Ceramic and structural clays, and shales of Walker County, Georgia

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, AND SHALES OF
WALKER COUNTY, GEORGIA
BRUCE J. O'CONNOR

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

INFORMATION CIRCULAR 72

Cover Photo:
Shale pit (Mississippian Pennington Shale?) of the ChaHanooga Sewer Pipe and Fire Brick Company near Flintstone (northern Walker County near Ga. Hwy. 193 west of Fort Oglethorpe). Photo by S.W. McCallie, 1913, courtesy of the Georgia Department of Archives and History.

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS AND SHALES OF WALKER COUNTY, GEORGIA
By Bruce J. O'Connor Principal Geologist
Information Circular 72
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, State Geologist
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1988

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

Introduction

Acknowledgements . . .

Location of Study Area

Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and

Analyses Forms . . . .

. . . . .

1. Absorption (%)

2. App. Por. (%) -Apparent Porosity, Percent

3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity

4. Bloating . . . . . . . . . .

5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test)

6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) .

7. Color . . . . . . . . .

8. Color (Munsell) ... .

9. Compilation Map Location No.

10. Cone . . . . . .

11. Drying Shrinkage

12. Dry Strength .

13. Extrusion Test .

14. Firing Range .

15. Hardness ...

16. Hardness (Mohs')

17. HCl Effervescence

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%)

19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) .

20. Mohs' . . . . .

21 . Molding Behavior

22. Munsell . . . .

23. "MW" face brick

24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent .

25. pH . . . . . . .

26. Plasticity . .

27. Porosity, Apparent

28. Quick Firing ...

29. Saturation Coefficient

30. Shrinkage

31. Slaking .. . ... .

32. Slow Firing Test . . .

33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) .

34. Soluble Salts . . . . . .

35. Strength . . . .

36. "SW" face brick 3 7 . Temp . oF ( C)

38. Water of Plasticity (%)

39. Working Properties (or Workability)

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales 1n Walker County, Georgia . . . . .

Data Sources and References Cited

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Plate 1

Location of Walker County Report Area ........
Clay, and Shale Test Locations in Walker
County ......... , ............................. .

5 Pocket

LIST OF TABLES

Table. 1

Active Clay and Shale Mines and Pits in Walker

County, Georgia, .......... ,, ... ........... , ... .

6

Table 2

Summary of 20th Century Clay, and Shale

Mines and Companies 1n Walker County, Georgia.

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Table 3

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in

Walker County, Northwest Georgia ..............

8

Table 4

Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing

Test Forms ............................. ,.......

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INTRODUCTION
This report presents a compilation of all available published and unpublished ceramic firing tests and related analytical data on samples from Walker County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or undeveloped clays, shales and related materials; and is intended for use by geologists, engineers and members of the general public. The report should aid in the exploration for deposits of ceramic raw material with econom1c potential for future development. This information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information on the potential use of particular deposits at specific locations.
Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as USBM, were perfonned by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Ga. Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during several uncompleted and unpublished studies. These include work by Bentley (1964), Smith (1968?) and Tadkod (1980). Additional unpublished data presented 1n this compilation include work by TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 124 and 125). Published data include studies by the following authors: Spencer (1893, p. 217 to 287; chemical analyses only), Veatch (1909, p. 279 to 402), Smith (1931, p. 136 to 172), and Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 6 to 13).
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Regardless of the source, all of the ceramic firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. They do not preclude the use of the materials in mixes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others in that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Heystek, and A.V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this test work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G.S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory in Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H. S. Rankin and M.K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carolina State College, Asheville, North Carolina, using samples collected by S.D. Broadhurst. Additional tests were conducted by professors W.C. Hansard, L. Mitchell, and J.F. Benzel at the Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.D. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, M.A. Tadkod, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C.W. Cressler also have
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provided the author with valuable advice and suggestions regarding sample locations and past studies. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are greatly appreciated. However, the contents of this report and any errors of omission or commission therein are the sole responsibility of the author.
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Walker County is located near the northwestern corner of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). One company is currently mining slate in the county, and several operations have been active here in the past (Tables 1 and 2). The most abundant ceramic raw materials in the county are the shales and residual clays derived from the Red Mountain Formation and the Conasauga Group; however, other units such as the Floyd Shale and the Rome, Red Mountain, Pennington and Gizzard Formations, as well as residual clays of the Knox Group, are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 3.
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N

~ILES

? 1,0

0

1b

1
20

KILOMETERS

-" ----7
"" . ') ' \ GEORGIA '\,
!

1

\____

r--

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FIGURE 1

LOCATION OF WALKER COUNTY REPORT AREA (after Cressler, and others, 1976)

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TABLE 1

Active Clay and Shale Mines and Pits in Walke~ County, Georgia*

COMPANY CONTACT

USE(S) LOCATION OF MINE, PIT OR QUARRY GEOLOGIC AGE-FORMATION

General Shale Products Corp. P. 0. Box 3547 Johnson City, TN 37602
Walter Banyas Vice President, Real Estate (615) 282-4661

Turner mine: 1/2 mile west of
Rossville between Burnt & Salem
Rds., near Ga.-Tenn. Stateline, 3/4 mile east of Ga. Hwy. 193. (Permit 4H38)

Brick. (Silurian-Red Mountain Formation-shale)

Bill Cantrell Mining Superintendent (404) 799-0491

* After Kline and O'Connor, 1981, p. 11.
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TABLE 2
Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines and Companies in Walker County, Georgia
American Sewerpipe Co. (c. 1905), Blowing Springs plant and pits: Sewer pipe, drain tile, and wall coping from alluvial clay and from Red Mountain Formation shale. Acquired by the W.S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Co., c. 1915 (Veatch, 1909, p. 374; Smith 1931, p. 164; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p.97).
W.S Dicke y Clay Manufacturing Co. (c. 1915): Sewer pipe from hauled-in clays and shales. Acquired from American Sewerpipe Co., c. 1915 (Smith, 1931, p. 164; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 97).
*General Shale Products Corp. (Key-James Divn., Tn.), Rossville plant and pi ts: Br i ck f rom Red Mountain Formation shale. Acquired from Key-James Brick Co., c. 1970 (?) 35 acres permitted.
Key-James Brick Co. (Tn.), LaFayette & Rossville plant and pits: Brick. Acqu i red by General Shale Products Co., c. 1970 (?)
Miller-Burns Fire Brick Co. (1902), Rossville (?): Fire brick from Knox Group colluvial chert and clay (Smith, 1931, No. 34, p. 167). See Mission Ridge Brick Co. below.
J. Mi 11 igan ( 1908?): Colluvial clay (for ceramic products?) pits near Cedar Grove, in McLemore Cove. Ceramic test: Wkr. 09V-4 (Veatch, 1909, p. 375; Butts and Gildersl~eve, 1948, p. 97).
Mission Ridge Brick Co., ( 1908?), Mission Ridge plant and pits: Face brick from Red Mountain shale. Acquired (from Miller-Burns Fire Brick Co.?) prior to 1909. Abandoned c. 1946(?). Ceramic test: Wkr. 09V-1; (&09V-5?) and Wkr. 31S-34 (Veatch, 1909. p. 280; Smith, 1931, No. 34, p. 167; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 96).
S.N. Worthen (1908?), LaFayette; Pottery and stoneware from Conasauga Group residual clay. Ceramic test: Wkr.09V-3. (Veatch, 1909, p. 374; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 96).
NOTE:
The majority of the information for the compan~es listed above was taken from the Mining Directories (Circular 2, 1st to 18th editions) published by the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors at irregular intervals since 1937. Some additional information came from the "Georgia Surface Mining and Land Reclamation Activities" published annually since 1969 by the Georgia Surface Mined Land Reclamation Program (Environmental Protection Division, Ga. Dept. of Natural Resources). Additional sources of information were found in the references cited at the end of each entry. Uncertainty in the dates is due to incomplete records in the Survey's files.
* Active pit.
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TABLE 3

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Walker County, Northwest Georgia

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES l/

Quaternary (and Tertiary?)

* Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and residual material. Largely clay and sand, but also, locally gravel and breccia.

Pennsylvanian

Pottsville Formation
* Crab Orchard Mts. Formation (or Group) or Walden Sandstone Sandstone, shale, coal, conglomerate and limestone. Includes: Rockcastle Member (or Sandstone or Conglomerate) - Approx. SO ft., predominantly sandstone with dark shale; Vandever Member (or Formation or Shale) - Approx. 400ft., light to dark shale with interbedded siltstone, finegrained sandstone, and coal; Newton Member (or Sandstone or Bonair Sandstone) - Approx. 100ft., cross-bedded sandstone; Whitwell Member (or Shale) - Approx. 200ft., light-gray to black shale with some siltstone, sandstone and coal; and Sewanee Member (or Conglomerate)- Approx. 250ft., conglomeratic sandstone with minor coal.
* Gizzard Formation (or Group or Member) or Lookout Sandstone (or Formation) or Pottsville Formation - gray to tan shale, with interbedded siltstone, sandstone, coal and fire clay. Includes: Signal Point Member (or Shale)- Approx. 360ft., shale with some coal; Warren Point Member (or Sandstone) - Approx. 140ft., conglomeratic sandstone with minor coal; and Raccoon Mtn. Member (or Formation)- Approx. 175 ft., shale with coal.

Mississippian

*Pennington Formation (or Shale) - Approx. 100-300 ft., gray, green and red shale. Sandstone present in middle.
Bangor Limestone- Approx. 300-480 ft., fine- to coarse-grained gray limestone with interbedded shale at top.
Floyd Shale - Approx. 100-2000 ft., silt and clay with some sandstone and limestone. Approximate age-equivalent to Tuscambia Limestone and Monteagle Limestone.
Hartselle Formation (or Member or Sandstone) - Approx. 50-300 ft., thin- to thick-bedded sandstone.

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TABLE 3

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Walker County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES 1/

Mississippian, cont'd.

Monteagle Limestone - Approx. 250 ft. Includes: Golconda Formation (or Limestone) - Approx. 15-20 ft., green fissile shale containing some thin limestone; Gasper Limestone- Approx. 150ft., gray, non-cherty limestone; and Ste. Genevieve Limestone- Approx. 245ft., gray, limestone.

Tuscumbia Limestone - Approx. 125 ft. Includes: St. Louis Limestone- Approx. 125ft., gray, very cherty limestone.

Fort Payne Formation (or Chert)- Approx. 10-125 ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert and cherty limestone. Locally includes:
*Lavender Shale Member - Approx. 0-100 ft., shale, massive mudstone and impure l imestone.

Devonian

Chattanooga Shale - Approx. 5-10 ft., carbonaceous, fissile black shale.
Armuchee Chert- Approx. 50-150ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert.

Silurian

**Red Mountain Formation (formerly Rockwood Formation) - Approx. 600-1200 ft., sandstone, red and green shale, with conglomerate, limestone and local hematitic iron ore.

Ordovician

Sequatchie Formation- Approx. 75-250 ft., sandstone, siltstone, shale, calcareous shale and limestone.
(*)Chickamaug a Group (or Limestone) - Approx. 400 ft., dominantly limestones with some dolostone and lesser shale, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, anmd bentonite clay horizons. Equivalent, in part, to the Moccasin Limestone and Bays Formation and to the Rockmart Slate and Lenoir Limestone. Includes: Maysville Formation and Trenton Limestone; Lowville-Moccasin Limestone; Lebanon Limestone; and Murfreesboro Limestone.
Lenoir Limestone - Approx. 0-100+ ft. Includes: Mosheim Limestone Member-35ft.; and Deaton Member - 0-100+ ft.

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TABLE 3

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Walker County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES l/

Cambrian-Ordovician

{*)Knox Group - Approx. 2000-4000 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, minor limestone. Includes: Newala Limestone - Approx. 300 ft., limestone and dolostone; Longview Limestone- Approx. 350ft.; Chepultepec Dolomite. - Approx., 800 ft.; and Copper Ridge Dolomite - Approx. 2500 ft.

Cambrian

*Conasauga Group (or Formation) - Approx. 1500-2000 ft., predominantly shale and limestone with minor sandstone. Includes:
"Upper Unit" = Nolichucky Shale - and Maryville Limestone?
- Approx. 400-1600 ft.;
"Middle Unit" = Rutledge Limestone and Rogersville Shale?
- Approx. 200-400 ft.; and
"Lower Unit" = Pumpkin Valley Shale and Honaker Dolomite?
- Approx. 300-500 ft.
Rome Formation - Approx. 500-1000 ft., shale, and interbedded sandstone, siltstone and quartzite.

NOTES:
* = Some ceramic firing tests have been made on slate, shales and clays of this unit. (*) = Same as the above, but for residual clays only. ** = Numerous firing tests have been made on this unit.
1/ Descriptions based on data in Bergenback and others, 1980; Butts and Gild~rsleeve, 1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Chowns and McKinney, 1980; Crawford, 1983; Cressler 1963, 1964a and b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Croft, 1964; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; Gillespie and Crawford, in press; Thomas and Cramer, 1979.
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EXPLANATION OF KEY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS
The test data and analyses which are presented here were compiled on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most concise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified in large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, 1981).
It should be noted that, although the great majority of these tests were performed by the USBM, it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly for several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM forms have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not measured by the USBM.
The paragraphs which follow briefly describe, 1n alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the information included and, where possible, the various factors and implications to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the particular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch 0909, p. 50 to 64) and in Smith (1931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles and Heystek (1977, especially p. 2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader,
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and potential user, of the key aspects of the information presented.

Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more

detailed information (e.g. , Clews, 1969; Grimshaw, 1972; Jones and

Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983).

The

abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 4.

1. Absorption (%) The absorption is a measure of the amount of water absorbed by
open pores in the fired specimen and is given as a percentage of the specimen's dry weight. For slow firing tests, it is measured on fired specimens which have been boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed in the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For the quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then immersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
The absorption gives an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing 1n outdoor structures. Less than 22% absorption is considered promising for slow-fired materials.

2. Appr. Por. (%) -Apparent Porosity, Percent The apparent porosity is a measure of the amount of open pore
space in the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and is expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it is based on the weight and volume of the specimen which has been boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed 1n water for several hours as it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek,

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TABLE 4
Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms
ABBREVIATIONS
Appr. Por. = Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. = Apparent Specific Gravity Btw. = Bartow County
C = Degrees Celsius Ct. =Catoosa County Cht. = Chattooga County Dd. = Dade County Dist. =District DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis E. = East
F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. =Floyd County
g/cm3 = Grams per cubic centimeter Gdn. = Gordon County Lab. & No. = Laboratory (name) and number (assigned in laboratory)
Lat. = Latitude
LOI = Loss on Ignition Long. = Longitude lb/in2 = Pounds per square inch lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot Mry. =Murray County
N. = North
NE. = Northeast
NW. = Northwest org. = Organic
Plk. = Polk County S. = South SE. = Southeast SW. = Southwest Sec. = Section
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Table 4. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued)
7 1/.2' topo. quad. ""' 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle Temp. a Temperature
TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority
USBM U.S. Bureau of Mines
= USGS U.S. Geological Survey
W. = West
Wkr. Walker County Wf. Whitfield County
XRD = X-ray diffraction
1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity is an indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered promising for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4).
3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity As reported 1n earlier USBM studies, the apparent specific gravity
is a measure of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This is determined by boiling the sample in water for 2 hours and soaking it in water overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the USBM moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965.
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4. Bloating Bloating is the term given to the process 1n which clay or shale
fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scoria is produced. Expanded lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggr~gate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious since it leads to variable and uncontrollable warping, expansion and general disruption of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41).
5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or
"burning") the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible usP- as a lightweight aggregate. Although specific detaiLs of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the dried clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or 11 boat 11 ) which 1n turn is placed in the pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (KJ inefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
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6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fi~ed
specimen based on its dry weight divided by its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it is considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral communication, 1984).
7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre-
sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this is given for descriptive purposes only since it is generally of no practical importance for ceramic applications (only the fired color is significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color is given for a precise description (see discussion below).
8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or
brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples in this compilation. It was used by Smith (1931, p. 23-25) and by the
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USBM since the early 1970's (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3; Liles, oral communication, 1982). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually.

9. Compilation Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a syste-
matic designation to be used in plotting sample locations on the base maps as shown by the typical example below.

Example:

Map Locn. No.

County Name - Abbreviation (Walker)

Wkr. 31 s- 26 a
I

Date (1931).

Author's last initial (Smith) -for published data only

Sample sequence number (one iF per loc ation).

De signa tion used only for cases of more than one test per location.

The map location number Wkr. 31S-26a is derived from the county name (e.g., Wkr. for Walker County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 31 for 1931) plus the last initial of the author for major published sources (e.g., S for Smith), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only except ions to this are the test~ reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the sequence number of the present report is the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each map location number represents a

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specific location, or area, sampled at a particular time. In cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times.
10. Cone Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of
firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic materials compounded in a series, so as to soften or deform in progression with increasing temperature and/or time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specific temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about lll2F (600C) to about 3632F (2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers.
11. Drying Shrinkage The drying shrinkage 1s a measure of the relative amount of
shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes
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upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, in this report the shrinkage values represent the percent 1 inear shrinkage based on the 1 inear distance measured between two reference marks or 1ines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished in two stages: first, by air drying at room temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second, by drying in an oven followed by cooling to room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 2l2F (100C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1931, p. 20 and 21) employed 167F (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (110C) for 3 hours.
12. Dry Strength The dry strength (or green strength) is a measure of the appar-
ent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreaking, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compress1ve strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith (1931, p. 12-13) reports a quantitative measurement of this strength using the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi).
13. Extrusion Test More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which
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show good plasticity and long firing range in the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e., one which operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (modulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over
which the material shows favorable firing characteristics. For slowfired materials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials these include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least 100F (55C) to be considered promising (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18).
15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the
resistance to abrasion or scratching. It is designated either in verbal, descriptive terms or in numerical terms using Mohs' hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith (1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture.
16. Hardness (Mohs') The hardness of fired spec1mens using the Mohs' scale of hardness
-20-

is currently used by the USBM as a nwnerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals:

Mohs' Hardness No. 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10

Reference Minerals Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite
Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

A Mohs' hardness greater than 3 is considered promising for slow-

fired materials.

17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence in HCl is visually determined as none, slight or
high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). This test gives a general indication of the amount of calciwn carbonate present in the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with lime pops and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products.

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the
clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total 1 inear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements

-21-

between a pair of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) gives the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure of the strength of materials
(for crossbreaking or transverse strength in this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the force was applied and the width and thickness of the sample. The MOR is expressed in psi units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23).
20. Mohs' See Hardness (Mohs').
21. Molding Behavior See Working Properties.
22. Munsell See Color (Munsell).
23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform
-22-

degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 3 7; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.)
24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature
resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard pyrometric cones. The value given is the number of the standard pyrometric cone which softens and sags (or falls) at the same temperature as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable potential in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low shrinkage, and light fired color). The results are usually given for the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337C; 2439F) to Cone 42 (20l5C; 3659F) where the temperature equivalents are based on a heating rate of 150C (270F) per hour. With increasing temperature resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium-duty, high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29-30 and 57-58; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16).
25. .E.!!.
The pH is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented here show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) pr1or to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
-23-

Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may give some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to water-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts is through direct chemical analysis as described under Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.)
26. Plasticity See Working Properties.
27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Por.
28. Quick Firing See Bloating Test.
29. Saturation Coefficient The saturation coefficient 1s determined only for specimens which
have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. It is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergence (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage.
-24-

31. Slaking See Working Properties.
32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the process of firing ("burning") the
dried specimen in a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all specimens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time.
The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test specimens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to 1800F (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water 1.s released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One spec1.men is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature is raised to the next level (usually in intervals of 100F). At each interval the temperature is again held constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen is withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature 1.s achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, since they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled by removal from the kiln.
Since the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of
-25-

commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens 1s slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832F (1000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln is then turned off, but the specimen remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximat i.on of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, one specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F 0250C). Unfortunately, only a relatively small part of the current data set is represented by USBM tests using this newer method.
The firing test methods used by Smith (1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods described above. First, the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by 100F per hour until final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones in the kiln. The maximum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith's firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible. No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch (1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech.
33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used 1n the 1950's and 60's by the
-26-

USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulfate) in the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. "The solubridge and pH readings show the higher alkali samples. Solubridge determinations give the water soluble part of the alkalis and readings above 1.5 indicate fairly high soluble salt content. Clays containing high alkalies have rather short maturing temperatures and require closer firing control. 'nle alkalis also influence the color and lower the vitrification temperature." (H.P. Hamlin, written communication, 1957). In this method the pulverized clay or shale is boiled in water, left to stand overnight, and filtered. 'nle content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 195 7, p. 28-29). 'nlese data are no longer collected because consistent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve.
34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with efflores-
cence or scum on fired clay products. (More than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.)
The most accurate determinative method is to boil the finely powdered sample in distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight. The decanted solution is then analyzed for the soluble salts using standard chemical methods. 'nle Solu-Bridge readings may also be used as a general measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28).
-27-

35. Strength See Dry Strength and Modulus of Rupture.
36. "SW" face brick "SW" stands for severe weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a high degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and theASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also ''see "MW" face brick.)
3 7. Temp . oF ( oC) The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and
quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (F) followed by the Celsius (C) conversion in parentheses. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available, the approximate temperature is given on the form and is based on the table of temperature equivalents in Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128) or in Veatch (1909, p. 57).
38. Water of Plasticity (%) This is a measure of the amount of water (as weight percent rela-
tive to the dry material) required to temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This is not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into briquettes from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticity and finer grain size. Unfortunately, high values also correlate with a greater degree of shrinkage,
-28-

warping and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2.)
39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking,
plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range in time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it is given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated in a comparative manner in order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and 1s a general designation for the ease with which the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes.
These working properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of the operator. They do, however, give a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process.
-29-

-30-

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales
in Walker County, Georgia *
* The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests
that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design.
-31-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C~l~a~y___(~r_e_s~i_d_u_a~l~)_.________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-l

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --------------Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #lOS.

Date Reported --1-9-0-9-.------------- Ceramist 0. Veatch. Ga. Survey.
Water of Plasticity ____________% Working Properties Very poor plasticity.

Color White (?).

Drying

Shrinkage - - -2.6- -%Dry

Strength

(tensile) 15 ps1.

not

exceed

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)
2210 (1210)
(Cone 4)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks

1

Quite porous

2498 (1370)
(Cone 12)

Good

5.5

3146

Melted to a

(1730)

glass

(Cone 30)

(The clay does not crack or warp on firing at any of the above cones.)

Remarks I Other Tests The clay was blended with about 1/3 residual plastic clay and
fired at Cone 2 to manu f acture a soft and friable fire brick at the Mission Ridge Fire Brick Compan ; however, the used the above fire cla 'n 'ts ori inal state with coarse chert particles and not finely ground as in the above Veatch, 1909, p. 281).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-32-

locn. no. Wkr.09V-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)
Particle Size -40 mesh. Retention Time - - -- - - -
Chemical &Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

85.00

Ti02

0.28

Al203 Fe203(total)

9.72 1. 35

FeO

MnO

trace

MgO

0.00

CaO

trace

Na20

trace

K20

0.44

P2o5
s (total) c (org.)

0.00 0.00

C02

HH22

oo+

Ignition

0.34

loss

3.16

Total

100.30

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz (chert) Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others (clays ?)

volume % 80-90
10-20

Total

100

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey (in Veatch, 1909, p. 281 and App. B, #105, p.416- 417).

0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1909.

c.l909.

Method Standard "wet".

Visually estimated.

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

- - - - Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ft. Oglethorpe (Cntr.). Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Residual cl ay from

che rt.

Structural Attitude No visible stratification.

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (to Eocene ?) residual cla from Knox Grou Cambr i an - Ordov i c i an chert and dolostone.
Sample Description & Comments Sample from a 30 f oot dee p pi t about 1/4 mile west of the brick plant of the Miss i on Ridge Fi re Br ick Company wh i ch is l ocated on th e
Central of Ga. Railroad, 8 miles south of Chattanooga, Tenn. The 11 cl ay" shows a he t erogeneous mass of wh i te , drab, yellow and purpl is h f i ne c l ay a~d coarse chert. Thecla is locall concentrat ed ' i n ockets. The chert art i cl e s r an e f rom minute
to angular boul der s up to 2 feet long (Veatch , 1909, p. 280 and 281 .

------ ------------ Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-33-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C_l_a~y~(_u_n_d_e_r_c_l_a~y~)_.________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-2

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --------------Lab & No. Ga.Survey, #108

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

--~~-------------

Water of Plasticity ----------% Working Properties

Color ------------- Drying Shrinkage -----------% Dry Strength -----------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

2822 (1550)
(Cone 21)

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks Completely fused

Remarks I

The samp le is not sufficiently refractory to be used as a

fire cla

is in t he appropr iate strati ra hie osit i on where fire cla s

have been mined in adjacent states Veatch, 1909, p. 107 and 282 lt may be used

for making other less refractory heavy clay products like brick.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-34-

locn. no. Wkr.09V-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

69.61

Ti02

1. 38

Al203

16.72

Fe203(total)

3.38

FeO

MnO

0.08

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0
P205
s c
Hco22o-
H2o+

(total) (org.)

trace 0.28 1. 81
0.02
1. 74

Ignition

loss

5.35

Total

100.37

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey (in Veatch, 1909, App. B, #108, p. 416-417).

Date c.l909

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker. 7 1/2' topo quad.

Land Lots__l_0~1 ~2~98~, Sec.

314, and 315,

Durham (N. edge)

. Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method ---G--r-a-b'--(-'?'-)-.-'--

Weathering/alteration ------------------

Structural Attitude (Probably very nearly flat-lying.)

Stratigraphic Assignment Underclay (Walden Sandstone?) late Pennsylvanian.

Sample Description & Comments Sample is from clay und e rlying the co a l at t he mines
of the Durham Coal & Coke Company on Lookout Mountain. The c lays he r e are i ndu rated
to semi-indurated and about 2 feet thick (Veatch, 1909 1 R 107 and 282). The coal
mines at this locality are described by McCallie (1904, p. 34- 40).

-------------------- Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

--~~~~~~~~----------

-35-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ___C_l_a~y~,~r_e_s_1_d_u_a__l ~( ~C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)_._____ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-3

County

Walker.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Survey.

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

--~~~-----------

Water of Plasticity ----------~%Working Properties
Color Almost white (Cream colored when wet).
Slow Firing Tests:

Very plastic; good molding qualities.

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color

2174 Gray (1190)
(Cone 3)

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks

2.7

Very dense

2318 Darker

Vitrified

4.1

(1270) gray

(Cone 7)

(Clay does not warp or crack when fired to the above conditions.)

Remarks / Other Tests If pro perl y fired this stoneware. It was used at a nearb stoneware run Veatch, 1909, p . 3 74 and 3 75) .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-36-

locn. no. Wkr.09V-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02

Al203

Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(org.)

HC202o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------------
Method

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (formerly Estelle). Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alte.ration Residual clay (from

shale).

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (to Eocene?) residual cla derived from

Conasauga Group shale Cambrian)-and partly colluvial?

Sample Description & Comments Sample is from a yellowish to bluish white plastic clay that occurs along a small branch or creek. It is an alteration product of the

Conasauga shale (possibly also partly colluvial in origin) and has been used by

Mr. S. N. Worthen for his stoneware pottery operation. About 5 to 6 feet of clay is exposed and the overall extent of the de osit 11 is not reat, but is sufficient
for the needs of a :pottery. 11 Veatch, 1909, p. 374 and 375 . The locality is
simply listed as "LaFayette".

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 12-10--81

-37-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~l~a~y~~c~o~l~l~u~v~l~a~l~----------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-4

County

Walker.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Survey #106.

Date Reported

1909.

Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.,

_________ ----~~-----------

Water of Plasticity

__,.% Working Properties

Very plastic.

Color Gray.

Drying Shrinkage

6.8 % Dry Strength (tensile) 225 psi.

------~--

(maximum).

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

2318 Light gray Vitrified

1

(1270

(Cone 7)

Appr. Par. %

Other data:
Remarks Slight swelling

Remarks I Other Tests The clay is not refractory and is definitely not a fire clay
however, it could be used in stoneware and terra cotta mixtures parti~ularly if it were located near a cheap source of transportation such as a railroad line (Veatch, 1909, . 375).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-38-

locn. no. Wkr.09V-4 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

69.33

Ti02

Al203 Fe203 (total) FeO

19.01 2.02

MnO

MgO

0.87

CaO

trace

Na20

0.18

K20

2.10

P205

s

(total)

c

(org.)

C02

HH22oo+-

0.26

Ignition

loss

6.88

Total

100.65

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

vo l ume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst ( i n Veatch , 1909, p . 375 and App endix B, No. 106, p. 426 and 4 17; f rom Spencer,1893, p. 286).
Date c. 1893.

Method Standard "wet"

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 138(?) , Sec.

Dist .

7 1/2' topo quad. Cedar Grove (NE.l/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch and

Date c. 1909 and

J. W. Spencer.

c. 1893.

Sample Method --G--r-a"b'""("?-)-."----

Weathering/alteration Weathered colluvial clay.

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) colluvial cla (a residual cla

but a short di stance" .

Sample Description & Comments A bluish-white lastic cla from the

ro-

pe rt y near Cedar Grove in "McLamore' now McLemore

"Thi s clay has been

mined and sh i ed i n smal l uan t i t i es, b ut i ts di stance f rom a railwa line rend ers

i t of l i ttle va l ue . The analysis given by Spencer c i ted above

probab ly f rom

thi s or simi lar cl ays i n the vi cinity (Veatch, 1909, p. 375).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 12-11-81

-39-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-5

~--------~--------------~---------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ---------------------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #104.

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

--~~~~-----------

Water of Plasticity

26 %Working Properties Fair plasticity; poor slaking;

-----------

fine- rained texture.

Color Yellow or

Drying Shrinkage

5 %Dry Strength

25 prs.

yellow-brown.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

1850 Red
(1010)
(Cone 07)

1922 Red (1050)
(Cone OS)
2102 Dark red ( 1150)
(Cone 1)

2174
(1190)
(Cone 3)

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Par. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Good brick 0.4 hardness

Remarks

0.7

Vitrified

Showed warping
Burned to a cinder

Remarks I Other Tests This shale should be good for making common building brick
and it was used to a small extent b the Mission Ridge Fire Brick Com an acco cd in
to Veatch 1909, p. 399 .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-40-

loco. no. Wkr.09V-5 , cont .

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
AFTeli022oo233 (total)
FeO

61.64 1. 24
15.66 8.50

MnO

trace

MgO

1.18

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P2o5
s c

(total) (org.)

trace 1.80 3.93
0.00

HC202o-
H2o+

1. 33

Ignition

loss

4.80

Total

100.09

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey. {in Veatch , 1909 , p. 400 and Appe ndix B, No. 104, p. 416 and 417.)
Date c. 1909.

Method Standard 11wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County ___W_a_l_k_e_r_.________ Land Lot

Sec .

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ft. Og lethorpe (NE. 1/4). Lat. __________ Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Weathered (?). ----~~~----~~

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Rockwood Formation (now desi gna ted Red Mountain Formation) of Si lurian

Compiled by ---B-.--J-.--O--'C--o-n-n-o-r----------- Date
-41-

06-09-88

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-6

County

Walker.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #103.

Date Reported ----1-9-0-9-.----------- Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

----------- Water of Plasticity

% Working Properties Rather lean; slakes only very slowly (low plasticity) .

Color Yellow or Drying Shrinkage

3.7 %Dry Streng t h ( tensile) 25 ps i .

brown.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1922 Red (1050)
(Cone OS)

Steel hard

3.0

1994 Red (1090)
(Cone 03)

Semi-

4.6

vitrified

2102 Dark red Vitrified

6.6

( 1150)

(Cone 1)

2210 Very dark Completely

8.4

(1210)

vitrified

(Cone 4)

2282

Fused

(1250)

(Cone 6)

(Fires without warping or cracking at each of the above temperatures)

Remarks / Other Tests The shale mi ght be suitable for maki ng vitrified brick

although its low plasticit and strength (dry)

Veatch

su ests that the pa rt l de c ompo sed weathe red

the unweathered shal e (1909 , p. 400

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-42-

locn. no. Wkr.09V-6 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ----------- Retention Time -------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
TFAeil022oo233 (total)
FeO

54.48 0.92 22.89
7.48

MnO

0.41

MgO

1.40

CaD
Na 2o
K2 0 P2o5
s c
Hco22o-
H2o+

(total) (org.)

0.22 0.43 4.76 0.04 0.03
*
l. 62

Ignition

loss

5.36

Total

100.04

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

* shale is free of carbonaceous matter (Veatch, 1909,
p. 400).

Analyst

E. Everhart, Ga. Survey (in Veatch, 1909, p. 400-401 and Appendix B, No. 103, p. 416 and 417.)

Date c . 1909 .

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County --~W~a~l~k~e~r~------- Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (Estelle) (SW.l/4) . Lat.

Dist.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Unweathered (?).

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Shale from the "Rockwood" (now Red Mountain) Formation

(Silurian).
Sample Description & Comments Sample of fine- rained,

shale from a

cut on the "Chattanooga Southern' now the Tenn.,
Veatch, 1909, p. 400-401).

Railroad near Bronco

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date ---1-2---1-2---8-1----------
-43-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __s_h_a_l_e__(~c_,o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~) _. _______________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.09V-7

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --------------
Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #102.

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

--~~-------------

Water of Plasticity ___________% Working Properties Fair plasticity.

Color ------------- Drying Shrinkage

___ 5.8 ...;;...;...,;;.. % Dry Strength (tensile) 65 ps1

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx . Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

1922 Red (1050)
(Cone 05)

2102 Dark red (1150)
(Cone 1)
2210 Dark red (1210)
(Cone 4)

2282 0250)
(Cone 6)

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Good

3.8

hardness

Remarks Good density

Vitrified

10. 1

Complete

9.5

Partly fused

Remarks / Other Tests This shale could be used for making bricks (Veatch, 1909, . 401).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-44-

loco. no. Wkr.09V-7 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ----------- Retention Time -------------
Chemical &Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

54.31

ATlio2o23
Fe203 (total)

0.90 23.04
6.63

FeO

MoO

0.12

MgO

1.40

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2os
s c
Hco22o-
H2o+

(total) (org.)

0.28 0.08 4.32 0.04 0.06
2.00

Ignition

loss

6.59

Total

99.77

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey (in
Veatch, 1909, p. 401-402, and
Appendix B, No. 102, p. 416
and 417).

Date c. 1909.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ------ Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (Estelle) NE. 1/4. Lat. _____ Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Partly decomposed.

Structural Attitude Folded and metamorphosed throughout this region.

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Sample of partly decomposed (ie., weathered) shale
from 1/2 mile N. of LaFayette. The sh a le underlies the Chattooga Va l ley but i s extens i ve! weathered and is rarel ex osed at the surface. "It contai ns thin beds of lime stone and sandstone; and is f old ed and metamorphosed" Veatch, 1909, p. 401 402).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-45-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, soft to semi-hard

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-25

~(~R-e~d~M~o-u_n_t_a~i-n~)-.-----------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number -----------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #25.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

--~-----------

Water of Plasticity

22.0 % Working Properties Plasticity-- grainy (better on

aging overnight); slaking-- a little slow; molding-- fairly good (clay column

edges tear slightly).

Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage ----~2~~8~% Dry Strength (MOR) 95.6 psi. (green)

Remarks Drying behavior: Test bars all slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color** Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Salmon (1005) (2YR-6/7)
1920 Dark (1050) salmon
(lOR-5/7)
2000 Fair red (1095) (lOR-5/5)
2060 Good red (1125) (lOR-5/4)
2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/5)
2160 Deep red (1180) (lOR-4/3)

954 3.4 (5.9) 1175 4.0 (6.9)
1548 5.6 (8.5) 2200 6.7 (10.2) 2327 7.7 (10.1) 2664 8.1 (10.2)

14.8 12.9
10.1 7 7 4.6 4.8

Slight Slight
Some Slight Some
Some *

*: Beginnings of a glassy structure on broken ends.
Remarks I Other Tests Firing Range= Cone 02 to 5 (commercial kiln= Cone 03 to 3).
This shale is suitable fo r making bui ld ing brick and possibly structural tile, but it is not possible to tell without prospecting whether or not this sample is representative of any sizable deposit (Smith, 1931, p. 139).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

**Note: Munsell Color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR"
reported in Smith (1931). -46-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-25 cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

63.72

Ti02

0.55

Al Fe

22o0 33

(total)

FeO

22.45 7.01

MnO

MgO

0.00

CaO

0.00

Na20

0.67

K20

0.97

P2o5

s

(total)

c

(org.)

0.00 0.00

C02

H2o-
H2o+

*

Ignition

loss

5.61

Total

100.98*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica
Chloritevermiculite
Montmorillonite Others

Total
(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 138.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Surve y.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard"wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (Estelle) (SW. 1/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by R. W.Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.20E., and dip about 70W.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Samples of soft to semi-hard , greenish-drab colored shale (probably above the iron ore seam) taken from several places along the "Bronco to Campbell Gulf road" on Shinbone Rid ge, 1/8 mile W. of th e Bronco Stat i on on t he Tenn., Ala. & Ga. railroad. At this place the road makes a small angl e to t he strike of the beds; therefore, no more than 10 strati gr aph i c f eet o f shale are exposed f or sampling. Property owned by Misses C. and J. McWhorter ( Smi th, 1931,
. 138 to 139).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88
------~------------
-47-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, semi-hard (Red Mountain). Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-26a

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number -------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #26.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

--~---------------

Water of Plasticity

18.9 % Working Properties

better on aging 5 days ), s l aking - slow ; and molding- fair

to tear sl ight ly).

oor (somewhat

Color Brown.

- - - - Drying Shrinkage 2.6 %Dry Strength (MOR) 87.5 psi. (green)

Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all somewhat warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Dark salmon 1150 (1005) (lYR-5/7)

3.6 (6.2)

11.4

Some

1920 Dark salmon 1235

3.3 (5.8)

9.9

(1050) (lOR-5/6)

Some to considerable

2000 Fair red

1764

4.9 (7.5)

8.2

(1095) (1 OR-5/ 5)

Some

2060 Good red

2134

6.4 (8. 7)

6.4

0125) (lOR-4/5)

Slight

2090 Brownish- 2006

4.6 (7.2)

5.7

(1145) red(lOR-4/5)

Considerable*

2160 Deep brown- 2365

5.8 (8.3)

3.9

(1180) ish red

(1 OR-4/ 3)

Considerable**

*: Slightly pimply surface. **: Pimply surface and somewhat glassy fracture.
Remarks I Other Tests Firing Rang e= Cone 03 to 2 (best at Cone 01 to 2). All test
bars show sli ght traces of a bluish-white scum, but pr obabl y not eno ugh to effect the i r use Ln makin g heavy clay products (Smith, 1931 , p . 144). This shale should be satis f acto ry for making bui l d i ng br i ck and structural tile (if prope rly handled). The worst as pects are the slow slaking, poor green str engt h and structure of the

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell Color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -48-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-26a cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Brittle, fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
FATeli022oo233 (total)
FeO

61.29 0.73
23.36 7.16

MnO

MgO

0.42

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2o5
s c

(total) (or g)

0.00 1.06 0.81 trace trace

HC02o2 -

*

H2 o+

Ignition

loss

5.26

Total

100.09*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 143.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker. 7 1/2' topo quad.

Land Lot 252, 254-256 Sec.

LaFayette

and 285 (Estelle) (NW.

to p' ).

Lat.

4

'

Dist.

8 Long.

Field No.

' Collected by R. w. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method 2 groove samples of

Weathering/alteration Some weathering.

5 and 8 ft.

Structural Attitude Beds strike about N.40E. and dip "gently" (5 . to 15) SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Soft to semi-hard greenish-drab colored shale
(harder and more compact near the top) wi th occas i onal thin streaks of brown sandstone s amp led as 5 a nd 8 f t. grooves f rom t heW. and E. sides o f the mi ddl e trestle
res ectivel , of the Tenn. , Ala., & Ga. ra i lroad cuts on the . ro pe rt of the
So uthern States Coal and Iron Co. Th i s corres pon ds to uni t 1 7, 4 5+ f eet thick in Sm i th 1s measured sect i on. The s amp led i ntervals rep re sent on l y t he base and top of th i a unit res pect i vel y , since the mi ddle is poorl y exposed.) The sect i on i s E. of
Estelle stat i on, N. o f Du g Gap and Ga. Rwy . 193 (Smith , 1931 , p. 14 1-145).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-49-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, hard (Red Mtn. Formation). Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-26b

County Walker. Raw Properties:

Sample Number ----------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #26b.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

--~-------------

Water of Plasticity

18.0 %Working Properties Plasticity- poor at first,

but fair on aging 2 days; slaking - rather slow; molding - fair, column edges tear

sli htl

Color Brownish-drab. Drying Shrinkage -----~2~.8~% Dry Strength (MOR) 103.5 psi. (green).
Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx.
Temp. OF
<c)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Dark salmon 1505 (1005) (1YR-6/6)

3.1 (5.9)

10.6

Slight

1920 Dark salmon 1754

3.5 (6.4)

8.8

(1050) (lOR-5/5)

Little or none

2000 Good red

2169

4.0 (6.7)

6.5

(1095) (lOR-5/5)

Slight black core

2060 Deep red

2622

6.6 (9.3)

4.6

(1125) (10R-4/5)

Some

2090 Brownish- 2012

2.3 (5.1)

3.2

(1145) red

(lOR-3/6)

Bad**

2160 Deep brown- 2202

2.3 (4.8)

2.2

(1180) ish red

(lOR-3/4)

Bad**

**: Vitreous and pimply surface, glassy fracture.

(commercial kiln= Cone 04 to 1).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation 11 10R11 corresponds to the original notation 11R-YR11 reported in Smith (1931)
-so-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-26b cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Brittle, fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

63.69

TiOz

0.73

Al 2o3 Fe 2o3 (total) FeO

18.40 8.08

MnO

MgO

0.60

CaO

0.00

Na 2o KzO

1. 31 1. 64

P2os

s

(total)

c

(or g)

0.12 trace

COz

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

5.42

Total

99.99*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica
Chloritevermiculite
Montmorillonite Others

Total
(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 144.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 252, 254-256 Sec.__!_, Dist. __B__

and 285,

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (Estelle) (NW. edge). Lat.

Long. ____

Field No. -----------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Partial groove of

Weathering/alteration __N~o~n~e~----------

14 ft. bed.

Structural Attitude Beds strike about N.40E. and dip "gently" (5 to l5)SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample from a 14 ft. bed of hard, greenish-drab
of the Tenn., Ala., & Ga. RR. from railroad cuts on

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date --1~0~-~ 25~-~8-1 -------51-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, hard (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-27

------~------~----------~-------

County

Walker.

Sample Number -------------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #27.

Date Reported ----1-9-3-1-.----------- Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

% Working Properties Plasticit y - very poor (even on

ag ing 1 week): Slaki ng - ve ry slow. Moldi ng Behavior- very poor (unable to f orm

ro l l-press test bars) .

------ Color Brownish-drab. Drying Shrinkage

% Dry Strength -----------------

Remarks

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined due to very poor working properties.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Par. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks I Other Tests Sample was discarded without further firing tests (Smith,
1931, . 149).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-52-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-27, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) A little difficult to grind. (Shale is tough rather than brittle.)
Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

71. so

Ti02

0.90

Al203

17.07

Fe203 (total) 5.68

FeO

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO

0.00

Na20

0.47

K20

l. 00

P205

so3 (total)

c

(or g)

0.08 0.96

C02

H2o-

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

2.35

Total

100.01*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 149.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 211

Sec.

4

. 7 1/2' topo quad. Kensin ~ ton (SE. 1/4)

Lat.

Dist. -8- -
Long.

Field No. --------------------- ' Collected by ___R~.__w_.~S~m~1_t~~ h - Date c. 1930.

Sample Method 5 ft. groove.

Weathering/alteration None apparent.

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Groove s amp le of hard, gra y to drab colored shale with a hackl ey fracture. (A few l aye rs conta in traces of calc i te ? ) Samples fr om a

road

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date

--~~~~~~~~----------

-53-

06-09-88

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material

Shale, hard to semi-hard

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-28

~(=R~e~d~M~t~n~.~F~o~rm~a~t~i~o~n~) ~.~~-------

County

Walker.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #28.

Date Reported ---1-9-3-1-.----------- Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.
Water of Plasticity 18.0 % Working Properties Plasticity - very poor and grainy, but fair on aging 2 days, slaking - ver y slow; moldi ng behavior- poor , column edges tend to tear and crack.

Color Brownish-gray. Drying Shrinkage Slow Firing Tests:

3.1 %Dry Strength (MOR) 179.5 psi. (green).

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

1840 Salmon

985

(1005) (2YR-6/8)

1920 Dark salmon 1495 (1050) (1YR-6/7)

2000 Light red (1095) (2YR-6/7)

1990

2060 Good red (1125) (lOR-5/4)

2317

2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/4)

2522

2160 Brownish(1180) red
(lOR-3/4)

3348

Remarks / Other Tests tile.

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

2.5 (6.1)

12.3

3.9 (7.1)

9.8

4.6 (7.3)

7.6

5.8 (8.5)

5.7

5.5 (8.0)

4.9

6.1 (8.6)

2.3

Appr. Por . %

Other data: Warpage

Slight

Slight

Little or none
Slight

Some

Some to con-
siderable (vitrified, pimply surface).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931)

-54-

loco. no. Wkr.31S-28, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Brittle, fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
ATFeli022oo233 (total)
FeO

65.89 1. 09
21.63 5. 76

MoO

MgO

0.06

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2o5
s c

(total) (or g)

0.00 0.80 1.11 trace trace

HC02o2 -

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

3.84

Total

100.18*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 151.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lots 157 and Sec. 4

158,

7 1/2' topo quad. Durham (SE. 1/4)

. Lat.

Dist. 11. Long .

Field No. ---------------------' Collected by R. W. Smith.

Sample Method Grab samples at 2

Weathering/alteration

foot intervals.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.20E., and dip 35W.

Date c. 1930.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) shales, 55+ feet below the Chattanooga Shale.
Sample Descr i ption & Comments 153 f eet (stratigraphic) of hard to semi-hard,
olive-green to greenish-drab shale, variably fissile, with several layers of sandstone 1 to 2 inches thick. Taken from road cuts ("Terra in Trail") throu h the rid ge 1 mi le NW. of Cassandra on the Shaw property) 5/8 mile W. of the Tenn., Ala., Ga . RR . The i ron ore horizon is probably near the base of unit (1) (which is alternating layers of sandstone and shale at least 120 f eet thick) and underlying the shale tested here (Smith, 1931, p. 150).

Compiled by ___B~~J~~O~'C~o~n~n~o~r___________ Date 10-26-81

-55-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, hard (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-29

County

Walker.

Raw ProEerties:

Sample Number - - - - - - -
Lab & No. Ga. Tech., ff29.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survel

Water of Plasticity to crack and

16.5

Plasticitl - very Eoor and slow; moldin - fair (column

Color Gral

Drying Shrinkage ----~2~~5~% Dry Strength (MOR) 116.8 Esi.

(green).

Remarks Drling Behavior: Test bars somewhat warEed.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Color++

Temp. OF

(Munsell)

(oC)

1840 Light

(1005) salmon

(3YR-6/7)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)
799

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

1.9 (4.3)

11.9

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage
Some**

1920 Dark (1050) salmon
(1 YR-6/6)

1283

2.4 (4.8)

10.6

Some**

2000 Light red

*

2.8 (5.3)

10.1

(1095) (lOR-5/5)

Some**

2060 Good red

1708

4.6 (6.8)

7.3

(1125) (lOR-4/5)

Some**

2090 Deep red

2100

2.6 (5.0)

4.0

(1134) (lOR-4/4)

Some+

2160 Brownish- 2515

4.1 (6.5)

5.2

(1180) Red(lYR-4/4)

Considerable+

*: Modulus of Rupture not determined due to breakage of all test bars in handling. **: Test bars show slight traces of scum, but not enough to give serious trouble in
making heavy clay products. + Test bars have pimply surface and broken ends show traces of glassy structure.

02 to

to l).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
++Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931)
-56-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-29, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Brittle, fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

60.84

Ti02

1.09

Al203
Fe 2o3 (total)
FeO

25.62 4.27

MnO

MgO

0.55

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P205
s c

(total) (org)

0.00 0.97 1. 83 trace 0.00

HC022o-

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

4.84

Total

100.01

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica
Chloritevermiculite
Montmorillonite Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 154.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Me;thod Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 271

Sec.

4

__ Dist. 10 ..;;...;..

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (SW. Cor.). Lat.

Long.

Field No. --------------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab sample.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Shale layer s "dipping 15 to 20 to the east" (on the west limb of a shallow syncline).

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Taken from 30 ft. of hard, olive- green shale, with 1

or 2 thin sandstone layers, exposed i n a blu ff in a hollow near the W. ed ge of the

Mallicoat property and just E. of the Southe rn States Coal & I ron Company prope rty.

The Mallicoat

l i es west of the Chattanoo a Valle Road, 3/4 mi. north of

the High

Smi th, 1931, p . 153 to

155).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-57-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S~h_a~l_e~a_n_d~c~l_a~y--~-.------------ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-30

(Red Mtn. Formation).

County

Walker.

Sample Number ---------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #30.

____ __ Date Reported ----1-9-3-1-.---------- Ceramist

Water of Plasticity

3 3 . 9 .....;...

%

Color Light brown. Drying

R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

a little ood.

Remarks Drying Behavior: Good, little or no warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color** Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Light red (1005) (lYR-6/7)

2072

7.0 04. 3)

13.9

Little or none

1920 Fair red

2731

9.5 (16.6)

B. 7

(1050) (1 OR-5/ 5)

Slight

2000 Good red

2259

9.1 (16.5)

7.0

(1095) (lOR-4/5)

Some

2060 Good red

3713

13.7 (20. 6)

2.6

(1125) (l OR-4/4)

2090 Dark red

2615

12.8 (19.6)

2.1

(1145) (1OR-3/ 6)

2160 Dark red

3975

13.7 (20.2)

0.9

(1180) (lOR-3/ 5)

*: Vitreous appearance, fractures show glassy structure.

Slight
Some *
Some *

Remarks I Other Tests Firing Ra nge = Cone 04 to 5 (commercial kiln = Cone 04 to
3). This material shows too mu ch shr inkage to be used by i tsel f in maki ng heavy cla roducts; however i f mi xed wi th a slow-slaki n sha le (like those of the Red Mt n. Formation descr i bed earl1 e r th i s m1xture would probably process better t han e i ther the clay or the shale by i tself (Smith, 1931, p. 157).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
**Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).
-58-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-30, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

56.75

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

(total)

FeO

0.73 24.54 8.65

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K20 PzOs
s c

(total) (or g)

0.00 1. 24 1. 69 0.10 0.00

HHC202o2o+-

*

Ignition

loss

6.25

Total

99.95*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an H2o- -free basis
by Smith , 1931 , p . 15 6 . )

Analyst E. Everhart 2 Ga. Surve x: . , Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

- -- - Land Lot 217 and Sec. 4 25 2,

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (sw. 1/4). Lat.

Dist. 9 Long.

------------ Field No.

, Collected by Mrs. W. W. Scott. Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Prospect pits 3 ft .

Weathering/alteration Weathered shale and

deep.

residual clay.

Structural Attitude ~N~e~a~r~b~y~S~h~a~l~e ~s~t~r~i~k~e~s~N~~2~0~0~E~.,~d~1~p~s~a~b~o~u~t~3~0~8_W~~--------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) weathered shale (below Fe ore and Recent (?) clay residuum derived from Red Mountain shale.

Sample Description & Comments Soft brown sandy shale and residual clay from two

pros pec t pits (3ft. deep) on the Scott pro pe rty west of the Tenn., Ala., & Ga.

Rai l road cross i n wi th the Chattanoo a Valle Rd. , 1 1/2 mi. N. of the Hi h Po i nt

stat i on and 1 1 2 mi. S. of Cenc hat Smith,. 1931, p. 155 to 1 57 . Se veral rail

cars of resi dual clay were mi ned f rom a pi t c. 400 yards W. o f the RR. and sh i pped

to the W. S. Di cke Cla Mf g . Co. pl ant near Flintstone to th e N. to make sewer 1 e

several years

to 1930.

-------------------- Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-59-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, hard (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-31

------~----~------------~-----

County

Walker.

Sample Number --------------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #31.

Date Reported ----1-9-3-1-. ---------- Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity 18.4

% Working Properties Plasticity - poor and grainy,

but fair after aging for 2 days; slaking- slow; molding behavior- fair (column

tends to tear at edges slightly).

Color Grayish-drab. Drying Shrinkage 3.3 % Dry Strength (MOR) 114.5 psi. (green).
Remarks Dr~in~ Behavior: Good with little or no warpa~e.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

1840 Fair red (1005) (1 YR-5/7)

1165

1920 Fair red (1050) (1 OR- 5/7)

1482

2000 Good red (1 09 5) (1 OR-5/ 5)

1573

2060 Good red (1125) (lOR-4/5)

2086

2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/5)

2165

2160 Dark red (1180) (lOR-3/5)

2717

I Other Tests
3). and

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

4.2 (7.1)

10.5

4.6 (7.6)

9.2

3.5 (6.8)

8.3

7.1 (10.1)

5.4

4.9 (8.4)

5.0

6.2 (9.2)

2.6

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

Very slight

Slight

Some

Slight

Some

Considerable (fractures look
= Cone 04 to

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined. *Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR"
reported in Smith (1931).
-60-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-31, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Brittle, fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Ti02

59.96 0.85

Al 203

23.80

Fe203 (total) 7.90

FeO

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO

0.00

Na 20 K20
P2o5
s

(total)

0.69 1. 81 0.15 trace

c

(or g)

HC022o-

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

5.12

Total

100.28*

Mineralogy: Not determined,

Mineral

vo l ume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 158.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930 .

Method Standard 11wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lots 199 and Sec. 3

234, 216 ,

3

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (SW. 1/4). Lat

Dist. 10 and -~9=---':.....__ Long.

Field No. -------------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c . 1930.

Sample Method 5 ft. grooves (2).

Weathering/alteration Some weathering?

Structural Attitude Strike about N.5E, and dip 15o to 20"W.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) just above the iron ore hori zon.
Sample Description & Comments Hard, fissile , olive-green shale (about 20-50 ft. thick) collected as 5 ft. groove samples from 2 nearb y aband oned i ron mi ne pits
which had pa rtl y slumped in since the ore was mined (c. 1900- 1904). Located on
the Lo n r opert 1/ 2 to 1 mi. SW of Cencb a t (th e crossi n of the Tenn., Ala., & Ga.
RR and the Durh am br anch, dismantl ed, of the Central o f Ga. RR l i nes W. of the TAG railroad and the Chatt an ooga Va l le y Rd. and ad jacent to the Durham branch, east of
McCallie Lake (Smith , 1 931, P 157-161).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-29-81

-61-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale , hard (Red Mtn. Formation). Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-32

County Walker. Raw Properties:

Sample Number - -- - -- -
Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #32.

------------ Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

19 . 6 % Working Properties Plasticity - poor and grainy

at first, fair after aging 2 days; slaking- slow; molding behavior- good.

Color Grayish-drab. Drying Shrinkage

2.6 %Dry Strength (MOR) 111.9 psi.

--~~~

~(~g~r~e~e~n~) ~ ----

Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color* Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

1840 Dark salmon 1157 (1005) (2YR-6/8)

1920 Fair red (1050) (lOR-8/7)

1205

2000 Good red (1095) (1 OR-5/6)

1522

2060 Good red ( 1125) (l OR-5/ 5)

1912

2090 Good red (1145) (lOR-4/4)

2413

2160 Dark red (1180) (lOR-3/4)

3147

Remar-ks I Other Tests

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

2.9 (5.3)

11.8

2.9 (5. 7)

11.7

3.6 (6.0)

10.6

5.2 (7.5)

7.7

4.6 (7.2)

5.1

7. 1 (9.4)

3. l

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage
Slight
Slight
Some
Some
Considerable
Considerable

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).
-62-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-32, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Fairly easy grinding (slightly tough rather than brittle).
Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

62.80

Ti02

1. 01

Al203

22.22

Fe203 (total) 7.00

FeO

MnO

MgO

trace

GaO

0.00

Na 2o K2 0 P2o5
s c

(total) (or g)

0.51 l. 72 trace 0.00

C0 2

H2o-

*

H2 o+

Ignition

loss

4.85

Total

100.11*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 162.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survel.

Date 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sam.12le Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lots 199 and Sec. 4

234 (+ .12arts of 200 , 233, 235, and 2 36.)

Dist. 10

- - - - - - 7 1/2' topo quad. Ft. Oglethorpe (SW. side). Lat.

, Long.

----------- Field No.

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Several grab samples. Weathering/alteration More or less weathered.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.20E., diE c. 30W. (with a few minor

variations).

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mo untain Formation (Silurian) about 200 ft. thick

above and below the iron ore horizon.

Sample Description & Comments Hard, fissile, olive-green shale with a few thin

sandstone partings (and some local, heavy sandstone beds in th e middle of the

e x posure). Samples taken fr om th e McCallie property al ong the old Durham branch now

dismantled) of the Central of Georgia RR. where it makes a horseshoe bend around the

S. side of McCall i.e Lake ( forme rl Cenchat Lake) 1 mi. W. of Cenchat and th e TAG

RR., adjoining theW. side of the Long property Wkr.31S-31 above). Taken from

about 1 , 000 ft. cuts alon the RR E. of the lake and from outcrops lv. and SW. of the

lake within

Smith, 1931, p . 161- 163).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date --1--2-9--8-1-------
-63-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale (Red Mtn.) and residual clay. Walker.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No.

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-33
Sample Number - - - - - - -
Ga. Tech., #33.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

~~~--------

___ Water of Plasticity

% 28.0 .;;.;...;;....;...;..._ Working Properties Plasticity - good; slaking -

fairl ra id; moldin behavior - ood.

Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage

3.7 %Dry Strength (MOR 106.0 psi.

(green).

Remarks Drying Behavior: slight warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color** Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Deep salmon 1375 (1005) (2YR-5/5)

5.3 (8.7)

14.2

Slight

1920 Medium red 1528 (1050) (lOR-5/4)

5.7 (9.0)

14.1

Slight

2000 Medium red 1886 (1095) (lYR-5/5)

6.3 (9.5)

11.8

Some

2060 Good red

2682

10.7 (14. 0)

5.5

(1125) (lOR-4/4)

Some

2090 Deep red

2896

12.0 (15.5)

3.5

(1145) (1 OR-3/ 5)

Considerable

2160 Deep brown- 3539

12.3 (15.8)

1.5

( 1180) ish red

(lOR-3/4)

Considerable*

*: Bars kiln-marked with vitreous looking surface and glassy fractures.

Remarks I Other Tests Firing Range = Cone 02 to 4 (commercial kiln = Cone 02 to
3). This material satisfactory for making build ing brick, tile (structural,
probabl be reduced if a more sand cla or slower-slakin shale were added to the material tested Smith, 1931, p. 167 .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
**Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).
-64-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-33, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
AFTeli022oo233 (total)
FeO

57.71 0.73
23.64 8.00

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P2os
s c

(total) (or g)

0.00 1. 32 1. 80
0.44 0.00

HC02o2 -
H2o+

*

Ignition

loss

6.46

Total

100.10

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

( * analysis recalculated on an H2o- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 166.)

Analyst E. Everhart 2 Ga. Survex:. Date c. 1931.

Method Standard 11wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 80

Sec. 4

Di st. 9

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (NE. 1/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No.

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

----------------------------

Da t e c , 1930

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration More or less weathered.

shale and clay.

Structural Attitude Beds strike NNE. , dip 23 to 75E. ; cut by 2 thrust faults striking N.20E. and d i pp i ng 20-2 58 and 758 E.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) overthrust b the Knox
Grou p Camb rian-Or dov i cian ch e rt and cherty clay.
Sample Description & Comments Grab samples of sandy, b r own, weathe red sha l e with
thin interbedded l a ye r s of s andy, brown cl a y and some b r own, sandy cl ay with th i n shale partings f rom 2 cuts on the Centra l of Ga . RR up to severa l hundred fe et

Miss i onar Ri d e. Located on the o f McFarl a nd Ave. and 3 4 mi l e N.

r o ert 2 mi les S. o f Rossv i lle just E. e RR station. Sampled interval

165- 167 . Also

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-65-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale, semi-hard to hard

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-34

_,~~~~--~~~~~~~-------

(Red Mtn. Formation).

Walker.

Sample Number - - - - - - - -

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #34.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

--~~------------

Color Brownish-gray. Drying Shrinkage 3.3 Dry Strength (MOR) 105.0 psi.

------

green).

Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars somewhat warped.

-E~~~--------

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color** Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Dark salmon 1052 (1005) (2YR-5/5)

3.2 (6.2)

13.1

Some

1920 Fair red (1050) (1 OR-4/ 5)

1542

3.9 (6.9)

10.7

Some

2000 Good red

2250

4.8 (7.8)

7.0

(1095) (lYR-4/3)

Some

2060 Deep red

2606

7.7 (10.7)

6.0

(1125) (lOR-4/3)

Some

2090 Brownish- 2477

4.3 (7.6)

5.3

(1145) red

(lOR-4/4)

Considerable*

2160 Deep brown- 2694

5.8 (8.7)

2.7

(1180) ish red

(1 OR-3/3)

Considerable*

*: Vitreous appearing surface and somewhat glassy fractures. Remarks /Other Tests Firing Range= Cone 04 to 2 (cormnercial kiln= Cone 04 to 1). Suitable for making buitding bri ck and structural t i le and possibly for roofing t ile, quar r y tile and sewer pipe. The poor working properties and low green st rength probably could be imp roved by fi ne grinding, long pugging, or hot tempering water (or with electrolytes; Smith, 1931, p. 169). Shale us ed by the Mission Ridge Brick Com an f or makin f ace (bui ldin ) brick, althou h lant was not o erated

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
**Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931). -66-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-34, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Brittle, fairly easy grinding .

- -- - - - - Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

61.83

Ti02

0.92

Al203

16.81

Fe203 FeO

5.67 1.43

MnO

MgO

0.92

CaO
Na 2o
K20

0.00 2.73 2.78

P2o5

s 03

C

(org)

trace 0.85

HC022o-

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

5.14

Total

99.08*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 168.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930 .

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lots 101, 102,Sec. 4

and ll5.

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (cntr.), Lat.

Dist. 9 Long.

---------------- Field No.

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Somewhat weathered.

Structural Attitude Shale strikes N.22E, and dips c. 25E.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) above and below the iron ore horizon.
Sample Description & Comments Semi-hard to hard, reenish-drab shale which breaks into smooth, flat or hackly-fractured pieces some weathers flaky and interbedded with fairly abundant, thin, blocky-weathering, hard sandstone layers. The latter are especially abundant near the ridge-top where the interbedded clay i s sandy, soft and "short". Samples from several levels in the shale plt which exposes 75 to 80 ft. (vertical) of shale about 150ft. below the to of Missionar Ride (W . slo e ). Taken from the Mission Ridge Brick Co. property old Miller-~urns Fire Brick

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88 -67-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale , soft to semi-hard

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-35

~~(R~e~d-M--o-un~t~a -i n-)-. --------------

Walker.

Sample Number -------- -

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #35.

Date Reported --~1~9~ 31-. ------- Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

23.9 % Working Properties Plasticity - poor and "short"

fair on a in overnight ); slakin - a little slow; moldin behavior- fair (cla

Color Brown.

Drying Shrinkage ~2~~7--~% Dry Strength (MOR) 102.6 psi.

(green).

Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color* Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 Dark salmon 889 (1005) (2YR-6/8)

3.3 (6.2)

15.9

Slight

1920 Fair red (1050) (1 YR-5/7)

1382

4.8 (7.5)

12.5

Slight

2000 Good red (1095) (1 OR-5/ 5)

1985

6.1 (8.6)

10.8

Some

2060 Good red

2533

8.4 Clo. 7)

6.7

(1125) (lOR-4/5)

Some

2090 Good red

2611

8.4 (10.8)

5.3

(1145) (lOR-4/4)

Considerable

2160 Dark red

2785

9.1 (11.5)

4.7

(1180) (1 OR-4/3)

Considerable

Remarks I Other Tests Firing Ran.ge = Cone 02 to 5 (commercial kiln = Cone 02 to 4).
Shale is suitable for making building br i ck, structural tile and poss i bly roofing t i le and sewer pipe . The slow slaking could probably be overcome by f ine gr ind i ng, long puggLng, hot water or electrolytes in the water (Smith, 1931, p. 172).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).
-68-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-35, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

59.98

Ti02
AFel220o33 (total)
FeO

0.91 23.25
6.56

MnO

MgO

0.12

CaO

0.00

Na20

1. 63

K20

1. 98

P205

s

(total)

c

(or g)

0.07 0.00

C02

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

5.34

Total

99.84*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 170.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survel

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sam_Ele Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lots 114, 115

Sec._...._4_, Dist. 9

138 and 139.

--------

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (cntr.). Lat.

Long.

Field No. -----------------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Several Grab samples. Weathering/alteration More or less weathered.

Structural Attitude Strike about N.25E., dip about 25E.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Taken from the Brown property, 1/4 to 1 1/4 miles south of Mission Ridge station (Central of Ga. RR.) on theW. side of Missionary Ride and ad"acent to the Mission Ride Brick Co. ro ert on the north. Sam les were taken at intervals along a private road (west from the house at the ridge top from 100 to 230 ft. below the crest. They range from soft, brownish-drab to semihard, greenish-drab shale locally containing a few thin partings of sandstone. A few seams of soft, locally argillaceous, red iron ore up to a few feet thick occur near the top of the section (Smith, 1931, p. 169-172).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-13-88
-----~---------------
-69-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C_l_a~y~,__b_e_n_t_o_n_i_t_e~(_C_h_i_c_k_a_m_a_u~g_a~)_. __ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-A

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number ----------
Lab & No.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist

~~~-------------

Water of Plasticity _________%Working Properties ~S~o~f~t~,~p~l~a~s~t~i~c~----------------

Color Olive-green to Drying Shrinkage _____% Dry Strength -----------greenish-cream.

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks I Other Tests Measured section and chemical analys is onl y r eported by
Smith (1931, p. 337-338).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-70-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-A , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

61.52

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

(total)

FeO

0.74 21.80
7.04

MnO

MgO

0.27

CaO
Na 2o
KzO PzOs
s c

(total) (org)

0.14 0.82 l. 94 trace 0.00

COz

HzO-

*

HzO+

Ignition

loss

5.80

Total

100.07*

Mineralogy : Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an HzO- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 338).

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930.

Method Standard 11wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lots 251 and 252. Sec. ~, Dist. __9___

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (SW. 1/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Some weathering.

Structural Attitude Beds strike about N.l0E., dip about 35W,

Stratigraphic Assignment 23 ft. of clay and limestone from Chic kamauga limestone
(or dov i cian). Sample Description & Corrnnents Samp le comb i ned from units 1 and 3 (b a se and middle) of measured section in a ulle on the Parrish r o e rt 'ust W. o f t he Chattanoo a
Val l e Rd . and the TAG RR. and 1 1/2 mil es N. of the Hi h Poi nt station. Ad'acent
to t he S. side o f the Scott proper t y see Wkr. 31S-30 . 1 = 10 f t. greenish-cream, soft, waxy clay resembl i ng f uller's earth. 3) = 7ft. soft , waxy ol ive-green
col or ed c lay . Other port i ons of section conta i n l imestone, sandy clay, golden m1c a
f lakes or are reddish-brown colored (Sm i th, 19 31 , p. 337-33 8 ).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-71-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~l~a~y~,~b~e~n~t~o~n~1-t~e~~(~C~ h i~c~k~a~m~a~u~g~a~)~--- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-B

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number - - - - - -- -
Lab & No.

---------- Date Reported

1931.

Ceramist

- - - - - - Water of Plasticity

% Working Properties Not determined.

- - - - - -- --- Color Greenish-drab. Drying Shrinkage -------% Dry Strength

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks / Other Tests Description and chemical analysis only reported by Smith (1931, 338).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-72-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-B , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

70.57

Ti02

0.73

Al203

14.84

Fe203 (total) 4.98

FeO

MnO

MgO

0.26

CaO
Na 2o
K20

0.16 0.91 1. 68

P2os

s

(total)

c

(or g)

1. 04 0.00

HC02o2 -

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

4.70

Total

99.87*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H2o- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 338.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survel.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard 11wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 94

Sec. 4

Dist. 11

7 1/2' topo quad. Durham (SE. 1/4).

Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab sample.

Weathering/alteration Somewhat weathered?

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment In Chickamauga limestone (Ordovician).

Sample Ga. Hw Cooper

the Stri ckland

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

to Smith 193 1, p. 338 .
Date 06-09-88
----~~------------
-73-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Clay, bentonite (Chickamauga). Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.31S-C
----~~----------~--------~~---

\~alker.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No.

Date Reported ---1-9-3-1-.------------ Ceramist
Water of Plasticity - - - - - -% Working Properties

Soft, mealy.

Color Greenish-drab. Drying Shrinkage _____% Dry Strength - - - - - - - ---

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Hunse 11) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks I Other Tests Description and chemical analysis only reported by Smith
(1931, p. 338 and 339).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-74-

locn. no. Wkr.31S-C , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

______ __________ Particle Size

_...._ ...._....__ Retention Time

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

54.69

Ti02
Al203 Fe203 (total) FeO

0.74 27.93 4.97

MnO

MgO

0.04

CaO

0.37

Na20 K20
P2o5
s c

(total) (or g)

3.09 1. 96 0.14 trace

C02

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

6.06

Total

99.99*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar
Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 339.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Samele Location Data:

County Walker. 7 1/2' topo quad. Field No.

Land Lots 131 and Sec. 4

. 158,

Durham (SE. 1/4)

Lat.

Collected by R. w. Smith.

. Dist. 11
Long. Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Somewhat weathered.

Structural Attitude. Beds strike N.25E., die 35W.

Stratigraphic Assignment In Chickamauga limestone (Ordovician).

Sample Description & Comments Composite of two samples from the Baker property:
One is from road cut just W. of the Chattanooga Valley Rd. (Ga. Hwy. 193), 1/2 mi. N. of Cassandra, from 5 ft. of soft, mealy, greenish-drab clay full of mica which overlies chert and dark ra to drab limestone. The second sam le is from somewhat more weathered bentonite outcroes 1 4 mi. to the north of the first Smith, 1931, p. 338-339).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88
--~~~~-------
-75-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __c_l_a~y_._____________________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.41-1

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --------------
Lab & No. Ga. Survey.

Date Reported 5-31-41.

Ceramist G. Massengale.

~----~~-------

Water of Plasticity ------3-2-.'8--%Working Properties

Good plasticity; very little grit; and easily workable.

Color .,------------- Drying Shrinkage

6.2 % Dry Strength (MOR) 501 psi.

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined/unavailable.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Remarks / Other Tests This clay is expected able for makin brick hollow tile , tile and satisfactorily .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-76-

locn. no . Wkr.41-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristi cs (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K 20
P20s
s c
Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (or g)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date ------------
Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (Estelle) . Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by Charlie Cook.

Date c. May 1941.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment ----------------------------------------------------------

Sample Description & Comments LaFa ette, Ga. (Exact location

Cook, Route is from Cook's

Comp i 1ed by ___B...;'___J;;...';..._O;..'_C_o_n_n_.o;._r______

__ Date

1-25-82
...;;....~;...._---------

-77-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~l~a~y~~--------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.45-l

County

Walker.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Not available.

_______ Date Reported June 1945.
Water of Plasticity

Ceramist Unknown. _.;%Working Properties

Color Light (?). Drying Shrinkage ______-__% Dry Strength ---------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color Hardness

unknown* Buff*

*

(various) (various

shades)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

*

*

Appr. Por. %
*

Other data:
*

*:More specific data not available.
Remarks / Other Tests This clay said to possess the properties of both ball clay and fire clay.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-78-

locn. no. Wkr.45-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2

Ti0 Al 2 Fe 2

oo2 33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K 20
P2os
s

(total)

c

(or g)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County ___W_a_l_k~e~r~~------ Land Lot 220

Sec. 4

Dist. 9

7 1/2' topo quad. Fort Oglethorpe (SW. 1/4). Lat. _________ Long.

Field No.

Collected by T. A. Murray(?). Date 1945.

Sample Method Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) cla

derived from the Knox Group

Cambrian-Ordovician dolomite residuum.

Sample Description & Comments Test results of undetermined origin reported by Mr.

A. G. Skates , Chattanoo a, Tn. (on 6-8-45) regardin c l a f rom Mr. T. A. Murra ,

Rossville , Ga. f rom unpublis he d fi les of the Ga. Survey . Locat ion probably near

dismantle d RR g rade through Mis s ionary Rid ge about 1 mi le SW. o f Wallacev i lle as

determin ed f rom the Land Lot des ignat i on.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date ----0-6---1-3---8-8---------
-79-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Cla

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr. 46-1

~--~-----------------------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number -----------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; No. Ga. 19.

Date Reported 6-6-46.

Ceramist H. Wilson, USBM.

------~---------

------- Water of Plasticity

%Working Properties

Color ------------- Drying Shrinkage _________% Dry Strength ----------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

2075 Reddish (1135) buff (Cone 2)

Fairly hard

Porous

Remarks I Other Tests Possible use in making common red brick. (Insufficient
material submitted for complete testing.)

-80-

locn. no. Wkr.46-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02 Ti02 Al203
Fe 2o3
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P20s
s c
Hco2 o2 -
H2o+

(total) (org)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Hethod ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County ---W--a-lk--e-r.-------- Land Lot 299 Sec.
7 1/2' topo quad. Durham (N. Center) . Lat.

Dis t 10 Long .

Field No. ---2-.----------------, Collected by L. T. Gillen.

Date 5-9-46.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Weathered (?).

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Pennsylvanian(+ Recent weathering?).

Sample Description & Comments A "residual clay" from a coal mine strip pit (L. T. Gillen, Progressive Industries). Location is about 1/4 mile NE of Durham near (prob ably north of) Ga. Rwy. 170.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-81-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C_l_a~y~(_r_e_s_i_d_u_a_l~)_.________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.46-2

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number - - - - -- --
Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; #Ga. 20.

Date Reported 6-6-46.

Ceramist H. Wilson, USBM.

~~--~------

Water of Plasticity ________% Working Properties Plasticity - good.

Color Light buff. Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength ----------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
Cc)

Color

2075 Brownish (1135) buff (Cone 2)

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Par. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Hard

Somewhat porous

Remarks / Other Tests Promisin for brick, hollow tile testing. (Insufficient material submitted for complete

merits further

-82-

locn. no. Wkr.46-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
ATFeil 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(or g)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volt.une %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 299

Sec.

Dist. 10

7 1/2' topo quad. Durham (N. center). . Lat.

Long .

Field No.

3.

, Collected by L.T. Gillen.

Date 5-9-46.

_______ ------~-------------
Sample Method (?). Grab .:.__:....__

Weathering/alteration Residual clay.

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) residual clay.

Sample Description & Comments Clay described as a residual clay ("fire clay- blue")

from coal mine stri it submitted b

T. Gi llen, Pro ress i ve Industries. Lo-

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-8_7_________ --~~~ .:.__

-83-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C_l_a~y_.____________________________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.46-3

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --------------Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; #Ga. 21.

Date Reported 6-6-46.

Ceramist H. Wilson, USBM.

------~-----------

Water of Plasticity -----------% Working Properties Plasticity - good.

Color

Grayish-buff.
-

Drying Shrinkage --------% Dry Strength -----------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

2075 Light buff Hard (1135) with spots
(Cone 2) of red.

Somewhat porous

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-84-

locn. no. Wkr.46-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralo~ical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

Pz05

s

(total)

c

(or g)

HHC220o2o+-
Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot 63

Sec.

. 7 1/2' topo quad. Durham (N. center)

Lat.

Dist. 11 Long.

Field No. ----4~---------------, Collected by L.T. Gillen

Date 5-9-46.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Clay from coal strip pit (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Conunents Clay sample described as a "fire clay-b lue" from
coal mine stri its submitted for L. T. Gillen, Pro ressive Industries. Located near Price Branch, about 1/4 mile E. of Ga. Hwy. 157 and about 1 2 mile SW. o f Ascalon.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87 --~~~~~---------
-85-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e__(~P_e_n_n_~s y~_l v_a_n__i_a_n~)~ ----------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.46-4

County

Walker.

___________ Sample Number 1. __::....;__

Raw Properties: Date Reported 10-8-46.

Lab & No. N.C. State College Research Lab
Asheville, North Carolina; TVA #97. Ceramist M. K. Banks, TVA.

Water of Plasticity - --------%Working Properties Color - - --------- Drying Shrinkage ______% Dry Strength ----------------
Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs ') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Absorption %

Bulk Density g/cm3 lb/ft3

Pore Structure

2350 (1288)

2400 (1316)

Dirty gray color; not vitrified (too refractory).

2450 (1343)

Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture.

-86-

locn. no. Wkr.46-4 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralog ical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TAFeil022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0
P2os
s c

(total) (or g)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. __D_u_r_h_a,;..m___:(_N..;.'___:e_d.:=<g..;.e.:..)..;.__. La t .

Long.

Field No. ---1-.-'----------------, Co 1 lee ted by S. D. Broadhurst (TVA). Date 1946?

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Nearly horizontal.

Stratigraphic Assignment ----'-P-'-e-'-n..:...n~s,y..:...l...;.v..:...a..:...n~i~a..:...n~---------------------------------------------
Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests frorn N.C. Research Lab via. H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sample taken frorn top of "A" coal seam at the V. P. Serodino Co. str ip mine. The shale is hard, black, very fissile, and weathers ra pid .l. It ra nges f rom 20 to 40 f eet th i. ck, is nearl flat-1 ing, and has tittle overburden. Th i s area i s near the te rmi nus of the Durham Branch dismantled) of Ce ntra l. o f Ga. Railroad (east of map location No. 100, Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, 105).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 2-26-82

-87-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e~(_C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g_a~)_.______________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.46-5

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Date Reported 10-8-46.

Lab & No.
Ceramist

Sample Number --2-.--------
N.C. State College Research Lab Asheville, North Carolina; TVA ff98. M. K. Banks, TVA.

Water of Plasticity -----------%Working Properties -------------------------------

Color

Gray-green.

Drying

Shrinkage

% Dry
--------~

Strength

----------------

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Absorption %

Bulk Density g/cm3 lb/ft3

Pore Structure

2350 (1288)

2400 (1316)

Vitrified only (too refractory).

2450 (1343)

Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture.

-88-

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

locn. no. Wkr.46-5 , cont.

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 m1n. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TAFeli022oo233
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P20s
s c
Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (or g)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------
Method ------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Nickajack Gap (W. side.) Lat

Long.

Field No.

2.

, Collected by S. D. Broadhurst (TVA). Date 1946?

--~~-----------

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -------------

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N.C. Research Lab via
H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-2-46). Sampl e o f gr ay-green, fairly soft shale with thin beds of sandstone which occur locally. Sample was taken f rom a f airly f resh road cut and is typical of the Conasauga in the LaFayette area. Location is 7 miles N. of LaFaye tte and 1/4 mile east of U.S. Hwy. 27.

Compiled by ---B-. -J-.--O-'C-o-n-n-o-r--------- Date --0-6---0-9--8-8--------

-89-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C_l~a~y~(_h_i~g~h__s_i_l_i_c_a~)_. _____________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.63-l

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number - - - - - - - - -
Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1516

Date Reported 4-17-63

Ceramist H.P. Hamlin, USBM.

--~~~~--------

Water of Plasticity ___2_1_._0_ _%Working Properties Short working, fairly plastic ,

fine grit. pH =6.4

Color Light gray. Drying Shrinkage --~5~-0____% Dry Strength ___L_o_w_.__________

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good, no drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color
1800 Buff( 982) orange
1900 Buff(1038) orange
2000 Buff(1093) orange
2100 Tan (1149)
2200 Red(1204) gray
2300 Gray(1260) red

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs)* Shrinkage, %

%

(2)
Soft, crumbly 5.0

(2)
Soft, crumbly 5.0

(3)

Fair hard

6.0

(5)

7.5

Very hard

(6)

Steel hard

7.5

(6)

Steel hard

7.3

15.9 16.2 15.1 14.0
9.1 10.2

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Appr. Sp. Gr.
2.59
2.63
2.59 2.56
2.4 7
2.42

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative. *Based on comparison of Tyrrell's 1967 revisions of Denny's 1967 data sheets.

-90-

locn. no. Wkr.63-1, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C)
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not det ermined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
ATFeli 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2o5
so

C

(org)

HC02 o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------------- Lat.

Field No.

Collected by L. E. Whaley.

Long. Date c. March, 1963.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment

Sample Description & Comments From the Lynne E. Whaley farm Rock Springs area. No further data available.

Compiled by --~B~~J~~O~'C~o~n~n~o~r___________ Date 7-25-87

-91-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-1

------~----~--~~~-----------

County

Walker.

Sample Number -1-. - - - - -

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris Tenn.; No. 1553-A.

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist

~(r-_e _v ~i -se-d~l~9~6~7~)---

M.V.Denny, USBM (revised by M.E. Tyrrell, Tuscal oo sa, Al a.).

Water of Plasticity 22.6 %Working Properties Low plastic i ty.

pH=5.3. Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Light gray. Drying Shrinkage ___o_. _o___% Dry Strength --~L~o~w~----------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

1800 ( 982) Tan

2

4.0

17.7

32.2 1.82

1900 (1038) Tan

3

5.0

14.5

27.7 1. 91

2000 ( 1093) Tan

4

10.0

6.2

13.8 2.23

2100 Red( 1149) brown

4

10.0

5.1

11.6 2.27

2200 Red(1204) brown

6

12.0

2. 1

5.0 2.37

2300 Dark (1260 brown

6

12.0

1.2

2.8 2.34

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick s12ecifications at about 1950F (1Q66C). Abrupt vitrification. Potential Use: Face brick; quarrl tile.
Preliminarx: Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-92-

locn. no. Wkr.64-l, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1S00 6F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Ti02 Al 2o3 Fe203

61.70 0.90
21.12 6.12

FeO

1.49

MnO

0.05

MgO

1.08

CaO
Na 2o
K20 P2o5
cso2

(or g)

0.08 0.26 2.21 0.06 0.16

Hco2o2 -

3.81

H2o+

1.10

Ignition

loss

Total

100.14

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey.

Date January 1964.

Method -----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ----- Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2 1 topo quad. ----------------------. Lat.

Long.

Field No. ----=1:..;.___________, Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).
--------------------------~------~~--------------------

Sample Description & Connnents Shale from the u er ortion of the Red Mountain Formation which is lar el shale with a few minor 1-8 in. siltstone beds 'Zone A", in Bentley, 1964, p. 8 and 13

Compiled by __..B;;...;;......J;...;;.--=O-'...;;C...;;o..;;n~n:...;o..;;r~------ Date 10-20-87

-93-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-2

-------~------------~------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number --~2~----------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., 1t2.

Date Reported 1964.

Ceramist L. Mitchell, Ga. Tech.

---~---------------

Water of Plasticity ___________%Working Properties ____F_a_i_r_.p_l_a_s_t_i_c_i_t.Y~------------

Color Li gh t salmon. Drying Shrinkage Slow Firing Tests:

______% Dry Strength ----------------

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

2120 (1160) (Cone
1+)

Dark br1ck red

Sl1ght

V1tr1f1ed

Remarks / Other Tests Fired texture is very gritty (Bentley, 1964, p. 19). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-94-

locn. no. Wkr.64-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

P2os
s c
HHco22oo2+-

(total) (or g)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------------
Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------------. Lat.
Field No. ----~2~-------------' Collected by R. D. Bentley.

Long . Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Shale from the u e r ortion of the Red Mountain
Formation which is largely shale with a few minor 1-8 in. siltstone beds 11Zone A" in Bentley, 1964, p. 13).

Compiled by ---B-.--J-.--O--'C--o-n-n-o-r----------- Date 1-22-82

-95-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-3

------~------------~-----------

County

Walker.

Sample Number --3.---------

Raw Prope rties :

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. , #3.

Date Reported ---1-9-6-4-.----------- Ceramist L. Mitchell, Ga. Tech.
Water of Plasticity ___________%Working Properties Poor plasticity.

Color Beige.

Drying Shrinkage

Slow Firing Tests:

------% Dry Strength ----------------

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

21 20 (1160) (Cone
1+)

Ve ry dark brick red

Shght

Vitr ified

Remarks / Other Tests Fired texture is slightly gritty (Bentley, 1964, p.l9). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined .

-96-

locn. no. Wkr.64-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - - - - - - Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2 TiOz
FAel 22oo33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20 P20s
s c
Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (or g)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------
Method ---------------
Sample Location Data:

County __W_a_l~k~e~r~~---- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. --------------. Lat.

Long .

Field No. _ _ _..;3;....;.______, Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

- - - - - - - - - Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Shale from the upper po rtion of the Red Mountain Formation which is largely sha le with a few minor 1-8 'n, s il tstone beds ("Zone A" in Bent 1e y , 1964 , p 13 ) .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 1-22-82

-97-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-4

~~~~~--~~~~~------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number __.4.;..:.____________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM , Norris Tenn. ; No. 1553-B.

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist M.V.Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

~ (r~ ev~i~ se- d -1~9~ 67-)----

Tyrre ll , Tuscaloosa, Ala.).

Water of Plasticity 16.0 %Working Properties Low plast i c ' ty.

pH=6.5. Not effervescent with HCl.

Co 1or _ G_r_a..y.._.______ Drying Shrinkage _ _...0.:.-'.--0'-_ _ % Dry Str e ngth _..;;L;~o..w;..;..::__________

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

1800 Light ( 982) brown

2

5 .0

11.9

23.3 1. 96

1900 Light (1038) brown

3

5. 0

9.5

19.5 2.05

2000 (1 093) Brown

4

5.0

8.2

17. 1 2.08

2100 Red(1149) brown

5

9.0

2.9

6.7 2.30

2200 (1204)

Expanded

2300 (1260

Melted

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick s pecifications at about 2000F (1093C). Low plasti c strength. Po tentia l Use: Face bric k .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-98-

locn. no. Wkr.64-4, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m1n. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C) ,
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determi ned.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02

Al Fe

22o033

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2 o
K20

P205

S

(total)

C

(org)

HC20o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method -----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County __W..;a..;.l..k;.;..e...;r;..;...____ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -------------. Lat.

Long .

Field No. _...;4....;..________, Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (? ).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Connnents Shale from the u per portion of the Red Mountain Formation which is largely shale with a few minor 1-8 in. s i ltstone beds "Zone A"
in Bentley, 1964, p. 13).

Campi 1ed by _..:;B:...;'......;;J...;'_...;O_'...;C:...;o:...;n...;n...;o:...;r;,...__ _ __

Date 10-20-87 -~_...;~~;,..._-----

-99-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES Material -.:.S....;h...;;a...;;l..;;.e_,.;.(..;;.C..;;.o.;.:n...;;a..::.s...;;a...;;ug...;;a~)..::.._ _ _ _ _ _ _ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-5

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number -1-0.- - - - -
Lab & No. US~M, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-H.

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist

(revised 1967)

Water of Plasticity 22.1 %Working

fatty. (Moderate plasticity)

Color Yellow.

Drying Shrinkage _ _ _5_.o___% Dry Strength _ -~F...;;a_i_r_. _____

Remarks Drying Chracteristics: Fair, slightly rough. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

1800 ( 982) Tan

3 Fair hard 7.0

19.9

1900 (1038) Tan

(3) Fair hard 7.0

18.3

2000 Light (1093) brown

(4) Hard

10.0

15.2

2100 (1149) Brown

(4) Hard

10.5(10.0)

17.0

2200

(5)

(1204) Chocolate Very hard 10. 5(10. 0)

7.0

2300 Blackish

(5)

(1260) brown

Very hard 13.5(12.5)

5.0

Appr. Por.
%
35.6 33.7 29.5 15.3 15.1 11.0

Other Data: Bulk Dens.
gm/cc
1. 79
1.84
1.94
2.19
2.15
2.20

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.
-100-

locn. no. Wkr.64-5, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 mm. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 18006 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
ATFeilo22oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
PzOs
s c

(total) (org)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

- - - - County __W_a_l_k_e__r _. ------- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------------. Lat.

Long.

Field No. 10.

, Collected by J.W. Smith (?). Date c. 1963.

----~---------------

Sample Method Grab (?).

W e a t h e r i n g / a l t e r a t i o n - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Canasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by --~B~~J~~O~'C~o~n~n~o~r___________ Date --1~0~-~2~0~-8-7--------

-101-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~l~ay~(~C_h_i~c~k~a~m_a_u~g~a__r~e~s_i~d_u~u_m~)~ --- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-6

County

Walker.

Sample Number ~1~1~---------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-I

Date Reported 4-8-64.

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 23.8

%Working Properties Moderate plasticity

pH= 5.2. Not e ffe rvescent with Hc L.

Color Red-brown. Drying Shrinkage 5.0

%Dry Strength Fair. --~--~--------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

1800 Light ( 982) brown

1900 Light (1038) brown

2000 (1093) Brown

2100 ( 1149) Brown

2200 Dark (1204) brown

2300 (1260)

Hardness (Mohs!)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

2

5.0

18.0

32.4 1.80

3

5.0

17.0

30.9 1.82

4

9.0

13.1

25.5 1. 95

5

10.0

11.0

22.3 2.03

6

10.0

7.9

19.8 2.51

Expanded

Remarks / Other Tests

Should

fire

to

MW 11

11

face

brick

specifications

at

about

2050F (112lC). Potential use: Face brick.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-102-

locn. no. Wkr.64-6 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. drawtrials (followi ng 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02 Ti02

64.30 1.00

Al203
Fe203 FeO

17.14 7.32 0. 72

MnO

0.18

MgO

0.92

CaO

0.24

Na20

0.50

K20

1.47

P205

so2

c

(or g)

0.14 0.15

HC202o-
H2o+

4.53 1.28

Ignition

loss

Total

99.89

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey.

Date January 1964.

Method --------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ----- Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Kensington (SW. base). Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. ----~1~1~------------' Collected by R. D. Bentley.

Date c. 1964.

__ Sample Method Grab (?). ..;...;;:.,.:._;.__....;:____;_....;.__

Weathering/alteration Residual clay.

Structural Attitude ----------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Chickamauga Group (Ordovician) clay residuum (Tertiary?).

Sample Description & Comments Sample taken from between Ga. Hwy. 193 and the TAG
Railroad, about 0.15 m1.. W. of Wkr.64-7 and about 1 mi. ESE. of Davis Crossroads (Bent l ey, 1964, p. 5 and 8).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88 --~__....;:~~---------

-103-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr . 64-7

--~~~~~~~~~~~---------

County

Walker.

Sample Number 12.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-J

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

~(-r~e-v ~is-e~d~l~9~6~7~)----

Tyrr ell, Tuscaloosa, Ala. )

Water of Plasticity 2 1.8 %Working Properties Low plasticit y .

pH=5.2. Not effervescent with HCl .

Color __G_r_a~y_._______ Drying Shrinkage

5.0 % Dry Streng t h ----F-a-i-r.---------

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

1800 Light ( 982) brown

1900 Light (1038) brown

2000 (1093) Brown

2100 (1149) Brown

2200 Dark ( 1204) brown

2300 (1260)

Hardness (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

3

5.0

13.9

27.2

1. 96

3

5.0

12.9

25.8

2.00

4

10.0

8. 7

18.8

2.16

5

10.0

6.6

14.9

2.25

6

10.0

2.6

6.3

2.41

Melted

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick specifications at 2050F
(1 .121 C). Poten t 1' a 1 Use: Face b r1'ck ; sewer p1pe.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-104-

locn. no. Wkr.64-7, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3- 4 hr. to 18006 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

68.58 0.80
15.70 6.94

MnO

MgO

1.00

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2o5 SOz

0.24 0.05 1.52 o.o5
0.14

C

(org)

HCO2 zo-
H2o+
Ignition

4.29 1. 06

loss Total

100.37

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey.

Date January 1964.

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

1 l/2' topo quad. Kensington (SW. base) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. _..;;1..;2;;..;.._ __ _ __ _ , Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------

Structural Attitude ------- ------------ ----------------- ----

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Conunents Sample of soft , drab and reddish brown shale from the lower ortion of the Red Mountain Format i on wh i ch is dominant! shale with minor siltstone 'Zone C11 o f ~e ntl e y a f ter Smith , 193 1 , p. 141 taken fr om cuts on th e N. side of the TAG Ra i lroad near Estelle cemetery, 2 mi . SE . of Kensi ng ton
(Bentley, 1964, P 6, 8, and 9).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87 --~_....;;;...;._~-------
-105-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-8

--~--~~--~~~~~----------

County

Walker.

Sample Number --~1~3~ ---------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-K

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

~(-r~ev~is_e_d~l~9~6~7~)----

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 24.6 %Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=6.1. Not effervescent with HCl.

---------------- Color Red-brown. Drying Shrinkage

0.0 % Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color
1800 L1ght ( 982) brown
1900 Light (1038) brown
2000 (1093) Brown
2100 0149) Brown
2200 (1204) Brown
2300 Dark (1260) brown

Hardness (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

3

5.0

18.8

32.7

1. 74

3

5.0

16.7

30.1

1. 80

4

7.5

12.2

23.8

1. 95

5

8. 0

9.5

19.5

2.05

6

8.0

7.4

15.7

2.12

6

10.0

3.5

7.9

2.27

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick s pecifications at 2150F
(1177C). Potential Use: Face brick .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-106-

locn. no. Wkr.64-8, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined .

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
ATFeli022oo233
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2 o
K20

P20s

so2

C

(org)

C0 H2

o2 -

H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method
---------------------------------------
Samp le Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ------ Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Kensington (S. base) Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. --~1~3~---------------' Collected by R. D. Bentley.

Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?) . Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration --------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

& Comments Sample from the middle por tion
on the S. si de of Ga. Hw 136 (formerl Hw and about 2 mi les NW. of

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88
------~-------------
-107-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __s_h_a_l_e~(_P_e_n_n_i_n~g~t_o_n~)_.______________ Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-9

County

Walker.

Sample Number _______1_4______

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris , Tenn.; No. 1553-L

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

~ ( r~ e ~ v i~ s e~d~~ 1 9-6- 7 )---

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 21.85

%Working Propert ies Long work'ng, smooth, plastic,

fatty. (Low plasticity.) pH=6.50

Color __T.;.;a.:.:n:.:.--------- Drying Shrinkage 1.0(0.0) % Dry Strength Good (Low).

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs ')

Linear

Absorption ,Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

1800 ( 982) Tan

3 Fair hard 3.5(3.0)

18.4

32.8 1. 78

1900 (1038) Tan

(4)

Hard

5.0

15.4

28.6 1. 86

2000 Light

(5)

(1093) brown

Very hard 9.5(9.0)

9.9

20.3 2.05

2100 (1149) Brown

(5) Very hard 10.0

7.3

15.6 2.14

2200

(5)

(1204) Chocolate Very hard 10.0

5.35

12.1 2.24

2300 Dark (1260) brown

(6) Steel hard 10.0

2.30

5.3 2.31

Remarks / Other Tests Fair color. (Should fire to "SW" face brick s pec ifications at about 2050F, 112lC.) Poetntial use: Brick and tile, if color ok; 2100-2100F common pottery. (Face brick sewer pi pe.)

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-108-

locn. no. Wkr. 64-9, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (followi ng 3-4 hr . to 18006F , 982 8 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
ATF eil 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20 P2o5
s c
Hco2 o2 -
H2o+

(total) (or g)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------------------------- Lat.

Long.

Field No. 14

, Collected by J.W. Smith(?). Date c. 1963.

---~~----------------------

Sample Method Grab(?).

Weathering/alteration - -- - - - -

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Pennnington Shale (Mississippian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87 -109-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Gizzard).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-10

~~~~--~--~-----------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number - - - -15- - - -

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris , Tenn.; No. 1553-M

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 26.5

%Working Properties Long workin , smooth, plastic,

fatty. (Low plasticity.) pH=5.69 Not effervescent with HCl.)

Color Yellow-brown. Drying Shrinkage 2.5. %Dry Strength Good. (Low.)

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects).

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

1800 ( 982) Tan

(3)
Fair hard

4.5(4.0)

21.3

35.6

1. 67

1900 (1038) Tan

(4) Hard

5.5(5.0)

19.6

33.7

1.72

2000 Light (1093) brown

(5) Very hard 7.5

13.8

26.2

1. 90

2100 (1149) Brown

(5) Very hard 7.5

10.9

21.7

1. 99

2200 (1204) Brown

(6) Steel hard 9.0

9.2

19.0

2.07

2300 Dark (1260) brown

( 6) Steel hard 10.0

5.7

12.5

2.20

Remarks I Other Tests Fair color. (Should fire to "MW" face brick s ecifications
at about 2050F, ll2lC.) Potential use: Brick and tile, common pottery. Face brick.)

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-llO-

locn. no. Wkr. 64-10, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 8 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not det ermi ned.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2 Ti02
Al203
Fe 2o3
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(or g)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst -------------
Date ------
Method --------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot - - - - Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -------------- Lat.

Long.

Field No. 15

, Collected by J.W. Smith(?). Date c . 1963.

-~----------

Sample Method Grab(?).

Weathering/alteration ---------------

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Gizzard Formation (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87 -111-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Vandever).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr. 64-11

---~~~~~~~~----------------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number

17

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-0

Date Reported 4-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

~(~r-e~v~~~s~e~d~l~9~6~7~J-----

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plast~c~ty 22.4.

%Working Propert~es Lon work~n , smooth,

fatty.* (Low plasticity.) pH=6.80. Not effervescent with

Color Gray.

Drying Shrinkage 0.5(0.0) % Dry Strength Good. (Low.)

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects).

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

1800
( 982) 1900
(1038) 2000
(1093) 2100
( 1149) 2200
(1204) 2300 (1260)

Tan Light
brown
Brown
Chocolate Dark
brown Black

(3)
Fair hard (4)
Hard
(5)
Very hard
(5)
Very hard
(6)
Steel hard
Melted

4.5(4.0)
4.5(4.0)
9.0
10.0
10.5(10.0) Glassy
(Expanded)

17.5 14.7
8.0 4.0 1.7

Appr. Por. %
31.3 27.6 17.0
9.2 4.0

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc
1. 79
1.88
2.13
2.30
2.38

Remarks / Other Tests Fair color. Apparently mixed material - may be weathered and unweathered. (Should fire to "SW" face brick specifications at about 2000 6 F, 1093 6 C Abru t vitrification.) Potential Use: Brick and tile if color not ob'ectionable; stoneware and pottery. Face brick, sewer pipe, lightweight aggregate.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative and positive. (Positive.)

Temp. Absorption

OF(OC)

%

Bulk density 3

gm/cc

Lb/ft

Remarks

( 982)

Apparently mixed material.

2000

(1093)

3.5

1. 57

97.8

Very little expansion. (Slight expansion.)

2100

(1149)

2.6

1.18

73.5

Split open cracks. (Slight expansion.)

2200

(1204)

5.3

0. 72

44.9

Good lightweight aggregate. (Good pore structure.)

Remarks: Probably make good lightweight aggregate in rotary kiln at about 2100F (1149 6C). (Possible raw material for lightweight aggregate.)

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

*Revised by K. J. Liles (written communication, 1987)

-112-

locn. no. Wkr. 64-11, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Good.

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr.

(also 1/2" + 1/4")

to 1800 6 F, 982 6C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determin ed.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz
ATF eil 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P20s S

(total)

C

(org)

Hco2o2 -

H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst --------------------------
Date --------
Method -----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

- - - - Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ---------------------- Lat.

Long

Field No. ---1-7----------------, Collected by J.W. Smith (?). Date c. 1963.

Sample Method Grab(?).

Weathering/alteration ----------------

Structural Attitude ----------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Vandever Shale (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 7-28-87

-113-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-12

~~~~~~~~~~----------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ------~1_8______

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-P

Date Reported -,-4_-..8.;..-,...6.;..4.;...,-~~-:----- Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity .....;2;.;;2.:.'.;:;.2_ __...;% Working Properties Low plasticity. pH=5.9

Not effervescent with HCl.

Color .....;;;Y..;;e.;;;l..;;l.o.;.. w~--- Drying Shrinkage ___1_._0_____% Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

1800 Light ( 982) brown

2

3.0

16.8

30.2

1. 80

1900 Light (1038) brown

4

5.0

13.6

26.0

1. 91

2000 (1093) Brown

4

5.0

10.6

21.3

2.01

2100 Dark (1149) brown

5

10.0

7.3

15.6

2.14

2200 Dark (1204) brown

6

10.0

2.1

4.9

2.35

2300 Dark (1260) brown

6

10.0

1.3

3.1

2.35

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick s2ecifications at about 2050F (1121 C). Potential use: Face brick.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-114-

locn. no. Wkr.64-12, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3- 4 hr. to 1800F , 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determi ned.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

Ti0 Al 2 Fe2

oo2 33

FeD

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2 o
KzO

P205

s

(total)

c

(or g)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date ----- --
Method ------ --------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ---- Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. - ------------. Lat.

Long .

Field No. __1_8_._______________ , Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date

c 19 64.

Sample Method Grab (?).

- - - - - - - - - Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude - --------------------- -----------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) .

Sample Description & Comments Reported in Bentley (1964, p. 19). No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

-115-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Residuum).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-13

------~--------~----------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number -----19-----

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1553-Q

Date Reported ~(~4r~-e8v~~-i6~s4~e~d~l~9~6-7~)---- Ceramist

M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E. Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plast icity ~2~4~ ~1 --~~% Working Propert i es Long working , smooth, plastic 2 fatt .* ( Low plasticit . ) H=6.40 (Not effervescent with HCl~)

Color

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

1800 ( 982) Tan

3

Fair hard

5.0

16.2

30.0

1.83

1900 Light

(4)

(1038) brown

Hard

9.0

11.0

22.2

2.02

2000 (1093) Brown

(4) Hard

10.0

6.6

14.6

2.21

2100

(5)

(1149) Chocolate Very hard

11.5

3.0

7.1

2.35

2200 Dark (1204) brown

(6)
Steel hard

12.5

1.5

3.6

2.40

2300 Dark (1260) brown

(6)
Steel hard 14.0

0.9

2.1

2.38

Remarks I Other Tests Good color; shrinkage and absorption good. (Should fire to
"SW" face brick specifications at about 1950 6 F, 1066 8 C.) Potential use: Brick, tile, ~ecorative potery. (Face brick, sewer pipe, quarry tile.)

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.
*Revised by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-116-

locn. no. Wkr. 64-13, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determi ned.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
TAF1ei022oo2 33
FeD

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K 20
P20s
s c

(total) (or g)

HHCIg2022oon+-.a1.on

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst - - - - - -- - - - - - Date

Method -----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ---- Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------ --------------- Lat.

Long.

Field No. 19

, Collected by J.W. Smith (?). Date c . 19 63 .

--~---------------

Sample Method Grab(?).

Weathering I a 1 t era t ion __...R;...;e.:;..s;;..i;;..d..:..u;.:..u;..;.m:;;;..;.._____

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Upper Ordovician.
--~---------------------------------------------------------
Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87 -117-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-14

------~~----------~------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number -4-2-. ------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-N.

Date Reported 5-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 23.2

%Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=5.8. Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Buff.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5

% Dry Strength ---L-o-w-.-----------

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 982)
1900 (1 038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)

Color

Hardness (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

2

4.0

17.5

32.0

1.83

3

5.0

13.3

25.4

1. 91

5

7.5

9.1

18.8

2.07

6

10.0

3.3

8.5

2.57

Expanded

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick specifictions at about 1950F (1066C). Potential use: Face brick.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-118-

locn. no. Wkr.64-14, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralo~ical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Ti02 Al 2o3 Fe 2o 3 FeO

57.82 0.90
22.38 9.12

MnO

MgO

1.09

CaO

0.26

Na 2o K2 0 P2o5

0.35 2.01 0.02

cso2 (org)

0.15

HC022o-
H2 o+ Ignition

5.06 1.15

loss

Total

100.31

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica
Chloritevermiculite
Montmorillonite Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survel

Date January 1964.

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

- - - - Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. --------------- Lat.

Long.

Field No. ----'4_2-'---------' Collected by R. D. Bentlel. Date

c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ---------

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from middle of the Red Mountain Formation ("Zone B" of Bentlel, 1964, p. 5 and 10). No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

-119-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-15

------~------------~------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ___4;_3...;.'-----

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris , Tenn.; No. 1554-0.

Date Reported 5-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 24.4

%Working Properties Moderate plasticity.

Color Yellow.

Drying Shrinkage 4.0

_________ pH=5.9. Not effervescent with HCl.
% Dry Strength Fair. --~~...;._

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 982)
1900 0038)
2000 (1093)
2100 ( 1149)
2200 0204)
2300 0260)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

2

5.0

18.8

34.0

1. 81

3

7.5

13.8

26.4

1. 91

4

10.0

11.3

22.6

2.00

6

11.0

6.6

14.2

2.15

6

14.0

3.4

7.7

2.27

Expanded

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick spec ifictions at about 2050F
0121 C). Potential use: Face brick; sewer pipe.
Preliminar-2: Bloat in~ (guick Fir in~) Tests: Ne~ative.

-120-

locn. no. Wkr.64-15, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
FATelio22oo233
FeO

59.86 1.00
18.54 8.42 1. 06

MnO

0.30

MgO

0.80

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P20s
cso2

(org)

0.38 0.36 2. 77 0.07 0.25

C0
H2

o2 -

H2o+

4. 74 1. 70

Ignition

loss

Total

100.30

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey.

Date January 1964.

Method --------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot - - - - Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. --------------. Lat.

Long.

Field No. ___;4..:.3..:.________________, Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date

c 19 64

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ----------------

Structural Attitude ----------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Reported 1n Bentley (1964, p. 19); no further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

-121-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h~a~l~e~(_P~e~n~n_i~n~gt~~o~n~)~------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-16

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number ~4~4~---------Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-P.

Date Reported

5-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

~(-r-ev-~~s_e_d~l~9~6~7~)----

Tyrrell!, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 25.3 % Working Properties Sh ... t working, smooth, meal . *

(Low lasticit .) R=5.7 Not e ff ervescent with RCl.)

Color __Y~e~l~l~o~w~---- Drying Shrinkage 2.1 2.0) %Dry Strength Good. Low).

Remarks Drying characteristics: Good, slight warping. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

1800

2

( 982) Tan

Soft

1900 (1038) Tan

( 3) Fair hard

2000 Light (1093) brown

( 3) Fair hard

2100 (1149) Brown

(4) Hard

2200 (1204) Chocolate

(4) Hard

2300

(4)

(1260) Chocolate Very hard

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

1.0(2.0) 1.0(2.0) 1.0(2.0) 4.0 4.0 5.0

23.4 21.9 21.4 19.8 18.4 16.9

Appr. Por. %
37.7 36.4 36.2 34.3 32.4 30.9

Other data Bulk Dens,
gm/cc
1. 61
1.66
1. 69
1. 73
1. 76
1.83

Slight scum-probably sulfate - too high absorption, rather be combined with clay of high shrinkage and low absorption.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
*Revised by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).
Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-122-

locn. no. Wkr.64-16, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide Si02
ATFelio22oo233
FeO

Weight %

MnO MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
PzOs
so2
C

(org)

HCO2 zo-
H2o+ Ignition

loss Total

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst

Date --------
Method ----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------- Lat. Field No. __4_4_.________________, Collected by R. D. Bentley.

Long. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration --------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Pennington Formation (Mississippian).

Sample Description & Comments Reported as Red Mountain Shale in Bentley (1964, p. 19). No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

-123-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Gizzard).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-17

~--~~~~~~~--------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ~4~5~ ----------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-Q.

Date Reported 5-8-64

Ceramist

~ (r~ ev~ is~ ed~~ 19~ 67- ) --

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 20.6

%Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=6.7. Not efferv~scent with HCl.

Color ~T~an~------- Drying Shrinkage --~1~.~0----~% Dry Strength --~L~o~w~----------

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 ( 1149)
2200 (1204)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data Bulk Dens.
grn/cc

2

5.0

17.2

30.8

1. 79

3

5.0

14.2

26.7

1.88

5

10.0

8.6

17.7

2.06

6

12.5

1.9

4.3

2.27

Expanded

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick specifictions at about 2000F (1093C). Potential use: Face brick.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Positive.

Temp.

%

OF(OC) Absorption

Bulk densitx gm/cc Lb/ft3

Remarks

2000 (1093)

34.7

1. 78 111.1

2100 (1149)

37.5

1.48

92.4

2200

(1204)

6.1

1. 32

82.4

Connnents Not suitable for lightweight aggregate (heavy).

-124-

locn. no. Wkr.64-17, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to

(and -3/4"+1/2")

1800F , 982C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not det ermined .

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02

Al203

Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P2o5

so2

C

(org)

HC202o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate
Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst ---------------------------
Date ---------
Method ---------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ---------------- Lat. Field No. ~4~5_. _______________, Collected by R. D. Bentley.

Long. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

- - - - - - - - - - - W e a t h e r i n g / a l t e r a t i o n

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Gizzard Formation (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments Reported as Red Mountain Shale in Bentley (1964,
P 19). No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

-125-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-18

------~------------~------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ~4~6~----------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-R.

Date Reported 5-8-64 (revised 1967)

Ceramist M.V. Denny 2 USBM (revised by M.E. Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 21.4

%Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=5.9. Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Gray.

Drying Shrinkage 4.0

% Dry Strength --~F~a_i~r~---------

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

2

5.0

18.5

31.1

1. 68

2

5.0

18.0

31.7

1. 76

3

7.5

11.0

21.1

1. 92

5

10.0

6.4

13.4

2.09

5

10.0

4.6

10.0

2.17

6

10.0

1.3

2.9

2.22

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick specifictions at about 2050F (1121C). Potential use: Face brick; sewer pipe.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-126-

locn. no. Wkr. 64-18, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to
1800F , 982 C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz
ATFeil 022oo2 33
FeO

64.86 1. 20
19.54 5.40

MnO

MgO

0. 77

CaO

Na 2o
K2 0

Pz05

so c

2

0.40 .0. 26 2.07 0.00 0.15

COz
HH22oo+-
Other

4.23 1. 25

volatiles

Total

100.13

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L.H. Turner, Ga. Survey.

Date January, 1964. Method

Sam,ele Location Data:

- - - - - County --~W~a~l~k~e~r~ ------- Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------------. Lat.

Field No. ____.......4.;..6:__________, Collected by R.D. Bentley.

Dist. Long . Date

c. 1964.

Sample Method --~G~r~ab~(~? ~) ~ --

Weathering/alteration --------------

Structural Attitude----------------------------------------------------------Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).
Sample Description & Comments Sam le of shale from middle of the Red Mountain Formation ("Zone B" of Bentley, 1964, p. 5, 8 and 10 . No further da ta ava ilabl e .

Comp i 1ed by _____:B:~-=J....:'.......O.;_'...C.:~o~n~n:..:~o r:.....______

Date 11-4-87

-127-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

______ Material ~S~h~a_l~e~(~G_i~z~z~a~r~d~)~---------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-19

County

Walker.

Sample Number 69. _..:_..

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1555-N

Date Reported 5-28-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM. (revised by M.E.

(revi sed 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plast i city

19.6 %Working Properties Short working. smooth, lastic. (Low plasticity.) pH=6. 20. Not ef f ervescent wi ~h HCl.)

Color Gray.

Drying Shrinkage 0.0 % Dr y Strength Good. (Low. r-

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Linear cracking, uneven surface. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other data:

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

Bulk Dens.

(2) - 1800--------~---

( 982) Flesh

Soft

2.0

20.5

34.0

1.66

1900 Light

(3)

(1038) brown

Fair hard

2.0

16.7

29.4

1. 76

2000 Light

(4)

(1093) brown

Hard

5.0

13.7

25.2

1.34

2100 (1149) Brown

( 5) Very hard

10.0

9.9

19.6

1.93

2200 Dark (1204) brown

(6) Steel hard

10.0

3.3

7.3

2.22

2300 Dark (1260) brown

(6) Steel hard

10.0

3.1

6.9

2.22

Remarks I Other Tests Surface cracks, fair color. (Should fire to "SW" face bri.ck
specifications at about--2TOO.rF(ll49 6 C). Low plastic strength,-_.-).---P::o-t-e:n--t~ia.-l.,u;-s-e-:--Brick i.E color not objectionable. _(F~~- -~rick.~)__

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: ~~[~ive.

Note: Appr. Par. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.
-128-

locn. no. Wkr. 64-19, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m1n. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determi ned .

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs

s

(total)

c

(or g)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -----------------
Method

Sample Location Data:

County ___W_a_l_k_e_r_~------ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------------ Lat.
Field No. ----~69~---------- Collected by J.W. Smith(?).

Long Date c. 1963.

Sample Method Grab(?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Gizzard Formation (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by ------B--.J-.--O--'C--o-n-n-o-r--------- Date 7-28-87
-129-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C_l_a~y~(_K_n_o_x__G_r_o_u~p__r_e_s_i_d_u_u_m~)~----- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.64-20

County

Walker.

Samp1e Number _.:.9...;;0...;;.________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-I.

Date Reported 6-26-64 (revised 1967)
Water of Plas ticity 16.8

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.
Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, ala.)
%Working Properties Low plasticity.

Color White.

Drying Shrinkage 1.0

% Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Drying characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 982)
2000 (1038)
2100 (1 093)
2200 ( 1149)
2300 (1204)

Color
Ivory Ivory Pink Pink Pink

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por.
%

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc

4

1.0

14.8

26.8

1. 81

4

2.5

14.8

27.1

1.83

4

2.5

14.8

27.1

1.83

4

2.5

14.8

27.1

1.83

5

2.5

14.9

27.1

1.82

Remarks / Other Tests Not suitable for use as a single component body. High absorp tion at all temperatures. Po tential use: Face brick, glazed tile, stoneware mi x t u r e s .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-130-

locn. no. Wkr.64-20 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr.
to 1800F, 982C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

90.30

Ti02

1.00

FAel220o33
FeO

5.63 0.43 1.06

MnO

0.00

MgO

0.16

CaO

0.41

Na20

trace

K20

0.10

P2o5

so c

2

(org)

trace trace

HC202o-

2.07

H2o+

1. 03

Ignition

loss

Total

100.13

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey.

Date January 1964.

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot ----- Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Durham (E. edge)

. Lat.

Dist. Long

Field No. --~9~0~--------------- Collected by R. D. Bentley. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------------

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Knox Group (Cambrian-Ordovician) clay residuum

(Tertiar ?).

----~--~~~~------~--------~~~-&-~------------------

Sample Description & Comments Tripoli s amp le from several small

Knox

about 4 mi. NW. of Kensin ton. This material i s not recommended

with

Red Mountain shales to li hten the color because it increases the absor tion of
the tiles L. Mitchell i Bentley, 1964, p. 8 and 17 .

Compiled by ---B-.--J-.-O-'-C-o-n--n-o-r------------ Date 7-28-87
-131-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Gizzard).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr. 64-21

------~------~----------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ------~9~1 ______

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-J

Date Reported 6-26-64

Ceramist M.V. De nny, USBM (revised by M.E.

c-r~e-V~1~Se-a~r~z~9n6~7~)----

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.).

Water of Plast1 c ~ ty 20.6.

%Working Propert1 e s Low plast 1 c ~ ty . pH- 7.5 .

Not e ff ervescent wi th HCl .

Color _ G_r a_.y._.'------ Drying Shrinkage __.......4..;.~ ~0__.........;.% Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC) 1800 ( 982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 ( 1260)

Color
Tan Light
brown Light
brown

Hardness (Mohs')
3

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

5.0

14.9

Appr. Por. %
27.6

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc
1.85

4

5.0

9.9

20.0

2.02

5

10.0

7.1

15.2

2.14

Brown

5

10.0

5.8

12.7

2.19

Chocolate 6

Dark

brown

6

10.0 14.0

1.4

3.3

2.37

0.1

0.2

2.37

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick sEe cifications at about 1950F (l066C). Potential Use: Face bri ck, sewer pi pe.

Preliminar~ Bloating (Quick Firin~) Tests:

Positive.

Temp.
OF(OC) 2000 (1093)

Absorption %
4.3

Bulk density

gm/cc

Lb/ft 3

1.62

101.1

Remarks Slight expansion.

2100 ( 1149) 6.3

1.10

68.6

Fair expansion.

2200 (1204) 5.9

1. OS

65.5

Fair expansion.

2300 (1260) 7.1

0.71

44.3

Good expansion.

Remarks: Promisin~ raw material for lightweight agre~ate.

-132-

locn. no. Wkr.64-21, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Good.

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following

(also -3/4" + 1/2")

3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs

s

(total)

c

(or g)

HCO2oz -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------
Method -----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County - -W-al-ke-r. - - - - Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. --------------. Lat.

Long .

Field No. ---9-1.----------, Collected by J.W. Smith (?). Date c. 1963.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -------------

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Gizzard Formation (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

---~~----~~~----------

-133-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S~h~a~l~e~(~P~e~n~n~i~n~g~t~o~n~)~------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr. 64-22

County

Walker.

Sample Number

92

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-K

Date Reported 6-26-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

('"r==-e=~v=-~=-s:=-e=~dr--T!.,.';I~b-:/r'IJ~---

Ty r r e II , Tu s ca I oosa , AI a . ) .

Water of Plasticity __2_1_._6______%Working Properties Moderate plasticity.

pH=6.4. Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Gray.

Drying

----~---------

Shrinkage ----5-.0-----% Dry

Strength

Fair.

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firin~ Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC) 1800 ( 982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)

Color
Light brown
Light brown
Light brown
Redbrown

Hardness (Mobs')
3

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

5.0

15.4

Appr. Por. %
28.5

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/cc
1.85

4

10.0

10.8

21.5 1. 99

4

10.0

5.6

12.6 2.25

5

10.0

0.8

2.0 2.50

Expanded

Remarks / Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick specifications at about 1950F (1066C). Potential Use: Face brick, quarry t i le.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-134-

locn. no. Wkr.64-22, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
ATF eli 022 oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

P2o5

s

(total)

c

(org)

HC20o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ----------------------------
Sample Location Data:

----- County _..;W..;a..;l..;k.:.e.;;;.r.:..____ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------------- Lat.

Long .

----------- Field No. 92.

, Collected by J.W. Smith (?). Date c . 19 63

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -------------

Structural Attitude ----------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment _____P_e_n_n_i_n~g~t_o_n__S_h_a_l_e__(~M_i_s_s_i_s_s_i~p~p_i_a_n....;)_.______________________

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by ---B-.--J-.--O-'-C-o-n-n-o-r----------- Date 10-20-87

-135-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mountain).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr. 64-23

~~~~~~~~~~~----------

County

Walker.

Sample Number ------~9~3______

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-L

Date Reported (-r~6e~ v-2i6~se--6d~4 l~9~6~7~)----- Ceramist

M.V. Denn , USBM (revised b M.E . Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala

Water of Plasticity __2_1_. _6_____% Worki ng Properties Low plasticity.

pH=6.2. Not effervescent with HCl.

---------- Color Gray.

Drying Shrinkage 1.0 % Dry Strength Low.

----~---------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firin~ Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 982)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')
2

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

4.0

15.9

Appr. Por. %
28.3

Other data Bulk Dens.
/cc
1. 78

1900 (1038)

3

5.0

10.5

20.8

1.98

2000 (1093)

4

9.0

8.0

16.6

2.07

2100 ( 1149)

5

10.0

6.9

14.7

2.13

2200 (1204)

6

10.0

1.4

3. 3

2.37

2300 (1260)

Expanded

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick specifications at about 2000F
(1093C). Potential Use: Face brick.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-136-

locn. no. Wkr.64-23, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m1n. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2

Ti02

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(org)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst --------------------------Date --------
Method --------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County --~W~a~l~k~e~r~------- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. --------------------- Lat. Field No. --~9~3~-------------' Collected by R.D. Bentley.

Long. Date c. 1964.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Reported 1n Bentley (1964, p. 19). No further data available.

Compiled by ---B-.--J-.--O-'C--o-n-n-o-r---------- Date 10-20-87

-137-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~l~a~y~ -------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr. 67-1

County

Walker.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number -----1-4-3----
Lab &No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-6.

Date Reported 1-11-67

Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

~~~~--------

Water of Plasticity 21.8

%Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=4.8. Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Brown.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5 % Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

1800 ( 982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 ( 1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color Tan

Hardness (Mohs')
3

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

2.5

25.4

Appr. Por. %
39.6

Other data Bulk Dens.
/cc
1.56

Tan

3

2.5

23.8

38.1

1. 60

Tan

4

Light

brown

5

Red-

brown

6

Dark

brown

7

5.0 10.0 10.0 15.0

20.1 16.3 13.7 4.9

34.2

1. 70

29.3

1.80

25.8

1.88

10.7

2.18

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick s ecifications at about 2250F
(1232C). Good color. Potential use: Building brick . Also see extrusion test.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-138-

Map Locn. No. Wkr. 67-1, cont.

TUSCALOOSA METALLURGY RESEARCH LABORATORY

Clay Evaluation: Extrusion Tests

Sender's identification: No. 143 (Walker Co.)

Date 1/12/68

Tuscaloosa number: G-9-6

Body composition: Raw clay through 6-mesh: 100%.

Tempering water: 21.5% of dry batch weight.

Vacuum on machine: 28 inches of mercury.

Drying: 24 hours in air; 24 hours at 140F (60C).

Drying shrinkage: 3.1%

Modulus of rupture, dry unfired: 250 psi.

Firing:

Time-

24 hours

Temperature-

2230F (1221 C)

Cone-

8

Total shrinkage: 10.4%

Absorption, 5-hour boiled: 2.3%

Absorption, 24-hour soaked: 2.0%

Saturation coefficient: 0.87

Apparent porosity: 5.4%

Bulk density: 144.1 lb/cu. ft.

Fired modulus of rupture: 4350 psi.

Mohs' hardness: 6

Color: Dark red

Comments: Should be satisfactory for face brick or quarry tile. Good color.

-139-

locn. no. Wkr.67-l, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m~n. draw trials (following
3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C). Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02

Al 203 Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P205
s c

(total} (or g)

HC022o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy: Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst----- - - - - - - - -
Date -------
Method --------------
Sample Location Data:

- - - - County __W_a_l_k~e~r-~---- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -------------. Lat.

Long .

Field No.

Collected by J.W. Smith (?). Date

c. 1966.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

St rue tural Attitude ---------------------------------Stratigraphic Assignment Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by --~B~~J~~O~'C~o~n~n~o~r________ Date 10-20-87

-140-

-141-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S_h_a_l_e~(_P_e_n_n_s~y_l_v_a_n_i_a_n~)~---------- Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.69-1

County

Walker.

Sample Number --~G_-~1 ~4_-~1~-----

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL.; #G-14-1.

Date Reported March 1969.

Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity -----------%Working Properties -------------------------------
Color Medium gray. Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength ----------------

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Preliminarl Bloating (Quick Firin~) Tests: Positive.

Temp. OF
( OC)

Absorption %

Bulk Density g/cm3 lb/ft3

Remarks

1800 ( 982)

3.5

2.46 153

No expansion.

1900 (1038)

6.8

2.17 135

No expansion.

2000 (1093)

5.8

1.46

91

Slight expansion.

2100 (1149)

7.4

0.81

51

Good pore structure.

2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

9.1

0.71

44

7.8

0.81

so

Fair pore structure. Melting.

Remarks Data from Hollenbeck and Tlrrell, (1969, p. 10). Also see Rotary kiln and concrete test data.

-142-

Map Location No. Wkr.69-l, cont.

TUSCALOOSA METALLURGY RESEARCH LABORATORY

Clay Evaluation: Rotary Kiln Test

Date 1968+

Sender's identification: Pottsville Fm.

Tuscaloosa No.: G-14-1

RAW MATERIAL

Screen Analysis: (Crushed to pass 3/4" screen)

Through

Retained on

Weight,percent

Cummulative, percent

3/4" 1/2 11 3/8"
4 mesh

1/2" 3/8" 4 mesh pan

(100. 0) ++

(100. 0) ++

Fragment shape: R (= 1 in. x 1 in. round rods - extruded);+

Crushing loss (minus 4-mesh): -
for extrusion due to excess1ve

sam le crushed to pass 4 mesh for crush1ns;.

Firinj?i Data:

Size range of feed: R.

Pour weight of feed, lb/ ft 3: 72.0

Bloating temperature: 2070F (1132C) Logging Temperature: 21oo F (1149 c) (nodules sticking together)

FIRED MATERIAL

(All fired material crushed through roll crusher)

*Screen Analysis: (Percentages by weight pass1ng sieves)

1ze designation:

3/4"

1/2"

3/8" No. 4

No. 8

No. 16

No. 50

No. 100

Fine: (not determined) -

Coarse:

100.0 94.7 68.3 15.8

5.3

**Loose pour weights, lb/ft3: Fine -------- Coarse 51.0

Comments: Absor tion: 8.4%.

lightweight aggregate, 1t pro a

1tS

crush1ng character1st1cs.

The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. The data
should be compared to appropriate ASTM specifications.

* ASTM Des1gnation C 136-71

** ASTM Designation C 29-71

+ Hollenbeck and Tyrrell, 1969, p. 11 and 13.

++ Fine ground and extruded due to unfavorable crushing characteristics during

initial crushing.

-143-

locn. no. Wkr.69-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Excessive fines.

Particle Size 1/2 - 3/4 in. Retention Time 15 minutes (Quick Firing Tests).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02

Al203

Fe203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(or g)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Dougherty Gap (NW. 1/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No. G-14-1.

, Collected by R. P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967 and 1968.

----~~------------

Sample Method Channel (?).

Weathering/alteration Slightly weathered.

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation or possibly Gizzard?

Sample Description & Comments Hard, medium gray shale, slightly weathered (about 8 feet expo sed) overlain by alternate beds of sandstone and side of un aved road, 0.6 mi. E. of intersection with Ga. which is 1. 5 mi. N. of Chattooga County line Holl enbeck and Tyrrell,

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-144-

-145-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.80-1

County

Walker.

Sample Number Clay No. 6.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche, #M.P. 1795.

Date Reported March 1980.

Ceramist L. Lorici.

--~~~~~----

Water of Plasticity

% Working Properties Compact.

-----~

Color Yellowish-brown. Drying Shrinkage Good. % Dry Strength

Slow Firing Tests:

Pressing Good. Fluidizing ~G~o~ od- . ------

(50 x 100 x 8 mm. pressed tiles.)

---~-----------

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1976 (1080) (= cycle 1)

2030

5.0

7.3

(1110)

(= cycle 2)

1994

7.1

4.4

(1090)

(= cycle 3)

(DTA & Dilatometric Analyses on file. - unpubl. report.)

Remarks I Other Tests Illitic shale with low percentages of kaolinite and mont-
morillonite and a high mi ca content. ("Bl" : too refractory for making tile.).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-146-

locn. no. Wkr.80-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size <40 microns Retention Time ~C~y~c~l~e~l~:----=4~0_-~4~5~m~1~n~.

Cycle 2: 70-75 min. in roller kiln.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Cycle 3: 200-230 m1n.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

(A) Weight % (B)

Si02 Ti02

62.58 0.5

62.8 0.8

Al203 Fe 203 FeO

18.84 7.06

19.8 10.0

MnO

0.00

MgO

1. 30

1.2

CaO

0.22

Na20

0.05

0.2

K2 0

2.90

3. 7

P205

S (total)

c (org)

C02
H2o-
H2 o+ Ignition

loss

6.38

(6.6)

Total 99.88

98.5 w/o LOI

Mineralogy

Mineral

volume %

(A)

Quartz

Feldspar

Carbonate

Mica (Muscovite)

Chlorite-(+ kaolinite) (23)

vermiculite

Montmorillonite

Illite

(77)

Kaolinite

(B)
X
low
X
low

Total
x =present. (A) clays and micasd only.

A) R. Landrum, GA Survey. Analyst B) Marazzi Ceramiche.

M. A. Tadkod, GA Survey. M. Ceramiche.

Date Aug. & Sept. 1979. A) Atomic Absorption
Method B) XRF & Spectrophotometry.

Aug. & Sept. 1979. X-ray diffraction.

Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. LaFayette (Estelle) (NE. cor.). Lat.

Long.

Field No. -----~8~-------------------' Collected by M. A. Tadkod.

Date July 1979.

Sample Method -G-r-ab-. -----
Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration --W--e-a-t-h-er-e-d-.----

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from roadcut E. of Town Creek, about 1 3/4 mi. NE. of LaFa ette cit limits and about 1 mi. E. of junction of U.S. fu 27 and Ga. Hwy. 136-formerly Hwy. 143 Tadkod, 1979 and 1980, unpubl. data notes.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 06-09-88

-147-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.80-2a

------~--------~----------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number C shale.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Georg ia Tech., #CS.

Date Reported 12-10-80.

Ceramist

---~~~~---------

J. F. Benzel, Georgia Tech.

- - - - - - Water of Plasticity

% Working Properties

Color

Drying Shrinkage 2.04

%Dry Strength (MOR) 162 psi.

- - - - - - - - Dry1' ng Wt. 1oss ~1~6~2~8--~%

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF ( OC)
2120 (1160) (Cone 1)

Color

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

(total)

1946

6.63

(8.67)

(3 samples fired)

2.05

Appr. Por. %

Other data: LOI%
4.66

Remarks / Other Tests Ex loration test firin

ossible substitute in 8" sewer

~ipe blend l(see Wkr.80-2b . Low water abso r pt i on 1s ve r y good; but dr y str ength

1s very poor.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-148-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (blend).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.80-2b

~--~~~~~~------------------

County

Walker (+Floyd and Hancock).

Sample Number C shale-blend.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Georgia Tech.,# 3C.

Date Reported 12-10-80.

Ceramist J. F. Benzel, Georgia Tech.

Water of Plasticity - - - - - - -% Working Properties

Color

Drying Shrinkage

3.73 %Dry Strength (MOR) 292 psi.

- - - - - - - Dry1. ng Wt. 1oss . ----=2-:1:--:4--7=~%

Slow Firing Tests: (1xlx=9 in. bars.

Approx. Temp.
OF ( OC)

Color

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

(total)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: LOI %

2120
(1160)
(Cone 1)

2475

5.20

(8.93)

(3 sample bars fired)

5.94

5.20

Remarks / Other Tests To l(=Fl.80-4a) + 35%
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-149-

locn. no. Wkr.S0-2 (a & b), cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs
s c co 2
HzO-

(total) (or g)

HzO+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volt.une %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County ___W_a_l_k_e:..:r=-=------- Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Cedar Grove (E. cntr.). Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. ----C--s-h-a-l-e-.---------, Collected by O'Connor and Benzel. Date Aug. 1980.
Sample Method Random grab samples. Weathering/alteration Weathered. ---:..:~~:..:=-=--~---

Strue t u r a1

At tit ud e

_

_B-=e-=d-=-d=i-=n~igl..-.d=-='1-pL.

.

:

.

s __:;,ab.;;.

.;.o.

;;;u.

;;;t_.

;;;3.

0
.;0-=.

.

;

;

;

S

:

.

.

.

:

E

=

-



=

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from E. side of dirt road (S-1763) about 0.2 mi. N. of junction of Hogjowl Creek and Long Hollow Creek and 0.2 mi . NW. of
location Wkr.80-3.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-20-87

---=:..:=--~~~~~~----------

--~~~~--------

-150-

-151-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.80-3a

~~~~~~~~--------------

County

Walker.

Sample Number D shale.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Georgia Tech.,# DS.

Date Reported 12-10-80.

Ceramist J. F. Benzel, Ge org ia Tech.

--~~~~~------

- - ----- Water of Plasticity

% Working Properties

Color

Drying Shrinkage

Drying Wt. loss

Slow Firing Tests: (lxlx=9 in. bars.

2.62 %Dry Strength (MOR) 92 psi. 19.05 %

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)
2120 (1160) (Cone 1)

Color

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

(total)

1055

5.73

(8.35)

(3 sample bars fired)

8.30

Appr. Por. %

Other data: LOI %
3.91

Remarks / Other Tests Experimental test firing for possible substitute 1n 811 sewer pipe blend (see Wkr.80-3b).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-152-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (blend).

Compilation Map Location No. Wkr.80-3b

--------~----~------------------

County

Walker (+Floyd and Hancock). Sample Number D shale-blend.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Georgia Tech., #3D.

Date Reported ---1-2---1-0---8-0-.-------- Ceramist J. F. Benzel, Georgia Tech.
Water of Plasticity -----------% Working Properties -------------------------------
Color ------------ Drying Shrinkage --~3~~8~8--~% Dry Strength (MOR) 340 psi. Drying Wt. loss 21.46 %
Slow Firing Tests: (lxlx=9 in. bars.

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)
2120 (1160) (Cone 1)

Color

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

(total)

Appr. Por. %

2738

5.11

(8.99)

(3 sample bars fired)

6.64

Other data: LOI %
5.08

Remarks I Other Tests Ex erimental 8" sewer i e blend: 30% D shale (=Wkr.80-3a)

+35% Fl oyd Top (Fl.80-4a) +35% Linton shale

Ga.) + 8% gr og . Not as

good as x5 blend (= Fl. 80-4d).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-153-

locn. no. Wkr.80-3 (a & b), cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ----------- Retention Time -------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2 Ti02

AFel220o33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(or g)

HC20o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst ------------------------

Date ------------
Method -------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Walker.

- - - Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2 1 topo quad. Cedar Grove (E. cntr.). Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. --~D~s~h~a~l~e~----------' Collected by O'Connor and Benzel Date Aug. 1980.

Sample Method Random grab samples. Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude --~B~e~d~d~i~n~g~d~i~p~s~S~E~---------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment --~R=e~d~M=o~u=n=t~a=i=n~F~o~rm~a=t~i=o~n~(~S~i~l=u=r~i=a=n=)~~---------------------
Sample Description & Comments Sample from E. side of dirt road (S-1763) about 0.1
mi. NE. of Long Hollow Creek and 0.2 mi. SE. of location Wkr.80-2.

------------------- Compiled by __..;B;=;.....J:..;;__:O:...'..C;;=o=n=n=o=r~--------- Date 10-20-87

-154-

DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. Cl3-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24-72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. C479-72 Standard specification for vitrified clay liner plates, Part 16, p. 283-284. C330-69 Specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, Part 14, p. 229-232. C315-56 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for clay flue linings, Part 16, p. 169-171.
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 16, Chemical-resistant nonmetallic materials; clay and concrete pipe and tile; masonry mortars and units; asbestos-cement products.
Bentley, R.D., 1964, A Geologic Evaluation of the Red Mountain Shales in the vicinity of Kensington, Georgia: Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, unpublished manuscript, 19 p.
Bergenback, R.E., Wilson, R.L., and Rich, M., 1980, Carboniferous Paleodepositional Environments of the Chattanooga Area: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. I, Field Trip No. 13, p. 259-278, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va.
Butts, C., and Gildersleeve, B., 1948, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Bulletin 54, 176 p.
Chowns, T. M., editor, 1972, Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11, 102 p.
- - -, editor, 1977, Stratigraphy and Economic Geology of Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in Bartow and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 17, 21 p.
-155-

Chowns, T.M., and McKinney, F.M., 1980, Depositional Facies in MiddleUpper Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of Alabama and Georgia: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. 2, Field Trip No. 16, p. 323-348, American Geolog i cal Institute, Falls Church, VA.
Clews, F. H., 1969, Heavy Clay Technology: 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 481 p.
Crawford, T.J., 1983, Pennsylvanian Outliers in Georgia: in Chowns, T.M., ed., "Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Vicinity of Rome, Georgia" 18th Annual Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, p. 30-41.
Cressler, C. W., 1963, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Catoosa County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 28, 19 p.
- - - -, 1964a, Geology and Ground-water Resources of the Paleozoic Rock Area, Chattooga County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 27, 14 p.
, 1964b, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Walker County, Ge --~- orgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology
Information Circular 29, 15 p.
_____, 1970, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Floyd and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 39, 95 p.
----, 1974, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 47, 56 p.
Cressler, C. W., Franklin, M. A., and Hester, W. G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.
Cressler, C. W., Blanchard, H. E., Jr., and Hester, W. G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular SO, 45 p.
Croft, M. G., 1964, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Dade County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 26, 17 p.
Georgia Geological Survey, 1976, Geologic Map of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000.
Gillespie, W.H. and Crawford, T.J., in press, Plant Megafossils from the Carboniferous of Georgia, U.S.A.: in lOth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology (Madrid), Proceedings.
-156-

Grimshaw, R. W., 1972, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Raw Materials: 4th ed., rev., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1024 p.
Hollenbeck, R.P., and Tyrrell, M.E., 1969, Raw materials for lightweight aggregate in Appalachian Region, Alabama and Georgia: U.S. Bureau of Mines RI-7244, 21 p.
Jones, T. J., and Beard, M. T., 1972, Ceramics: Industrial Processing and Testing: Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 213 p.
Kelly, K. L. and Judd, D. B., Color. Universal Language and Dictionary of Names: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NBS Special Publication 440, 158 p.
Kline, S. W. and O'Connor, B. J., editors, 1981, Mining Directory of Georgia, 18th. ed.: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 2, 49 p.
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Liles, K. J., and Heystek, H., 1977, The Bureau of Mines Test Program for Clay and Ceramic Raw Materials: U.S. Bureau of Mines IC-8729, 28 p.
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----~~' 1981, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, South-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resource Report 79, 201 p.
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-157-

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Georgia: u.s. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1110-H, 37 p.
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-158-

CLAY AND SHALE TEST LOCATIONS IN WALKER COUNTY

Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 72 Plate 1

TENNESSEE
85 20'
- - -HAQ MILTO. _N____.,___ ------C-O--U-N-T=Y,.....----;,---

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3455'

31S31S-29()

8 5 15'

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EXPLANATION

09V-1 Numbers correspond to the "Map Location No." in text.

$

Exact sample location.

r'\
\....../
-

Approximate sample location.
Several samples collect,ed over the enclosed area. Boundary dashed where approximate.

Major roads - - - Streams and lakes

Location numbers:
Wkr. 09V-1 to Wkr. 09V- 7 Wkr. 31S - 25 to Wkr. 318 -3 5 Wkr. 31S - A to Wkr. 31S- C Wkr. 45-1 Wkr. 46-1 to Wkr. 46- 5 Wkr. 63- 1 Wkr. 64- 6 to Wkr. 64- 8 Wkr. 64-20 Wkr. 69-1 Wkr. 80- 1 to Wkr. 80- 3

Not shown (locati<Jn unknown):
Wkr . 64-1 to Wkr. 64-5 Wkr. 64- 9 to Wkr. 64- 19 Wkr . 64-21 to Wkr. 64- 23

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85 10'

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8520'

850 15'

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