Ceramic and structural clays, shales and slates of Murray County, Georgia

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES OF
MURRAY COUNTY, GEORGIA
Bruce J. O'Connor

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

Information Circular 70

Cover Photo: Loading Conasauga Shale, used for face brick manufacture, in the shale pit of the Chatsworth Clay Mfg. Co., west of the Tennessee Rd., Ga. Hwy. 61; south of Chatsworth. See map location no. Mry. 31S-44 for tests on samples from this location.
Photo by R.W. Smith, May 24, 1935; courtesy of the Georgia Department of Archives and History.

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES OF MURRAY COUNTY, GEORGIA
By
Bruce J. O'Connor Principal Geologist
Information Circular 70
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, State Geologist
ATLANTA, .GEORGIA 1988

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

Introduction . . .

Acknowledgements . .

Location of Study Area

. . . . . .

. . Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and

Analyses Forms . . . .

. . .

1. Absorption (%) 2. App. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent

3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity ,

4. Bloating ......

5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test)

6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) , . . . . , ,

7. Color . , ....

8. Color (Munsell) ... 9. Compilation Map Location No .

10. Cone . . . . . . .
11. Drying Shrinkage

. . . .

12. Dry Strength , .

13. Extrusion Test

14. Firing Range .

15. Hardness . , ,

16. Hardness (Mohs')

17. HCl Effervescence

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%)

19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) .

20. Mohs' . . . . .

21. Molding Behavior .

22. Munsell . . . . . . . . . . .

23. "MW" face brick 24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent

. .

25. pH . I











26. Plasticity

27. Porosity, Apparent

28. Quick Firing , . .

29. Saturation Coefficient .

30. Shrinkage

. ..

31. Slaking . . . , . .

. , . .

32. Slow Firing Test . . .

33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) .

34. Soluble Salts ...

35. Strength . . .

36. "SW" face brick

. . .

37. Temp. F ( C)

... , ..

38. Water of Plasticity (%) . . . . . . .

39. Working Properties (or Workability)

. . . .

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays, Shales and Slates in Murray County, Georgia. , .. , , ,

Data Sources and References <;ited

~'

.;..:.

PAGE
1 3 4
9 10 10 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 26 27
29
78

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Plate 1

Location of Murray County Report Area ......... .
Clay, Shale and Slate Test Locations in Murray County ....................................... .

5 Pocket

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1

Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines

and Companies in Murray County, Georgia ..... .

6

Table 2

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in

Murray County, Northwest Georgia .............

7

Table 3

Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing

'Test Forms..................... .. ..............

11

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INTRODUCTION

This report presents a compilation of all available published and

unpublished ceram1c firing tests and related analytical data on samples

from Murray County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or

undeveloped clays, shales and related materials; and 1s intended for

use by geologists, engineers and members of the general public. The

report should aid 1n the exploration for deposits of ceramic raw

material with economic potential for future development.

This

information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information

on the potential use of particular deposits at specific locations.

Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as USBM, were performed by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Ga. Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during several uncompleted and unpublished studies. These include work by Bentley (1964), Smith (1968?) and Tadkod (1980). Additional unpublished data presented 1n this compilation include work by TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 124 and 125). Published data include studies by the following authors: Veatch (1909, p. 397 to 398), Smith (1931, p. 193 to 211), and Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 18 to 20).

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Regardless of the source, all of the ceramic firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. TI1ey do not preclude the use of the materials in mixes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5).
...
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others in that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Heystek, and A.V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this test work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G.S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory in Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H. S. Rankin and M.K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carol ina State College, Asheville, North Carol ina, using samples collected by S.D. Broadhurst. Additional tests were conducted by professors W.C. Hansard, and L. Mitchell at the Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.D. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, M.A. Tadkod, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C.W. Cressler also have
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provided the author with valuable advice and suggest ions regarding sample locations and past studies. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are greatly appreciated. However, the contents of this report and any errors of omission or commission therein are the sole responsibility of the author.
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Murray County is located at the northeastern corner of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). No companies are currently mining clay or shale in the county, and only a few operations have been active here tn the past (Table 1). The most abundant ceramic raw materials in the county are the shales and residual clays derived from the Conasauga Group; however, other units such as the Rome Formation and the Athens Shale, as well as residual clays of the Knox Group, are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 2.
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Report Area

0

20 MILES

f -- - - , -- - J

0

20 KILOMETERS

GEORGIA

FIGURE 1
LOCATION OF MURRAY COUNTY REPORT AREA (after Cressler, and others, 1976)
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TABLE 1 Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines and Companies
in Murray County, Georgia
Chatsworth Clay Manufacturing Co. 0929), Chatsworth plant and pits: Face brick from (Conasauga Group) shale. Purchased from Penley (Henley?) Brick Co., 1929. Ceramic test: Mry. 31S-44 (Smith, 1931, No . 44 , p . 194) .
Cohutta Talc Co. 0906), Dalton?: Talc. Ceramic test (micaceous talc):
Mry. 41-1 (& Mry. 45-2?) (Furcron & Teague, 1947).
Georg ia Talc Co. (1905), Chatsworth: Talc. Ceramic test: Mry: 45-1. Presently owned by Southern Talc Co.
Pe nl e y Brick Co. (c. 1905), Chatsworth plant and pits: Cormnon brick fr om alLuvial clay (Veatch, 1909, p. 397 & 423). Purchased by Chatsworth Clay Co., 1929 (Smith, 1931, No. 44, p. 194).
*Southern Talc Co. (1936), Chatsworth: Talc and crushed slate. Formerly Georgia Talc Co. Ceramic test: Mry. 45-1 (?)
NOTE: The majority of the information for the companies listed above was taken from the Mining Directories (Circular 2, 1st to 18th editions) published by the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors at irregular intervals since 1937. Some additional informat-ion came from the "Georgia Surface Mining and Land Reclamation Activities" published annually since 1969 by the Georgia Surface Mined Land Reclamation Program (Environmental Protection Division, Ga. Dept. of Natural Resources). Additional sources of information were found in the references cited at the end of each entry. Uncertainty in the dates is due to incomplete records in the Survey's files.
*Active pit. -6-

TABLE 2

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Murray County, Northwest Georgia

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHAIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES 1/

Quaternary (and Tertiary?)

* Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and residual material. Largely clay and sand, but also, locally gravel and breccia.

Ordovician

Chota Formation- Approx. 1500 ft., crossbedded, reddish gray sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone.

*Athens Shale- Approx. 3000-4000 ft., gray calcareous clayey and silty shale, siltstone, and sandstone.

Cambrian-Ordivician

Knox Group- Approx. 3000-4000 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, minor limestone. Includes:
Newala Limestone- Approx. 300-400 ft., limestone and dolostone; Longview Limestone- Approx. 500ft.; Chepultepec Dolomite - Approx. 500 ft.; and Copper Ridge Dolomite- Approx. 2000-3000 ft.

Cambrian

**Conasauga Group (or Formation) - Approx. 950-5000 ft., predominantly shale and limestone with minor sandstone; Includes: Maynardville Limestone Member- Approx. 1000 ft.;
"Middle Unit" = Rutledge Limestone and Rogersville Shale?
- Approx. 1000 ft.; and
"Lower Unit" = Pumpkin Valley Shale and Honaker Dolomite?
- Approx. 1000 ft.
*Rome Formation- Approx. 300-500 ft., shale, and interbedded sandstone, siltstone and quartzite.
Chilhowee Group (or Weisner Formation) - Approx. 300 ft., quartz sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate, and siltstone.

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TABLE 2

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units ~n Murray County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES 1/

Precambrian

Ocoee Supergroup - Slate, phyllite, quartzite, metagraywacke, mica schist, biotite gneiss, granite,
minor talc & soapstone.

NOTES:
* = Some ceramic firing tests have been made on shales or slates and clays of
this unit.
(*) = Same as the above, but for residual clays only. ** = Numerous firing tests have been made on this unit. l/ = Descriptions based on data in Bergenback and others, 1980; Butts and
Gildersleeve, 1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Chowns and McKinney, 1980; Crawford, 1983; Cressler 1963, 1964a and b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Croft, 1964; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; Gillespie and Crawford, in press; Thomas and Cramer, 1979.
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EXPLANATION OF KEY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS
The test data and analyses which are presented here were compiled on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most cone ise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified in large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, 1981).
It should be noted that, although the great majority of these tests were performed by the USBM, it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly fJr several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM forms have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not measured by the USBM.
The paragraphs \oJhich follow briefly describe, ~n alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the information included and, where possible, the various factors and implications to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the particular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch (1909, p. SO to 64) and in Smith (1931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles and Heystek (1977, esp e cially p. '2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader,
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and potenti'll user, of the key aspects of the information presented.

Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more

detailed information (e.g., Clews, 1969; Grimshaw, 1972; Jones and

Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983) .

The

abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 4.

1. Absorption (%)
The absorption ~s a measure of the amount of water absorbed by open pores ~n the fired specimen and is given as a percentage of the specimen's dry weight. For slow firing tests, it ~s measured on fired specimens which have been boiled ~n water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed ~n the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For thE' quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then immersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and ijeystek, 1977, p. 4).
The absorption g1ves an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing in outdoor structures. Less than 22% absorption ~s considered promising for slow-fired materials.

2. Appr. Por. (%) -Apparent Porosity, Percent
The apparent porosity is a measure of the amount of open pore space tn the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and ~s expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it ~s based on the weight and volume of the spec~men which has been boiled tn water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed ~n water for several hours as it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek,

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TABLE 3
Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms
ABBREVIATIONS
Appr. Por. = Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. = Apparent Specific Gravity Btw. = Bartow County C = Degrees Celsius
Ct. =Catoosa County
Cht. = Chattooga County
Dd. = Dade County Dist. = District
DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis
E. =East
F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. = Floyd County
g/cm3 = Grams per cubic centimeter
Gdn. = Gordon County
Lab. & No. = Laboratory (name) and number (assigned in laboratory) Lat. =Latitude
101 = Loss on Ignition
Long. = Longitude lb/in2 = Pounds per square inch
lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot
Mry. =Murray County
N. = North NE. = Northeast NW. = Northwest
org. = Organic
Plk. = Polk County
S. = South SE. = Southeast SW. =Southwest Sec. = Section
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Table 3. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued)
7 1/2' topo. quad. = 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle Temp. = Temperature TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority USBM U.S. Bureau of Mines USGS U.S. Geological Survey W. = West" Wkr. =Walker County Wf. =Whitfield County XRD X-ray diffraction
1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity is an indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered promising for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4).
3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity As reported in earlier USBM studies, the apparE.nt specific gravity
1s a measur~ of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This 1s determined by boiling the sample tn water for 2 hours and soaking it 1n water overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the USBM moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965.
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4. Bloating Bloating is the term given to the process 1n which clay or shale
fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scor1a 1s produced. Expanded lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggregate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious since it leads to variable and uncontrollable warp1ng, expansion and general disruption of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41).
5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or
"burning") the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible use as a lightweight aggregate. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the drLed clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or "boat") which 1n turn is placed in the pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
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6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fired
specimen based on its dry weight divided by its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it 1s considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral communication, 1984).
7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre-
sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this is given for descriptive purposes only s1nce it 1s generally of no practical importance for ceramic applications (only the fired color is significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color is g1ven for a precise description (see discussion below).
8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or
brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples in this compilation. It was used by Smith (1931, p. 23-25) and by the
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USBM since the early 1970's (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3; Liles, oral communication, 1982). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually.

9. Compilation Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a syste-
matic designation to be used in plotting sample locations on the base maps as shown by the typical example below.

Example:

Mrap ~ocn. No.

County Name - Abbreviation (1'1urray)

Mry. 31 s - 44 a
I

Date (1931).

Author's la st initial (Smith) -for published data only

Sample se quence number (one It per toe ation) .

Designa tion USt:d only for cases of more than one test per location.

The map location number Mry. 31S-44 is derived from the county name (e.g., Mry. for Murray County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 31 for 1931) pl;ts the last initial of the author for major published sources (e.g., S for Smith), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only exceptions to this are the tests reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the S<~quence num~er of the present report 1s the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each map location number represents a

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specific location, or area, sampled at a particular time. In cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times.
10. Cone Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of
firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic materials compounded 1.n a series, so as to soften or deform 1.n progression with increasing temperature and/or time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specifi.c temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about lll2F (600C) to ab)ut 3632F (2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Ham1 i.n, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers.
11. Drying Shrinkag~ The drying shriLlkage 1.s a measure of the relative amount of
shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes
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upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, 1n this report the shrinkage values represent the percent linear shrinkage based on the linear distance measured between two reference marks or lines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished 1n two stages: first, by air drying at room temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second, by drying in an oven followed by cooling t .> room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 2l2F (100C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1931, p. 20 and 21) employed 167F (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (ll0C) for 3 hours.
12. Dry Strength The dry strength (or green strength) 1s a measure of the appar-
ent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreak1ng, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compressive strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith (1931, p. 12-13) reports a quantitative measurement of this strength us1ng the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi).
13. Extrusion Test More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which
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show good plasticity and long firing range 1n the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e,, one whi.:h operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (modulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over
which the material shows favorable firing characteristics. For slowfired materials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials these include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least l00F (55C) to be considered promising (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18).
15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the
resistance to abrasion or scratching. It 1s designated either 1n verbal, descriptive terms or 1n numerical terms using Mohs' hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith (1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture.
16. Hardness (Mohs') The hardness of fired specimens using the Mobs' scale of hardness
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1s currently used by the USBM as a numerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Lil.-~ s and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals:

Mohs' Hardn e ss No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reference Minerals Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

A Mohs' hardness greater than 3 1s considered promising for slow-

fired materials.

17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence 1n HCl is visually determined as none, slight or
high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). This test gives a general indication of the amount of calcium carbonate present 1n the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with lime pops and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products.

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the
clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total 1inear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements

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between a pa~r of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) gives the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure of the strength of materials
(for crossbreaking or transverse strength in this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the for ce was applied and the width and thickness of the sample. The MOR is expressed in ps~ units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23).
20. Mohs' See Hardness (Mohs 1 ).
21. Molding Behavior See Working Prop0rties.
22. Munsell See Color (Munsell).
23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform
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degree of frost action ~s probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.)

24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent

The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature

resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard

pyrometric cones. ThP value given is the number of the standard pyro-

metric cone which softens and sags (or falls) at the same temperature

as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are

usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable poten-

tial in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low

shrinkage, and light fired color). The results are usually given for

the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337C; 2439F) to Cone 42

(2015C; 3659F) wher~ the temperature equivalents are based on a heat-

per hour.

. .
With 1ncr~as1ng temperature

resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium-duty,

high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 195 7, p.

29-30 and 57-58; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16).

2 5 .P.!!.
The pH is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented her~ show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) prior to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28; Liles and Hey s t e k , 1 9 77 , p 4 ) .

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Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may gtve some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to water-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts 1s through direct chemical analysis as described unrler Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.)
26. Plasticity See Working Properties.
27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Par.
28. Quick Firing See Bloating Test.
29. Saturation Coefftcient The saturation coefficient Ls determined only for specimens which
have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. It is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergenc8 (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage.
-22-

31. Slaking See Working Properties.
32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the proct~ss of firing ( 11 burning 11 ) the
dried specimen ~n a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all specimens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time.
The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test specimens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to 1800F (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water ~s released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One specimen is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature is raised to the next level (usually ~n intervals of 100F). At each interval the temperature is again held constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen ~s withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature ~s achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, since they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled by removal from the kiln.
Since the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of
-23-

commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens 1s slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832F (l000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln 1s then turned off, but the spec1men remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximation of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, one specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F (1250C). Unfortunately, only a relatively small part of the current data set is represented by USBM tests using this newer method.
The firing test methods used by Smith (1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods described above. First, the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by l00F per hour unt i 1 final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones in the kiln. The maximum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith's firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible. No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch (1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech.
33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used 1n the 1950's and 60's by the
-24-

USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulfate) ~n the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. "The solubridge and pH readings show the higher alkali samples. Solubridge determinations give the water soluble part of the alkalis and readings above 1.5 indicate faLrly high soluble salt content. Clays containing high alkalies have rather short maturing ternperatures and requires closer firing control. The alkalies also influence the color and lower the vetrification temperature." (H.P. Hamlin, writ ten communication, 195 7). In this method the pulverized clay or shale is boiled in water, left to stand OVl'rnight, and filtered. The content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28-29). These data are no longer collected because consi "tent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve.
34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with eff lores-
cence or scum on fired clay products. (~ore than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.)
The most accurate determinative method ~s to boil the finely powdered sample in distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight. The decanted solution ~s then analyzed for the soluble salts using standard chemical methods. The Solu-Bridge readings may also be used as a generaL measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28).
-25-

35. Strength See Dry Strength and Modulus of Ruptur--~ .
36. "SW" face brick "SW" stands for severe weather conditions. This ~s a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions wh-'re a high degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and the ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "MW" face brick.)
37. Temp. F (C) The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and
quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (oF) followed by the Celsius ( C) convers1on ~n parentheses. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available, the approximate tempe~ature is given on the form and is based on the table of temperature equivalents 1n Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128) or in Veatch (1909, p. 57).
38. Water of Plasticity (%)
This is a measure of the amount of wal"r (as weight percent relative to the dry material) required to temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This ~s not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into briquettes from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticity and finer grain size. Unfortun-
-26-

ately, high values also correlate with a gr~ater degree of shrinkage, warp1ng and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2.)
39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking,
plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range 1n time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it is given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated 1n a comparative manner in order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and 1s a general designation for the ease with which the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes.
These wo1~king properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of the operator. They do, however, give a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process.
-27-

-28-

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays, Shales, and Slates in Mu~ray County, Georgia*
* The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. -29-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga Group).

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.09V-l

--------~----~~----~~---------

County

Murray.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Survey, #70.

Date Reported --1-9-0-9-.------------- Ceramist 0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

18 % Working Properties Rather low plasticity; slakes

very slowly or not at all.

Color Yellow to Drying Shrinkage

2.6 % Dry Strength (tensile) 40 psi.

olive green.

Remarks Drying properties excellent.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1922

Red

(1050)

(=Cone OS)

steel hard 3.5

2066

Dark

vitrified

6.0

( 1130)

red

(=Cone 01)

2102

Dark

6.5

( 1150)

red

(=Cone 1)

2210

Very

(1210)

dark

(=Cone 4) red

complete 7.0 vitrification

(Free from cracking and warping on firing.)

Remarks / Other Tests Although it has low plasticity and dry streng th "It should make an excellent common and dr ress buildin brick,: and possibl vitrified brick
Veatch, 1909, p. 397 .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-30-

locn. no. Mry.09V-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
AFTeli022oo233 (total)
FeO

57.31 1. 10
21.52 7.65

MnO

0.04

MgO

2.47

CaO

0.22

Na 20
K20
P205
s

(total)

1. 29 2.70 0.00 0.00

c

(org.)

HHcIgo22n2oo+1-.t.1on

1. 02

loss

5.28

Total

100.60

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey (in Veatch, 1909, p. 398 and Appendix B, No. 70, p. 414 and 415).
Date c . 1909 .

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murray. 7 1/2' topo quad.

Land Lot ----- Sec.
Chatsworth (SE 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab(?).

Weathering/alteration Weathered (?).

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Sample of yellow to olive green, fine grained,
lamellar shale taken from a cut on tbe L & N Railroad, 1/2 mile north of the Chatsworth station. The shale here is overlain by a relatively thin deposit of Quaternary (?) gravel (Veatch, 1909, p. 397-398).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date ---9---1-5---8-6----------

-31-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, greenish-drab (Conasauga). Compilation Map Location No. Mry.31S-44

County Murray. Raw Properties:

Sample Number --------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech. , #44.

Date Reported --1-9-3-1-.------------- Ceramist R. W. Smith, GA. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

16.8 % Working Properties Plasticity - poor and grainy,

better on ag i ng 4 days ; slaking - slow; molding behavior - fair, column tends to

swell , crack and tear edges .

Color Brownish-gray Drying Shrinkage --- - 2-.4-% Dry Strength (MOR) 188.0 psi.
Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Co lor* Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

972

(1005) (1 YR-6/ 7)

1.9 (& 4.5)

15.3

Slight

1920

Salmon

1159

(1050) (1 YR-6/6)

2.4 (& 4.8)

13.4

Slight

2000 1095)

Salmon red (lYR-6/5)

1362

2.8 (& 5.1)

12. 1

Slight

2060

Good red 1422

(1125) (1 OR-5/ 5)

4.3 (& 5.9)

11.2

Slight

2090

Good red 1697

4.0 (& 6.0)

9.0

(1145) ( 1OR-4/4)

Some

2160

Dark red 1691

4.0 (& 6.0)

9.4

(1180) (1 OR-4/ 3)

Some

Remarks / Other Tests Firing range: Cone 1 to 5 (commerial kiln: Cone 01 to 5). Shale was used b lhe Chatsworth Cla Mfg . Co. tn making face brick at their plant
e in Chatsworth Smi t h, 193 1, 194- 196
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell col.Jr notation "lOR" corresponds o the original notation "R-Y/R" rep1rted in Smith (19.31).

-32-

locn. no. Mry.31S-44, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Grinding a little difficult, tough rather than brittle.
Particla Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2

Ti Al

02 o2 3

Fe203Ctotal)

62.91 0.92
19.18 8.41

FeO

MnO

trace

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2 0'i S (total)

0.00 0.36 1. 69 0.11 0.00

C (org.)

HC02o2 -

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

6.60

Total

100 .18*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 195.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

DisL.

7 1/2' topo quad. Chatsworth (SE 1/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. ---4-4-.---------------, Collected by R. W.Smith.

Date 1930.

Sample Method 3 ft. groove.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Strike "a little east of north" and dip approx. 30E.

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) - mapped as Rome Formation by Hayes (1892).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from 2 places in shale pit
Tenn. Road (Ga. H,., . 61) 'ust S. of Chatsworth and 1/4 mile west

pi t is 75 x 30 ft. and 5 ft. dee

Shale is semi-hard to hard and reenish-drab

colored. It breaks into thin, flat pieces not flakes and is interbedded with

thin sandstone beds (1 in. thick or Less) and mlnor laye rs of plastic, bl uish - gray,

calcareous clay (Smith, 1931, p. 194-197).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-16-81 -33- --~----------------

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale, soft to semi-hard ~Conasau~a5.
Murra:t:

Comp ll at ion Map Location No. Mry.31S-45 Sample Number

Raw Properties: Date Reported

1931.

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #45.
Ceramist R. w. Smith, Ga. Survel.

Water of Plasticity

23.1 %Working Properties Plasticity - poor and grainy,

fair on aging 3 days; slaking- a little slow; molding- fair, tends to swell,

crack and tear on edges.

Color ~D~r~a~b~------ Drying Shrinkage ----~2~~5___% Dry Strength (MOR) 80.3 psi.

Remarks Drying Behavior: Very slight warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

556

(1005) (2YR-6/7)

1920

Salmon

898

(1050) (1 OR-5/ 5)

2000

Salmon red 1030

(1095) (lOR-5/5)

1.9 (& 4.5) 3.3 (& 5.7) 3.6 (& 6.2)

19.6 17.9 15.9

Very slight Slight Slight

2060

Medium red 1237

(1125) (lOR-5/4)

5.0 (& 7.2)

14.6

Slight

2090

Good red 1298

(1145) (1 OR-4/5)

5. 1 (& 7.5)

12.9

Some

2160

Dark red

(1180) (9R-4/3)

1670

6.6(&8.7)

11. 2

Some

Firing Range: Cone l to 6 and higher (commercial kiln 1 -Cone 1 to 6).

Remarks / Other Tests Suitable for making building brick and possibly structural tile. The somewhat poor working properties couLd possibly be improv ed by fine
rinding, l ong pug in , hot tern ering and/or electrol tes in the tern ering water Smith, 1931, p. 199 ) .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-Y /R" reported in Smith 0931) .

-34-

locn. no. Mry.31S-45, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
AFT1ei o22oo2 33
FeO

56.37 0.96
26.59 6.46 1. 63

MnO

0.00

MgO

0.41

CaO

0.00

Na 2o K2 0 P2o5
s c

(total) (org.)

0.25 0.76 trace 0.00

HC20o2 -

*

H 2 o+

Ignition

loss

7.10

Total

100.53*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H2o- free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 198.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930.

Method Standard 11wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Murra:l

Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun Northeast

Lat.

~NE. corner~.

Field No. 45.

Collected by R. w. Smith.

Dist. Long. Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments

reenish-drab shale (no

sandstone or calcareous la ers visible from outcro s on the L & N Railroad, the old

Spr i n Place Rd. and on the old Tenn. Road toward Ft. Mtn.), 1 1 2 miles south of

Chatsworth on the G. W. Swanson and J. Barksdale properties Smith, 1931, p.

197-199).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-16-81

-35-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, hard and soft.

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.31S-46

~----~-------------------------

County

Murray.

Sample Number --- ------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. , #46.

Date Reported ---1-9-3-1-.----------- Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

20.8 % Working Properties Plasticity - poor and grainy,

better on ag1ng 3 days; slaking- slow; and molding - fair, column edges tend to

crack and tear.

Color Reddish-brown Drying Shrinkage 2.0 %Dry Strength (MOR) 83.1 ps1.

Remarks Drying behavior: GJod, test bars sligh tly warped.

Sl ow Firing Testsi

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Par. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

538

(1005) (3YR-6/6)

2.4 (& 4. 7)

18.0

Some

1920

Salmon

1089

(1050) (1YR-6/5)

3.7 (& 5.6)

14.9

Some

2000

Salmon red 966

(1095) (2YR-6/6)

4.1 (& 6.0)

15.0

Some

2060

Fair red 2008

(1125) ( 1OR- 5/ 5)

5.3 (& 7.2)

10.2

Some

2090

Medium red 2230

5.8 (& 7.5)

9.4

(1145) (lOR-5/4)

Some

2160

Dark red 2098

7.1 (& 9.0)

7.8

(1180) (1 OR-4/3)

Considerable

Firing Range: Cone 1 to 6 or higher (connnercial kiln = Cone 01 to 6).

possibly struc-

the water

water and/or electro! es i n

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-Y /R" reported in Smith (1931).

-36-

locn. no. Mry.31S-46, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Rather difficult grinding (tough rather than brittle).
Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
FATeli022oo2 33
FeO MnO

59.15 1.04
23.71 4.36 3.31 0.00

MgO CaO
Na 2o
KzO
P2o5
s c

(total) (org.)

0.15 0.00 1. 05 1. 57 0.43 0.00

COz
H2o-
Hz0+ Ignition

loss

5.19

Total

99.96*

Hineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Hica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an HzO- -free ba s is by Smith, 1931, p. 200.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murra ;t .

Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ramhurst (NW. side

Lat.

Long.

Field No. ---4-6-.---------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930.

Sample Melhod Grab samples.

Weath~ring/alteration Variably weathered.

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Composite sample of hard, olive green shale (almosl
a slate-breaking into large, thin flat pieces) from L & N Railroad cut combined with soft shale weathered to red and drab colors (3 parts hard to 1 part hard shale) from a farm road east of the RR. Samples taken from the T. P. Anderson prope rt y , 3 miles south of Chatsworth at th e junction of th e old Te nnessee Road and Ga. Hwy. 61 (the "new Te nn. Hi ghway" , Smi th 0 931, p . 199-2 01)).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86

-37-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYS~S

Material Cla y (plastic, red and ra ) and Compilation Map Location No. Mry.31S-47

Shale, soft greenish-drab Conasauga).

County Murray.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga.Tech., #47.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

--~~~-----------

Water of Plasticity

22.3 %Working Properties Plasticity - a little grainy,

fair on ag ing overnight; slaking - a little slow; molding- fair, slight tendency

to tear ed es.

- - - - - Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage 3.0 % Dry Strength (MOR) 150.5 psi.
Remarks Drying behavior: test bars somewhat warped.

Slow Firiug Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear

AbsJ rpt ion

Shrinkage, %

~~

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

985

(1 00 5) (3YR-6/6)

2.5 (& 5.5)

17.0

Some

1920

Salmon

1458

(1050) (2YR-6/5)

4.2 (& 7.0)

13.4

Some

2000

Salmon red 1691

(1095) (lYR-6/ 5)

4.6 (& 7.3)

12.0

Considerable

2060

Fair red 1774

(1125) (1 OR-5/ 5)

2090

Medium r ed 2048

(1145) (lOR-4/3)

5.9 (& 8.8) 6.3 (& 9.2)

10.6 7.5

Considerable Considerable

2160

Dark red 2686

7. 7 (& 10.4)

5.3

(1180) ( 1OR-3/ 3)

Considerable

Firing Range: Cone 1 to 5 and higher (comm .~rcial kiln = Cone l to 5 or 6).

Remarks / Other Tests This shale is suitable for making building brick, structural tile and possibly roofing tile and sewer pipe (Smith, 1931, p. 203) .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-Y/R" reported in Smith (1931).

-38-

locn. no. Mry.31S-47, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
ATF eli 022 oo2 33
FeO

60.68 0.94
20.88 8.28 1. 06

MnO

0.50

MgO

0.42

CaO

0.00

Na20

0.23

KzO

1. 19

P205
s c

(total) (org.)

0.16 0.00

C02

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

6.33

Total

100.67*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- free basis
by Sm i t h , 193 1 , p . 202 )

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date 1931.

Method Standard 11 wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Murral.

Land Lots 307 and, Sec. 3

308

7 1/2' topo quad. Ramhurst (NW. 1/4)

Lat.

Dist. 26 Long.

Field No. ----4-7-.--------------, Collected by R. ,,r. Smith

Date c . 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.25E., dip approx. 60SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Samples from cuts on the 11 Tenn. Highway" (Ga. li.w-y. 61) 2 miles north of Ramhurst and immediately south of Chicken Creek, on the G. W.
Wilbanks and F. Cla ton pro erties. The fissile shale ranges from soft to semibar mostly greenish -drab but with some reddish and purplish-brown streaks) which is interlayered with red and gray plastic clay. The shale is ha rdest at the north end, nearest the creek, whereas the cla la ers are thickest anrl most numerous to the south at the top of the ridge Smith, 1931, p. 201-203

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date -39-

-----9---1-5---8-6----------

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale, hard olive green
Conasau~ a ) .
Murra y .

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.31S-48 Sample Number

Raw Properties: Date Reported 1931.

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., tf48.
Ceramist R. w. Smith, Ga. Survez:.

Water of Plasticity --~~2~1~-~4~~% Working Properties Plasticity-grainy at first,

fair on aging 3 days; slaking a little slow; molding-- fair, column edges tend

tear and crack. Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage

__ 1.9 _;...;.... % Dry Strength (MOR) 100.9 psi.

Remarks Drying Behavior: Test bars all slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (C)

Co lor* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Par. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

934

(1005) (3YR-617)

2.9 (& 5.0)

17.8

Slight

1920

Salmon red 1472

(1050) (1YR-616)

3.4 (& 5.3)

14.9

Slight

2000

Salmon red 1809

(1095) ( 1OR- 5I 5)

4.8 (& 6.6)

12.5

Some

2060

Medium red 2330

6.3 (& 7.9)

9.4

(1125) (1 OR-514)

Some

2090

Medium red 2922

7.5 (& 9.2)

6.8

(1145) (lOR-414)

Some

2160

Dark red 3337

7.9 (& 9.3)

5.7

(1180) (1 OR-41 3)

Some

Firing Range: Cone 1 to 5 and higher (commercial kiln - Cone 1 to 5).

Remarks I Other Tests

structural tile , roofin

poss1bl be overcome b

or

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YIR" reported in Smith (1931).

-40-

locn. no. Mry.31S-48, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Ti02 Al 2o3 Fe2o3 FeO

67.93 0.91
16.19 6.26 1.03

MnO

0.00

MgO

0.07

CaO

0.00

Na 2o K2 0 P2o5
s

(total)

1.17 0.97 trace 0.00

c

(org.)

HC02o2 -

*

H2 o+

Ignition

loss

5.59

Total

100.12*

Mineralogy: Not determined,

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 204.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

- - - - Land Lot

Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ramhurst (NW 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. Long .

Field No. 48.

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

--~----------------

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Some weathering.

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Samples of hard to semi-hard, olive drab shale

weathering into thin, flat or splintery pieces wh i ch are stained red i n places.

These are from the cuts on the Tennessee Hi hwa (Ga. Hw . 61) south of the Wil-

banks and Clay t on properties Mr y. 31S- 47 , on a hi ll about l 2 mi l e south of

Yellow Creek 'ust north o f Pis ah Church near the Davis and Street

line,

3/4 mile northwest of Ramhurst Smith, 193 1 , p. 203-206 .

Compiled by ---B-.--J-.--O--'C--o-n-n-o-r----------- Date
-41-

5-22-87

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Soft shale and plastic clay.

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.31S-49

County

Murral

Sample Number

Raw Properties: Date Reported 1931.

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., 1t49.
Ceramist R. w. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

36.1 % Working Properties Plasticity - poor, "short"

and me aly; Sl a king - fairll rapid; molding behavior - rather poor, column edges

tend to crack and tear.

Color -R-ed-. - - - - Drying Shrinkage

2.7% Dry Strength (MOR) 44.0 ps~.

Remarks Drling Behavior: Test bars all slightll warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(C)

Color* Hardness (Munsell) (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1800

Salmon

521

(1 005) (2YR-6/6)

3.8 (& 6.6)

27.8

Slight

1920

Salmon

988

(1050) (1YR-5/ 4)

5.4 (& 7.9)

23.3

Some

2000

Salmon red 1084

(1095) ( 1OR-5/ 5)

6.2 (& 8.5)

21.4

Some

2060

Good red 1575

( 1125) (1 OR-4/ 4)

9.0 (& 11.4)

17.5

Some

2090

Good red 1741

( 1145) (lOR-4/3)

10.2 (& 12.0)

15.4

Considerable

2160

Dark red 1951

(1180) (lOR-4/2)

11.2 (& 13.4)

11.5

Considerable

Firing Range: Cone 1 to 5 and higher (commercial kiln = Cone 1 to 5).

Remarks / Other Tests This material is onll suitable for making building brick. The worst features are the low green strength along with the high shrinkage and absorption values through out the firing range (Smith, 1931, p. 209).

Preliminarl Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-Y/R" reported in Smith (1931).

-42-

locn. no. Mry.31S-49, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
AFTeli022oo233 (total)
FeO

63.80 0.80
17.69 9.20

MnO

trace

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

0.00 0.!+5 1. 30

Pz05
s (total)
c (or g.) Hco2o2 -
H20+

1. 11 0.00
*

Ignition

loss

5.68

Total

100.03*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H2o- free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 208.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Da t e c . 1 9 3 0 .

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murray

Land Lot ---- Sec.

7 1/2 1 topo quad. Ramhurst (center)

. Lat.

Dist. ---
Long. ___

Field No. 49.

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

--~------------

Date c . 1930 .

Sample Method 3 ft. grooves

Weathering Alteration Weathered shale and

residual clay from weatherin of impure limestone. Structural Attitude ~S~t~r_i_k_e~o~f~~th~in~~s~t~r~a~t~i~f~i~e~d~l~a~y~e~r~s~N~~20~E~~~d~i~p~3~0~t~o~3~5~6~S~E~~

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale and Recent (?) residual
clay from argillaceous and siliceous Conasauga limestone. Sample Description & Comments Groove sam les from all varieties of material from road cuts on the "Fields Gap" Ellijay-Ramhurst road, 1 4 mile south of the old Dennis post office and Rock Creek, 1 1/4 mile E. oE Ramhurst. Material form the J. B. Butler . ropert is lar el soft, "short" to somewhat lastic cla in thinl

of im ure limestone). Lesser amounts of soft red shale is found as between clay layers and as beds up to 15 ft. thick Smith, 1931, p.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-19-81

-43-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale, hard to semi-hard ( Conasauga ). Murray.

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.31S-50 Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #50.

Date Reported --~1~9~3~1~------------ Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

27.0 %Working Properties Plasticit y- poor , short and

grainy even on aging; slaking - slow; molding - poor. Bars hand-made i n slop mold.

Color Red.

Drying Shrinkage

1.9 % Dry Strength (MOR) 35.3 psi.

Remarks Drying Behavior: Rapid. Practically no warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color* (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Par. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

564

(1 005) (3YR-6/6)

1.1 (& 3.1)

21.8

Little or none

1920

Salmon red ll95

(1050) (1 YR-6/6)

2.6 (& 4.5)

19.1

Little or none

2000

Salmon red 826

(1 095) (1 YR-5/ 5)

3.3 (& 5.1)

18.5

Slight

2060

Medium red 1414

(1125) (lOR-5/4)

4.6 (& 6.1)

15.1

Little or none

2090 1145

Medium red 1419 (1 OR-4/ 5)

4.1 (& 6.1)

14.2

Some

2160

Good red 1222

(1180) (9YR-4/4)

4.8 (& 6.5)

13.7

Some

Firing Range: Not reached in these tests.

Remarks I Other Tests This shale ~s not suited, b itself, for making heav clay
products particularly due to the low green and fired strengths MOR's and the high absorpt ion values. Fired colors are good, however, and blending the shale with small amounts of more pl astic shale or clay as a bi nder might improve these poor strength and absorption values sufficient l y to make the shale usable (Smith, 1931,
. 211).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-Y/R" reported in Smith (1931).

-44-

locn. no. Mry.31S-50, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

65.35

AT li 02 o2 3
Fe203(total)

0.91 17.63
8.57

FeO

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P2o5
s

(total)

0.00 0. 76 1. 38 0. 12 0.00

c

(org.)

Hco2o2 -

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

5.35

Total

100.07*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Tot a 1

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 210.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murra;t.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Oakman (NW. 1/4)

Lat.

Long.

Field No. 50.

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

~~----------------

Date c. 1930.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauge Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Samples of weathered to partly weathered, red to reddish-brown, hard to semi-hard somewhat slaty shale. Even though it is fairly soft, the weathered shale is somewhat "short" and crumbl. long cuts on new in 1930 site of "Tenn. Hwy. Ga. Bwy. 61 just north of the Coosawattee River (Carters Stn.) with a few pieces of hard shale from top of the
hill- all _from the S. W. Carter property (Smith, 1931, p. 209-11).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 10-19-81

-45-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~l~a~y~----------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.45-l

County

Murray.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; #X-77.

Date Reported ---8---2-8---4-5-.--------- Ceramist H. Wilson, USBM.

- - - - - - - Water of Plasticity

%Working Properties Poor to fair plasticity and workability.

Color Light cream. Drying Shrinkage Normal to % Dry Strength

low.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color (Munsell)

Hardness (Mohs 1 )

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data:

2150 0177)

11 grayed stoneware11 (+ multitude of redblack specks due to presence of a fine iron mineral grit).

Remarks I Other Tests If iron mineral can be removed this clay would be better
for art pottery and possib l y other types of near whiteware. Otherwise possibly usefull for ra face brick, specialt brick or tile, but would have to be f"red higher than usual for hardness and vitrification approx. 2150 F, 1177 C .
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-46-

locn. no. Mry.45-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - - - -- - Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
AT il o2o2 3
Fe 2o3(total) FeO

50.18 1. 10
36.37 2.18

MnO

MgO

0.84

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0

0.54

P2o5 S (total)

C (org.)

C0 H2

2o-

H2o+

1.11

Ignition

loss

7. 72

Total

100.04

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst L. H. Turner, Ga. Survey (unpublished files). Lab No. 3881)
Date 7-20-45.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Murray .

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ramhurst (NW 1/4) . Lat.

Long .

Field No.

Co 11 ec ted by __J_._ W_._ G_l_e_a_n_.__ Date 1945.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration - - - -- - - -

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment "Paleozoic area" Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Cla

from the Paleozoic area near Ramhurst

for Mr. J. W. Glenn (Ga. Talc Compa ny -exact location unspecified. Chemical

analysis f orm states "Adjoins place south of old Butler Place." Poss i bly near

Mr . 31S-49.)

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 1-25-82

-47-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __c_l_a~y~---------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.45-2

County

Murray.

Sample Number

Raw Properties: Date Reported 12-12-45.

Lab & No. USBM 1 Norris, Tn.; #Ga-7. Ceramist Speil, USBM.

Water of Plasticity % 48 _ _ __.:...=____: Working Properties Very poor workability (platy

due to micaceous particles).

Color Light cream. Drying Shrinkage

3.5 % Dry Strength -----------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

2240

White

Very soft

1.2

44

(1225)

(=Cone 8)

2350

(1285)

(=Cone 11) -

Very soft

41

Remarks I Other Tests Not satisfactory for use, by itself, for making ceramic
products; however, it might be beneficiated to yield a good grade of fine mica.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-48-

locn. no. Mry.45-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

Pz05
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot ---- Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -----------------------. Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by (F. F. Farrar ?) Date

c. Sept. 1945.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ---------------

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment ---------------------------------------------------

Sample Description & Comments Sample of micaceous clay (talc or sericite ?) submitted by the Cohutta Talc Company of Dalton (Whitfield Co.), Ga. (Exact location uns ecified, but pr obabl associated with their talc ro e rties on Fort Mounta in in eastern Murray Co.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86

------~-------------------

--~~~~---------

-49-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S~h~a~l~e~(~C~o~n~a~s~;a~u~g~a~)~-------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.46-l

County

Murray.

Sample Number TVA 19.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No.

Date Reported --1-0---8---4-6-.---------- Ceramist

N.C. State Coll ege Research Lab Asheville, North Carolina; TVA #116. M. K. Banks , TVA.

Water of Plasticity ------------%Working Properties --------------------------------

Color Brown to red. Drying Shrinkage ----------% Dry Strength -----------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Absorption Bulk Density %

Pore Structure

2350 (1288)
2400 (1316)
2450 (1343)

Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture.

-so-

locn. no. Mry.46-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 m1n. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
Ti02 Al203
Fe 2o3
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 20 K20

P205
s c

(total) (org.)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst------------Date

Method ----------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot - - - - Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ramhurst (SW. 1/4) . . Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. -~1~9~-------' Collected by K. H. Teague (TVA). Date 1946?

Sample Method Grab (?)

Weathering/alteration ---------

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N.C. Research Lab via
H.S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sample is a relatively hard and blocky, brown to red sha le taken from a road-cut on U.S. Hw 411, 3 miles north of intersection with
Ga. Hwy. 136 formerly Ga. Rwy . 156) .

Compiled by ___B~~J~~O~'C_o~n~n~o~r________ Date 9-15-86

-51-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __s_h_a_l_e__(~C~o_n_a_s__au~g~a~)~--------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.46-2

County

Murray.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No.

Date Reported ----~1~0_-~8~--4~6~~---- Ceramist

Sample Number --2-0---2-1-.--------
N.C. State College Research Lab Asheville, North Carolina; TVA #117. M. K. Banks, TVA.

Water of Plasticity ----------% Working Properties
Color Gray to green. Drying Shrinkage ____% Dry Strength - - - - - - - - - -

Slow Firing Tests:

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munse 11) (Mohs ') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Absorption Bulk Density %

Pore Structure

2350 (1288)
2400 (1316)
2450 (1343)

Vitrified only (too refractory).

Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture.

-52-

locn. no. Mry.46-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 m1n. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

FATeli 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO
Na 2o
K20
PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

HCO2oz -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------
Method -----------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot - - - - Sec.

7 1/2' topo quad. Ramhurst (W. cntr.) . Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. 20-21

, Collected by K. H. Teague (TVA). Date 1946?

--~--------------

Sample Method Grab (?)

Weathering/alteration --------------

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N.C. Research Lab via H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sam le fr om ro adc uts on U.S. 411, where the L & N R.R. crosses over, about 7 miles south of Chatsworth and 1 1 2 mile south of Ramhurst. Samples, taken along road for about one-fourth mile, are of gray to green shale, quite tough and blocky, and which weathers relatively slowly. Large tonnages are available here.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86

-53-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S~h~a~l~e~(~A~t~h~e~n~s~)~----------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.64-l

County

Murray.

Sample Number __3_2___________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No, USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-D

Date Reported 5-8-64.

Ceramist M. V. Denn , USBM. (rev i sed b M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Water of Plasticity

13.8 %Working Properties Short working, smooth,

(Low plasticity.) pH=9 .15 (High effervescence with HCl.

Color Gray.

Drying Shrinkage 0.5(0.0) %Dry Strength Fair. (Low).

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Poor, scum, crazing, rough. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

1800

Light

(982) brown

Soft (2)

0.5(0.0)

21.9

1900

Light

(1038) brown

Fair hard
(3)

0.5(0.0)

21.5

2000

Medium

(1093) brown

Fair hard (3)

0.5(0.0)

21.6

2100

Chocolate

( 1149)

2200

Dark brown

Hard (4)
Glassy

0.5(0.0)

14.4

Melted (Expanded)

Appr. Por. % 37.0 37.0 36.5 26.8

Other data: Bulk Dens. grn/cc 1. 69
1.72
1. 69
1. 86

Remarks I Other Tests Considerable carbonate, some sulfate, causing white coating.
Melts about 2150F (1177C). (Probabl lim Abrupt v i trification.) Potential Use None. Not suitable for use i n vitreous clay products.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-54-

locn. no. Mry.64-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (folowing 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TFAeil 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
PzOs s

(total)

c

(org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst ---------------------------
Date ---------Method --------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot ----- Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2 1 topo quad. ----------------------- Lat.

Long.

Field No. 32

Collected by J. W. Smith?

--~~-------------

Date Approx. 1963.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration --------------

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Athens Shale (Ordovician).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date ---9---1-5---8-6----------
-55-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e__(_C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g_a~)_.______________ Compilation Map Location No. Mry.64-2

County

Murray.

Sample Number --85-------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-D

Date Reported 6-26-64.

Ceramist M. V. Denny, USBM. (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity

26.8 %Working Properties Moderate plastici ty.

pH=5.7,Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Tan.

Drying Shrinkage 5.0

% Dry Strength __F_a_i_r~------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

2

5.0

26.2

41.4 l. 58

(982)

1900

Tan

3

9.0

21.3

36.2 l. 70

0038)

2000

Light

4

9.0

17.0

28.9 l. 70

(1093) brown

2100

Chocolate

5

0149)

10.0

ll. 2

22.0 l. 96

2200

Chocolate

5

0204)

10.0

10.4

20.4 l. 96

2300

Dark

6

0260) brown

10.0

8.9

17.4 l. 96

Remarks I Other Tests *Should fire to building brick specifications at about 2l00F
(ll49C). Potential Use: Building brick. Good firing range.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

*With revisions by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-56-

locn. no. Mry.64-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (folowing 3-4 hr. to 1800 6F 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TAFeil 022 oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO
P2os
s c

(total) (org.)

C0 2 HzO-

HzO+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------
Method --------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------. Lat.
Field No. --~8~5________________, Collected by J. W. Smith?

Long . Date Approx. 1963.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -----------

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86
--~~--------------
-57-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __s_h_a_l_e~( _C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g_a~)_. ______________ Compilation Map Location No. Mry.64-3

County

Murray.

Sample NumbPr 86

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM , Norris , Tenn.; No. 1556-E

Date Reported ~~6_-~2~6_-~6~4~ ~~~-- Ceramist M. V. Denny, USBM. (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Ty rrell, Tuscaloosa , Ala. )

Water of Plasticity 27.8 %Working Propert i es Low plasticity.

pH=6.0 Not effervescent with HCl.

Color - -Ta-n.- - - - Drying Shrinkage 0.0

% Dry Strength -L-o-w.- - - - - - - -

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

2

0.0

25.4

39.4 1. 55

( 982)

1900

Tan

3

4.0

19.7

33.3 1. 69

(1038)

2000

Light

4

5.0

16.4

29.2 1. 78

( 1093) brown

2100

Brown

5

9.0

( 1149)

9.8

19.3 1. 97

2200

Chocolate

5

(1204)

10.0

6.3

13.0 2.06

2300

Dark

6

10.0

3.5

7.5 2. 13

(1260) brown

Remarks / Other Tests *Should fire to building brick specifications at about 2150F (1177C). Potential Use: Building bricks. Good firing range.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

*With rev~s~ons by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-58-

locn. no. Mry.64-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (folowing 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C),
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
ATFeli 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KPz2O0 s
s
c

(total) (org.)

HCO2oz -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date ------
Method

Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -----------------------. Lat. Field No. ---8-6----------------, Collected by J. W. Smith?

Long . Date Approx. 1963.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration --------------

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86
--~~~~----------
-59-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e__(~C_o_n_a_s_a_u~g~a~)~--------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.64-4

County

Murray.

Sample Number 87

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1556-F

Date Reported ~-6_-_2~6_-_6_4~~~r--- Ceramist M. V. Denny, USBM. (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Al a .)

Water of Plasticity 29.0 %Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=6.1 Not effervescent with HCl.

Color ---R-e-d-. ------- Drying Shrinkage 0.0

%Dry Strength --L-o-w-.------------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: No defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

2

0.0

28.1

44.4 1.58

(982)

1900

Tan

2

1.0

24.1

41.0 1. 70

(1038)

2000

Light

3

5.0

20.2

36.8 1.82

(1093) brown

2100

Brown

4

7.5

14.1

28.2 2.00

(1149)

2200

Chocolate

4

(1204)

10.0

8.1

18.2 2.25

2300

Dark

5

10.0

4. 1

9.8 2.40

( 1260) brown

Remarks I Other Tests *Should fire to building brick specifications at about 2150F
(1177C). Poor color. Eot ential Us e : Building brick.

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

*With rev1s1ons by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-60-

locn. no. Mry.64-4 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m~n. draw trials (folowing 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti0 2

Al Fe

22o033

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

P205
s c

(total) (org.)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date ------
Method

Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ----------------------- Lat.
Field No. --~8~7________________, Collected by J. W. Smith?

Long. Date Approx. 1963.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ---------------

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86 -61-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __C_l_aLy~/_s_h_a_l_e_?_____________________ Compilation Map Location No. Mry.67-l

County

Murray.

Sample Number --~1~4_8_________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-11

Date Reported 1-11-67

Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

--~~~~--------

Water of Plasticity 30.1 %Working Properties Low plasticity.

pH=4.8 Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Tan.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5

%Dry Strength ~L~o~w~-----------

Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

2

5.0

29.4

42.3 1.44

(982)

1900

Tan

2

5.0

29.3

42.8 1.46

(1038)

2000

Tan

3

5.0

27.5

41.3 l. so

(1093)

2100

Light

4

7.5

23.7

37.7 1. 59

(1149) brown

2200

Brown

5

7.5

20.7

34.4 l. 66

(1204)

2300

Dark

6

(1260) brown

10.0

14.5

26.5 l. 83

Remarks I Other Tests *Low sreen stren~th; hi~h maturing temEerature. Suitable for
use as buildinta brick at 2200-2300F(l204-l260C).

Preliminar~ Bloat in~ (Quick Fir in~) Tests: Negative.

*With revisions by K. J. Liles (written communiction, 1987).

-62-

locn. no. Mry.67-l , cont.

- -- - -- Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)
Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (folowing 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
ATFeil 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P2o5

s

(total)

c

(org.)

HC02o2 -
H20+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst - - -- - - - -- - - - - -
Date - ------
Method -------- - ------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. - - ---------- Lat.
Field No. --~1 ~48~------------ Collected by J. W. Smith?

Long . Date Approx. 1966.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration - -- - - -- -

Structural Attitude ---- - - -------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date --9~ -1~ 5-~8-6--------63-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __c_l_a~y~/~s~h_a_l~e_?_____________________ Compilation Map Location No. Mry.67-2

County

Murray.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --1-4-9'-------
Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-12

Date Reported ---1--1-1---6-7--------- Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity 25.9 % Working Properties Low plasticity.

pR=4.7 Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Tan.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5

%Dry Strength ~L~o~w~-----------

Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por.
%

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

1800

Light

2

2.5

28.1

41.3 1.47

(982) tan

1900

Light

3

2.5

26.9

40.6 1. 51

(1038) tan

2000

Light

4

5.0

19.5

33.3 1. 71

(1093) tan

2100

Light

5

0149) brown

10.0

11.3

22. 1 1. 96

2200

Gray

6

12.5

0204)

5.3

11.4 2.15

2300

Gray

7

12.5

4. 1

9.0 2. 19

0260)

Remarks I Other Tests *Should fire to buildin~ brick sEecifications at about 2100F
(1149C). Low ~reen stren~th. Potential use: Building brick.

Pre1iminarz: B1oatin~ (guick Firin~) Tests: Negative.

*With rev1s1ons by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-64-

locn. no. Mry.67-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (folowing 3-4 hr. to 1800F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02 Al203

Fe203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20
Pz05
s c

(total) (org.)

HC202o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 l/2' topo quad. -----------------------. Lat.

Long.

Field No. ---1-4-9---------------, Collected by J. W. Smith?

Date Approx. 1966.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -------------

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 6-15-86 -65-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga Formation).

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.69-l

County

___ _ ___ ------~------~----------~-----

Murray.

Sample Number

MUR-1. ___;,....;...._

Raw Properties:

Lab & No.

____ ____ Date Reported March 1969.

Ceramist

___;,....;..._~~...;...._

USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL.; #MUR-1. M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity

20.1 % Working Properties

Color Orange red. Drying Shrinkage

2.4 % Dry Strength

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)

Medium
tan
Pink

2100

Red

(1149) brown

2200

Dark

(1204) brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

3.0

3.0

27.5

1.49

4.0

3.5

26.4

1. 52

4.5

5.5

16.5

1. 56

5.5

8.0

14.5

1. 93

Remarks / Other Tests Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 20).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-66-

locn. no. Mry.69-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

- - - - - -- Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
ATF eli 022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P2os
s c

(total) (org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

A n a l y s t - - - - - - - - - -- - -
Date - ------
Method ---------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Oakman (N. center) . Lat.

Long .

Field No. MUR-1

, Collected by R. P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967.

---~----------

Sample Method Channel (?).

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Formation (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Sample of reddish-brown shale, weathered (about
10 feet exposed) overlain by soil. Sampled from lower 6 feet of road cut on east side of U.S. Hi hwa 411, 1.9 miles north o f intersect ion wit h Ga. H . 136

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 1-30-82

-67-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Slate (Consauga Formation).

Compilation Map Location No. Mry.69-2

County

Murray.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number -M-U-R--2-. -----
Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL.; #MUR-2.

Date Reported March 1969.

Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

-------~~---

___ Wat'er of Plasticity

17.5 % ...;_;_...;_:;__ Working Properties

Color Light tan. Drying Shrinkage --~0~~8...;_;_% Dry Strength - - - - - - - - - -

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1900

Dark tan

4.5

0.8

26.5

(1038)

2000

Dark tan

5.0

0.8

26.5

(1093)

2100

Red brown

5.5

2.0

22.4

(1149)

2200

Red brown

6.5

5.5

16.3

(1204)

1.44 1. 60 1.80

Remarks / Other Tests ___H_o_l_l_e_n_b_e_c_k_a_n_d__T~y_r_r_e_l_l~(_l_9_6_9~,~P-__2_0~)_.______________ Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-68-

locn. no. Mry.69-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time - - - - - - -
Chemical & Mineralo~ical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2 Ti02 Al 2o3 Fe 2o 3 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2o K20 P2os
s c

(total) (org.)

co 2
H2oH2o+ Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Murral

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. , Chatsworth (SE. 1/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. MUR-2

, Collected by R.P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967.

-~~~--------

Sample Method Channel (?).

Weathering/alteration Slightly weathered.

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Formation (Cambrian) slate.

and tan slate, slightl Road cut on north side of Hwl. 411 Hollenbeck and

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 6-15-86

-69-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e__(_A_t_h_e_n_s~)_. _________________ Compilation Map Location No. Mry.69-3

County

Murray.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number _ .:.;MU:..:...=..R:....--=3-=--Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL.; #MUR-3.

Date Reported March 1969.

Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

----------~-----

Water of Plasticity

21.8 %Working Properties

Color -T-a-n-.------- Drying Shrinkage
Slow Firing Tests:

.;.4.;..1_ _% Dry Strength - - - - - - - -

Co lor

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs 1 )

Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1900

Medium

4.0

0038) tan

2000

Pink

4.0

0093)

2100

Red brown

5.0

0149)

2200

Dark brown 6.5

(1204)

8.5 8.5 12.0 15.5

21. 5 20.3 12.2
4.7

l. 60 l. 87 l. 98

Remarks I Other Tests ___H_o_l_l_e_n_b~e~c_k~a_n_d_T~y_r_r_e_l_l~(_1~9_6~9~, ~p_._2_0~)_.___________________
Prel i minary Bl oating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-70-

locn. no. Mr y .69-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
FTAeli 022 oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P2os
s c

(tota l) (org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculit e Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst -------------------------Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Tennga (W. side)

. Lat.

Long .

Field No. --M-U--R--3-.-------------, Collected by R. P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967.

Sample Method Channel (?).

Weathering/alteration Moderately weathered.

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Athens Shale (Ordovician)

Sample Description & Comments Sample of moderately weathered gray shale (about 10 feet exposed) overlain by sandstone. Collected from center of exposure on cut
in hill about 200 yards west of U.S. Hi hwa 411, 1.3 miles south of intersection
with Ga. Highway 2 Hollenbeck and Tyr re ll, 1969, P 18).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 1-30-82

--~~~~~~~~----------

-71-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e~(_A_t_h_e_n_s~)_._________________ Compilation Map Location No. Mry.69-4

County

Murray.

Sample Number MUR-4.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM ! Tuscaloosa, AL.; #MUR-4.

Date Reported ---M-a-r-c-h--1-9-6-9-. ----- Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.
Water of Plasticity ----1-1-.2-----%Working Properties ------------------------------
Color __..G.;..r;;;...a;.;.y6,....;_____ Drying Shrinkage __.;;2.;.'.;.1_ _....;% Dry Strength - - - - -- - - - -

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

1900

Pink

(1038)

2000

Pink

(1093)

2100

Red

(1149) brown

2200

Dark

(1204) brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs ') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

4.0

0.8

4.0

1.0

20.0

1. 69

4.5

1.0

18.5

1. 87

7.0

6.0

7.4

2.03

Remarks / Other Tests Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p.20). Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-72-

locn. no. Mry.69-4 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

- - - - - - - Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K 20
P20s
s c

(total) (org.)

HHCIg022noo2+1-.t.1on

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Beaverdale (SE. 1/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. -~M~U~R--4---------, Collected by R.P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967.

Sample Method Channel (?).

Weathering/alteration Slightly weathered.

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Athens Shale (Ordovician).

Sample Description & Comments Sample of hard gray calcareous shale, slightly weath-
ered (about 20 feet exposed - sample taken from lower 6 feet) from road cut on north side of paved road, 1 mile west of intersection with U.S. Highwa 411. Intersection is just north of Sumac Creek Hollenbeck and Tyrrell, 1969, p. 18 .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 6-15-86
--~~~---------

-73-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S~h~a~l~e~(~R~o~m~e~F~o~r~m~a~t~i~o~n~)~--------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.69-5

County

Murray.

Samp1e Number --~MU:..:...:.;R:....-~5~-----

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL.; 1FMUR-5.

Date Reported March 1969.

Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

--------~~~---

Water

of

Plasticity

21.1 %Working
--~~~---

Properties

-------------------------------

Color __:....R:..:e:....d:........sg!..:r-=a:..:y-=- Drying Shrinkage _..::2~...:.4_____% Dry Strength ---------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1900

Medium

3.0

5.2

25.0

(1038) tan

2000

Dark

4.0

5.2

24.6

(1093) tan

2100

Dark

4. 5

8.0

19.1

(1149) tan

2200

Red

5.0

8.5

15.6

(1204) brown

1. 60
1. 64 1. 93

Remarks I Other Tests Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p.20).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-74-

locn. no. Mry.69-5 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

- - - - - - - Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2

Ti Al Fe

022oo2 33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2o

K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(org.)

HHco22oo2+-. .
Ign~t~on

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Beaverdale (center) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. MUR-5.

, Collected by R.P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967.

-----~~-------

Sample Method Channel (?).

Weath~ring/alteration Moderately weathered.

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Sample of red and gray shale, moderately weathered
(about 12 feet exposed) overlain by soil. Sample from upper 6 feet on road cut on the north side o f Ga. Hi hwa 2, 2.3 miles west of intersecti on with Ga. Hi hway 225 1 about 1-1 2 miles east of WhitfLeld County line Hollenbeck and Tyrrell, 1969,
. 18).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 9-15-86

-75-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e__(~R_e_d__M_t_n~.)~ ---------------- Compilation Map Location No. Mry.80-l

County

Murray.

Sample Number ___C_l_a~y__N_o_.__7_.__

Raw Pro perties:

Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche, #M.P. 1796.

Date Reported ---M--ar-c-h--1-9-8-0-.------ Ceramist L. Lorici,

Water

of

Plasticity -----------%Working

Properties

Schistose.
~~~~~~-----------------

Color Brown.

Drying Good

% Dry Strength

------------------- ----~~----- Pressing---G-- oo~d-. -- Fluidizing Good.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

1976 (1080) (=cycle l)
2030 (1110) (=cycle 2)
1994 (1090) (=cycle 3)

2.2

12.3

3.2

9.6

(DTA and Dilatometric Analyses on file. - unpubl. report.)

Remarks I Other Tests Illitic shale with hi gh mica and low cl ay mineral contents.
("C": much too refractory a nd not at all suitable for maki ng tile.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-76-

locn. no. Mry.80-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

- - - - - - Particle Size < 40

Retention Time Cycle 1: 40-45 min. Cycle 2: 70-75 m1n.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Cycle 3: 200-230 min.

in roller kiln.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

(A) Weight % (B)

Si0 2
AFTeli022oo2 33
FeO

63.22 0.70 18.80 6.96

68.4 1.0
18.2 7.7

MnO

0.04

MgO

1.15

0.9

CaO

0.11

0.0

Na 2o
K2 0

0.02 3.10

3.0

P2o5

S (total)

C (org.)

C0
H2

2o-

H2o+

Ignition

loss

5.68

(5.8)

Total

99 . 78

99.2 w/o LOI

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

volume %

(A)

(B)

X

X
(15)

(85)

X

Total
x =present. (A) - clays and micas only.

A) R. Landrum, GA Survey Analyst B) Marazzi Ceramiche.

M.A. Tadkod, GA Survey. M. Ceramiche.

Date Aug. and Sept. 1979 A) Atomic Absorption
Method B) XRF and Spectrophotometry.

Aug. and Sept. 1979. X-ray diffraction.

Sample Location Data:

County Murray.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. --~T~en~n~g~a~(~NW~-1~/~4~)____. Lat.

Long.

----------- Field No. lOA.

, Collected by M.A. Tadkod.

Date July 1979.

Sample Method Grab. --=...:::....:.;.;;;..;....._ _ __

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude ----------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Probably Athens Shale (Ordovician).*

Sample Description & Comments Sample from a roadcut on GA Hwy. 2 about 1/8 mi. east of Cisco (Tadkod, 1979 & 1980 un ubl. data). *Notes state "Red Mtn. Formation" but this area 1s mapped as Athens

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date --6--1-5--86-------
-77-

DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. Cl3-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24-72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. C479-72 Standard specification for vitrified clay liner plates, Part 16, p. 283-284. C330-69 Specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, Part 14, p. 229-232. C315-56 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for clay flue 1 in i ng s , Part 16, p . 169-1 7 1.
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 16, Chemical-resistant nonmetallic materials; clay and concrete pipe and tile; masonry mortar ml units; asbestos-cement products.
Bergenback, R.E., Wilson, R.L., and Rich, M., 1980, Carboniferous Paleodepositional Environments of the Chattanooga Area: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. I, Field Trip No. 13, p. 259-278, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va.
Butts, C., and Gildersleeve, B., 1948, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Bulletin 54, 176 p.
Chowns, T. M., editor, 1972, Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11, 102 p.
- - -, editor, 1977, Stratigraphy and Economic Geology of Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in Bartow and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 17, 21 p.
-78-

Chowns, T.M., and McKinney, F.M., 1980, Depositional Facies in MiddleUpper Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of Alabama and Georgia: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. 2, Field Trip No. 16, p. 323-348, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, VA.

Clews, F. H., 1969, Heavy Clay Technology: 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 481 p.

Crawford, T.J., 1983, Pennsylvanian Outliers in Georgia: in Chowns, T.M., ed., "Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Vicinity-of Rome, Georgia" 18th Annual Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, p. 30-41.

Cressler, C. W., 1963, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Catoosa County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 28, 19 p.

--------, 1964a, Geology and Ground-water Resources of the Paleozoic Rock Area, Chattooga County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 27, 14 p.

, 1964b, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Walker County, Ge ----~- orgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology
Information Circular 29, 15 p.

_____, 1970, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Floyd and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 39, 95 p.

-

--

--a, nd19M74u,rraGyeoClooguyntaineds,

Ground-water Resources of Gordon, Whitfi Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey

el

d

Information Circular 47, 56 p.

Cressler, C. W., Franklin, M. A., and Hester, W. G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.

Cressler, C. W., Blanchard, H. E., Jr., and Hester, W. G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular SO, 45 p.

Croft, M. G., 1964, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Dade County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 26, 17 p.

Georgia Geological Survey, 1976, Geologic Map of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000.

Gillespie, W.H. and Crawford, T.J., in press, Plant Megafossils from the Carboniferous of Georgia, U.S.A.: in lOth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology (Madrid), Proceedings.

-79-

Grimshaw, R. W,, 1972, The Chemistry and Phys ics of Clays and Other Ceramic Raw Materials: 4th ed., rev., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1024 p.
Hollenbeck, R.P., and Tyrrell, M.E., 1969, Raw materials for lightweight aggregate in Appalachian Region, Alabama and Georgia: U.S. Bureau of Mines RI-7244, 21 p.
Jones, T. J., and Beard, M. T., 1972, Ceramics: Industrial Processing and Testing: Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 213 p.
Kelly, K. L. and Judd, D. B., Color. Universal Language and Dictionary of Names: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NBS Special Publication 440, 158 p.
Kline, S. W. and O'Connor, B. J., editors, 1981, Mining Directory of Georgia, 18th. ed.: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 2, 49 p.
Klinefelter, T. A., and Hamlin, H. P., 1957, Syllabus of Clay Testing: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 565, 67 p.
Liles, K. J., and Heystek, H., 1977, The Bureau of Mines Test Program for Clay and Ceramic Raw Materials: U.S. Bureau of Mines IC-8729, 28 p.
Norton, F. H., 1942, Refractories: 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 798 p.
O'Neill, B. J., Jr., and Barnes, J. H., 1979, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, Southwestern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resources Report 77, 689 p.
--------, 1981, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, South-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resource Report 79, 201 p.
Patterson, S. H., and Murray, H. H., 1983, Clays: in Lefond, S. J., and others, eds., Industrial Minerals and Rock~ 5th ed., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, p. 585-651.
Smith, J. W., 1968?, Tests for Clay Products in Northwest Georgia; unpublished manuscript, 47 p. (brief summary in: 1967 Annual Report of the Department of Mines, Mining, an~Geology, 1968, p. 17-19).
Smith, R. W., 1931, Shales and Brick Clays of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 45, 348 p.
Spencer, J.W.W., 1893, The Paleozoic Group; The Geology of Ten Counties of Northwestern Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, 406 p.
Thomas, W.A., and Cramer, H.R., 1979, The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1110-H, 37 p.
-80-

Veatch, 0., 1909, Second Report on the Clay Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 18, 453 p.
Watson, T. L., l904, A Preliminary Report on the Bauxite Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Survey Bulletin 11, 169 p.
White, W. S., Denson, N.M., Dunlap, J.C. and Overstreet, E.F., 1966, Bauxite Deposits of Northwest Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1199-M, 42 p.
-81-

I

M45'
TENNESSEE

---P-O-LK CO--UNTY

Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 70 Plate 1
CLAY, SHALE AND SLATE TEST LOCATIONS IN MURRAY COUNTY

EXPLANATION

09V-1 Numbers correspond to the "Map Location No." in text.

Exact sample location.
C) Approximate sample location.

Several samples collected over the enclosed area. Boundary dashed where approximate.
JY

<C
LL

1

Location numbers:
Miry. 09V-1 M1ry. 31S-44 to Mry. 315-50 Mry. 46-1 and Mry. 46-2 M1ry. 69-1 to Mry. 69-5 Mry. 80-1

r '
,

34 45

I
!'

'
I
I~
:::::>
0 0

Not shown (location unknown):
Mry. 45-1 and Mry. 45-2 Mry. 64- 1 to Mry. 64-4 Mry. 67-1 and Mry. 67-2

lGoRooN COUNTY
s~ ' so

0

2

3 lvll LES

0

2

3

4 KILOM E TERS

~
.
84 ' 40 '