Ground-water quality in Georgia for 1991 [1993]

GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR 1991
by
Margaret W. Chambers
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
CIRCULAR 12H

GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR 1991 MARGARET W. CHAMBERS

The preparation o f t h is r eport was financed in part through a g r ant from t h e U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions o f Section 106 of the Federal
Water Pollu tion Contro l Act of 1972, as amended.
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES JOE D. TANNER, COMMISSIONER
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION HAROLD F. REHEIS, DIRECTOR GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
WILLIAM H. McLEMORE, STATE GEOLOGIST

ATLANTA 1993

CIRCULAR 12H

SECTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1-1

1 . 1 Purpo se and scop e

1-1

1.2 Ground - wate r quality con tro l s

1-2

1.3 Hydroge o logic prov inces of Geo rgia

1-3

1 .3.1

Co astal Plain Prov ince

1-3

1. 3 .2

Piedmont a n d Blue Ridge Provinces

1-5

1.3.3

Valley and Ridge Province

1-6

1.4 Regional ground-water quality problems

1-6

2.0 Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network

2-1

2.1 Monitoring stations

2-1

2.2 Uses and limitations

2-1

2.3 Analyses

2-3

3.0 Ground-Water Quality in Georgia - 1991

3-1

3.1 Overview 3.2 Cretaceous Aquifer System 3.3 Providence Aquifer System 3.4 Clayton Aquifer System 3 . 5 Claiborne Aquifer System 3.6 Jacksonian Aquifer System 3 . 7 Floridan Aquifer System 3.8 Miocene Aquifer System 3.9 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Unconfined Aquifers 3 . 10 Valley and Ridge Unconfined Aquifers

3-1 3-3 3-7 3-10 3-14 3-17 3-22 3-30 3-34 3-42

4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4-1

5.0 REFERENCES

5-l

APPENDIX A

Analyses of samples collected during 1991 for the Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network Water qua l ity for t h e Cretaceous aquifer system Water q u ality for the Providence aquifer system Water qual i ty for the Clayton aquifer system Water qual ity for the Cl aiborne aquifer system Water quality f o r the Jac k sonian aquifer system Water qual i t y f or t h e Floridan aquifer system Water quality for the Mi o cene aquifer system Water quality for the Piedmont unconfined aquifers Water quali ty for t h e Bl u e Ri dge unconfined aquifers Water quality for the Valley and Ridge unconfined aquifers

A- 1
A-6
A-10 A-ll
A-13 A-15 A-17
A-28
A-30
A-34
A-35

FIGURES

1-1. 3-1.
3-2. 3-3.
3-4.
3-5 .
3-6. 3-7. 3-8.
3-9.
3-10.
3-11. 3-12.
3-13.
3-14.
3-15. 3-16.
3-17.
3-18.
3-19. 3-20.
3-21.
3-22.
3-23. 3-24.
3-25.
3-26.
3-27.
3-28.
3-29.

The three hydrogeologic provinces of Georgia The seven major aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province
Water quality of the Cretaceous aquifer system Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Cretaceous aquifer system Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Cretaceous aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Cretaceous aquifer system Water quality of the Providence aquifer system Water quality of the Clayton aquifer system Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Clayton aquifer system Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Clayton aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Clayton aquifer system Water quality of the Claiborne aquifer system Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Claiborne aquifer system Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Claiborne aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Claiborne aquifer system Water quality of the Jacksonian aquifer system Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Jacksonian aquifer system Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Jacksonian aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Jacksonian aquifer system Water quality of the Floridan aquifer system Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Floridan aquifer system Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Floridan aquifer system. Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Floridan aquifer system Water quality of the Miocene aquifer system Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Miocene aquifer system Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Miocene aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Miocene aquifer system Water quality of the Piedmont/Blue Ridge unconfined aquifers Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Piedmont aquifer systems Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Blue Ridge aquifer system

Page
1-4 3-2 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-8 3-9 3-11 3-12 3-13 3-15 3-16 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-23 3-24
3-25 3-26 3-28 3-29 3-31 3-32 3-33 3-35 3-36 3-37 3-38 3-39

3-30. 3-31. 3-32. 3-33. 3-34. 3-35. 3-36. 3-37.

Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Piedmont aquifer systems Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Blue Ridge aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Piedmont aquifer system Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells in the Blue Ridge aquifer system Water quality of the Valley and Ridge unconfined aquifers Iron concentrations in selected wells in the Valley and Ridge unconfined aquifers Manganese concentrations in selected wells in the Valley and Ridge unconfined aquifers Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in selected wells and springs in the Valley and Ridge aquifer system

3-40 3-41 3-43 3-44 3-45 3-46 3-47 3-48

Tables

2-1.

Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network, 1991

2-6

2-2a.

The significance of parameters of a

2-7

basic water quality analysis, cations

2-2b.

The significance of parameters of a

2-8

basic water quality analysis, anions

4-1 .

Contaminants and pollutants detected exceeding

4-3

MCL during 1991 in stations of the

Ground-Water Monitoring Network, by aquifer

A-1.

Standard water-quality analysis: indicator

A-2

parameters, Organic Screens #2 and #4 and

ICP metal screen

A-2.

Additional water-quality analyses: cyanide,

A-3

mercury and Organic Screens #1, #3, #5 and #7

A-3.

Additional water-quality analyses:

A-4

Organic Screens #8 and #9

A-4.

Additional water-quality analyses:

A-5

Organic Screen #10

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This report for calendar year 1991 is the eighth annual summary of ground-water quality in Georgia. These evaluations are one of the tools used by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) to assess trends in the quality of the State's ground-water resources. EPD is the State organization with regulatory responsibility for maintaining and, where possible, improving ground-water quality and availability. The EPD has implemented a comprehensive state-wide ground-water management policy of anti-degradation (EPD, 1991). Five components constitute EPD's ground-water quality assessment program. These components include:
1. The Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network. This program is maintained by the Geologic Survey Branch of EPD, and is designed to evaluate the ambient ground-water quality of ten aquifer systems throughout the State of Georgia. The data presented in this report were provided by this program.
2. Sampling of public drinking water wells as a part of the Safe Drinking Water Program (Water Resources Management Branch) . This program provides data on the quality of ground water that is being used by the residents of Georgia.
3. Special studies that are conducted in order to address specific water quality issues. An ongoing survey of nitrite/nitrate levels in shallow wells located throughout the State of Georgia (currently being conducted by the Geologic Survey Branch) and the expansion of a Pesticide Monitoring Network (currently being conducted by the Geologic Survey Branch in conjunction with the Georgia Department of Agriculture) are examples of these types of studies.
4. Sampling of ground water at environmental facilities such as municipal solid waste landfills, RCRA facilities, sludge disposal facilities, etc. The primary responsibility for monitoring these

facilities are the EPD branches of Land and Water Protection, and Hazardous Waste Management.
5. The development of a wellhead protection program (WHP), which is designed to protect the area surrounding a municipal drinking water well from contaminants. Georgia's WHP Plan was approved by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) September 30, 1992 and was amended to the Georgia Safe Water Drinking Act June 30, 1993. The protection of public water supply wells from contaminants is important not only for groundwater quality, but also aids to ensure safe health standards for public ground-water usage.
Analyses of water samples collected for the Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network during calendar year 1991 and from previous years are the data base for this summary. The Georgia Geologic Survey Ground-Water Monitoring Network is comprised of 154 wells and springs which are monitored on a bi-annual, annual or semi-annual basis. Due to the delay in funding from EPA in 1990, some 41 wells which should have been sampled in 1990 were sampled in 1991 when funds became available. Representative water samples were collected from 127 wells and springs in 1991. A review of the 1991 data, and comparison of these data with analyses of samples collected as early as 1984, indicates that groundwater quality at most of the 127 sampling sites generally has changed little and remains excellent.
1.2 GROUND-WATER QUALITY CONTROLS
The quality of water from a well is the end result of complex physical and biochemical processes. Some of the more significant controls are the quality and chemistry of the water entering the groundwater flow system, the reactions of infiltrating water with the soils and rocks that are encountered, and the effects of the well and pump system.
Most water enters the ground-water system in upland recharge areas. Water seeps through interconnected pores and joints in the soils and rocks until it is discharged to a surface-water body (e.g., stream,
1-2

river, lake or ocean). The chemistry, amount of recharging water, and the attenuation capacity of soils have a strong influence on the quality of ground water in recharge areas. Chemical interaction of water with the aquifer host rocks has an increasing significance with longer underground residence times. As a result, ground water from discharge areas tends to be more highly mineralized than ground water in recharge areas.
The well and pump system can have a strong influence on the quality of the well water. Well casings, through compositional breakdown, can contribute metals (e.g., iron from steel casings) and organic compounds (e.g., tetrahydrofuran from PVC pipe cement) to the water. Pumps often aerate the water being discharged. Improperly constructed wells, on the other hand, can present a conduit for local pollution to enter the ground-water flow system.
1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA
Three hydrogeologic provinces in Georgia are defined by their general geologic and hydrologic characteristics (Figure 1-1) . These provinces include:
1. The Coastal Plain Province of south Georgia 2. The Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces, which include all but
the northwest corner of northern Georgia 3. The Valley and Ridge Province of northwest Georgia Each of these provinces is described in greater detail below.
1.3.1 Coastal Plain Province Georgia's Coastal Plain Province is composed of a wedge of loosely
consolidated sediments that gently dip and thicken to the south and southeast. Ground water in the Coastal Plain Province flows through interconnected pore space between grains in the host rocks and through solution-enlarged voids. The oldest outcropping sedimentary formations (Cretaceous) are exposed along the Fall Line, which is the northern limit of the Coastal Plain Province. Successively younger formations occur at the surface to the south and southeast.
1-3

as'

10
I__~__

10

20

30

40 MILES

- - ___L________l_______

Figure 1-1. - The three hydrogeologic provinces of Georgia

1-4

The Coastal Plain contains the State's major confined (artisan) aquifers. Confined aquifers are those which are overlain by a layer of impermeable material (e.g., clay or shale) and contain water at greaterthan-atmospheric pressures. Water enters the aquifers in their up-dip outcrop areas where the permeable rocks of the aquifer are exposed. Many of the Coastal Plain aquifers are unconfined in their up-dip outcrop areas, but become confined in down-dip areas to the southeast, where they are overlain by successively younger rock formations. Ground-water flow through confined Coastal Plain aquifers is generally to the south and southeast, in the direction of dip of the rocks.
Rocks forming the seven major confined aquifers in the Coastal Plain range in age from Cretaceous to Miocene. Horizontal and vertical changes in the permeability of the rock units that form these aquifers and the quality of ground water they contain determine the thickness and extent of the aquifers. Several aquifers may be present in a single geographic area, forming a vertical 'stack'.
The Cretaceous and Jacksonian aquifer systems (primarily sands) are a common source of drinking water within a 35-mile wide band that lies adjacent to and south of the Fall Line. Southwestern Georgia relies on four vertically stacked aquifers (sands and carbonates) for drinkingwater supplies: the Providence, Clayton, Claiborne and Floridan aquifer systems. A large area of south-central and southeastern Georgia is served by the Floridan aquifer system (primarily carbonates) . The Miocene aquifer system (sands and carbonates) is the principal 'shallow' unconfined aquifer system occurring in the broad area underlain by the Floridan aquifer system. It becomes confined in the coastal counties and locally in the Grady-Thomas-Brooks-Lowndes Counties area.
1.3.2 Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces Crystalline rocks of metamorphic and igneous origin (primarily
Precambrian and Paleozoic in age) underlie the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces. These two provinces differ geologically, but are discussed together here because they share common hydrologic properties. The principal water-bearing features are fractures, compositional layers and other geologic discontinuities in the rock, as well as intergranular
1-5

porosity in the overlying soil and saprolite horizons. Thick soils and saprolites are often important as the 'reservoir' that supplies water to the water-bearing fracture and joint systems. Ground-water typically flows from local highlands towards discharge areas along streams. However, during prolonged dry periods or in the vicinity of heavy pumpage, ground water may flow from the streams into the fracture and joint systems.
1.3.3 Valley and Ridge Province The Valley and Ridge Province is underlain by consolidated
Paleozoic sedimentary formations. The permeable features of the Valley and Ridge Province are principally fractures and solution voids; intergranular porosity also is important in some places. Ground-water and surface-water systems are locally closely interconnected. Dolostones and limestones of the Knox Group are the principal aquifers where they occur in the axes of broad valleys. The greater permeabilities of the thick carbonate sections in this Province, in part due to solutionenlarged joints, permit development of more extensive aquifer systems than in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Province.
1.4 REGIONAL GROUND-WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
Data from ground-water investigations in Georgia, including the Ground-Water Monitoring Network, indicate that virtually all of Georgia has shallow ground water sufficient for domestic supply. Iron and manganese are the only constituents that occur routinely in concentrations exceeding drinking-water standards. These two naturally- occurring metals can cause staining of objects to a reddish brown, but do not pose a health risk.
Only a few occurrences of polluted or contaminated ground waters are known from north Georgia (Table 4-1). Aquifers in the outcrop areas of Cretaceous sediments south of the Fall Line typically yield acidic water that may require treatment. The acidity occurs naturally, and results from the inability of the sandy aquifer sediments to buffer acidic rainwater and acid-producing reactions between infiltrating water and soils and sediments. Nitrite/nitrate concentrations in ground water
1-6

from the farm belt of southeastern Georgia are almost always within drinking-water standards, but are somewhat higher than levels found in other areas of the State.
The Floridan aquifer system includes two areas of naturallyoccurring reduced ground-water quality in addition to its karstic plain in southwestern Georgia. The Gulf Trough, a narrow, linear geologic feature extending from southwestern Decatur County through central Bulloch County, typically yields water with high total dissolved solids concentrations. Elevated levels of barium, sulfate and radionuclides have been reported in ground water from the Gulf Trough. High levels of total dissolved solids also are common to the lower section of the Floridan aquifer system along the Georgia coast. Ground-water withdrawals have allowed upconing of brine from deeper parts of the aquifer in the Brunswick area.
1-7

2.0 GEORGIA GROUND-WATER MONITORING NETWORK
2.1 MONITORING STATIONS
Stations of the 1991 Ground-Water Monitoring Network include five major aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province and unconfined ground-water systems of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Provinces and the Valley and Ridge Province (Table 2-1) . Monitoring stations are located in three critical settings:
1. areas of surface recharge, 2. areas of potential pollution related to regional activities
(agricultural and industrial areas) 3. areas of significant ground-water use.
The majority of monitoring stations are municipal, industrial and domestic wells that have reliable well-construction data. Many of the monitoring stations that are located in recharge areas are sampled more than once a year in order to more closely monitor changes in groundwater quality. The Monitoring Network also includes monitoring wells in specific areas where the State's aquifers are recognized to be susceptible to contamination or pollution (e.g., the Dougherty Plain of southwestern Georgia and the State's coastal area). These monitoring wells are maintained jointly by the Geologic Survey Branch and the United States Geological Survey.
2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS
Regular sampling of wells and springs of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network permits analysis of ground-water quality with respect to location (spatial trends) and with respect to the time of sample collection (temporal trends) . Spatial trends are useful for assessing the effects of the geologic framework of the aquifer and regional land-use activities on ground-water quality. Temporal trends permit an assessment of the effects of rainfall and drought periods on ground-water quantity and quality. Both trends are useful for the detection of non-point
2-1

source pollution. Examples of non-point source pollution include acid rain and regional land-use activities (for example, application of agricultural chemicals on crop lands) .
It should be noted that the data of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network represents water quality in only limited areas of the State. Monitoring water quality at 154 sites located throughout the State provides an indication of ground-water quality at the localities sampled and at depths corresponding to the screened interval in the well at each station in the Monitoring Network. Caution should be exercised in drawing broad conclusions and applying any results reported in this study to ground waters that are not being monitored.
Stations of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network are intentionally located away from known point sources of pollution. The wells provide baseline data on ambient water quality in Georgia. EPD requires other forms of ground-water monitoring for activities that may result in point source pollution (e.g., landfills, hazardous waste facilities and land application sites) through its environmental facilities permit programs.
Ground-water quality changes gradually and predictably in the aerially extensive aquifers of the Coastal Plain Province. The Monitoring Network allows for some definition of the chemical processes occurring in large confined aquifers. Unconfined aquifers in northern Georgia and the surface recharge areas of southern Georgia are comparatively small and more open to interactions with land-use activities. The wider spacing of monitoring stations does not permit equal characterization of water-quality processes in all of these settings. The quality of water from monitoring wells completed in unconfined north Georgia aquifers represents only the general nature of ground water in the vicinity of the monitoring wells. In contrast, ground water from monitoring wells located in surface recharge areas of Georgia Coastal Plain aquifers may more closely reflect the general quality of water that has entered these aquifers. Ground water in the recharge areas of the Coastal Plain aquifers is the future drinking-water resource for down-flow areas. Monitoring wells in these recharge areas, in effect, constitute an early
2-2

warning system for potential future water quality problems in confined portions of the Coastal Plain aquifers.
2.3 ANALYSES
Analyses are available for 154 water samples collected during 1991 from 122 wells and 5 springs. Annual analyses of water samples from 28 of the wells span eight years with the addition of the 1991 data. In 1984, the first year of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network, hydrogeologists sampled water from 39 wells located in the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Coastal Plain Provinces. Nine of these wells have been sampled each year since 1984. During the past seven years, the Ground-Water Monitoring Network has expanded to cover additional wells and springs, encompassing all three hydrogeologic provinces, with the majority of monitoring done in the Coastal Plain.
Ground water from all monitoring stations is tested for the basic water quality parameters included in the Monitoring Network's standard analysis. The standard parameters include pH, specific conductivity, chloride, sulfate, nitrite/nitrate, and thirty metals (Appendix, Table A-1) . Where regional land-use activities have the potential to affect ground-water quality in the vicinity of a monitoring station, additional parameters such as chlorinated pesticides (Organics Screen #2), and phenoxy herbicides (Organics Screen #4) are tested. These and additional chemical screens are listed in the Appendix (Tables A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4). Tables 2-2a and 2-2b summarize the significance of the common major constituents of a water-quality analysis.
The Drinking Water Program of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division has promulgated Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for some of the parameters that are included in the analyses performed on GroundWater Monitoring Network samples. Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels are established for parameters that may have adverse effects on the public health when the Primary MCLs are exceeded. Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels are established for parameters that may give drinking water an objectionable odor or color, and consequently cause persons served by public water systems to discontinue its use. The Primary and Secondary
2-3

MCLs for Ground Water Monitoring Network parameters are given in the Appendix.
In-place pumps are used whenever possible to purge wells and collect water samples. Using these pumps minimizes the potential for cross-contamination of wells. Some wells that are included in the Ground-Water Monitoring Network are continuous water-level monitoring stations and do not have dedicated pumps. A two horse-power, trailermounted four-inch electric submersible pump and a three-inch, truckmounted submersible pump are the principal portable purge-and-sampling devices used. A battery-powered, portable Fultz sampling pump and a PVC hand pump are occasionally used at stations that cannot be sampled using the principal sampling pumps.
Sampling procedures are adapted from techniques used by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hydrogeologists purge the wells (3 to 5 volumes of the well column) prior to the collection of a sample to minimize the influence of the well, pump and distribution system on water quality. Municipal, industrial and domestic wells typically require approximately 45 minutes of purging prior to sample collection. Wells without dedicated pumps often require much longer periods of purging.
Hydrogeologists monitor water quality parameters prior to sample collection. Measurements of pH, dissolved oxygen content, specific conductivity, temperature and ionic potential are observed using field instruments. The instruments are mounted in a manifold that captures flow at the pump system discharge point before the water is exposed to atmospheric conditions. Typical trends include a lowering of pH, dissolved oxygen content and specific conductivity, and a transition towards the mean annual air temperature with increased purging time. The hydraulic flow characteristics of unconfined aquifers and pump effects often alter these trends.
Samples are collected once the parameters being monitored in the field stabilize or otherwise indicate that the effects of the well have been minimized. Files at the Georgia Geologic Survey contain records of
2-4

the field measurements. The sample bottles are filled and then immediately placed in an ice water bath to preserve the water quality. After one to two hours, the bottles are transferred to a dry cooler refrigerated with an ice tray. The hydrogeologists then transport the samples to the laboratories for analysis on or before the Friday of the week in which they are collected. The EPD laboratories, which are currently expanding to perform all necessary chemical screens, will soon include facilities to allow organic screens 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 to be run along with inorganic chemical analysis. (Tables A-1 and A-2). Formerly performed by the Cooperative Extension Service at the University of Georgia in Athens, this newly expanded laboratory in Atlanta will provide a faster laboratory analysis turn around time, as well as reduce cost in transportation of samples and employee travel expense.
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Table 2-1 . - Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network, 1991

AQUIFER SYSTEM Cretaceous
Providence Clayton Claiborne Jacksonian Floridan
Miocene Piedmont

NUMBER OF MONITORING STATIONS
20 (16 sampled in 1991)
4
(3 sampled in 1991)
7
(6 sampled in 1991)
9 (7 sampled in 1991)
10 (6 sampled in 1991)
58 (52 sampled in 1991)
15 (8 sampled in 1991)
18 (16 sampled in 1991)

PRIMARY STRATIGRAPHIC EQUIVALENTS Ripley Formation, Cusseta Sand, Blufftown Formation, Eutaw Formation, and Tuscaloosa Formation Providence Sand
Clayton Formation
Tallahatta Formation
Barnwell Group
Suwannee Limestone, Ocala Group, Bridgeboro Limestone and Claibornian Carbonates Altamaha Formation and Hawthorne Group
New Georgia Group, Sandy Springs Group, Laura Lake Mafic Complex, Austell Gneiss, Sand Hill Gneiss, Mulberry Rock Gneiss, Atlanta Group and Lithonia Gneiss

AGE OF AQUIFER FORMAT IONS Late Cretaceous
Late Cretaceous
Paleocene
Middle Eocene
Late Eocene
Middle Eocene to Oligocene
Predominately Paleozoic and Precambrian

Blue Ridge

4
(4 sampled in 1991)

Valley and Ridge

9 (9 sampled in 1991)

Corbin Gneiss Complex, Snowbird Group,Walden Creek Group, Great Smokey Group and Murphy Marble Belt Group
Shady Dolomite, Knox group, and Chickamauga group

Predominately Paleozoic and Precambrian
Paleozoic,mostly Cambrian and Ordovic ian

2-6

Table 2-2a. - The significance of parameters of a basic water quality analysis, cations (Wait, 1960)

PARAMETER(S) pH (Hydrogen ion concentration)
Calcium and magnesium *

SIGNIFICANCE
pH is a measure of the concentration of the hydrogen ion. Values of pH less than 7.0 denote acidity and values greater than 7.0 indicate alkalinity. Corrosiveness of water generally increases with decreasing pH. However, excessively alkaline waters may also attack metals. A pH range between 6.0 and 8.5 is considered acceptable.
Calcium and magnesium cause most of the hardness of water. Hard water consumes soap before a lather will form and deposits scale in boilers, water heaters and pipes. Hardness is reported in terms of equivalent calcium carbonate. The hardness of a water can be estimated by the sum of multiplying the parts per million of calcium by 2.5 and that of magnesium by 4.1.

Sodium and potassium * Iron and manganese

Water Class
Soft Moderately Hard Hard Very Hard

Hardness (parts per million)
Less than 60 60 to 120 121 to 180 More than 180

Sodium and potassium have little effect on the use of water for most domestic purpos-
es. Large amounts give a salty taste when combined with chloride. A high sodium content may limit the use of water for irrigation.

More than 300 parts per billion of iron stains objects red or reddish brown and more than 50 parts per billion of manganese stains objects black. Larger quantities cause unpleasant taste and favor growth of iron bacteria but do not endanger health.

*Major alkali metals present in most ground waters.

2-7

Table 2-2b - The significance of parameters of a basic water quality analysis, anions (Wait, 1960)

PARAMETER(S) Chloride
Nitrate/Nitrite
Sulfate

SIGNIFICANCE
Chloride salts in excess of 100 parts per million give a salty taste to water. Large quantities make the water corrosive. Water that contains excessive amounts of chlorine is not suitable for irrigation. It is recommended that chloride content should not exceed 250 parts per million.
Concentrations much greater than the local average may suggest pollution. Excessive amounts of nitrogen in drinking or formula water of infants may cause a type of methemoglobinemia ("blue babies"). Nitrate/nitrite in concentrations greater than 10 parts per million (as nitrogen) is considered to be a health hazard.
Sulfate in hard water increases the formation of scale in boilers. In large amounts, sulfate in combination with other ions imparts a bitter taste to water. Concentrations above 250 parts per million have a laxative effect, but 500 parts per million is considered safe.

2-8

3.0 GROUND-WATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA - 1991
3.1 OVERVIEW
Georgia's ten major aquifer systems are grouped into three hydrogeologic provinces for the purposes of this report.
The Coastal Plain Province is comprised of seven major aquifers that are restricted to specific regions and depths within the Coastal Plain because of their aquifer geometry (Figure 3-1). These major aquifer systems, in many cases, incorporate smaller aquifers that are locally confined. Monitoring wells in the Coastal Plain aquifers are generally located in three settings:
1. Recharge (or outcrop) areas, which are located in regions that are geologically up-dip and generally to the north of confined portions of these aquifers.
2. Up-dip, confined areas, which are located in regions that are proximal to the recharge areas, yet are confined by overlying geologic formations. These areas are generally south to southeast of the recharge areas.
3. Down-dip, confined areas, located to the south and southeast in the deeper, confined portions of the aquifers distal to the recharge areas.
The two major hydrogeologic provinces of north Georgia, the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province and the Valley and Ridge Province, are characterized by smaller-scale and localized ground-water flow patterns. Deeper regional flow systems are unknown in northern Georgia. Groundwater flow in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province is generally controlled by geologic discontinuities (such as fractures) and compositional changes within the aquifer. Local physiographic features, such as hills and valleys, influence local ground-water flow patterns. Many of the factors controlling ground-water flow in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province are also present in the Valley and Ridge Province. Furthermore,
3-1

.,.

B

E

MSL ~-=r-....__,-1 FLORIDAN
-1000'

B

MIOCENE

C

MIOCENE

D

SJF:::mm MSL -1000 I

FLORIDAN

FLORIDAN

Figure 3-1.

The seven major aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province
3-2

widespread development of karst features may significantly enhance porosity and permeability in localized areas, and exert a strong influence on local ground-water flow patterns.
3.2 CRETACEOUS AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Cretaceous aquifer system is a complexly interconnected group of aquifer subsystems consisting of the Late Cretaceous sands of the Coastal Plain Province. These sands crop out in an extensive recharge area immediately south of the Fall Line in west and central Georgia (Figure 3-2). Overlying sediments restrict Cretaceous outcrops to valley bottoms in parts of the northeastern Coastal Plain. Five distinct subsystems of the Cretaceous aquifer system, including the Providence aquifer system, are recognized west of the Ocmulgee River (Pollard and Vorhis, 1980). These merge into three subsystems to the east (Clarke, et al., 1985). Aquifer sands thicken southward from the Fall Line, where they pinch out against crystalline Piedmont rocks, to a sequence of sand and clay approximately 2,000 feet thick at the southern limits of the main aquifer-use area. Leakage from adjacent members of the aquifer system provides significant recharge in down-dip areas.
Water quality of the Cretaceous aquifer system, excluding the Providence aquifer system (discussed separately in this report), was monitored in 16 wells. All of these wells are located in up-dip areas in or adjacent to outcrop and surface recharge areas for the Cretaceous aquifer system.
Water from the wells in the up-dip area was typically acidic, to the point of being corrosive, and soft. Iron and manganese concentrations were generally low, although one well in Macon County yielded water containing 1,400 parts per billion iron and one well in Laurens County yielded water containing 3, 000 parts per billion. The State Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for iron is 300 parts per billion. Figures 3-3 and 3-4 show trends in iron and manganese concentrations for wells that have historically yielded water with high levels of these metals. Concentrations of major alkali metals (calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium) were generally either low or below
3-3

.~ ___)
\.>- -
\
'
o Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
Moderately hard water Soft water /'!=) General recharge area (from Davis, et al. , 1988) Figure 3-2. - Water quality of the cretaceous aquifer system.
3-4

250~----------,-------.-------~------~--------~

-:::::1
O::s'l

0

0
C")

150

II

_J

(.) ~
-_J
--O::s'l
-Q) 100
-LL
c

0
"-

50 " '

o-~t====
1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

lweii#IDI li:!= ,j K5 . . K10

K11

mH K12~ K16

Figure 3-3. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Cretaceous Aquifer System. 3-5

60

50

-:::::::::.
Ol

40

:::J

0

LO

II

__J

(.)

-~

:::::::::.
Ol

30

:::J

Q)

(/)

Q)
cc o

Occ o l
~

20

............... . '

10 ......

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

r"#'oi I. ,t:;::l K5 . . KS EEl3m K12~ K16

K10

Figure 3-4. - Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Cretaceous Aquifer System.
3-6

detection limits. Other trace metals (aluminum, strontium and zinc) were present in minor amounts. Chloride and sulfate levels were low (less than 9.4 parts per million chloride and 7.0 parts per million sulfate) in all of the samples collected.
Water samples from six of the wells contained detectable levels of nitrite/nitrate. The highest value, 3.4 parts per million, was measured in a sample from one well (GWN-K10) in Peach County in 1990 and 1991. Figure 3-5 shows trends in levels of combined nitrite/nitrate (reported as parts per million nitrogen) for wells that have historically yielded water with detectable nitrate/nitrite levels.
3.3 PROVIDENCE AQUIFER SYSTEM
Sand and coquinoid limestone of the Late Cretaceous Providence Formation comprise the Providence aquifer system of southwestern Georgia. Outcrops of the aquifer system extend from northern Clay and Quitman Counties through eastern Houston County. In its up-dip extent, the aquifer system thickens both to the east and to the west of a broad area adjacent to the Flint River. Areas where the thickness of the Providence exceeds 300 feet are known in Pulaski County, and similar thicknesses have been projected in the vicinity of Baker, Calhoun and Early Counties (Clarke, et al., 1983).
The permeable Providence-Clayton Formation interval forms a single aquifer east of the Flint River (Clarke, et al., 1983). This same interval is recognized as the Dublin aquifer system to the east of the Ocmulgee River (Clarke, et al., 1985). Outcrop areas and adjacent covered areas to the east of the Flint River, where the aquifer is overlain by permeable sand units, are surface recharge areas. The Chattahoochee River forms the western discharge boundary for this flow system in Georgia.
Water samples were taken from 3 wells in the Providence aquifer system in 1991 (Figure 3-6). Iron concentrations exceeded the secondary
3-7

-._...J_

z

0>
E

0.8

0

~

II

_J

()

---~

._..J._
z

0.6

0>

E

('I)
0 z
~ 0.4
C\1
0 z

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

IWeii#IDI I ,:::J KS - KG

K10

- K11 ~ K16

Figure 3-5. - Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Cretaceous Aquifer System.
3-8

o Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits Moderately hard water Soft water
General recharge area (from Davis, et al., 1988) Figure 3-6. - Water quality of the Providence aquifer system.
3-9

MCL of 300 parts per billion for well GWN-PD2A in Webster County with a level of 350 parts per billion. Alkali and trace metals were generally low or below detection limits, with flourine present in minor amounts.
Water quality analysis for the Providence Aquifer System is reported in the Appendix.
3.4 CLAYTON AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Clayton aquifer system of southwestern Georgia is developed in the middle limestone unit of the Paleocene Clayton Formation. Limestones and calcareous sands of the Clayton aquifer system crop out in a narrow belt extending from northeastern Clay County to southwestern Schley County (Figure 3-7). Aquifer thickness varies irregularly, ranging from 50 feet near outcrop areas to 265 feet in southeastern Mitchell County (Clarke, et al., 1984). Both the Flint River, to the east, and the Chattahoochee River, to the west, are areas of discharge for the aquifer system in its up-dip extent. Leakage from the underlying Providence aquifer system and the overlying Wilcox confining zone is significant in down-dip areas (Clarke, et al., 1984). The Clayton Formation and Providence Formation merge to form a single aquifer unit in up-dip areas (Long, 1989). In areas east of the Ocmulgee River, the combination of these two aquifers is referred to as the Dublin aquifer system (Clarke, et al., 1985) .
Six out of seven wells in the Clayton aquifer system were used to monitor water quality in 1991. These sample stations were located in confined, up-dip areas of the Clayton aquifer.
All of the water samples were slightly basic and non-corrosive. The water samples analyzed were moderately hard to hard with the pH levels ranging from 7.0 to 7.9. Iron concentrations (Figure 3-8) were typically below secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels, with the exception of GWN-CT1, which measured 700 parts per billion, and GWN-CT6B, which measured 1,400 parts per billion. Manganese levels in the western most well (GWN-CT6B) have decreased since 1987, with a very slight increase in 1991 (Figure 3-9). Trace amounts of aluminum, barium, bismuth,
3-10

o Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
D Iron and manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits Soft water Moderately hard water Hard water + Very hard water
General recharge area (from Davis, et al., 1988)
Figure 3-7. -Water quality of the Clayton aquifer system.
3-11

400

350

300 .

-::J'

Ol 0:J

250

0

C")

II
_J

--()
:2: 200
_J
0')
:J

..........
(])

!:S 150
c .0....

100

50

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

B ju cr2 cr4 CT5 - CT7

Figure 3-8.

Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Clayton Aquifer System.
3-12

500

450

400

- 350
::::0>

::J

0

LO
II

300

_J

--:_)
~
0> 250

::J

Q)

CfJ

Q)

c
C'O

200

c0>

C'tS
~

150

100

50

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

I I I Well #ID

~ CT2A -

CTSA

CT6B

Figure 3-9. -Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Clayton Aquifer System.
3-13

copper, fluorine, strontium, and zinc were detected along with the major alkali metals.
Chloride content was uniformly low, less than 7. 0 parts per million, in all samples. Sulfate levels were less than 16.9 parts per million in the water from all sample stations except for the western most well GWN-CT6B, which measured 56.8 parts per million, adjacent to the Chattahoochee River. All six samples analyzed for nitrite/nitrate in 1991 ranged within a typical detection limit of 0 . 02 milligrams of nitrogen per liter (mgN/L) to a maximum detection limit of 0.10 mgN/L (Figure 3-10). The northeastern most well GWN-CT7, which showed a nitrate/nitrite concentration of 6.3 parts per million in 1990, was not sampled in 1991.
3.5 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER SYSTEM
Sands of the Middle Eocene Claiborne Group are the primary members of the Claiborne aquifer system of southwestern Georgia (Figure 3-11). Claiborne Group sands crop out in a belt extending from northern Early County through western Dooly County. Limited recharge may be derived down-dip in the vicinity of Albany in Dougherty County by leakage from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (Hicks, et al . , 1981). Discharge boundaries of the aquifer system are the Ocmulgee River, to the east, and the Chattahoochee River, to the west .
The aquifer generally thickens from the outcrop area towards the southeast, attaining a thickness of almost 300 feet in eastern Dougherty County. In down-dip areas where the Claiborne Group can be divided into the Lisbon Formation above and the Tallahatta Formation below, the Claiborne aquifer system is generally restricted to the Tallahatta Formation, and the Lisbon Formation acts as a confining unit that separates the Claiborne aquifer from the overlying Floridan aquifer (McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989). The permeable Tallahatta unit is included in the Gordon aquifer system east of the Ocmulgee River (Brooks, et al., 1985).
3-14

0.12
0.10
~ 0.08
z
0)
E
0
T'"'"
II
_J
-()
~
~ 0.06
0)
E
C')-
0 z
~
N
0z 0.04
0.02

1988

1989

1990

1991

I IWII#IDI D CT1 - CT2A

CT4 mm!l CT6B

Figure 3-10. - Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Clayton Aquifer System.
3-15

o Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits o Manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
Soft water Moderately hard water Hard water ' General recharge area (from Davis, et al., 1988)
Figure 3-11. - Water quality of the Claiborne aquifer system.
3-16

Ph levels measured from acidic, 4.2 in Randolph County, to basic, 7.6 in Sumter County. Two wells yielded a high level of iron exceeding the secondary MCL's: GWN-CLl in Dougherty County with a level of 380 parts per billion, and GWN-CL3 in Lee County contained 960 parts per billion. All other wells were within Primary and Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels. Manganese levels from wells GWN-CL5 in Randolph County, GWN-CL7A in Crisp County, and GWN-CL8 in Dooly County all contained concentrations exceeding the secondary Maximum Contaminant Level, while the remainder measured wells below acceptable limits.
Nitrate concentrations in all six wells analyzed were below the MCL of 10 mgN/L. Chloride and sulfate levels were typically low, less than 9. 0 parts per million, with the exception of GWN-CL5 in Dooly County, which registered 10.7 parts per million chloride. Traces of volatile organic compounds benzene and M and P xylenes were detected in Sumter County well GWN-CL4, with GWN-CL5 in Randolph County showing traces of aluminum, cobalt, yttrium, and flourine. GWN-CL7A in Crisp County contained minimal levels of yttrium, flourine, copper and zinc, while GWN-CL8 in Dooly County showed trace levels of aluminum, yttrium, flourine and zinc.
Concentration levels for iron, manganese and nitrate/nitrite for selected wells in the Claiborne Aquifer system are illustrated in Figures 3-12, 3-13, and 3-14, respectively.
3.6 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Jacksonian aquifer system of central and east-central Georgia is developed in sands of the Eocene Barnwell Group. Outcrops of sand and clay of the Barnwell Group extend from Macon and Peach Counties eastward to Burke and Richmond Counties (Figure 3-15) . Aquifer sands form a northern clastic facies of the Barnwell Group and grade southward into less permeable silts and clays of a transition facies (Vincent, 1982) . The water-bearing sands are relatively thin, generally ranging from ten to fifty feet in thickness. Limestones equivalent to the Barnwell Group
3-17

12

11

"' "'""" "" "" ""

1000

- 900
....J 0>

:::::l 0

800

0

('I)

II

....J (.)

700

-~
....J
0> 600
::J
~
--uQ..) 500
c:

0
'-

400

300

200

100

.... .........................

1987

1988

rELL#ID

o

1 1

CL1

1989 Cl3

1990

1991

CL4 WiW CLS I

Figure 3-12. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Claiborne Aquifer System.
3-18

~-'""'"'_ _. ..--+---+--- 600
550

- - 1 1 - -"""'" - - - 1 - - -..-

---"-""''"''"''"""''"''"''

500 - f - -.........._ ,__.........._ ,___..............._f--............~.........

.............._..,...................- -!Till- - - -"""'"""'-

450 1---..........-

.................-

r-
,_,,,........- t -""""''-u:::J:n---1----

- + ---"''"""'""""'"'...........- 1:011-- - - - l

0=>- 400 !--------....,- f-................ t---------. tt tll- - - t - - -tl::lfl

:J

0 lO

35Q - II

t--..........- - --ITI -- ----" - - + - - --"

...J

-:_)
~
- 300 _ :...;:_...... _

,,,. ........- - : "' "' ~ ' H"--N "'""'

- - - + - - - 1-----.................................

0) :J

250 ...__.... (])

~

- - H-11 ---t---I ~H.t -- ----........... -HI---+------~..- ............_ ..............-~-1-JU---

Cro
0)
cro 200 .....__......-
~

. . -. . . .- r - -.

- + - - - -............. ,_.....-4HD- - - - - - l

150 .............- - - - ...............- 1 -. - '""""'"' - - 1 -- ..

--+------"""'-- - -ml-- - - - 1

100 ...............- - - - - - - ..................-1-

11+11- - - + - - - . .

50 -........- ....... ~-~lt-t-H---1--

,. ..................- f - - - - - + - - - - - -IPD
~. . ............. .- - - - - 1 - - - - . f t t 1 1 . . - - " " " " - - - - - -

I~

0

I

l

I

I

I

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

IWeii#IDI IGlJ]. CL1 . . CL3

CL4

-CLS ~CL7A

Figure 3-13. -Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Claiborne Aquifer System.
3-19

9.00

-:::::1
z

0>
E ,0....

II

....J

--(.)
~

5.

....J
z

0>
E 4.

('t)
0 z

~ C\J

3.

0 z

2.

.. " .... ""'""" ...........

1987
IWII#IDI

1988

1989

jl ...':or';~J CL2 . . CL4

1990

1991

CL5 liEfm CL8

Figure 3-14. - Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Claiborne Aquifer System.
3-20

,.
o Manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
Soft water Moderately hard water Hard water + Very hard water
General recharge area (from Davis, et al., 1988) -,_Facies boundary (from Vincent, 1982) Figure 3-15. - Water quality of the Jacksonian aquifer system.
3-21

form a southern carbonate facies and are included in the Floridan aquifer system. The Savannah River and Ocmulgee River are eastern and western discharge boundaries respectively for the up-dip flow system of the Jacksonian aquifer system.
Water quality in the Jacksonian aquifer system was monitored in four wells in the clastic facies and two wells in the transition facies. Ph levels changed very slightly, ranging from 6.7 to 7.7. Iron levels were within secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels for drinking water in all wells in both transition facies and clastic facies. Manganese exceeded drinking water limits in water from one well, GWN-J3 in Emanuel County. Figures 3-16 and 3-17 shows trends in concentration for wells that have historically yielded water high in iron and manganese. The major alkali metals and aluminum, bismuth, and zinc were the other common cations.
Chloride and sulfate levels were 13 parts per million or less in all samples. Nitrite/nitrate concentrations ranged from below detection limits up to 1.6 parts per million in one clastic-facies well in Burke County (GWN-J1B) . These concentrations are within the range of previous measurements from wells in the same area. Figure 3-18 summarizes trends in nitrite/nitrate levels for the Jacksonian aquifer.
3.7 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
The Floridan aquifer system, formerly known as the Principal Artisan aquifer system, consists of Eocene and Oligocene limestones and dolostones that underlie most of the Coastal Plain Province (Figure 319). Other units are included locally in the aquifer. The aquifer is a major source of ground water for much of its outcrop area and throughout its down-dip extent to the south and east.
Floridan aquifer system carbonates form a single permeable zone in up-dip areas and two permeable zones in down-dip areas (Miller, 1986) .The upper water-bearing units of the Floridan are the Eocene Ocala Group and the Oligocene Suwannee Limestone (Crews and Huddlestun, 1984) These limestones crop out in the Dougherty Plain (a karstic area in
3-22

250
-::J 200
0) ::)
0 0
(Y')
II
......J ()
--~ 150
......J
0)
-::J
...........
-Q)
LL
c:
.0._ 100

1987

1988

I !weiiiD#j ~ J3 -

1989

1990

1991

J6

J7111!1J8

Figure 3-16. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Jacksonian Aquifer System.
3-23

100

...........

.::::::::. 0>

:::::J

0

LO

II

.....J (.)

80

-~

.::::::::. 0>

:::::J

en(].)
Q)

60

c

ctl

c0>

ctl

~

40

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

IWeii#IDI jCJJ3-J4 I J6

Figure 3-17. -Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Jacksonian Aquifer System.
3-24

3.5

-:::J 2.5
z

0>

E

0

~

II

_J
()

2.0

--~
_J
z

0>

E 1.5

(t)

0 z

~

C\J
0z 1.0

1987

1988

1989

l IWELL#ID I CJ J1 . . J2

1990

1991

J3 ~ J4

Figure 3-18. -Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Jacksonian Aquifer System.
3-25

...
\ J
f.~-' \\ j J
~I /
...
o Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits o Manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits ~47 Nitrite/nitrate concentrations exceed 0.45 parts per million A Moderately hard water Hard water + Very hard water
General recharge area (from Davis, et al., 1988) Figure 3-19. - Water quality of the Floridan aquifer system.
3-26

southwestern Georgia) and in adjacent areas along strike to the northeast. In Camden and Wayne Counties, the Oligocene unit is absent, and the upper part of the Floridan is restricted to units of Eocene age (Clarke et al., 1990). The lower portion of the Floridan, which consists of dolomitic limestone of middle and lower Eocene age and pelletal, vuggy, dolomitic limestone of Paleocene age, is deeply buried and not widely used, except in several municipal and industrial wells in the Savannah area (Clarke et al., 1990) . From its up-dip limit, defined in the east by clays of the Barnwell Group, the aquifer thickens to well over 700 feet in coastal Georgia. A dense limestone facies along the trend of the Gulf Trough locally limits ground-water quality and availability (Kellam and Gorday, 1990). The Gulf Trough is a linear depositional feature in the Ocala Group that extends from southwestern Decatur County through central Bulloch County.
A ground-water divide separates a southwestward flow system in the Floridan aquifer in the Dougherty Plain from the Floridan aquifer system's major southeastward flow system in the remainder of Georgia. Rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and leakage from extensive surficial aquifers provides recharge to the Dougherty Plain flow system (Hayes, et al., 1983). The main body of the Floridan aquifer system, to the east, is recharged by leakage from the Jacksonian aquifer system and by rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and in areas where overlying strata are thin. Significant recharge also occurs in the Brooks-EcholaLowndes Counties area where the Withlacoochee River and numerous sinkholes breach upper confining beds (Krause, 1979).
Ground-water samples were collected from 52 wells completed in the Floridan aquifer system. All of the water samples were neutral to basic and moderately hard to hard. Iron exceeded drinking-water limits in water in one well, GWN-PA9B in Glynn County, while manganese exceeded secondary MCL from only one well, GWN-PA34 in Telfair County. Trends in iron and manganese levels in selected wells screened in the Floridan aquifer are shown in Figures 3-20 and 3-21. Aluminum, barium, bismuth, strontium, and zinc were other common trace metals, with molybdenum, copper, tin and titanium occurring less frequently. Barium levels in
3-27

1000

900

800

-- 700 """'
...J
0)

:::J

::n::>>

600 , ....... ..

II

...J

.)

-~ 500

-.....J.

0)

-:::J
-Q) 400
L
-c

0

!:::: 300

200

100

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

lw.n#lol jf l PA15 . . PA17

PA32

!imm PA34 ~ PA37

Figure 3-20. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Floridan
Aquifer System.
3-28

100 ~----------.-------.-------~------~----------~

90

80

- 70
:::::::.

Ol

:::J

0

L()

II

60 ""''

__J

(.)

-~ ..._...
Ol 50
:::J

CD
(/)
ccCoD 40 cOco'l ~ 30

20 10 " '

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

IWeii#ID I

l::::'f:'''{l PA17 . . PA18
B PA34~ PA48

PA32

Figure 3-21. - Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Floridan Aquifer System. 3-29

water samples from a well in Fitzgerald, Ben Hill County, GWN-PA33 exceeded the drinking-water maximum.
Chloride and sulfate levels were highest (192 and 273 parts per million, respectively) in water from Glynn County monitoring well GWNPA9B. Most of the water samples collected from the recharge area of the Floridan aquifer contained detectable amounts of nitrite/nitrate. Levels of nitrite/nitrate in this area ranged from 0.10 to 4. 7 parts per million. Most of the wells in the confined portion of the Floridan aquifer did not contain detectable levels of nitrite/nitrate, although one well, GWN-PA47 in Lee County, measured 10.8 parts per million. Trends in ni trite/nitrate levels ln selected wells in the Floridan Aquifer are presented in Figure 3-22.
3.8 MIOCENE AQUIFER SYSTEM
Much of south-central and southeastern Georgia lies within outcrop areas of the Miocene Altamaha Formation and Hawthorne Group. Discontinuous lens-shaped bodies of sand, 50 to 80 feet thick, are the main permeable units. Miocene clays and sandy clays are thickest, more than 500 feet, in Wayne County (Watson, 1982).
Areas of confinement exist along the coastal counties. Leakage from overlying surface aquifers into the Miocene aquifer system and, in some areas, from the underlying Floridan aquifer system is significant in the coastal counties (Watson, 1982) . Two principal aquifer units are present in the coastal area (Joiner, et al., 1988). Clarke (and others, 1990) use the names upper and lower Brunswick aquifers to refer to these two sandy aquifer units.
Water quality of the Miocene aquifer system was monitored in eight wells (Figure 3-23) . Water samples varied from slightly acidic to slightly basic, with pH values ranging between 4.5 to 7.9 (standard pH units) . Most of the water samples were soft to moderately hard, but wells in Cook and Glynn Counties yielded hard water. Water samples from three wells in Screven, Bulloch, and Cook Counties contained iron at
3-30

6.0 5.5

-::J'
z
0>
E
0

T'"""

II

_j

()

---~

_j
z

3.0

0>

E

C') 2.5

0 z

~ 2.0
C\1
0 z

1.5

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

QiD PA24 . . PA25

PA26

D - PA37 ~ PA43

PA48

Figure 3-22. - Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Floridan Aquifer System.
3-31

....

n.' o w...I....L:....

10

i:O

~(J

~o ~ 1\.C:S

L

.l. _____.__ ___l

.,.

D Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
o Manganese concentrations exceed drinking- water limits
0 Iron and manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits Ml15 Nitrate/nitrite concentration exceeds drinking-water limits
Soft water Moderately hard water Hard water

Figure 3-23. - Water quality of the Miocene aquifer system.

3-32

12001-

~

;/~

:(:::

1000

~......

. ............

t c:::_
i

800 ''

t:=i
:i;

",,

'

:' .

~~~.,

;j'i:': -

- 600
.....J
0)

""""

"" """"""'

--:J
Q)

,?

l....L........
ce 4oo

1:.."

' "' 1 -

"""" '

iii

o;..

c

.,:,.

" " """'

~

~

,_

:;.,.

....

....

- ;.,

"'""""" .........

.......

!loX'!

~

::

--

f---

"""""

' """'

IIii

200 1:'1:

:; 1-
,:

~

0

-I1~.:
:::;.....

I
'~::

I

I

j~
~

~
I

I

w

I

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

ru lweii#IDI I Ml1- Ml2

M13W Ml4 I

Figure 3-24. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Miocene Aquifer System. 3-33

concentrations in excess of acceptable drinking water limits (Figure 324). Manganese was detected above Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels in water from three wells in Bulloch, Appling, and Screven Counties (Figure 3-25). Aluminum, barium, bismuth, strontium, titanium, zinc and the major alkali metals were other commonly detected cations in the Miocene aquifer system water samples. Antimony and copper were less commonly detected trace metals.
Chloride levels were less than 16.2 parts per million in all of the samples analyzed. Flourine was present in minor amounts, while sulfate was undetectable in a majority of the samples. Levels were highest (30 parts per million) in Glynn County well GWN-MI3, and 9.5 in well GWNMI15 in Bulloch County, but were 3.7 parts per million or less in all of the other wells. Detectable levels of nitrite/nitrate, ranging from 0.1 to 11.6 parts per million, were found in the eight wells sampled. Concentrations of nitrate/nitrite for selected wells are illustrated in Figure 3-26.
3.9 PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
Georgia's Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces are developed on metamorphic and igneous rocks that are predominately Precambrian and Paleozoic in age. Soil and saprolite horizons, compositional layers, and openings along fractures and joints in the rocks are the major water-bearing features. Fracture density and interconnection provide the primary controls on the rate of flow of water into wells completed in crystalline rocks. The permeability and thickness of soils and shallow saprolite horizons determine the amount of discharge that can be sustained.
Ground-water samples were collected from fourteen wells and two springs in the Piedmont Province and four wells in the Blue Ridge Province. Figure 3-27 shows the locations of the monitoring stations. Water from wells in the crystalline-rock aquifers was generally slightly acidic and soft to moderately hard. Iron and manganese levels exceeded drinking-water limits in water samples from seven of the Piedmont wells and in one of the Blue Ridge wells. Figures 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, and 3-31
3-34

120 -
-
,....
100

-=-
0>

80 -

::J
::>

LO

II

_J

--:..:>
~
0> 60 -

:::J

(]) C/) (])
cc o 0ccu> 40
~

~ J-Ittii---+....-. - ... I~U----+-.. --.,....-~J-----+--. .-..--r-r.LI~~--1

::

.:o;

j:

: ..

:.:_:::;

'

20

'

I\: ...

~~
;_
c::

I~

{ 1-_,

I

I

l

I

I

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

[weii#ID[ L. ::::d Ml1 . . Ml2

Ml3

BMI4 ~MI10

Figure 3-25. - Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Miocene Aquifer system.
3-35

3.50
:..:.:._J 2 .
z
0>
E
0
T""
dII 2. .:..2....!.....
._..J._
z
0>
E
C")
0 z
~
C\1
0 z

1987
jw~I#ID I

1988

1989

j c=JM11-MI2

1990

1991

Ml3- Ml4

Figure 3-26. - Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Miocene Aquifer System. 3-36

ll~

Q

10

'--'-.............J. -- _ _.i

;:.0

Y~

~0 "<!IL[$

- --'-- _ __l

D Iron concentrations exceed drinking-water limits 0 Manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
o Iron and manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits
Soft water Moderately hard water Hard water

Figure 3-27. -Water quality of the Piedmont/Blue Ridge unconfined aquifers.

3-37

35oo r---------~------~------~------~--------~

-::J'
Ol ::I 0 0
('I)
II
.....J
0 ~
-_J
-Ol
::I
-Q) 1500
!:S
c ,0 _
1000
500

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

li I P1 . . P2

P4

- P9 ~ P11 D P16

Figure 3-28. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Piedmont Aquifer System.
3-38

550

500

450

400

-:::J

0)
::J

350

0 0
('t)

II

_J
0

300

-.~...........
_J
0) 250

-:J ~ Q)
u..
200 ............
c

0
L..

150

100

50

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

!G BR1- BR2

BR4

Figure 3-29. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Blue Ridge Aquifer System. 3-39

8001700

a
' .......... .....

600

...........
::::::::.

Ol

::J

0 LO

500

II

_J

-(.)
~
:O:::.l 400

::J

eCnD
Q)
c
cccOool 300 -
~

200

100 -

0

' """'"'

.. " """"" " ............ .

. .........

""""'

~
""71

[~2

if: :,

r=

}
1987

I;!:~
__,

~

I

I

1988

l

..

}-

.... '"""""" """" '"'
.-

~
~ '--:

r= r=

F

_!; I ~

'--.,

~

I

l

I

1989

1990

1991

IWIINIDI I':'<JJI P1 . . P2

pg

!EIP10~P11 CJP16

Figure 3-30. - Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Piedmont Aquifer System.
3-40

350

250

...--..

:::::::::..
0>
::J 0 L()

II

......J ()

200

.~.._

:::::::::..
0>
::J

CD

(/)
crCoD

150

r0c o >

~

100

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

I I I Well #ID

c:;J BR1 -

BR2

BR4

Figure 3-31. - Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Blue Ridge Aquifer System. 3-41

show trends in iron and manganese concentrations for wells that have historically yielded water with high levels of these metals. Aluminum, barium, bismuth cadmium, strontium, and zinc were common trace metal constituents.
Chloride and sulfate concentrations in the water samples were typically below 20 parts per million. Nitrite/nitrate was present in water from twelve wells, all of which yielded water with nitrite/nitrate levels less than 1. 9 parts per million. Figures 3-32 and 3-33 show nitrite/nitrate concentrations from the Piedmont and Blue Ridge aquifers.
3.10 VALLEY AND RIDGE UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
Soil and residuum form low-yield unconfined aquifers across most of the Valley and Ridge Province of northwestern Georgia. Valley bottom outcrops of dolostones and limestones of the Cambro-Ordovician Knox Group are the locations of most higher-yielding wells and springs that are suitable for municipal supplies.
Water quality in the Valley and Ridge unconfined aquifers was '
monitored in six wells and three springs located across the Province (Figure 3-34). Three of these wells and all three springs produced water from Knox Group carbonates. The other wells represent water quality in the Ordovician Chickamauga Group of Walker County and the Cambrian Shady Dolomite of Bartow County. Water from the Valley and Ridge monitoring stations was typically basic and moderately hard to very hard. Iron and manganese concentrations (Figures 3-35 and 3-36) exceeded drinking-water limits in one of the water samples analyzed (GWN-VR2). Aluminum, barium, bismuth, and strontium were the most common trace metal constituents. Less commonly detected trace metals included copper and zinc.
Chloride ranged in concentration from 1.0 to 20 parts per million and was typically less than one part per million. Sulfate concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 55.7 parts per million. Detectable levels of nitrite/nitrate were present in all but one of the water samples.
3-42

4.0
3.5
3.0 '
-::J
z
C)
E 0 2.5
T""
II
.....J
-(.)
~
z~ 2.0
C)
E
('I)
0z 1.5
~ C\1
0 z
1.0
0.5

1987

1988

1989

IWELL#ID I I ~ P2 - P4

1990

1991

P12 ~ P14

Figure 3-32. -Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Piedmont Aquifer System. 3-43

2.00

1.80

1.60

-:::J
z
O'l
E
0
T"'
II
......J ()
-_~_.
......J
z
O'l
E

z('I)
0

0.

~

C\J
0z 0.

0.

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

jD IWeii#IDI

BR1 . . BR2

BR4

Figure 3-33. - Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Blue Ridge Aquifer System.
3-44

...
D Iron and manganese concentrations exceed drinking-water limits Moderately hard water Hard water + Very hard water Figure 3-34. - Water quality of the Valley and Ridge unconfined
aquifers.
3-45

-::::1
0>
::J
0 0
('f)
II
_.J
(.)
-.~.._..
_.J
0>
::J
.......~ ...
Q)
.l.L._..
c
0
\.-

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

IWeii#IDI I -~:tW-1 VR2 . . VR3

VR4

l!mm VR5 ~ VR9

Figure 3-35. - Iron Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Valley & Ridge Aquifers.
3-46

60

-:::::::::.
0>

::J 0

50

lO

II

......J

(.)

~
.............

:::::::::.
0>

40

::J

(l)

Ul

(l)

cro c0ro>

30

~

20

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

Figure 3-36. - Manganese Concentrations in Selected Wells in the Valley & Ridge Aquifers.
3-47

7.00

6.00

-- 5.00 _J

' '"""

z

CJ')

E

.0....-

II

_J
()

4.00

-~ _....
_J
z

O'l

E 3.00

C")
0 z

~

C\1
0z 2.00 . '

1.00

0.

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

lwll#lol CJVR2-VR3 VAS liWj VR6 ~ VR7

Figure 3-37. -Nitrite/Nitrate Concentrations in Selected Wells in the
Valley & Ridge Aquifers.
3-48

Concentrations ranged from .10 to 3.0 parts per million in water from eight of the wells and springs. Figure 3-37 shows nitrite/nitrate levels measured in 1991 were generally within previously established ranges for water from these monitoring stations.
Several volatile organics were found in GWN-VR2 when it was sampled July, 1991 (Appendix, 1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Valley and Ridge Unconfined Aquifer System) . It should be noted that the water from this well is used only for cooling water and is not being used as a drinking water source.
3-49

4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Hydrogeologists collected 154 water samples for analysis from 122 wells and five springs for the Ground-Water Monitoring Network in 1991. These wells and springs represent eight major aquifer systems:
Cretaceous aquifer system, Clayton aquifer system, Jacksonian aquifer system, Floridan aquifer system, Miocene aquifer system, Piedmont unconfined aquifer, Blue Ridge unconfined aquifer and Valley and Ridge unconfined aquifers.
Analyses of water samples collected in 1991 were compared with analyses for the Ground-Water Monitoring Network dating back to 1984, permitting the recognition of temporal trends. Table 4-1 lists the major contaminants and pollutants that were detected at stations of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network during 1991. Although isolated groundwater quality problems were documented during 1991 at specific localities, the quality of water from the majority of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network stations remains excellent.
Only two wells, a domestic well in the Miocene aquifer and a USGS monitoring well in Lee County, yielded water samples in 1991 with nitrite/nitrate concentrations exceeding the Primary Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 parts per million Nitrogen. Samples from Coastal Plain aquifers with the highest nitrite/nitrate levels were, in most cases, from wells in outcrop areas.
Spatial and temporal limitations of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network preclude the identification of the exact sources of the increasing levels of nitrogen compounds in some of Georgia's ground water. Nitrite/nitrate originates in ground water from direct sources and through oxidation of other forms of dissolved nitrogen. Some nitrite/nitrate may come from natural sources, and some may be man-made. The most common sources of man-made dissolved nitrogen in Georgia
4-1

usually are derived from septic systems, agricultural wastes, and storage or application of fertilizers (Robertson, et. al, 1993). Dissolved nitrogen is also present in rainwater, derived from terrestrial vegetation and volatilization of fertilizers (Drever, 1988) . The conversion of other nitrogen species to nitrate occurs in aerobic environments (i.e. recharge areas). Anaerobic conditions, as are commonly developed along the flow path of ground water, foster the dentrification process. However, this process is inhibited by the lack of dentrifying bacteria in ground water (Freeze and Cherry, 1979).
Iron and manganese were the most commonly detected metals in the samples analyzed. Although minor increases or decreases in levels of iron and manganese were noted for some stations, no long-term trends in concentrations of these metals were documented for the majority of the wells and springs sampled.
The presence of organic compounds was again documented in water from a few of the wells sampled. Because of the sporadic nature of the occurrence of organic compounds in most of these wells, spatial and temporal trends in levels of organic pollutants cannot be defined at this time.
4-2

Table 4-1: Contaminants and Pollutants detected exceeding MCL during 1991 in stations of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network, by aquifer

Aquifer

Weii#ID

Parameter & Detected Level

Cretaceous Providence Clayton Claiborne
Jacksonian Floridan
Miocene

GWN-K8 GWN-K9 GWN-PD2A GWN-CT1 GWN-CT6B GWN-CL1 GWN-CL3 GWN-CLS GWN-CL7A GWN-CL8 GWN-J3 GWN-PA9B GWN-PA18 GWN-PA33 GWN-PA34 GWN-PA41 GWN-M11*
GWN-MI4
GWN-MIS GWN-MI13

Iron= 3,000 ug/L Iron = 1,400 ug/L Iron= 350 ug/L Iron= 700 ug/L Iron = 1,400 ug/L Iron = 380 ug/L Iron = 960 ug/L Manganese = 570 ug/L Manganese = 61 ug/L
Manganese = 1oo ug/L
Manganese = 120 ug/L Iron= 400 ug/L Manganese = 53 ug/L Barium= 2,000 ug/L Manganese = 97 u_g/L Manganese = 120 ug/L Iron = 970 ug/L Iron= 460 ug/L Iron= 690 ug/L Manganese = 11 0 ug/L Manganese = 11 0 ug/L Iron = 2,000 ug/L Manganese = 190 ug/L

* Two values indicate two sampling dates

(CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE)

4-3

Table 4-1: Contaminants and Pollutants detected exceeding MCL during 1991 in stations of the Ground-Water Monitoring Network, by aquifer (Continued)

Aquifer

Weii#ID

Parameter & Detected Level

Piedmont

GWN-P1
GWN-P2 GWN-P3*
GWN-P6A GWN-P9
GWN-P10A
GWN-P15A*

Blue Ridge Valley & Ridge

GWN-P16C GWN-BR3 GWN-VR2 GWN-VR4

Iron = 2,400 ug/L Manganese = 62 ug/L Iron= 1,100 ug/L Iron = 1,300 ug/L Iron = 660 ug/L Manganese = 79 ug/L Iron = 820 ug/L Manganese = 160 ug/L Iron = 11,000 ug/L Manganese = 11 0 ug/L Iron= 660 ug/L Manganese = 11 0 ug/L Iron= 480 ug/L Manganese = 100 ug/L Iron = 600 ug/L Manganese = 61 ug/L Iron = 530 ug/L Manganese = 130 ug/L Iron= 330 ug/L
Manganese = 580 ug/L
Manganese = 90 ug/L

* Two values indicate two sampling dates

4-4

5.0 REFERENCES CITED
Brooks, R., Clarke, J.S., and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Gordon Aquifer System of East-Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 75, 41 p.
Clarke, J.S., Brooks, R., and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems of East-Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 74, 62 p.
Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Providence Aquifer of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 11, 5 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1984, Hydrogeology of the Clayton Aquifer of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 13, 6 pl.
Clarke, J.S., Hacke, C.M., and Peck, M.F., 1990, Geology and GroundWater Resources of the Coastal Area of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 113, 106 p., 12 pl.
Crews, P.A., and Huddlestun, P.F., 1984, Geologic Sections of the Principal Artisan Aquifer System, in Arora, R., editor, Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.
Davis, K.R., Donahue, J.C., Hutcheson, R.H., and Waldrop, D.L., 1988, Most Significant Ground-Water Recharge Areas of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 18, 1 pl.
Drever, J.I., 1988, The Geochemistry of Natural Waters: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 437 p.
Environmental Protection Division, 1989, Rules for Safe Drinking Water, Chapter 391-3-5, Revised June 1989, Georgia Department of Natural Resources 63 p.
EPD, 1991, A Ground-Water Management Plan For Georgia, Circular 11 Georgia DNR, 102p.
Freeze, R.A., and Cherry, J.A., 1979, Groundwater: Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 604 p.
Hayes, L.R., Maslia, M.L., and Meeks, W.C., 1983, Hydrology and Model Evaluation of the Principal Artisan Aquifer, Dougherty Plain, Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 97, 93 p.
Hicks, D.W., Krause, R.E., and Clarke, J.S., 1981, Geohydrology of the Albany Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 57, 31 p.
5-1

Joiner, C.N., Reynolds, M.S., Stayton, W.L., and Boucher, F.G., 1988, Ground-Water Data for Georgia, 1987: United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-323, 172 p.
Kellam, M.F., and Gorday, L.L., 1990, Hydrogeology of the Gulf Trough Apalachicola Embayment Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 94, 74p.
Krause, R.E., 1979, Geohydrology of Brooks, Lowndes, and Western Echols Counties, Georgia: United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 78-117, 48 p.
Long, A. F., 1989, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifer Systems: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 6 pl.
McFadden, S.S., and Perriello, P.D., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifers in Southwestern Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 55, 59 p.
Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic Framework of the Floridan Aquifer System in Florida and Parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1403B, 91 p.
O'Connell, D.B., and Davis, K.R., 1991, Ground-Water Quality in Georgia for 1989: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 12F, 115 p.
Pollard, L.D., and Vorhis, R.C., 1980, The Geohydrology of the Cretaceous Aquifer System in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 3, 5 pl.
Robertson, S.J., Shellenberger, D.L., York, G.M., Clark, M.G., Eppihimer, R.P., Lineback, J.A., 1993 Sampling for Nitrate Concentrations in North Georgia's Groundwater: 1993 Georgia Water Resources Conference 364-365, 1p.
Sever, C.W., 1966, Reconnaissance of the Ground Water and Geology of Thomas County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 34, 14 p.
Vincent, R.H., 1982, Geohydrology of the Jacksonian Aquifer in Central and East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 8, 3 pl.
Wait, R.L., 1960, Source and Quality of Ground Water in Southwestern Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 18, 74 p.
Watson, W., 1982, Aquifer Potential of the Shallow Sediments of the Coastal Area of Georgia, in Arden, D.D., Beck, B.F., and Morrow, E., Editors, Second Symposium on the Geology of the Southeastern Coastal Plain (March, 1979) : Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 53, pp. 183-194.
5-2

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX: ANALYSES OF SAMPLES COLLECTED DURING 1991 FOR THE GEORGIA GROUND-WATER MONITORING NETWORK

All water quality samples that are collected for the Georgia Ground-Water Monitoring Network are subjected to a Standard Analysis which includes tests for five 'indicator' parameters, twelve common pesticides and industrial chemicals and thirty metals. Analyses for additional parameters may be included for samples that are collected from an area where a possibility of ground-water pollution exists due to regional activities. These optional screens include tests for agricultural chemicals, coal-tar creosote, phenols and anilines and volatile organic compounds (Tables A-1 through A-4) . Because parameters other than the five 'indicators' and eight of the metals of the Standard Analysis were detected very rarely, other parameters are listed in the appendix only when they were detected.

For this appendix, the following abbreviations are used:

su
mg/L mgN/L ug/L umho/cm
u
D

== standard units == milligrams per liter (parts per million)
milligrams per liter (parts per million) , as nitrogen == micrograms per liter (parts per billion) and == micromhos per centimeter == less than (below detection limit) . Where this abbreviation is used for a figure that is a calculated average, the average is below the typical detection limit for the parameter for minimum values reported for a parameter, indicates that the parameter was detected below the usual detection limit (usually used when the minimum would otherwise be below the detection limit)

Underlined values listed for a parameter in the water quality data summaries indicates that the parameter was detected at levels above the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) listed in the Rules for Safe Drinking Water. Values that are both underlined and enclosed in parentheses indicate detected pollutants for which no MCL has been established.

A-1

Table A-1. - Standard water-quality analysis: indicator parameters, Organic Screens #2 and #4 and ICP metal screen

Parameter

Typical Detection

Limit / MCL *

Parameter

Typical Detection
Limit j MCL *

pH Spec. Cond. Chloride Sulfate

(NA) SU
1.0 I NA umho/cm o . 1 I 2 50 mgI L 2 2.0 I 250 mg/L 2

ICP SCREEN, Cont.

Silver

30 I 5o

Aluminum

50 I NA

Arsenic **

10 I 5o

Gold

10 I NA

ug/L 1 ug/L ug/L 1 ug/L

Nitrite/ nitrate

0.02 I 10 mgN/L 1

ORGANIC SCREEN #2

(Chlorinated Pesticides)

Dicofol

0.10 INA ug/L

Endrin

0.03 I 0.2 ug/L 1

Lindane

0.008 I 4.0 ug/L 1

Methoxychlor 0.30 I 100 ug/L 1

PCB's

0.60 INA ug/L

Permethrin

0.30 INA ug/L

Toxaphene

1.20 I 5.0 ug/L 1

ORGANIC SCREEN #4

(Phenoxy Herbicides)

2,4-D Acifluorfen

5. 2 I 10 0 ug/L 1
0.2 INA ug/L

Barium
Beryllium Bismuth Cadmium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Manganese Molybdenum Nickel Lead Antimony
Selenium **
Tin Strontium

10 I 1000 ug/L 1
10 / NA ug/L
30 I NA ug/L 5.o I 10 ug/L 1 10 I NA ug/L 10 I 5o ug/L 1 20 I 1000 ug/L 2 10 I 300 ug/L 2 10 I 50 ug/L 2
10 / NA ug/L
20 I NA ug/L 25 I 50 ug/L 1
40 ug/L
5 I 10 ug/L 1
20 / NA ug/L 10 / NA ug/L

Chloramben

0.2 INA

Silvex

0.1 I 10

Trichlorfon 2.0 INA

ICP METAL SCREEN

Calcium

1.0 INA

Magnesium

1. 0 I NA

Sodium

1. 0 I NA

ug/L ug/L 1 ug/L
mg/L mg/L mg/L

Potassium

5.0 INA mg/L

Titanium

10 / NA ug/L

Thallium

40 I NA ug/L

Vanadium

10 I NA ug/L

Yttrium

10 I NA ug/L

Zinc Zirconium

20 I 5000 ug/L 2 10 I NA ug/L

** Analyzed by atomic absorption
graphite furnace

* MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level from the Georgia Rules for Safe Drinking Water, 1989 ( 1 = Primary, 2 = Secondary, NA = no MCL estab-
lished) A-2

Table A-2. -

Additional water-quality analyses: cyanide, mercury and Organic Screens #1, #3, #5 and #7

Parameter

Typical Detection Limit

Parameter

Typical Detection Limit

Cyanide

0.05 ug/L

Mercury

0.2 I 2. 0 ug/L *

Atrazine

H

Azodrin

I

Chlorpyrifos I

Dasanit

I

DCPA

H

Demeton

I

Diazinon

I

Dimethoate

I

Di-Syston

I

Eptam

H

Ethoprop

I

Fonophos

I

Gut hi on

I

Isopropalin H

ORGANIC SCREEN f!1

(Herbicides (H)/Insecticides (I) )

0.30 ug/L

Malathion

I

1. 00 ug/L

Metolachlor H

0.80 ug/L

Metribuzin

H

0.60 ug/L

Mevinphos

H

0.01 ug/L

Parathion (E) I

1. 00 ug/L

Parathion (M) I

1. 00 ug/L

Pebulate

H

0.50 ug/L

Pendimethalin H

1. 00 ug/L

Phorate

I

0.50 ug/L

Profluralin H

0.50 ug/L

Simazine

H

0.50 ug/L

Sutan

H

2.00 ug/L

Trifluralin H

1. 00 ug/L

Vernam

H

1. 40 ug/L 1. 00 ug/L 0.90 ug/L 1.40 ug/L 0.08 ug/L 0.10 ug/L 0.60 ug/L 0.80 ug/L 1. 00 ug/L 0.90 ug/L 0.90 ug/L 0.70 ug/L 1. 00 ug/L 0.50 ug/L

Dinoseb

ORGANIC SCREEN f!3

0.10 ug/L

(Herbicide)

ORGANIC SCREEN f!5

(Herbicides (H)/Insecticides (I) )

Carbaryl

I

10.0 ug/L

Linuron

H 1.0 ug/L

Carbofuran

I

2.0 ug/L

Methomyl

I

3.0 ug/L

Diuron

H 1.0 ug/L

Monuron

H 1.0 ug/L

Fluometuron H 1.0 ug/L

EDB 1.0 ug/L

ORGANIC SCREEN f!7 (fumigant, gasoline additive)

* Primary Maximum Contaminant Level for Mercury.
A-3

Table A-3. - Additional water-quality analyses: Organic Screens #8 and #9

Parameter

ORGANIC SCREEN #8 (Extractable Organics: Coal-tar Creosote)
Typical Detection Limit

Naphthalene

10 ug/L

2-Chloronaphthalene

10 ug/L

Acenaphthylene

10 ug/L

Acenaphthene

10 ug/L

Fluorene

10 ug/L

Phenanthrene

10 ug/L

Anthracene

10 ug/L

Fluoranthene

10 ug/L

Pyrene

10 ug/L

Benzo(A)Anthracene

10 ug/L

Benzo(B)Fluoranthene

10 ug/L

Benzo(K)Fluoranthene

10 ug/L

Benzo-A-Pyrene

10 ug/L

Indeno(1,2,3-CD)Pyrene

10 ug/L

Benzo(GHI)Perylene

10 ug/L

Parameter

ORGANIC SCREEN #9 (Extractable Organics: Phenols and Aniline)
Typical Detection Limit

Aniline

10 ug/L

2-Chlorophenol

10 ug/L

2-Nitrophenol

10 ug/L

Phenol

10 ug/L

2,4-Dimethylphenol

10 ug/L

2,4-Dichlorophenol

10 ug/L

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol

10 ug/L

Parachlorometa Cresol

10 ug/L

2,4-Dinitrophenol

50 ug/L

4,6-Dinitro-0-Cresol

50 ug/L

Pentachlorophenol

20 ug/L

4-Nitrophenol

50 ug/L

A-4

Table A-4. -Additional water-quality analyses: Organic Screen #10

Parameter Methylene chloride

ORGANIC SCREEN #10 (Volatile Organics)

Typical Detection
Limit L Primar y MCL 5 ugiL I NA

Trichlorofluoromethane

1 ugiL I NA

1,1-Dichloroethylene

1 ugiL I 7 ugiL

1,1-Dichloroethane

1 ugiL I 5 ugiL

1,2-Trans-dichloroethylene

Chloroform *

( * Indicates a tri-

Dichlorobromomethane * halomethane compound;

Chlorodibromomethane * MCL for total trihalo-

Bromoform *

methanes = 100 ugiL)

1,2-Dichloroethane

1 ugiL I NA 1 ugiL I * 1 ugiL I * 1 ugiL I * 1 ugiL I * 1 ugiL I NA

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

1 ugiL I 200 ugiL

Carbon tetrachloride

1 ugiL I 5 ugiL

1,2-Dichloropropane

1 ugiL I NA

Trans-1,3-dichloropropene

1 ugiL I NA

Trichloroethylene

1 ugiL I 5 ugiL

Benzene

1 ugiL I 5 ugiL

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

1 ugiL I NA

Cis-1,3-dichloropropene

1 ugiL I NA

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

1 ugiL I NA

Tetrachloroethylene

1 ugiL I NA

Toluene

1 ugiL I NA

Chlorobenzene

1 ugiL I NA

Ethylbenzene

1 ugiL I NA

Acetone

10 ugiL I NA

Methyl ethyl ketone

10 ugiL I NA

Carbon disulfide

1 ugiL I NA

Vinyl chloride

10 ugiL I 2 ugiL

Isopropyl acetate

1 ugiL I NA

2-Hexanone

1 ugiL I NA

Methyl isobutyl ketone

1 ugiL I NA

Styrene

1 ugiL I NA

Xylene (Total of o, m, and p-xylenes)

1 ugiL I NA

A-5

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Cretaceous Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

UNITS su
WELL ID#

mg/L mgjl mg/L mg/L ug/L ug/L mg/L mgjl mgN/L ug/L ugjl umhojcm

GWN-K1

4.8

1 u

1 u

1.5

0.5 u 20

Well Name: Englehard Kaolin Company #2, Gordon

County: Wilkinson

Date Sampled: 1991/04/28

10 u 2.0

2.7

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 23

GWN-K2

4.6

1.3

1 u

1.7

Well Name: Irwinton #2

County: Wilkinson

Date Sampled: 1991/04/25

0.5 u 41

10 u 2.0

3.0

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 26

GWN-K3

5.9

1.4

1.2

2.0

0.5 u 290

27

2.8

7.4

0.1 u 21

49

94

;x:..
I

Well Name: Sandersville #78 County: Washington

0'1

Date Sampled: 1991/04/25

GWN-K5

5.1

1 u

1 u

1.4

5U

20 u 10 u 1.5

0.3

0.4

10 u 10 u 16

Well Name: Richmond County #101, Augusta

County: Richmond

Date Sampled: 1991/06/27

GWN-K5

5.9

1 u

1 u

1.3

5U

20 u 10 u 1 u

2U

0.1

Well Name: Richmond County #1 01, Augusta

County: Richmond

Date Sampled: 1991/12/17

10 u 10 u 14

GWN-K6

5.6

3.7

1 u

3.0

5U

43

10 u 2.7

3.8

1 u 13

47

50

Well Name: J.M. Huber Corporation

County: Twiggs

Date Sampled: 1991/04/24

GWN-K7

5.3

1.7

1 u

1.5

5U

20 u 10 u 2.2

2U

0.1 u 13

11

20

Well Name: Jones County #4, Macon

County: Jones

Date Sampled: 1991/04/24

Other Parameters Detected ugjL

Other Screens Tested

10

Al=85

10

1,5,10

1,8,9

Hg = 0.2

Hg,10

Zn = 23

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Cretaceous Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mgfL ugfL ug/L mg/L mg/L mgN/L ugfL ugfL umhofcm

GWN-K8

6.7

44

1.7

2.8

5U

3.000 33

Well Name: Mohasco Corp, Laurens Park Mill #3, East Dublin

County: Laurens

Date Sampled: 1991/11/25

2.2

12.4 0.1 u 81

180

155

GWN-K9 4.1

1 u

1 u

1 u

su

1,400 34

Well Name: Marshallville #1

County: Macon

Date Sampled: 1991/04/22

1.5

6.8

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 44

:J:o'
I

GWN-K10

4.8

1.4

'1 u

Well Name: Fort Valley #1

3.6

..J

County: Peach

Date Sampled: 1991 /01 /24

5U

29

10 u 0.7

2U

1.3

10 u 10 u 42

GWN-K10

5

2.7

1 u

8.9

Well Name: Fort Valley #1

County: Peach

Date Sampled: 1991/11/26

0.5 u 37

10 u 2.0

5.9

3.4

11 u 13 u 63

GWN-K11

5

1 u

1 u

1.6

5U

20 u 10 u 1.3

2U

0.2

10 u 10 u 15

Well Name: Warner Robins #1A

County: Houston

Date Sampled: 1991/05/30

GWN-K11

4.8

1 u

1 u

1.2

5U

270

10 u 1.4

0.9

0.1

10 u 10 u 11

Well Name: Warner Robins #1 A

County: Houston

Date Sampled: 1991/11/26

Other Parameters Detected ugfL

Other Screens Tested

10

10

AJ =57

AJ =52

10

10

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Cretaceous Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mgjl mg/L mg/L mg/L ugjl

Mn ugjl

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mgjl mgjl mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Con d.
umhojcm

GWN-K12

4.2

1.7

1 u

1.8

5U

180

12

Well Name: Perry, Holiday Inn Well

County: Houston

Date Sampled: 1991/05/30

1.8

2U

0.2

10 u 10 u 40

GWN-K12

3.9

1 u

1 u

1.1

5

190

12

2.2

7.5

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 34

Well Name: Perry, Holiday Inn Well

County: Houston

Date Sampled: 1991/11/26

;I:>'

I

00

GWN-K13

9.0

2.1

1 u

48

5U

20 u 10 u 9.4

7.0

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 194

Well Name: Omaha #1

County: Stewart

Date Sampled: 1991/04/23

GWN-K14

7.9

12

1 u

25

Well Name: Ft. Benning TW

County: Muscogee

Date Sampled: 1991/04/23

5U

100

10 u 7.4

6.3

0.1 u 15 200 165

GWN-K16

5.4

1 u

1 u

4.9

5U

20 u 10 u 2.2

Well Name: Packaging Corporation of America, North Well

County: Bibb

Date Sampled: 1991/05/30

2U

0.2

10 u 10 u 25

GWN-K16

5.3

1 u

1 u

5.2

5U

20U 10 u 2.4

2.0

0.2

10 u 10 u 21

Well Name: Packaging Corporation of America, North Well

County: Bibb

Date Sampled: 1991/11/26

Other Parameters Detected ugjl

Other Screens Tested

AI = 410 Zn = 42 Cd = 5

1, 5, 10

AI== 400 Zn == 38
Ni = 200

1, 5, 10

F = 0.3mgjl

F = 0.2mg/L

Zn = 24

10

Zn = 26

10

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Cretaceous Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Con d.

rng/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfl ugfl mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

GWN-K18A

5.3

2.0

1 u

1.1

Well Name: Buena Vista #6

County: Marion

Date Sampled: 1991/04/23

5U

80

10 u 1.5

3.2

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 26

GWN-K19

5.0

1 u

1 u

1.3

5U

85

Well Name: Hephzibah, Murphy Street Well (#3)

County: Richmond

Date Sampled: 1991/06/27

10 u 2.0

1.0

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 18

~

I

\0

Average:

Maximum:

Minimum:

Standard

Deviation:

5.4

3.8

1.0

5.4

4.2

258.5 13

2.5

3.7

0.4

14.1 29.6 48.3

9.0

44.0 1.7

48.0 5.0

3,000 34

9.4

12.4 3.4

81.0 200

194.0

3.9

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.5

20

10

0.7

0.3

0.1

10.0 10

11.0

1.1

8.9

0.1

10.3 1.7

648.8 7.2

1.9

2.9

0.7

14.5 49.8 50.2

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

F = 0.2mgfl

10

10

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Providence Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Con d.

UNITS SU WELL#ID

mgfl mgfl mg/L mgfl ugfl ug/L mgfl mgfl mgN/L ugfl ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PD2A

7.0

9.4

1 u

2.0

5U

350

44

2.2

2.0

0.1 u 19

30

61

Well Name: Preston #2

County: Webster

Date Sampled: 1991/09/16

GWN-PD3

7.9

6.3

1.1

85

5U

20 u 10 u 11.2 10.3 0.1 u 10 u 100

360

Well Name: Ft. Gaines #2

>

County: Clay

I 1-'

Date Sampled: 1991/08/22

0

GWN-PD4

7.3

37

2.3

2.8

5U

110

15

1.5

12.2 0.1 u 10 u 200

198

Well Name: Americus #3

County: Sumter

Date Sampled: 1991/08/19

Other Parameters Detected
ugfl

Other Screens
Tested

F = 0.8mgfl

F = 0.7mg/L F = 0.1mgfl

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Deviation:

7.4

17.6 1.5

29.9 5.0

160.0 23.0 5.0

8.2

0.1

13.0 110.0 206.3

7.9

37.0 2.3

85.0 5.0

350.0 44.0

11.2

12.2

0.1

19.0 200.0 360.0

7.0

6.3

1.0

2.0

5.0

20.0 10.0 1.5

2.0

0.1

10.0 30.0 61.0

0.4

13.8 0.6

38.9 0.0

139.3 15.0 4.4

4.4

0.0

4.2

69.8 122.2

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Clayton Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugjL

Mn ugfL

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ugjL

Spec. Cond.
umhojcm

GWN-CT1

7.9

11

4.9

43

Well Name: Turner City Monitoring Well

County: Dougherty

Date Sampled: 1991/12/10

5U

700

19

2.0

10.3 0.1 u 10 u 270

255

GWN-CT2A

7.8

38

2.7

5.5

5U

69

Well Name: Burton Thomas Residence Well

County: Sumter

Date Sampled: 1991/10/29

10 u 1.5

16.9 0.1 u 10 u 250

240

:;~>'

GWN-CT3

7.6

37

3.9

6.6

5U

20 u 10 u 1.8

11.9 0.1 u 10 u 390

249

I I-'

Well Name: Dawson, Crawford Street Well

I-'

County: Terrell

Date Sampled: 1991/10/30

GWN-CT4

7.7

41

3.0

4.7

5U

110

10 u 1.7

8.5

0.1 u 10 u 250

253

Well Name: C. T. Martin TW 2

County: Randolph

Date Sampled: 1991/10/29

GWN-CT5A

7.7

43

3.6

1.6

5U

210

31

Well Name: Cuthbert #3

County: Randolph

Date Sampled: 1991/10/28

1.8

10.3 0.1 u 13

150

252

GWN-CT6B

7.0

130

3.4

7.8

5U

1,400 33

Well Name: Fort Gaines Test Well

County: Clay

Date Sampled: 1991/12/11

6.7

56.8 0.1 u 34

170

544

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Al=65

10

F = 0.2mg/L

AI= 73 Zn = 21

1, 3, 5

AI= 87 F = O.tmg/L

Al=84

Al=98

1,3,5,10

Al=56

10

1i = 10

Zn = 220

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Clayton Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELLID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/l mg/L mg/l ug/L

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/l mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Cond.
umho/cm

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Deviation:

7.6

50.0 3.6

11.5 5.0

418.2 18.8 2.6

19.1 0.2

14.5 246.7 298.8

7.9

130.0 4.9

43.0 5.0

1,400.0 33.0 6.7

56.8 0.5

34.0 390.0 544.0

7.0

11.0 2.7

1.6

5.0

20.0 10.0 1.5

8.5

0.1

10.0 150.0 240.0

0.3

37.3 0.7

14.2 5.0

493.7 9.9

1.8

17.1 0.1

8.8

77.8 109.7

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

~ I
......
1:1.)

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Claiborne Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mg/L mgfL mg/L mg/L ugfL ugfL mg/L mg/L mgN/L ugfL ugfL umhofcm

Other Parameters
Detected ugfL

Other Screens
Tested

GWNCL1

7.5

54

8.8

9.0

5U

380

10 u 3.8

2.7

0.1 u 10 u 370

330

Well Name: AJbany TW#5

County: Dougherty

Date Sampled: 1991/08/21

GWN-CL2

7.5

43

1 u

1.5

5U

20U 10 u 1.7

7.4

0.1

12

110

199

Well Name: Unadilla #3

County: Dooly

)>I I

Date Sampled: 1991/08/20

1w-'
GWN-CL3

5.3

1.4

1 u

1.5

5U

960

15

2.1

0.6

0.1 u 10 u 12

20

Well Name: Pete Long TW#2

County: Lee

Date Sampled: 1991/08/21

GWN-CL4

7.6

61

2.1

2.9

5U

96

12

2.9

5.8

0.1 u 10 u 190

292

Well Name: Plains #3

County: Sumter

Date Sampled: 1991/08/19

GWN-CL5

4.2

5.6

2.9

2.9

5U

20 u 570

10.7 0.5

8.3

62

39

118

Well Name: Shellman #2

County: Randolph

Date Sampled: 1991/08/19

AJ=79 F = 0.2mg/L
F = <0.1mg/L 3
F = 0.1mg/L 1, 3, 5
Benzene = <2.75mgfL 1, 3, 5,10 M Xylene = 1.1 P Xylene = 1.1
AJ = 310 Co= 26
y = 71
F = 0.2mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Claiborne Aquifer System

PARAMETER

Ph

UNITS su
WELL#ID

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Con d.
umhofem

GWN-CL7A

4.9

2.4

1.5

5.7

5U

20 u 61

8.3

3.4

0.1 u 21

17

64

Well Name: Veterans Memorial State Park #2

County: Crisp

Date Sampled: 1991/08/20

GWN-CLS

5.2

4.6

2.8

3.1

5U

92

100

6.3

2U

5.7

99

43

77

Well Name: Flint River Nursery Offiee

County: Dooly

:J::>o

Date Sampled: 1991/08/20

I

......

,&>.

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Deviation:

6.0

24.6 2.9

3.8

5.0

226.9 111.1 5.1

3.2

2.1

32.0 111.6 157.1

7.6

61.0 8.8

9.0

5.0

960.0 570.0 10.7 7.4

8.3

99.0 370.6 330.0

4.2

1.4

1.0

1.5

5.0

20.0

10.0

1.7

0.5

0.1

10.0 12.0 20.0

1.3

24.8 2.5

2.5

0.0

321.7 190.0 3.2

2.4

5.2

32.4

120.6 110.4

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Cu = 88

10

Y=

Zn = 70

F = 0.1mg/L

Al=88

1, 5

y = 11

Zn=29

F = <0.1mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Jacksonian Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

UNITS su
WELL ID#

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L ug/L mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

GWN-J1B

7.3

54

1 u

4.1

5U

20 u 10 u 8.9

0.3

1.6

22

26

275

Well Name: M. Horton Residence Well

County: Burke

Date Sampled: 1991/06/26

GWN-J1B

7.4

56

1 u

4.2

5U

20 u 10 u 7.6

2U

0.1

21

26

273

Well Name: K. Hudlow Residence Well

County: Burke

Date Sampled: 1991/12/16

GWN-J2A

7.4

53

1 u

1.7

5U

20 u 10 u 1.9

0.6

0.1 u 66

64

236

~

Well Name: Oakwood Village MHP #2

I

County: Burke

1-' Ul

Date Sampled: 1991/06/26

GWN-J2A

7.6

51

1 u

1.9

5U

20 u 10 u 1.8

2U

0.1 u 62

61

242

Well Name: Oakwood Village MHP #2

County: Burke

Date Sampled: 1991/12/17

GWN-J3

7.7

36

6.1

11

5U

140

120

7.9

1.2

0.1 u 710

290

256

Well Name: J. W. Black Residence Well, Canoochee

County: Emanuel

Date Sampled: 1990/01/24

GWN-J4

7.6

48

2.4

3.6

5U

41 u 39

Well Name: Wrightsville #4, North Myrtle Street Well

County: Johnson

Date Sampled: 1991/06/24

2.5

6.0

0.1 u 10

180

248

GWN-J4

7.7

49

2.3

4.2

5U

20 u 18

3.5

12.2 0.1 u 10 u 190

254

Well Name: Wrightsville #4, North Myrt1e Street Well

County: Johnson

Date Sampled: 1991/12/19

Other Parameters Detected ug/L
AI= 120 Zn = 35

Other Screens Tested
1, 3, 5

AI= 98 F = 0.2mg/L

1, 3, 5

AI= 100 Zn=54 F = 0.1mg/L

1,3,5,10

AI= 110 F = 0.1mg/L

1,3,5,10

Al=65 Bi = 48 Zn = 37

1, 5, 10

AI= 100

1, 5

Bi = 25

F = 0.2mg/L

AI= 98

10

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Jacksonian Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfL

Mn ugfL

Cl

504

N02

Ba

&N03

mg/L mgfL mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Cond.
umhojcm

GWN-J5

7.4

68

2.5

3.2

5U

20 u 29

Well Name: Cochran #3

County: Bleckley

Date Sampled: 1991/06/24

2.3

10.6 0.1 u 10 u 220

341

GWN-J6

6.7

28

1.0

1.9

5U

200

13

1.9

7.2

0.1 u 13

95

15

Well Name: Wrens #4

County: Jefferson

Date Sampled: 1991/06/27

>

I

GWN-J6

6.9

28

1 u

1.8

5U

170

12

1.9

6.6

0.1

13

95

147

1-'
~

Well Name: Wrens #4

County: Jefferson

Date Sampled: 1991/12/17

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Oeviation:

7.4

46.3 2.0

3.7

5.0

72.3 29.0 3.5

5.4

0.1

101.7 135.7 223.6

7.7

68.0 6.1

11.0 5.0

200.0 120.0 7.9

12.2 0.1

710.0 290.0 341.0

6.7

28.0 1.0

1.7

5.0

20.0

10.0

1.8

0.6

0.1

10.0 26.0 15.0

0.3

12.6 1.6

2.8

0.0

70.8 33.5 2.3

4.0

0.0

216.1 82.9 87.3

Other Parameters Oetected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

AJ = 150 Bl = 35

1,3,5,10

AJ=64 Bl = 33
AJ=46

5, 10 1, 5, 10

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Floridan Aquifer System

.

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L ug/L mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PA1

7.7

28

15

61

5U

20 u 10 u 109.9 17.4 0.1 u 11

390

547

Well Name: Thunderbolt #1

County: Chatham

Date Sampled: 1991/06/26

GWN-PA2A

7.9

24

8.2

12

5U

20U 10 u 4.1

0.1 u 4.7

12

290

226

Well Name: Savannah #6

County: Chatham

Date Sampled: 1991/06/25

~

GWN-PA4

7.7

35

26

56

5U

20 u 10 u 45.9 108

0.1 u 10 u 1300 593

I

Well Name: Tybee Island #1

I-' ....J

County: Chatham

Date Sampled: 1991/06/25

GWN-PASA

7.8

25

14

16

5U

Well Name: Interstate Paper Co. #2-Riceboro

County: Bryan

Date Sampled: 1991/10/23

20 u 10 u 5.9

36.9 0.1 u 25

410

315

GWN-PA6

7.8

23

11

14

5U

20 u 10 u 5.0

23.7 0.1 u 19

350

269

Well Name: Hinesville #5

County: Bryan

Date Sampled: 1991/10/23

GWN-PA7

7.6

44

26

24

5U

120

10 u 20.4 90.4 0.1 u 44

690

539

Well Name: Darien New Well

County: Mcintosh

Date Sampled: 1991/10/23

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Bi = 94 F = 0.4mg/L

AI= 62 F = 0.4mg/L

AI=BO Bl = 140 Cd = 7

Al=54

10

Bl = 80

F = 0.7mg/L

Al=46

10

Bl = 70

F = 0.7mg/L

AI = 100

10

Bl = 150

Cd = 7

Zr = 10

F = 0.7mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L

Mn ug/L

a

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Con d.
umhofcm

GWN-PA8

7.8

34

17

17

5U

Well Name: ITT Rayonler #40-Doctortown

County: Wayne

Date Sampled: 1991/10/23

GWN-PA9A

7.6

43

25

14

5U

Well Name: Brunswick Pulp & Paper Co. #2

County: Glynn

Date Sampled: 1991/01/08

20 u 10 u 7.7

0.1 u 0.1 u 64

44

10 u 13.7 95

0.1 u 44

::to'

I I-' 00

GWN-PA9B

7.6

92

57

140

5U

Well Name: Brunswick Pulp & Paper #1

400

10 u 192

273

0.1 u 93

County: Glynn

Date Sampled: 1991/01/08

530 3n

410

467

1,100 1,592

GWN..fiA9C

7.7

40

26

19

5U

97

14

20.5 86.0 0.1 u 36

670

465

Well Name: Miller Ball Park TW #25

County: Glynn

Date Sampled: 1991/01/30

GWN-PA10B

7.4

73

40

58

Well Name: Gilman Paper Co. #1

County: Camden

Date Sampled: 1991/01/09

5U

20U 10 u 111

164

0.1 u 36

GWN-PA14

7.7

31

4.5

6.0

5U

20U 10 u 2.3

4.2

0.1 u 28

Well Name: Statesboro #7

County: Bulloch

Date Sampled: 1991/01/17

740

895

170

225

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

AJ=n

10

Bl = 100

Cd = 5

F = 0.7mg/L

Al=60 Bi = 110 Cd = 5 Zn=34 F = 0.6mg/L

AI= 130 Bi = 280 Cd = 15 Pb = 35 F = 0.6mg/L

AI= 78 Bi = 130 Cd = 7
= Zn 100
Zr=20 F = 0.6mg/L

AI = 140 Bi = 170 Cd = 7 F = 0.6mg/L

Al=34 F = 0.4mg/L

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued) '

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mgfl mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfl ug/L mg/L mg/L mgN/L ugfl ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PA15

7.7

25

7.9

7.9

su 29

10 u 1.9

5.1

0.1 u 10 u 370

233

Well Name: King Finishing Company, Fire Pump Well, Dover

County: Screven

Date Sampled: 1991/01/16

GWN-PA16

7.6

42

2.8

4.4

5U

29

32

4.6

5.3

0.1 u 10 u 170

261

Well Name: Millen #1

County: Jenkins

Date Sampled: 1991/01/17

~

GWN-PA17

7.6

43

1.4

2.9

5U

20U 10 u 2.4

2U

0.1 u 140

120

246

..I...
1.0

Well Name: Swainsboro #7 County: Emanuel

Date Sampled: 1991/01/17

GWN-PA18

7.8

28

3.1

Well Name: Metter #2

County: Candler

Date Sampled: 1991/01/17

9.5

5U

20U 53

3.0

2.3

0.1 u 22

220

217

GWN-f'A20

7.7

48

17

Well Name: Lakeland #2

County: Lanier

Date Sampled: 1991/08/28

5.8

su

20 u 10

3.4

59

0.1 u 28

200

351

GWN-PA21

7.8

46

4.5

3.4

5U

20 u 10 u 4.0

56.6 0.1 u 53

66

272

Well Name: Valdosta #1

County: Lowndes

Date Sampled: 1991/02/13

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Al=35 F = 0.4mg/L

AI= 67 F = 0.2mgfl

AI= 71 F = 0.2mgfl

Al=33 F = 0.3mg/L

AI= 120 Bi = 96 F = 0.4mg/L
Al=84 Zs = 11 F = 0.2mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mgfl mgfl ugfl

Mn ugfl

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgNfl ugfl

Sr ugfL

Spec. Con d.
umhofcm

GWN-PA21

7.6

36

4.5

4.3

5U

20 u 10 u 4.7

34.2 0.2

44

55

215

Well Name: Valdosta #1

County: Lowndes

Date Sampled: 1991/08/29

GWN-PA22

7.6

45

20

Well Name: Thomasville #6

County: Thomas

Date Sampled: 1991/02/13

7.2

5U

20 u 10 u 6.4

62.4 0.1 u 22

320

378

~

GWN-PA23

7.7

34

16

11

5U

20 u 10 u 5.3

30.5 0.1 u 130

320

333

I

Well Name: Cairo #8

N 0

County: Grady

Date Sampled: 1991/02/13

GWN..PA24

7.5

38

3.2

1.8

0.5 u 20 u 10 u 6.2

0.3

3.7

10 u 36

217

Well Name: Bainbridge #1

County: Decatur

Date Sampled: 1991/03/20

GWN-PA25

7.5

55

1 u

3.8

0.5 u 20 u 10 u 3.1

0.7

1.1

10 u 24

276

Well Name: Donalsonville, East 7th Street Well

County: Seminole

Date Sampled: 1991/03/20

GWN-PA25

7.8

58

1 u

4.0

5U

20 u 10 u 5.0

0.5

1.2

10 u 26

270

Well Name: Donalsonville, East 7th Street Well

County: Seminole

Date Sampled: 1991/09/17

Other Parameters Detected ugfL

Other Screens Tested

Al=79 F = 0.2mg/L

Al=72 Bl =55 Mo = 37 F = 0.5mg/L
AI= 72

7, 10

AI = 110

Cn, 10

AI = 120

Cn, 1, 3, 5,7,10

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mgfl mgjl mg/L mg/L ugfl

Mn ugjl

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ugfl

Spec. Con d.
umhojcm

GWN-PA26

7.5

44

1 u

2.1

u 0.5

20U 10 u 3.7

0.3

1.7

10 u 20

216

Well Name: Colquitt #3

County: Miller

Date Sampled: 1991/03/20

GWN-PA26

7.6

47

1 u

2.4

5U

20U 10 u 3.5

0.4

1.4

10 u 20

217

Well Name: Colquitt #3

County: Miller

Date Sampled: 1991/09/18

)>I

GWN-PA27

I

7.7

45

1.2

2.4

5U

20U 10 u 2.5

0.3

0.2

11

36

230

1:\)

Well Name: Camilla New Well (#4)

.....

County: Mitchell

Date Sampled: 1991/03/28

GWN-PA27

7.5

46

1.2

2.1

5U

20U 10 u 0.4

2U

0.1

10

38

212

Well Name: Camilla New Well (#4)

County: Mitchell

Date Sampled: 1991/09/25

GWN-PA28

7.8

39

21

28

5U

20U 10 u 10

85.2 0.1 u 90

2,100 479

Well Name: Moultrie #1

County: Colquitt

Date Sampled: 1991 /02/13

GWN-PA29

7.7

54

19

4.0

5U

72

30

3.6

69.9 0.1 u 15

360

402

Well Name: Adel #6

County: Cook

Date Sampled: 1991/02/12

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Al==94

10

Zn==26

AI ==110 F:: 0.2mg/L

1, 3, 5,10

8, 9,10

AI == 91 F == 0.1mg/L

1, 3, 5, 8, 9,10

Al==65
= Bl 90
Cd:: 6 F == 0.7mg/L
= AI 110
Bl == 87
= F 0.3mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

UNITS su
WELL ID#

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L ugfl mg/L mgfl mgN/L ugfl ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PA29

7.8

53

19

4.7

5U

81

34

4

Well Name: Adel #6

County: Cook

Date Sampled: 1991/08/29

65

0.1 u 15

360

372

GWN-PA30

7.7

43

16

5.0

5U

21

Well Name: Nashville Mills #2, Amoco Fabrics Company

County: Berrien

Date Sampled: 1991/02/13

10 u 4.2

60.2 0.1 u 53

230

352

GWN-PA30

7.8

44

17

6.0

5U

52

)>'

Well Name: Nashville Mills #2, Amoco Fabrics Company

I

County: Berrien

t-.J t-.J

Date Sampled: 1991/08/28

10 u 4.6

59

0.1 u 55

GWN-PA31

7.7

43

8.2

2.5

su

20 u 10 u 2.2

2U

0.1 u 67

Well Name: Tifton #6

County: Tift

Date Sampled: 1991/02/12

GWN-PA32

7.7

34

4.3

2.3

su

240

32

Well Name: Ocilla #3

County: Irwin

Date Sampled: 1991/02/12

2.5

2U

0.1 u 73

250

341

270

258

140

210

GWN-PA33

8.2

22

8.0

3.0

su

20 u 14 u 2.1

2U

0.1 u 2,000 250

188

Well Name: Fitzgerald Well C

County: Ben Hill

Date Sampled: 1991/02/12

GWN-PA34

7.6

52

9.6

5.6

su 180 .!!!

5.8

3.1

0.1 u 260

720

311

Well Name: McRae #1

County: Telfair

Date Sampled: 1991/12/18

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

AJ = 120 Bl = 110 Cd = 6 F = 0.3mg/L
AJ = 79 Bl = 80 F = 0.4mg/L

AJ = 110 Bl = 97

AJ = 82 F = 0.2mg/L

AJ=63 F = 0.1mg/L

AJ=46

10

F = 0.2mg/L

AJ = 92

10

F = 0.3mgfl

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L ug/L mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PA35

7.8

30

12

6.5

su

60

29

3.1

6.0

u 0.1

89

480

259

Well Name: Mount Vernon New Well

County: Montgomery

Date Sampled: 1991/12/18

GWN-PA36

8.0

29

4.9

12

su 24

34

3.5

2.6

u 0.1

140

350

222

Well Name: Vidalia #1 (Sixth Street Well)

County: Toombs

Date Sampled: 1991/12/18

::t>'

I

GWN-PA37

7.7

48

1 u 2.2

su

200

u 10

3.8

2U

1.7

14

24

222

N

w

Well Name: Hogan Monitoring Well

County: laurens

Date Sampled: 1991/12/19

GWN-PA38

7.7

47

1.3

2.4

su 20 u 10 u 2.4

2U

u 0.1

110

93

226

Well Name: Eastman #4

County: Dodge

Date Sampled: 1991/12/18

GWN..,.A39A

7.5

48

6.8

4.3

su

20 u 10 u 7.1

0.4

3.0

200

360

287

Well Name: Sylvester #2

County: Worth

Date Sampled: 1991/03/27

GWN-PA39A

7.5

51

7.0

3.9

su

u 20U 10

2.7

2U

u 0.1

210

380

275

Well Name: Sylvester #2

County: Worth

Date Sampled: 1991/09/23

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Al=56

10

81 =51

F = 0.4mg/L

AI= 75 F = O.Smg/L

AI = 110 F = 0.2mg/L

Al=96 F = 0.2mg/L
AI = 120 F = 0.2mg/L
AI = 110 F = 0.2mg/L

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Con d.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugJL ug/L MG/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PMO

7.5

55

1.0

2.5

5U

20 u 10 u 3.8

0.5

1.2

16

47

280

Well Name: Merck Chemical Co. #8

County: Dougherty

Date Sampled: 1991/03/27

GWN-PA40

7.4

61

1.1

2.5

5U

20 u 10 u 0.3

2U

1.3

17

52

280

Well Name: Merck Chemical Co. #8

County: Dougherty

Date Sampled: 1991/09/25

GWN-PA41

7.0

110

2.7

19

0.5 u 130

120

3.6

0.3

0.9

47

79

576

~

Well Name: Albany TW #13.

I

County: Dougherty

1\.)

Date Sampled: 1991/03/19

,!::.

GWN-PA41

7.0

110

2.8

21

5U

24

10

17.4 28.9 1.8

47

78

566

Well Name: Albany TW #13

County: Dougherty

Date Sampled: 1991/09/26

GWN-PA42

7.2

30

1 u

3.0

5U

74

10 u 3.6

0.5

1.2

10 u 14

171

Well Name: USGS Garrett Ob. Well

County: Lee

Date Sampled: 1991/03/28

GWN-PA42

6.9

35

1 u

3.0

5U

150

10 u 0.4

2U

4.8

10 u 16

180

Well Name: USGS Garrett Ob. Well

County: Lee

Date Sampled: 1991/09/24

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

AI= 130

Cn

F = 0.1mg/L

Cn = <0.025mg/L

AI= 140

Cn

F = 0.1mg/L

Cn = <0.025mg/L

AI= 260

1, 3, 5, 10

F = 0.1mg/L

Cn

Cn = <0.025mg/L

AI= 220

1, 3, 5, 10

F = 0.1mg/L

Cn

Cn = <0.025mg/L

AI= 67

Cn

F = 0.1mg/L

Cn = <0.025mg/L

F = 0.1mg/L

1,5, Cn

Cn = <0.025mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfL

Mn ugfL

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Con d.
umhofcm

GWN-PA43

7.7

45

1 u

2.8

5U

20U 10 u 3.4

0.6

1.4

10 u 38

235

Well Name: Newton #1

County: Baker

Date Sampled: 1991/03/28

GWN-PA43

7.6

47

1.0

3.1

5U

20 u 10 u 3.7

2U

1.6

10 u 44

232

Well Name: Newton #1

County: Baker

Date Sampled: 1991/09/26

:1:>'

GWN-PA44

7.8

33

4.3

2.3

5U

20 u 10 u 1.8

2U

0.1 u 140

290

211

I

Well Name: Sycamore #2

1:\)
Ul

County: Turner

Date Sampled: 1991/02/12

GWN-PA45

7.5

49

3.3

2.2

5U

27

Well Name: Abbeville #2

County: Wilcox

Date Sampled: 1991/02/12

10 u 2.6

3.2

0.1 u 17

190

298

GWN-PA46B

7.5

46

1 u

2.8

5U

20U 10 u 19.1

37.2

0.1 u 37

29

22.7

Well Name: Wenona MHP

County: Crisp

Date Samped: 1991/02/26

GWN-PA47

7.5

58

1 u

1.8

su

20U

10 u 14.5

20.6

1.6

11

50

293

Well Name: USGS Haley Farms TW #19

County: Lee

Date Sampled: 1991/03/18

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Al=96

10

F = 0.1mg/L

AI = 110 F = 0.1mg/L

1, 3, 5,10

Al=64 F = 0.2mg/L

Al=96

Al=89 F = 0.1mg/L

Al=98 F = 0.1mg/L

1, 3, 5, 10*

* Sample was contaminated before analysis could be run*

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL #ID

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mg/L mg/L mg/L rngJL ug/L ugjl mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ugjl umhojcm

GWN-PA47

7.3

89

1.5

4.3

su

u 20

10 u 17.4 2U

10.8 17

60

422

Well Name~ USGS Haley Farms TW #19

County: Lee

Date Sampled: 1991/09/24

GWN-PA48

7.5

47

1 u 1.9

su 20 u 10 u 4.8

0.4

1.0

10

22

240

Well Name: Doug Harvey TW #1

County: Early

Date Sampled: 1991/03/20

GWN-PA48

7.5

51

1 u 2.5

su 20 u 10 u 4.1

0.3

2.0

10 u 25

237

>

Well Name: Doug Harvey TW #1

I

County: Early

t\.)

0'\

Date Sampled: 1991/09/17

GWN-PA49

7.6

38

1 u 1.6

su

u 20

10 u 2.5

2U

1.0

17

24

207

Well Name: Harmony Baptist Church

County: Dooly

Date Sampled: 1991/02/11

GWN-PA51

7.6

46

1 u 2.8

su

u 20

10 u 2.5

1.2

0.1 u 10 u 21

230

Well Name: J. Adams Residence Well

County: Mitchell

Date Sampled: 1991/03/28

GWN-PA52

*

37

1 u 2.8 su 20 u 10 u *



*

10 u 23



Well Name: J. Simmons Residence Well

County: Mitchell

Date Sampled: 1991/03/28

* Analyses of these parameters were not recorded in 1991*

Other Parameters Detected ugjl

Other Screens Tested

AI= 180 F = 0.1mg/L

1,3,5, 10

Al=65

1,3, 5, 7,

F = 0.1mgjl 10, Cn

Cn = <0.025mg/L

AI= 130

1, 3, 5,10

F = 0.1mgjl Cn

Cn = <0.025mg/L

AI= 76

3

F = 0.1mgjl

AI= 140

1, 5

Zn=38

F = 0.1mg/L

Al=80

1, 5

Zn=29

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Floridan Aquifer System (Continued)

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

&N03

Spec. Cond.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfl ug/L mgfl mg/L mgN/L ugfl ug/L umhofcm

GWN-PA53

7.5

41

1.1

2.8

5U

20U 10 u 5.6

2U

3.9

14

28

207

Well Name: E. Cato Residence

County: Decatur

Date Sampled: 1991/09/17

GWN-PA54

7.7

36

1 u

1.8

5U

20U 10 u 2.4

2U

0.1 u 10 u 17

170

Well Name: W. Field Residence

County: Seminole

Date Sampled: 1991/09/17

GWN-PA55

7.6

51

2.5

3.5

5U

20U 10 u 2.4

3.9

0.1 u 170

240

255

::t>'

Well Name: W. Holland Residence

I

County: Burke

t\J -..]

Date Sampled: 1991/06/26

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Stanct.'d Deviation:

7.5

45.7 8.5

10.9 4.7

45.8

15.9

12.1

25.6

0.9

77.9 263.2 321.5

8.2

110.0 57.0 140.0 5.0

400.0 120.0 192.0 273.0 10.8 2,000 2,100 1,592

0.0

22.0 1.0

1.6

0.5

20.0 10.0 o.o

o.o

o.o

10.0 14.0 0.0

1.0

17.4 10.6 20.5 1.1

64.4 18.6 29.9 46.3 1.7

248.4 347.0 208.7

Other Parameters Detected ugfl

Other Screens
Tested

Al=80 Zn=55 F = 0.2mg/L

AI= 78

8

Zn=34

AI= 100

1, 5

Zn = 32

F = 0.1mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Miocene Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mgfL mgN/L ugfL

Sr ugfL

Spec. Cond.
umhofcm

GWN-MI1

7.9

25

15

7.9

5U

970

34 u 3.0

3.7

0.1 u 21

Well Name: McMillan Residence Well

County: Cook

Date Sampled: 1991/08/29

GWN-MI1

7.8

22

12

6.3

Well Name: McMillan Residence Well

County: Cook

Date Sampled: 1991/10/31

5U

460

28

2.9

3.6

0.1 u 16

130

233

110

239

::t>'
I rv

GWN-MI2

5.7

2.8

1 u

2.6

Well Name: Boutwell Residence Well

5U

20 u 10 u 2.6

2U

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 39

00

County: Lowndes

Date Sampled: 1991/04/24

GWN-M12

5.5

2.7

1 u

2.4

5U

20 u 10 u 2.8

2U

0.1 u 10 u 10 u 46

Well Name: Boutwell Residence Well

County: Lowndes

Date Sampled: 1991/10/31

GWN-MI3

7.5

69

11

20

5U

150

18

16.2 30.2 0.1 u 11

440

467

Well Name: Coffin Park TW 3

County: Glynn

Date Sampled: 1991/01/09

GWN-MI4

7.4

17

5.0

6.0

5U

690

110

2.8

3.6

0.1 u 79

93

145

Well Name: Hopeulikit TW 2

County: Bulloch

Date Sampled: 1991/01/10

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Bl = 94

1, 10, Cn

Zn = 35

F = O.Smg/L

Cn = <0.025mg/L

Bl = 81

1, 5, 10,01

Zn = 21

F = 0.5mg/L

Cn = <0.025mg/L

F = 0.5mg/L

1, 5, 8, 9, 10

F = 0.6mg/L

1, 5, 8, 9, 10

AI = 110

10

Tl = 160

F = 0.4mg/L

AI= 70 Tl = 92 F = 0.5mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Miocene Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Cond.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L ugfL mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

GWN-MI5

5.3

5.0

2.1

4.0

5U

20U 110

10.0 2U

4.6

83

32

92

Well Name: Carter Residence

County: Appling

Date Sampled: 1991/01/07

GWN-MI13

7.3

48

1 u

1.8

5U

2,000 190

0.3

2U

0.1 u 22

44

243

Well Name: Meeks Rental House

County: Screven

Date Sampled: 1991/01/17

:x>'

GWN-M114

4.8

2.0

1.0

5.4

5U

34

10 u 7.6

2U

1.9

16

13

67

I
N

Well Name: Thomas Residence

\!)

County: Bulloch

Date Sampled: 1991/01/16

GWN-MI15

4.5

9.2

7.5

1.4

5U

81

13

7.9

9.5

11.6 54

89

160

Well Name: Aldrich Residence

County: Bulloch

Date Sampled: 1991/01/17

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Deviation:

6.2

19.7 4.6

5.5

5.0

386.1 55.4 5.9

6.3

2.1

33.4 93.4 166.4

7.8

69.0 12.0 20.0 5.0

2,000 190.0 16.2 30.2 11.6 83.0 440.0 467.0

4.5

2.0

1.0

1.4

5.0

20.0 10.0 0.3

2.0

0.1

10.0 10.0 39.0

1.2

22.3 4.2

5.4

5.0

612.6 61.7 4.7

8.7

3.7

28.5 127.8 128.3

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

AI = 160 Tl=52 F = 0.1mg/L

Al=53

1

Tl=23

F = 0.2mg/L

AI= 160

1, 5

Zn = 24

F = 0.1mg/L

AI= 240 Tl = 69 F = 0.1mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Piedmont Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ugjL

Spec. Con d.
umhojcm

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

GWN-P1

5.0

8.3

2.6

11

Well Name: Luthersville New Well

County: Meriwether

Date Sampled: 1991/05/28

GWN-P2

6.4

13

1.5

12

Well Name: Riverdale, Delta Drive Well

County: Clayton

Date Sampled: 1991/05/23

5U

2,400 62

su 98

27

5.7

u u 16.2 0.1

10

100

111

2.8

2U

0.9

28

82

116

AI= 27 F = 0.1mg/L
AI= 46 Zn=53 F = 0.2mg/L

:x>o

GWN-P2

6.6

18

Ut

11

su

1,100 28

2.7

2.0

0.7

31

97

131

w I

Weill Name: Riverdale, Delta Drive Well

0

County: Clayton

Date Sampled: 1991/12/02

AI= 47

10

Zn = 62

F = 0.2mg/L

GWN-P3

7.1

9.6

2.4

10

5U

1,300 45

1.3

6.0

0.1 u 14

72

107

Well Name: USGS Ft. McPherson

AI= 150
n = 14

8, 9, 10

County: Fulton

F = 0.2mg/L

Date Sampled: 1991/03/07

Dichloropropane = 1.1 ug/L

GWN-P3

6.7

9.6

2.4

9.3

5U

660

47

1.4

6.3

0.1 u 12

78

102

Well Name: USGS Ft. McPherson

AI= 45

10

= F 0.2mg/L

County: Fulton

Dlchloropropane = 1.7ug/L

Date Sampled: 1991/10/03

GWN-P4C

6.2

6.4

1.0

8.9

su

20U 10 u 1.37 2U

1.07 24

67

78

Well Name: Barton Brands, Inc. #3

County: Fulton

Date Sampled: 1991/05/20

= Zn 28 = F 0.4mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Piedmont Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfl

Mn ugfl

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Cond.
umhofcm

GWN-P4C

6.2

6.7

1.0

8.7

5U

20 u 10 u 1.5

2U

1.4

20

69

75

Well Name: Barton Brands, Inc. #3

County: Fulton

Date Sampled: 1991/11/21

GWN-P5

6.8

25

3.9

2.0

5U

20U 10 u 1.1

1.3

0.3

30

90

115

Well Name: Flowery Branch #1

County: Hall

Date Sampled: 1991/11/27

):>'

GWN-P6A

7.3

15

2.2

8.3

5U

74

79

2.2

4.9

0.1 u 10 u 42

136

I
w
1-'

Well Name: Shiloh #1 County: Harris

Date Sampled: 1991/04/22

GWN-P7

5.6

11

4.6

8.7

5U

20 u 10 u 2.4

2.3

0.2

58

73

114

Well Name: Hampton #6

County: Henry

Date Sampled: 1991/05/21

GWN-P8

6.9

30

8.8

9.8

5U

20 u 10 u 8.4

6.9

0.1 u 10 u 83

237

Well Name: Wayne Poultry Company #4, Pendergrass

County: Jackson

Date Sampled: 1991/01/09

GWN-P9

6.2

16

7.9

14

5U

820

160

9.5

7.0

0.1 u 32

120

228

Well Name: Gray #4

County: Jones

Date Sampled: 1991/04/24

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

AI= 39 F = 0.4mg/L

AI= 69

10

AI= 71 F = 0.3mg/L

Al=33 F = 0.1mg/L

AI= 47

10

F = 0.3mg/L

F = 0.2mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Piedmont Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ugfl

Spec. Cond.
umhofcm

GWN-P10A

5.9

5.0

3.3

6.5

5U

11,000 110

2.6

17.0 0.1 u 15

Well Name: Franklin Springs #4

County: Franklin

Date Sampled: 1991/11/22

GWN-P11

6.5

12

5.2

7.4

5U

120

20

Well Name: Danielsville #2

County: Madison

Date Sampled: 1991/11/22

2.3

4.8

0.2

10

:x>'

GWN-P12

6.2

11

2.4

15

5U

110

35

I

Well Name: Nabisco Plant #1, Woodbury

w
1:\.)

County: Meriwether

Date Sampled: 1991/05/29

13.2 5.2

1.9

36

GWN-P13

5.6

5.0

1.3

7.0

Well Name: Covington Academy Spring

County: Newton

Date Sampled: 1991/05/21

5U

20 u 10 u 8.8

2U

0.74 34

GWN-P14

6.2

1 u

1 u

1.8

Well Name: Sunset Village #1

County: Upson

Date Sampled: 1991/05/29

5U

55

10 u 1.8

2U

0.2

30

GWN-P15A

7.1

21

4.8

8.9

5U

660

110

7.5

6.0

0.1 u 67

Well Name: Bolton Garden Well

County: DeKalb

Date Sampled: 1991/05/20

58

91

33

124

70

142

42

72

10 u 17

100

179

Other Parameters Detected ugfl

Other Screens Tested

AI= 31

10

Cd = 5

F = 0.2mg/L

AI= 47 F = 0.2mgfl

Al=40 Zn = 190 F = 0.1mgfl

Al=34

10

F = 0.1mg/L

F = 0.1mg/L

Al=43 Bl = 61 Zn = 280 F = 0.3mgfl

1991 Groundwater Quality Analysis of the Piedmont Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL#ID

Ca

Mg

Na

K

mgjl mgjl mg/L mg/L

Fe ug/L

Mn ugjl

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgNJL ugjl

Sr ugjl

Spec. Con d.
umhojcm

GWN-P15A

7.2

21

4.7

9.0

Well Name: Botton Garden Well

County: DeKalb

Date Sampled: 1991/11/21

5U

480

100

8.0

6.6

0.1 u 66

100

179

GWN-P16C

6.4

8.0

1.6

3.0

5U

600

61

0.8

6.2

0.1 u 10 u 50

68

Well Name: Mt. Airy #4, Chase Road Well

County: Habersham

Date Sampled: 1991/11/22

~

Average:

I

Maximum;

w w

Minimum:

Standard

Deviation:

6.4

12.5 3.2

8.6

5.0

979.9 47.7 4.3

5.4

0.4

27.4 71.8 121.1

7.3

30.0 8.8

15.0 5.0

11,000 160.0 13.2 17.0 1.9

67.0

120.0 237.0

5.0

1.0

1.0

1.8

5.0

20.0 10.0 0.8

1.3

0.1

10.0 10.0 17.0

0.6

7.1

2.2

3.4

5.0

2,373.2 42.5 3.5

4.2

0.5

17.8 26.2 52.0

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

Al=64

10

Zn = 42

F = 0.3mg/L

AI= 40

10

F = 0.2mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Blue Ridge Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mgfL mg/L mg/L mg/L ugfL

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mgfL mg/L mgNfL ugfL

Sr ugfL

Spec. Cond.
umhofcm

GWN-BR1A

7.2

22

1.5

5.4

5U

20 u 12

Well Name: Hiawassee #7

County: Towns

Date Sampled: 1991/07/16

1.3

3.1

0.1 u 19

150

135

GWN-BR2

5.8

3.2

1.4

3.6

5U

170

12

1 u

2U

0.9

45

38

46

Well Name: Notla Water Authority #3

County: Union

Date Sampled: 1991/07/16

)"'

GWN-BR3

8.0

24

2.3

14

5U

530

130

1.6

12.4 0.1 u 12

220

180

I
w
""'

Well Name: Dawsonville Shoal Hole Park Well County: Dawson Date Samped: 1991/07/16

GWN-BR4

6.9

9.8

2.2

8.0

5U

90

10 u 2.2

2U

0.8

10 u 90

94

Well Name: Morganton Old Well

County: Fannin

Date Sampled: 1991/07/16

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Deviation:

7.0

14.8 1.9

7.8

5.0

202.5 41.0 1.5

4.9

0.5

21.5 124.5 113.8

8.0

24.0 2.3

14.0 5.0

530.0 130.0 2.2

12.4 0.9

45.0 220.0 180.0

5.8

3.2

1.4

3.6

5.0

20.0 10.0 1.0

2.0

0.1

10.0 38.0 46.0

0.8

8.6

0.4

3.9

5.0

196.4 51.4 0.4

4.4

0.4

14.0 67.9 49.5

Other Parameters Detected ugfL

Other Screens Tested

Zn=57
= F 0.2mg/L

AI= 91
= F 0.2mg/L

F = 0.1mg/L

Zn=43
= F 0.2mg/L

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Valley and Ridge Unconfined Aquifer System

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

Mn

Cl

504 N02 Ba

Sr

Spec.

&N03

Con d.

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L ug/L mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L ug/L umhofcm

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

GWN-VR1

7.6

27

15

1.8

5U

20U 10 u 1 u

2U

0.3

Well Name: Kingston Road Well, Rome

County: Floyd

Date Sampled: 1991/07/24

GWN-VR2

6.9

70

23

15

su

330

580

20.0

13.8

0.5

Well Name: Tri-County Hospital Well - Ft. Oglethorpe

County: Catoosa

Date Sampled: 1991/07/23

>
I
w
lJ1

10 u 17

33

78

221

AI= 82

Bl = 65

F = 0.1mg/L

515

AI= 180

10

Bl = 130

F = 0.2mg/L

Benzene = 140

Toluene = 290

Ethylbenzene = 36

0-xylene = 7 5

M-xylene = 1 0 0

GWN-VR3

7.3

31

14

1.9

5U

20U 10 u 1 u

2.0

0.5

81

27

234

Well Name: Chickamauga, Crawfish Springs

County: Walker

Date Sampled: 1991 /07/23

AI= 89

10

Bl =57

F = 0.1mg/L

GWN-VR4

7.3

82

20

17

5U

100

90

Well Name: American Thread Company #4

County: Walker

Date Sampled: 1991/07/23

12.6 55.7 0.1 u 130

740

544

AI= 420

10

Bl = 99

F = 0.3mg/L

GWN-VR5

7.1

n

3.9

6.2

5U

20U 10 u 9.7

3.0

3.0

110

180

368

Well Name: Chatooga County #4

County: Chattooga

Date Sampled: 1991/07/24

AI= 170

10

F = 0.1mg/L

GWN-VR6

7.4

28

16

5.3

5U

20U 10 u 1 u

3.9

0.4

570

130

246

Bl=n

10

Well Name: Chemical Products Corporation, East Well

Tetrachloroethylene = 2.1

County: Bartow

Date Sampled: 1991/08/02

1991 Groundwater Quality Analyses of the Valley and Ridge Unconfined Aquifer System (Continued)

PARAMETER

pH

UNITS su
WELL ID#

Ca

Mg

Na

K

Fe

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L ug/L

Mn ug/L

Cl

S04 N02 Ba

&N03

mg/L mg/L mgN/L ug/L

Sr ug/L

Spec. Cond.
umhofcm

Other Parameters Detected ug/L

Other Screens Tested

GWN-VR7

7.4

29

15

1.1

5U

20 u 10 u 1 u

2U

0.2

32

24

238

Well Name: Adairsville, Lewis Spring

County: Bartow

Date Sampled: 1991/07/24

GWNVR8

7.5

34

15

1.4

5U

20U 10 u 1 u

2U

0.4

13

22

252

Well Name: Cedartown Spring

County: Polk

Date Sampled: 1991/07/25

:t>'
I

GWN-VR9

7.7

38

13

1.5

5U

20U 10 u 2.7

2U

0.4

12

26

230

w

Well Name: Polk County #2

0\

County: Polk

Date Sampled: 1991/07/31

Average: Maximum: Minimum: Standard Deviation:

7.4

46.2 15.0 5.7

5.0

63.3 82.2 5.6

9.6

0.6

110.1 138.2 316.4

7.7

82.0 23.0 17.0 5.0

330.0 580.0 20.0 55.7 3.0

570.0 740.0 544.0

6.9

27.0 3.9

1.1

5.0

20.0 10.0 1.0

2.0

0.1

10.0 17.0 221.0

0.2

21.7 4.9

5.8

5.0

97.5 177.7 6.6

16.7 0.8

168.0 219.5 121.3

AI= 110

10

Bi = 84

F = 0.2mg/L

Bl = 86 F = 0.2mg/L

Bl = 73

10

F = 0.2mg/L

I
I
I

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