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory
McDufrIe County Blind Willie McTell
Mcintosh County Saint Cyprians Episcopal Church

Statewide Organizations
Georgia Association of Museums and Galleries PO Box 7474, Atlanta, GA 30327, (404) 753-7735 Statewide, non-profit, membership organization represents museums and art galleries; offers technical assistance, consultant services, and annual meeting.
Georgia Council for the Arts 530 Means Street, Suite 115, Atlanta, GA 30318, (404) 651-7920 State agency encourages excellence in the arts; supports local arts groups, and makes the arts available to all Georgians; provides programs, services and grants; administers the state folklore program.
Georgia Hospitality and Travel Association 600 West Peachtree Street, Suite 1500, Atlanta, GA 30308, (404) 873-4482 Statewide, non-profit, membership organization represents the travel, tourism, lodging and food service industry; includes councils for fairs and festivals, and bed and breakfast inns.
Georgia Humanities Council 50 Hurt Plaza, Suite 440, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 523-6220 State agency fosters public understanding of historical, literary, and philosophical perspectives and encourages activities that make the humanities accessible to all; provides programs, services and grants.
Parks, Recreation and Historic Sites Division Georgia Department ofNatural Resources ,205 Butler Street, Room 1352, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2770 State agency operates 14 historic sites and 44 state parks; interpretative programs, living history demonstrations, exhibits and special events; manages over 2000 historical markers that designate persons, events, buildings, and places of statewide historical significance; priority given to applications which reflect African-American history.

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African-American Resource Guide

Tourism Division Georgia Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism, 285 Peachtree Center Avenue, Suite 700, Atlanta, GA 30303-1232, (404) 656-3590 State agency promotes tourism; technical assistance, special projects and annual meetings; regional travel representatives for Atlanta Metro, Classic South, Colonial Coast, Historic Heartland, Magnolia Midlands, Northeast Georgia Mountains, Northwest Georgia Mountains, Plantation Trace, Presidential Pathways. Georgia On My Mind, annual state travel guide, includes listings of historic sites, museums, attractions, festivals, and special events.
National Organizations
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, Room 809, Washington, DC 20004, (202) 606-8505 Federal agency oversees the federal review and compliance process created under the National Historic Preservation Act that protects historic properties affected by federal projects.
American Association of Museums 1225 I StreetNW,Suite200, Washington,DC 20005(202)289-1818 Professional organization of museums; serves museums and professional staff.
American Association for State and Local History (AASLH) 530 Church Street, Suite 600, Nashville, TN 37219, (615) 255-2971 Non-profit education organization for local history; serves amateurs and professionals; newsletters, conferences, technical leaflets; several publications on African-American heritage.
National Alliance of Preservation Commissions c/o School of Environmental Design, University of Georgia, 609 Caldwell Hall, Athens, GA 30602, (706) 542-4731 Non-profit, membership, organization represents local preservation commissions, design review boards and local preservation planning agencies; sponsors training programs and special projects.

Morgan County Park Home and Site of Park's Mill
Muswgee County Blind Tom
Putnam County Tumwold Plantation
Richmond County Paine College
Springfield Baptist Church Birthplace of Morehouse College
Thomas County First Black Graduate of West Point
(Henry Flipper)
Warren County Coleman House

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67

National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers Hall ofthe States, Suite 342, 444North Capitol Avenue, Washington, DC 20001 , (202) 624-5465 Represents the interests of state historic preservation offices at the national level; works with the National Park Service in administering federal preservation programs; sponsors task force on cultural diversity.

National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Property 3299 K Street NW , Suite 403, Washington, DC 20007-4415, (202) 625-1495 Offers technical assistance for the conservation of art works, anthropological artifacts, documents, historic objects, and architecture.

National Park Service

National Park Service

Department of Interior

Southeast Regional Office

PO Box 37127

75 Spring Street

Washington, DC 20013-7127 Atlanta, GA 30303

(202) 343-9500

(404) 242-2635

Federal agency responsible for administering the National Historic

Preservation Act and the Historic Preservation Fund; develops national

preservation policies, prepares technical publications, and provides

training for federal and state agencies.

National Trust for Historic Preservation

(Main Office)

(Southern Regional Office)

1785 Massachusetts Avenue

456 King Street

Washington, DC 20036

Charleston, SC 29403

(202) 673-4000

(803) 722-8552

National non-profit, membership, organization provides technical assis-

tance, grant programs, publications, workshops and special initiatives

such as cultural diversity and heritage education; national conference

scholarships provide financial assistance to individuals representing

minority preservation programs.

Preservation Action 1350 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 401, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 659-0915 National, membership, grassroots advocacy organization focuses Congressional attention on the benefits of preservation and the need for preservation legislation, programs and funding.

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African-American Resource Guide

Legislation at the local, state andfederallevels provides theframework for historic preservation in Georgia by defining public policies, establishing uniform guidelines and encouraging broad-based participation in preservation activities. In addition to the legislation described here, there are other legislative mandates that might support preservation issues ofparticular concern in your community. Contact the Office of Historic Preservation at (404) 656-2840for further information.

HISTORIC PRESERVATION LEGISLATION

Federal legislation
National Historic Preservation Act (1966, 1980, 1992) Establishes the federal, state, and local partnership for historic preservation in the United States; outlines the areas of responsibilities for government agencies, encourages participation by the private sector, and provides preservation techniques and funding; authorizes state historic preservation offices to administer statewide preservation programs: statewide survey, National Register, Certified Local Governments, Historic Preservation Fund subgrants, review and compliance, tax incentives, preservation planning, information and education, and technical assistance.

State legislation
State Historic Preservation Office (1986) Establishes historic preservation as public policy and authorizes the Office of Historic Preservation of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to carry out a statewide historic preservation program, similar to those duties outlined in the National Historic Preservation Act.
Office of the State Archaeologist (1969) Establishes the duties of the State Archaeologist to carry out statemandated archaeology programs.
State Antiquities Act (1969) Provides for the protection of archaeological sites on state-owned lands, except for Board ofRegents; authorizes permits to be issued for approved archaeological investigations.
Georgia Historic Preservation Act (1980) Establishes uniform guidelines for local governments in creating historic preservation commissions and designating historic properties.

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69

Georgia Register of Historic Places (1989) Provides state designation for historic places; criteria for designation are the same as the National Register.
State Tax Incentives (1989) Provides a property tax freeze on historic commercial and residential properties that have had a substantial rehabilitation and that are listed in the Georgia Register or National Register.
Local Option Tax Incentives (1989, 1992) Provides for property tax freeze in local government jurisdictions that have enacted local preservation ordinances; substantial rehabilitation is not required.
Facade and Conservation Act (1971, 1992) Establishes guidelines and standards for easements, consistent with nationwide standards.
Uniform Act for the Application of Building and Fire-Related Codes to Existing Buildings (1984) Authorizes alternatives to fire and safety codes for historic buildings; provides for designation of "landmark museum buildings. "
Submerged Cultural Resources (1985) Defines" submerged cultural resources" ; establishes state ownership and agency responsibilities; provides for permits for survey and research.
Abandoned Cemeteries and Burial Grounds (1991) Strengthens cemetery protection law by authorizing local governments to preserve and protect abandoned cemeteries, and to issue permits prior to any disturbance of burials.
American Indian Concerns (1992) Addresses American Indian concerns for burials, skeletal material, and funerary objects regarding archaeological research, public display, buying/selling artifacts, and repatriation; creates a Council on American Indian Concerns and increases protection for archaeological sites on private and state lands.
Georgia Planning Act (1989) Requires local governments to prepare local comprehensive plans; historic properties must be addressed.

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African-American Resource Guide

Georgia Environmental Policy Act (1991) Requires state agencies to prepare environmental assessments on actions that impact the environment, including historic properties.
Georgia Mountains and River Corridor Protection Act (1991) Requires minimum standards to be established for land use development on mountain ridges and along river corridors, including the protection of historic properties, through coordinated planning procedures.
Georgia Surface Mining Act (1968, 1992) Requires that mining land use plans address properties listed in the National Register.
Local Legislation
Almost 60 local governments have enacted local ordinances that provide a variety of designation and protection mechanisms for historic properties. Most local governments use the Georgia Historic Preservation Act as their guide in creating local ordinances and preservation commissions. Local governments create many other ordinances and regulations that affect historic properties including special tax districts, tree ordinances, zoning ordinances, building codes and development authorities.
Finding the right source for a historic preservation project can be complicated. Mostfunds andfinancial incentives are available only to specified applicants or for specific kinds ofprojects. Avoid wasting valuable time and resources by identifying thefinancial assistance most applicable to your project beforefundraising effons begin. In addition to public funds, private foundations and corporations sometimes fund preservation projects. Local libraries usually have access tofoundation directories that will guide you to the most appropriate source.
Findingfunding sourcesfor preservation projects should stan at home. Contact local businesses, merchants, retailers, industries, public utilities, and individuals to seek their financial suppon through direct contributions or donated services. Fundraising activities such as fish fries, barbecues, flea markets, and bake sales can generate income and provide publicity. Local suppon will be necessary in applying for other funding sources.

FUNDING SOURCES AND FINANCIAL INCENTIVES

The Framework for Preservation

71

Helpful Hints for Fundraising
Develop a clear idea ofthe project, how it will be carried out, and how much it will cost, before you approach any funding sources.
Research the funding source; make sure your project meets their criteria.
Obtain strong local support for the project.
Seek local funding sources, including private businesses and individuals.
Utilize fmancial assistance other than grants, such as tax incentives, easements, in-kind services and materials.

Tax incentives, revolving funds, and conservation easements also support historic preservation activities. The following is a sampling of sources that provide financial assistance for preservation and related projects.
Funding Sources
Georgia Council for the Arts 530 Means Street, Suite 115, Atlanta, GA 30318, (404) 651-7920 A variety of grant programs provide financial assistance for the arts: programming, operating budgets, technical assistance. Eligible applicants: local governments, non-profit organizations, state agencies, educational institutions. Application deadline: varies, contact Georgia Council for the Arts.
Georgia Humanities Council SO Hurt Plaza, Suite 440, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 523-6220 A variety of grant programs provide financial assistance for projects in the humanities disciplines; public presentations such as workshops, exhibits, lectures; development of media productions; and to use materials available through the Georgia Humanities Resource Center. Eligible applicants: non-profit organizations, state agencies. Application deadline: varies, contact Georgia Humanities Council.
Community Development Block Grants (CnBG) Georgia Department of Community Affairs, 1200 Equitable Building, 100 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 656-2900 Federal grants fund a wide range ofcommunity development activities and economic opportunities including housing rehabilitation, neighborhood revitalization, public facilities, and jobs creation; all projects must directly benefit persons of low and moderate income. Eligible applicants: local governments defined as "entitlement cities" must apply directly to the U.S. Department ofHousing and Urban Development; all other local governments apply through the "small cities" program at the Georgia Department of Community Affairs. Contact your local community development official or regional development center.

72

African-American Resource Guide

Conservation Assessment Program National Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Property, 3299 K Street, Suite 403, Washington, DC 20007, (202) 625-1495 Federal grants provide general conservation assessments of museum sites and collections; includes an architectural conservator for museums located in historic buildings. Eligible applicants: non-profit museums. Application deadline: early December.
Historic Preservation Fund Office of Historic Preservation, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840 Survey and Planning grants provide federal funding for historic resource surveys, National Register nominations, archaeological surveys, design guidelines, comprehensive plans, information and education activities, plans and specifications. Eligible applicants: local governments, non-profit organizations, state agencies, educational institutions. Application deadline: mid-February. Development grants are available for the rehabilitation of historic properties listed in the National Register. Eligible applicants: Certified Local Governments. Application deadline: mid-February.
Institute of Museum Services 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Room 510, Washington, DC 20506, (202) 606-8536 Funding for museum projects that assess conservation needs and priorities; conservation training, research, conservation of museum collections. Eligible applicants: established non-profit museums. Application deadline: contact Institute of Museum Services.
Local Development Fund Georgia Department of Community Affairs, 1200 Equitable Building, 100 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 656-3836 State grants support community development and improvement projects such as historic preservation, downtown development, tourism and community facilities. Eligible applicants: local governments and regional development centers. Application deadline: twice a year.
National Endowment for the Arts 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Room 627, Washington, DC 20506, (202) 682-5437 Grants provide funding in the design arts of architecture, landscape architecture, urban design and planning, and historic preservation; exhibits, conservation, museum purchases. Eligible applicants: nonprofit organizations. Application deadline: contact National Endowment for the Arts.
The Framework for Preservation

African-American Projects & the Historic Preservation Fund
Beach Institute Neighborhood
Assoc~tion,Savannah
Planning Study
City of Athens National Register Nominations for African-American Neighborhoods
City of Atlanta Atlanta Life Insurance Buildings
Preservation Study Minority Heritage Awareness National Register Nominations for African-American Neighborhoods Sweet Auburn Planning Study
City of Milledgeville Sallie Ellis Davis House Preservation
Plan Sallie Ellis Davis House
Rehabilitation
City of Thomasville African-American Cultural Resources
Survey and Heritage Education
Douglass Theater, Macon Rehabilitation Plans & Specifications
Stabilization and Rehabilitation
First Mrican Methodist Episcopal Church, Athens
Rehabilitation Plans & Specifications
Historic Augusta African-American Historic Properties
Survey Laney-Walker District Survey
King Center, Atlanta Martin Luther King District
Revitalization Plan
Lower Chattahoochee Regional Development Center
Historic Black Resources Survey
Macon Heritage Foundation Study of African-American Craftsmen
National Register Nomination for Pleasant Hill District
73

Morton Theater, Athens Stabilization & Rehabilitation Mount Zion Baptist Church, Albany Survey of Black Churches and
Heritage Education Nicholsonboro Baptist Church,
Savannah Rehabilitation Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center, Cassville Minority Heritage Awareness Odd Fellows Building, Atlanta Stabilization & Rehabilitation Savannah Landmarks Victorian District Rehabilitation Technical Assistance Savannah State College Preservation Plan Savannah (Yamacraw) Chapter, Association for the Study of AfroAmerican Life and History Cuyler-Brownville District Survey Sea Island Foundation Butler Plantation Archaeological
Survey Spencer House, Columbus
Rehabilitation Stone Hall, Morris Brown College,
Atlanta Rehabilitation
74

National Endowment for the Humanities 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC 20506, (202) 606-8254 Funding is available for humanities projects for professional development, care of collections, special exhibitions, utilization of museum resources. Eligible applicants: museums and support groups, state and regional agencies, museum professionals. Application deadline: every six months.
National Trust for Historic Preservation Southern Regional Office, 456 King Street, Charleston, SC 29403, (803) 722-8552 Preservation Services Fund provides matching grants for heritage education, consultant services, conferences. National Preservation Loan Fund provides below market rate loans to help preserve properties listed in the National Register. Critical Issues Fund supports research or model projects that address critical preservation problems. Inner City Ventures Fund provides loans and grants for projects that benefit low and moderate income housing programs in rural and urban communities. Eligible applicants: non-profit organizations and public agencies. Application deadline: varies, contact the National Trust.
Financial Incentives
Rehabilitation Investment Tax Credit A 20 % federal income tax credit encourages the rehabilitation ofincomeproducing properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Rehabilitation costs must be greater than the adjusted value of the building and at least $5000. All rehabilitation work must meet accepted preservation techniques as established in the Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation.
Historic Property Tax Assessment Freeze The Georgia preferential property tax freeze encourages the rehabilitation of income-producing and private residential properties listed in the Georgia and National Registers ofHistoric Places. An eight-year freeze on the property value prior to the rehabilitation work is allowed. In the ninth year, the assessment increases by 50% and in the tenth and following years, the assessment is based on current fair market value. All rehabilitation work must meet accepted preservation techniques as established in the Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation.
Contact the Office of Historic Preservation at (404) 656-2840 for additional information about the federal and state preservation tax incentives.
African-American Resource Guide

PRESERVATION CASE STUDIES

This page was left blank.

Preservation means different things to different people, as can be seen in the variety ofstatewide programs, services, and technical assistance available through the Office of Historic Preservation. The activities highlighted in the following case stUdies illustrate how some AfricanAmerican communities in Georgia have taken advantage ofpreservation opportunities.

Historic Preservation Fund (HPF) grants are appropriated annually by the National Park Service through the National Historic Preservation Act. The Georgia Office of Historic Preservation uses part of its apportionment to carry out statewide preservation programs and services. Ten percent ofeach year's appropriation is reservedfor Certified Local Governments; the remainder is awarded to other local governments, private and public groups, and organizations. These 60140 matching grants enable cities, towns and rural areas to undertake projects that preserve historic properties.

HISTORIC PRESERVATION FUND GRANTS

Sallie Ellis Davis House, Milledgeville
Sallie Ellis Davis was a teacher and principal at the Eddy School from the 1890s until her retirement in 1949. Her home, a late 19th century house, was part of the neighborhood that formed the religious, educational, and social center of Milledgeville's black community. In 1990, the Sallie Ellis Davis Foundation was formed to promote awareness of black history in Milledgeville and to preserve the Davis House.
Through the activities of Milledgeville's historic preservation commission, the Foundation became aware of preservation opportunities and sought the city's support in preserving and restoring the house. The goal was to prepare the house for use as a local museum, commemorating the history of African-Americans in Milledgeville and, particularly, the contributions of black educators. As a Certified Local Government, the City of Milledgeville submitted a HPF Survey and Planning grant application to the Office of Historic Preservation for a neighborhood planning study, brochure, rehabilitation plans and specifications, and a site development plan. In 1991, $4400 was awarded to the City in
conjunction with the Foundation to carry out the project.
The planning study outlines the history of the Eddy School neighborhood from 1802 when Milledgeville was founded until the present. The evolution and structural condition ofthe Davis House is documented with

Preservation Case Studies

77

written analyses of rehabilitation issues, historic and current photographs, and drawings. These materials form the basis for conceptual site plans, rehabilitation plans, and specifications. An innovative approach was devised in presenting the results ofthis study, while at the same time, generating public awareness. A poster was designed, with one side featuring a rendering of the house in a restored condition. The other side provides historical background on the Eddy School, the surrounding neighborhood, and the life ofSallie Ellis Davis. The poster also includes a summary of the conceptual design plan.
With this study in hand, the City of Milledgeville and the Sallie Ellis Davis Foundation were in a sound position to apply for a 1993 HPF Development grant. For the first time in many years, Development grants became available in Georgia; funding was limited to Certified Local Governments and projects needed to be ready to be implemented quickly. The Sallie Ellis Davis House was one of three Development grants awarded. The $15,000 grant will help with emergency stabilization, including roof repair. This phase of the work is scheduled to be completed by the summer of 1994.

CERTIFIED LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Preservation activity occurs most often and works best at the locallevel. Through the Certified Local Government (CLG) program, thirty-five Georgia cities and counties have a specialpartnership with the Office of Historic Preservation and federal preservation programs. A CLG assumes leadership in its community's public preservation efforts by designating and protecting properties through a historic preservation commission, maintaining asystemforthe survey and inventory ofhistoric properties, reviewing local National Register designations, and developing preservation activities that address community concerns and priorities. CLGs receive special financial consideration since at least 10% ofGeorgia's annual Historic Preservation Fund grant is reserved for local preservation projects sponsored by CLGs.

City of Atlanta

The City of Atlanta has undertaken an exemplary program to address the preservation needs of African-Americans and to protect historic black resources. Survey activity over the years identified many historic properties associated with black history in Atlanta. These properties range from simple shotgun houses and bungalows to grand mansions, churches and schools, commercial buildings and entire districts. Some

78

African-American Resource Guide

of the country's ITIO$t significant properties mociated with black history
are located in Atlanta such as \Ilose in the Matlin Luther King, Sweet
Auburn, and Atlanta University historic disuicu.

Together, the City's Uiban DesiCn Commiuion and the Atlanta

Prc:servation Center detc:nninod tJw there was a need to mort: actively

involve the African-American community in Ol1&otnc presav.ttion

activities and to make them mort: aware of the mechanisms WI niSi to

prolCa lhose l'OOUl't'CS. Using Historic Preservation Fund pwtlS m.

askIe for CLGs, Atlanta devdoped a OOllipiebChsive infomWion and

education appro.dt. A Jeries of public infonnation mcetilIIs brw&ht

mention to this project and KlenliflCd African-Americans "'00 wanted

10 panieipalC and ",opatic:s that needed pnxcction. 1bemd product was

Shari",. a brochure and slide procJalll, Slori#:s wonh

that relata the

history of three African-American neighborhoods. The folJowinc year.

HPF gtalll funds suppClftCd the preparation of National Rqi$&el'" nomi-

nations for two historic neighborhoods.

Other historic preservation activities supported through the Cily'sCLG procram thaI benefit the African-American community are design guidelines for the commercial and residential properties in the areas along Auburn and Edgewood Avenues, and in the Martin Lutllc:r King historic district. A facade rehabilitation program supports commercial revitalization efforts in 'Swttl Auburn,' one of four target areas in the city.

Following a comprehensive preservation planning process supported by I National Trust Critical Issues Fund grant, the city updated ilS local
preservation ordinance, adding an impressive variety of prottive
5IrlI.tegies and preservation incentives. West End, a neighborhood with a complex histOl'}' of sqrqation and integrtlion, was the first historic district 10 be desiCnated under" the new ordinance. The resiOenIS here
demonstrated the local commitment rM"(Nsary 10 compkte the required process of rescart:h. evaluation, and public: education.

.-6if _rf,l.U.H. a..mII,
s..." ,lob.,. H~ 1>/#rIcI.

PUmniIll is Rfal /0 ~ SIlCUU of tllfJ p~nvliQIItiforr. SiIK't_
p"~rvotioItaaillity /tQpptJu at IN IocoI kwl. IItCmpOIllIiIll hisloric p~rrla I" IocoI and Tr,itJM1 rompTrM1ISi"'t or SlrQ/t,it: pitJJU is
~Nitl1. A comnuuriJy p~rvruioIt plait sholJd illdutk: Ioa1s and
poIida: ClIl III"'tflfOl)'. MlJp. flJId tlllJ/IItlfiOtl of1i,,uJfaurt unK1JIra:
ClIl41yIis of IhrtOIl tmd oppommitia: PTr~rwJIion ftdllliqua flJId
SINUtglu: rcmmtIltiDliQIIS/0, ronsidtri1l8 hisloric proptrrItJ ill lit,
plllIIIIi1l8 t/ttrltflfS sudl as romomic dtWloptrrtflf, Musi,." fQIII'ism,

PRESERVATION PLANNING
"

Ulnd /1St, Of transponQllon,' and an actlorr plQIl, LoaJI preservation odvoauu can nu\:t Q dif/trtfllCt in prtservinl his/oTic proptniu by ponlcipOllnl in COtMIUnlf)' pllWling proceSSlS.
Beach Institute Neighbofhood, Savannah
The ~ mnainill& intact I\fricaII-Amaian ntighboi hood in Savannah, tht Bc:ach Inmlllte art:a eomprise5 II blocb of houses, d1urdle:s, 5ChDDls, mit commercial structures within tht cily's ~II-known hiwxic distticL. The ntichbortJoud's hisaoryc:an be ttaeed lOan early plantation. The art:a CYOlved into tht home mit work pIacc for railrOld worken, aaftsmc:n, professionals, mit businessmm. Bqinninc in 1m, fOl'1'lW
piLlet oI1ion planninc dforu have ,uide<! tht development of wuepes
and tecluliques 10 procer;t tIlis unique aspc:ct of Savanlllh's herilaJe.
In 1980, .I HiSlOric Preserva1ion Fund Survey and Planninc ,rani was
awarded 10 tht Beach Instilllle Neighborhood I\ssociatiolI for a compre-
hensive prt:SetYKion study. Its ~ was 10 document mit evallIiIte
tht historical and .I1dIiteelUr.II qualities ofexistill& structures, assess tht
physieal oondition of both tht neiJhborbood and individual suuctures,
identify poterItW sources of assi<una:, develop a COlIserv.llion and reh.lbiliwion stn!eCy, mit outline a fulllre count of.lCtion. The strenitll and 1011ievity of!be planning study is demonstrated in !be COlItinuing reftml and U:ie of its guidelines and recommendations. An urban development study for the Bc:ach Institute ntilhborhood in 1990
'"

by the City of Savannah provided updated information about building conditions, changing demographics, and ownership patterns. Although disappointed perhaps with the pace of neighborhood revitalization, community leaders and public officials nevertheless have a plan that guides their efforts.
Planning has accomplished much. The significance ofthe neighborhood and the rehabilitation potential of historic properties are routine considerations in the city's plans for civic improvements, housing, and service programs. The neighborhood's history is promoted through organized tours and other educational and interpretative programs provided at the King-Tisdell Cottage and the Beach Institute, both significant historic structures. The Beach Institute building now houses a cultural center and is dedicated to the rich heritage and cultural contributions of AfricanAmericans in the Low Country. Now that African-American preservation initiatives are more visible, the public view of Savannah's history is more complete.

Knowing about historic propenies is the essential first step in a community's preservation effons and facilitates wise decisions about preserving individual buildings and neighborhoods. The statewide historic resources survey identifies historic structures within an entire community. Information about each building's architecture, age, history, setting, and location is recorded on a computerform. Photographs are made and keyed to maps. Summary repons assess the results of the survey and suggest propenies for the National Register. Local sponsors are encouraged to provide additional historical information about the community and to promote survey activities as a public awareness technique.

HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY

African-American Cultural Resources Survey, Thomasville

The need to document historic black resources within the City of Thomasville had been apparent since the early 1980s when several historic districts were surveyed and later listed in the National Register. Although earlier efforts had resulted in black resources being listed in the National Register and these new districts included black resources, many historic properties remained unsurveyed and undocumented. Potentially important resources still were known to exist in Thomasville, some in concentrated areas, others scattered throughout the city.

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81

As a Certified Local Government, the City of Thomasville, in conjunction with Thomasville Landmarks, was awarded a Historic Preservation Fund grant by the Office of Historic Preservation. A three-phased project, scheduled for completion in the summer of 1993, was developed: 1) a survey of historic black resources within the city limits, 2) preparation of an overview study to provide the historical development and areas of significance for identified properties as well as the framework for future National Register nominations, and 3) preparation of materials for use in a teachers workshop sponsored through the Georgia Trust's heritage education program in which Thomasville participates.
The historic structures survey provides a framework for future preservation planning in Thomasville. It encourages community involvement in researching and understanding local history. It also serves as a catalyst to document the contributions of African-Americans in the city's development and to share these important experiences with the children of Thomasville.

NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES

The National Register is the official list ofhistoric buildings, structures, sites, objects. and districts wonhy of preservation. Register listing provides recognition ofaproperty's architectural, historicalor archaeological significance. Listing in the Register identifies historicpropenies for local, state and federal planning purposes and encourages their preservation through public awareness and preservation incentives. Propenies listed in the National Register are automatically listed in the Georgia Register ofHistoric Places.

Dorchester Academy Boys' Dormitory, Midway
Erected in 1934, this Georgian Revival style dormitory building is the only structure remaining that documents the existence of the Dorchester Academy. A primary-secondary school founded by the American Missionary Association, the Dorchester Academy was an important educational institution for black children in rural coastal Georgia from 1871 to 1940. The Boys' Dormitory was eventually adapted as a community center and during the 1960s was used as a training center and retreat for leaders in the civil rights movement. The Citizenship Education Program of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference hosted sessions there on adult education, voter registration, civic awareness, and nonviolent social action.

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Ustinc the Dofchesler Academy dormitory in the National RegiSler bepn with the desire of the property owner and the alumni usociuion to honorthe ril;h herilageand traditionsofthe school. With the as.sistanc:e
of the rqional pmcrvation planDa" II the Co'Sra! Gcof&ia Regional
Devdopmc:nt Center. an aWication was made and approved for a sta1e IliJUlrical nwker. The resultinC interest and cnthllSium led Cl)lIllIIlIDity
leaders to spon5Ol" the latJer Pf'CI:icd of prq:vinc IliSlOrical dotumcnta-
Don MC'"'Rry for the National Register. Office of Historic ~tion SW-f provided direction and guidance in compiling the <IoclImenration and assessing the buildinl'S significance. It was during this process that information on the imponanceofthe Boys' Dormitory to the civil rights movement was uncovered.
Nominating the Boys' DonnilOry to the National Register helped both the cornmllllity and state recognize the full range of the buildinc's historical sil'JiflCUlCt. Noc only was its role in 19th and 20th century educational procBl!lS tdentified, but also its invol~1 with the civil ripts mo,anerll of the mid2Oth centliry. RexardI neoMPry for National Register liuina IleIped identify ~ areas ofsiCniflCallOt not readily appaJt:nt at the bqinning of the process.

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,.M~

PRESERVATION TAX INCENTIVES

A community's historic buildings reflect the unique character of its neighborhoods and gathering places, offering residents a sense ofplace, as well as a tangible link to the past. Federal and state laws have been enacted to support the preservation of these buildings through private investment tax incentives. Especially when combined with other financial incentives and community programs, preservation incentives make impressive contributions to Georgia's economy and quality oflife.

Pleasant Hill Historic District, Macon
Pleasant Hill is Macon's oldest black residential area and is one of the state's most intact African-American neighborhoods. It features hOUses, commercial buildings, and churches dating from the 1870s and includes many small cottages and shotgun houses. A 1979 study found that the greatest percentage of substandard housing in Macon was in older, innercity neighborhoods such as Pleasant Hill. The number of deteriorated historic structures, the high degree of permanency among the residents, and the many houses that were lived in by second or third generations of the families who built them called for a special preservation initiative in Pleasant Hill.
Macon Heritage Foundation, the City of Macon's Economic and Community Development Department, the Macon Housing Authority, the Pleasant Hill Neighborhood Association, property owners, and private investors, joined together in an unprecedented collaboration and focused their efforts on a model project along Douglas Avenue. Their purpose was to show that private investors in the neighborhood could rehabilitate substandard housing economically and feasibly, using preservation standards and techniques, and still maintain low-income tenants.
With the help of a Historic Preservation Fund grant, a National Register nomination for Pleasant Hill was prepared and the historic district listed in 1986. The nomination had two purposes: to create a sense of pride in the historic neighborhood and to make investors eligible for federal tax credits through the certified rehabilitation program. A complex package of federal tax incentives, HUD's Community Development Block Grants, rental certificates, and private investment was created. Less than 18 months after the rehabilitation project was initially discussed, the first tenant moved into a rehabilitated historic house.
A key element in this successful project was the 20% federal rehabilitation tax credit and the 10% low income housing credit. These preservation incentives were made possible by the listing of the district

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in the National Register and assured that the rehabilitation would comply with preservation guidelines called for in the Secretary of Interior's
Standardsfor Rehabilitation. Also, the success ofthe project owes much
to the determination of Macon Heritage Foundation which showed that a local preservation organization can contribute much to the preservation of affordable historic housing. Macon Heritage also undertook the coordination of a complex project involving different agencies and programs with sometimes conflicting criteria, standards, requirements, and time schedules.
The Douglas Avenue project proved that the private sector, if given adequate financial incentives, can play an important role in helping to alleviate pressing social issues such as substandard housing. Now, other developers are investing in the Pleasant Hill district, single family home ownership and rehabilitation is increasing, and the district continues to contribute to the economic and cultural vitality of Macon. Another
exciting outcome of the rehabilitation activities is Invisible Hands: The Role ofBlackArtisans in Macon's Architectural Heritage. This research
study and exhibit documents over 5000 artisans and craftsmen from Pleasant Hill who contributed to the development of Macon's historic built environment.

Communities throughout Georgia rely onfederallyfunded, licensed and permitted projects for economic support. Federal projects provide opportunities for state and local governments to carry out essential activities for new construction, transportation, housing, health, and safety. Sections 106 and 110 ofthe National Historic Preservation Act require federal agencies and their applicants to take into account the effects oftheir actions on historicproperties in theirproject areas before funds, licenses orpermits are issued. The Office ofHistoric Preservation works extensively with local communities, military bases, development corporations, banks, and others in meeting these preservation responsibilities.

REVIEW AND COMPLIANCE

Housing Rehabilitation, Augusta
The shotgun house is a traditional type ofaffordable housing in AfricanAmerican neighborhoods throughout the South. Preserving these structures helps to preserve community values. A person's home represents a sense of pride and community. Yards become boundaries for keeping drugs and crime out. When public programs run counter to

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85

the values, history and culture of a community, problems occur.
In Augusta's Bethlehem and Laney-Walker neighborhoods, Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) funds were targeted for a limited rental rehabilitation program. The purpose of the project was to provide affordable housing for low income residents and to preserve significant historic structures, most of them shotgun houses. By limiting the scope of the project, the goals became reasonable, achievable, and avoided "red tape." A cooperative effort was reached: property owners paid for basic repairs to the wood siding, porches and columns; CDBG funds provided for roof repair and exterior painting. Work involved simple construction techniques, but still complied with the Secretary of
Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation. To date, almost $150,000 in
CDBG funds has been used to improve 55 historic houses in the Bethlehem and Laney-Walker districts.
In a project such as Augusta's, the role of the review and compliance program within the Office ofHistoric Preservation is to help in resolving sometimes conflicting goals. These include preserving the historic and architectural features of a structure, assuring that public funds address community needs for which they were awarded, and acknowledging the private investment and personal plans of property owners and tenants. Through positive and ongoing relationships with statewide preservation networks and programs, community leaders have access to technical assistance and information exchange. They gain credibility for local efforts and strengthen support from public officials.

REHABILITATION TECHNICAL
ASSISTANCE

The unique character and irreplaceable features of historic buildings should be treated with respect. Irreversible design changes should be avoided or have minimal impact on historic fabric and building materials. Decisions made in a rehabilitationprojectshouldbe informed and sensitive to the building's history. A considerable amount of material is available to guide individuals rehabilitating historic properties. All preservationists should be familiar with the Secretary of Interior's Standardsfor Rehabilitation, aset ofcommon sense guidelines applicable to alltypes ofhistoric structures. The National Park Service's Preservation Briefs series provides detailed information on issues such as roofand window repair, masonry cleaning, plaster repair and energy conservation.

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African-American Resource Guide

Noble Hill School, Cassville

Built in 1923, Noble Hill was the first school for black children built to
sla/ldaI'd specifications in Bartow County. It was financul throogh the

Rosenwald Fund tlW provided monetar}uiSl.not for school buildings

.nd quality elementary education for African-Americans throughout the

,roup SOUth. Noble Hill serwd as a school W1til 1955, but1a1er was ~ for

swra&e and all~ to deteriorate. In 1982, a

of intereSted citizeru;

first considered the possibility of preserving the 5CbooI. They later rormcd foundation with the mission of rdlabiliwillJ the building as a

bi...-y muJeUm and culwr:al ccnte:l'.

A Iclephone call to the OlTlce or Hiswrie Preservation and a request for
..nice in restorin& the suucture resull8t in to lite vi~t to assess the
building's c:oodition and 10 identify rehabilitation needs. This teehnkal wiscance provklcd critical guidanc:e on issues $UClt IS window and door replin, interior spaca, and archilCClUr:al details. Informed deciiions
were made that insured the ~ or sicnifant hiSUllical features,
original building materials, and the cllaBcteri5\iQ or the original tworoom school. The use of 50IInd preservation rehabilitation treatmeals
lWlIred that the building could be listed in the National Registel'. The Noble Hill School was opened to the public IS the Noble HilI-WheeleT
Memoria! CenteT in 1989.

The foundation continues to rely on recogniwd starldards, treatments, and guidelines to steer not only their building rehabilitation and maintenana, but also uhibit planning, curation, and educational programmini. By followin, preservation standards, the lon,-term protection of Noble Hill School's significant archi~ur:al and historical reatures is
~"".

ARCHAEOLOGY

History can befound both above and below the ground. Over 15,000 archaeological sites in Georgia have been identified. Thousands more remain buried, awaiting discovery and ready to reveal information available nowhere else. Archaeological sites include simple rockpiles, concentrations of broken pottery, prehistoric villages, landscape features, battlefields, orsubmerged shipwrecks. Many archaeological sites arefound in conjunction with historic buildings and districts. Archaeologicalsites datefrom 13,OOOyears ago and the earliestperiods ofhuman occupation in Georgia to contemporary times. Much ofthe archaeological activity in Georgia is a direct result ofcompliance with Section 106 ofthe National Historic Preservation Act.

Springfield Community, Augusta
In 1989, the City of Augusta proposed construction of a convention center and office park along the Savannah Riverfront on the site of the former historic African-American community of Springfield. Federal preservation regulations called for mitigation of the adverse impacts the construction would have on cultural resources. As a result, an intensive archaeological study was undertaken in a three-block area, supplemented by historical, architectural and archival research.
African-Americans settled in Springfield as early as 1783. Free AfricanAmericans became the nucleus of a community that grew around the Springfield Baptist Church, formed in 1787, one of the oldest independent black churches in the United States. The community was laid out and lots put on sale by 1789. The neighborhood was primarily residential, with Springfield Baptist Church serving as the center of community life. By the 1870s, development in the area waned, and the community was unable to recover from the devastation of the 1929 Savannah River flood. The only remaining structures from that historic community are Springfield Baptist Church, built in 1897, and the St. Johns Educational Building, an 1801 structure moved to the current site in 1844. The history of the community lives in these buildings that have been carefully maintained and restored.
Archaeological excavations at Springfield uncovered a part of community history that had been lost. Of particular importance to AfricanAmerican heritage was the discovery of houses from the antebellum and late 19th century periods and tenement housing associated with a nearby cotton mill and woodworking factory. Evidence revealed through archaeology at the antebellum structure documents a direct connection with African architectural traditions. Artifacts uncovered include pottery, nails, glassware, and a clay pipe symbolizing the Biblical city

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African-American Resource Guide

of Ninevah. These archaeological artifacts provide direct links with the people who lived at Springfield throughout its history.
Archaeology performed at Springfield provides only a glimpse of the potential for exploring aspects of community life for which there are no written records. Further archaeological investigations could provide additional insights into the architecture, material culture, subsistence, life styles, and settlement patterns of Springfield. So that the historical information that has been uncovered to date can be shared, local officials have agreed to a public display of archaeological artifacts from the excavations and to publish a popular report.

To be successful, historic preservation must be a community-wide activity. Keeping preservation in the public's eye increases awareness about community projects and creates positive images. Maintaining regular communication with the statewide preservation network is critical and can be accomplished through panicipation in conferences, workshops, and special events. Keeping informed about issues, funding sources, andotherpreservation opponunities strengthens local capabilities. Equally imponant is developing ongoing, positive relationships with local preservation groups, elected officials, civic groups, and the media.

INFORMATION AND EDUCATION

Columbus

African-American preservation efforts began in Columbus with the home of William Henry Spencer. The Golden Owlettes, alumni of ColumbusI first high school for blacks named in Spencer's honor, undertook this restoration project in 1977. One of their first steps was to embark on a public awareness campaign to educate the community about Mr. Spencer and his educational achievements and to insure that the house, when restored, would serve as a community meeting place.

The successful restoration of the Spencer House, partially funded with a Historic Preservation Fund grant, spurred the African-American community on to other important projects. Public education activities and strong communication were key factors in cultivating public and private support, which led to broad-based financial assistance from grants, donations, and fund-raising. As a result, other preservation projects for African-American properties in Columbus have been completed or are in progress. The "Ma" Rainey House has been rehabilitated although many said that the deteriorated structure could not

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89

be saved. In addition, the Liberty Theater was recently awarded a $1 million rehabilitation grant.
Throughout these activities, African-American preservationists in Colombus used the National Register process and other preservation programs as important public awareness tools. They supported other local preservation organizations and governmental agencies such as the architectural review board, planning agencies, and special commissions. An African-American Preservation Society was formed to further preservation in Columbus. Every opportunity has been taken to promote cultural events such as black heritage tours, annual festivals, and special events. For example, "Ma" Rainey's induction into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame and her commemoration on a postage stamp were well covered by the local media.
Local citizens and visitors from throughout the state are given many opportunities to explore Columbus' heritage by attending workshops, receptions, and meetings hosted by the African-American community. These information and education activities have proven quite successful. The enthusiasm and generosity shown by the African-American community has resulted in an expanded understanding of ColumbusI heritage and a broader base of support throughout the city.

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African-American Resource Guide

PRESERVATION INFORMATION

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dirtt:/fy, sillCt many ;1It;/udt materials oj Imertsl to Ajrit;allAmtrit;all htrilagt as parr oj their regular programming. The jollow/ng art' i1UtilutioflS that sptt;/jit;alfyjtQfuTt ;ifrit;/1n-Amtrit;all htrilagt, t;u/turt, alId hiJlorn: propmits.

LOCAL HISTORY MUSEUMS AND CULTURAL CENTERS

Albany
Albany MLl.SWm of Art 311 Mtlldo..lark Dri.~. Albany, GA 31701, (912) 439-&400
Features exhibits. films. "'Ol"bhops. Itures, and a Iarct coIkctiot1 of
uaditional African art.
Thronat~ka Herilaet Crnler 100 Roosevell Avenue, Albany, GA 31701, (91.Z) 432-1i9SS Colleclions include familyanifaclsand atchival maleri~ from the 189Q$ belongin& CO the family of Fannie Grttnt; reference material 01\ Albany'S African-American community and t'\"tftts.
Andersonville
Andersonville Nalional lIistoric Sile Rout~ I, 80x 800. AnGenomille, GA 31711, (91.Z) 92~.143 Many African-Amtrians ..ere impri~ here durinlttle Civil War and are tKlried in the National Cemetery, many from the S4th Musxhuselts Rqimc:nl, the fin/. black Iqlmc:nt; pan of the Naliona1 Park Syuem.

"

Athens
Morton Theater Division of Arts and Environmental Education, Athens/Clarke County Unified Government, 199 Washington Street, Athens, GA 30601, (706) 613-3610 Performing arts and cultural center located in a 1910 black vaudeville theater.

Atlanta

African American Panoramic Experience (APEX) 135 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 521-2739 Permanent collection of exhibits that depict the heritage of black Atlantans, their contributions and achievements.

Atlanta Heritage Row 55 Upper Alabama St.reet, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 584-7879 Permanent exhibits include black educational institutions, commercial achievements, culture, and the civil rights movement.

Atlanta History Center

(Buckhead)

(Downtown)

3101 Andrews Drive

140 Peachtree Street

Atlanta, GA 30305

Atlanta, GA 30303

(404) 814-4000

(404) 814-4150

Special exhibits, lectures, and programs related to Atlanta's African-

American heritage, such as the civil rights movement within the Atlanta

Resurgens exhibit; research facilities include archival material and

photographic collections about African-Americans in Atlanta; compre-

hensive exhibit on the black upper class family of Alonzo Herndon and

how their experiences reflect Atlanta's history (opens October 1993).

Atlanta Life Insurance Company African-American Art Collection, 100 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 659-2100 Artwork assembled from the Atlanta Life National Annual Art Exhibition and Competition.

Carter Presidential Library One Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30307, (404) 331-3942 Exhibits, photographic collection and research materials related to the Carter presidency; includes extensive material on the civil rights and human rights movements.

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African-American Resource Guide

Georgia State Capitol One Capitol Square, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2844 Portraits include prominent black Georgians Martin Luther King, Ir., Lucy Laney, and Henry McNeal Turner.
Hammonds House 503 Peeples Street, Atlanta, GA 30310, (404) 752-8730 Art gallery in a Victorian house features traveling exhibits and permanent collections of African-American art and culture.
Herndon Home 587 University Place, Atlanta, GA 30314, (404) 581-9813 Home ofAlonzo Herndon, founder ofAtlanta Life Insurance Company.
Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Nonviolent Social Change 449 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30312, (404) 524-1956 Private foundation offers exhibits, lectures, programs and social services devoted to the life and teachings of Dr. King.
Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site National Park Service, 526 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30312 (404) 331-5190 Features the birth home of Martin Luther King, I r., his crypt, Ebenezer Baptist Church, the surrounding residential neighborhood, and the adjacent Sweet Auburn commercial district; part of the National Park System.
Wren's Nest 1050 Ralph David Abernathy Boulevard, Atlanta, GA 30310 (404) 753-7735 Home of Ioel Chandler Harris, famous for the Uncle Remus stories, based on African-American folk tales.
Augusta
Lucy Craft Laney Museum of Black History and Conference Center 1116 Phillips Street, Augusta, GA 30901, (706) 724-3576 Home ofLucy Laney houses local history museum; provides educational services.

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95

Springfield Baptist Church 114 12th Street, Augusta, GA 30901, (706) 724-1056 Church museum contains artifacts and documents; housed in the historic St. Johns Educational Building.
Brunswick
Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site Route 10, Box 83, Brunswick, GA 31520, (912) 264-9263 Historic structures, rice fields and museum demonstrate the life and work of planters and slaves on a coastal rice plantation.
Cassville
Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center 2261 Joe Frank Harris Parkway, Cassville, GA 30123 (706) 382-3392 Black history and education museum in a 1923 two-room school.
Columbus
Columbus Museum 1251 Wynnton Road, Columbus, GA 31906, (706) 649-0713 Chattahoochee Legacy interprets social and cultural history in the Columbus vicinity; includes African-American life and decorative arts.
Spencer House 7454th Avenue, Columbus, GA 31902 (706) 322-1014 Home of William Spencer, a black educator, and headquarters of the Golden Owlettes.
Crawfordville
Liberty Hall, A.H. Stephens State Historic Park PO Box 235, Crawfordville, GA 30631, (706) 456-2602 Home of the Vice President of the Confederacy; includes the original servantsI quarters.

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African-American Resource Guide

Dalton
Black Heritage Room Crown Gardens and Archives, Whitfield-Murray County Historical Society, 715 Chattanooga Avenue, Dalton, GA 30720 (706) 278-0217 Contains pictures, furniture, and artifacts donated by local black citizens.
Eatonton
Uncle Remus Museum and Park US 441, Eatonton, GA 31024, (706) 485-6856 Depicts the slave house setting for the Uncle Remus stories of Joel Chandler Harris.
Juliette
Jarrell Plantation State Historic Site Route 2, Box 220, Juliette, GA 31046, (912) 986-5172 Historic houses and outbuildings interpret a middle Georgia plantation from 1847 to 1945, including the role of slaves; during Black History Month, a mini exhibit/bulletin board illustrates slave life in the surrounding communities.
Macon
Harriet Tubman Historical and Cultural Museum 340 Walnut Street, Macon, GA 31208, (912) 743-8544 Features African-American history, art, and culture; the wall mural, "From Africa to America," presents a visual history of AfricanAmerican culture.
Booker T. Washington Community Center 391 Monroe Street, Macon, GA 31201, (912) 742-7431 Houses the letters, photographs, and memorabilia of Otis Redding; community theater is being developed in the historic Romer Congregational Church.

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Madison
Morgan County African-American Museum 156 Academy Street, Madison, GA 30650, (706) 342-9191 Local museum dedicated to African-American heritage and educational programs; includes reference library.
Midway
Fort Morris State Historic Site Route 1, Box 236, Midway, GA 31320, (912) 884-5999 Exhibits include research material and grave markers of black minister Cyrus Bowens and histories of black churches in the Sunbury vicinity.
Seabrook School Foundation Springfield Plantation, RFD 1, Box 206E, Midway, GA 31320 (912) 884-5450 Living history museum illustrates rural life in coastal Georgia; features the one-room Seabrook School; programs include a summer field school, in cooperation with Armstrong State College, that includes archaeological excavations, oral history, folklore studies, architecture, and museum studies.
Milledgeville
Sallie Ellis Davis House 301 South Clark Street, Milledgeville, GA 31061, (912) 453-5322 Black heritage museum is being developed at the home of the principal ofthe Eddy School, the center ofsocial, educational, and cultural activity in Milledgeville's African-American community unti11945.
Savannah
King-Tisdell Cottage 514 East Huntingdon Street, Savannah, GA 31401, (912) 234-8000 Victorian cottage serves as a black history and culture museum.
Beach Institute African American Cultural Center 502 East Harris Street, Savannah, GA 31401, (912) 234-8000 School established to educate newly-free black citizens now houses arts, folk art, and crafts exhibits.

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St. Simons Island
Hamilton Slave Cabins St. Simons Island, GA 31522, (912) 638-5293 Features two antebellum slave houses that illustrate domestic slave life in coastal Georgia.

Tours offer a first-hand, personal, experience of a historic property. Driving, walking and guided tours that highlight historic places in African-American communities are available throughout Georgia. Although not specifically African-American, many regional tours, such as "The Antebellum Trail" and "Southwest Georgia Heritage Adventure" include black historic sites andplaces ofinterest. Contact local tourism representatives, welcome centers, convention and visitors bureaus, or chambers of commerce.

TOURS

Statewide
Preserving the Legacy: A Tour ofAfrican-American Historic Resources in Georgia
Office of Historic Preservation (404) 656-2840 Statewide driving tour of 58 historic properties listed in the National Register that are associated with black history.

Athens
Athens Black Heritage
Athens Convention and Visitors Bureau, (706) 546-1805 Customized tours of Athens' African-American heritage includes the historic Morton Theater.

Atlanta
Black Heritage Tours
Eventz Over Georgia, (404) 378-6118 Guided tours of historic sites associated with Atlanta's African-American history.

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99

Black Heritage Tours
Atlanta Heritage Tours, (404) 971-4847 Gui~ed tours emphasize African-American history and culture.
Freedom Walk
Underground Visitors Center, Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau, (404) 577-2148 Self-guided tour from Underground Atlanta, along Auburn Avenue to the Martin Luther King historic site.
Great Historic Tours (404) 228-5197 Customized tours of historic black properties, landmarks, and people in metro Atlanta.
Host Atlanta Specialty Tours (404) 752-9329 Step-on tours of African-American historic places in Atlanta; itinerary planning for historic tours in the South.
Oakland Cemetery (404) 688-2107 Guided and walking tours include grave sites of many prominent African-Americans in Georgia history.
Special Tours (404) 873-5449 Specialized tours feature black historic sites and attractions, AfricanAmerican shopping experiences, and entertainment.
Sweet Auburn/MLKDistrictand West End/Hammonds House/Wren's Nest
Guided Walking Tours, Atlanta Preservation Center (404) 876-2040 Walking tours of Atlanta's historic commercial and residential districts reflecting African-American heritage.
Augusta
Black Heritage Tours
Augusta/Richmond County Convention and Visitors Bureau (706) 724-4067 Guided driving tour of black historic sites in Augusta.

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African-American Resource Guide

Brunswick
African American History Tour
Coastal Tours, (912) 262-0470 Guided tours focus on black history along the Georgia and South Carolina coasts.
Columbus
Black Heritage Tour
Convention and Visitors Bureau, (404) 322-1613 Self-guided driving tour highlights the people, places and events that shaped the history of Columbus.
Macon
Black Heritage
Macon-Bibb County Convention and Visitors Bureau (912) 743-3401 Self-guided driving tour features African-American contributions in religion, business, arts, education, and music.
Milledgeville
MiUedgeviUe-Baldwin County Guide to Black Heritage
Milledgeville-Baldwin County Tourism and Trade, (912) 452-4687 (800) 653-1804 Driving tour features historic black properties in Milledgeville and Baldwin County.
Sapelo Island
McIntosh County Chamber of Commerce (912) 437-4192 Guided tours feature black history, culture, and crafts of Sapelo Island, including the historic black community of Hog Hammock; tickets include island ferry.

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Savannah
Negro Heritage Trail King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation, (912) 234-8000 Group and individual tours, led by "conductors," give visitors a view of Savannah from the black perspective.
Black Heritage Tour Tours by BJ (912) 233-2335 or (800) 962-6595 Motor coach/walking tour of historic black properties in Savannah.

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND SPECIAL
PROJECTS

Agencies, organizations, and individuals are willing to share historical research, photographs, biographies, artifacts, art, memorabilia, and technical material. Contact local historical societies, preservation groups, colleges, and libraries to use records that will help document, interpret, and preserve African-American heritage and historic properties.

African-American Collection Washington Memorial Library, 1180 Washington Avenue, Macon, GA 31201, (912) 744-0800 Collection ofpublications, periodicals, photographs, slides, videos, and oral histories.
African Makonde Art Collection c/o Lowndes/Valdosta Arts Commission, 1204 North Patterson Street, Valdosta, GA 31603-1966, (912) 247-2782 Private collection of Makonde wood sculpture.
Marian Anderson Library 646 Lee Street, Blackshear, GA 31516, (912) 449-7041 Collection of African-American history and biographies.

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African-American Resource Guide

Atlanta-Fulton County Public Library Auburn Avenue Research Library, Auburn Avenue at Courtland Avenue, Atlanta, GA Non-circulating; research and study of African-American culture especially in Atlanta, Georgia and the Southeast; includes material from Sweet Auburn Neighborhood Project, tour, video, oral histories (opens fall 1993).
Chattahoochee Valley Folklife Project Historic Chattahoochee Commission, PO Box 33, Eufaula, AL 36072-0033, (205) 687-9755 Ongoing research project documents and presents traditional folk arts in western Georgia along the Chattahoochee River; African-American heritage is a major emphasis.
Coastal Heritage Society 303 MLK Jr. Boulevard, Savannah, GA 31402, (912) 238-1779 Audio tapes from oral history projects; interviews of residents of Savannah's historic Cuyler/Brownsville neighborhood.
Digging It Up S64 Blake Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30316, (404) 627-7799 Private collection of historic photographs about African-American heritage available for research and reference.
Georgia Department of Archives and History 330 Capitol Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2393 Official state and local records, genealogy, county histories; includes "Vanishing Georgia" historic photograph collection.
Georgia Historical Society 501 Whitaker Street, Savannah, GA 31499, (912) 651-2128 Collection includes postcards, photographs, historical documentation, and manuscripts.
Georgia Humanities Council 50 Hurt Plaza, Suite 440, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 523-6220 Final reports and documents produced through grants and activities, many of which relate to African-American history and culture.

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Georgia State University Special CollectionsDepartment, Pullen Library, 100Decatur Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 651-2477 Photographic collection of Auburn Avenue, Southern Labor Archives, and civil rights manuscripts.
Jack Hadley Black History Memorabilia Collection 103 Crestwood, Thomasville, GA 31792, (912) 228-6983 Private collection ofnewspaper clippings, pictures, painting, books, and magazines on black achievers; includes extensive material on Lt. Henry O. Flipper, the first African-American graduate ofWest Point; displayed during Black History Month.
Office of Historic Preservation Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840 Non-circulating; reference information about African-American preservation projects in Georgia; program and project files on all state office programs, including National Register nomination files, historical architects, archaeology, community histories, and preservation periodicals; extensive information is available that is essential for preservation work on historic properties, such as rehabilitation standards and guidelines, building materials, techniques, and archaeological methods.
Pathways: African-American Heritage and Contemporary Interests in Georgia
Pepper Bird Foundation, PO Box 69081, Hampton, VA 23669 (804) 723-1106 Brochure highlighting African-American historic sites, tours, festivals, and special events; published twice a year; available free at Wachovia Bank of Georgia branches, cultural centers, museums, colleges, and schools.
Ray Pitts 1136 Westlynn Way, Sacramento, CA 95831, (916) 422-9933 Collections and papers on the history of African-Americans in Georgia, especially schools and educational institutions.
University of Georgia Hargrett Rare Book Library, Athens, GA 30602, (706) 542-7123 Manuscript collections, collections of black photographers.

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African-American Resource Guide

University of Maryland National Trust Library, Architecture Library, College Park, MD 20742, (301) 405-6319 Collection of books, periodicals, and newsletters from national, state, and local preservation organizations.
John Wells The New South Architectural Press, PO Box 878, Richmond, VA 23207 Collection of biographical information about African-American architects who practiced in the Southeast, 1900 to 1940.
Woodruff Library Atlanta University Center, 111 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, (404) 522-8980 Collections related to African-American art, theater, and music; papers and manuscripts of people and organizations.

Special shows and traveling exhibits can supplement and enrich ongoing programs. Many local museums and cultural centers have permanent collections and exhibits that reflect African-American heritage. The following identifies exhibits specifically featuring African-American heritage that can be scheduledfor display in your community.

EXHIBITS

African-American Architects and Builders: A Historical Overview Vinson McKenzie, Architecture Library, Dudley Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5606, (205) 844-1752
Traveling exhibit documents African-Americans I involvement in American architecture from slave houses to contemporary architecture.
African-American Gardens and Yards in the Rural South Richard Westmacott, School of Environmental Design, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, (706) 542-4712
Traveling exhibit illustrates the traditions of African-American gardens and yards; traces their evolution from slavery through contemporary times.

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African-American Life on the Southern Hunting P/Qntation: 19001940
Thomas County Museum of History, 725 North Dawson Street, Thomasville, GA 31792, (912) 226-7664 Traveling exhibit features the African-Americans who provided the labor and domestic support for the hunting plantations of South Georgia.
Bridging The Past With The Present Chris Mitchell, The B/Qck History Newsletter, PO Box 401, Red Oak,
GA 30272, (404) 763-2073 Traveling exhibit/museum on wheels includes artifacts, documents, and illustrations about African-American heritage.
Building to Learn: Education of the Professional African-American Architect, 1893-1993
Richard Dozier, Associate Dean, School of Architecture, Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, (904) 599-3244 Traveling exhibit traces one hundred years of education of AfricanAmerican architects.
Invisible Hands: The Role ofB/Qck Arlisans in Macon 's Architectural Heritage
Macon Heritage Foundation, 652 Mulberry Street, Macon, GA 31302, (912) 742-5084 Traveling exhibit documents over 5000 African-American craftsmen and artisans; traces their role in the development of Macon I s historic built environment.
Lift Every Voice: At/Qnta's B/Qck Arlistic Heritage
Atlanta History Center Downtown, 140 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 814-4150 Traveling exhibit features African-American artists in the visual and performing arts who have lived and worked in Atlanta.
Our New Day Begun: At/Qnta's B/Qck Arlistic Heritage
Atlanta History Center Downtown, 140 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 814-4150 Traveling exhibit focuses on the history of the Atlanta University art exhibitions held annually from 1942 until 1970.
Smithsonian Institution Visitor Information Center, 1000 Jefferson Drive,Washington, DC 20560, (202) 357-2700 Traveling exhibits available on many aspects of African-American heritage and culture.

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Festivals and special events bring people together to celebrate their heritage, share experiences, and learn about community history and traditions. Thefollowing is a sampling ofregularly-scheduledfestivals and events. Contact your local community calendarfor other ways to celebrate African-American heritage, culture, and historic properties. Black History Month and Historic Preservation Month are particularly good times to sponsor special events, but historic preservation projects can be acknowledged all year.

FESTIVALS AND SPECIAL EVENTS

Statewide
Black History MonthlHistoric Preservation Month Office of Historic Preservation, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Suite 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334 (404) 656-2840
The Georgia Minority Historic Preservation Committee and the Office of Historic Preservation sponsor special events each year in recognition of Black History Month. Events and activities vary. Since 1991, the festivities have been held in the State Capitol and co-sponsored by the Office of the Governor. Throughout the state, Black History Month events and activities are sponsored by local civic organizations, preservation groups, and schools. (February, annually)
Historic Preservation Month in Georgia is celebrated each year with special workshops, activities, and projects. Local preservation organizations sponsor events such as tours, lectures, receptions, special projects, and children's activities. (May, annually)
Albany
African Heritage Festival African American Foundation, Inc., PO Box 229, Albany, GA 31702-0229, (912) 888-1701
Two-day festival promotes cultural and economic contributions of African-Americans. (October, annually)

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Atlanta
King Week Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change 449 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30312, (404) 524-1956 Week-long celebration of the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, including the federal holiday that honors his birth; events include ecumenical services, seminars, tributes, award ceremonies, entertainment, and nationally-televised parade. (January, annually)
National Black Arts Festival National Black Arts Festival, Inc., 236 Forsyth Street, Suite 400, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 730-7315 Ten-day national festival showcases the work of artists of African descent; includes music, dance, theater, film, folk arts, visual arts, performance arts, and literature; events held in traditional and nontraditional venues throughout the city. (mid-summer biennially, next dates are July/August 1994)
West End Festival West End Neighborhood Development, Inc., 553 Holderness Street, Atlanta, GA 30711, (404) 752-9329 Four-day celebration showcases cultural, residential and commercial life in the West End neighborhood. (mid-September, annually)
Augusta
Jazz Festival Paine College, 123515th Street, Augusta, GA 30910, (706) 821-8324 Jazz and cultural festival features music, arts, and crafts. (Sunday before Labor Day, early September, annually)
Brunswick
African-American Heritage Day Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site, Route 10, Box 83, Brunswick, GA 31520, (912) 264-9263 Celebrates African-American traditions and culture. (late March, annually)

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Cassville
Labor Day Picnic Noble Hill-Wheeler Memorial Center, 2261 Joe Frank Harris Parkway, Cassville, GA 30123, (706) 382-3392 Picnic on the grounds of the historic Noble Hill School; museum tours, childrenI s games, oral interviews. (Labor Day, early September, annually)
Columbus
African-American Heritage Festival The Golden Owlettes, 4545 Kerz Court, Columbus, GA 31907 (706) 687-4688 Celebrates the contributions of African-Americans to American society. (June, annually)
Darien
Sapfest McSap Development, PO Box 2087, 210 Monroe Street, Darien, GA 31305, (912) 437-6447 Celebration on Sapelo Island features culture, food, tours, and music, including the McIntosh County Shouters. (August, annually)
Midway
Sunbury's Afro-American Legacy Fort Morris State Historic Site, Route 1, Box 236, Midway, GA 31320, (912) 884-5999 One-day celebration of the history, traditions, and contemporary life of blacks in coastal Georgia. (late February, annually)

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Savannah
Annual Black Heritage Festival King-Tisdell Cottage Foundation and the City of Savannah, 502 East Harris Street, Savannah, GA 31401, (912) 234-8000 or (912) 232-5706 Weekend celebration of the African-American experience in the arts, crafts, and music along the coast. (October, annually)
St. Simons Island
Georgia-Sea Island Festival Georgia Sea Island Folklore Revival Project, 2428 Cleburne Street, Brunswick, GA 31520, (912) 265-9545 OR St. Simons Chamber of Commerce, (912) 638-9014 Celebration of African-American music from slavery to the present; slave songs, shouts, gospel, and blues; includes crafts, food, and demonstrations of traditional Gullah (Geechee) language; regularly features the Georgia Sea Island Singers. (3rd weekend in August, annually)
Thomaston
Emancipation Day Celebration Thomaston/Upson County Emancipation Proclamation Committee, PO Box 281, Thomaston, GA 30286, (706) 647-5344 Celebrates the day (May 29, 1863) when local blacks learned of the Emancipation Proclamation; features parade, games, music, and speakers. (late May, annually)
Tifton
Black Heritage Celebration Georgia Agrirama, PO Box Q, Tifton, GA 31793, ( 912) 386-3344 Honors the contributions of African-American culture to the development of rural Georgia; includes arts, crafts, music, lifestyles, and entertainment. (February, annually)

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African-American Resource Guide

Slide presentations, videotapes, audiotapes, and printed material are available on loan from a number of sources. The following selected organizations offer listings that deal specifically with African-American heritage orpreservation topics. Contact each organization directly for ordering instructions andforadditional audio/visualmaterials. Contact other organizations such as local history museums, the Smithsonian Institution and the American Association of State and Local History (AASLH) for their listings. Also, local video stores carry many commercial films that interpret African-American heritage.

AUDIO/VISUAL MATERIALS

APEX
135 Auburn Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 521-2739
Sweet Auburn, Comin' Home
Explores the economic and cultural contributions of African-Americans along historic Auburn Avenue in Atlanta; 45 minute videotape.

Atlanta Preservation Center 156 7th Street, Suite 3, Atlanta, GA 30308, (404) 876-2041
Stories Worth Sharing: The Heritage ofAtlanta's African-American Neighborhoods
Illustrates three African-American neighborhoods -- Reynoldstown, South Atlanta, and Mozley Park -- as reflected in historic buildings; 60 minute slide program, 1991.
Sweet Auburn: A Street of Dreams
Explores the commercial buildings, homes, churches, neighborhood, and streetscapes of Auburn Avenue; 45 minute slide program, 1993.

Film and Video Unit Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1354, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-0779

Buildings ForAU Seasons: Energy Conservation in Historic Structures
Examines original energy-saving features of historic buildings; 15 minutes, 1992.

Patterns of Change: Historic Preservation in Georgia
Shows how communities in Georgia use historic preservation to protect historic properties; 28 minutes, 1988.

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The Spirit of Sapelo
Explores Sapelo Island, including Hog Hammock, an African-American community whose families have been on the island for generations; 28 minutes, 1983.
TraveUng Through Time: Restoring Historic Homes as Bed and Breakfast Inns
Documents the transformation ofa historic home into a bed and breakfast inn; 12 minutes, 1992.

Office of Historic Preservation Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840
African-American Places in History: Historic Properlies in Georgia,
1519-1960 Statewide overview of historic properties associated with AfricanAmerican history; 20 minute slide program with script, 1993.
Blueprint for the Future
Addresses planning issues facing preservation in Georgia and the impacts these issues have on historic properties; 20 minute slide program with script and discussion questions, 1987.
Historic Properlies Make Georgia History Come Alive
Illustrates how properties listed in the National Register tell the history of Georgia and what makes Georgia distinctive from other states; 30 minute slide program with script, 1993.
A Partnership in Pride: Preservation in Low-Income Neighborhoods
Describes how community development groups can rehabilitate historic buildings and keep long-term, low-income residents in their neighborhoods; 20 minute slide program with audiotape, 1987.

Georgia Humanities Council 50 Hurt Plaza, Suite 440, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 523-6220

Bessie Jones and the Sea Island Singers
Examines songs and games as communication between the slaves of the coastal islands and the plantation masters; 28 minute videotape, 1985.

The Civil War
Nine-part series gives a definitive portrait of the war, including the role of African-Americans; 62 to 99 minute videotapes, 1989.

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African-American Resource Guide

Dawn's Early light: Ralph McGiU and the Segregated South
Follows the life of Atlanta newspaperman Ralph McGill who had a profound impact on desegregation in the South; 88 minute videotape, 1988.
Ethnic Notions
Traces the evolution of stereotypes which fuel anti-black prejudice and shows how popular culture shapes public attitudes; 58 minute videotape, 1987.
FamUy Across the Sea
Tells ofthe connection between the Gullah culture ofcoastal Georgia and the people of Sierra Leone; 58 minute videotape, 1990.
Fanny Kemble's Journal
Dramatization of KembleI s journal includes descriptions of slave life on a cotton and rice plantation; 29 minute videotape, 1981.
Gandy Dancers: The Last of the Southern Black Railroad Crews
Documents the skills and work calls ofrailroad section crews; 30 minute videotape, 1991.
Gullah Tales
Dramatizes two Gullah folktales and acquaints viewers with the Gullah culture of coastal Georgia; 29 minute videotape, 1986.
Long Shadows
Explores how the effects of the Civil War are felt in contemporary society; includes interviews with civil rights leaders; 88 minute videotape, 1984.
Plowed Under: American Fanners in Georgia
Five-part radio series about Georgia farmers, many of whom are black, and how the farming business has been transformed; 29 minute audiotapes, 1983.
Preserving Our Heritage: Georgia's Black History
Four black-and-white, framed posters illustrate Georgia I s historic African-American buildings, 1991.
Remember Me: Slave life in Coastal Georgia Resource guide accompanies Fanny Kemble's Journal and Gullah Tales.

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A Soll1h~m Profil~: The 4ft and Tim,s of A.nhllr Rapu Three programs e~plore the life of a sociologist; includes an examination
of race relations in the urban and rural South; 30 minute audiotapes, 19&6.
The Southern Voiu Five-part series poses the q~tion of whether there is a distinctive Southern voice in American literature; includes Alex Haley and the SIOl)' Telling Tradition"; 30 minute videotape, 19&4.
We S/wlJ Ovueomt Traces the source of the civil rights anthem and uncovers formation of tile civil rights movement; 58 minute videotape, 1989.
Wild Womttl Do" " J1(H' the Bluts Shows how blues were bom out of the economic and social transforma-
tion of African-American life; 58 minute videotape, 1989.
Willie Guy Rainey ~S. 111t BIUtS Story of the cultural impacts of music on imjXJverished people, through
the life of a rural blues musician; 29 minute videotape, 198.6.
Woode" Souls: Th, l/umaniJits Tradilion, the Documtntary Prouss and Ulyssts Davis
Examines the life and work of an African-American woodcarver: explores the ways individual expres~ion is shaped by societal forces, folkway~, and traditions; 28 minute slidellape, 1989.
Macon Arts Alliance 4182 Forsyth Road, Macon, GA J12Jl, (912) 743-6940
A,{n"ca/l-Amtma/l Huuagt in Midi/It GtorgUJ IHustrales the culture and heritage of African-Americans in Macon and middle Georgia from 1860 to the present; four 30 minute videotapes, [993.
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TEACHING THE PAST TO THE FUTURE

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Children are thefuture leaders and decision-makers in our communities. Educators andpreservationists can make history come alivefor students from kinderganen to senior high by teaching local history, instilling a sense ofcommunitypride and spirit, and offering classroom experiences that benefit the whole community. National and state organizations, programs, and resources that suppon historic preservation through classroom activities are listed below. The listing ofcommunity resources identifies localcommunities thathave adoptedformalheritage education programs or that sponsor specific educational programs related to African-American heritage. Consult your local school system, preservation organizations, local museums, and other chapters in this resource guide for additional information on projects, programs and materials that can supplement your heritage education activities.

Office of Historic Preservation Georgia Department ofNatural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840 State historic preservation office administers the National and Georgia Registers of Historic Places; primary resource materials include historical documentation, photographs, and maps from National Register nomination files; staff available to provide technical assistance and facilitate heritage education activities with other state and local groups.

Marguerite N. Williams Heritage Education Program Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation, 1516 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309, (404) 881-9980 Special project focuses statewide attention on heritage education and historic properties in local communities; uses local history resources to teach social studies, visual arts, and language arts; provides staffdevelopment workshops for teachers and technical assistance in creating lesson units; community workbooks provide detailed resource information and primary research materials for teachers; materials available on starting a community heritage education program.

Georgia Trust Heritage Education Programs

Brunswick/Glynn County Clarkesville/Habersham County ClaytonlRabun County ClevelandlWhite County Columbus/Muscogee County

FitzgeraldlBen Hill County OcillalIlWin County JesuplWayne County Madison/Morgan County ThomasvillelThomas County

STATE AND NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PROGRAMS

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117

Georgia Studies Institute Carl Vinson Institute of Government, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, (706) 542-2736 Summer teachers workshops for the 8th grade Georgia Studies requirement of the Quality Core Curriculum; coursework includes geography, history, government, culture, teaching strategies and classroom resources.

Foxf"are Teacher Outreach PO Box 541, Mountain City, GA 30562, (706) 746-5318 Educational outreach program encourages and equips teachers to use the Foxfire approach in K-12 classrooms; services include teacher networks, graduate level coursework, and the quarterly journal, Hands On, that features case studies from Foxfire's nationwide teacher network.

National Center for Heritage Education National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1785 Massachusetts Avenue, Washington, DC 20036-2117, (202) 673-4040 Offers an outreach program for incorporating heritage education materials into school programs; training, technical assistance, and scholarships; Building Alliances: Lesson Plan and Resource Book, 1990 features methods and materials for using community resources in grades 1-12; Heritage Education Resource Guide, 1990 identifies a range of information on heritage education programs and materials available through museums, historic sites, national, state, and city organizations, as well as consultants and authors; Heritage Education Resources Exchange (HERE) published bimonthly.

Teaching With Historic Places

National Trust

National Register

for Historic Preservation

of Historic Places

1785 Massachusetts Avenue

National Park Service

Washington, DC 20036-2117 Washington, DC 20013-7127

(202) 673-4040

(202) 343-9536

Assists elementary and secondary school teachers in the enhancement of

classroom instruction in history and social studies, using National

Register-listed properties as primary source materials; includes a series

oflesson plans as models and foundations for other educational projects;

contains activities and exercises focusing on the knowledge and skills that

students can acquire by studying historic properties; published in Social

Education, the journal of the National Council for the Social Studies.

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Smithsonian Institution Visitor Infonnation Center 1000 Jefferson Drive, Washington, DC 20560, (202) 357-2700 Offers a variety of programs and services of special interest to heritage education; collections, exhibits, public education programs, internships, and publications.

Office of Historic Preservation, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840
Historic Properties Make Georgia History Come Alive
30 minute slide show illustrates how properties listed in the National Register tell the history of Georgia and what makes Georgia distinctive from other states.
African-American Places in History: Historic Properties in Georgia, 1519-1960
20 minute slide show provides an overview of historic properties that reflect African-American history in Georgia.
A Manual for Teaching with Community Heritage Resources Center for Historic Preservation, Middle Tennessee State University, PO Box 80, Murfreesboro, TN 37131, (615) 898-2300
Introduction and reference manual for teachers using community heritage resources in the classroom; produced as part of the Mid-South Humanities Project, 1978/1983.
Outstanding African-Americans in Georgia: A Legacy Georgia Department of Education, 205 Butler Street, Room 1954, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2586
Resource book contains biographical sketches of prominent AfricanAmericans, lesson plans, supplementary materials, and suggested activities.
Patterns of Change: Historic Preservation in Georgia Film and Video Unit, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1354, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2779
28 minute video explores the variety of properties in Georgia that make up historic neighborhoods and commercial districts; tells the story of several communities committed to improving their future through preserving their heritage; available on 16 mm film, 3/4" and 1/2"

STATEWIDE RESOURCES

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119

videotape; teachers guide also available. [In 1990, the Georgia Trust for Historic Preservation distributed a 22 minute version of the video and an accompanying teachers guide to local groups, schools and regional libraries.]

ARCHAEOLOGY

Archaeology and Education: The C/Qssroom and Beyond, Archaeological Assistance Study, Number 2, October 1991 Archaeological Assistance Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127, (202) 343-4101
Collection of articles presented at a symposium sponsored by the Public Education Committee, Society for Historical Archaeology; addresses curriculum development, teacher training, and youth programs.
Archaeology and Heritage Education, Packet for Teachers Office of Historic Preservation, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, Room 1462, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-2840
Collection of references, resources and bibliography about archaeology programs, services and materials for use in the classroom.
Frontiers in the Soil, The Archaeology of Georgia Frontiers Publishing Co., Inc., PO Box 3474, LaGrange, GA 30241, (706) 884-1248
Overview of archaeology in Georgia, designed especially for children.
listing of Education in Archaeological Programs: LEAP Clearinghouse, 1987-1989 Summary Archaeological Assistance Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127, (202) 343-4101
Catalogue of information available on federal, state, local and private projects in archaeological education and public awareness programs; includes classroom presentations, posters, school curriculum, videotapes, and other materials for use in the classroom or with children.
Passport in Time (PIT) U.S. Forest Service, PO Box 18364, Washington, DC 20036,(202) 293-0922 Summer program offers opportunities for adults and students to work with professional archaeologists and historians on archaeological excavations and preservation projects at one-week field sessions in the Chattahoochee National Forest.

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Used Archaeology: Practical Classroom Ideas For Teachers, By Teachers, Early Georgia, Volume 20, Number 1, 1992 Society for Georgia Archaeology, c/o Department of Anthropology, Baldwin Hall, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Resource bookprovides extensive guidance on how educators in Georgia have used archaeology in the classroom; includes exercises, classroom activities, bibliography, and curriculum materials.

Albany
Glancing Backward Dougherty County School System, 601 Flint Avenue, PO Box 1470, Albany, GA 31703, (912) 431-1286 Publication about Albany, Georgia, from 1836 to 1986; much of the research was done by high school students; interdisciplinary project in visual arts, language arts, and social sciences.

COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, PROGRAMS, AND RESOURCES

Americus
Alan Anderson/Staley Middle School 914 North Lee Street, Americus, GA 31709, (912) 924-3168 Provides a slide program in the classroom on historic African-American communities in Americus.

Atlanta
Local History Resources at Your Doorstep Atlanta History Center, 3101 Andrews Drive, Atlanta, GA 30305, (404) 814-4000 Two-week teacher training workshop held each summer; provides firsthand knowledge of local resources and historic sites around Atlanta; offers practical ideas for classroom teaching across a number of disciplines and grade levels; includes local history, preservation, map studies, genealogy, and cemetery studies.

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121

Atlanta PresenlUon Center
1.56 Seyenlh Street, Suite J, Atlanta, GA JOJ08, (404) 176-2041

JllffUUI Ptut
Highlights the deYeJopmenl of AtwlIa'searliesi suburb; comprehensive edllCItiolIaI package includes slides, rwntive, walking lOUr, Jeuoo plans, Icacha" workshop; adaptable for Crades 4-12.
nit su,riu M~rtII SJuu'j,.,: HlrikJp 01 AJIIuIJ4'. Alriaue-
Amlrialll lI'a,uo"-ds
Slide/Iecture procmn eumines the history of three of Al1anta's lTW'Iy hisloric black nc:ichborbooch;mel how their past shaped the
city'S devtlopmtnl; adapeable for a11a.ges.

AI,",*~ to. . _ . ~ _ ........ m-I< Diur*<

Swut ,bb"",: A SlIT" Of1Hmms
In~ve slide Jeuoo on tile historic neighborhoods of Swm Auburn and the Old Fourth Ward; explores the commuciaJ. buildings, homes, churches. and S1reeucapes of the neighborhood; incillcles ~ides and teaCher narr.ative, walking tour, ltaChen cuide, lesson plans, and teacher workshop; adapgble for grades 4-12.

17Ie UrlKlfl &peri'f1tt: ExpWriflg Down/own AJUJllt4', History, An olld Archillclun lntegnted, interactive scllool program for young people; guided tour in downtown Atlanta includt$lhe High Museum at Georgia PacifIC, the Atlanta History Center Downtown, Candler Build ing. RhodesHaverty Building, and Woodruff Park; teacher pICkeI.vaibble; grades Hi.

ChiJdru ill lIuw'1 'The Hemdoo nome, SS7 Uo.ivtnity 1'Iacr, Allanla, GA lOl14, (404)
511-9913
Study cuide explores the infomwion and ideas prete:n.ted 10 Wdenu during lOUtS of TIle Handol, Home; includes photoc:raphs, questions,
related study activities, and pro;eeu about the Handons and otha
chilclrcn in the past; for Cracles 4-6.

SWld A"InI"" Comill:' II_,
"',APEX MllWUm, 1l.5 AubunlAymue, Allanlll, GA lOJOJ,(404) .521-
Video;mel di5CllUion cuide about the eQOOOmie and C\lllural contributions made by African-Americans along Atlanta's Auburn Avenue; incorpontes Georzi.'s QCC for elementary, middle and high school
levels.

'"

Heri~ Eduarollon J',blerials

.su Mart.l.a Luther KiDa, Jr" National lIistork Site,

Aubun

A_Iat, AtlaAtI, GA, 30312, (404) 331-5190

Curriculum-.basccl mataials suppkma.1 rldd trips 10 !he Martin Lulher

Xine IIistoric sile; ill(h*s teItdlen euide..

Cassville
Noble lIilt.Wbeeler Memorial Cenler
2261 Joe Frank Harris Park..ay, Cass~i1It, GA 30123, (706) 382-
33!12 Museum targets third, eiJllth and lIich school grades within !he Car\er$vil1e1Bartow County school syskm; fcarurcs IOUn and slide presenwion; sU:-I'iee:k JI,lmmer youlh program featlire$ black bc:ritq:e ditcussions, videos and slides, scrapbooks and autobiopaphies.

Columbus
011.. Towll; A.II IlIlrodllmoll to the lI/s1o'1 oj Col_bus, Gro,.,w Historic ColumbWl Foundalion, PO Boll .5312, Columbus, GA
319OlS, (706) 322-0756 Historical and pictorial overview of Columbus. prepared with teachers and field lrips in mind; teachers guide provides objeclive questions, activities, and souroes of additional information.

"Pride ill (A/t)r. A. Crkbrotio" o/oVrktuf-AmeriauJ IIrritll,e, ~blls Ltdtr...&qllirrr, 17 West I2Ib StrM, CoIutnbus, GA
31994, (706) 3240552' Newspaper SlJpplement published for 1993 Bl.al::1t History Monlh; emphasis 011 critical Ihinking, lanZldiC arts, social studies, and malh.

Macon
N'rican-American Heritage in Middle Georgia Macon Arts Alliance, 4182 Forsyth Road, Macon, GA 31211, (912) 743-6940 Series of four 30 minute videotapes illustrate the culture and heritage of African-Americans in Macon and middle Georgia; study guides also available.
We Too Built America Bibb County School System, 2064 Vineville Avenue, PO Box 6157, Macon, GA 31213, (912) 742-8711 Instructional guide and student workbook includes historical information about American Indians, African-Americans, and Jewish-Americans in middle Georgia; contains detailed lesson plans, background information, activities, oral history accounts, audio/visual supplemental materials, and other resources.
Madison
Morgan County African-American Museum 156 Academy Street, Madison, GA 30650, (706) 342-9191 Local history museum features African-American heritage; emphasis on youth programs and heritage education.
Savannah
Massie Heritage Interpretation Center Savannah-Chatham County Board of Public Education, 207 East Gordon Street, Savannah, GA 31401, (912) 651-7022 Heritage education resource center focuses on local history, SavannahI s city plan, and 18th and 19th century architecture; permanent and temporary exhibits, videos, and lesson plans.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Atlanta, Urban Design Commission. Atlanta Historic Resources Workbook
Atlanta, Georgia. 1981.
A Visionfor the Future: The Georgia Historic Preservation Plan. Atlanta,
Georgia: Historic Preservation Section. Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1989.
Building the Future: A Resource Guide for Community Preservation in Georgia. Atlanta, Georgia: Historic Preservation Section. Geor-
gia Department of Natural Resources. 1989.
Buildings for All Seasons: A Guide to Energy Conservation in Historic Structures. Atlanta, Georgia: Historic Preservation Section.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1991.
Cisneros, Henry. "The Changing Face of America's Cities." The Atlanta Historical Journal. Atlanta, Georgia. Summer 1991.
"Focus on Cultural Diversity II." Forum. The National Trust for Historic Preservation. January/February 1993.7. No.1.
Georgia's Living Places: Historic Houses in their Landscaped Settings.
Atlanta, Georgia: Historic Preservation Section. Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1991.
Lee, Antoinette J., ed. "Cultural Diversity and Historic Preservation."
Cultural Resource Management. National Park Service.
September 1992.
Lyon, Elizabeth. "Cultural and Ethnic Diversity in Historic Preservation." National Trust for Historic Preservation: Information Series. 65. 1992.
Merritt, Carole. Historic Black Resources: A Handbookfor the Identification, Documentation and Evaluation ofHistoric African American Properties in Georgia. Atlanta, Georgia: Historic Preservation
Section, Georgia Department of Natural Resources. 1984.
Restoration Resource Guide: A Directory ofAtlanta Area Old Home Specialists. Atlanta, Georgia: The Atlanta Preservation Center,
Inc. 1987.
Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C.: National
Park Service. 1990.
Secretary of Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings. Washington, D.C.:
National Park Service. 1992.
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION
127

Stipe, Robert E. and Antoinette Lee, eds. The American Mosaic: Preserving a Nation's Heritage. Washington, D.C.: US/ICOMOS. 1987.
Taylor, Ron. Pride and Precedent. National Trust for Historic Preselvati.on. November/December 1988.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. The Disuniting ofAmerica: Reflection on a Multicultural Society. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 1992.
Washington, Julius. Historic Preservation, History and the African American: A Discussion and Frameworkfor Change. Unpublished Masters paper. Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Institute of Technology. March 6, 1992.
Waters, John C. Maintaining a Sense ofPlace: A Citizens Guide to Community Preservation. Athens, Georgia: Institute of Community and Area Development. The University of Georgia. 1983.

GENERAL HISTORY

Blassingame, G.W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the AnteBellum South. New York: Oxford University Press. 1972.
Bonner, James C. "Plantation and Farm," ed. Fletcher M. Green. Writing in Southern History. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: State University Press. 1965. 147-74.
Caldwell, Arthur B. History of the American Negro. Atlanta, Georgia: A.B. Caldwell Publishing Company. 1917.
DuBois, William, E.B. The Souls ofBlack Folk: Essays and Sketches. Chicago, Illinois: A.C. McClurg and Company. 1903.
Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred Knopf. 1947.
Herskovits, Melville J. The Myth of the Negro Past. New York: Harper and Brothers. 1941.
Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick. From Plantation to Ghetto. New York: Hill and Wang. 1970 (revised edition).
Morgan, Philip D. "The Ownership of Property by Slaves in the MidNineteenth Century Low Country." Journal of Southern History. 1983. 49, 3. 399-420.

128

African-American Resource Guide

Work, Monroe. Negro Yearbook: An Annual Encyclopedia ofthe Negro. Tuskegee Institute, Alabama: Negro Year Book Publishing Company. 1912.

Anthony, Marion E. The Unindexed Official Record ofthe Negro in Georgia. Master's Thesis. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University. 1937.
Armstrong, Thomas F. "From Task Labor to Free Labor: The Transition Along Georgia's Rice Coast, 1820-1880. " Georgia Historical Quanerly, Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 64. 1980. 432-47.
Bacote, Clarence, "Some Aspects of Negro Life in Georgia, 1880-1908." Journal of Negro History. 43. July 1958. 186-213.
Bonner, James C. A History of Georgia Agriculture, 1732-1860. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1964.
Brooks, Robert Preston. The Agrarian Revolution in Georgia, 1865-1912. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. 1914.
Cate, Margaret Davis. Early Days of Coastal Georgia. Saint Simons Island, Georgia: Fort Frederica Association. 1955.
Cimbala, Paul Alan. The Terms ofFreedom: The Freedmen 's Bureau and Reconstruction in Georgia, 1865-1870. Doctoral Dissertation. Atlanta, Georgia: Emory University. 1983.

GEORGIA HISTORY

Coleman, Kenneth, ed. A History of Georgia. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1977.
Coleman, Kenneth, and Stephen Gurr. eds. Dictionary of Georgia Biography. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1983.
Dittmer, John. Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. 1977.
Fanning, John William. Negro Migration: A Study ofthe Exodus ofthe Negroes Between 1920 and 1925 from Middle Georgia Counties. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1930.
Flanders, Ralph B. "The Free Negro in Ante-bellum Georgia." Nonh Carolina Historical Review. 9. 1932. 250-72.
Flanders, Ralph B. Plantation Slavery in Georgia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 1933.

Bibliography

129

Gaston, Edward A. A History ofthe Negro Wage Earner in Georgia, 1890-1940. Doctoral Dissertation. Atlanta, Georgia: Emory
University. 1957.
Georgia Department of Archives and History. Vanishing Georgia. Athens,
Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1982.
Georgia Writers' Project. Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes. Athens, Georgia: University of
Georgia Press. 1940.
Gordon, Asa H. The Georgia Negro: A History. Ann Arbor, Michigan:
Edwards Brothers. 1937.
Hoffman, E.D. "From Slavery to Self-reliance: The Record of Achieve-
ment of the Freedom of the Sea Island Region. " Journal of Negro History. 41. 1956. 8-42.
Jones, Jacquelyn. Soldiers ofLight and Love: Nonhern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865-79. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University
of North Carolina Press. 1980.
Jones, Rubye M. The Negro in Colonial Georgia, 1746-1805. Master's
Thesis. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University. 1938.
Jones-Jackson, Patricia. Men Roots Die: Endangered Tradition on the Sea Islands. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1987.
Merritt, Carole. Homecoming: African-American Family History in Georgia. Atlanta, Georgia: African-American Family History
Association. 1982.
Moore, John H. "Jim Crow in Georgia," South Atlantic Quarterly. 66.
1967. 554-65.
Owens, James Leggette. The Negro in Georgia During Reconstruction, 1864-1872: A Social History. Doctoral Dissertation. Athens,
Georgia: University of Georgia. 1975.
Range, Willard A. A Century of Georgia Agriculture, 1850-1950. Athens,
Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1954.
Sweat, Edward F. Economic Status ofFree Blacks in Antebellum Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia: Southern Center for Studies in Public Policy. 1974.
Sweat, Edward F. The Free Negro in Antebellum Georgia. Doctoral
Dissertation. Indiana: Indiana University. 1957.

130

African-American Resource Guide

Thompson, C. Mildred. Reconstruction in Georgia: Economic, Social, Political, 1865-1872. New York: The Columbia University Press. 1915.
Thompson, C. Mildred. "The Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia in 1865-66."
Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia His-
torical Society. 5. March, ~921. 40-49.
Troup, Cornelius V. Distinguished Negro Georgians. Dallas: Royal
Publishing Company. 1962.
Wax, Darold D. "Georgia and the Negro Before the American Revolution." Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 43. 1959. 391-409.

Baldwin, Lewis V. "The Making of a Dreamer: The Georgia Roots of
Martin Luther King Jr." Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah,
Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 76. Winter 1992. 639-651.
Beach Institute Historic Neighborhood Association. Survey and Planning Report for the Beach Institute Neighborhood, Savannah, Georgia.
Savannah. 1982.
Blassingame, John W. "Before the Ghetto: The Making of the Black
Community in Savannah, Georgia 1865-1880." Journal ofSocial History. 6. Summer 1974. 463-488.
Brown, Aaron. The Negro in Albany. Albany, Georgia: Albany State
College. 1945.
Bullard, Mary R. An Abandoned Black Senlement on Cumberland Island, Georgia. By the author. 1983.
Bullard, Mary R. Black liberation on Cumberland Island in 1815. South
Dartmouth, Massachusetts: By the author. 1983.
Carter, E .R. The Black Side: A Partial History ofthe Business, Religious, and Educational Side ofthe Negro in Atlanta, Georgia. Atlanta.
1894.
Cashin, Edward J. The Story ofAugusta. Augusta, Georgia: Richmond
County Board of Education. 1980.
Garrow, David J. "Where Do We Go from Here and the Traumas of the
Post Selma Movement." Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah,
Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 75. Winter 1991. 719-737.

LOCAL HISTORY

Bibliography

131

Hill, Mozell Clarence. "All Negro Communities in the United States." Nathaniel Tillman, ed. Summaries ofResearch Projects, 19471952, Atlanta University Center and Associated Colleges. Atlanta. 1955.

Hill, Walter Barnard. Rural Survey of Clarke County, Georgia, with Special Reference to the Negroes. "Bulletin of the University of Georgia," 15, No.3. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. March 1915.

James, Joseph C. "Sherman at Savannah." Journal of Negro History. 39. April 1954. 127-37.

Johnson, Paul Michael. The Negro in Macon, Georgia 1865-1871. Master's Thesis. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia. 1971.

Johnson, Whittington. "Free African American Women in Savannah, 18001860: Autonomy and Affluence Amid Adversity." Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 76. Winter 1992. 260-283.

Kane, Sharyn and Richard Keeton. In Those Days: African American Life Near the Savannah River. An Oral History Account. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service. 1993.

Kelso, William. Captain Jones' Wonnslow: A Historical, Archaeological, and Architectural Study of an Eighteenth-century Plantation Site Near Savannah, Georgia. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1979.

Mason, Skip. Going Against the Wind: An Illustrated History ofBlack Atlanta. Marietta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. 1992.

Otto, John Solomon. "Slavery in a Coastal Community: Glynn County, 1790-1860." Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 64. 1979.461-68.

Perdue, Robert E. The Negro in Savannah, 1865-1900. Jericho, New York: Exposition Press. 1973.

Porter, Michael. Black Atlanta: An Interdisciplinary Study ofBlacks on the East Side ofAtlanta, 1890 to 1930. Doctoral Dissertation. Atlanta, Georgia: Emory University. 1974.

Raper, Arthur F. Preface to Peasantry: A Tale of 1Wo Black Belt Counties. Chapel Hill'l North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 1936.

Reed, Ruth. "The Negro Women of Gainesville, Georgia." Bulletin of

the University of Georgia. 22, No.1. Athens, Georgia: Univer-

sity of Georgia Press. 1921.

132

African-American Resource Guide

Russell, Lester F. Profile of a Black Heritage. Franklin Square, New York: Graphicopy. 1977.
Schinkel, Peter Evans. The Negro in Athens and Oarke Counties. Master's Thesis. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia. 1971.
Slade, Dorothy. The Evolution ofNegro Areas in the City ofAtlanta. Master's Thesis. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University. 1944.
Terrell, Lloyd, and Marquerite Terrell. Blacks in Augusta: A Chronol ogy, 1741-1977. Augusta, Georgia. 1977.
Thurmond, Michael L. A Story Untold: Black Men and Women in Athens History. Athens, Georgia: Clarke County School District. 1978.
Woofter, Thomas J. The Negroes ofAthens, Georgia. "Phelps-Stokes Studies." 1. 1913.
Work, Monroe. "The Negroes of Warsaw, Georgia." Southern Workman. 37. January 1908. 29-30.

Bacote, Clarence A. The Story ofAtlanta University: A Century of Service 1865-1965. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University. 1969.
Chambers, Frederick. Black Higher Education in the United States: A Selected Bibliography on Negro Higher Education and Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1978.
Dews, Margery P. "F.H.Henderson and Howard Normal School." Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 63. 1979. 252-63.
DuBois, William E.B. The Negro Common School. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University Press. 1901.
Johnson, Miley K. "School Conditions in Clarke County, Georgia, with Reference to Negroes." Bulletin ofthe University of Georgia. 16. No. lla. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. August 1916.
Jones, Thomas Jesse. "Negro Education: A Study of the Private and Higher Schools for Colored People in the United States." Bureau ofEducation Bulletin. 38. Washington, D. C.: Department of the Interior. 1916.

EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES

Bibliography

133

Orr, Dorothy. A History ofEducation in Georgia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. 1950.
Range, Willard. The Rise and Progress ofNegro Colleges in Georgia, 1865-1949. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1951.
Sheftall, Beverly Guy, and Jo Moore Stewart. Spelman: A Centennial Celebration, 1881-1981. Atlanta, Georgia: Spelman College. 1981.

HERITAGE EDUCATION

Durham, Michael S. "The Word is Slaves: A Trip Back into Black History. " American Heritage. April 1992.
Hunter, Kathleen. Heritage Education: A Community School Pannership. Washington, D.C.: National Trust for Historic Preservation. Information Series No. 73. 1993.
Jackson, Kenneth T. "The Future of the Past: History and Multicultural Education in America's Schools." The Atlanta Historical Journal. Atlanta, Georgia. Spring 1992.
Rhodes, Veula. Outstanding African-Americans in Georgia: A Legacy. Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Department of Education. 1993.
Smoler, Fredrick. "What Should We Teach Our Children About History?" American Heritage. February! March 1992.
"Teaching With Historic Places: Where Did History Happen?" Cultural Resources Management. National Park Service. 16. NO.2. 1993.

FOLKLORE

Archbold, Annie and Janice Morrill. Georgia Folklife: A Pictorial Essay. State of Georgia: The Georgia Folklife Program. 1989.

Baird, Keith and Mary Twinings, eds. Sea Island Roots: African Presence in the Carolinas and Georgia. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. 1991.

Brooks, Cleanth. The Language ofthe American South. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1985.
Georgia Writer's Project. Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes. Savannah Unit. Reprinted with an introduction by Charles Joyner. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1986 (reprint).

134

African-American Resource Guide

Jones, Bessie and Bess Lomax Hawes. Step it Down: Games, Plays, Songs and Stories for the Afro American Heritage. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1972.
Jones, Charles Colcock. Negro Mythsfrom the Georgia Coast Told in the Vernacular. Detroit: Singing Tree Press. 1969 (reprint).
Killion, Ronald G. and Charles T. Waller. A Treasury of Georgia Folklore. Atlanta, Georgia: Cherokee Publishing Company. 1972.
Levine, Lawrence W. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: AfroAmerican Folk Thought From Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press. 1977.
Thompson, Rose and Chris Beauchamp. Hush Child, Can you Hear the Music? Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1982.
Turner, Lorenzo Dow. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago, minois: University of Chicago Press. 1949.
Vlach, John Michael. By the Work oftheir Hands: Studies in Afro-American Folklife. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. 1990.

Baer, Hans A. and Merrill Singer. African American Religion in the Twentieth Century: Varieties ofProtest and Accommodation. 1993.
Bellamy, Donnie D. "Origins of the Black Church in Georgia Prior to 1861." The Black Church in Historical Perspective. Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Humanities Council. September 1982-May 1983.
Bryant, Jonathan M. "Notes and Documents/My Soul An't Your Mas'T': The Record of the African Church at Penfield 1848--1863. Ii Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. Winter 1990. 76. 401-484.
Carter, E.R. Biographical Sketches of Our Pulpit. Atlanta, Georgia. n.d.
DuBois, William E.B. The Negro Church. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University Press. 1903.
Frazier, E. Franklin. The Negro Church in America. Liverpool: University of Liverpool. 1964.

RELIGIOUS RESOURCES

Bibliography

135

Giles, Samuel H. "Three Studies on the Negro Church," in Nathaniel Tillman, ed. Summaries ofResearch Projects, 1947-1952. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University Center and Associated Colleges. 1955.
Hoskins, C.L. Black Episcopalians in Georgia: Strife, Struggle, Salvation. Savannah, Georgia. c. 1980.
Lane, Isaac. Autobiography ofBishop Isaac Lane, L.L.D. with a Shon History ofthe C.M.E. Church in America and ofMethodism. Nashville, Tennessee: Methodist Episcopal Church. South Publishing House. 1916.
Lawrence, James Bolan. "Religious Education of the Negro in the Colony of Georgia." Georgia Historical Quanerly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia Historical Society. 14. March 1930.41-57.
Mays, Benjamin E., and Joseph William Nicholson. The Negro's Church. New York: Institute of Social and Religious Research. 1933.
Simms, James M. The First Colored Baptist Church in Nonh America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J.B. Lippincott Company. 1888.
Singleton, George A. The Romance ofAfrican Methodism: A Study ofthe African Methodist Episcopal Church Since 1786. New York: Exposition Press. 1952.
Thomas, Edgar Garfield. The First African Baptist Church ofNonh America. Savannah, Georgia. 1925.
Wagner, Clarence M. Profiles ofBlack Georgia Baptists: 1Wo Hundred Six Years of Georgia Baptist and One Hundred Years of National Baptist History. Atlanta, Georgia: Brothers Printing Company. 1980.
Weatherspool, W.W. Black Georgia Baptist Trail Blazers. Atlanta, Georgia. 1977.
Woodson, Carter G. The History of the Negro Church. Washington, D.C.: Associated Press. 1945.
Wright,Richard Robert. The Encyclopedia ofthe African Methodist Episcopal Church. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1947.

136

African-American Resource Guide

Blumenson, John J.G. Identifying American Architecture: A Pictorial Guide to Styles and Terms. 1. 600-1. 945. Nashville: American Association for State and Local History. 1977.
Dozier, Richard K. Spaces and Places. Atlanta, Georgia: Southern Arts Federation. 1982.
Linley, John. The Georgia Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 1982.
McKee, Harley H. Amateur's Guide to Terms Commonly Used in Describing Historic Buildings. Rochester, New York: The Landmark Society of Western New York. 1970.
Poppeliers, John, et al. What Style Is It? Washington, D.C.: The Preservation Press of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. 1977.
Rifkind, Carole. A Field Guide to American Architecture. New York: New American Library. 1980.
Upton, Dell, ed. America's Architectural Roots: Ethnic Groups That Built America. Washington D.C.: Preservation Press. 1986.
Vlach, John Michael, "Afro American." America's Architectural Roots ed. Dell Upton. Washington D.C.: Preservation Press. 1986.42-47.
Whiffen, Marcus. American Architecture Since 1780: A Guide to the Styles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. 1969.

ARcmTECTURE

LeMaistre, Lisa. In Search of a Garden: African Americans and the Land in Piedmont Georgia. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia. 1988.
Westmacott, Richard. African American Gardens and Yards in the Rural South. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. 1992.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Ascher, Robert, and Charles H. Fairbanks. "Excavation of a Slave Cabin: Georgia, U.S.A.. " Historical Archaeology. 5.1971. 3-17.
Crook, Morgan R., and Patricia O'Grady. "Spalding's Sugar Works Site, Sapelo Island, Georgia." West Georgia Studies in the Social Sciences. 19. June 1980. 9-34.
Bibliography

ARCHAEOLOGY
137

Dickens, Roy S. and James L. McKinley. Frontiers in the Soil: The Archaeology of Georgia. LaGrange, Georgia: Frontiers Publishing
Company. 1979.
Ehrenhard, John E., and Mary Bullard. Stafford Plantation, Cumberland Island National Seashore, Georgia: Archaeological Investigations - ofa Slave Cabin. Tallahassee, Florida: National Park Service.
1981.
Fairbanks, Charles H. "Spaniards, Planters, Ships and Slaves: Historical
Archaeology in Florida and Georgia." Archaeology. 29. 1976. 16472.
Fairbanks, Charles H. and Sue A. Mullins-Moore. "The Archeology of
Slavery." Early Man. Summer 1980.
Garrow, Patrick H.Investigations ofYaughan and Curriboo Plantations.
Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference. New Orleans, Louisiana. November 1980.
Joseph, J.W. And They Went Down Both Into The Water: Archaeological Data Discovery ofthe Riverfront Augusta Site. /Springfield Com-
munity] New South Associates Technical Report 73. 1993.
McFarlene, Suzanne S. The Ethnohistory of a Slave Community: The Couper Plantation Site. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Gainesville,
Florida: University of Florida. 1975.
Mullins-Moore, Sue A. The Antebellum Barrier Island Plantation: A Searchfor an Archeological Pattern. Unpublished Ph.D. Disserta-
tion. Department of Anthropology. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. 1981.
Otto, John Solomon. New Look at Slave life: Excavated Cabins at Cannons Point Plantation ofJ. Couper on Saint Simons Island, Georgia. Natural History. 88. January 1979.
Otto, John Solomon. Status Differences and the Archeological Record: A Comparison ofPlanter, Overseer and Slave Sites from Cannon's Point Plantation (1794-1861), St. Simons Island, Georgia. Unpub-
lished Ph.D. Dissertation. Department of Anthropology. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida. 1975.
Otto, John Solomon. "Artifacts and Status Differences: A Comparison of Ceramics from Planter, Overseer, and Slave Site on an Antebellum
Plantation." Research Strategies in Historical Archeology. ed.
Stanley South. New York: Academic Press. 1977.

138

African-American Resource Guide

Otto, John Solomon. " Slavery in a Coastal Community: Glynn County
(1790-1860)." Georgia Historical Quanerly. Savannah, Georgia:
Georgia Historical Society. 64 No.2. 1979.
Schuyler, Robert L.,ed. Archeological Perspectives on Ethnicity in America. Farmingdale, New York: Baywood Publishing Company,
Inc. 1980.
Singleton Theresa A., ed. African American Archeology. Newsletter of the
African American Archeology Network. Department of Anthropology. National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institute. Quarterly Publication.
Singleton, Theresa A. The Archaeology ofAfro-American Slavery in Coastal Georgia: A Regional Perception ofSlave Household Community Patterns. Doctoral Dissertation. Gainesville, Florida:
University of Florida. 1980.
Singleton, Theresa A. ,ed. The Archeology of Slavery and Plantation Life.
New York: Academic Press. 1985.
Singleton, Theresa A. "The History and Historical Archeology of Colonels
Island." Archeological Studies ofa Marsh Island: The Cultural Occupation of Colonels Island Georgia. ed. Karl Steinen. 1987.
Steinen, Karl T., ed. The Cultural Evolution and Environment of Colonels Island, Georgia. Carrollton, Georgia: Savannah State and West
Georgia Colleges. 1978.
Wheaton, Thomas R., Jr. Architecture at Curriboo and Yaughan Plantation.
Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference. New Orleans, Louisiana. November 1980.

Caring for Your Collections: Preserving and Protecting Your An and Other Collectibles. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. President's Committee on the
Arts and Humanities.
Driskell, David C. 1Wo Centuries ofBlack American An. New York: Los
Angeles County Museum of Art/Alfred A. Knopf. 1976.
Georgia Council for the Arts and Humanities. Missing Pieces: Georgia Folk An, 1770-1976. Atlanta. 1976.
Vlach, John Michael. The AfrO-American Tradition in Decorative Ans.
Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art. 1978.

ART

Bibliography

139

COMMERCIAL AND OTHER RESOURCES

Alexander, Robert J. "Negro Business in Atlanta (1894-1950)." Southern Economic Journal. 17.AprilI951. 451-64.
Brown, Thomas I. Economic Cooperation Among the Negroes of Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University Press. 1971.
Bogle, J.G. "Horace King, 1807-1887: Master Covered Bridge Builder."
Georgia Life. 6. 1980. 33-35.
DuBois, William E.B. Efforts for Social Betterment Among Negro Americans. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta University Press. 1909.
DuBois, William E.B. The Negro Artisan. Atlanta, Georgia: Atlanta
University Press. 1902.
Tuskegee Institute. Annual Proceedings ofthe Negro Business League.
Tuskegee, Alabama. 1930.

RESIDENTIAL RESOURCES

Barnwell, Jack. Residential Patterns in Atlanta, 1880-1896: The Approach ofJim Crow. Bachelor's Paper. Atlanta, Georgia: Emory Univer-
sity. 1969.
DuBois, William E.B. The Negro American Family. Atlanta, Georgia:
Atlanta University Press. 1908.
DuBois, W.E.B. "The Problem of Housing the Negro: The Home of the
Slave," The Southern Workman. 30. September 1901. 486-93.
Glickman, S.O. Historic Resources in African American Neighborhoods in Piedmont Georgia. Masters Paper. Athens, Georgia: University of
Georgia. 1986.
McDaniel, George W. Hearth and Home: Preserving a People's Culture.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. 1982.
Scarborough, Donald Dewey. An Economic Study of Negro Farmers as Owners, Tenants and Croppers. "Phelps Stokes Studies." 7.
September 1924.
Wall, Rita Turner. "The Vanishing Tenant Houses of Rural Georgia."
Georgia Historical Quarterly. Savannah, Georgia: Georgia
Historical Society. 65. Fall 1981. 251-62.

140

African-American Resource Guide

Brown, John. Slave Life in Georgia. Savannah, Georgia: Beehive Press.
1972 (reprint of 1855 publication).
Killion, Ronald G., and Charles Waller. Slavery TIme When I Was Chillun Down on Marster's Plantation. Savannah, Georgia: Beehive
Press. 1973.
Rawick, George P. The American Slave: A Composite Auto-biography.
Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1 and 2. 1971.
Rawick, George P. The American Slave: A Composite Auto-biography, Supplement, Series 1. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publish-
ing Company. 1978.
Scott, John A., ed. Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-1839 by Frances Anne Kemble. New York: Alfred Knopf.
1970.

NARRATIVES

"Activities for the Local Society, Black Genealogy: Basic Steps to Researdl. " The American Association of State and Local History.
Baum, Willa K. Oral History for the Local Historical Society. Nashville,
Tennessee: American Association for State and Local History. 1974.
Black History: A Guide to Civilian Records in the National Archives.
National Archives. Trust Fund Board.
Cofer, Loris D. Afro-American Genealogy. Glennville, Georgia: Glennville
Printing and Office Supply. 1991.
Flocks, Sally. Directory of Georgia's Historical Organizations and Resources. Atlanta, Georgia: Department of Archives and History.
1987.
Georgia on My Mind. (Travel Guide for the State of Georgia). Atlanta,
Georgia: Georgia Department of Industry, Trade and Tourism. Publication Concepts Inc. and the Georgia Hospitality and Travel Association. 1993.
[This bibliography was taken from Historic Black Resources, 1984, and
updated, 1993]

RESEARCH AND REFERENCES

Bibliography

141

Members Georgia Minority Historic Preservation Committee
Linny Bailey, AthenslBrunswick Jackie Edwards, Brunswick Charlotte Frazier, Columbus Isaac Johnson, Augusta Phyllis Lowther, AtlantalValdosta Fletcher Muse, Cuthbert Addie Powell, Augusta Howard Scott, Macon Janice White Sikes, Macon Carolyn Thomas, Milledgeville Barbara Washington, Atlanta Susie Wheeler, Cartersville
Participants Buildings, People, Culture: African-Americans in Georgia History
Janice White Sikes/Carole Griffith Co-Project Directors Richard Cloues, Atlanta Vincent Fort, Atlanta Donna Fuller, Atlanta Shirley Hardin, Valdosta Gayle Hazelwood, Atlanta Fleda Mask Jackson, Atlanta W.W. Law, Savannah Harry Lefever, Atlanta Katie Lindquist, Atlanta Elizabeth Lyon, Atlanta Nannette McGee, Atlanta Elizabeth Rosser, Atlanta Barbara Tagger, Atlanta Richard Westmacott, Athens Susie Wheeler, Cartersville

OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION Georgia Department of Natural Resources
205 Butler St. SE / Suite 1462 Atlanta, Georgia 30334 (404) 656-2840

**ERRATA**
Please note the following changes to African-American Historic Places and Culture: A Preservation Resource Guide for Georgia:
page 24, Shirley Bardin, African-American Literature Valdosta state University, Valdosta
Inside back cover, Janice White Sikes, Atlanta