- Collection:
- Georgia Government Publications
- Title:
- Salt-water intrusion potential for Camden County, Georgia
- Creator:
- Georgia. Department of Natural Resources. Environmental Protection Division. Georgia Geologic Survey
- Contributor to Resource:
- Rose, Seth
- Publisher:
- Place of publication : Georgia. Dept. of Natural Resources. Environmental Protection Division. Georgia Geologic Survey., Atlanta, GA, 2002-07
- Date of Original:
- 2002-07
- Subject:
- Georgia
- Location:
- United States, Floridan Aquifer
United States, Georgia, Camden County, 30.92249, -81.63639 - Medium:
- state government records
- Type:
- Text
- Format:
- application/pdf
- External Identifiers:
- OCLC 50487412
NZ MMS ID 9910330103102931
Call Number N200.G4 S1 P7 no. 49
Call Number N200.G4/S1/P7/no. 49 - Metadata URL:
- https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:dlg_ggpd_s-ga-bn200-pg4-bs1-bp7-bno-p49
- Digital Object URL:
- https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/do:dlg_ggpd_s-ga-bn200-pg4-bs1-bp7-bno-p49
- Extent:
- 122 p.
- Holding Institution:
- University of Georgia. Map and Government Information Library
- Rights:
-
{:;A-'
N2-0D. e,t4
e S\
'?1
: nc.L\q
! '
Salt-Water Intrusion Potential :For
Camden County,Georgia
I
i I
by Seth Rose, Ph.D., P.G. Department of Geology Georgia State University
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
Technical Completion Report Contract Number 701-990099
Atlanta July 2002
PROJECT REPORT 49
Salt-Water Intrusion Potential For
Camden County, Georgia
Performed as part of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division's Interim Strategy to protect coastal Georgia from salt-water intrusion
by Seth Rose, Ph.D., P.G. Department of Geology Georgia State University
Atlanta, GA 30303
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Lonice C. Barrett, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Director
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY William H. Mclemore, State Geologist
Technical Completion Report Contract Number 701-990099
Atlanta July 2002
PROJECT REPORT 49
.., '!':
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page List of Tables............................................................. . . iii
List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1v
List of Plates ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Executive Summary.......................................................
1
Project Overview and Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Data Collection and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Literature Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Well Logs, WaterLevel, Water Quality, and TDEM Data................. . . . . 2 Map Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Overview of Camden County: Population and Water Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Hydrogeology of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
Hydrostratigraphic Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hydrogeologic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Water Levels in the Upper Floridan Aquifer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Changes in the Potentiometric Surface from the Upper Floridan Aquifer
from Pre-Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Comparative Water Levels in the Upper and Lower Floridan Aquifer. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Chloride Concentrations Within the Floridan Aquifer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Background Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Brunswick Chloride Plume..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The Lower Floridan Aquifer and Fernandina Permeable Zone (Data from Recent Test Wells)..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Higher than Background Chloride Concentrations Within the Upper Floridan Aquifer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TDEM Results....................................................... 26
Possible Mechanisms for Salt-water Intrusion in Camden County. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
A Proposed Monitoring Scheme for Camden County....... :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Objective............................................ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 General Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
General Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Summary and Conclusions................................................... 37
List of References....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
-11-
0
0
LIST OFTABLES AND APPENDICES
0
0
0
0
Table 1
List of databases.................................... : . . . . . . . . .
4
0
0
Table 2
Key agency contact personnel. ..........................,. . . . . . . . .
5
0
0
Table 3
Summary of transmissivity and storage coefficients,
0
Upper Floridan aquifer. .............................. , . . . . . . . . .
11
0
0
Table 4
Chloride and specific conductance data for Well 34H495 (Brupswick)
0
and Well33D73 (St. Marys)........................... '.......... 18
0
0
Table 5
Chloride data for newer wells and key wells in the four-county
0
study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... . . . . . . . . . . 19
0
0
Table 6
Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) survey data for the fol'ir-county
0
study area:2000..................................... ;. . . . . . . . . . 28
0
0
Appendix 1 Chloride concentrations for selected wells in Duval, Nassau, and
0
Camden Counties................................... : . . . . . . . . . 50
0
0
Appendix 2 Chloride concentrations for selected Floridan aquifer wells in
0
Glynn County, Georgia...............................:.......... 62
0
.
'
0
Appendix 3 Additional Floridan aquifer well locations characterized by high
0
chloride concentrations............................... ,. . . . . . . . . . 75
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-lll-
0
0
0
0
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Map of the study area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Ground-water withdrawals in the four county study area.. . . . . . . .
7
Generalized geology and hydrogeology of the study area. . . . . . . . . 9 .
Location of Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer wells in St. Marys. . 14
Water level comparison: Upper Floridan vs. Lower Floridan aquifer wells in St. Marys, Camden Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chloride plume within the Upper Floridan aquifer below Brunswick, Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chloride trends in an Upper Floridan aquifer well (D-484), Duval County, Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Chloride trends in an Upper Floridan aquifer well (N-450), Duval County, Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Potentiometric surface trends in an Upper Floridan aquifer well, Durango-Georgia Paper Company, Camden County, Georgia. . . . . 25
Chloride concentrations in selected wells, Durango-Georgia Co., St.Marys, Georgia... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Inferred position of the saltwater-freshwater interface offshore Fernandina Beach, Fla.................................... 30
Model for the upconing of brackish water in the Floridan aquifer system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Conceptual model of a proposed monitoring system for the vertical migration of salt water in the Floridan aquifer system. . . . . . . . . . . 34
-tv-
0
0
LIST OF PLATES
0
0
Plate 1: Well locations with lithological and geophysical logs
0
Plate 2: Isopach map of sediment thickness above the Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 3: Structural contour of the top of the Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 4: Isopach of the Upper Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 5: Structural contour of the top of the Lower Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 6: Isopach of the Lower Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 7: Structural contour ofthe base of the Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 8: Transmissivity of the Upper Floridan aquifer (selected welllocatioris)
0
Plate 9: Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer, September, 1980
0
Plate 10: Potentiometric surface ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer, May, 1985
0
Plate 11: Potentiometric surface ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer, May, 1990
0
Plate 12: Potentiometric surface ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer, May, 1995
0
Plate 13: Potentiometric surface ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer, May, 1996
0
Plate 14: Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer, May, 1998
0
Plate 15: Pre-development potentiometric surface: Upper Floridan aquifer ,
0
Plate 16: Decline of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer from pre-
0
development to May, 1980
0
Plate 17: Decline of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquife~; from pre-
0
development to May, 1985
0
Plate 18: Decline of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer from pre-
0
development to May, 1990
'
0
Plate 19: Decline of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquife~ from pre-
0
development to May, 1995
0
Plate 20: Decline of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer from pre-
0
. development to May, 1998
0
Plate 21: Change in the potentiometric surface ofthe Upper Floridan aquife:r: May, 1980 to
0
May, 1985
:
0
Plate 22: Potentiometric surface of the Lower Floridan aquifer, May, 1998 :
0
Plate 23: Difference in the potentiometric surface between the Upper and Lower Floridan
0
aquifer, May, 1998
0
Plate 24: Isochlor map of the Upper Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 25: Chloride concentrations in selected Lower Floridan aquifer wells
0
Plate 26: Elevated chloride concentrations in selected Upper Floridan aquifer wells
0
Plate 27: Hydrogeologic cross sections with chloride data
0
Plate 28: TDEM and chloride data: Lower Floridan aquifer
0
Plate 29: Hydrogeologic cross section A-A' with chloride data
0
Plate 30: Hydrogeologic cross section B-B' with chloride data
0
Plate 31: Hydrogeologic cross section C-C' with chloride data
0
Plate 32: Hydrogeologic cross section D-D' with chloride data
0
Plate 33: Hydrogeologic cross section E-E' with chloride data
0
Plate 34: Hydrogeologic cross section F-F' with chloride data
0
Plate 35: Hydrogeologic cross section G-G' with chloride data
0
Plate 36: Hydrogeologic cross section H-H' with chloride data
0
Plate 37: Hydrogeologic cross section I-I' with chloride data
0
0
0
0
-v-
0
0
0
0
Executive Summary
The objective of this project was to assess the susceptibility of the Upper Floridan aquifer below Camden County, Georgia to salt-water intrusion. This assessment incorporated relevant geologic, hydrologic, and water quality data from neighboring Glynn County, Georgia and Nassau and Duval counties in northeastern Florida. Hydrogeological conditions below Camden County are similar to the three other counties; and, therefore, the occurrence and persistence of a salt-water plume below Brunswick in Glynn County is cause for concern. Ground-water utilization in Camden County is relatively low and this county has not experienced salt-water intrusion problems to date . There are no known Upper Floridan aquifer wells in Camden County in which chloride concentrations exceed the drinking water maximum concentration limit of 250 mg/L.
This report summarizes information derived from recently drilled wells in Glynn, Camden, and Nassau counties as well as time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) survey data for the study area. This new information confirmed the presence of salt water in the Fernandina Permeable Zone that occurs at depths of -2,400-2,700 feet below mean sea level, immediately above the base of the Floridan aquifer. Several samples from recently drilled wells completed in Camden and Nassau counties indicate that salt water may not yet have contaminated much ofthe Lower Floridan aq'!lifer in southeastern Georgia.
The most likely pathway for salt-water intrusion to occur involves the movement of salt water from the Fernandina Permeable Zone through conduits ofenhanced permeability to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The lateral encroachment ofseawater into the Upper Floridan aquifer is not a likely consideration for Camden County. The vertical migration of salt water is believed to be responsible for the "chloride plume" that has existed within the Floridan aquifer below Brunswick. The most probable pathways for the upconing of saltwater are a combination of high angle faults, fractures, and paleo-solution features such as buried sinkholes. The ultimate cause of salt-water upconing is the over-exploitation of ground water within the Upper Floridan aquifer. This lowers the potentiometric surface which in tum creates an upward vertical hydraulic gradient between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.
Several wells exist in Duval and Camden colinties where low levels (50<Cl<250 mg/L) of chloride contamination have been reported, likely indicating the mixing of small volumes of salt water with large volumes of fresh water. Slightly elevated chloride concentrations are reported for one well location at the Durango-Georgia Co. paper processing facility near St. Marys in Camden County where a steep but localized cone of depression exists. The St. Marys-Kingsland area within Camden County is where the Upper Floridan aquifer is most intensively utilized and, therefore, most vulnerable to salt-water upconing.
Two recommendations are offered if additional ground water is to be withdrawn from the Upper Floridan aquifer: 1) future allocations from the Floridan aquifer be spread over as large as an area as economically possible to prevent excessive hydraulic head reductions and 2) a monitoring well network be constructed within the pumping center as to provide an effective "early detection" system for the movement of chloride from the Lower Floridan aquifer to the Upper Floridan aquifer.
-1-
0
0
0
0
Project Overview and Objectives
0
0
The primary objective of this project was to synthesize the available geologic, hydrologic,
0
and water quality information necessary to assess the potential for salt-water intrusion within the Floridan aquifer system in Camden County, Georgia. The project was commissioned by the Georgia
0 0
Geologic Survey (GGS) [Environmental Protection Division (EPD), Department of Natural Resources (DNR), State of Georgia] and a contract was awarded to Georgia State University for the period between April, 1999 and June, 2002. This project is a part ofthe EPD's Interim Strategy to protect coastal Georgia's ground-water resources from salt-water intrusion. The primary focus ofthis study involves the vertical intrusion (upconing or upwelling) of salt water into the Upper Floridan aquifer from the Lower Floridan aquifer. This is a process that has likely been occurring below Brunswick, Georgia for the past five or six decades. To best make assessments for Camden County, the study area (Figure 1) was expanded to include hydrogeologic and water quality data from Glynn County in Georgia and Nassau and Duval counties in northeastern Florida.
0
0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
Data Collection and Methods
0 0
0
Literature Review: "GEOBASE" and "GEOREF" were used as the primary electronic
0
databases for the literature search. The search was enhanced by reviewing the literature collection
0
of the Georgia Geological Society and by inspecting United States Geological Survey (USGS) data
0
files. The results ofthese searches are summarized by keyword in Table 1 and the literature sources
0
are given within the List of References.
0
0
Well Log, Water Level, Water Quality and TDEM Data: The St. Johns River Water
0
Management District (SJRMWD, Palatka, Fla.) and the Florida Geolbgical Survey (FGS,
0
Tallahassee, Fla.) provided lithologic and geophysical logs, hydrographic data (water level) and
0
water quality (chloride and specific conductance) information for Nassau and Duval counties. The
0
USGS (Atlanta, Ga., Jacksonville, Fla., and Orlando-Altamonte Springs, Fla.) also provided water
0
level, lithological, geophysical and other data for the four-county study area. Lithologic,
0
hydrographic, and water quality information pertaining to wells that were drilled into the Lower
0
Floridan aquifer in Nassau Co., Glynn Co., and Camden Co. during the course of this project was
0
obtained from the SJRWMD, USGS-GA and USGS-SC offices. Time Domain Electromagnetic
0
(TDEM) survey data were obtained for the study area from the Georgia Geologic Survey. Key
0
agency contact personnel for this project are given in Table 2.
'
0
0
Map Preparation: A base map of the four-county study area was traced upon Mylar film
0
from 1:100,000 series USGS topographic maps. The map was digitally enhanced and recorded by
0
Southeastern Reprographics Incorporated (SRI) in Alpharetta, Georgia. All locations where data
0
were recorded on the base map were hand-plotted using overlays that were eventually digi~ally
0
recorded. Latitude and longitude data were plotted on the degree-minute-second scale by manual
0
interpolation using a grid system. The well locations where lithological and geophysical data used
0
for this report are shown on Plate 1. The well data are unevenly dispersed in that well locations are
0
predominantly concentrated within the Brunswick and Jacksonville regions. Data are particularly
0
0
-2-
0
0
0
0
0
0
Study Area
Jacksonville
t
b
10"
20 Miles
Figure 1: Map of the study area
-~-""'===-------
'
0
0
0
0
Table 1:
0
Search of Databases
0
0
0
Database
Keywords
No ofReferences
0
GEOREF
Saltwater Intrusion
240
'
0
0
GEOBASE
Saltwater Intrustion
80
;
0
0
GEOREF
Chloride Contamination
22
0
GEOBASE
Chloride Contamination
6
0
0
GEOREF
Salt Water Contamination
6
0
GEOBASE
Salt Water Contamination
1
'
0 0
GEOREF
Salt Water Upwelling
0
0
0
GEOBASE
Salt Water Upwelling
0
0
GEOREF
Glynn County
102
0 0
GEOREF
Camden County
198
I
I
0
0
GEOREF
Nassau County
365
0
GEOREF
Duval County
239
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
tabie 2
Key Agency Contact Personnel
Agency Contact Person
Phone
E-mail
USGS-GA John Clarke
770-903-9170 jsclarke@usgs. gov
USGS-GA Mike Peck
770-903-9122 mfueck@usgs.gov
USGS-SC Fred Falls
803-750-6100 wffalls@.usgs. gov
USGS-FL Rick Spechler -Orlando
407-865-7575 rspechler@usgs. gov
USGS-Fl- Trudy Phelps Orlando
407-865-7575 tgphelps@usgs.gov
SJRWMD Jeffrey Davis
904-329-4183 jeff davis@district.sjrwmd.state.fl.us
SJRWMD Glenda McDermont 904-329-4508 not known
SJRWMD Doug Durden
904-329-4193 not known
SJRWMD Don Boniol
904-329-4188 not known
SJRWMD Bill Osburn
904-329-4188 Bill Osburn@district.sjrwmd.state.fl.us
GGS-EPD- William McLemore 404-656-3214 Bill McLemore@mail.dnr.state. ga.us DNR-GA
EPD-
Bill Frechette
DNR-GA
404-657-6010 Bill Frechette@mail.dnr.state. ga.us
FGS
Jonathan Arthur
805-488-9380 jonathan.arthur@dep.state.fl.us
FGS
Paulette Bond
805-488-9380 paulette.bond@dep.state.fl.us
5
0
0
0
0
scarce for Camden County other than within the St. Marys area in the very southeastern portion of
0
the county. Isopach, structural contour, isochlor, and potentiometric surface contour maps were
0
prepared by manual interpolation and were digitally enhanced and then recorded by SRI as overlays
0
to the base map. Color cross sections were drawn by hand and then digitally enhanced.
0
0
Overview of Camden County: Population and Water Use
0
0
The population of Camden County for the year 2000 was approximately 48,000
0
(http://www.gate.net/-billw1/general.html). The population has grown 45% in the ten-year period
0
between the 1990 and 2000 census (Atlanta Journal Constitution, 3/23/01). OfGeorgia's six coastal
0
counties, Camden County ranks third and is smaller than Chatham (233,000) and Glynn (68,000)
0
counties. Fifty-three percent of all people in Camden County reside within the St. Marys and
0
Kingsland municipalities in the southeastern portion of the county. The cities of Kingsland and St.
0
Marys grew at rates of 124% and 68% respectively during the period between 1990 and 2000 (Atlanta Journal Constitution listing ofcensus figures; 5/20/2001 ). These represent the first and third highest growth rates for all cities in Georgia between the past two census co~nts. Many appealing
0 0 0
factors including transportation access (I-95), employment opportunities (tourism, military,_ and paper processing industry), warm climate, and its coastal location suggest ~at the population of Camden County will continue to grow at a high rate.
0 0 0 0
Camden County withdrew 40 million gallons of ground water per day (Mgal/day) as of 1997
which comprises 84% of its total water use (Figure 2; Fanning, 1999). Most all ofthis ground water
comes from the Upper Floridan aquifer. The cities of St. Marys and Kingsland combined ground-
water withdrawal was only 2.5 Mgal/day. The paper manufacturing industry is the major ground-
water user accounting for 77% of the permitted water use (Fanning, 1999). Most all of the ground-
water withdrawal comes from industrial wells in the extreme southeastern portion of the county, in
and near the city of St Marys.
:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Camden County's ground water use is best contrasted to Glynn County, its northern neighboring county, and site ofthe mostsignificant salt-water intrusion problem in Georgia. The city of Brunswick, the major municipality in Glynn County, withdrew 5.24 Mgal/d ground water as of 1997 (Fanning, 1999); approximately twice that of St. Marys and Kingsland in Camden County. Glynn County as a whole withdrew a total65.33 Mgal/d of ground water in 1997, most of which is used by the paper industry (Fanning, 1999). The Brunswick Peninsular is the site of most of the paper and chemical plants in Glynn County and industrial users withdrew 44.12 Mgal/d in 1997 (Fanning, 1999). These data indicate that far more ground water has been withdrawn from the Upper
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Floridan aquifer below Brunswick than within Camden County. This high withdrawal rate from a limited area (- 5 square miles) with accompanying declines in the potentiome1fic surface is the most important factor contributing to the salt-water intrusion problem in Glynn County. The Glynn County problem serves as a model for what Camden County must strive to avoid as its population
0 0 0 0
grows.
0
0
0
0
-6-
0
0
0
0
0
0
-~ 180 r----~---r-----r-----r--,....---~--...,..--....------.
:":C::
cu 160
:Ce )
:::- 140
cu
-ac3u.:. 120
".Cc 100
~-
-.... 80
Q)
~ 60
"C
c: 40
_....Duval Co., Fla. -Glynn Co., Ga. __.._ Nassau Co., Fla. -+-Camden Co., Ga.
----------
:
----- -------..-.-.
::::s
0
(5 20
0cu
___ .__ 0~--~--~--_.--~----~--._--~
~~~
1- 1978 '1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Year
Figure 2: Ground-water withdrawals in the four-county study area 7
0
0
0
0
It is also useful to compare Camden and Glynn counties' water use with that ofNassau and
0
Duval County in northeastern Florida (Figure 2). Ground-water withdrawal.rates for the coastal
0
counties have more or less remained constant during the past 20 years with the exception of Glynn
0
County where withdrawal rates have declined by approximately 20% during the past decade.
0
Camden County's withdrawal rate is comparable to that of neighboring Nassau County which has
0
remained rural with the exception of the Fernandina Beach area. Camden County uses only
0
approximately 25% of the ground water that is withdrawn from Duval County (Jacksonville, Fla.).
0
0
Hydrogeology of the Study Area
0
0
I
Hydrostratigraphic Framework: Camden County, like much of the :Southeastern Coastal
0
Plain, is underlain by a thick sequence of Tertiary rocks (limestone, dolomite; and unconsolidated clay and sand) that form a regional aquifer system (Figure 3). Eocene to Oligocene age rocks are predominantly carbonate, whereas the younger overlying rocks are mostly semi-consolidated sands and clays (Miller, 1986; Clarke et al., 1990). The principal water-bearing ~t in this area is the Upper Floridan aquifer which predominantly consists of the Upper Eocene Otala Limestone. This is a massive fossiliferous chalky to granular marine limestone characterized by local high permeability solution features (Spechler, 1994). The Upper Floridan aquifer is overlain by the "intermediate confining unit" within the Miocene Hawthorn Formation. This consists ofphosphatic clay and serves as the principal confining unit that hydrologically separate~ the Upper Floridan aquifer from the overlying surficial aquifer. The surficial aquifer is 400-450 feet thick within Camden County and is comprised of Upper Miocene to Holocene age sediment (Plate 2).
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0
The top of the Floridan aquifer is approximately 400 feet below mean sea level (bmsl) in western.Camden County and then dips to greater than 500 feet bmsl in eastern Camden County (below St. Marys and Cumberland Island; Plate 3). The limestone units comprising the Floridan aquifer generally thicken in the direction ofdip in the southeastern Coastal Plain. In western Camden
0
0
0 0
0
County the Floridan aquifer is 500 feet thick while in eastern Camden it is greater than 700 feet thick (Plate 4). The top ofthe Lower Floridan dips between -1,100 and -1,300 ftmsl'and is between 1,200 to 1,500 thick in Camden County (Plate 5 and Plate 6).
0 0 0
0
The Lower Floridan aquifer is comprised predominantly of the Middle and Lower Eocene
0
Avon Park and Oldsmar formations. These are alternating units ofgranular and chalky limestone and
0
dense dolomite (Spechler, 1994; Miller, 1986). The Upper Floridan aquifer is to a degree
0
hydrologically separated from the Lower Floridan aquifer by the "middle semi-confming unit" which
0
consists ofrelatively impermeable dolomite bed(s) within the Middle Eocene Avon Park Formation.
0
The Lower Floridan aquifer like the Upper Floridan aquifer thickens in the direction of dip or
0
towards the southeast. The base of the Floridan aquifer [i.e. those units below the Oldsmar
0
Formation or the Fernandina Permeable Zone, Figure 3] is between -2,400 and -2,800 ft msl (Plate
0
7).
0
0
The "Fernandina Permeable Zone" of the Lower Floridan aquifer is named after a zone
0
tapped at a depth of>2,000 feet by a test well in Fernandina Beach, Fla. The zone consists ofpelletal
0
0
-8-
0
0
0
0
0
0
sari as
Formation
Approximate thickness
(f..t)
Lithology
Hydrogeologic unit
Hydrologic propartias
Bolocana to Upper
Hiaceue
Undi!!arantistad surficial deposita
Hiocma
Hawthorn Formation
2012.0
100500
Discontinuous aand, clay, shall bada, lllld lima atone
Interbedded phosphatic sand, clay, ll.maatona, lllld dolomite
Surficial aquifer syst...
-'""?' .7
Intermediate confining unit
Sand, shall, limastone, and coquina deposita provide local water supplies.
Sand, shall, and carbonate deposita provide local limited water supplies. Low permeability clays serve aa the principal confining beds for the Floridan aquifer ayat.mu below .
&ocene
="""''
Ocala Limas tone
.....
Avon Park Formation
"CC
"CC
~
"..a:.0..
Ol.daauu: Formation
.Paleocen a
Cedar Keys Formation
100.350
7001,100
300SOD
about 500
Massive foaaili!arous
Upper Floridan
chalky to granular
aquifer
marina limestone
Alternating bade of massive granular and chalky limaat.anaa, and dmaa dolamitas
......a
....
Hiddla smut confining unit
"
.."....
Upper
.& 5 zona
.. . ... ... ... & c
"CC
.... .....0...
.".'1.".0.:.1.'..."....
s.nconfining unit
:0
..0... Famandina
parmaabla 2:0118
v Uppermost. appearance
of svaporit.aa: danae
Sub-Floridan confining unit
l i m u t a n. .
Principal source o! ground water. High permeability overall. Water !ram soma walL! shows increasing salinity .
Low permeability limestone and dolomite.
Principal source of ground water. Water fl:0111 same walls shows increasing salinity .
Low permeability limestone and dolamita
High permeability: salinity increases with depth.
Contains highly salina wat.ar; low parmaability .
Figure 3: Generalized geology and hydrogeology of the study area (from Spechler, 1994) 9
0
0
0
0
limestone, recrystallized limestone, and finely crystallized dolomite. It is locally cavernous and
0
therefore it is hydrologically designated upon the basis of its relatively high permeability (Krause
0
and Randolph, 1989). The Fernandina Permeable Zone is overlain by a local confining unit termed
0
the "lower semi-confining unit" (Krause and Randolph, 1989). The Floridan aquifer in Camden
0
County is 500-800 less thick than within neighboring Glynn County, probably because Eocene age
0
sediment in Glynn County accumulated in a relatively deep depositional center (graben?) (Plate 7).
0
0
Hydrogeologic
Properties:
The
most
'
important
factors
creating
pe~I eability
within
the
0
Upper Floridan aquifer are moldic porosity anq secondary karstic solutional features (Miller, 1986).
0
In general, the hydraulic conductivity ofthe Lower Floridan aquifer (Avon Park Formation) is lower
0
than the Upper Floridan aquifer due to the abundance of dolomite within the lower units. The
0
dolomite is in places sufficiently thick and relatively impermeable such that it serves as local
0
confining units.
0
0
Table 3 summarizes transmissivity [hydraulic conductivity x aquifer tJ+ickness (F/t)] values and storage values (dimensionless) for the Upper Floridan aquifer that have been published in various GGS, USGS and SJRWMD sources (Wait, 1965; Wait and Gregg, 1973; Gregg_ and Zimmerman, 1974; Frazee and McClaugherty, 1979; Miller, 1986; Randolph and Krause, 1990; Randolphetal., 1991; Jones andMaslia, 1994; Motzetal., 1997; and Durden, 1997). Transmissivity values range between 19,000 and 202,000 ft2/day and storage values range between 3.75 x 10-4 and 9.9 x 103 The geometric mean for the data shown in Table 3 is 33,000 ft2/day. Few if any geographic trends are apparent for the transmissivity values representative of the Upper Floridan aquifer (Plate 8). Reported transmissivity values for the Upper Floridan aquifer in southeastern Camden County vary between 19,000 and 170;ooo ft2/day, closely resembling the range ofvariation reported for the four-county study area (Plate 8). The order-of-magnitude variation for transmissivity is probably the result of local secondary permeability features, variable pump,ing test methodology and interpretation artifacts.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
Water Levels in the Upper Floridan Aquifer: The potentiometric:surface ofthe Upper
0 0
Floridan aquifer in western Camden County is between 30-40 feet above mean sea level and has
0
remained at much the same level since the early 1980s (Plates 9-14). These are representative of
0
regional water levels for the study area that have not been perturbed by excessive ground-water
0
pumping. Such pumping occurs below the Brunswick Peninsula where the potentiometric surface
0
of the Upper Floridan aquifer has declined to 10-20 feet bmsl and also below Fernandina Beach
0
(Amelia Island, Fla.) where water levels have declined to -100 feet bmsl. Ground-water flow in the
0
Upper Floridan aquifer is from west to east as can be inferred from the potentiometric surface maps shown on Plates 9-14 and the regional hydraulic gradient is approximately 1 ft/10 miles (2 x 10"5).
0 0
The most notable feature affecting ground-water flow in Camden County is tlie steep and extensive
0
cone of depression resulting from ground-water pumping at Fernandina Beach. Both Kingsland and
0
St. Marys are within the outer periphery ofthis pumping center and ground W:ater is likely drawn to
0
the Fernandina Beach cone of depression from an area encompassing many square miles (Plates 9-
0
14).
0
0
0
-10-
0
0
0
0
0
0
'..; ~
. .iz
Summary ofTransmissivity and Storage Coefficient Data by County, Latitude and Longitude Upper Floridan Aquifer1
County/State
Latitude
Camden/GA Camden/GA Camden/GA Camden/GA Camden/GA Camden/GA
30D 43M 13S 30D 45M 12S 30D 47M 56S 30D 49M 39S 30D 45M OOS 30D47M 02S
Longitude
Transmissivity (Ff/day)
81D 33M OOS 81D 34M 36S 81D 31M liS 81D 31M26S 81D 28M40S 81D 29M40S
110,000 98,000 130,000 170,000 19,000 43,000
Storage Coefficient (dimensionless)
1.4 x 103
1.1 x 103
9.9 X 10'3
2.4 x 103
Glynn/GA Glynn/GA Glynn/GA Glynn/GA
31D 10M 088 31D 09M 53S 31D 09M 02S 31D 10M 358
81D 30M 588 81D 28M 478 81D 28M 438 SID 28M 578
82,000 64,000 28,000 57,000
5.24 x 103 2.05 X 10"3 3.75 X 10-4 1.02 x 103
Nassau/Fl
30D 40M 558
81D 28M 40S 21,000
OuvaVFl DuvaVFl DuvaVFI OuvaVFl OuvaVFl DuvaVFl OuvaVFl DuvaVFl
30D 23M 09S 30D 18M 16S 30D 18M 358 30D 19M 53S 30D23M 098 300 14M 218 300 16M 048 30D 13M 17S
1See text for data sources
81D 23M 17S 81D 30M48S 81D 37M 42S 81D 38M 058 81D 42M 14S 81D 40M 048 81D 23M 46S 81D 50M lOS
28,000 130,000 130,000 22,000 27,000 202,000 37,800 29,000
11
,-----------------------------------------~~--~-~-~--~-~---~--~-----~~~--------------------
0
0
0
0
0
Ground-water pumping that occurs below the Durango-Georgia Co. (formerly Gilman Paper Co.) paper plant and processing facility in southeastern Camden County also ~esults in a steep cone
0
0
of depression. Ground-water levels below this facility immediately north of St. Marys, Georgia,
0
declined to nearly 200 feet bmsl (Plates 10, 11, and 12). This, however, is only a highly localized
0
cone of depression primarily associated with ground-water withdrawal from only a few wells on this
0
property and does not have a regional influence.
0
0
Ground-water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer within Nassau and Duval counties in
0
Florida are typically 30-40 feet above sea level. The hydraulic gradient is very low (with the
0
exception ofthe area near Fernandina Beach) and ground water in the Upper Floridan aquifer flows
0
in a general west-to-east direction in northeastern Florida. There are no prominent cones of
0
depression within this region including the Jacksonville, Florida area which is significant in that
0
Duval County withdraws two to four times as much ground water as the other counties in this study
0
area (Figure 2).
0
0
Changes in the Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer from Pre-
0
Development: Ground-water withdrawal is the most significant factor affecting water levels in the
0
four-county study area. USGS (Krause and Randolph, 1989) ground-water modeling results estimate
0
that the "pre-development" potentiometric surface for the study area was between 70 and 60 feet
0
above mean sea level (Plate 15). The pre-development gradient dips eastward or southeastward at
0
a moderate rate of 1 foot per 3-4 miles and is more or less uniform throughout the study area (Plate
0
15).
0
'
0
Ground-water withdrawal from the Upper Floridan aquifer has resulted in an average
0
potentiometric surface decline of 30 feet with respect to the pre-development surface in most ofthe
0
western and central part of the study area (Plates16-20). Most of the decline has occurred prior to
0
20 years ago. Ground-water levels have declined by approximately 60-70 fe~t below Brunswick in
0
Glynn County. The most dramatic declines with respect to the pre-development surface are
0
associated with the steep cone of depression below Fernandina Beach. Here ground water levels in
0
the Upper Floridan aquifer have declined by as much as 100-170 feet. Ground-water levels in the
0
Upper Floridan aquifer throughout most of Camden County have declined by a comparatively
0
modest 20-30 feet with respect to the modeled pre-development surface.
0
I
0
A comparison of the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer between May,
0
1980 and May, 1998 (Plate 21) indicates that water levels have generally stabilized during this
0
period. Most notably, the potentiometric surface has risen by +20 to +80 feet in the vicinity of
0
Fernandina Beach on Amelia Island, Florida. This is likely attributed to reduced ground-water
0
pumping and water conservation in this coastal area. Water levels within the Upper Floridan aquifer
0
below Brunswick, Georgia have only risen modestly, if at all, during the past 20 years. Likewise,
0
the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer below most of Camden County has not
0
changed appreciably during the past two decades (Plate 21 ).
0
0
Comparative Water Levels in the Upper and Lower Floridan Aquifer There have been
0
only a relatively few wells completed within the Lower Floridan aquifer in the four-county study
0
'
0
-12-
0
0
0
0
0
,
area. Therefore assessing the comparative water levels between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers is difficult. The highest density of deep wells is within the Brunswick region where a sufficient number ofUSGS monitoring wells exist such that potentiometric surface contours for the Lower Floridan aquifer can be drawn (see Plate 22). There are scattered monitoring wells completed in other locations than those shown on Plate 22; however, there are insufficient data for a contour map to be drawn for the four-county area. The potentiometric surface ofthe Lower Floridan aquifer in southeastern Glynn County is similar to that of the Upper Floridan aquifer and there is generally less than 5-10 feet ofhead difference between the two hydrostratigraphic units (Plate 23). Hydraulic head values are likely similar in both aquifers throughout most of the study area including Camden County .
In December, 1999 the USGS, as part the State of Georgia's coastal ground-water monitoring program, completed Well #33D073 to a depth of 1,500 feet below land surface in downtown St. Marys (Fred Falls, USGS-SC, written communication). This well was designed to monitor water levels and chloride concentrations within the Lower Floridan aquifer in southeastern Camden County. Fortunately, two previously existent wells (D-69 and D-04) were completed within the Upper Floridan aquifer (at depths of 575 and 600 feet) and are located within a mile ofD-73 (Figure 4). The proximity of these three wells relative to each other offers the best opportunitY for analyzing the relative difference between the potentiometric surfaces of the Lower and Upper Floridan aquifers in southeastern Camden County. However, this analysis is non-definitive in that these three wells, located thousands of feet from one another, do not constitute a true vertical monitoring well array.
Nonetheless, these data from the period between March and October, 2000 indicate that water levels within the Lower Floridan aquifer are approximately five feet greater than in the Upper Floridan aquifer (Figure 5). This represents only a modest head difference which suggests that the "middle semi-confining unit" between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers is moderately permeable and there is the potential for hydraulic communication between the two aquifers. The comparatively higher hydraulic heads within the Lower Floridan aquifer indicate that salt water, if present, can flow vertically upward and thereby contaminate the Upper Floridan aquifer in this region. This is not to say that upconing is in fact occurring here; only that the potential exists for it to occur (based upon the analysis of limited water-level data from these three wells).
Chloride Concentrations in the Floridan Aquifer
Background Conditions: Chloride concentrations within the Upper Floridan aquifer throughout most of the four-county study area are well below the safe drinking water limit of250 mg/L (Appendix 1 and Clark et al., 1990). In fact, chloride concentrations in most wells throughout the study area are typically between 35-50 mg/L and this can be regarded as the "background" (i.e. uncontaminated) range for the Upper Floridan aquifer. One of the objectives of this project was to provide an isochlor map ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer for the four-county study area. There are only sparse well-control data; and therefore the 1,000 mg/L chloride isochlor can be constructed for a small area only below Brunswick in Glynn County (Plate 24) .
-13-
Wells
.A. D-73 Lower Floridan Well
Depth = 1500 ft . D-69 Upper foloridan Well
Depth= 575 ft.
eD-04 Upper"Floric!an Well Depth = 600 ft.
Figure 4: Location of Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer wells in St. Marys 14
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
9
-8
U) 7
E
-=ns
6
-G)
>
5
G)
....G....J...) 4
~ 3
2
1 Mar
-+- Well 0004 (Upper Floridan Aquifer)
-
Well 0069 (Upper Floridan Aquifer)
-A- Well 0073 (Lower Floridan Aquifer)
--tOet!t--l=''\~
~
~
May
Jul
Sep
Nov
2000
Figure 5: Water level comparison: Upper Floridan vs. Lower Floridan aquifer wells in St. Marys, Camden County
15
0
0
0
0
Brunswick Chloride Plume: The "chloride plume" within the Upper Floridan aquifer below the Brunswick Peninsula is characterized by chloride concentrations that are locally greater than
0 0 0
2,000 mg/L (Peck et al., 1992). This plume (Figure 6) has persisted for at least the past five decades (Stewart, 1960; Wait and Gregg, 1973; Maslia and Prowell, 1990) and is the result of intensive
0 0
ground-water pumping in the Brunswick region. The potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan
0
aquifer has been drawn down by an estimated 50-60 feet from its pre-development level (Plate 20).
0
This cone ofdepression has reversed the natural downward hydraulic gradient allowing the upward
0
migration of salt water from the Fernandina Permeable Zone at the base of the Lower Floridan
0
aquifer. Water-level trends in the Lower Floridan aquifer are nearly identical to those in the Upper
0
Floridan aquifer, indicating a hydraulic connection between the aquifers (Clarke et al., 1990).
0
0
Various conduits for the upward movement of salt water below the Brunswick have been
0
proposed. One of the most cited hypotheses involves the presence of high angle normal faults that
0
breach the confining units above the Lower Floridan aquifer (Maslia and Prowell, 1990). Increased
0
fracturing (and/or dissolution) at the intersection of these faults enhances the permeability of these
0
localized zones, allowing the upward migration of salt water (Clarke et al, 1990). Recent seisi:nic
0
studies by the USGS in Florida strongly evidence the presence of deep karst features (i.e. "paleo-
0
sinkholes") within the Floridan aquifer as likely vertical conduits (Spechler, 1996 and Spechler,
0
USGS-Fla., oral communication); however, the presence ofsuch features below Brunswick has not
0
yet been confirmed.
0
0
The Lower Floridan Aquifer and Fernandina Permeable Zone (Data from Recent Test
0
Wells): Water quality data are relatively sparse; however, from the data that are available it is
0
apparent that much ofthe Lower Floridan aquifer within the four-county study area, and particularly
0
in Camden County, contains fresh water. In late 1999, a test well (USGS No. 33D073) was drilled
0
for the Georgia Department of Natural Resources within the Lower Floridan aquifer below St.
0
Marys. This well produced fresh water (chloride= 31 mg/L) at a depth of 1,500 feet and similar
0
chloride concentrations were observed between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers at this
0
Camden County location (Table 4 and Plate 25).
0
0
A St. John Water Management District test well (N-236) was completed in November, 2000
0
at the Callahan Fairgrounds in northern Nassau County, Florida. This well produced fresh water
0
(chloride= 39 mg/L) at the bottom hole depthof2,114 feet (Table 5). Very low concentrations (<40
0
mg/L) of chloride were encountered at all depths within both the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer
0
at this location (Bill Osburn, SJWRMD, written communication, 2000). In contrast, brackish water
0
(chloride concentrations ranging from194-1,926 mg!L) was encountered near the base of another
0
recent SJRWMD test hole (the Ralph Simmons WMA site; N-222) drilled to a depth of 1,912 feet
0
near Boulogne, Florida (Bill Osburn, SJRWMD, written communication, 2000). This well is located
0
in northwestern Nassau County within a mile ofthe Florida-Georgia border near the St. Marys River.
0
0
The Fernandina Permeable Zone (FPZ) at the base ofthe Floridan aquifer has been identified
0
as the primary source ofsalt water within the Floridan aquifer. The evidence for this comes primarily
0
from a series of deep test wells drilled in the late 1970s and early 1980s by the USGS in coastal
0
0
-16-
0
0
0
0
0
0
31" 10'
+
Base from U.S. Gological Survey Brunswick East I:2.4,000, 1979 Brunswick West 1:2.4,000, 1979
f:QEH:r::::EH3:JH3::Et=~J::EH::::::=========!~ KILOMETERS
Figure 6: Chloride plume within the Upper Floridan aquifer below Brunswick, Georgia (after Peck et al., 1992)
17
0
0
0
Table 4
0
Chloride and Specific Conductance Concentrations for Well34H495 (Brunswick)
0
and We1133D73 (St. Marys)
0
(all data from USGS communications)
0
0
0
Well34 H495: Brunswick; Glynn Co.; Total Depth Well33. D073: St. Marys; Camden Co. Total Depth
0
= 2,720 feet. Drilled: 10/00. Coordinates: 31 08 35;
= 1,500 feet. Drilled: 12/99. Coordinates: 30 44 06;
0
81 29 44; Fernandina Permeable Zone Test Well
81 33 05; Lower Floridan Aquifer Test Well
0
Depth in
Chloride Specific
Hydrogeol. Depth in
Chloride Specific Hydrogeol.
0
feet
(mg/L)
Conduct. Unit1
feet
(mg/L)
Conduct. Unit1
0
(!-lS/cm)
(!-1S/cm)
0
658-668 880-890
I,500 1,800
5,882 6,863
UFA
II
523-533 683-693
410
UFA
0
0
727
II
0
I,006-1,0I6 1,700
6,604
II
745-757
34
717
II
0
0
1,069-1,079 I,400
5,392
II
869-879
35
710
MSCU
0
1,101-1,111 2,800
9,528
II
I,009-I,OI9 32
686
II
0
0
I, I96-I ,206 2,200
7,692
LFA
I,039-I,048 34
660
II
0
1,301-1,313 2,300
8,018
II
I,I39-I,I49 36
686
0
0
1,393-I,405 2,000
7,013
II
I, I89-I, 199
735
LFA
0
I,4I8-1,426 36
425
II
1,219-,1229 40
708
II
0
0
1,647-1,657 I2
657
II
I ,309-1 ,3I9 35
724
II
0
1,707-1,717 IOO
1,228
II
1,425-1,435 33
769
II
0
0
I,805-I,880 3IO
2,632
II
I ,485-I ,500 3I
850
II
0
I ,930-I ,940 340
2,632
II
0
0
2,050-2,060 2IO
I,908
II
0
2,098-2,092 I,100
6,060
FPZ
0
2,I43-2,153 1,400
7,020
II
0 0
2, I73-2, I86 2,000
9,060
II
0
2,207-2,217 17,000
45,560
II
0 0
2,661-2,671 17,000
47,860
II
0
2,681-2,669 27,000
68,370
II
0
0
2, 709-2,720 27,000
67,440
II
0
1UFA = Upper Floridan aquifer; LFA = Lower Floridan aquifer; FPZ = Fernandina Permeable Zone; MCSU =
0
middle semi-confining unit
0
0
0
18
0
0
0
0
0
Table 5 Chloride Data for Newer Wells and Key Wells in Four County Study Area
County/ST Nassau, Fl
USGS Well No.
N-236
Latitude
Longitude
300 35M43S 810 49M 48S
Nassau, Fl
N-237
30D24M09S 81D 55M 24S
Nassau, Fl
-- -
N-222
- ~-
300 47M OOS 8ID 57M lOS
Nassau, Fl
N-117
30D 40M OlS 8ID 28M 03S
Nassau, Fl
N-68
300 38M 05S 810 27M 39S
Duval, Fl
D-2386
30D 21M 59S 810 23M 56S
---- - - - - - - - - ----
--- - -
---- - - -
Date
Depth (ft.)
Chloride (mg/L)
Description/Comments/ Significance
9/21/00 2,114
39 Callahan Well in Nassau County; newer
SJRWMD Lower Floridan Aquifer/
!
Fernandina Permeable Zone well; fresh water
found at great depth.
517198
500
20 Newer SJRWMD Upper Floridan Aquifer monitor well drilled in Cary State Forest; fresh water.
6/00 1,912
1,912 New "Ralph Simmons WMA" SJRWMO
-
. -
monitor well completed near St. Marys River at
Boulogne, Fl.; brackish water found in Lower
Floridan aquifer.
1979 2,094
7,800
USGS Fernandina Beach test well; Brackish water in the Fernandina Permeable Zone (FPZ) of the Lower Floridan Aquifer (LFA). Chlorides increase from 240 to 7,800 mg/L between 1,9076 and 2,094 feet.
5/5177 10/19/92
1,050
40 Upper Floridan Aquifer well near Fernandina 440- Beach in which chloride concentration
increased with time.
1981 2,204
3,303
USGS Test Well: Kathryn Hanna Abbey Park;
Brackish water in the FPZ of the Lower
Floridan Aquifer LFA. Chlorides increase from
300 to 5,370 mg/L between 1920-2112 feet.
-------
-----
19
County/ST Duval, Fl
USGS Well No.
not known
Table 5 (continued)
Latitude not known
Longitude not known
Date Depth (ft.)
-1966 2,458
Chloride (mg/L)
Description/Comments/ Significance
7,320 Early USGS test well in Jacksonville
Duval, Fl
not known
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-425T D-262
Duval, Fl
D-275
Duval, Fl
D-484
Duval, Fl Glynn, GA
D-3060 33Hl30
30D20M 50S 81D 32M 40S
'
30D 18M 17S 81D 37M 49S 30D26M08S 81D 35M49S
2/83 2,112
5/5/98 1,895 1952 1,237 1990
30D 17M 40S 81D 36M lOS
1962 1,234 7/17/98
30D 17M 04S 81D 23M 34S
1974 1' 181 1990
30D 20M 52S 8ID32M32S
5/8/90 2,122
31D 10M21S 81D 30M 31S
6/3/98
700
5,370
USGS test well in east-central Duval Co. Brackish water in the FPZ of the LFA. Chlorides increase from 320-2,112 between 1,640-2,112 feet.
100 Fresh water at depth in the Lower Floridan Aquifer in Duval County.
21 Upper/Lower Floridan Aquifer well in Duval 50 County showing increasing chloride ;
concentrations with time.
;
25 Upper/Lower Floridan Aquifer well in Duval I 200 County showing increasing chloride
concentrations with time.
90 Upper/Lower Floridan Aquifer well in Duval 180 County showing increasing chloride
concentrations with time.
2,100 USGS test well in Duval County showing brackish water in the FPZ of the LFA.
2,590 Upper Floridan Aquifer well within the Brunswick chloride plume showing with upper range of chloride concentrations.
20
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
~
County/ST Glynn, GA
USGS Well No.
33H133
Table 5 (continued)
Latitude
Longitude
Date Depth (ft.)
3ID 10M 07S SID 30M l7S
1969
30
l99S 1,950
Chloride (mg!L)
Description/Comments/ Significance
790 Upper Floridan Aquifer well within the Brunswick chloride plume showing increasing concentrations of chloride with time.
Glynn, GA
33H399
31D 07M 50S SID 29M 20S
1969 4,000 199S 7,200
Glynn,GA Camden, GA
34H495 330073
3ID OSM 35 S SID 29M45S Oct,2000 30D44M06S SID 3M05 S Dec,1999
1,333 1,426 1,940 2,123 2,2S1 2,671 2,720
1,500
Camden, Well No. 11 GA (Gilman/Dur-
ango Well#)
not known
not known
9/24/99
not
known
----
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - L. __
1,21S Brackish zone of the Lower Floridan Aquifer within the Brunswick chloride plume showing increasing concentrations ofchloride with time.
2,200 36
340 1,200 17,000 17,000 27,000
1
Recently drilled test well completed within the ! FPZ below Brunswick. This well produc~s a very high chloride concentration (> seawater) of 27,000 mg/L @2,720 feet. There are also zones of fresh water below brackish water within the LFA.
35 Recently drilled test well completed within the Lower Floridan Aquifer below St. Marys. Well shows fresh water@ I,500ft.
150 Durango (formerly Gilman Paper Co.) production well completed within the Floridan aquifer showing increased chloride concentration within localized steep cone of depression (may be only well in Camden Co. with elevated chloride concentrations).
21
0
0
0
0
locations in Glynn, Nassau and Duval counties (Brown, 1980; Brown et al., .1984; Brown et al.,
0
1985; and Krause and Randolph, 1989). A deep USGS test well (33H225) drilled in the late 1970s
0
at Colonel's Island near Brunswick encountered brine (chloride= 30,000 mg/L) within the FPZ
0
(Krause and Randolph, 1984).
0
0
Water samples from a recently drilled USGS/GGS test well (34 H495) in Brunswick were
0
characterized by chloride concentrations ranging from 1,100-27,000 mg/L (Tables 4 and 5) through
0
the Fernandina Permeable Zone (Fred Falls, written communication, 2001). This corresponds to
0
depths of2,098-2,720 feet below land surface. Salt water and brines were also observed in test wells
0
drilled by the USGS during the 1970s and 1980s in northeastern Florida. The chloride concentration
0
sampled through a drill stem of a USGS test well (N-32) at Fernandina Beach in coastal Nassau
0
County was 8, 100 mg!L (Brown, 1980). This chloride concentration was encountered at a depth of
0
2,084 feet within the Lower Floridan aquifer (Appendix 3).
0
0
Similar chloride concentrations (3,300-5,370 mg!L) were encountered at depths of2,000-
0
2,100 feet in USGS test wells drilled in coastal Duval County, Florida (Appendix 4; Brown et al.,
0
1984 and Brown et al., 1985). Collectively, these deep test well data indicate that the FPZ contains salt water with chloride concentrations varying between 5,000- 30,000 mg!L. However, it should
0 0
not be inferred from these limited set of deep wells that the FPZ is a source of salt water at all
0
locations within the four-county study area.
0 0
Higher than Background Chloride Concentrations Within the Upper Floridan Aquifer:
0
Data from several wells completed within the Upper Floridan aquifer indicate the presence of"above
0
background" concentrations of chloride at several locations. Chloride concentrations at these locations are generally less than 250 mg/L; however, they are greater than the 35-50 mg!L range considered in this report as "background" or "normal" chloride for the non-contaminated Floridan aquifer (Appendix 1). Several wells completed within Duval County, in the Jacksonville area, show that chloride concentrations have increased from near background levels to 90 and .1 75 mg/L during the 1980s and 1990s (Figures 7 and 8 and Table 5). Chloride concentrations appear to be leveling off in these wells (particularly at the City of Jacksonville site, Well No. N-450, Figure 7) and it is not likely that the drinking water standard maximum concentration limit of 250 mg/L will be exceeded. Nonetheless, these data do indicate that at least small amounts of chloride have migrated upward to the Upper Floridan aquifer in select locations. Furthermore these data suggest that chloride can contaminate the Upper Floridan aquifer in other locations where ground-water pumping has adversely affected the vertical hydraulic gradient.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
The intensive withdrawal of ground water for paper processing has caused a localized cone of depression in the St. Marys area below the Durango-Georgia Co. (formerly Gilman Paper Co.) site. As previously mentioned, the paper processing industry is permitted to withdraw greater than 70% of the ground water that is used in Camden County. In several Durango-Georgia Co. wells the potentiometric surface ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer has declined to elevations ofapproximately 100 feet below sea level (Figure 9). Drawdown from Durango-Georgia Well #11 is apparently most problematic. At this well location chloride concentrations are consistently greater than background
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
-22-
0
0
0
0
0
0
. Well26
USGS No. 0-484
..--
Upper and Lower Floridan Aquifer
~ 175 ..C.._--J.)
--- 150
0
-.=.......
-.......
- ------------r-------- ~ 125
~
--u 0
I c:J 100
--."'0
0
--- "'-"1\,.------- u 75
coastal Duval Co., Fla.
Latitude: 30' 17' 04" Longitude: 81'~-~4" / .
Average = 134 mg/L
'\i.
--
I . ..&. Measured Chloride Concentration
1995
Year
Figure 7: Chloride trends in an Upper Floridan aquifer well (D-484), Duval County, Florida 23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
0
0
,-... 90
~
-I:::J: l 80
'-"
.A. M.easured Chloride Concentration \
---- - ~/.- . .
.. -- .-
0 0 0 0 0
=0 70
-..;..:.-.:. 60
-=~
-~ 50
u 0
----!-----A-ve-rag-e=-59-m-g/L-------
I
0 0
0
0
0 0 0 0
~ 40
~
'
-0 30
---u
I
~
20
Well21 USGS No. N-450 Upper and Lower Floridan Aquifer City of Jacksonville, Fla.
. Latitude: 30 22' 43"
Longitude: 81 30' 04"
0 0 0 0
0
0 0
0
1990
1995
Year
2000
0
0
0
0
0
0
Figure 8: Chloride trends in an Upper Floridan aquifer well (N-450), Duval County, Florida
0
0
24
0
0
0
0
0
-40
Well11
-,-..... {I:J
-45 -50
USGS No. 330022 Upper Floridan Aquifer Gilman Paper Co. Well #3
5
~ -55
'-"
~
-60
\
(within cone of depression) Camden Co., Ga.
Latitude: 31 44' 01". Longitude: 81 32' 37"
C..~
~
= ~
IJ).
.C..~
"'""' .."..'"..".'
-65 -70 -75
\
'\. Average =-73ft. msl
----------~-------------
s ~ -80
.-=-Q
"'""'
-85
..Q...J..
Q -90
~
Measured Potentiometric Surface Elevation
'~I.
-95
1985
2000
Year
Figure 9: Potentiometric surface trends in an Upper Floridan aquifer well, Durango-Georgia Paper Company, Camden County, Georgia
25
0
0
0
0
ranging from 100-150 mg/L (Figure 10) (Durango-Georgia Co., written communication, 2002).
0
Other wells completed within the Upper Floridan aquifer below this site produce ground water in
0
which chloride concentrations are no greater than 40 mg/L (i.e. "background" levels).
0
0
The restricted areal extent ofthese "higher-than-background" chloride concentrations (Plate
0
26) likely indicates that the sources of chlorides are limited to fractures, solution features, or some
0
other localized zones of high permeability that provide conduits for the vertical migration of salt
0
water to the Upper Floridan aquifer. It is apparent from this Camden County example and from the
0
limited extent of"above-background" chloride concentrations in Duval County that relatively small
0
volumes of salt water that might have migrated vertically upward from the Lower Floridan aquifer
0
have mixed with relatively large volumes of ambient fresh water within the Upper Floridan aquifer. The nature of this hypothesized mixing (i.e. whether it is purely diffusive or advective-dispersivediffusive) is not understood.
0
0 0 0
TDEM Results: Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) surveys have been conducted within the study area for the Georgia Geologic Survey and the St. Johns River Water Management District. Most of this work was done during the early 1990s and was supplemented with additional more recent surveys conducted for the GGS within Camden and Glynn counties. Briefly, a TDEM sounding involves the application of an electrical current into the subsurface from a survey point on the earth's surface. Unfortunately, the presence of power lines, electrical generators and other artifacts can reduce the effectiveness ofa TDEM survey by limiting the loop size and eventual depth within the subsurface that can be penetrated by current.
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
The electrical current used in TDEM is generated from a wire loop and the apparent
0
resistivity of the subsurface is measured at continuous depth as the current spreads downward and outward from the survey point. The apparent resistivity is then inverted to produce a conductivity
0
0
reading for a given depth. Conductivity is a function of many factors that include rock type, depth, water content (porosity), and the salinity of the water. The most important of these, however, is
0
0
water chemistry and therefore the TDEM results can be used to infer the chloride concentration at a given depth~ These particular survey results were stated in terms of depth to the inferred 5,000
0
0
mg/L chloride isochlor (i.e. 5,000 mg/L chloride was chosen as the indicator concentration of the
0
salt water).
0
0
The TDEM results (Table 6 and Plates 27-37) indicate that chloride concentrations of5,000
0
mg/L are found throughout the four-county study area at depths between approximately 2,200 and
0
3,800 feet. The depth to the inferred 5,000 mg/L chloride isochlor was greater than 3,000 feet for
0
three of the ten survey points. Brackish water is typically encountered within well bores at depths
0
of approximately 2,500 feet below land surface. Therefore some of the TDEM results may reveal
0
depths that are greater than actual depths to salt water. Nonetheless, the TDEM survey data indicate
0
that brackish water is present at depth throughout most of the study area at or near the base of the
0
Floridan aquifer. Deep well data and TDEM survey results are still not adequate to permit the
0
delineation ofregional isochlors within the Lower Floridan aquifer as can be inferred from the cross
0
sections shown as Plates 29-37.
0
0
-26-
0
0
0
0
0
0
- 200.---------------------------------
~ 180
Durango-Georgia
C)
-E 160
.5.-.. 140
Paper Co. Wells St. Marys, GA
.f..!. 120
a; 100
(.)
c
0
80
(.)
G) 60
-"..0. 40
0
-.c 20
(.)
Well 4 Well 5 Well 6 - Well 8 Well 11 Production Well#
Figure 10: Chloride concentrations in selected wells, Durango-Georgia Co., St. Marys, Georgia 27
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 6
0
Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) Survey Data
0
Four-County Study Area
0
0
0
0
Site
County/St. Latitude
Longitude Estimated Depth to
0
5,000 mg/L
0
Chloride Isochlor
0
(ft. bmsl)
0
Cecil Field
Duval, Fla. 30D 11M 34S 81D 33M 06S
3,264
0
0
Garden Street
Duval, Fla. 30D 23M 50S 81D 51M 25S
3,102
0
Hillard
Nassau, Fla. 30D 43M 52S 81D 56M 28S
0
2,500
0
Nassau Co.
Nassau, Fla. 30D 35M 40S 81D 27M22S
2,427
0
0
Silico Tract
Camden, Ga. 30D ssM ass 81D 46M45S
2,618
0
Cumberland Is.
Camden, Ga. 30D 48M 24S 81D 27M 22S
>2,200
0 0
Coffin Park, Brunswick
Glynn, Ga. 31D 08M 24S 81D 28M 46S
Not Determinable
0
0
0
Colonels Island
Glynn, Ga. 31D 06M 14S 81D 32M 11S
3,800
0
Jekyll Island Pine Lk. Golf Course
Glynn, Ga. 31D 04M 32S 81D 25M 04S
1,762
0 0
0
Gilman Paper - west Camden, Ga. 31D 03M 13S 81D51M31S
1,536
0
Camden
0
0
Gilman Paper - MSW Camden, Ga. 30D 50M 19S 81D 51M 27S
2,710
0
Landfill
0
0
0
All data are from the Georgia Geologic Survey
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
28
0
0
0
0
0
0
Possible Mechanisms for Salt~water Intrusion in Camden County
Spechler (1994) provided a thorough review of the possible mechanisms of salt-water intrusion within coastal aquifers ofnortheastern Florida and southeastern Georgia. Briefly, the major mechanisms that were considered include:
- the lateral migration of sea water from the Atlantic Ocean - the presence of residual sea water or brackish water in the Upper Floridan aquifer - the upconing of salt water from the Lower Floridan through unplugged production wells - the upconing of salt water from the Lower Floridan aquifer through natural zones of enhanced permeability such as faults, fractures, and paleo-karst features (or combinations
of these three)
The lateral encroachment of modem sea water is not considered likely in Camden County in that earlier offshore drilling determined that the depth to the salt-water interface is - 2,000 feet below sea level (Figure 11) off southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida. Ground water is actively moving through the Upper Floridan aquifer and it appears to be well-flushed of "residual" salt water throughout the study area. Therefore, the presence of paleo-sea water in the Upper Floridan aquifer below Camden County seems very unlikely. Likewise, the upconing of salt water through unplugged wells also does not appear to be a viable mechanism because there are few if any unplugged wells that penetrate the Lower Floridan aquifer in Camden County.
The upconing of fresh water from the Lower Floridan aquifer through unspecified natural features is considered the only viable mechanism of salt-water intrusion below Camden County. In this scenario, natural features such as faults, fractures or vertical solution cavities provide a pathway for the upward migration of salt water from the Lower Floridan aquifer (most likely from the Fernandina Permeable Zone) to the Upper Floridan aquifer. The migration can occur only if the hydraulic head values representative of the Upper Floridan aquifer are lower than respective hydraulic heads in the Lower Floridan aquifer. In a careful analysis of this type, corrections for salinity and specific gravity differences must be made (these corrections are typically stated as "equivalent fresh water head'' values). There also must exist a pathway for vertical salt water transport. This is the model shown on Figure 12 (from Spechler, 1994) which has been developed by the United States Geological Survey to explain the long-acknowledged salt-water intrusion problem within the Upper Floridan aquifer below Brunswick, Georgia. No serious objection has been given to this model and it is presently well-accepted as "the working hypothesis" by hydrogeologists within the southeastern United States.
I
There is substantial evidence to indicate that the Lower Floridan aquifer, particularly the Fernandina Permeable Zone, contains salt water. The base of the aquifer is approximately 2,4002,700 feet below sea level in Camden County (see Plate 7). Relatively impermeable dolomite and dolomitized limestone beds within the Floridan aquifer [i.e. the lower and middle semi-confming units (Figure 3)] are thought to provide a reasonably effective barrier for the vertical upconing ofsalt water to the Upper Floridan aquifer. Higher q.ydraulic head in the Upper Floridan than the Lower
: -29-
J:
u
,....
.c(
UJ III
.c(
l;
0 z
z..(
Ul
N
~
0,.1..
0
N
....
_m1. N
..t,
(/)
w
, 0 Q
zzwu0
J,
U)
w
Q
.U..J.
.0 ,
~
SURFICIAL AQUifER
:l:
I
'COSEA BOTTOMJ
1r------.._j
t:-J
UPPER CONFINING
~
UNIT
..J
.c(
~
500 1=---------~
1--
n:
Ul
UPPER WATER;..
>
BEARING ZONE
~
------------ 10P Of
t--: ~-'---"l!'.'..
--,__
Jl ~ ~ [ f~~ ou' _.-
....-
j~
./
-
_,...
A
FRESHWAtER FLOWING
. - - - FRESIIWATE ""'
675-1025 mg/L .....__ J
conEs ...)k.:=
t-
gUJ 1000
Ill Cl
----------1
UPPER SEMICONFINING ZONE
..J
z ~ Q
1-
1----------
LMIDDLE WATER-
;:, 1600 BEARING ZONE
3=
0
1---------
..J
Cl-
"""1
B
RACKIS
H WATER II
M TESTl\Jl
:;;':.'.,'::::":;':i,(.i{.U'.~~WATE-R
.
~s~"'~'.~. ;;?i/~;;{ciif,';i'i';;'ti; .
,,,,,;,:6
~~ f~ \~~~~S ~~o t~E'-o ~ s~c sE of ..,.,,..,..,,:.;;;;.;;,,."
..,............::...'!.:..:::.;::.:::=
r
(DRILL STE
=:.
''''''"']
j ' o oo-T ooo m
ca. -
g/L
FLOWING
19,600 m~/L
c1-
-
UJ
m
LOWER SEMI-
CONFINING ZONE
hl 2000 1-TOWEAWATEA--
~
BEARING ZONE
'\~~~f.\\~Eo f~ ... ..........:;.'::=f{;;:;:,..:::i ,0.. ~ '14 ,._1~
::;;::::=:...
VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 105
-"}-
0
5
IOMILES
;i'
t:
UJ n
Figure 11: Inferred position ofthe saltwater-freshwater interface offshore Fernandina Beach, Fla. (from Brown, 1984)
30
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
w
E
AREA OF MAJOR PUMPING
AREA OF RECHARGE
AREA OF DISCHARGE AND FLOWING WELLS
!/
AREA OF DISCHARGE AND FLOWING WELLS
~----~~------------------~ I ~--------------------------~
......... . . . .... '!' ....... ?
..- .. -.. -.. -._.--...-. -.--.--.-. --.--.-.--.-
.. :;:: .
:
l
LOWER FLORIDAN AQUIFER
J
'-----JI FRESHWATER
-SALTWATER
!:;:;:;:;:;:;:;:;1 BRACKISH WATER
EXPt.;ANATION
!
!
DIRECTION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW
I
- - - - WATER TABLE I
POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACES . -.-.-.-. UPPER FLORIDAN AQUIFER
UPPER ZONE OF LOWER - - - FLORIDAN AQUIFER
FERNANDINA PERMEABLE ZONE
i
Figure 12: Model for the upconing of brackish water in the Floridan aquifer system (after
1
Spechler, 1994)
i31
0
0
0
0
Floridan aquifer would also provide a hydraulic barrier to upconing. However, the previously
0
discussed chloride plume within the Upper Floridan aquifer below Brunswick, Georgia suggests that:
0
1) pathways for the vertical migration ofbrackish water do exist within the Floridan aquifer
0
in southeastern Georgia and
0
2) large withdrawals of ground water from a small area can lead to reversal of the vertical
0
hydraulic gradient and upward movement of brackish water from the Lower Floridan aquifer.
0
0
Numerous pathways have been proposed which potentially breachthe middle semi-confining
0
unit separating the upper and lower units of the Floridan aquifer. Two buried high-angle normal
0
faults have been hypothesized from well data from central Duval County in Florida. These faults
0
have been proposed as conduits for the movement ofbrackish water from a depth -1,800 feet to the
0
Upper Floridan aquifer (Leve, 1983). However, in recent years the existence ofthese fault has been
0
questioned by USGS personnel in northeastern Florida (Spechler, oral communication, 2002).
0
0
Four major northeast-southwest trending buried faults have been hypothesized to occur
0
within the Brunswick area in Glynn County, Georgia (Maslia and Prowell, 1990). These proposed
0
faults along with an accompanying increase in fracturing niay provide the conduits for the upconing
0
of salt water responsible for the chloride plume below Brunswick (Maslia and Prowell, 1990).
0
Recent seismic and sonic televiewer studies in northeastern Florida have identified paleo-karst
0
features such as solution cavities (connected by fractures), buried solution pipes and/or paleo-
0
sinkholes as conduits that breach the middle semi-confining unit within the Floridan aquifer system
0
(Phelps and Spechler, 1997 and Odum et al., 1997).
0 0
There are no buried faults or other related features below Camden County that have been identified to this point. Paleo-solution features may likely be inferred by land based high resolution seismic studies; however, there has been no systematic seismic coverage of Camden County to this date. It is my opinion that although such studies would undoubtedly be interesting and useful, it is reasonable to make the a priori assumption that paleo-karst features do exist within the Camden County subsurface based upon the geological similarity with northeastern Florida.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The second prerequisite for the vertical upconing of salt water from the Lower Floridan aquifer is reduced hydraulic head (pressure reduction) in the Upper Floridan aquifer. Such pressure reduction is a direct result of excessive pumping within a geographically limited area. Significant withdrawal of ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer in Camden County is limited to paper production within the extreme southeastern portion of the county. As previously mentioned, there also exists a small area within southeastern coastal Camden County that is affected by the cone of depression associated with ground-water withdrawal in the Fernandina Beach (Nassau Co., Fla.) area. The withdrawal of ground water below the Durango-Georgia Paper Co. property has resulted in higher than background concentrations at one localized well location (Figure 10).
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Due to the historically limited population growth in Camden County, ground-water levels have declined less here than in the Brunswick region of Glynn County. Ground-water levels in the Upper Floridan aquifer throughout most of Camden County are 30-40 feet above mean sea level (see
0
0
0
0
0
-32-
0
0
0
0
0
0
the potentiometric surface maps shown on Plates 9-14). The estimated decline in the potentiometric surface from pre-development levels for the Upper Floridan aquifer in Camden County has been 30 feet or less (Plates 16-20). This stands in contrast with Glynn County where the estimated decline in the potentiometric surface from pre-development levels has been between 40-60 feet. Currently there are insufficient data to evaluate potentiometric surface differences between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer in Camden County. However, limited data indicate that the potentiometric surface of the Lower Floridan aquifer is a few:feet greater than the Upper Floridan aquifer within the St. Marys region of Camden County (FigtJes 4 and 5).
I
The estimated 30-foot estimated decline in the potentiometric surface from pre-development I
levels (Plates 16-20) is significant in that is very similar to that which is estimated for Duval County where selected wells have experienced low levels ofsalt-water contamination during the past several decades (see Figures 7 and 8). Ground-water extraction from the St. Marys- Kingsland region in the southeastern portion of the county is problemat~c in that this is not only the population center ofthe county but also is the site ofthe Durango-Georgia Co. paper processing plant which is the main user of ground water in the county. This is the area that should be monitored most closely within Camden County. The reduction or elimination of future!water level declines is the most important factor in forestalling or preventing the upconing of salt water into the Upper Floridan aquifer in Camden
County. This may or may not require contin~ing water restrictions placed upon ground-water
withdrawal from the Upper Floridan aquifer in[ coastal Georgia. I
I
A Proposed Monitoring ~cheme for Camden County
I i
Objective: Monitoring systems for salt-water intrusion typically involve the emplacement of a line of wells between the ocean and tlie production wells in order to detect the lateral encroachment ofsea water. Such an approach is' not useful for Camden County. The major objective of a proposed salt-water intrusion monitoring ~ystem for Camden County should be to provide an accurate indication of the vertical upconing of salt water into both the upper zone of the Lower
I
Floridan aquifer and the lower portion of the ~pper Floridan aquifer (Figure 13).
The monitoring well system should sJrve as an "early warning system" for the upward movement of chloride and other solutes within1the Floridan aquifer system. The system should be placed within the St. Marys-Kingsland region Y...hich is most impacted by ground-water utilization for both municipal use and paper production (i.~. within the pumping center). The system should be designed to quantify changes in hydraulic hea4 (water levels), temperature, salinity, and chloride concentrations on an in situ and continuous ba~is in both aquifers. One further design option that should be considered involves the possibility of recovering water samples from both aquifers such that the major ion and isotope chemistry ofthe ground water can be analyzed. The following design considerations are of a generalized nature and~~ more rigorous specifications would be needed for actual design of the monitoring wells.
l33-
l
I
I
Lower Floridan
M o n i t o r.. Well(s) Upper Floridan
Well Field~-===-.....~
Upper Confining Unit
Upper Floridan
Aquifer
Middle SemiConfining Unit
Lower Floridan
Aquifer
.Chloride Monitoring
Specific Conductance Monitoring
--- --- --- - --- - - - --- --- --- --- --- - -
Figure 13: Conceptual model of a proposed monitoring system for the vertical migration of salt water in the Floridan aquifer system 34
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
. I
'
:I
i
General Design Considerations: T~e major design considerations are as follows:
1) Monitoring wells should be completkd at two locations in the St. Marys-Kingsland area.
These wells can complement the recently com~leted "Ball Park" monitoring well (USGS D-073) in St. Marys. Appropriate methods should be use~ such that drilling or other fluids are not introduced
into the aquifer. One well at each location shoilild be completed approximately 200-300 feet below I
the top ofthe Floridan aquifer (approximate depth = 1,000 feet below land surface) and another well
should be completed approximately 100 feet below the top ofthe Lower Floridan aquifer or below
the base ofthe middle semi-confining unit (approximate depth= 1550 feet below land surface). If funds permit, additional monitoring wells can ~e completed approximately 100 feet above the base
ofboth the Lower and Upper Floridan aquifers. !An alternative scheme would be to complete monitor
wells near the middle of both aquifers.
i
l
I
2) The monitoring zone of both aquifers should be approximately 25 feet long and 6 inches
in diameter, designed with an appropriate stairlless steel well screen coupled to a steel casing. The I
casing should be grouted up to the earth's surface with cement. The upper portion of the well penetrating the surficial and Miocene aquifer~ should be cased with steel pipe and grouted with
cement. This typically requires three steel casings of 24", 18" and 12" diameter' for the lower
Floridan aquifer (in these wells the Upper Fl9ridan aquifer should also be cased) and two steel
casings (18" and 12" diameter) for the Upper Floridan aquifer (Bill Osborne, SJRWMD, written
communication, 2001 ). The annulus above the [sampling interval should be grouted with cement as
to insure a discrete sampling zone and to avoi4 "cross-contamination" of the different aquifers.
!
I
3) The monitoring zone for both wells (Upper Floridan and Lower Floridan aquifers) should
be equipped with an in situ chloride electrode sensing device and temperature sensor (usually
standard with all other devices). An accompanying salinity or total dissolved solids (TDS) sensor is an optional probe that may also be placed w~thin the monitoring zone of both wells. All sensors
should be precalibrated before being placed downhole and then periodically recalibrated. If funds I
are available, the chloride and salinity data should be recorded on a continuous basis. A less
expensive alternative to continuous monitoring would be to monitor the aquifer on a periodic basis
for chloride, salinity and TDS concentrations.
4) A pressure transducer should be placed in each well such that it is capable of resolving water level changes of -0.1 foot or less. Such rJsolution is necessary to insure that potentially small hydraulic head differences between the Lower ahd Upper Floridan aquifer can be differentiated. The
transducers should be precalibrated before bein~ placed downhole and then periodically recalibrated.
The water level data should be recorded on a cbntinuous basis and then either relayed remotely or recorded on site such that the data are readily ttrievable from the well location.
5) All methods of data gathering shoula be consistent with USGS specifications such that
these wells could be used as part oftheir ground~water monitoring network. Taking this action would
insure that the Camden County data can be used with other data in the official USGS data base. The USGS would likely be responsible for these mbnitoring activities.
-35-
0
0
0
0
6) A final optional design consideration would involve equipping the wells with a
0
submersible pump capable oftransporting small volumes ofwater (i.e. -1-10 liters) to the surface
0
through a small diameter (nominal 2" dia.) PVC sampling pipe. Retrieval of actual water samples
0
(iffimds are available) would allow a complete chemical and isotopic analysis to be made. This in
0
turn might assist in better understanding the origins of ground water in each aquifer and mixing
0
processes that might occur between the aquifers.
0
0
General Recommendations
0
0
The susceptibility of the Floridan aquifer underlying Camden County to salt-water intrusion
0
does not imply that it must or will necessarily become contaminated in the future. Wise water
0
management and ground-water monitoring practices can be used to forestall possible chloride
0
contamination of the Upper Floridan aquifer in Camden County. The following recommendations
0
are given for future consideration:
0
0
1) Take preemptive actions to minimize the decline ofthepotentiometric surface within the
0
Upper Floridan aquifer. This is the ultimate means ofpreventing the upconing of salt water from the Lower Floridan aquifer to the Upper Floridan aquifer. Preemptive action schemes can take these forms:
a) limit the volume of water pumped from the Upper Floridan aquifer b) develop water resources other than those of the Floridan aquifer (if available, practical, and environmentally feasible) c) initiate conservation methods and incentives designed to reduce water demand d) develop a plan for decentralized ground water-pumping in Camden County (see elaboration given below)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A decentralized ground-water pumping scheme in which production wells are spaced as far apart laterally as possible might allow for the continued or even expanded utilization of ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer while minimizing potentiometric surface declines. The main
a drawback ofthis scheme is that it would involve large capital expenditure in terms of well drilling,
pipelines and pumps. However, by optimally spreading the pumping center from an area of a few square miles to possibly tens of square miles, potentiometric surface declines can likely be minimized. This in turn would favor retention of the hydraulic barrier posed by higher heads within the Upper Floridan aquifer relative to the Lower Floridan aquifer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Alternative pumping scenarios can be tested using numerical ground-water modeling techniques capable of simulating solute transport between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers. Engineering estimates of pipeline and related infrastructure costs can accompany ground-water pumping scenarios that have been determined favorable by ground-water modeling. The cost of the proposed well field will undoubtedly be high and probably more than most cities in southeastern
0 0 0 0 0 0
Georgia are willing to pay. However, this cost must always be weighed against that of losing a
0
poorly designed well field to salt-water intrusion. Implementation of a pumping scheme that makes
0
0
0
-36-
0
0
0
0
0
c
increased demands upon the Floridan aquifer should be accompanied by a ground-water monitoring scheme capable of detecting the vertical movbment of salt water in the impacted zone.
2) Continued efforts should be giventJ using geophysical techniques to find the depth ofsalt
water below Camden County and the surrounding region. The data gathered to date have been useful
in better understanding the extent of salt watdr in the Lower Floridan aquifer; however, more data
are required for a meaningful depiction of reg~onal conditions. The safe working assumption is that
the Fernandina Permeable Zone at the base ofthe Lower Floridan aquifer contains brackish to salt
water on a regional basis. Efforts to find Ideations where the Lower Floridan aquifer is fresh
I
.
throughout its vertical extent will be costly and are probably not justified.
3) Lower priority should be given to ltudies designed to find subsurface faults, fractures, solution features, or zones ofenhanced permeJbility below Camden County. Although these studies certainly have merit, the ultimate cause of the vertical intrusion is not the "conduit"; rather it is
pressure reduction within the Upper Floridan ~quifer. To reiterate, conduits can exist and not result in salt-water intrusion if the downward hydra~lic gradient between the Upper and Lower Floridan
aquifers is maintained through wise water mJnagement and ground-water exploitation practices.
Summary lnd Conclusions
I
1) Camden County has not yet experienced a costly and problematic salt-water intrusion I
problem as has neighboring Glynn County. This is because the population of Camden County is
relatively low as are accompanying ground-w~ter demands. The population of Camden County has
grown by 45% during the past decade and tAere will undoubtedly be increased pressures on the Floridan aquifer within the future. It is by no beans certain whether increased water demands will
I
result in salt-water intrusion within Camden County; however, the possibility needs to be seriously
addressed before, rather than after, the probldm exists.
2) Geological and hydrological conditilns underlying Camden County are similar to Nassau, I
Duval, and Glynn counties in coastal Floridan and Georgia. Therefore, our knowledge of the
Floridan aquifer system in these more developed locations can be applied to Camden County with some certainty. The fact that the Upper Fl~ridan aquifer below Brunswick has experienced a
persistent and a relatively extensive salt-water intrusion problem suggests that Camden County
should take extreme caution in stressing the Floridan aquifer with increased ground-water withdrawals. Various low-level chloride probl1ems (e.g. 50mg/L < [Cl] < 250mg/L) exist locally (i.e.
confmed to a few wells) within Duval County ~here ground-water use is extensive. These problems
also suggest caution should be taken in Camden County.
3) The most likely mechanism for sLt-water intrusion to occur within Camden County
involves the vertical upconing of salt or brac~ish water from the Fernandina Permeable Zone at the
base of the Lower Floridan aquifer. This is the same mechanism that is believed to be responsible for the Brunswick chloride plume which has contaminated the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer in Glynn County. In order for the upconing (vertical migration) of salt water to occur, a vertical
-37-
0
0
0
0
hydraulic gradient must exist with higher hydraulic heads in the Lower Floridan aquifer than in the Upper Floridan aquifer. There also must be some form of conduit (i.e. relatively high permeability pathway) for the vertical migration of salt or brackish water to occur. The most likely pathways involve subsurface faults, fractures, and/or paleo-solution features such as buried sinkholes. The lateral migration of modem seawater into the Floridan aquifer in southeastern Georgia and northeastern Florida is not likely in that previous studies indicate that the freshwater/seawater interface is approximately 2,000 feet below sea level.
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
4) There are no known Upper Floridan aquifer wells in Camden County in which chloride concentrations presently exceed the drinking water standard of250 mg/L. There is at least one well at the Durango-Georgia Co. facility near St. Marys in which chloride concentrations exceed 100
0 0 0 0
mg/L (chloride concentrations above 50 mg/L are considered above "background" for the Upper Floridan aquifer in this region). This well produces a> 100-foot cone ofdepression and therefore the upconing of brackish water is apparently occurring at this location. Salt water at this location is
0 0 0
highly mixed with fresh water in the Upper Floridan aquifer as evidenced by chloride concentrations
0
that are only slightly above background. Similar processes are believed to be occurring elsewhere
0
in the study area, notably at several well sites in Duval County, Florida.
0
0
5) Data from recently drilled deep wells in Camden and Nassau counties indicate that much
0
ofthe Lower Floridan aquifer above the Fernandina Permeable Zone has not yet been contaminated
0
by salt water. However, preliminary data indicate that hydraulic head values within the Lower
0
Floridan aquifer are a few feet higher than within the Upper Floridan aquifer below St. Marys in
0
southeastern Camden County. This indicates that the upward movement of salt water is possible in
0
this region.
0
0
6) Numerous options can be explored to prevent or forestall the upconing of salt water into
0
the Floridan aquifer below Camden County. One of the most important is to spread additional
0
ground-water withdrawal demands over as large a geographic area as possible. This would have the
0
effect of reducing future declines in the fresh water hydraulic head of the Upper Floridan aquifer.
0
Such scenarios are costly and sophisticated modeling approaches need be employed to explore how
0
various pumping schemes might affect the hydraulic gradient between the Upper and Lower Floridan
0
aquifers.
0
0
7) New ground-water monitoring programs should accompany the increased withdrawal of
0
ground water from the Floridan aquifer (if increased demands are such that more well fields need
0
be drilled in Camden County). Monitoring wells should be placed in the both the Lower and Upper
0
Floridan aquifers in the pumping center, thereby facilitating the collection of ground-water level and
0
chloride data on a continuous basis. Such a system should be capable of providing an "early
0
warning" detection system at the onset of salt-water upconing. Pumping schemes might then be
0
modified accordingly to prevent the occurrence of a persistent contaminant plume such as the one
0
created below Brunswick in Glynn County.
0
0
0
0
-38-
0
0
0
0
0
0
List of References
Literature in Chronological Order by Category
Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletins
Applin, R. and Applin, P.L. 1964. Logs of selected wells in the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Georgia
Geologic Survey Bulletin Number 74, .229 p.
i
I
Clarke, J.S., Hacke, C.M., and Peck, M.F. 1'990, Geology and ground-water resources of the I coastal area of Georgia. Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 113, 61 p. i
I
Randolph, R.R., Pernik, M., and Garza, R. 1991. Water-supply potential ofthe Floridan aquifer
system in Coastal area of Georgia-- Adigital model approach. Georgia Geologic Bulletin
116, 31 p.
'
Huddlestum, P.F. 1993. A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia, I The Oligocene. Georgia Geologic Bulletin 105, 152 p.
Georeia Geologic Survey Information Circulars
Stewart, J.W. 1960. Relation of salty ground water to fresh artesian water in the Brunswick area, Glynn County, Georgia. Georgia Geologic Information Circular 20, 42 p .
Wait, R.L. 1962. Interim report on test drilling and water sampling in the Brunswick area, Glynn County, Georgia. Georgia Geologic Stirvey Information Circular 23, 46 p.
Swanson, D.E. and Gemazian, A. 1979. Petroleum exploration wells in Georgia. Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 51, 67 p. :
Krause, R.E., Matthews, S.E., and Gill, H.E. 1984. Evaluation of the ground-water resources of
.
I
Coastal Georgia. Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 62, 55 p.
Steele, W.M. 1986. Petroleum exploration wells in Georgia 1979-1984. Geogia Geologic Survey
Information Circular 77, 24 p.
'
Steele, W.M. and McDowell, R.J. 1998. Pe~eable thickness of the Miocene Upper and Lower Brunswick aquifers, Coastal Georgia. Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular, 103 . 33 p .
Fanning, J.L. 1999. Water use in coastal Georgia by county and source, 1997; and water-use trends, 1980-97. Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular, 104. 37 p .
:-39-
0
0
0
0
Warner, D. and Aulenbach, B.T. 1999. Hydraulic characteristics ofthe Upper Floridan aquifer in the Savannah and St Marys areas of Coastal Georgia. Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular, 105. 23 p.
0 0 0 0
Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic and Hydrologic Atlases
0 0
0
Kellam, M.F. 1986. Potentiometric surface ofthe Principal Artesian aquifer 1880-1980.
0
Environmental Geological Atlas of Coastal Georgia. Georgia Geological Survey
0
Geologic Atlas #5.
0
0
Clarke, J.S. 1987. Potentiometric surface of the Upper Flroidan aquifer in Georgia, May 1985,
0
and water-level trends: Georgia Geological Survey Hydrological Atlas 16, 1 sheet
0
1:500,000
0
0
Peck, M.F., Clarke, J.S., Ransom, C., Richards, C.J. 1999. Potentiometric surface of the Upper
0
Floridan aquifer in Georgia and adjacent parts ofAlabama, Florida and South Carolina, May
0
1998, and water-level trends in Georgia, 1990-98. Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic
0
Atlas 22, 1 sheet.
0
0
0
Georgia Geologic Survey Reports
0
0
Hughes, J.P. and Henry, V.J. 1995. Compilation and review information on Neogene aquifers in
0
Camden and Glynn Counties. Georgia Geologic Survey Report No. 23, 62 p.
0
0
Sharp, B., Watson, S., and Hodges, R.A. 1998. Aquifer performance test report: St. Marys Miocene
0
aquifer, Camden County, Georgia. Georgia Geologic Survey Report No. 34, 54 p.
0
0
ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc. 1999. Evaluation of United States Geological Survey ground-
0
.water flow models of Coastal Georgia and South Carolina. Georgia Geologic Survey Report
0
No. 38, 17p. +appendices.
0
0
Georgia Department of Natural Resources Hydrological Reports
0
0
Wait, R.L. and Gregg, D.O. 1973. Hydrology and chloride contamination of the principal
0
artesian aquifer in Glynn County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Natural Resources
0
Hydrological Report 1, 93 p.
0
0
Georgia Mineral Newsletter
0
Wait, R.L. and McCollum, M.J. 1963. Contamination of fresh water aquifers through an unplugged
0
oil-test well in Glynn, Co., Georgia. Georgia Mineral Newsletter 16, p 74-80.
0
0
0
0
-40-
0
0
0
0
0
0
Journal Articles
Clark, J.F., Stute, M., Schlosser, P., Drenkard, S., and Bonani, G. 1997. A tracer study of the Floridan aquifer in southeastern Georgia: implications for groundwater flow and paleoclimate. Water Resources Research, v.33, p 281-289 .
Hanshaw, B.B., Back, W., Rubin, M., and Wait, R.L. 1965. Relations ofcarbon-14 concentrations to saline water contamination of coastal aquifers. Water Resources Research, v.1, p 109-114.
JOIDES. 1965. Ocean drilling on the continental margin. Science. v.150, p 709-716 .
Gregg, D.O. 1966. An analysis of ground-water fluctuations .caused by ocean tides in Glynn County, Georgia. Ground Water, v.4, p 24-32.
Leve, G.W. and Goolsby, D.A. 1967. Test hole in aquifer with many water-bearing zones at Jacksonville, Florida. Ground Water, :v.5, p 18-23.
Leve, G.W. 1968. The Floridan aquifer in northeast Florida. Ground Water, v.6, p 19-29.
Gregg, D.O. 1971. Protective pumping to reduce aquifer pollution, Glynn County, Georgia. Ground Water, v.9, p 21-29.
Johnston, R.H. 1983. The saltwater-freshwater interface in the Tertiary limestone aquifer, southeast Atlantic outer-continental shelf of the U.S.A. Journal ofHydrology, v.61, p 239-249.
Leve, G.W. 1983. Relation of concealed faults to water quality and the formation of solution features in the Floridan aquifer, nortHeastern Florida, U.S.A. Journal ofHydrology, v.61, p 251-264.
Randolph, R.B., Krause, R.E., and Maslia, M.L. 1985. Comparison of aquifer characteristics derived from location and regional aquifer tests: Ground Water v. 23, p 309-316.
Meisler, H., Miller, J.A., Knobel, L.L., and Wait, R.L. 1988. Regions, 22, Atlantic and eastern Gulf Coastal Plain in Back, W, W., Rosenshein, J.S., and Seaber, P.R., eds. Hydrogeology: The Geology ofNorth America, V0-2, p 209-218 .
Maslia, M.L., and Prowell, D.C. 1990. Effects of faults on fluid flow and chloride contamination in a carbonate aquifer system. Journal ofHydrology, v. 115, p 1-49.
-41-
0
0
0
0
USGS Water Resource Investigations
0
0
Krause, R.E. and Counts, H.B. 1975. Digital model evaluations on the predevelopment of the
0
principal artesian aquifer, Glynn County, Georgia: USGS WRl Report 1-75,4 sheets.
0
0
Fairchild, R.W. 1976. Availability of water in the Floridan aquifer in southern Duval and northern Clay and St. John's counties, Florida. USGS WRl Report 76-0098, 53 p.
0 0 0
Leve, G.W. 1977. Altitude and configuration of the top of the Floridan aquifer, Duval County, Florida. USGS WRl Report 77-0114, 1 sheet.
0 0
0
Fairchild, R.W. and Bentley, C.B. 1977. Saline-water intrusion in the Floridan aquifer in the Fernandina Beach area, Nassau County, Florida. USGS WR177-0032, 27 p.
0 0 0
Franks, B.J. and Phelps, C.G. 1979. Estimated drawdowns in the Floridan aquifer due to irx:reas:.rl withdrawals, Duval County, Florida, USGS WRl ADA-075, 141 p.
0 0 0
Krause, R.E. 1982. Digital model evaluation of the predevelopment flow system of the Tertiary limestone afuier, southeast Georgia, northeast Florida, and southern South Carolina, USGS WRl Report 82-173,27 p.
0 0 0 0
Brown, D.P., Johnson, R.A., and Baker, J.S. 1984. Hydrogeologic data from a test well at Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park, City of Jacksonville, Florida. USGS WRl Report 84-0413, 47 p.
0 0 0
0
Brown, D.P. 1984. Impact of development on availability of ground water in eastern Nassau County, Florida, and southeastern Camden County, Georgia. USGS WRl Report 834190, 113 p.
0 0 0 0
Randolph, R.B. and Krause, R.E. 1984. Analysis of the effects of proposed pumping from the principal artesian aquifer, Savannah, Georgia, area: USGS WR184-4064, 26 p.
0
0 0
0
Randolph, R.B. and Krause, R.E. 1990. Analysis of the effects of hypothetical changes in ground-water withdrawal from the Floridan aquifer system in the area of Glynn County, Georgia, USGS WRl Report 90-4027, 32 p.
0 0 0
0
Coffin, J.E., Hamson, P.S. and Steward, J. 1992. Hydrologic conditions in the Nassau River
0
basin, Northeastern Florida, 1982-1989. USGS WRl Report 91-4115, 112 p.
0
0
Spechler, R.M. 1994. Saltwater intrusion and quality of water in the Floridan aquifer system,
0
northeastern Florida: USGS WRl Report 92-4174, 76 p.
0
0
Phelps, G.G. 1994. Water resources ofDuval County, Florida. USGS WRl Report 93-4130, 78 p.
0
0
-42-
0
0
0
0
0
0
German, E.R. and Taylor, G.R. 1995. Distribution of bromide in the Floridan aquifer system, Duval County, northeastern Florida. USGS WRI 94-4154,22 p.
Spechler, R.M. 1996. Detection and quality of previously undetermined Floridan aquifer system to discharge to the St. Johns, River, Jacksonville to the Green Cove Springs, northeastern Florida. USGS WRI Report 95-4257, 29 p.
Phelps, G.G. and Spechler, R.M. 1997. The relation between hydrology and water quality ofthe lower Floridan aquifer in Duval County, Florida and implications for monitoring and moving saline water. USGS WRI Report 96-4242, 57 p.
Halford, K.J. 1998. Ground-water flow in the surficial aquifer system and potential movement of contaminants from selected wase-disposal sites at Naval Station Mayport, Florida. USGS WRI Report 97-4262, 104 p.
Clarke, J.S. and Krause, R.E. 2000. Design, revision, and application of ground-water flow models for simulation of selected water-management scenarios in the coastal areas of Georgia and adjacent parts of South Carolina and Florida. USGS WRI Report 00-4084, 93 p .
USGS Water Supply Papers
Wait, R.L. 1965. Geology and occurrence of fresh and brackish water in Glynn County, Georgia: USGS Water-Supply Paper 1613-E, 9 p.
Gregg, D.O. and Zimmerman, E.A. 1974. Geologic and hydrologic control of chloride contamination in aquifers at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia: USGS Water-Supply Paper 2029-D, 44 p.-
Maslia, M.L. and Randolph, R.B.1987. Methods and computer programming documentation for determining anisotropic transmissivity tensor components of two-dimensional ground ground water flow. USGS Water-Supply Paper W2308, 46 p.
USGS Professional Papers
McCollum, M.J. and Herrick, S.M. 1964. Offshore extension of the upper Eocene to Recent stratigraphic sequence in southeastern Georgia. USGS Professional Paper 501-C, p C61C63 .
Emery, K.0. and Zarudzki, E.F.K. 1967. Seismic reflection profiles along the drill holes on the Continental margin offFlorida. USGS Professional Paper 581-A, p Al-A8 .
-43-
0
0
0
0
Charm, W.B., Nesteroff, W.D. and Valdes, Sylvia. 1967. Detailed stratigraphic description of the JOIDES cores on the continental margin offFlorida. USGS Professional Paper 581-D, p D1-D15.
0 0 0 0
Miller, J.A., 1986. Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama, USGS Professional Paper 1403-B, 91 p.
0 0 0
Krause, R.E., and Randolph, R.B., 1989. Hydrology ofthe Floridan aquifer system in southeast Georgia and adjacent parts of Florida and South Carolina. USGS Prof Paper 1403-D,
0 0 0
65 p.
0
USGS Circulars
0 0
0
Scholle, P.A. (editor) 1979. Geologic studies of the COST GE-l Well, United States South
0
Atlantic outer continental shelf area. USGS Circular 800, 114 p.
0
0
0
USGS Open File Reports
0
Hathaway. J.C. + 10 coauthors. 1976. Preliminary summary of the 1976 Atlantic margin coring
0 0
project of the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS Open File Report 76-844, 38 p.
0
0
USGS. 1978. Ground-water levels and quality data. USGS Open-File Report 79-213, 88 p.
0
0
Clarke, J.S., Hester, W.G., and O'Bryne, M.P. 1979. Ground-water levels and quality data. USGS
0
Open-File Report, 79-1290, 94 p.
0
0
Bisdorf, R.J. 1979. Geoelectric investigation with Schlumberger sounding near Brunswick,
0
Georgia. USGS Open File Report 79-1551, 8 p.
0
0
Leve, G.W. 1980. Seasonal and annual variations in the potentiometric surface of the Floridan
0
aquifer in Duval County, Florida, 1960-1977. USGS Open File Report, 80-164, 1 sheet.
0
0
Brown, D.P. 1980. Geologic and hydrologic data from a test-monitor well at Fernandina Beach,
0
Florida. USGS Open-File Report 80-347, 39 p.
0
0
Matthews, S.E., Hester, W.G. and O'Bryne, M.P. 1980. Ground-waterdataforGeorgia, 1979.USGS
0
Open-File Report 80-501, 93 p.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-44-
0
0
0
0
0
0
Schiner, G.R. and Hayes, E.C. 1980. Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River water management district and vicinity, Florida, September, 1980. USGS Open File Report 81-136, 1 sheet.
Schiner, G.R. and Hayes, E.C. 1982. Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River water management district and vicinity, Florida, September, 1981. USGS Open File Report 82-0118, 1 sheet.
Thompson, T.H. 1982. Chemical quality of water in the upper part ofthe Floridan aquifer, Duval County, Florida. USGS Open File Report 82-0119, 1 sheet.
Matthews, S.E., Hester, W.G. and McFadden, K.W. 1982. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1981. USGS Open-File Report 82-904, 110 p.
Stiles, H.R. and Matthews, S.E. 1983. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1982. USGS Open-File Report 83-678, 147 p.
Brown, D.P., Johnson, R.A., and Baker, J.S. 1984. Hydrogeologic data from a test well at Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park, City of Jacksonville, Florida. USGS Open File Report 84143, 41 p .
Clarke, J.S., Peck, M.F., Longsworth, S.A., and McFadden, K.W. 1984. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1983. USGS Open-File Report 84-605, 145 p.
Brown, D.P., Johnson, R.A., and Broxton, R.A. 1985. Hydrogeologic data from a test well in east-central Duval County, Florida. USGS Open-File Report 84-802, 61 p.
Clark, J.S., Longsworth, K.W., McFadden, K.W., and Peck, M.F. 1985. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1984. USGS Open-File Report 85-331, 150 p.
Schiner, G.R. and Hayes, E.C. 1985. Potentiometric surface ofthe Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River water management district and vicinity, Florida, May, 1985. USGS Open File Report 85-491, 1 sheet.
Clark, J.S., Joiner, C.N., Longsworth, K.W., McFadden, K.W., and Peck, M.F. 1986. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1985. USGS Open-File Report 86-304, 159 p.
Brown, D.P. Miller, J.A. and Hayes. E.C. 1986. Hydrogeologic data from a test well near Ponte Vedra, Northeast St. Johns County, Florida. USGS Open File Report 86-410W, 31 p.
Clark, J.S., Longsworth, K.W., Joiner, C.N., Peck, M.F., McFadden, K.W., and Milby, B.J. 1987. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1986. USGS Open-File Report 87-376, 177 p.
-45-
0
0
0
0
Joiner, C.N., Reynolds, M.S., Stayton, W.L., and Boucher, F.G. 1988. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1987. USGS Open-File Report 88-323, 172 p.
0 0 0
Joiner, C.N., Peck, M.F., Reynolds, M.S., and Stayton, W.L. 1989. Ground-water data for Georgia, 1988. USGS Open-File Report 89-408, 176 p.
0 0 0
Murray, L.C. 1990. Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River water management district and vicinity, Florida, May,l990. USGS Open File Report 90-557, 1 sheet.
0 0 0 0
Peck, M.F.,Joiner, C.N., Clarke, J.S., and Cressler, A.M. 1990. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1989. USGS Open-File Report 90-706, 124 p.
0
0
0
Milby, B.J., Joiner, C.N., Cressler, A.M., and West, C.T. 199L Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1990. USGS Open-File Report 91-486, 147 p.
0
0
0
Peck, M.F., Joiner, C.N., and Cressler, A.M. 1992. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1991.
0 0
USGS Open-File Report 92-470, 137 p.
0
0
Peck, M.F. and Cressler, A.M. 1993. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1992. USGS Open-File
0
Report 93-358, 134 p.
0
0
Joiner, C.N. and Cressler, A.M. 1994. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1993. USGS Open-File
0
Report 94-118, 135 p.
0
0
Jones, L.E. and Maslia M.L. 1994 Selected ground-water data and results of aquifer tests of the
0
Upper Floridan aquifer, Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia area; USGS Open-File Report
0
94-520, 107 p.
0
0
Cressler, A.M., Jones. L.E., and Joiner, C.N. 1995. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1994.
0
USGS Open-File Report 95-302, 135 p.
0
0
Knowles, L., O'Reilly, A.M., Phelps, G.G., Bradner, L.A. 1995. Potentiometric surface of the
0
Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River water management district and vicinity, Florida,
0
May,1995. USGS Open File Report 95-461, 1 sheet.
0
0
Cressler, A.M. 1996. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1995. USGS Open-File Report 96-200,
0
102 p.
0
0
Cressler, A.M. 1997. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1996. USGS Open-File Report 97-192,
0
102 p.
0
0
0
0
-46-
0
0
0
0
0
0
Odum, J.K. + 6 coauthors. 1997. Land-based high resolution seismic-reflection surveys of seven
sites in Duval and St. Johns counties, northeastern Florida. USGS Open-File Report 97718, 44 p.
Cressler, A.M. 1998. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1997. USGS Open-File Report 98-172, 104 p.
Cressler, A.M. 1999. Ground-water conditions in Georgia, 1998. USGS Open-File Report 99-204, 171 p .
USGS Unpublished Letter Reports
Leve, G.W. and Goolsby, D.A. 1966. Drilling of deep-test monitor well at Jacksonville.
Brown, D.P. 1998. Chloride concentrations, Ponte Vedra Test Well.
Odum, J.K. and Stephenson, W.J. (undated) Summary of a cooperative reconnaissance highresolution seismic-reflection study of two wellfield sites in Duval Co., Florida. USGS Hazards Team, Denver, Co .
USGS Key Internet Sites
USGS. 2002. Saltwater contamination along the Georgia coast. http://ga2.er.usgs.gov80/coastal.index.html
USGS.2002. Groundwater-levels for Georgia. http://water.usgs.gov/ga!nwis/gwlevels
St. Johns River Water Management District Publications:
Frazee, J.M. and McClaugherty, D.R. 1979. Investigation of ground water resources and salt water intrusion in the coastal areas of northeast Florida. Technical Publication SJ 80-4, 136 p .
Toth D.J. 1990. Geohydrologic summary of the Floridan aquifer in coastal areas ofNassau and Duval and northern St. Johns Counties. St. Johns River Water Management Disctrict Report No. SJ 90-5, 51 p.
CEES-Blackhawk Geoscience Division. 1992. Time domain electromagnetic soundings: St. Johns River Water Management District in northeast Florida, July 1992. S. Johns River Water Management District Special Publication SJ93-SP1, 177 p.
-47-
0
0
0
0
Subsurface Detection Investigations, Inc. 1993. Time domain electromagnetic soundings and
0
analysis: St. Johns River Water Management District: northeast Florida/southeast Georgia, November, 1993. St. Johns River Water Management District Special Publication SJ94-SP2, 182 p.
0
0
0
0
Durden, D.W. 1997. Finite-difference simulation of the Floridan aquifer system in Northeast Florida and Camden County, Georgia. St Johns Water River Management District Technical Publication 97-2, 253 p.
0
0
0
0
Motz, L.H. and Strazimir, D.L. 1997. Jacksonville Beach subregional flow and transport model. St. Johns River Water Management District Special Publication SJ97-SP5, 115 p.
0 0 0
0
Florida Bureau of Geology
0 0
0
Healy, H.H. 1962. Potentiometric surface and areas of artesian flow of the Floridan aquifer in
0
Florida, July 6-17, 1961. Florida Bureau of Geology, 1 sheet.
0
0
Leve, G.W. 1966. Ground water in Duval and Nassau Counties, Florida. Florida Bureau of
0
Geology Report oflnvestigations No. 43, 91 p.
0
0
Healy, H.H. 1975. Potentiometric surface and areas of artesian flow of the Floridan aquifer in
0
Florida, May 1974. Florida Bureau of Geology, 1 sheet.
0
0
Healy, H.H. 1975 Potentiometric surface of the Floridan aquifer in Florida, May 980. Florida
0
Bureau of Geology, 1 sheet.
0
0
Scott, T.M. and Hajishafie, M. 1980. Top of the Floridan aquifer in the St. Jopns River Water
0
Management District. Florida Bureau of Geology, 1 sheet.
0
0
0
Consultine Reports
0
0
Jordan, Jones, and Goulding. 1997. Long term water resources management plan population,
0
water demand and wastewater flow projections, 19 p. + appendices.
0
0
GeoSyntec Consultants. 1997. Ground-water availability of the Miocene aquifer system.15 p.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. -48-
0
0
0
0
0
0
Georgia Water Resource Conference Proceedings Spechler, R.M. and Phelps, G.G. 1997. Saltwater intrusion in the Floridan aquifer system,
northeastern Florida. In Proceedings of the 1997 Georgia Water Resources Conference, Athens, Georgia, K.J. Hatcher, ed., p 398-400. Falls, W.F., Harrelson, L.G., Conlon, K.J., and Petkewich, M.D. 2001. Hydrogeology and water quality of the Lower Floridan Aquifer, coastal Georgia, 1999. In Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resource Conference, K.J. Hatcher, ed., p 652-655 . Jones, L.E. 2001. Saltwater contamination in the Upper Floridan Aquifer at Brunswick, Georgia. In Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resource Conference, K.J. Hatcher, ed., p 644-647. Payne, D.F., Provost, A.M., and Voss, C.I. 2001. Preliminary numerical models of saltwater transport in coastal Georgia and southeastern South Carolina. In Proceedings of the 2001 Georgia Water Resource Conference, K.J. Hatcher, ed., p 656-659 .
-49-
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1
0 0
Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
0
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
0
0
County/ST USGS Date Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Comments
0
Well No.
Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
0 0
Duval, Fl
D-46A 9/27/97 30D 21M 305 81D 41M 185 14
1234
0
Duval, Fl
D-46A 7/15/98
"
13
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-75
7/17/98 30D 15M 375 81D 44M 195 7.5
1302
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-77
5/1/79 30D 30M 155 81D 34M 33S 25
706
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-90
9/8/92 30D 20M 035 81D 38M 40S 17
1297
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-94
1955
30D 19M DOS 81D 32M 285 18
635 Upper Floridan well
0
1973 1980 1986
"
18
"
showing increasing
25
II
chloride with time
30
II
0 0
1988
40
"
0
1989
"
55
"
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-103 7/16/98 30D 16M 485 81D43M18S 9.3
1332
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-160 5/4/90 30D 18M 525 81D 23M 425
14
550
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-176 9/29/97 30D 20M 225 81D 39M 355 13
1280
0
Duval, Fl
D-176 7/16/98
12
0
0
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D..:224 D-225 D-225
4/24/98 30D 17M 435 81D 30M 475 110
10/28/98 30D 17M 435 81D 36M 23S 58
7/6/98
"
"
230
1179 1277
"
0 0 0
Duval, Fl
D-228
10/30/97 30D 25M 025 81D 33M 305 28
850
0
Duval, Fl
D-228 7/21/98
28
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-262 1952
30D 26M 085 81D 35M 495 21
1237
Lower Floridan
0
Duval, Fl
D-262 1960
"
25
aquifer well showing
0
Duval, Fl
D-262
1965
Duval, Fl
D-262 1970
Duval, Fl
D-262
1975
"
Duval, Fl
D-262 1980
Duval, Fl
D-262
1985
Duval, Fl
D-262 1986
Duval, Fl
D-262 1987
21
"
increased chloride
0
23
with time
0
30
0
35
0
35
"
40
42
0 0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
--- - - - -
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Con cent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
Duval, Fl
D-262 1988
11
Duval, Fl
D-262 1989
Duval, Fl
D-262 1990
11
50
43
50
Duvai,FI
D-263 1/22/98 30D 26M 08S 81D 35M 49S 19
1025
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275 D-275
1962
30D 17M 40S 81D 36M 10S 25
1970
11
50
1975
70
1980
11
90
1982
11
140
1985
150
1987
11
160
1988
11
200
9/27/97
11
200
7/17/98
200
1234
11
Upper/Lower Floridan aquifer
well showing increasing
chloride with time
Duval, Fl
D-291
8/7/92 30D 15M 22S 81D 33M 13S 125
Duval, Fl
D-296 7/16/98 30D OBM 20S 81D 35M 40S 17
487
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-313 D-313
9/27/97 30D 19M 57S 81D 34M 23S 100
7/20/98
11
130
1150
11
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-329 10/28/97 30D 39M 25S 81D 39M 25S 20
D-329 7/15/98
11
11
19
1209
Duval, Fl
D-335 7/15/98 30D 20M 15S 81D 38M 45S 15
1286
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
Duval, Fl
Duval, Fl
D-336 10/27/97 30D 22M 36S 81D 40M 15S 13
D-336 7/15/98
11
11
13
D-348 5/10/90 30D 24M 16S 81D 52M 26S
9
D-349 7/24/90 30D 24M 16S 81D 52M 26S
6
1303
708 2165
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-360 D-360 D-360
1976 1980 1984
30D 22M 43M 81D 30M 04S 170
210
11
220
665
Upper Floridan well
showing increasing
chloride with time
51
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1
0 0
Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
0
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
0
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
0 0
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-360 1986
II
Duval, Fl
D-360 1989
II
250
Upper Floridan well
0
260
showing increasing
0
Duval, Fl
0-360 1990
II
270
chloride with time
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-395 9/30/97 30D 27M 24S 81D 24M 28S 20 Unknown
0
Duval, Fl
D-395 7/15/98
II
II
20
II
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-398 6/5/97 30D 21M 32S 81D 52M 26S 15.4
1216
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-401
4/30/79 30D 32M 16S 81D 43M 33S
25 Unknown
0
Duval, Fl
D-411
5/2/79 30D 34M 58S 81 D 36M 40S
24
1000
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-425 3/18/98 30D 18M 17S 81D 37M 49S 15
1895
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-450
1986
30D 16M OBS 81D 36M 28S 25
1297
Upper/Lower
0
Duval, Fl
D-450 1987
II
II
22
Floridan aquifer
0
Duval, Fl
D-450 1988
II
65
II
well showing
0
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-450 D-450 D-450
1989 1990 7/21/98
II
75
increasing
0
II
80
II
0
II
87
0
0
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-464A 7/29/97 30D 23M 39S 81D 25M 47S 15
D-464A 7/16/98
II
14
1000
0 0
Duval, Fl
D-479 7/15/98 30D 20M 07S 81D 35M 22S 140
1350
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-483 9/19/95 30D 16M 57S 81D 23M 33S 144
1200
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-484
1974
30D 17M 04M 81D 23M 34S
90
1181
Upper/Lower
0
Duval, Fl
D-484 1977
II
70
Floridan aquifer
0
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-484 D-484 D-484 D-484 D-484
1982 1985 1987 1988 1990
II
120
II
160
140
180
180
well showing
0
increasing
0
chloride
0
concentration
0
with time
0
Duval, Fl
D-535 8/12/96 30D 10M 44S 81D37M18S 16
542
0 0
Duval, Fl
D-538
7/16/98 30D 11M 57S 81D 37M 43S
51
1000
0
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Con cent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
Duval, Fl
D-547
9/21/92 30D 17M 10S 81D 32M 36S
15
740
Duval, Fl
D-547 6/7/95
"
"
16
"
Duval, Fl
D-547 5/4/98
"
15
Duval, Fl
D-578 9/5/79 30D 32M 44M 81D 43M 43S 23
450
Duval, Fl
D-591
3/20/96 30D 23M 53S 81D 43M 10S 15
1020
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-592 10/28/97 30D 22M 27S 81D 43M 50S 12 D-592 7/16/98 30D 22M 27S 81D 43M 50S 11 D-606 4/3/92 30D 21M 34S 81D 28M 27S 21
1326 "
804
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-6.42 5/7/92 30D 22M 35S 81D35M16S 17
D-642 9/7/95
"
13
1041
Duval, Fl
D-649 7/17/98 30D 17M 52S 81 D 36M 05S 27
1005
Duval, Fl
D-672 7/7/94 30D 12M 53S 81D 26M 56S 17
1014
Duval, Fl
D-673 1/30/90 30D 32M 09S 81D 37M 18S 29
814
Duval, Fl
D-673 4/10/90
"
"
34
"
Duval, Fl
D-673 7/10/90
"
28
Duval, Fl
D-673 10/2/90
"
24
"
Duval, Fl
D-673 9/9/92
"
21
Duval, Fl
D-673 6/5/95
21
Duvai,FI
D-753 4/30/79 30D 31M 04S 81D 28M 44S 23
600
Duval, Fl
D-909 7/17/98 30D 06M 22S 81D 28M 47S 19
500
Duval, Fl
D-913
11/1/90 30D 25M 57S 81D 25M 31S
15
556
Duval, Fl
D-913 10/30/97
380
"
Duval, Fl
D-913 7/15/98
380
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-1149 10/30/97 30D 25M 03S 81D 33M 20S 21
D-1149 7/21/98
26
D-1150 10/30/97 30D 25M ass 810 33M 10S 31
D-1150 7/21/98
28
1104 "
1104 "
53
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1
0 0
Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
0
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
0
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
0 0
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-1151 7/21/98 30D 25M 118 81D33M12S 21
1104
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-1152 10/30/97 30D 25M 198 81D 33M 158 22
1104
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-1155 1976
30D 16M 398 81D 33M o8s 50
1170 Lower Floridan well
0
Duval, Fl
D-1155 1980
Duval, Fl
D-1155 1985
Duval, Fl
D-1155 1987
II
Duval, Fl
D-1155 10/29/97
II
Duval, Fl
D-1155 717198
70
II
showing increasing
0
80
chloride with time
0
130
0
250
0
120
II
0
Duval, Fl
D-1196 3/19/90 300 30M 498 81D 27M 208 24
532
0 0
Duval, Fl
D-1220 10/30/90 30D 17M 588 81D 30M 398 460
1185
0
Duval, Fl
D-1220 7/9/96
839
II
0
Duval, Fl
D-1220 7/11/96
852
II
0
Duval, Fl
D-1220 7/15/96
II
752
0
Duval, Fl
D-1220 7/19/96
II
806
II
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-1271 6/2/95 30D 18M 528 81D 37M 048
4
577
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-1292 4/21/92 30D 11M 578 81D 46M 528 57
621
0
Duval, Fl
D-1298 8/12/96 30D 08M 408 81D 35M 128 99
704
0 0
Duval, Fl
D-1342 3/3/92 30D 18M 028 81D 58M 50S 10
764
0
Duval, Fl
D-1342 9/12/95
II
10
II
0
Duval, Fl
D-1342 6/3/98
II
10
II
0
Duval, Fl
D-1359 8/19/91 30D 26M 31S 81D31M25S 21
733
0
0
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
30D 21M 598 81D 23M 56S 7.6
691
USGS TEST WELL
0
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
8
1007
Kathryn Hanna
0
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
II
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
50
1194
Abbey Park
0
33
1381
Jacksonville, Fl
0
21
1605
0
28
1802
0
75
1918
300
1922
0 0
0
54
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
"
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
II
Duval, Fl
D-2386 1981
"
300
1973 USGS TEST WELL
II
1600 1980
Kathryn Hanna
"
3200 2000
Abbey Park
II
3300 2024
Jacksonville, Fl
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well
1966 eire 1966 eire 1966 eire 1966 eire
not given
II
not given
" "
16 14 30 7320
763 1260 2175 2458
USGS TEST WELL Jacksonville
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83 30D 20M 50S 81 D 32M 40S 110
711
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
II
132
1014
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
II
140
1274
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
"
II
25
1306
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
"
II
45
1616
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
320
1638
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
680
1741
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
700
1863
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
"
345
1937
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
II
586
2071
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
"
3360 2081
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
"
II
4830 2095
Duval, Fl
Test Well Feb-83
II
"
5370 2112
Note: Latitudes and Longitudes for USGS TEST WELL are approximate to seconds
USGS TEST WELL East-Central Duval
County
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-3060 D-3060 D-3060 D-3060 D-3060 D-3060
5/8/90 5/8/90 5/8/90 5/8/90 5/8/90 5/8/90
30D 20M 52S 81D 32M 328
II
II
II
II
"
II
80 25 30 800 300 2100
800 1400 1600 1630 2000 2122
USGS Monitor Well
Duval, Fl
D-3060 5/8/90 30D 20M 52S 81 D 32M 328 6,060 2112
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-425T 2/5/92 30D18M17S 81D 37M 498 14
D-425T 6/7/95
II
II
16
D-425T 5/5/98
100
1895
II
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-2193 9/28/97 30D 17M 44S 81 D 36M 338 140
D-2193 7/16/98
II
140
55
1304
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1
0 0
Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
0
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
0
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
0 0 0
0
Duval, Fl
D-4591 9/18/91 300 13M 46S 810 37M 18S 22
645
0
0
Duval, Fl
0-4609 9/8/92 300 12M 27S 81044M11S 7.2
950
0
0
Nassau, Fl B-7
1952
300 38M 23S 810 27M 33S 420
1826 Fernand. Perm.Zone
0
Nassau, Fl 8-7
1955
II
II
600
II
0
Nassau, Fl B-7
1957
1000
0
Nassau, Fl 8-7
1960
1600
0
Nassau, Fl 8-7
1962
1800
II
0
Nassau, Fl 8-7
1963
II
<100 1100*
0
Nassau, Fl B-7
1965
II
Nassau, Fl 8-7
1970
Nassau, Fl B-7
1975
II
<100
<100
II
<100
II
0 0
Well 8-7 was plugged from 1826 to 11 00 feet in 1962
0
0
Nassau, Fl 8-10
1952
300 39M 028 810 27M 39S 100
1820
Fernandina -LF
0
Nassau, Fl 8-10
1955
100
II
0
Nassau, Fl B-10
1960
II
170
II
0
Nassau, Fl B-10
1965
210
0
Nassau, Fl B-10
1967
II
200
II
II
0
Nassau, Fl 8-10
1970
II
II
390
II
II
0
Nassau, Fl 8-10
1972
"
II
580
II
0
Nassau, Fl B-10
1975
II
910
II
II
0
Nassau, Fl B-11 Nassau, Fl B-11
1952 . 1955
300 39M 338 810 27M 46S 78
II
90
1840
Fernandina -LF
0 0
Nassau, Fl B-11
1960
II
120
II
0
Nassau, Fl 8-11
1965
II
220
"
II
0
Nassau, Fl 8-11
1970
II
340
0
Nassau, Fl 8-11
1975
520
"
0
0
Nassau, Fl B-15
1953
300 39M 47S 81 D 27M 54S 38
1700
0
Nassau, Fl 8-15
1955
II
42
0
Nassau, Fl B-15
1958
50
II
0
Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl
8-15 8-15 B-15 B-15
1965 1970 1972 1975
75
II
0
95
"
0
125
II
135
0
0
0
56
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl
Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well Test Well
Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79 Mar-79
not given "
" "
" " " "
not given
" " "
31 30 47 120 700 61 360 50 912 4800 7800
632 977 1102 1133 1290 1600 1819 2008 2071 2084 2094
USGS TEST WELL Fernandina Beach
East bank of Amelia River
Nassau, Fl N-2
4/4/78 300 35M 19S 810 27M 53S 25
580
Nassau, Fl N-8
5/2/79 300 32M 44S 810 26M 37S 24
680
Nassau, Fl N-9
5/5/77 300 34M 57S 810 27M 155 29
586
Nassau, Fl N-12
12/5/75 300 38M 01S 810 27M 375 30
640
Nassau, Fl N-16
12/26/75 300 38M 20S 810 26M 155 30
630
Nassau, Fl N-19
10/4/77 300 42M 13S 810 27M o8s 31
710
Nassau, Fl N-20
5/4/77 300 39M 39S 810 31M 26S 23
567
Nassau, Fl N-22 Nassau, Fl N-24A
5/13/75 300 39M 40S 81028M 18S 4/5/78 300 40M 20S 810 27M 20S
28 25 .
1100 1215?
Nassau, Fl N-28
4/11/78 300 37M 34S 810 29M OOS 30
578
Nassau, Fl N-30
4/5/78 300 39M 21S 810 27M 46S 109
750
Nassau, Fl N-31
5/13/75 300 38M 12S 810 27M 37S 32
1000
Nassau, Fl N-35
4/6/78 300 39M 35S 810 28M 37S 44
1062
Nassau, Fl N-43
10/7/91 300 39M 40S 81028M18S 36
1100
57
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1
0
Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
0
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
0
0
County/ST USGS Date
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total
Comments
0
Well No.
Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
0 0
Nassau, Fl N-44
917177 300 37M 54S 810 36M 27S 26
1000
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-45
4/10/78 300 39M 45S 810 31M 25S 28
500
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-46
4/4/78 300 34M 35S 810 27M 14S 24
1016
0
Nassau, Fl N-46
2/28/80
II
II
24
0
Nassau, Fl N-46
6/26/95
26
II
0
Nassau, Fl N-46
7/15/98
II
23
II
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-53
5/1/79 300 40M 02S 810 38M 12S 28
500
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-54
5/4/77 300 37M 22S 81027M 14S 29
482
Nassau, Fl N-54
3/4/93
123
0 0
Nassau, Fl N-57
5/3/78 300 35M 22S 810 35M 14S 24
550
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-62
circa 198 300 38M 23S 810 27M 33S 26
1130 USGS TEST WELL
0
Nassau, Fl N-62
circa 198
II
62
1410 at Fernandina Bch.
0
Nassau, Fl N-62
circa 198
II
70
1564
0
Nassau, Fl N-62
circa 198
57
1860
0
Nassau, Fl N-62
circa 198
120
2130
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-68
5/5/77 300 39M 58S 810 28M 04S 40
1050
0
Nassau, Fl N-68
10/19/92
440
II
0
Nassau,FI N-72
5/5/77 300 35M 57S 810 27M 27S 30
610
0 0
Nassau, Fl N-76
517177 300 39M 40S. 810 28M 57S 21
1065
0
Nassau, Fl N-76
11/7/91
II
32
II
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-100 917177 300 34M 03S 810 31M 13S 22
672
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-102 4/5/78 300 36M 55S 810 26M 54S 33
1200?
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-106 9/11/75 300 38M05S 810 27M 39S 80
600
0
Nassau, Fl N-106 9/11/75
245
925
0
N-106 was sampled with a downhole sampler
0
Nassau, Fl N-113 7/8/75 300 34M 44S 810 34M 31S 22
1016
0 0
58
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl
N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 . N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117
1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 1979 . 1979
1979
300 40M 01S 810 28M 03S
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
31 30 120 620 710 320 240 912 4800 7800
710 1006 1133 1195 1460 1756 1976 2071 2084 2094
USGS TEST WELL
Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl
N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-117 N-128
5/13/90 11/30/94 12/1/94 12/8/94 3/30/95 3/30/95 4/6/95 4/7/95 4/7/98 10/7/91
300 40M 01S
II II
II
300 39M 48S
810 28M 03S
II
II II
810 27M 52S
11,800 8,300 9,660 24,500 1,470 751 344 508 590
40
1007
II II II
1693
Nassau, Fl N-190 10/23/91 300 38M 23S 810 27M 33S 616
1020
Nassau, Fl N-193 10/17/91 300 39M 35S 810 28M 37S 58
1062
Nassau, Fl N-195 10/7/91 300 38M 46S 810 27M 36S 34
888
Nassau, Fl N-199 9/14/92 300 41M 20S 810 SSM 09S 28
521
Nassau, Fl N-199 11/9/95
27
Nassau, Fl N-204 1/12/93 300 40M 35S 810 27M 15S 71
976
Nassau, Fl N-220 9/19/94 300 35M 43S 810 49M 48S 32
650
Nassau, Fl N-220 9/22/94
113
Nassau, Fl N-220 9/22/94
241
Nassau, Fl N-220 9/28/94
32
Nassau, Fl N-220 10/5/94
49
Nassau, Fl N-220 10/5/94
70
59
0
0
0
0
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
0 0
0
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
0
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
0 0 0
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 9/7/95
II
27
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 11/9/95
II
II
26
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 12/6/95
II
26
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 3/13/96
II
28
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 6/12/96
"
II
28
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 9/18/90
II
27
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 3/12/97
29
0
Nassau, Fl N-220 6/18/97
33
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
11/9/94 300 47M OOS 810 57M 10S 36
820
Nassau, Fl N-221
6/22/95
II
"
30
"
Nassau, Fl N-221
9/7/95
"
30
"
0 0 0
Nassau, Fl N-221
11/8/95
II
"
29
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
12/6/95
"
31
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
3/13/96
"
29
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
6/12/96
"
29
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
9/18/96
II
31
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
12/11/96
32
0
Nassau, Fl N-221
6/18/97
28
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-222 6/30/00 300 47M OOS 810 57M 10S 1,775 1956
0
Nassau, Fl N-228
12/6/95 300 38M 09S a1o 30M oas 1,670
320
Nassau, Fl N-228 3/13/96
970
0 0
Nassau, Fl N-228 6/12/96
"
1,560
"
0
Nassau, Fl N-228 6/18/96
"
1,220
"
0
Nassau, Fl N-234 3/12/96 3oo 41M ass 810 27M 23S 124
953
0
Nassau, Fl N-234 3/13/96
"
"
131
0
Nassau, Fl N-235 7/15/96 300 40M 01S 810 28M 03S 153
1007
0
0
Nassau, Fl N-235 7/16/96
"
232
0
Nassau, Fl N-236 9/21/00 300 35M 43S 810 49M 48 S 25
2023
Fresh deep well
0
Nassau, Fl N-237 3/18/97 300 24M 09S 810 SSM 24S 23
500
0
Nassau, Fl N-237 5/7/98
II
20
0
Camden, GA 0-061
9/3/99 300 44M 01S 810 32M 37S
150
Camden, GA 0-049 9/3/99 300 44M 13S 810 33M 25S
31
Camden, GA 0-048 9/3/99 300 44M 01S 810 32M 35S
48
Upper Floridan aquifer Gilman/Ourango-GA
0 0
Paper Co.
0
0
60
0
0
0
0
0 c
Appendix 1 Chloride Concentration for Selected Wells in Duval, Nassau, and Camden Counties
(Wells are completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer unless otherwise stated)
County/ST USGS Date Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Total Concent. Depth (mg/1) (feet)
Comments
Camden, GA D-006 9/3/99 300 44M 26S 810 32M 34S
33
St. Marys GA
Camden Camden Camden Camden Camden
0-073 Oec-99 300 44M 06S 810 33M ass
3S
D-a73 Oec-99 3aO 44M aes 810 33M ass
32
o-a73 Oec-99 3aD 44M a6S 810 33M ass
40
O-a73
Oec-99 3aO 44M a6S 810 33M ass
33
o-a73 Oec-99 3aO 44M a6S 810 33M ass
31
7Sa 1,aaa 1,22a 1,344 1Saa
St. Marys Test Well drilled for GONR in downtown St.Marys on Gallop Rd. Well is completed to Lower Floridan aquifer at 1, 189 feet
61
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2
0
Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
0 0
Well No.
Date
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Depth or Aquifer
Cone.
Interval
Designation
0 0
in mg/1
(in feet)
(if known)
0
0
33H113
1975
310 09M 55S 810 31M 17S 125
550-1076 Upper and Lower
0
33H113
1980
310 09M 55S 810 31M 17S 100
550-1076 Floridan Aquifer
0
33H113
1985
310 09M 55S 810 31M 17S 120
550-1076
0
33H113
1990
310 09M 55S 810 31M 17S 160
550-1076
0
33H113
1991
310 09M 55S 810 31M 1.7S 180
550-1076
0
33H113
1992
310 09M 55S 81031M17S 200
550-1076
0
33H113
1993
310 09M 55S 81031M17S 220
550-1076
0
33H113
1994
310 09M 55S 810 31M 17S 360
550-1076
0
33H127 33H127 33H127 33H127
Jun-69 Jun-70 Jun-71 Jun-72
31010M07S 810 30M 17S 250 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 300 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 250 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 300
823-925 823-925 823-925 823-925
Lower Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
0 0 0
0
33H127
Jun-73 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 300
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-74 310 10M 07S 810 30M 175 300
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-75 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 325
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-76 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 350
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-77 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 400
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-78 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 450
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-79 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 425
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-80 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 450
823-925
0
33H127 33H127 33H127 33H127
Jun-81 Jun-82 Jun-83 Jun-84
310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 450 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 400 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 550 310 10M 075 810 30M 17S 600
823-925 823-925 823-925 823-925
0 0 0
33H127
Jun-85 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 550
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-86 310 10M 07S 810 30M 175 600
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-87 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 550
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-88 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 600
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-89 310 10M 075 810 30M 17S 650
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-90 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 600
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-91 310 10M 075 810 30M 17S 700
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-92 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 650
823-925
0
33H127
Jun-93 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 680
823-925
0
33H127 33H127 33H127 33H127
Jun-94 Jun-95 Jun-96 Jun-97
310 10M 075 810 30M 17S 750 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 800 310 10M 07S 81030M17S 850 31010M07S 810 30M 17S 880
823-925 823-925 823-925 823-925
0 0 0
33H127
Jun-98 310 10M 07S 810 30M 17S 825
823-925
0
0
0
62
0
0
0
0
0
0
..
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Well No.
Date
33H130 33H130 33H130 33H130 33H130 33H130 33H130 33H130 33H130
1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1994
Latitude
310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 310 10M 21S 31010M21S
Longitude
810 30M 31S 81030M31S 81030M31S 81030M31S 81030M31S 81030M31S 810 30M 31S 810 30M 31S 810 30M 31S
Chloride Cone. in mg/1 <50 200 500 750 1300 1600 2100 2400 2500
Depth or Interval (in feet) 530-700 530-700 530-700 530-700 530-700 530-700 530-700 530-700 530-700
Aquifer Designation (if known) Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133 33H133
Sep-69 Jun-70 Jun-71 Jun-72 Jun-73 Jun-74 Jun-75 Jun-76 Jun-77 Jun-78 Jun-79 Jun-80 Jun-81 Jun-82 Jun-83 Jun-84 Jun-85 Jun-86 Jun-87 Jun-88 Jun-89 Jun-90 Jun-91 Jun-92 Jun-93 Jun-94 Jun-95 Jun-96 Jun-97 Jun-98
310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S 310 10M 07S
810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 81030M17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 81030M17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 81030M 17S 81030M17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S 810 30M 17S
30 100 175 225 300 275 350 450 500 550 625 900 1075 1050 1250 1300 1300 1400 1500 1400 1550 1600 1750 1750 1800 1700 1850 1800 1800 1950
520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790 520-790
Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
63
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2
0
Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
0 0
0
Well No.
Date
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Depth or Aquifer
0
Cone.
Interval Designation
0
in mg/1
(in feet)
(if known)
0
33H154
1970
31010M22S 810 30M 298 250
817-989 Lower Water Bearing
0
33H154
1974
31010M22S 810 30M 298 400
817-989 Zone of the Upper
0
33H154
1978
310 10M 22S 810 30M 298 300
817-989 Floridan Aquifer
0
33H154
1980
31010M22S 810 30M 29S 380
817-989
0
33H154
1982
310 10M 228 810 30M 298 400
817-989
0
33H154
1984
310 10M 228 810 30M 298 400
817-989
0
33H154 33H154 . 33H154
33H154 33H154 33H154
1986 1988 1990 1992 1993 1994
310 10M 22S 31010M22S 31010M22S 310 10M 228 310 10M 228 310 10M 228
810 30M 298 810 30M 29S 810 30M 29S 810 30M 298 810 30M 29S 810 30M 29S
480 550 650 900 1000 1100
817-989 817-989 817-989 817-989 817-989 817-989
0 0 0 0
0
0
34H112
1960
310 08M 128 810 29M 418 200
528-747 Upper Water Bearing
0
34H112
1964
310 08M 12S 810 29M 418 500
528-747 Zone of the Upper
0
34H112
1968
310 08M 12S 810 29M 418 900
528-747 Floridan Aquifer
0
34H112
1970
31008M12S 810 29M 418 1200
528-747
0
34H112
1974
310 08M 128 81029M41S 1400
528-747
0
34H112
1978
310 08M 12S 81029M41S 1800
528-747
0
34H112
1980
310 08M 12S 810 29M 418 2000
528-747
0
34H112 34H112 34H112 34H112 34H112
1984 1988 1990 1991 1992
310 08M 128 310 08M 128 310 08M 128 310 08M 128 310 08M 128
810 29M 418 810 29M 418 810 29M 41S 810 29M 418 810 29M 41S
2200 2000 2000 2000 2000
528-747 528-747 528-747 528-747 528-747
0 0
0 0
34H112
1993
310 08M 128 810 29M 418 2000
528-747
0
34H112
1994
310 08M 12S 810 29M 418 2000
528-747
0
0
34H117
1967
310 08M 52 810 29M 54S 20
540-780 Upper Water Bearing
0
34H117
1970
310 08M 52 810 29M 54S 20
540-780 Zone of the Upper
0
34H117
1974
310 08M 52 810 29M 54S 20
540-780 Floridan Aquifer
0
34H117
1980
310 08M 52 810 29M 54S 20
540-780
0
34H117
1982
310 08M 52 810 29M 548 80
540-780
0
34H117 34H117 34H117 34H117 34H117
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992
310 08M 52 310-08M 52 310 08M 52 310 08M 52 310 08M 52
810 29M 548 220 810 29M 548 450 810 29M 548 750 810 29M 548 650 810 29M 548 600
540-780 540-780 540-780 540-780 540-780
0 0 0 0
34H117
1994
310 08M 52 810 29M 548 620
540-780
0
0
0
64
0
0
0
0
c 0
.,
~
I
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Well No.
34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132 34H132
Date
Jun-69 Jun-70 Jun-71 Jun-72 Jun-73 Jun-74 Jun-75 Jun-76 Jun-77 Jun-78 Jun-79 Jun-80 Jun-81 Jun-82 Jun-83 Jun-84 Jun-85 Jun-86 Jun-87 Jun-88 Jun-89 Jun-90 Jun-91
Latitude
310 10M 20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 31010M20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 31010M20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 31010M20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S
Longitude
810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S 810 29M 52S
Chloride Cone. in mg/1 275 375 425 500 500 900 1100 1200 1375 1525 1675 1700 1800 2000 2200 2000 1850 1600 1500 1450 1450 1500 1500
Depth or Interval (in feet) 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566
Aquifer Designation (if known) Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391. 34H391
Jun-68 Jun-69 Jun-70 Jun-71 Jun-72 Jun-73 Jun-74
310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 31008M 18S 310 08M 18S
810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S
1550 2400 2350 2250 2300 2200 2600
1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159
Brackish zone Lower Floridan aquifer
34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391
Jun-75 Jun-76 Jun-77 Jun-78 Jun-79 Jun-80 Jun-81 Jun-82 Jun-83
310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 31008M18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S
810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S
2300 2550 2400 2400 2550 2450 2600 2250 2150
65
1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2
0 0
Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
0
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
0
Well No.
Date
Latitude
Longitude
Chloride Cone. in mg/1
Depth or Interval (in feet)
Aquifer Designation (if known)
0
0
0
34H391
Jun-84 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2150
1070-1159 Brackish zone
0
34H391
Jun-85 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2200
1070-1159 Lower Floridan aquifer
0
34H391
Jun-86 31008M18S 810 29M42S 2150
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-87 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2450
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-88 31008M18S 810 29M42S 2500
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-89 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2550
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-90 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2800
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-91 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2800
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-92 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2400
1070-1159
0
34H391 34H391 34H391 34H391
Jun-93 Jun-94 Jun-95 Jun-96
310 08M 18S .31008M18S 310 08M 18S 310 08M 18S
810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S 810 29M42S
2000 2100 2400 2800
1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159 1070-1159
0 0 0
34H391
Jun-97 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2600
1070-1159
0
34H391
Jun-98 310 08M 18S 810 29M42S 2700
1070-1159
0
0
34H393
Jun-69 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723 Upper Water Bearing
0
34H393
Jun-70 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2850
615-723 Zone of the Upper
0
34H393
Jun-71 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 1950
615-723 Floridan Aquifer
0
34H393
Jun-72 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2150
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-73 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2250
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-74 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2700
615-723
0
34H393 34H393 34H393 34H393
Jun-75 Jun-76 Jun-77 Jun-78
310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S
810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S
2350 2400 2400 2450
615-723 615-723 615-723 615-723
0 0 0
34H393
Jun-79 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-80 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2550
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-81 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-82 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-83 31008M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-84 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2300
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-85 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2250
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-86 31D 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-87 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723
0
34H393
Jun-88 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2350
615-723
0
34H393 34H393 34H393
Jun-89 Jun-90 Jun-91
310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2500 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2400
615-723 615-723 615-723
0 0
34H393
Jun-92 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 2450
615-723
0
0
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
., . .
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Well No.
34H393 34H393 34H393 34H393 34H393 34H393
Date
Jun-93 Jun-94 Jun-95 Jun-96 Jun-97 Jun-98
Latitude
310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S 310 08M 25S
Longitude
810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S
Chloride Cone. in mg/1 2450 2350 2300 2300 2300 2300
Depth or Interval (in feet) 615-723 615-723 615-723 615-723 615-723 615-723
Aquifer Designation (if known) Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399 34H399
Jun-69 Jun-70 Jun-71 Jun-72 Jun-75 Jun-76 Jun-77 Jun-78 Jun-79 Jun-80 Jun-81 Jun-82 Jun-83 Jun-84 Jun-85 Jun-86 Jun-87 Jun-88 Jun-89 Jun-90 Jun-91 Jun-92 Jun-93 Jun-94 Jun-95 Jun-96 Jun-97 Jun-98
310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S
810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S
4000 4600 3950 4700 5250 5450 5700 6200 6400 6550 6600 6800 6500 6600 6400 6400 6700 7100 7500 7800 7500 7800 7500 6900 6900 7100 7000 7200
1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218 1075-1218
Brackish Zone of the Lower Floridan Aquifer
34H403 34H403 34H403 34H403
Oec-70 Jun-72 Jun-73 Jun-74
310 08M 228 310 08M 228 310 08M 22S 310 08M 22S
810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S
1000 1600 2100 1650
788-892 788-892 788-892 788-892
Lower Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
67
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2
0
Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
0 0
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
0
Well No.
Date
Latitude
Longitude
Chloride Cone.
Depth or Interval
Aquifer Designation
0 0
in mg/1
(in feet)
(if known)
0
34H403
Jun-75 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 2050
788-892 Lower Water Bearing
0
34H403
Jun-76 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1650
788-892 Zone of the Upper
0
34H403
Jun-77 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1700
788-892 Floridan Aquifer
0
34H403
Jun-78 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1750
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-79 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1550
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-80 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1650
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-81 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1550
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-82 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1500
788-892
0
34H403 34H403 34H403 34H403
Jun-83 Jun-84 Jun-85 Jun-86
310 08M 22S 310 08M 22S 310 08M 22S 310 08M 22S
810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S 810 29M 42S
1450 1500 1500 1500
788-892 788-892 788-892 788-892
0 0 0
34H403
Jun-87 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1450
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-88 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1450
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-89 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1450
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-90 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1500
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-91 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1450
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-92 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1600
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-93 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1550
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-94 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1400
788-892
0
34H403
Jun-95 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1400
788-892
0
34H403 34H403 34H403
Jun-96 Jun-97 Jun-98
310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1500 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1500 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S 1475
788-892 788-892 788-892
0 0 0
34H427
Jun-71 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 150
500-640 Upper Water Bearing
0
34H427
Jun-72 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 250
500-640 Zone of the Upper
0
34H427
Jun-73 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 300
500-640 Floridan Aquifer
0
34H427
Jun-75 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1200
500-640
0
34H427
Jun-76 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1300
500-640
0
34H427
Jun,;77 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1400
500-640
0
34H427
Jun-78 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1600
500-640
0
34H427
Jun-79 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1775
500-640
0
34H427
Jun-80 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1850
500-640
0
34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427
Jun-81 Jun-82 Jun-83 Jun-84
310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S
810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S
1800 1800 1600 1500
500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640
0 0 0
34H427
Jun-85 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1200
500-640
0
34H427
Jun-86 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1150
500-640
0
0
68
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2
Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Well No.
Date
Latitude
Longitude Chloride Depth or Aquifer
Cone. Interval
Designation
34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427 34H427
Jun-87 Jun-88 Jun-89 Jun-90 Jun-91 Jun-92 Jun-93 Jun-94 Jun-95
310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S 310 07M 50S
810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S 810 29M 20S
in mg/1 1000 950 1150 1000 1100 1250 1200 1250 1350
(in feet) 500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640 500-640
(if known) Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
34H427 34H427 34H427
Jun-96 Jun-97 Jun-98
310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1425 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1400 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 1300
500-640 500-640 500-640
34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469 34H469
1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 31010M20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 20S 310 10M 208 310 10M 20S
810 29M 52S 120 810 29M 52S 200 810 29M 52S 250 810 29M 52S 250 810 29M 52S 300 810 29M 52S 300 810 29M 52S 400 810 29M 52S 480 810 29M 52S 1100 810 29M 52S 850 810 29M 52S 1600 810 29M 52S 1700 810 29M 52S 2050 810 29M 52S 2200 810 29M 52S . 2050 810 29M 52S 1900 810 29M 52S 1700 810 29M 52S 1500 810 29M 52S 1400 810 29M 52S 1200 810 29M 52S 1500 810 29M 52S 1500 810 29M 52S 1200 810 29M 52S 1100 810 29M 52S 1100 810 29M 52S 1200 810 29M 52S 1300 810 29M 52S 1350 810 29M 52S 1280
69
540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 . 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566 540-566
Upper Water Bearing Zone of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2
0
Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
0 0
0
Chloride Depth Profile: Well 34H495 (Well 197 of this study): Completed 10/10/00
0
Lower Florid an/Fernandina Permeable Zone Test Well
0
Georgia Ports Authority Well in downtown Brunswick
0
Glynn County: Latitude= 31D 08M 355; Longitude= 81D 29M 445
0
0
Chloride Specific
Hydrogeol.
0
Depth in
(mg/L) Cond. (us/em) Unit
0
Feet
0
0
658-668
1,500
5,882 Upper Floridan Aquifer
0
722-732
1,700
6,666
0
763-775 817-827 880-890
1,700 1,700 1,800
6,635 6,765 6,863
0 0
912-922
1,700
6,730
0
943-953
1,700
6,730
0
974-984
1,800
6,863
0
1, 006-1, 0 16
1,700
6,604
0
1,037-1,047
1,500
6,000
0
1,069-1,079
1,400
5,392
0
1,101-1,111
2,800
9,528
0
1,154-1,164
2,900
9,615
0
1,196-1,206
2,200
7,692 Lower Floridan Aquifer
0
1,227-1,237 1,301-1,313 1,393-1,405 1,418-1,426
2,400 2,300 2,000
36
8,823 8,018 7,103
425
0 0 0
1,477-1,487
13
419
0
1,547-1,557
13
418
0
1,647-1,657
12
611
0
1,707-1,717
100
1,228
0
1,805-1,815
170
1,754
0
1,870-1,880
310
2,482
0
1,930-1,940
340
2,632
0
2,050-2,060
210
1,908
0
2,089-2,092
1,100
6,060 Fernandina Permeable Zone
0
2,121-2,123 2,143-2,153 2,173-2,186 2,207-2,217
1,200 1,400 2,000 17,000
6,300 7,020 9,060 45,560
0 0 0
2,239-2,249
17,000
46,980
0
2,271-2,281
17,000
47,010
0
2,333-2,343
17,000
47,210
0
0
70
0
_)
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Chloride Depth Profile: Well 34H495 (Well197 of this study): Completed 10/10/00 Lower Floridan/Fernandina Permeable Zone Test Well Georgia Ports Authority Well in downtown Brunswick Glynn County: Latitude = 31 D 08M 35S; Longitude= 81 D 29M 445
Depth in Feet 2,435-2,445 2,501-2,511 2,611-2,621 2,661-2,671 2,681-2,699 2, 709-2,720
Chloride Specific
Hydrogeol .
(mg/L) Cond. (us/em) Unit
17,000 17,000 17,000 17,000 27,000 27,000
48,540 48,680 47,580 47,860 68,370 67,440
Chloride-Depth Profile: Well 33H188: Colonel's Island: Glynn County; Total Depth= 2,720
Circa 1978 Latitude = 31 D 08M 095 Longitude = 81 D 32M 355
Dep~h
Chloride
in feet
(mg/L)
700
20
800
120
900
20
1000
180
1100
150
1200
200
1300
500
1400
200
1500
120
1600
50
1700
500
1800
380
1900
220
2000
380
2150
220
2000
380
2100
220
2150
2,800
2200
4,500
2300
9,000
2350
16,500
2400
16,800
2500
16,500
2600
16,500
2720
16,800
71
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
0 0 0
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
0
Other Wells in Glynn County: Near-Background Chloride Concentrations
0
Most wells are likely completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer
0
0
Latitude
Longitude Period
Maximum
0
Well No.
Chloride
0
(in mg/1)
0
33G005
Not Available Not Available 11/84-5/90
41
0
33G006
Not Available Not Available 11/84-5/90
41
0
33G008
310 07M 01S 810 32M 02S 3/67-10/93
25
0
33G026
Not Available Not Available
Nov-84
28
0
33H103
310 11M 04S 810 30M 30S 11/84-5/90
23
0
33H106 33H038 33H101 33H102
310 10M 46S 81031M17S 3/81-3/83
22
310 10M 03S 810 41M 49S 11/84-5/90
21
31011M17S 810 30M 28S 2/76-5/89
28
31011M11S 81001M19S 12/75-4/93
30
0 0 0 0
33H103
310 10M 04S 810 30M 30S 8/75-10/93
28
0
0
33H104
Not Available Not Available 10/75-10/93
30
0
33H105
Not Available Not Available 10/75-10/93
28
0
33H111
310 10M07S 81031M 17S
Nov-75
20
0
33H112
310 10M 07S 810 31M 13S
Nov-75
42
0
33H119
Not Available Not Available 7/66-3/83
27
0
0
33H135 33H139 33H141 33H164
310 11M OOS 810 10M OOS
Jun-66
24
310 07M 38S 810 07M 38S 11/84-5/90
19
310 10M 44S 81032M31S 11/66-1 0/88
24
Not Available Not Available
Nov-84
18
0 0 0
33H173
310 30M 09S 810 30M 37S 8/81-3/83
28
0
33H175
310 12M 55S 810 31M 23S 4/75-11/84
36
0
0
33H178
310 10M 36S 810 31M 17S 4/81-10/93
23
0
33H179
Not Available Not Available 11/84-5/90
21
0
33H180
Not Available Not Available 4/75-3/83
24
0
33H183
Not Available Not Available 4/81-10/93
25
0
33H190
Not Available Not Available 5/90-10/93
23
0
0
33H193 33H207 33H209 33H210
Not Available Not Available
May-90
19
310 09M 25S 81031M22S 2/83-10/93
26
310 09M 12S 810 31M 53S
Nov-84
19
Not Available Not Available
Mar-83
18
0 0 0
33H211
310 10M 27S 810 31M 13S 4/85-10/93
21
0
0
0
72
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
Other Wells in Glynn County: Near-Background Chloride Concentrations Most wells are likely completed in the Upper Floridan aquifer
Well No.
Latitude
Longitude Period
Maximum Chloride (in mg/1)
33H220 34G004 34G016 1 34G017 34G041
310 07M 39S 81032M31S 11/85-4/86
31
310 03M 31S 810 26M 47S
Nov-84
21
310 06M 07S 810 24M 15S
Oct-62
16
310 06M 58S 81025M01S 9/74-10/88
24
Not Available Not Available
May-90
26
34H012 34H025 34H062 34H085 34H091 34H095
Not Available Not Available 4/93-10/93
28
310 13M 26S 810 28M 26S 3/81-10/88
30
310 10M 05S 810 28M 27S 4/81-3/83
40
310 09M 06S 810 28M 24S 6/66-4/86
30
310 07M 53S 810 29M 01S 7/67-5/88
45
Not Available Not Available 3/83-10/93
30
34H097 34H130 34H133 34H134 34H160
310 07M 55S 810 07M 55S 6/66-10/93
21
Not Available Not Available
Apr-90
20
Not Available Not Available 3/81-10/89
33
310 10M 51S 810 29M 55S 3/81-10/93
37
Not Available Not Available 3/81-3/83
24
34H204 34H344 34H358 34H368 34H371
Not Available Not Available
Nov-84
15
310 09M 38S. 810 28M 53S 3/64-10/93
34
Not Available Not Available
Nov-84
18
Not Available Not Available 4/75-11/84
32
310 08M 18S 810 29M 36S 10/66-1 0/93
33
34H372 34H381 34H383 34H392 34H410
310 08M 32S 810 29M 21S 7/68-10/93
28
310 09M 59S 810 23M 25S
Nov-84
16
310 11M 54S 810 23M OOS
Nov-94
25
31010M08S 81029M10S 3/81-5/90
22
310 12M 11S 810 27M 46S
Nov-84
26
34H436 34H442 34H444 34H445 34H449 34H450
310 09M 01S 810 28M 44S 1/84-10/93
31
Not Available Not Available 11/85-5/90
26
Not Available Not Available
May-90
18
310 09M 02S 810 28M 43S 10/88-4/93
17
310 10M 36S 810 28M 57S 5/90-10/93
23
310 09M 56S 81028M31S 11/90-10/93
18
73
0
0
0
0
Appendix 2 Chloride Concentrations in Selected Floridan Aquifer Wells, Glynn Co., GA.
0 0 0
All data from USGS database/USGS Open File Reports
0
Well 33D073 (Well198 of this study): St. Mary's Test Well
0
Drilled for GDNR drilled on Gallop Road in downtown St.Marys; completed 12/07/99
0
= Latitude 300 44M 06S
Lower Floridan Aquifer Well
0
0
Chloride Specific
Hydrogeol.
0
Depth in
(mg/L) Cond. (us/em) Unit
0
Feet
0
523-533
410 Upper Floridan Aquifer
0
613-623
727
0
683-693
717
0
745-757
34
717
0
804-812
869-879
35
899-909
35
969-969
1,009-1,019
32
710 710 Middle Semi Confining Unit 670 684 686
0 0 0
0
1,039-1,048
34
660
0
1,099-1, 109
31
735
0
1,129-1,139
696
0
1,139-1,149
36
686
0
1, 189-1, 199
689 Lower Floridan Aquifer
0
1,219-1,229
40
708
0
1,269-1,279
34
673
0
1,309-1,319
35
724
0
1,344-1,354
33
705
0
1,395-1,405
32
776
1,425-1 ,435
33
769
1,485-1,500
31
850
0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 3
Additional Floridan Aquifer Well Locations Characterized by High Chloride Concentrations 1978-1988 (most are after 1995)
County/ST Well No.
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-94 D-360 D-1292 D-1298 0-913
D..am
Latitude Longitude
.lleJllh
CbiQride
Qr Screened ConcentratjQn
loteJYal (f:t)
(mg/L)
1989 30D 19M OOS 81D 32M 28S
635
55
1990 30D 22M 43S 81D 30M 04S
665
270
4/21/92 30D 11M 57S 810 46M 52S
621
57
8/12/96 30D 08M 40S 81D35M 12S
704
99
7/15/98 30D 25M 57S 81D25M31S
556
380
Aquifer
UFA UFA UFA UFA UFA
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
.. Duval, Fl
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
0-262 D-225 D-275 D-313 0-450
0-479 D-483 D-484 D-1155 0-1220
1990 30D 26M o8s 81D 35M 49S 716198 30D 17M 43S 81D 36M 23S 7/17/98 30D 17M 40S 81D 36M 10S 7/20/98 30D 19M 57S 81D 39M 25S 7/21/98 30D 16M ass 81 D 36M 28S
7/15/98 30D 20M 07S 81D 35M 22S 9/19/95 30D 16M 57S 810 23M 33S
1990 30D 17M 04S 81D 23M 34S 7/7/98 30D 16M 39S a1D 33M oas 7/19/96 30D 17M 58S 81D 30M 39S
1237 1277 1234 1150 1297
1350 1200 1181 1170 1185
50 UFA + some LFA 230 UFA + some LFA 200 UFA + some LFA 130 UFA +some LFA
87 UFA +some LFA
140 UFA +some LFA 144 UFA +some LFA 180 UFA + some LFA 120 UFA +some LFA 806 UFA +some LFA
Duval, Fl Duval, Fl
D-3060 D-2193
5/8/90 30D 20M 52S 81 D 32M 32S 7/16/98 30D 17M 44S 81D 36M 33S
800 1304
80 UFA + some LFA 140 UFA + some LFA
Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl
N-30 N-54 N-228 N-68 N-106
4/5/78 30D 39M 21S 81D 27M 46S 3/4/93 30D 37M 22S 81D 27M 14S 6/18/96 30D 38M 09S S1D 30M 08S 10/19/92 30D 39M 58S 81 D 28M 04S 9/11/75 30D 38M OSS 81D 27M 39S
750 482 1220 1050 925
109
UFA
123
UFA
320
UFA
440 UFA + some LFA
245 UFA + some LFA
Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl Nassau, Fl
N-117 N-190 N-234 N-234 N-222
1979 30D 40M 01S 81D 28M 03S 10/23/91 30D 38M 23S 81D 27M 33S
3/13/96 30D 41M ass a1D 27M 23S 7/15/96 30D 40M 01 S 81 D 28M 03S 6/30/00 30D 47M OOS 81 D 57M 1OS
1133 1020
953 1007 1912
120 616 131 153 1927
UFA +some LFA UFA +some LFA UFA +some LFA UFA + some LFA
LFA
Glynn, GA 33H106 11/2/90 31 D 1OM 46S 81D 31M 17S
Glynn, GA 33H110 6/23/99 31D 10M 44S 81D 30M 46S
Glynn, GA 33H113 6/23/99 31 D 09M 55S 81D 31M 17S
Glynn, GA 33H114 4/18/95 31D 10M 27S 81D 31M 06S
Glynn, GA 33H120 10/30/90 31 D 1OM 36S 81D 30M 26S
Glynn, GA 33H127
6/3/98 31D 10M 07S 81D 30M 17S
Glynn, GA 33H130
6/3/98 31D 10M 21S 81D 30M 31S
UFA =Upper Floridan Aquifer; LFA =Lower Floridan Aquifer
75
496-775 494-1050
1076 560-1006
514-571 823-895 530-700
212 455 337 179 118 778 2590
UFA UFA +some LFA UFA + some LFA UFA + some LFA
UFA UFA UFA
0
0
0
0
Appendix 3
Additional Floridan Aquifer Well Locations Characterized by High Chloride Concentrations
0 0 0
1978-1988 (most are after 1995)
0
County/ST Well No. Dam
Latitude
Longitude
I2ell1h
Chloride
Q[ S~r~~ll~d CQD~~ctratiQD
lllt~Dlill (f:t)
mgliJ
Comments
0 0
0
Glynn, GA 3H133 12/12/98 310 10M 07S 810 30M 175
520-790
1965
UFA
0
Glynn, GA 33H154 6/22/99 31 0 1OM 22S 810 30M 29S
817-989
1850
UFA
0
Glynn, GA 33H189 4/18/95 310 10M 14S 810 31M o8s
540-900
802 UFA + some LFA
0
0
Glynn, GA . Glynn, GA
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
33H192 33H206 33H212 33H214 33H215
6/20/99 310 34M 45S 810 37M 04S 6/23/99 310 09M 25S 810 31M 22S
o 6/3/98 31 1OM 08S 810 30M 58S
4/13/95 310 10M 20S 810 30M 545 4/13/95 310 10M 205 810 30M 545
1000-1100 870-1007
895-920 557-800
730 335 1230 2500 2450
0
LFA
0
LFA
0
LFA
0
UFA
0
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
33H216 33H217 33H218 33H221 33H222
4/13/95 310 10M 185 810 30M 39S 4/12/95 310 10M 18S 810 30M 39S 4/12/95 3.1 0 1OM 185 810 30M 395
6/3/98 31 0 1OM 275 810 31M 045 6/23/98 31 0 1OM 385 810 30M 55S
1010-1030 885-907 557-800
556-1006 546-1010
0
2650 2650 2700
LFA
0
LFA UFA
0
1048 UFA +some LFA
0
250 UFA + some LFA
0
0
Glynn, GA 33H250 5/13/91 31009M 145 810 35M 29S
510
0
Glynn, GA 34G002
6/2/94 310 O?M 275 810 28M 53S
585-750
106
UFA
0
Glynn, GA 34G003 10/21/96 310 O?M 275 810 28M 53S
494-692
128
Glynn, GA 34G036
6/3/98 31 0 06M 435 810 29M 205 1062-1140
373
Glynn, GA 34H065 10/24/96 31 0 09M 50S 810 28M 515
455-664
503
UFA
0
LFA
0
UFA
0
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
34H072 34H073 34H076 34H078 34H112
11/20/90 310 09M 52S 810 28M 43S 6/23/99 310 09M 51S 810 28M 57S 6/23/99 310 09M 595 810 29M 01S 6/23/99 310 09M48S 810 28M 52S 6/21/99 310 08M 12S 810 29M 41S
498-950 1063 1015
545-890 528-747
0
228 UFA +some LFA
0
499 472 259 1690
UFA UFA + some LFA
UFA UFA
0
0 0
0
Glynn, GA 34H117
6/3/98 310 08M 52S 810 29M 54S
540-780
508
Glynn, GA 34H125 6/20/99 310 09M 06S 810 29M 31S
535-604
460
UFA
0
UFA
0
Glynn, GA 34H128 6/21/99 310 09M 19S 810 29M 35s
519-700
782
UFA
0
Glynn, GA 34H132
6/1/91 310 10M 20S 810 29M 525
540-566
1500
UFA
0
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
34H334 34H348 34H354 34H355 34H363
10/23/96 31 0 09M 195 810 28M 53S 4/20/95 310 10M 55S 810 28M 53S 6/22/99 31 0 09M 24S 810 29M 52S . 6/22/99 310 09M 24S 810 29M 52S 12/2/95 310 08M 22S 810 29M 58S
800-980 536-787 804-1003 523-785 612-744
995 440 1284 1524 177
0
LFA
0
UFA
0
LFA
0
UFA UFA
0 0
UFA =Upper Floridan Aquifer; LFA =Lower Floridan Aquifer
0
0
76
0
0
0
0
0
0
Appendix 3 Additional Floridan Aquifer Well Locations Characterized by High Chloride Concentrations
1978-1988 (most are after 1995)
County/ST Well No. .D..a1e
Latitude
!..Qogitude
~
CbiQride
Q[ S~reeoed CQD~eotratiQD
Interval (ft)
(mg/L)
Aquifer
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
34H373 34H374 34H391 34H393 34H398 34H399 34H400 34H401 34H402 34H403
6/21/99 310 09M 40S 810 29M 33S 6/3/98 310 09M 53S 810 29M 59S 6/3/98 31 0 08M 18S 810 29M 42S
12/22/98 310 08M 25S 810 29M 42S 6/22/99 310 07M 49S 81S 29M 04S 6/21/99 310 07M 49S 810 29M 20S 6/3/98 310 09M 36S 810 29M 40S 6/21/99 310 09M 45S 810 29M 55S 6/22/99 31 0 09M 45S 810 29M 55S 6/21/99 310 08M 22S 810 29M 42S
512-719 527-696 1070-1159 615-723 622-720 1078-1250 524-756 525-756 815-946 788-892
441
UFA
1355
UFA
2810 Brackish zone LFA
2315
UFA
134
UFA
6880 Brackish zone LFA
541
UFA
1940
UFA
2100
LFA
1480
UFA
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
34H411 34H413 34H416 34H424 34H425
10/12/93 310 10M 03S 810 28M 57S 6/13/98 310 09M 51S 810 28M 46S 6/21/99 310 08M 27S 810 29M 43S 6/23/99 310 10M 11S 810 29M 31S 6/23/99 310 10M 16S 810 28M 58S
540-698 550-838
550-745 550-700
950 656 140 2115 340
UFA UFA
UFA UFA
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
34H427 34H434 34H438 . 34H443 34H446
6/22/99 310 07M 50S 810 29M 20S 6/22/99 310 09M 11S 810 29M 41S 6/21/98 310 09M 01 S 810 28M 44S 10/22/96 31 0 08M 28S 810 29M 42S
6/3/98 310 08M 29S 810 29M 45S
500-640 530-670
1425 1720 1731 1547 445
UFA UFA
Glynn, GA 34H468 Glynn, GA 34H469
6/23/99 310 09M 31S 810 29M 10S 6/21/99 310 10M 20S 810 29M 52S
560-750 540-566
244 1335
UFA
Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA Glynn, GA
34H495 34H495 34H495 34H495 34H495
3/21/00 310 08M 35S 810 29M 45S 3/21/00 310 08M 35S 810 29M 45S 3/21/00 310 08M 35S 810 29M 45S 3/21/00 310 08M 35S 810 29M 45S 3/21/00 310 08M 35S 810 29M 45S
658-668 1,196-1,206 2,089-2,092 2,207-2,217 2,709-2,720
1,500 2,200 1,100 17,000 27,000
UFA LFA LFA-FPZ LFA-FPZ LFA-FPZ
Camden,GA 330061 Camden,GA 33120E
5/6/93 300 44M 01 S 810 32M 37S 10/7/99 300 48M 07S 810 32M 37S
124
UFA
570
Surficial Aquifer
Nassau/FI N-117 Nassau/FI N-62
1979 300 40M 01S 810 28M 03S 1962 300 38M 23S 810 27M 33S
2,100 1,826
9,600 USGS WRI 83-4190 1,600 USGS WRI 83-4190
plugged to 1, 100'
Nassau/FI N-32
1979 300 39M 58S 810 28M 04S
2,094
8,100 USGS
UFA = Upper Floridan Aquifer; LFA = Lower Floridan Aquifer; FPZ =Fernandina Permeable Zone
77
0
0
0
0
Appendix 3
0
Additional Floridan Aquifer Well Locations Characterized by High Chloride Concentrations
1978-1988 (most are after 1995)
0 0 0
Chloride in Test Wells in USGS Test Wells/Nassau and Duval Counties
0
County/ST Well No. ~
Latitude Longitude
D..e.Jllh
Chloride
Comments
0
or Screened Concentration
(data source)
0
Interval (ft)
(mg/L)
0
0
Duvai/FI
0-2386
1981 300 21M 59S 810 23M 56S
2,026
3,300 USGS OFR 84-143
0
Ouvai/FI Ouvai/FI
0-3060
1983 300 20M 52S 810 32M 32S
test well pre 1966 Jax near St. Johns River
2,112 2,485
5,370 USGS OFR 84-143
0
7,320 The exact location
0
of this well was
0
never published
0
The location of this test well can only be deduced from Figs 2 and 3 of Leve, Ground Water v.6 1968; Chloride concentration given in a USGS Open File Report FL66001 See Cross section A-A' and Figures 2 and 3 of Leve, Ground Water v.6, 1968.
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
78
0
0
0
0
0
0
------- -------
------
'
.
('
.
---~
3 1"30'
0
,o
N
00
PLATE 1
. -0
M 00
31'30'
EXPLANATION
Well Locations with Lithological and Geophysical Logs
Lithological Log: Depth= 500- 999 feet
A Lithological Log: Depth= 1,000-2,000 feet
e Lithological Log: Depth=> 2,000 feet
Geophysical Log: Depth = > 2,000 feet
\
,-i
. ,.1 ~.
'
31"00'
.. ,_ i:,
--
r
I
(
'
30"30'
l I
\
()
30"30'
T
N
Scale
1:100,000
r
0
(0 1\ilornclcr1 (
fomilcs
._~
mBninscutme nlp~pporgcrrnmphcidc
rwm t.lSftS heel>
).0
~
(iO
30"00'
00
---,
3 r3o'
0
.a
Jr3o'
N 00
PLATE2
EXPLANATION
Isopach Map of Sediment Thickness Above the Floridan Aquifer
e Lithological Control Point
( Well Location )
- 550 -Line of Equal Thickness (feet)
Contour Interval= 50 feet ( Dashed Where Uncertain )
3fOO'
(
/
30"30'
- - -i--
\ '
'
30"30'
t
N
Scale
1:100,000
0
IOKilomclcrs
I
6
I IOmilcs
0 Bose mnp prcpnrcd from USGS JO 60 C"""l minute lopogrnphic shecls
00
30"00'
-~---~~---
31"30'
C> .C>
N
00 PLATE3
3 1"30'
EXPLANATION
StructUIal Contour of the Top of the Flo rill an Aquifer
-500
Elevation of the top ofthe Floridan aquili:r (feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval= 100 feet Well Control Point
Fault showing upthrown and downtown block
(fium USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 26)
----. '
/
,, J \ .......
. .\
\
.......
~
3 roo
i :~
30" 30'
I
-!ltit\
0
C>
N
30"00'
00
-()
30"30'
Scale
1:100.000
6
I0 Kilomclcrs
I
I
I
10 miles
0 Base map prepared 6-om IISGS 30 60 ..M..... minulc lopographic shecls
00
30"00'
------~-
3 1'30'
0
,o
N 00
PLATE4
31'30'
EXPLANATION
Isopach of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
- 500- Line of Equal Thickness (feet)
Contour Interval= 100 feet
Contour Control Point (from USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 28)
e Well Control Point
(from USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 28)
.i
!
~.. _.
\ )' _,..
,;'
~ ...'
,.,.j
-. ( ~ $.
/> \.
/
31'00'
t-(~r\ \
')jr..J . -)
\l '>Jl) \i '
~
,..."';....:.::--..... -~
f- 'i ... .... _::,.,_, 1-=
\l17
t \ .......,(. ' .... ~. ...,--~...1 =
'-,,'1
\
\
30'30'
j !
30'30'
i '
0
0
N
30'00'
00
Scale 1:100,000
10 Kilometers
I
I
6
IOmilcs
0 Bose mnp prepared from USGS JO x 60
M 111inute lopogrnphic sheets '\-o
00
30'00'
-- - -
3 1"30'
0.....
3 1"30'
......
PLATES
00
EXPLANATION
Structural Contour of the Top of the
Lower Floridan Aquifer
1400
Elevation of the top of the Lower Floridan Aquifer (feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval = I00 feet
Contour Control Point
(from USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 31)
e Well Control Point
(from USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 31)
A Well Control Point
(fiom well data complied for this study)
../ \ ___.....
- -1000
3roo
'\
\
... J
.~
r i
( I
30"30'
0
30"30'
-!----
l --: ..... -..;/--
!.
........7/............ ,,.
30"00'
Boo
I
\.
Scale 1:100,000
10 Kilometers
I
6
I
10 miles
20 Bose mnp prepnred from liSGS JO x 60 minulc lopo!iraphic she~ls
00
30"00'
--~~---
31"30'
b .o
N 00
PLATE6
31"30'
........
00
:\
EXPLANATION
Isopach Map of the Lower Floridan Aquifer
-1300- Line of Equal Thickness (feet) Contour Interval = I00 feet - -
Contour Interval= 500 feet (locally) Contour Control Point
(from USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 32) Well Control Point
(from USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 32)
Well Control Point (lh>m well d~ta complied for this study)
3 roo
.-.
30"30'
c::>
C....--l
i
.i
i .'
30"30'
.....,. ___
,,
~
N
Scale
1:100,000
6
IOKilomclcrs
I
I
I
I
10 anilcs
Dose map prepared from USGS JO x 60 minute topographic sheets
00
30"00'
--------I , 1
31"30'
0
.o
N
00 PLATE 7
......
00
EXPLANATION
Structural Contour of the. Base of the Floridan Aquifer
-2500
Elevation of the base of the Floridan Aquifer (feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval= 100 feet
Contour Control Point
{lhun USGS Professional Paper 1403-B; Plate 33)
e
Well Control Point
{used in USGS Professional Paper 1403-8; Plate 33)
'
(
r',/' \.-.\'
'')l
'.,.l
. ,,.....
~
:> .
i~ff
31"00'
I
!
'
iL~::"
\
\
I
/\~ /
'
/ .
-------------
- /I.-
.. '
...
...
t
Scale 1:100,000
4 :~....J..,,,.2i4i.....a6.,r-i~1,..1,0-K!ilo-m'ete?rs fa milc!l
0 Base mnp prepnrcd rruno IISGS JUs 60
C"'""' minute topographic sheets
.......
00
30"00'
----
3 1"30'
0 ,o
!'I
co PLATE 8
31'30'
EXPLANATION
Transmissivity of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
(selected well locations)
27,000
Transmissivity
in
ft
2 /
day
(data compiled from USGS sources)
i
I
.i
--
., ~-
31'00'
,.,
\..-
30'30'
30'30'
29,000
't N
Scale
1:100,000
4 6
I
I
10 Kilometers
i'
fo miles
-~~1"30' 0 ...
.o
31"30'
N 00
PLATE9
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, September, 1980
Well Location -30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head
(feet mean sea level) Contour Interval= 10 feet
.l
-
-~,
,.!} ~-l
' ;'*'- -{ 1'"--~ ..... ~-=>'
i e>JI
f
I r (
.~-.._-
,-\I
\ '\.........
)
\
\
\ \ _!
30"30'
;/ t
~ ... i'/1..:.:...;
'\ i'' '";)
1 I
3f00'
0
0
ooo
N 00
Scale I :100,000
10 Kilomclcrs
I.
IOmiJcs
0 Base map prepared from lJS(]S 30 x 60 M minulc topographic sheets .-.
00
30"00'
31"30'
1-~ 00
PLATE 10
-00
31"30'
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, May, 1985
Well Location
-30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head (feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval = I0 feet
/
~-1
31'00'
..\
~-
\ ...
}
..,
'
1:
. (:
Contour Interval= 20
feet
r
!
30'30'
{'
(
i, )
---------------
/i... '~-
;..--
/
I
(?'" " ... t
.
&0'1' \
I .., "-J~.;i'"'~. 50
r .. ':\'/1;(., :1.'..:.{~. \-',./. \ ---,....~-.:~
.
i /
t..... / ... -- ...........
40
/_ - - - -~-~- ....~.:.::...
T N
Scale 1:100,000
0
f2 4
I
I
6
I
8
I
10 Kilomclctl
I
IQmil..
0 Base mop prcporcd &orn USOS 30 X 60
......(T") minute topographic sloects
00
]0'001
----
31"30'
1-~ 00
PLATE 11
...0.........
00
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, May, 1990
Well Location -30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head
(feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval= tO feet
~ :
31"00'
,. f
\_ ... /
(
,J l
31"00'
.J
' .
' i I
.f
J
\
30"30'
)
.....
I
,.~
!
/
/
-/':::_i _
-
-
-
--
-
--
\ ~ ---~--:-:-~-
i
/
/
0
0 C'l 00
30"30'
"'i
'..... \....-~:.:: ::.::.: ::~- ..,-~),~. ! ....
T
Scale 1:100,000
0 24 6
I
I
I
I0 Kilomctcn
I
6
I IOmilcs
0 Base map prepared rrom USGS JO x 60
......r<'l minute topographic sheets
00
30"00'
-~~~---
J rJo'
f.~
00 PLATE 12
.....
31'30'
00
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Upr;c, Floridan Aquifer, May 1995
Well Location
-30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head (feet mean sea level)
Conour Interval = I0 feet
.. ~/
\ __, ..-
\
/ I
' ,_
I
I
\ )
.I
,.. ... .'
1''
\ . i
30'30'
/
!
..
'
!
! '
I
\
I
f.'.. ~.D. ~. I!-f':V' .
31'00'
/
/
Cone of depression represents potentiometric surface of 54 feet ~+..,+.~'-+-::>r-;.-l below mean sea level
30'30'
i
!l~l,~,
l i _.,~~\
..J.r,...-!r.:.~/.i-, 1-.-,; .J
. ~.. .. . . ...
T
Scale 1:100,000
I(I Kilomclcrs
I
IOmilcs
0 Base map prepare~ from USGS JO ' 60
('1") minute topographic shcels ':_ 00
30'00'
--~-
31"30'
J.~
00
PLATE 13
31"30'
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Floridan Aquifer May, 1996
Well Location -30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head
(feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval = l 0 feet
i '
j
i
,.,l '............~"""
I
,.\
)
r'
I
3!"00'
(
)
I
.{
C"'
'.
I '
30"30'
, :';,i
b~.t..\
I
/
i
30"30'
t
Scale 1:100,000
0 24 6
10 Kilometers
! 1 ~ r-L~~~~--~~ tomilcs
-0
M 00
Bnsc mnp prcpnrctl fiom l ISGS JO s 60 minute topographic shccls
30"00'
---~~
3 J' 30'
1-~
3 1"30'
00 PLATE14
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Upper Flol"idan Aquifea May, 1998
Well Location -30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head
(feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval= 10 feet
( \
''
/
I I
. ........ /
3!'00'
~" ....i
.,.
'
\ \ \ J
/
30'30'
)
f
30'30'
....
f N Scale
1:100,000
10 r\llomcltfl
I
\Omil~:~
0 Dose mor rrepnred liutu l!SGS JO x 60 ,_C'1'1 minute topournphic sheets
00
JO'OO'
-----
J r3o'
J.8
3 r3o'
C'l
00 PLATE 15
EXPLANATION
Prcdevelopment Potentiometric Surface : Upper Flo.-idan Aquifer
Interpolation Point Vulucs from: USGS Professional Paper 1403-D; Plate 17
. 66 - Line of Equal Decline
Contour Interval=2 feet
3 roo
;
./ r'
68
\s.
. 31"00'
.....! ' ...: ....f:
.r
30'30'
30'30'
T N
Scale
1:100,000
IOKilomclm
I
;' I
0
6
8
0 Base map prepared from USGS JO x 60
("f) minute topographic sheets
;.....
00
30'001
------
3r3o'
I~
00 PLATE 16
. -0
M 00
3 r3o'
EXPLANATION
Decline of the Potentiometric Surface in the Upper Floridan Aquifer from Pre-Development to
May,l980
Interpolation Point Values from: USGS Professional Paper 1403-D; Plate 17
- 30- Line of Equal Decline in Hydraulic (feet)
Contour lnterval=lO feet
} "\..... _,
/
3roo
<
~
lJ..J .0
0
30"30'
30"30'
30"00'
Scale
I :100,000
0 2 4 6 a 10 Kilomctc11
I
I
I
I 'I
:
t
lOmilcs
0 !3os~ mop prepare<! frP!Il USGS 30 X60 f""'\ minute topogrophic shcels
':--<
co
30"00'
---~
31"30'
I~ 00
PLATE17
0
-M
00
31"30'
EXPLANATION
Decline of The Potentiometric Surface in the Upper Floridan Aquifer fr-om Pre-Development to
May, 1985
Interpolation Point Values tiom: USGS Professional Paper 1403-D; Plate 17
Line of Equal Decline in llydraulic Head (feet)
Contour Interval=10 feet
\
'
I
( '\........--\_
.. _..-..
I
\.
,..
;:!
,
i
\
\
{
''
I
30.30'
'
J )
J
:
' i
-1
I
/ .,.'
_;
f' / '
30.30'
Scale
1:100,000
0 24 6
lUKiloml:lcrs
0
0
I
I
I
I
6
I IOmilcs
0 Dose map pre1mred from USGS 30 x 60 M minute tupogrnphic shcels
('I 00
.........
00
3ooo
--
3(30'
I~
00 PLATE18
31"30'
......
00
.EXPLANATION
Decline of the Potentiometric Surface in the Upper Floridan Aquifer from Pre-Development to
May,l990
Interpolation Point Values tiom: USGS Professional Paper 1403-D; Plate 17
-30- Line of Equal Decline in Hydraulic (feet)
Contour Interval= I0 feet
30"30'
-----~---~
30"30'
Scale
I: 100,000
IO Kilomtlt13
I
I
4
o Base mnp prcpaoed rrom USGS Jll x 6ll ._<'1 minurc ropographic sheers
JIJ 00'
----
31"30'
f.~
31"30'
00
PLATE19
EXPLANATION
Decline of the Potentiometric Surface in the Upper Floridan Aquifer from Pre-Development to
May, 1995
Interpolation Point Values from: USGS Professional Paper 1403-D; Plate 17
- 30 - Line of Equal Decline in Hydraulic (feeL)
Contour Interval= 10 feet
,/ \.~.--
('
31"00'
I
'\..._ \
't
.!'
\
~
\
\
r
i
I
30"30'
\
. ~-,.'
I
/ '
_ _ _ _ _ ------------;"'---------; ,;_
- --- -- . -
30"30'
l
L..... l .....
0
0 N 00
-r N
Scale 1:100,000
10 Kilomc1en
I
IUmilcs
0 Base map prcpwcd !Tom USGS 30 x 60
-M minute topographic sheets
00
30"00'
-------
31"30'
I~ 00
PLATE20
0
.~
31"30'
......
00
EXPLANATION
Decline of the Potentiometric Surface in the Upper Floridan Aquifer from Pre-Development to
May, 1998
Interpolation Point Values from: USGS Professional Paper 1403-D; Plate 17.
- 30- Line of Equal Decline in Hydraulic (feet)
Contour Interval=10 feet
_ .../---.....,/-......
i
31"00'
J.r.\i:i.
,\...
\ f )
f
I
30'30'
)
)
'
-------------
20
\---~ ---
__ _
0
0 N 00
I
<
I
I
i
"(
lLJ
'
!
(..)
a
30'30'
.,
1' N
Scale 1:100,000
to Kilometers
I
I
lOmilcs
0 Base mop prepared from USGS 30 x 60
M minute lopogrnphic sheets
......
00
30'00'
-----
31"30'
0
.o
~ PLATE 21
-0
("1)
00
31"30'
EXPLANATION
Change in the Jlotcntiometric Surface of the
Upper Flo.-itlan Aquifer: 1\lay, 1980 to May,l998
Contours Represent: Pot. Surface1998 - Pot.Surface,g9o
Contour Interval= I0 let:! near Fernauina Beach Contour Interval =. 5 li:ctncar other locations lntcrpolalion point
0 Interpolation point of rio dillerence
I
.:. J
"''\
31'00'
\ \
i, .,.
' .'
"'\
1 I.
i
J(f 30'
\
1
,II ....
'
30'30'
t
Scale I :100,000
Ill Kilomclcu
I
I
6
I )Omil..:s .
._0 Bnse nlllp prepnrcd lh>lll USGS Jll x 60
('""') minule lopogrnphic shecls
00
30'00'
---------
3 1"30'
3rJO'
PLATE22
EXPLANATION
Potentiometric Surface of the Lower Flor-idan Aquifer May, 1998
Well Location
-30- Line of Equal Hydraulic Head (feet mean sea level)
Contour Interval = I0 feet
.r
r'
r'
'-'1
<\
3f00'
)
\
\
I
I 30.30'
\
/
'
30.30'
0 2 4
I
I II
0
2
Scale
,. 1:100,000 10 Kilometers
10 miles
0 Base mnp prepared from USGS 30 x 60 .C...".'.".l minute topographic sheets
00
3ooo
-----~-
3f30'
I~
00
PLATE23
.....
31"30'
00
EXPLANATION
Diffcence in the Potentiometric
Smface Between the Upper and
LoweI<io.-idan Aquifer
May,1998
>'
/
Point where potentiometric surface values were subtracted ( Upper Floridan Aquifer- Lower Flolidan Aquifer)
- 5 - Line of Equal difference
Contour Interval=S feet
3roo
)
.J'
'
I i
~~~'
/
(
i
,' l
.
,
\
\
30"30'
i"
I
30"00'
30"30'
Scale
1:100,000
0
6
10 Kilometers
I
I
to miles
0 Base map prepared from USGS 30 x 60
......('f') minute topographic sheets
00
30.00'
----------
3 1"30'
0
.o
31"30'
C"l 00
PLATE 24
EXPLANATION
lsochlor Map of the Upper Floridan Aquifer
-1000- Line of Equal Chloride Concentration (mg/L)
e Well Control Point in which chloride>250 mg!L
Shaded Region: Chloride Concentration is between 1,000 and 2,700 mg!L
/
i
)
\
31"00'
1\
'\',
31"00'
(
j
\
\ \
J
/
30"30' r i
{
--------- --
0
30"30'
0
0
C"l
30"00'
00
t
Scale 1: tOO,OOO
10 Kilomcll:n
I
10 miles
0 Base map prepared from USGS 30 x 60
M minute topographic sheets
~ 00
30"00'
31"30'
1-~
00
PLATE25
b
M
31"30'
00
EXPLANATION
Chlol"ide Concentrations in Selected Lower Floridan
Aquifer Wells
0 < 499 mg/L chloride
500 - I,999 mg/L chloride
A. 2000- 4,999 mg/L chloride
5,000- 27,000 mg/L chloride
1
Iii~
ri - ,-. ' '-
/
J
/
. :.~" ~~- ~-.~' -.. ~;.:~,;/..;;j;;;h.-1 S.u1111d
\ .......-
.~.\
.. .. . ~ . ~;I
\7,~\_ {
--~
h~\
\
\..
')
\
30"30'
-~--{-
i
,j,. ,
?.i' ------
!
,/ !
I
i
L ..
b
0
N
30"00'
00
30"30'
i
\,
Scale 1:100,000
10 J.i:ilomclcrs
I
10 miles
-0
M 00
llase map prepared from USGS 30 60 minute topographic sheers
30"00'
-------~~---
31"30'
31"30'
PLATE 26
EXPLANATION
Elevated Chloride Concentrations in Selected Upper Floridan Aquifer Wells(a)
0 50-249 mg/L chloride
250-499 mg/L chloride
.'iottlld
A. 500-1499 mg/L chloride
1500-3000 mg/L chloride
- 806 chloride concentration in mg/L
(a) Some wells completed within the upper portion of the lower Floridan Aquifer
) '
' 't82\ - -~ ~.
1---*-i
L -- /'
\ ....,.-
31"00'
t.
3 roo
(
f
\
\ \
;
/
\
30"30'
)
l
)
30"30'
30"00'
Scale 1:100,000
0
I
~ I
0
10 Kilometers
I
I
6
IOmilcs
Base map prepared from USGS 30 x 60 minute topographic sheet~
~ 00
30"00'
3 1"30'
0
.o
N 00
PLATE 27
EXPLANATION
Hydrogeologic Cross Sections With
Chloride Data
e Interpolation Point (IP) !rom
Miller, USGS Prot: Paper 1403
e Well With Lithological Data
A Time Domain Electromagnetic
(TDEM) Survey Point
Wdl With Chloride Data
-0
M 00
3 1"30'
l:....~;
J:~;:f~~~;Jl;;:_.~
~\ J4\ /"/\
/p( ~\
. . f:::=-~~~;
J e>
IP
f--
5
'(~t~~~J,~:;??~~ j~ "'~;:,;" "'
,JR,, ,
t / '\' ( .. rp u1 1 \'t , ,
,-
J
- :
--,~--.~-}
e-,
{..-)
' . ...,, __,
..
'
,/
f
' .....
IP\ 17 \ G
) '
p
:' ;~
30"30'
\
!
H
IP 27
------~--
i---- ....
30"30'
\
-"~--~\.J
_.,t_, '1.,_-
I\ (..
\ \
t
Scale
1:100,000
10 Kilomc1cn: I
~
io miles
0 Bll.Sc mop prcpmcJ from USCS 30 s 60
.,_('f\ m.inule \0\10\!,.{aQhic ~heds.
00
Jooo
31"30'
0 .o
('l
00 PLATE 28
EXPLANATION
TDEM and Chloride Data: Lower Floridan Aquife
A.3,264' TDEM measurement location and depth (in lcct) to 5,000 mg/L isochior
e Well Location
1,96Smg/L (chloride concentration) 790' (well depth in teet)
00
LL__}._
3 1"30'
/
.C-:.::;. \ !.';~~:
3 roo
.. 1,536'
\..
\_
)
!
I
I
(
.f
,. .
. !
'
\,
J
I / ~
30'30'
.......
9,i
o 3 ' 1
.,,rL.r,l ',...O...LI
..,
/"'., ..._(~
}- __.
,11 .........{"
\J
r
,
I
f
I
/
I
I
j
31'00'
\~.,, ~ .r-~
.....\f~ :r ~
30'30'
0
0
('l
30'00'
00
t
Scale 1:100,000
10 KilomclcB
I
I
6
lOmilcs
Base map prepared from USGS 30 x 60
..- minulc 1opog,raphic sheets
00
30'00'
A
North Well191 0
-500
-.-..
tn
:.E.e.... -1500
c:
.0.-..
~ -2000
-Cl)
w
-2500
-3000
-3500
PLATE29
Hydrogeologic Cross Section A- o with Chloride Data
Brunswick
Well
IP
197
15
Cumberland Is. IP 21
Fernandina Beach
Well
IP
191
25
So~~ th
Well 7(5/IP
D
Surficial Aquifer
aaseot Aqu\ter LEGEND
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch = 5 miles Vertical Exaggeration = 44x
Middle Semi-Confining Unit
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
Upper Floridan Aquifer
5,000 TDEM: refers to the depth of 5,000 mg/L chloride concentration as inferred by time domain electromagnetic sounding measurement
Lower Floridan Aquifer
Fernandina Permeable Zone IP =Interpolation Point (from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403) - 1,600 refers to chloride concentration in mg/L measured at well location
3,300
B
North IP 5/Well 137
IP
Well
7
193
Hydrogeologic Cross Section B-e
with Chloride Data
IP
-.-..
tn
E .
....... -1500
=c:
...0c-a
->
C1)
w
-2000
-2500
-3000 -3500
= Horizontal Scale: 1 inch 5 Miles
Vertical Exaggeration = 44x
PLATE30
D
LEGEND
Surficial Aquifer Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
D
Middle Semi-C nfining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
Upper Floridan Aquifer
IP = Interpolation Point (from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
Fernandina Pe jmeable Zone
-5,370 refers to chlo'lide concentration In mg/L measured at well location
I I
5J)OO
TuEM
Hydrogeologic Cross Section c..c
with Chloride Data
c
0
IP 12
IP
Well
Well106
18
195
c
IP
South
28
IP 32
-500
)
)
-1000
) ~
UJ
)=E .._ -1500 c
) .0.-..
-~ -2000
) CI)
w
)
-2500
)
-3000
')
-3500
H 5,ooo TDEM
Base of Aquifer
-_~:2>::~-.:<:.:-:: ::>:'~?:~~:: -~~----, >- :
~~jj~tr;~~~-,~!~ :~~:;~-i~::L~~~:-
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch = 4.0 Miles Vertical Exaggeration = 35.2x
H 5,000 TDEM
-
LE GEN D
PLATE 31
)
)
)
Surficial Aquifer
Upper Confining Unit (Includes Miocene aquifer)
Upper Floridan Aquifer
5,000 TDEM: refers to the depth of 5,000 mg/L
chloride concentration as inferred by time domain
J
electromagnetic sounding measurement
- -- .- .2 - - -~-....1-L-...;.,._--=--------
H 5,ooo TDEM
I
D
Middle Semi-Confining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
Fernandina Permeable Zone
IP = Interpolation Point
(from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403) - 39 refers to chloride concentration
in mg/L measure~ at well location
D West IP 2 0
Hydrogeologic Cross Section D-o
o
IP 3
East
IP 4
-500
-..-
UJ
-= E . -1500
c:
.0.-..
-~
G)
-2000
w ~
-2500
-3000 -3500
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch = 2.0 Miles Vertical Exaggeration= 17.6x
PLATE32
Base of Aquifer
LEGEND
Surficial Aquifer
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
Upper Floridan Aquifer
D
Middle Semi-Confining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
IP = Interpolation Point
(from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
E West IP 8
0
-500
Hydrogeologic Cross Section E-E with Chloride Data
IP
9
Well 193
IP
Well
Well197
10
191
Brunswick
E
East IP 11
-.-..
tn
E
=..._. -1500
.c0.-.
~ -2000
-G)
w
-2500
-3000
H s,ooo
TQEM
-...... ......
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch = 2.5 Miles Vertical Exaggeration = 22x
Total Depth =
4916 ft.
-3500
PLATE33
H 5,ooo
LEGEND
TDEM
Base of Aquifer
Surficial Aquifer
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
D
Middle Semi-Confining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
Upper Floridan Aquifer
= IP Interpolation Point
(from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
Fernandina Permeable Zone
5,000 TDEM: refers to the depth of 5,000 mgll chloride concentration as inferred by time domain electromagnetic sounding measurement
m2,81 0 refers to c~ loride concentration
in m/gl measurer at well location
F West Well199
Well106/ IP 12
Hydrogeologic Cross Section F-F with Chloride Data
IP
IP
13
14
F'
IP
East
15
IP 16
-.......
tn
= E
.._. -1500
c
..0-..,
-~ -2000
w
-2500
-3000
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch= 2.5 Miles Vertical Exaggeration = 22x
-3500
PLATE34
'
Surficial Aquifer
LEGEND
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
Upper Floridan Aquifer
IP = Interpolation Point (from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
5,000 TDEM
Base of Aquifer
D
Middle Semi-Confining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
Fernandina Permeable Zone
TDEM refers to the depth of 5,000 mg/l chloride concentration as inferred by time domain electromagnetic sounding measurement
G
West IP 17
0
Hydrogeologic Cross Section G-G with Chloride Data
St. Marys
IP
IP
Well
19
20
198
-500
~ en -1000
= E
._. -1500
c
-0
~co -2000
->
C1)
w -2500
-3000
-3500
15,ooo I
TDEM
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch = 2.5 Miles Vertical Exaggeration = 22x
D
Surficial Aquifer
LEGEND
PLATE35
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
Upper Floridan Aquifer
IP = Interpolation Point
(from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
- -Base "Of Aquller -
D
Midble Semi-Confining Unit LoT er Floridan Aquifer
TDEM refers to the depth of 5,000 mg/L chloride as inf~rred from time domain electromagnetic sounding measurement
m31 refers to chloride concentration m mg/L measuIred at well location
Hydrogeologic Cross Section H-H
with Chloride Data
H West IP 22
Well
IP
195
23
HI
IP
East
24
IP 25
-.-..
tn
= E
.._.. -1500
c:
.0.-..
~
-G)
w
?
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch = 2.0 Miles Vertical Exaggeration= 17.6x
D
LEGEND
Surficial Aquifer
PLATE36
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
D
D
Upper Floridan Aquifer
5,000 TDEM
I I
Base of Aquifer
Middle Semi-Confining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
Fernandina Permeable Zone
IP = Interpolation Point (from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
. -in4'0m3g9/rlefmeresatsourcehdloartidweeclloinoccaetn1tornation
5 000 TDEM : refers to the depth of 5,000 mg/L chloride concentration as inferred by time domain electromagnetic sounding measurement
Hydrogeologic Cross Section 1-1 with Chloride Data
West IP 27
Well IP
73
28
-..-.
U)
E
......,
.......,_.
-1500
c:
-.0.,
m> -2000
Cl)
-w
-2500
-
Horizontal Scale: 1 inch= 2.5 Miles Vertical Exaggeration = 22x
Base of Aquifer
-3000
LEGEND
-3500
PLATE 37
Surficial Aquifer
Upper Confining Unit (includes Miocene aquifer)
D
Middle Semi-Confining Unit Lower Floridan Aquifer
Upper Floridan Aquifer
I"
'
IP = Interpolation Point
(from Miller, USGS Prof. Pap. 1403)
-5,370 refers to chloride concentration in mg/L measured at well location
Fernandina Permeable Zone
5,000 TDEM: refers to the depth of 5,000 mg/l chloride concentration as inferred by time domain electromagnetic sounding measurement
Cost:$1860 Quantity: 100
The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is an equal opportunity employer and offers all persons the opportunity to compete and participate in each area of DNR employment regardless of
race, color, religion, national origin, age, handicap, or other non-merit factors