Ceramic and structural clays, shales and slates of Gordon County, Georgia

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES OF GORDON COUNTY, GEORGIA
BRUCE J. O'CONNOR

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

INFORMATION CIRCULAR 89

COVER PHOTO: View of the seven rectangular, down-draft, gas-fired kilns at the brick plant of the Plainville Brick Company, built in 1923 - last production reported in 1971 (U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1971, Minerals Yearbook, Area Reports: Domestic). See Map Location No. Gdn. 31S-58 and descriptions in Smith (1931, p. 232-234).

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS, SHALES AND SLATES OF GORDON COUNTY, GEORGIA
By Bruce J. O'Connor Principal Geologist
Information Circular 69
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVlSIO~
Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, State Geologist
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1987

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

Introduction

Acknowledgemen~s . . ,

i'

Location of Study Area

Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and

Analyses Forms . . . .

. ....

1. Absorption (%)

2. App. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent

3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity
4. Bloating . . . . . . . . . .

5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test)

6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.)

7. Color .. , . . . . , .

8. Color (Munsell) ...

9. Compilation Map Location No.

10. Cone . . . . . .

11. Drying Shrinkage

12. Dry Strength .

13. Extrusion Test

14. Firing Range .

15. Hardness .. 16. Hardness (Mohs')

17. HCl Effervescence

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%)

19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

20. Mohs 1 21. Molding Behavior . 22. Munsell ' . .' . .

23. "MW" face brick

24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent

25. pH . . . . . .

26. Plasticity ,

2 7. Porosity, Apparent ,

28. Quick Firing . . .

29. Saturation Coefficient

30. Shrinkage 31. Slaking , . . , .

32. Slow Firing Test ..

33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge)
34. Soluble Salts

3 5. Strength . . . .
36. "SW" face brick 37. Temp . oF ( oC) . 38. Water of Plasticity (%)
39. Working Properties (or Workability)

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays, Shales and Slates 1n

Gordon County, Georgia . .

. . . . .

. ....

Data Sources and References Cited

PAGE
1 3 4
9 10 10
12 l3 13 14 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 26 26 26
27
29
104

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Plate 1

Location of Gordon County Report Area ....... .. .
Clay, Shale and Slate Test Locations in Gordon County ........... . .... . ....... . ... . ..........

5 Pocket

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1

Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines

~nd Companies in Gordon County, Georgia .....

6

Table 2

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in

Gordon County, Northwest Georgia .......... . . .

7

Table 3

Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing

Test Forms ... , .. ,............ . .................

11

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INTRODUCTION

This report presents a compilation of ali available published and

unpublished ceram1c firing tests and related analytical data on samples

from Gordon County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or

undeveloped clays, shales and related materials; and ts intended for

use by geologists., engineers and members of the general public. , The

report should aid 1n the exploration for deposits of ceramic raw

material with econo~ic potential for future development.

This

information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information

on the potential use oE particular deposits at specific locations.

Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as USBM, were performed by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgi a Geologic Survey and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Ga. Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during several uncompleted and unpublished studies. These inc 1ude work by Bent ley 0964), Smith (1968?) and Tadkod (1980). Additional unpublished data presented 1n this compilation include work by TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 124 and 125). Published data include studies by the following authors: Veatch (1909, p. 395 to 397), Smith 0931, p. 211 to 241), Butts and Gildersleeve (1948, p. 124 and 125)~ and Hollenbeck and Tyrrell (1969, p. 18 to 20).

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Regardless of the source, all of the ceramic firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. They do not preclude the use of the materials 1n m1xes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others ~n that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Heystek, and A.V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this te s t work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G.S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory 1n Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H.S. Rankin and M.K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carol ina State College, Asheville, North Carol ina, using samples collected by S.D. Broadhurst. Additional tests were conducted by professor J.F. Benzel, Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, and by Merazzi Ceramiche, Sassuolo, Italy. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.n. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, M.A. Tadkod, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C.W. Cressler also have
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provided the author with valuable advice and suggest ions regarding sample locations and past studies. K.J. Liles and J. Smith reviewed a preliminary draft of this report. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are greatly appreciated. Howev~r, the contents of this report and any errors of om1ss1on or comm1sston therein are the sole responsibility of the author.
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Gordon County 1s located on the eastern side of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). No companies are currently mining clay or shale in the county, and only a few operations have been active here in the past (Table 1). The most abundant ceram1c raw materials in the county are the shales and residual clays derived from the Conasauga Group; however, other units such as the Floyd Shale, Rome Formation and Red Mountain Formation, as well as residual clays of the Knox Group, are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 2.
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0

f-.

10
I II

20
--.1

MILES

0 10 20

KILOMETERS

FIGURE 1
LOCATION OF GORDON COUNTY REPORT AREA
(after Cressler, and others, 1976)
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TABLE 1 Summary of 20th Century Clay and Shale Mines and Companies
in Gordon County, Georgia
Calhoun Brick Co. (1908?) Calhoun plant and pits: Brick from Conasauga shale and residual clay. Ceramic test: Gdn. 09V-2 (Veatch, 1909, p. 396 and 397; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, No. 87?)
B. Mifflin Hood Co. (Tn.), Legg Plant and pits, Calhoun: Brick from Conasauga shale and residual clay. Purchased from Legg Bros. Brick Co., 1919. Ceramic test: Gdn. 318-51 (Smith, 1931, No. 51, p. 212).
Legg Brothers Brick Co. (1906), Calhoun plant and pits: Pressed face brick from Conasauga shale. Sold to B. M. Hood Co., 1919. Ceramic test: Gdn. 09V-l (Veatch, 1909, p. 395 and 396; Smith 1931, No. 51, p. 212).
Plainville Brick Co. ( 1923), Plainville plant and pits: Face brick from Conasauga shale. Ceramic test: Gdn. 31S-58 and Gdn. 46-3 (Smith 1931, No. 58, p. 232; Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, No. 85 and 86; Reighard 1963, p. 20 and 28).
NOTE: The majority of the information for the companies listed above was taken from the Mining Directories (Circular 2, 1st to 18th editions) published by the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors at irregular intervals s1nce 1937. Some additional information came from the "Georgia Surface Mining and Land Reclamation Activities" published annually since 1960 by the Georgia Surface Mined Land Reclamation Program (Environmental Protection Division, Ga. Dept. of Natural Resources). Additional sources of information were found in the references cited at the end of each entry. Uncertainty in the dates is due to incomplete records in the Survey's files.
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TABLE 2 Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Gordon County, Northwest Georgia

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT
Quaternary (and Tertiary?)

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROC K TYPES 1/
* Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and
residual material. Largely clay and sand, but also, locally gravel and breccia.

Mississippian

*Floyd Shale - Approx. 300-500 ft., silt and clay with some sandstone; limestone present at base.

Fort Payne Formation (or Chert) - Approx. 100-200 ft., th i n- to th i ck-bedded chert and cherty limestone. Locally includes: *Lavender Shale Member- Approx. 0-100 ft., shale,
massive mudstone and impure limestone.

Devonian

Chattanooga Shale- Approx. 15-30 ft., carbonaceous, fissile black shale.
Armuchee Chert - Approx. 60ft., thin- to thick-bedded che rt.

Silurian

Red Mountain Formation (formerly Rockwood Formation) Approx. 600-1200 ft., sandstone, red and green shale, with conglomerate, limestone and local hematitic iron ore.

Ordovician

Moccasin Formation (or Limestone)- Approx 200-500 ft., red and yellow calcareous mudstone, blue limestone, and impure limestone.

Cambrian-Ordovician

(*)Knox Group- Approx. 3000-4000 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, minor limestoQe. Includes:
Longview Limestone- Approx. 500ft.; Chepultepec Dolomite - Approx. 500ft.; and Copper Ridge Dolomite - Approx. 2000-3000 ft.

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TABLE 2

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Gordon County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS T THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES l/

Cambrian

** Conasauga Group (or Formation) - Approx. 3000-5000 ft., predominantly shale and limestone with minor sandstone. Includes: Maynardville Limestone Member- Approx. 1000 ft.; 11Middle Unit 11 -Rutledge Limestone and Rogersville Shale?- Approx. 1000 ft.; and
11 Lower Unit 11 = Pumpkin Valley Shale?
- Approx. 1000 ft., silty s~ale.

*Rome Formation - Approx. 300-500 ft., red shale, and interbedded sandstone, siltstone and quartzite.

Precambrian

Ocoee Supergroup (or Series)- Approx. 20,000 ft., slate, phyllite, quartzite, metagraywacke, mica schist, and biotite gneiss.

NOTES:
* = Some ceram1c firing tests have been made on shales or slates and clays of
this unit. (*) Same as the above, but for residual clays only. ** Numerous firing tests have been made on this unit.
1/ Descriptions based on data in Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Cressler 1963, 1964a and b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Croft, 1964; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976.
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EXPLANATION OF KEY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS
The test data and analyses which are presented here ,were compiled on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most concise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified 1n large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., 0 'Ne i 11 and Barnes, 1979, 1981).
It should be noted that, although the grea~ majority of these tests were performed by the USBM, it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly for several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM form$ have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not measured by the USBM.
The paragraphs which follow briefly describe, 1n alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the Information included and, where possible, the various factors and implications to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the particular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch (1909, p. 50 to 64) and in Smith 0931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles B;nd Heystek 0977, especially p. 2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader,
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and potential user, of the key aspects of the information presented.

Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more

detailed information (e.g., Clews, 1969; Grimsha\v, 1972; Jones and

Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983) .

The

abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 4.

1. Absorption (%)
The absorption 1s a measure of the amount of water absorbed by open pores 1n the fired specimen and 1s g1ven as a percentage of the specimen's dry weight. For slow firing tests, it 1s measured on fired specimens which have been boiled 1n water for 2 to 5 hours and then
kept immersed in the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For the quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then immersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
The absorption gives an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing 1n outdoor struc-
tures. Less than 22% absorption 1s considered prom1s1ng for slow-fired
materials.

2. Appr. Par. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent
The apparent porosity 1s a measure of the amount of open pore space 1n the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and 1s expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it 1s based on the weight and volume of the specimen which has been boiled 1n water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed 1n water for several hours as
it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek,

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TABLE 3
Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms
ABBREVIATIONS
Appr. Por. = Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. = Apparent Specific Gravity
Btw. = Bartow County
C = Degrees Celsius Ct. =Catoosa County Cht. = Chattooga County
Dd. = Dade County Dist. = District DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis
E. East
F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. =Floyd County
g/crn3 = Grams per cubic centimeter
Gdn. = Gordon County
Lab. & No. = Laboratory (name) and number (assigned 1n laboratory)
Lat. =Latitude LOI = Loss on Ignition Long. = Longitude lb/in2 Pounds per square inch
lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot
Mry. Murray County
N. = North NE. Northeast NW. = Northwest
org. = Organic
Plk. Polk County
S. = South
SE. = Southeast
SW. = Southwest Sec. = Section
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Table 4. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued)
7 1/2' topo. quad. = 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle Temp. = Temperature TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority USBM = U.S. Bureau of Mines USGS U.S. Geological Survey W. =West Wkr. =Walker County Wf. Whitfield County XRD X-ray diffraction
1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity ~san indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered promising for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4).
3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity As reported ~n earlier USBM studies, the apparent specific gravity
~s a measure of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This 1s determined by boiling the sample in water for 2 hours and soaking it in watet overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the USBM moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965.
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4. Bloat in~ Bloal ing 1s the term given to the process 1n which clay or shale
fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded Lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scor1a 1s produced. Expanded lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggregate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious s1nce it leads to variable and uncontrollable warping, expansion and general disrupt ion of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41).
5. Bloating Test (or quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or
"burning") the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible use as a lightweight aggregate. Although spec i fie details of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the dried clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or "boat") which 1n turn is placed in thfi! pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
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6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fired
specimen based on its dry weight divided by its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it 1s considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral communication, 1984).
7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre-
sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this 1s given for descriptive purposes only s1nce it ts generally of no practical importance for ceramic applications (only the fired color 1s significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color 1s given for a precise description (see discussion below).
8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or
brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples 1n this compilation. It was used by Smith (1931, p. 23-25) and by the
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USHM since the early 1970's (Liles and Heystek, 1977~ p. 3; Liles, oral communication, 1982). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually.

9. CompilatLon Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a syste-
matic designation to be used in plotting sample locations on the base maps as shown by the typical example below.

Example:

Map Locn. No.

County Name - Abhreviation (Gordon)

Gdn. 31 S - 56 a
I

Dilte 0931).

Author's last initial (Smith) -for published data only

Sample se CJUence number (one 4f per loc ation).

De signa tion used only for cases of more than one test per location.

The map location qumber Gdn. 31S-56a 1s derived from the county name (e.g., Gdn. for Gordon County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 31 for 1931) plus the last initial of the author for major published sources (e.g., S for Smith), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only exceptions to this are the tests reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the sequence number of the present report 1s the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each map location number represents a

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specific location, or area, sampled at a particular time. ln cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times.
10. Cone Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of
firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic materials compounded 1n a ser1es, so as to soften or deform 1n progression with increasing temperature and/or time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specific temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about 11l2F ( 600C) to about 3632F ( 2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers.
11. Drying Shrinkage The drying shrinkage 1s a measure of the ' relative amount of
shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes
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upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, 1n this report the shrinkage values represent: the percent 1inear shrinkage based on the 1inear distance measured between two reference marks or lines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished 1n two stages: first, by air drying at room
temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second, by drying in an oven
followed by cooling to room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter
and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 212F (100C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1931, p. 20 and 21) employed 167oF (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (110C) for 3 hours.
12. Dry Strength
The dry strength (or green strength) 1s a measure of the apparent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreak1ng, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compress1ve strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such
terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith (1931, p. 12-13) reports
a quantitative measurement of this strength us1ng the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi).
13. Extrusion Test
More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which
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show good plasticity and long firing range ~n the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e., one which operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (moqulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Hey s t e k, 1977, p. 8) .
14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over
which the material shows favorable firing characteristics. For slowfired ~aterials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials thes~ include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least 100F (55C) to be considered promising (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18).
15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the
resistance to abrasion or scratching. It is designated either 1n verbal, descriptive terms or 1n numerical terms using Mohs' hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith (1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture.
16. Hardness (Mohs') The hardness of fired specimens using the Mohs' scale of hardness
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1s currently used by the USBM as a munerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals:

Mobs' Hardness No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reference Minerals
Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum
Diamond

A Mohs' hardness greater than 3 1s considered promising for slow-

fired materials.

17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence 1n HCl is visually determined as none, slight or
high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Hey s t e k, 1977, p . 4) . This test gives a general indication of the amount of calcium carbonate present in the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with lime pops and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products.

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the
clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total 1 inear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements

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between a pa1r of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) g1ves the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
19. Modulus of Rupt ure (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure of the strength of materials
(for crossbreaking or transverse strength 1n this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the force was applied and the width and thickness of the sample. The MOR is expressed in ps1 units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23).
20. Mohs' See Hardness (Mohs').
21. Molding Behavior See Working Properties.
22. Munsell See Color (Munsell) .
23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform
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degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.)
24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature
resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard pyrometric cones. The value given is the number of the standard pyrometric cone which softens and sags (or falls) at the same temperature as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable potential in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low shrinkage, and light fired color). The results are usually given for the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337C; 2439F) to Cone 42 (20l5C; 3659F) where the temperature equivalents are based on a heat1ng rate of 150oC (270F) per hour. With increasing temperature resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium-duty, high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29-30 and 57-58; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16).
25. ..P.!!
The pH is a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented here show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) pr1or to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
-21-

Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may give some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to \\later-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts ~s through direct chemical analysis as described under Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.)
26. Plasticity See Working Properties.
27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Par.
28. Quick Firing See Bloating Test.
29. Saturation Coefficient The saturation coefficient ~s determined only for specimens which
have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. rt is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergence (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage.
-22-

31. Slaking See Working Properties.
32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the process of firing ("burning") the
dried spec1men 1n a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although spec i fie details of the different laboratory methods vary, all spec1mens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time.
The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test spec1mens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to 1800F (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water 1s released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One specimen is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature 1s raised to the next level (usually 1n intervals of 100F). At each interval the temperature is again helq constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen 1s withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature 1s achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, since they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled by removal from the kiln.
Since the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of
-23-

commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens is slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832F ( 1000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln 1s then turned off, but the specimen remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximation of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, bne specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F (1250C). Unfortunately, only a relatively small part of the current data set 1s represented by USBM tests using this newer method.
The firing test methods used by Smith ( 1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods desctibed above. First, the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by 100F per hour until final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones 1n the kiln. The maximum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith 1 s firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible. No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch (1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech.
33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used in the 1950's and 60's by the
-24-

USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulf~te) in the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. "The solubridge and pH readings show the higher alkali samples. Solubridge determinations give the water soluble part of the alkalis and readings above 1.5 indicate fairly high soluble salt content. Clays containing high alkalies have rather short maturing temperatures and require closer firing control. The alkalies also
influence the color and lower the vitrification temperature." (H.P. Hamlin, written communication, 1957). In this method the pulverized
clay or shale 1s boiled in water, left to stand overnight, and filtered. The content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28-29). These data are no longer collected because consistent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve.
34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with efflores-
cence or scum on fired clay products. (More than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.)
The most accur~te determinative method 1s to boi~ the finely powdered sample in distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight. The decanted solution is then analyzed for the soluble salts us1ng standard chemical methods. The Solu-Bridge readings may also be used as a general measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28).
-25-

35. Strength See Dr,y Strength and Mopulus of Rupture.
36. "SW" face brick "SW" stands for severe weather conditions. This is a grade of
I
brick suitable for use under conditions where a high degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and the ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "MW" face brick.)
The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (F) followed by the Celsius (C) conversion in parentheses. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available, the approximate temperature is given on the form and is based on the table of temperature equivalents in Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128) or in Veatch (1909, p. 57).
38. Water of Plasticity (%)
This is a measure of the amount of water (as weight percent relative to the dry material) required to temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This is not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into briquette's from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticlty and finer grain size.
-26-

Unfortunately, high values also correlate with a greater degree of shrinkage, warping and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hq.mlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2.)
39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking,
plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range in time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it 1s given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated in a comparative manner in order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and is a general designation for the ease with wh~ch the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes.
These working properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of the operator. They do, however, g1ve a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process.
-27-

-28-

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays, Shales and Slates in Gordon County, Georgia*
* The data pres~nted in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. -29-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S~h~a~l~e~(~C~o~n~a~s~a~u~g~a~G~r~o~u~p~)~--------- Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.09V-l

County

Gordon.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Survey.

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist

~~~~-----------

0. Veatch, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity ________2_5___% Working Properties Poor plasticity; slow slaking.

Co lor Yellow.

Drying Shrinkage

Remarks Drying properties: Good.

4 % Dry Strength (tensile) 42 psi. (ave,) 56 psi . (max. )

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

1850

Red

(1010)

(=Cone 07)

Hardness 11 Good'

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

2.1

Other data: Bulk Dens.
/cm3

1922

Red

(1050)

(=Cone OS)

"Steel hard" 3.1 (not vitrified)

5.4*

2102

Dark red

(1150)

(=Cone 1)

(viscous)

*(absorption test made on half a common building brick made from this deposit.)

Remarks I Other Tests "This shale will make an excellent building brick, but is of
doubtful value for vitrified brick. Its main defect is poor plasticity." (Veatch, 1909, P 396).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-30-

locn. no. Gdn.09V-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size

Retention Time
----~--

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
ATFeli 022 oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20 P20s
s

(total)

c

(org.)

Hco2o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Dat e

Met hod

Sample Locat io n Da t a :

County ___G~o~r_d_o~n~ ------- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun North (S. cntr.) Lat.- - - - - -- - Long.

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch

Date c. 1909

Sample Me thod Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Variably weathered.

Structural Attitude

Str a ti gra phi c As signme nt Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Sample from pit of the Le gg Brothers Brick Co. at Calhoun (also see Gdn.31S-51) is used to make common and dry press building brick.
It 1s e llow or brown to olive reen in color, closel jointed and hard -- tending t o be un i form in compos i tion and texture , but variabl y consol i dated Veatch, 1909, p. 39 5-396).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86
-----~-~-----

-31-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay (resi4~al from ~hale).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.09V-2

County --G-o-r-d-o-n-.----------------

Sample Number

Raw l>roperties:

Lab & No. Ga. S4rvey, #53.

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist 0. Vea~ch, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity ----------% Working Properties

Co lor Ye llqw.

Drying Shrinkage --------*---% Dry Strength ------------------

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Temp. OF
(C)

Color Hardness (Munsell) (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Dens.
/em)

Remarks I Other Tests *This clay was being used by the Calhoun Brick Co., but it
had "excessive shrinkage" and the pebbles in the overlying gravels caused some difficulty (Veatch, 1909, p. 396).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-32-

locn. no. Gdn.09V-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti.Oz

Al
Fe

22oo33

FeO

(t otal)

60.67
o. 73
J 7.5 5 7. 21

MnO

trace

MgO

0.68

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0
P20s
s

trace 3.61 1. 98
(total)

c

(org.)

HHIcgo22n2oo+1-. t t. on

1. 08

loss

6. 68

Total

100.22

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate
I
Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey (in Veatch, 1909, p. 396-397 and Appendix B, No. 53, p. 412- 413).
Date c . 1909 .

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun South

. Lat.

Long .

Field No.

Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Residual clay.

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) residual clay derived from Cambrian Conasauga Group shale.

Sample Description & Comments Yellow residual clay capped by a thin deposit of red, sandy loam and coarse uartz gravel (used by the Calhoun Brick Compan to make brick at their plant about 1 mile South of Calhoun Veatch, 1909, p. 395397.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 11-24-81

-33-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay and shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-51

County

Gordon.

Sample Number ~G_-~1__________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #51.

Date Reported

1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

----~~----------

Water of Plasticity

22.7% Working Properties Plasticity poor and grainy

(fair on aging overnight); r-ather slow slaking; molding behavior fair-column edges

tend to tear.

Color Light

Drying Shrinkage

brownish-gray.

2.1 %Dry Strength (MOR) 75.5 ps1.

Remarks Drying behavior: little or no warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840 (1005)
1920 0050)

Salmon (4YR-6/7)
Dark salmon (2YR-6/6)

912 1019

3.6 (5.5) 4.1 (6.0)

16.8 14.3

Little or none
Slight

2000

Light red 1386

0095) 0 OR-5/ 5)

6.2 (7.5)

11.4

Slight

2060

Good red 1674

7.5 (9.3)

8.5

0125) (lOR-4/5)

Considerable

2090

Deep red 1638

7.5 (9.5)

5.6

014 5) (lOR-3/5)

2160

Deep red 2231

8.5 oo. 3)

4.9

0180) (lOR-3/4)

Considerable
Considerable (vitrifiedappearing surface)

Remarks I Other Tests Firing rang e = Cone 1 to 3 (in commercial kiln = Cone 1 to
2). This mixture used b the B. M. Hood Co. to make common and face br'ck at the
Legg Plant on .the north side of Calhoun Smith, 1931, p. 215 and 216 .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR11 reported in Smith (1931).

-34-

locn. no. Cdn.31S-51, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemic a 1 & Mineralogi~al Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2
ATFeti 022oo2 33
FeO

63.44 0.92
20.79 5.50 0.89

MnO

MgO

0.55

GaO
Na 2o
K20 P205
s

(total)

0.00 0.37 2.31 trace 0.00

c

(org.)

HHco22o2o+-
Ignition

loss

5.35

Total

100.12*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

* = analysis recalculated on an H20- free basis by Sm i t h , 193 1, p . 214 . )

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1931.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun North (S. cntr.). Lat.

Long.

Field No. --G---1----------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Date 4-28-30
Weathered clay (residual ?).

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) shale and Recent (?) residual (?) cia .
Sample Description & Corrqnents Sa mples from shale p~ t a tbe Hood. Brick Co. on the N. side of Calhoun, E. of the Nashville RR and W. of the "Dixie Hwy. (Ga. 3), 1/2 mile N. of the Hood Co.'s brick plant. The Con a saug a shale in 8ft. deep pit 1s soft and light brown at the top, through semi-hard and greenish-drab to hard, dark gra shale at the bot'tom of the it. In places the shale rades horizontal! into a mottled red and li ht-brown cla residual ? with traces of a shal
Smith , 19 1 , p. 212 to 216). Also see Gdn. 0 9V-l.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86

-35-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Soft to semi-hard shale (Conasauga). Gordon.

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-52 Sample Number __G..-..._7.:.<.g~------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #52

Date Reported

1931. Ceramist

----------~-------

R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

21.1 %Working Properties Plasticity is ~rainy at first,

fair after aging overnight; a little slow slaking; molding behavior is fair.

------- Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage

2.6 %Dr y Strength (MOR) 77.8 psi.

Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Dark

(lOOS) salmon

(2YR-6/ 7)

1326

4.2 (7,1)

11.6

Slight

1920

Light

(lOSO) salmon

(lOR-5/6)

1560

4.1 (7.0)

10.4

Some

2000

Fair red

(109 5) (1 OR-5/5)

1713

4.8 (7.1)

10.2

Some

2060

Good red

1733

6.3 (9.0)

7.8

(1125) (1 OR-4/ 5)

Some

2090

Deep red

2189

7.5 (9.5)

3.8

Bad

0145) (1 OR-5/ 5)

2160

Deep red

3004

8.0 (10.2)

3.0

Bad

(1180) (1 OR-3/3)

I Other Tests Firing range: Cone 01 to 5 (in commercial kiln: Cone 02

This material probably su'table for manufacture of brick, but dry strength

robabl too low or tile or

i e - could be im roved b blending with other

Smith, 193~, p. 218 .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation '110Ri' corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-36-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-52, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiO

58.62

TiO~

At Fe

22oo33

FeO

0.92 24.62
7. 05 0.82

MnO

MgO

0.21

CaO
Na 2o
K20 Pz05
s

(total)

0.00 0.50 2.05 trace 0.00

c

(org.)

HCO2oz -
H2o+ Ignition
loss Total

*
5. 27 100.06*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an HzO- -free
basis by Smith, 1931, p. 217)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

- - - Land Lot 154 & 156, Sec. 3

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun North (SW.l/4). Lat.

Dist. 14 Long.

Field No. ___G_-_7~g~---------- ' Collected by R. W. Smith

Date 4-29-30

Sample Method Grab samp les from

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

outcrops on 2 ridges.

Structural Att itude -------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (shale) -Cambrian.

Sample Description & Comments Material is soft to semi-hard, somewh~t fissile,
drab shale (similar to Gdn.31S- 51 above) from the Chapman, Lewis and Henderson properties on low rid ges just east of the Oostanaula River. This is about 1 1/4 miles north of Calhoun, and l/2 to 3/4 mile west of the Nashville RR. and the B.
M. Hood Company brick plant t smith, 19 31, p. 216-Zlg) .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86

-37-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Plastic yellow clay

Compilation Map Location Nd. Gdn.31S-53

--,C~r-e-s~i~d~u~a~l~/~c-o~l~l-u-v~i~a~1~)-.----------

County

Go rdon.

Sample Number _ _G_- ..3;._ __ _

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. , #53.

Date Reported ----1-9-3-1-.----------- Ceramist R. W. Smith , Ga. Survey.

Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars very slightly warped. Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Tetnp.
OF
(oC)

Color Hard!'less (Munse 11) * (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appt. Por.
%

Other data: Warpage

1840

Pi nkish-

672

(1005) ivory

(SYR-7/6)

0.4 0.3 )

24.8

Very slight

1920

Pinkish-

906

(1050) tan, pale

(SYR-7/6)

0.3 (7.1)

25.3

Very slight

2000

Pinkish- 1341

(1095) tan, light

(SRY-7/5)

2060

Pinkish- 1022

(1125) tan, medium

( SYR-6/7)

0.8 (7.4) 1.3 (8.3)

23.6 24.1

Very slight
Slight

2090

Pinkish-

014 5) salmon

(4YR-6/6)

1251

1.0 (7.4)

23.6

Very slight

2160

Pinkish-

(1180) salmon

(3YR-6/ 6)

1204

1.8 (8.5)

22.5

Slight

Remarks I Other Tests Firing Range: above Cone 5. Due to the high absorption
this clay is s uitable only for flower pots and crude pottery- also possibly porous roofing tile. It could be used in blends to increase the plasticity of slow-slaking shales (Smith, 1931, p. 220).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "SYR" corresponds to the original notation "YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-38-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-53, cont.

Crushing Characteristic~ (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe 203 FeO

Weight %
74. so
0.93 13.01
3.24
0. 72

MnO

MgO

0.28

GaO

0.00

Na20 K20
P20s
s c

(total) (org.)

0.59 0.44 trace 0.00

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

6.32

Total

100.03*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Miner~l

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 219.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date

1931.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

- - - - - - - 7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun North (SE.l/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No. --G---3 ------- ----, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date 4-28-30

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration residual or colluvial.

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment

derived from Knox Group (Cambro-

Ordovician carbonate rocks.

Sample Description & Comments Yellow plastic clay from shallow outcrops at the

edge of a meadow on the Prater property 2 miles northeast of Calhoun, east of the

Newton road and 1 l/4 miles due east of the Nashville RR. It apparently was de-

rived from relative! chert-free area of the Knox Group carbonates and is inferred

to be either colluvial or residual 1n or1g1n Smith, 1931, p. 218-220).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-39-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Drab shale, soft to semi-hard Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-54 ~(~C-o-na-s-a-u-g~a-)-. --------------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number __G_- _8g_________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech . #54.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist

~~~-------------

R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

21.8 % Working Properties Fair plasticity; fairly rapid

slakin fair moldin behavior-ed es tend to tear.

Color Yellow.

Drying Shrinkage

3.0 %Dry Strength MOR 89.4 psi.

Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
( oc)

Color Hardness (Munse 11 )* (MOR,
psi . )

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Salmon

766

2.9 (6.5)

(1005) (2YR-6/6)

16.9

Slight

1920

Light red

(1050) (1 OR-5/4)

2000

Good red

(1 09 5) (1 OR-4/ 4)

1162 1229

4.0 (7.0) 4.5 (7.4)

13.2 ll. 5

Slight Slight

2060

Good red

(1125) (1 OR-4/5)

1517

5. 7 (8.0)

12.0

Some

2090

Deep red

1690

6.5 (9.1)

7.0

(1145) (lOR-4/3)

Some

2160

Deep red

1855

7.2 (9.5)

7.7

( 1180) (lOR-3/3)

Some

Remarks / Other Tests Firing Range: Cone 1 to Cone 5 (in commercial kiln: Cone 01 to 4). Material 1s suitable for manufacture of bri ck and possibl medium-fired structural ti e Sm it h , 193 1, p. 222

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notati'on 11 10R" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-40-

locn. no. Gdn.JlS-54, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Fairly easy grinding, brittle.
. Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Appro~. 17 hours .
Chemic a 1 & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
ATFeli022oo2 33
FeO

55.23 0.92
26.25 7.25 0.50

MnO

MgO

0.05

CaO
Na 2o
KzO
PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

0.00 0.99 1. 52 0.14
p.oo

COz

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

7. 20

Total

100.05*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H 2o- -free
basis by Smith, 1931, ? 220)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date

c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data :

County Gordon.

Land Lot

8

Sec. 3

Dist. 14

- - - - - - 7 1/2' topo quad . Calhoun North (central), Lat.
Fi e ld No. _____G_-_8~g__________ , Collected by R. W. Smith.

Long. Date 4-30-80

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Variable weathering.

Structural Attitude Bedding strikes NE and dips c. 45 SE in Ga. Hwy. 3 cut.

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group shales (Cambrian).

Sampl e Description & Comments Samples of soft to semi-hard, drab colored shale 3 & 1/2 miles north of Calhoun and ' ust north of Damascus Church, from road cut
from shallow outcrops on the low Pendle y property Smith , 1931,
p . 220-222 ) .

Compiled by B. J . O'Connor

Date 8-20-86
------~--------

-41-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale, drab reddish-brown

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-55

-,(~C~o-n-a~s~a-u_g_a_),_. ---------------------

Gordon.

Sample Number ___G_-_4_2~g~------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #55.

Date Reported

1931. Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

------------~-----

Water of Plasticity

19.9 %Working Properties Fair plasticity; a little slow

slaking; molding fair-column edges tend to tear.

Color Light btown. Dt"ying Shrinkage

2.0 %Dry Strength (MOR) 79.2 psi.

Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars slightly warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Light

656

(1005) salmon

(3YR-6/ 6)

2.7 (4.5)

17.9

Slight

1920

Salmon

909

(1050) (2YR-6/5)

2000

Deep

(1095) salmon

(1 YR-6/ 4)

1199

2060

Medium red 1625

(1125) (1 OR-5/ 5)

2090

Good red 1636

(1145) (lOR-4/5)

3.9 (5.7) 4.8 (6.8)
5.3 (7.5) 6.5 (8.3)

15.5 12.5
10.9 10.4

Slight Slight
Slight Considerable

2160

Deep red 2035

7.1 (8.6)

8.0

(1180) (lOR-4/3)

Considerable

Remarks I Other Tests Firing Range: Cone 01 to Cone 6 (Commercial kiln: Cone 02
to 5). Shale is suitable for manufacture of brick- possibly also for structural and roo fing tile - although the some\ihat poor working properties and low green strength need special attention in plant production (Smith, 1931, p. 224).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-42-

locn. no. Gdn.jlS-55, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical &. Mineralogical Dat~:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

64. 22

TiOz

0.7 3

Al z OJ

\9. 89

Fe 203 Fe O

5 . 2fi 1. 29

MnO

MgO

t race

GaO
Na 2o
K20
P20s
s

(total)

0.00 0.48 2.48 trace 0.00

c

(org.)

HHC202o2o+-

*

Ignition

loss

5.63

Total

99.98*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 223.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot 303 and Sec. 3
3l1-313 ,

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun North (N.cntr.). Lat.

Dist. 13 Long.

Field No.

G-42g

' Collected by R. w. Smith.

Date 5-8- 30

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Variable weathering.

Structural Attitude

Str a tigr a ph ic Ass ignment Conasauga Group shale (Cambrian).

Sample Description &. Comments Semi-hard to hard, drab to reddish-brown colored

shale (fissile to massive) from outcro s on the Edwards

Chatsworth road Ga. Hw 136) about 1/2 to 1 mile

just east

Smith, 1931, p. 22 3 - 224 .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-43-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Clay and soft shale. (F 1oyd). Gordon.

Raw Properties:

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-56a

Lab & No.

Sample Number G-29 -"'"--'-~---
Ga. Tech., #56.

Date Reported 1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

----~~-----------

Water of Plasticity

36.5 %Working Properties Good plasticity; rapid slaking;

and good molding behavior (tend to laminate in roll-press) .

Color Brown.

Drying Shrinkage

8.3 %Dry Strength (MOR) 232.1 psi.

Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars considerably warped.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

day (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Light

(1 00 5) salmon

(3YR-6/ 7)

1411

5.2 04.0)

17.7

Considerable

1920

Medium

(1050) salmon

( 2YR-6/ 7)

1590

5. 7 (14. 2)

15.9

Considerable

2000

Salmon

1482

(1 09 5) (4YR-6/7)

6.1 04.2)

14.4

Considerable

2060

Light red 2088

(1125) (lYR-5/5)

9.0 (16.3)

10.5

Considerable

2090

Medium

2249

9.5 (17.1)

7.3

(1145) red

( 1OR-4/ 4)

Considerable

2160

Good red 2398

10.0 (17.6)

6.0

(1180) ( 1 OR-4/ 3)

Considerable

Remarks / Other Tests to 05).

Cone 01 to 6 (in comtnercial kiln: Cone 02

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-44-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-56a, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02 Ti02 Al203
Fe 203 (total) FeO

67.64 0.92
14.88 8.28

MnO

trace

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 P205
s

(total)

0.00 0.45 0.98 0.06 0.00

c

(or g.)

C02

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

6.95

Total

100.16*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analys~s recalculated o~ an H2o- -free
basis by Smith, 1931, p. 225.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot 305, 316,

Sec. __3__,

318 and 320.

7 1/2' topo quad. Sugar Valley

. Lat.

(NE. side) .

Field No. --G---2-9-----------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Dist. 13 Long. Date '5-5-JO

Sample Method Groove samples of 3 Weathering/alteration Weathered. to 6 ft. 1n len g th from 3 different places on RR cut.
Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) clay and shale derived from deep weathering of Floyd "Shale" argillaceous carbonates (Mississippi an).

Sample Description & Comments Soft, weathered, brown and drab shale and red to mottled red and gray cla from a 500 ft. lon cut on the Southern RR. 1/2 mile south o Hill City and located on the G. Bandy property Smith, 1931, p. 224-26) .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-45-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __,.i>_l_a_s_t_i_c_c_l_a_,y!.....!...,--'gg.'.:..r_a..:.y~,_ b-=1-=u-=e--=a-=n-=d;____ Ccimpi.l a t i on Map Lo c at i on No . Gd n . 3 l S- 56b

brown.

County

Gordon.

Sample Number G-30

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ca. te~h.} #5~.

Date Reported

1931.

Ceramist

--~-~~~--~~-

R. w. Smith, Ga. Si.irvey.

Water of Plasticity

26.3 % Workirig Ptoperties Good plasticity , but very

stick ; ra id slakin ood molding- slight

laminale.

Color Light

Drying Shrirtkage

6. 9 % Dry Strength

ps t .

brownish-gray.

Remarks Drying behavior: all test bars show considerable warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Apptox. Tetnp.
OF
(oC)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Cream

990

0.7 0.3)

(1005) yellow

(7YR-7 /7)

19.1

Considerable

1920

Pale

0050) salmon

(6YR-7 /7)

2000

Light

(1095) salmon

(5YR-7/6)

2060

Medium

0125) salmon

(4YR-6/6)

973
1203 1382

0.8 (7.1) 1.1 (7.8) 1.8 (8.7)

19.2 17.6 16.4

Considerable Some Considerable

2090

Salmon

(114 5) (2YR-5/6)

2160

Salmon

0180) OYR-5/5)

1521

2.6 (9.3)

15.5

Considerable

1683

3.4 (10.4)

13.9

Bad

Firing Range: Cone 3 to 8 and -higher (commercial kiln: Cone This clay i s suitable for manufacture of flower pots, crude

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation "SYR" corresponds to the original notation "YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-46-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-56b, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemic a 1 & Mineralosical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02 Ti0 2 Al203
Fe 2o3
FeO

84.35 1.10 7.20 2.17
trace

MnO

MgO

0.14

GaO
Na 2o
KzO P205
s c

(total) (org.)

0.51 0.48 0.4 7 trace 0.00

C02

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss

3.26

Total

99.95*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Sm i t h , 193 1, p . 22 7. )

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

3

Dist. 13 .

7 1/2' topo quad. Sugar Valley (NE. side). Lat.

Long.

Field No. G-30

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

----~~-------------

Sample Method 4 Et . grooved sample from prospect pit .
Structural Att itude

Weathering/alteration

Date 5-5-30
Residual (alluvial?) clay.

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) residual (or possibly alluvial ?) clay probably derived by deep weathering of an impure Conasauga (Cambrian) limestone.

Sample Description & Comments Material is a very plastic clay containing some
g rit. It ran es from li ht ra and brown-stained "at the top to "bri ht blue" at the bottom of a 5 f t. dee~ pros pe ct pit from the G. Bandy property 3 4 mile south of Hill Cit v (Smith, 1931, p. 226-228). (This is a pp roximate! 0.1 mile north of the paved Ww-SE paved road recently de signated as Ga. Hwy. 136 conn . .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-4 7-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

_R_r_o_w_n_s_o_f_t_s_h_a__l_e.:..../_c_l_a_,_y___;(_F_l_o.JI.y_d....:)_.__ Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 318-~7

Gordon.

__ Sample Number G-13 __;~----

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #57.

- - - - - - - - - - Date Reported

1931 .

Cerami s t R. W. S~ith, Ga. Survey~

Water of Plasticity

32.7 % Working Properties Fair plasti~!ty, "short"; fairl ra id slaking; f ~ir moldin

Remarks Drying Behavior: test bars all slightly warped. Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Linear

Absorptioh

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Pale

0005) salmon

(SYR-7/6)

1266

2.2 (4.9)

24.3

Slight

1920

Light

(1050) salmon

(6YR-7/6)

1461

2.8 (5.1)

22.7

Some

2000

Medium

(1 09 5) salmon

(3YR-6/6)

1770

3.8 (6.3)

19.5

Slight

206d

Salmon

0125) (lYR-5/5)

2202

6.5 (8.6)

16.2

Considerable

2090 0145)

Light chocolatered ( 1OR-5/ 5)

2491

8.3 00.3)

12.5

Some

2160 (1180)

Medium chocolatered (1 YR-4/4)

2700

8.3 (10.8)

12.0

Some

Remarks I Other Tests Firing Range: Cone 3 to 5 and higher (commercial kiln: Cone
2 to 5). Material is suitable for manufacture of brick and possibl medium-fired structural t ile Smith, Lq3J, p. 230).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) T~sts: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notations 11 5YR11 and 11 10R11 correspond to the original notations ''YR11 and 11R-YR11 respectively reported in Smith (1931).

-48-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-57, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemica 1 & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

At Fe

22oo33

FeO

73 .85
o. 74
14. 66
3 . 83 trace

MnO

MgO

0.66

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

0.00 trace
1. 95

P20s

trace

s

(total) 0.00

c

(org.)

HHco22o2o+-

;'<

Ignition

loss

4.35

Total

100.04*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an H 20- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 229.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Surve ;t: .

Date c . l 930 .

Method Standard ''wet".

Sample Location Data :

County Gordon.

Land Lot _..::.1..:1...3.:..__ Sec.

3

7 l/2' topo quad. Sugar Valley (SE.l/4). Lat.

Di st. 14 Long.

Field No. G-13

, Collected by R. W. Smith.

----~--------------

Date 5-1-30

Sample Me thod Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Deeply weathered

(residual) clay.

Structural Attitude ----~------------------~------~-----------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Recent (?) clay/shale weathered from Mississippian Flo;t:d Shale argillaceous limestone.

Sample Description & Comments Ranges from a soft, brown, sandy "shale" (sli ght fissility) to nearly a sandy clay containing numerous fossil casts and probably d e rived f rom an ar g illaceous limestone in the Fl oyd Shale. Taken from the J. Russell prop rt y at the SE. foot o f Baugh Mtn. on the South e rn RR. l 1/2 miles south of Su g ar Valley and about 3/4 mile NW. of the Oostanaula River (Smith, 1931, p. 229- 230).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-49-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __B_r_i~c_k_,~u_n_f~l-r_e__d _~( _f_r_o~m~C~o~n~a~s~a_u~g~a~- Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-58

shale, soft to hard).

County

Gordon.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. #58.

Date Reported

1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey .

------~-----------

Water of Plasticity

21.3 %Working Properties Good plasticity; rapid slaking;

and good molding behavior.

Color Light brown. Drying Shrinkage

3. 0 ~~ Dry Strength (MOR) 177.8 psi.

Remarks Drying Behavior: good, with little or no warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)
1840 (1 00 5)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Dark salmon (l YR-5/6)

1241

Linear Shrinkage, % dry plastic

Absorption %

2.2 ( 5. 9)

15.7

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage
Slight

1920

Light

(1050) red

(1 OR-5/ 5)

1631

3.0 (6.1)

15. 1

Slight

2000

Medium

2217

5.3 (8.2)

9.5

(l 09 5) red

(l OR-5/ 4)

Slight

2060

Good red 2237

5.7 (8.5)

8.4

0125) (l OR-4/ 5)

Some

2090

Good deep 2679

7.2 (9.9)

5.2

0145) red

(lOR-4/4)

Some

2160

Good deep 2797

7.5 (10.1)

4.8

( 1180) red

(l OR-3/4)

Some

Remarks / Other Tests Firin Ran e: Cone 02 to 5 and higher (commercial kiln : 01 to 5). These tests are on samples of green unfired) brick made from the Conasauga shale by the Plainville Brick Go. at Plainville (Smith, 1931, p. 232-234).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-50-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-58, cont.

Crushing Characteristics {unired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 T'02 Al20 3
re2o3 ( t otal)
FeO

56.96 0.73
23.98 8 . 32

MnO

0.38

MgO

0. 71

CaO
Na 2o
KP22o0 s
s c

(total) (org.)

0.81 0.99 1.18 0.11 0.17

HC02o2 -

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

6.64

Total

100.98*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an HzO- -free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 232.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Plainville (SE.l/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. --------------------, Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date 7-30-29

Sample Method Random sample of

Weathering/alteration (Shale weathered at

several green bricks.

top of pit only).

Structural Attitude Shale in pit: strike N.45E., dipping c. 45 6 SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Shale from Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Shale at Plainville Brick Co. pit on the east slope of a low ridge just north of Plainville, just west of the brick plant and west o f the Southern RR. The shale ranges from soft and brownish-drab colored, at the weathered surface, to hard and grayish-drab, at 15 - 20 eet deep in the pit where li ght gray to greenish-gray, calcite-bearing streaks are occasionally observed. These last are discarded during mining to avoid any possibility of
scumming of the br i ck surface on firing (Smith, 1931, p. 232-234).

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-51-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Hard shale, drab (Conasauga). Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.31S-59 ----------~------~------~~----

County

Gordon,

Sample Number - - - - - - - -

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #59.

----- - - - - --- Date Reported

1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity

18.9 % Working Properties Slaking is very slow;

plasticity very poor and grainy-even after aging a week; molding behavior very poor.

Color Brownish-gray. Drying Shrinkage 1.2 %Dry Strength (MOR) 60.9 psi.

Remarks Drying Behavior: fairly rapid, with slight warpage.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)
1840 (1005)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,
psi.)

Salmon

456

(3YR-6/6)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

1.0 (2.0)

18.2

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage
Slight

1920

Dark

618

1.6 (2.9)

(1050) salmon

(2YR-S/S)

16.5

Considerable

2000

Light red

765

2.8 (4.2)

(1095) (3YR-S/5)

13.5

Slight

2060

Fair red

(1125) (lOR-4/5)

1274

3.2 (4.5)

13.4

Some

2090

Good red

1594

4.1 (5.3)

11.3

Bad

( 1145) (9R-4/4)

2160

Good red

2142

4.3 (5.3)

ll. 5

Bad

( 1180) (9R-4/3)

Remarks I Other Tests Firing range: Cone 3 to 5 and higher (commercial kiln: Cone
2 to 5. The shale is suited only ~or maki ng common brick due to the high absorption probably due t o the hardness of the shale. These fine grindin and longer pugging (Smith, 1931, p. 236-

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.
*Note: Munsell color notation 11 l0R11 corresponds to the original notation 11 R-YR11 reported in Smith (1931).

-52-

loco. no. Gdn.31S-59, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

We,ight %

Si02 Ti0 2 Al203 Fe203 (total)
FeO

63.97 0.82 19.76 7. 77

MoO

MgO

0.03

CaO
Na 2o
K2 0 PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

0.00 0.98 +.51
0.00

C02

HH22oo+-

*

Ignition

loss Total

5.24 100.08*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 237.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930.

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot ---- Sec.

Dist. ---

7 l/2' topo quad. Plainville (E. side) . Lat.------------ Long.

Field No.

Collected by R. W. Smith.

Date c. 1930

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Somewhat weathered.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.30E. and dip 60 to 75NW.

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group shale (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Outcrop samples from a low ridge on the old Reeves Farm (Maddox & Matthews property) l/2 mile east of the Southern RR., west of Ga.
H'"Y 54, and south o f the road to Curryville, 3 miles NE of Plainville. Shale is hard, reenish- to reddish-drab colored and sam led from outcrops on the east and south sides of the 80-100 ft. high r' rl ge Smith, 1931, p. 236-238).

Compiled by --~B~~J~~O-'C_o~n~n~o_r__________ Date --~8~-~20~-~8-6-------

-53-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material _ S_h_a_l_e____,.(_C_o_n_a_s_a_u.g..'a--'-)_._ _ _ _ _ _ _ Campi lat ion Map Lo'cation No. Gdn. 318-60

County

Gordon.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number -G--2-1-2- - - -
Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #60.

------'------- Date Reported

1931.

Ceramist R. W. Smith, Ga. Survey.

Water of Plasticity ---=-=-..2.:.5....=1..__

tear.

Remarks Drying Behavior: test bars all slightly warped. Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(C)

Color Hardness (Munsell)* (MOR,)
psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Light red 1310

6.8 (9.4)

11.1

(1 00 5) (2YR-5/6)

Slight

1920

Fair red

(1050) (1 OR-S/7)

1471

6.0 (9.0)

10.1

Some

2000

Medium red 1848

6.8 (9.1)

8.0

(1 09 5) (1 OR-5/4)

Slight

2060

Good red

2363

9.5 (11.9)

5.3

(1125) (lOR-4/5)

Some

2090

Chocolate 2068

7.3 (9.9)

4.6

(1145) red

(lOR-4/4)

Considerable

2160

Deep choc- 2485

7.6 (10.0)

3.2

(1180) alate red

(l OR-3/4)

Bad (vitreous
surface)

Remarks I Other Tests
This shale is suitable

e: Cone 03 to 5 (commercial kiln: Cone 04 to 4).
brick and possibly tile Smith, 1931, P 241 .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

*Note: Munsell color notation "lOR" corresponds to the original notation "R-YR" reported in Smith (1931).

-54-

locn. no. Gdn.31S-60, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh. Retention Time c. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz
TAFeito22oo2 33
Fe O

59 .1 5 0 . 92
23. 56 5 .65 1.43

MnO

MgO

0.28

CaO
Na 2o
KzO P2o5
s c

(total) (org.)

0.00 0.49 2.01 trace 0.00

HCO2oz -

*

H2o+

Ignition

loss

6.45

Total

99.94*

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral '

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* = analysis recalculated on an H20- -free basis
by Smith, 1931, p. 240.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c . 1930 .

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon .

Land Lot 143 and Sec. 3

158

7 1/2' topo quc;td Calhoun South (S.cntr.) . Lat.

Dist. 15 Long.

Field No. G-21-2

' Collected by R. w. Smith.

Date 5-2-30

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Scructural Attitude ---------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignme nt Con a saug a Group shales (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Sampl e s of soft to sem i -hard, brownish-drab colored shale (with narrow ba nd s of red c1a ) taken at intervals from a 1/4 mile stretch o f exposure alon g a d i rt road j ust west of the Nas hv i lle RR., about 1 4 mi le north of the Bartow Count line west of Oothkal oo a cr'e ek: on the H. R. Bennett
Smith, 1931, p. 23 9-241) .

Comp i led by B. J. O'Connor

Dat e 8-20~86

-55-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

___ Shale (Rome).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.46-l

----~~~~~--------------------

Gordon.

Sample Number ..__7___._........_

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. N.C. State College Research Lab,

Ashevil le, North Carolina; TVA # 103

_______ Date Reported ----1~ 0-~ 8~ -4~ 6- . --- Ceramist M. K. Banks, TVA.

Water of Plasticity

__;% Working Properties

- - - - - - - - - Color Red-green-gray. Drying Shrinkage -----% Dry Strength
Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

% '

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Positive.

2350 (1288)

Absorption %

Bulk Density /cm3 lb/ft3

Remarks: Pore Structure

2400 (1316)

67

Excellent.

2450 (1343)

40

Excellent.

Rematks Bloating range= 2350-2500F (1288-137lC); best ~t 2450F (1343C).

-56-

locn. no. Gqn.46-l , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TAFeli022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 20 K20

sP2S c

(total) (org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+ Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermicul i te Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun N. (N. side) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. --7-------------------, Collected by K. H. Teague (TVA). Date 1946?

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assig~~ent Rome Formation (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests fron N. C. Research Lab via H. S. Rankin (T~A, 10-22-46). Material is a red-green-gra shale (somewhat sandy but no~ ~xcessively so and is fairly typical o f the Rome Formation in this area. It weathers to a hard, flaky splinter, but is somewhat blocky when fresh. Lar ge tJnnafke are available. Sample is "from road cut 1/2 mile south of the Whitfield-Gordon Count line, alon U.S. Hwv.41, Gordon Co."

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86 -57-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Rome).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn.46-2

--------~--~---------------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number --8------------

Raw Properties: Date Reported 10-8-46.

Lab & No.
Ce~amist

N.C. State College Research Lab, Asheville, North Carolina; TVA # 104 M. K. Banks, TVA.

Water of Plasticity ------------%Working Properties -------------------------------Color Red to green. Drying Shrinkage ----------% Dry Strength -----------------
Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Positive.

Absorption Bulk Density %

Remarks: Pore Structure

2350 (1288)

2400 (1316)

45

Excellent.

2450 ( 1343)

36

Good.

Remarks Bloating range

-58-

locn. no. Gdn.46-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) ----------Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemic a 1 Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2 Ti02

Al 203 Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

P205
s c

(total) (org.)

COz

H H

22oo+-

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralo~u
Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sam_ele Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Plainville (SE. 1/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No. --~8----------------' Collected by K. H. Teague (TVA). Date 1946?

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration --....---------

itructural Attitude -------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N. C. Research Lab
via H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sam le "fron roa.dcut 1 mi. N.W. of Plainville R.R. Station" Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, ? 125, Table 8, no. 2 . Bright red to green shale-relative hard and tough when fresh but weathers to a bright red soil. It is easily mined and present in workable quantities.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-59-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compiiation Map Location No. Gdn.46-3

--~~~~~~~~------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number - -8--A -. - - - -

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. N.C. S~ate College Research Lab,

Asheville, North Carolina; TVA# 105

Dale Reported 10-8-46.

Ceramist M. K. Banks, TVA.

_____ Water of Plasticity

% ____; Working Properties

Color Gray-green. Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength------------

Slow Firing Teats: Not determin~d.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munsell) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

2350 (1288)

Absorption %

Bulk Density /cm3 lb/ft3

Remarks: Pore Structure

2400 0316)

Vitrified only (too refractory).

2450 (1343)

Remarks Not usable, by itself, for expanded light weight aggregate manufacture.

-60-

locn. no. Gdn.46-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 min. (in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
ATFelio22oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO
Na 2o
K20
P2os
s c

(total) (org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+ Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite.-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

'1ethod

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 l/2' topo quad. Plainville (SE. l/4). Lat.

Long.

Field No. 8-A

Collected by K. H. Teague (TVA). Date 1946?

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

~~ruct ural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N. C. Research Lab via H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sam l e oft pical gra -green Conasau'a shale from Plainville Brick Co. pit 1 2 mi. east of the Plainville R.R. station Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, map locn. #86). This is the same belt of Conasauga from which Sampl es 5 and 6, in Whitfield Co., were taken. Available tonnages are large .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-61-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~S_h_a~l~e~(~C~o~n~a_s~a~ugg~a~G~r~o~u~p~)~--------- Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-1

County

Gordon.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number --~3_4~-------Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn., No. 1554-F

Date Reported 5-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 16.2%

Working Properties Short working, mealy, gritty.

(Low lasticit .) H = 6.72 (Not efervescent with HCl.)

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Poor, rough, edge crackin g . (No defects).

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

1800

Tan

(982)

Hardness (Mohs')
Soft
(2)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

2.0

17.5

Appr. Por. %
31.9

Other data: Bulk Dens.
m/cc 1. 82

1900

Tan

(1038)

Fair hard

2.0

(3)

14.3

27.6

1. 93

2000

Light

Hard

4.0

(1093) brown

(4)

12. 1

24. 1

1. 99

2100

Brown

(1149)

Hard (4)

4.5(4.0)

9.9

20.4

2.0fJ

2200

Chocolate Very hard

7.0

(1204)

(5)

7.4

16. 1

2.18

2300

Dark

(1260 brown

Broke to pieces

None. Face brick.) Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests:

Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-62-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 m1n. draw trials (following 3-4. hr r to 1800 6 F 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TAFelio22oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(org.)

CH02o2 -
H2o~ . Ign1t1on

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County _....G:...o.:....r:=-d=-o=-~ n . - - - - - Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -------------------- Lat.------ ----- Long.

Field No.

34

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

Sample Me th od Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

S t r a ti g r a ph ic As s i gnme nt Conasauga Grou p (Cambrian).

Sampl e De s c ripti on & Comment s No further da ta ava i labl e .

Comp il e d by B. J. O'Connor

Dat e 08- 20-86 -63-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-2

County

Gordon.

Raw Properties:

Sample Number - -3-5 - - - Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn. ; No. 1554-G

Date Reported 5-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Pl asticity 16.2 %Working Propert ies Short working, smooth, mealy.

(Low lasticit .) pH=6.55. (Not effervescent with HCl.

Remarks Drling Characteristics: Fair, rou~h surface. (No defects.)

Slow Firin~ Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 ( 1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Light

Soft

brown

(2)

Medium Fair hard

brown

(3)

Brown

Hard

(4)

Brown

Hard

(4)

Chocolate Very hard

(5)

Dark

Glassy

brown

I Other Tests
(Should

0.0(1.0) 2.5 5.0 5.0 6+(6.0) In pieces (Expanded)

14.8 10. 7
8.8 7.6 4.9

27.8 21. 7 18.3 16.2 10.9

Other data: Bulk Dens.
gm/cc l. 88
2.03
2.08
2. 13
2.22

~reliminarl Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests:

Positive. (Negative.)

Temp . OF
(oC)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Absorption %
33.0 21.0 15.5 24.0 19.0

Bulk Dens it) g/cm3 lb/ ft

2.56

160

2.54

158

2.55

159

l. 65

103

1. 30

81

Remarks
Slight coating. Temperature a little high commercially. Probably bloat about 2150oF (ll77oC).

Remarks: Not recommended - too heavl 1n rotary kiln, too high temperature.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell. -64-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ~ 20 mesh. Re~ention Time 15 ~in. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 1 F 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemica 1 Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TAFeti022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

Pz05
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County __G_o_r_d_o_n_. _ ___ Land Lot - - - - Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad . ---------------------- Lat.------------- Long.

Field No.

35

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ----------------------

~~ructural Attitude --------------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian) .

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled bv B. J. O'Connor

Date ---0-8---2-0---8-6----------
-65-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-3

--------~----~~~---------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number 38

Raw Pro pert ie s:

Lab & No. USBM , Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-J

Date Reported 5-8-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USHM (revised by M.E.

( rev i sed 1967)

Ty r r e 11 , Tu s c a 1o_o_s_a_,,,_A_l__a _. .;.)--.....,...---.,----,,---

Water of Plasticity 25.4 %Working Properties Long workin , smooth, lastic,

fatt (Moderate plasticit .) H=7.90. (Slight effervescence with

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good, slight warping. (No defects.)

Slow Firin~ Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Tan

Fair hard

(3)

Red-

Hard

brown

(4)

Red-

Very hard

brown

(5)

Chocolate Very hard

(5)

Dark

Glassy

brown

Dark

Glassy

brown

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

6.0 10.5(10.0) 13.0 13.0 Expanded Expanded

13.3 10.6
2.3 1.9 27.6 41.0

Appr. Por. %
25.0 20.8
5.4 4. 5

Other data: Bulk Dens.
gm/cc 1. 88
1. 96
2.35
2.38

Remarks I

regate. Face

Preliminar y Bloat in ~ Cguick Firin~) Tests:

Positive. (Negative.)

Temp. OF
(oC)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Absorption %
16.5 15. 7 16.5 15.2 11.6

Bulk Density g/cm3 lb/ft3

2.60

162

2.34

145

1. 67

104

2.25

140

1. 6 7

104

Remarks
Shaley. Irregular bloating. Irregular bloating. Irregular bloating. Shaley bloating.

Remarks: Very irregular bloats - too heavy, high absorption.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell. -66-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to l800 6 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2 Ti02 Al203

Fe203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

K20

P205

s

(total)

c

(org.)

HHcIgo22noo2+1-. t1.on

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

VO lUITie %

Analyst

Date -------
Method

Sample Location Data:

County -~G~o~r~d~o~n~---- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2 1 topo quad. ---------------------- Lat.----------- Long.

Field No.

38

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sa~ple Description & Comments No further data available.

Com?iled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -67-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasa uga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-4

--------~------~~---------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number ----3-9--------

Raw Properties~

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1554-K

Date Reported 5-8-64

Cer amist M.V. Denny , USBM (revised by M.E .

~ (r- ev-i~ se~d~1~9~ 6 7~)---

Ty rrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 25.2 %Working Propert i es *Lo ng worki ng, smooth, plast ic,

fatty. pH=6.40. (Not effervescent with HCL.)

------------ Color Tan.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5 % Dry Strength Fine. (Low) .
--------~--~-------------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good, some warping . (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Par.

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 0204)
2300 (1260)

Tan

Fair hard

(3)

Red

Hard

brown

(4)

Red

Hard

brown

(4)

Medium Very hard

red-brown (5)

Chocolate Glassy

Dark brown

Shattered

4.5(4.0 ) 5.5(5.0)) 10.0 10.0 5.0 Expanded Expanded

15.4 11.0 10.5
7.1 2.6

28 . 6 22.3 21.2 15.5

Other data: Bulk Dens.
m/ cc 1. 86
2.03
2.02
2. 19

Remarks/ Other Tests Fair color. (Should fire to "MW" face brick spe cifications
at about 1900F ) (103 8C) . Potential Use: Br i c k if not heated too hi gh; li ghtweigh t aggregate. (Face brick.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens, plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.
*With revisions by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-68-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-4 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 18006 F, 982 8 C),
Chemical & Mineralo&ical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti0 2 Al203

Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 20 K20

P205
s c
Hco2o2-
H2o+

(total) (org.)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date -------
~ethod ----------------
Sample Location Data:

----------- County Gordon.

Land Lot ---- Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Lat. ________ Long.

Field No.

39

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

Samp le Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -------------------

SLructural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -69-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga) .

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-5

County'

Gordon.

Sample Number 76

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM , Norris , Tenn. ; No. 1555-U

Date Reported 5-28-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 28.8 %Working Properties Short working, smooth, plastic.

(Moderate lasticit .) H=5.30. (Not effervescent with HCl.)

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1 800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color
Tan Tan Tan Tan Light
brown Brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

Fa ir ha rd
(3)
Hard (4) Hard (4) Hard (4) Very hard (5) Steel hard (6)

5.5 (5. 0) 10.0 10.0 10.0 13.5(13.0) 14.0

20 .1 16. 1 15.6 15.5 11.2
6.8

Appr. Por. % 34.2
29.3 28.7 28.8 22.3 14.5

Other data: Bulk Dens.
gm/ cc 1. 70
1. 82
1. 84
1. 86
1. 99
2. 13

Remarks / Other Tests High shrinkage, high absorption, good color. (Should fire
to "MW" face brick s pecifictions at about 2150F (ll77C). Hi gh firing shrink-
age .) Potential Use: None. (Face bri ck.)
.Preliminary Bloa4ing (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-70-

loco. no. Gdn. 64-5 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 18008 F 982 6C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
TAFetio22oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO
PzOs
s

(total)

c

(org.)

CH02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County __G_o_r_d_o_n_. _ _ __ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. ------------------- Lat.------- - - Long.

Field No.

76

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

Sa~p le Method Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration - ----------- - --

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Desc r iption & Comments No further data available.

Comr>iled by B. J . O'Connor.

Date 08-20-86 -71-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material __S_h_a_l_e__(~C_o_n_a_s_a__u~g_a~) _. _______________ Compilation Map Locati on No. Gdn. 64-6

County

Gordon.

Sample Numb e r 77

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn. ; No. 1555-V

Date Reported 5-28-84

Ceramist M.V . Denny, USBM (rev ised by M. E.

(revised 1967)

Ty rr e ll, Tuscal oosa, Al a .)

Water of Plasticity 23.6 %Working Prop e rt i es *Short working~ smooth,

plastic. pH= 5.50. (Not effervesc ent with HCl.)

Color Buff.

Drying Shrinkage 5.0 % Dr y Streng th Good. ( Low.)

Remarks Ur yin g

Characteristics: Good, s urface cra c ks. (No de fects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1 09 3)
2100 ( 1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Tan
Tan
Light brown Brown
Brown
Brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

Fa 1r hard
(3)
Hard (4) Hard (4) Very hard (5) Stee 1 hard (6) Steel hard

5 .0 7.5 7.5 10.0 10.0 10.0 (Expanded)

23.2 23.1 17.4 17.0 14.9 15.8

Appr. Po r.
%
39.2 39.3 32. 5 31.6 28.9

Othe r dat a : Bulk De n s .
m/cc l. 69
l. 70
1. 87
1. 86
1. 94

Remarks I Other Tests Crazed and mottled surface; fair color. (Abrupt vitrifica-
tion.) Potential Use: Inside brick or tile. (No suitable for use in vitreous clay products.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
Note: Appr. Por . and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks in parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.
*With revisions by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-72-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-6 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 8F 982 8 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2 Ti02 Al203

Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 20
K20

P205
s c

(total) (org.)

CH02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz
F~ldspar
Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County __G_o_r_d_o_n_ . _ _ __ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Lat._______ Long. - - - -

Field

No.

77

,

----~----------

Collected

by

J.W. Smith?

Date ~. 1963

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ----------

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments ~o further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86
-----~~~-------
-73-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-7

--------~----~~~---------------

Gordon.

Sample Number 78

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1555-W

Date Reported 5-28-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 26.8 % Working Properties *Short working, smooth,

laastic. pH=5.60. (Not effervescent with HCl.)

Color Buff.

Drying Shrinkage 4.5 4.0% Dry Strength -G-o-o-d-.--------------------

Remarks Dr;ting Characteristics: Good, slight waq:!in~. (No de f ec l: s . )

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Tan Tan Tan Brown Brown Dark
brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

Fair hard (3) Hard (4) Hard (4)
Very hard (5)
Very hard (5)
Steel hard (6)

4.5(4.0) 5.5(5.0) 5.5(5.0) 9.0 10.5(10.0) 10.5(10.0)

23.0 19.5 16.9 12.4 11.9
8.8

Appr. Por. %
36.6 33.0 29.6 23.4 22.7 17.3

Other data: Bulk Dens.
m/cc 1. 59
1. 69
1. 75
1. 89
1. 91
l. 97

Remarks / Other Tests Fair color; slight cracking, high absorption. (Should fire to "MW" face brick s ecifications at about 2100F, ll49C.) Potential Use: Inside brick and tile. Face brick.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks ~n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.
*With revisions by K.J. Liles (written communication, 1987).

-74-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-7 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. dr~w trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 8 F 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2

TiOz

At Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 20 K20

P205

s

(total)

c
Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(org.)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

~ethod

Sample Location Data:

County ---G--o-rd--o-n-.-------- Land Lot
7 1/2' lopo quad.

Sec.

Di st.

Lat.--------- Long.

Field No.

78

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Struct11ral Attitude

Stratigraphic Assign~ent Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -~~~~~------
-75-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSI~S

Material Shale ( Conasa1g a).

Compilation Map Locrtlion No. (;Jn. f14-H

County

Gordon.

Sample Number 79

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. LJSBM, Norris, 1\~nL; No. 1555-X

Date Reported 5-28-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 25.6 %Working Properties Short working, smooth, plnst ic.

(Moderate plasticit . ) pH=5.45. (Not effrvescent with HCl.)

Color Red-brown.

Drying Shrinkage 5.0 % Dry Strength Good. --------~--~~-------------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 ( 98 2)
1900 (1038)
2000 ( 109 3)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color
Tan Tnn Tan Rrown Brown Dark
brown

Hardness ( Moh s')
Fair hard (3) Hard (4) Hard (4)
Very hard ( 5)
Steel hard (6)
Steel hard (6)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

5.0

19.0

9.5(9.0)

11.5

10.0

9.9

14.504.0)

2. 5

15.0

1.9

15.0

1.0

Appr. Por. % 32. l
22.1 19.8
5.8 4.4 2.4

Otlw r da t .1: Bulk Dens.
gm/ cc
l. 69
1. 94
2.00
2.'3'3
2. '33
2.3!)

Remarks / Other Tests Good color, high shrinkage. Combine with clay of low shrinkage and hi gh absorption for brick and tile possibilities. (Should fire to ''MW" face brick specifications at about 1900 F, l038C.) Potential Use: None without additive. (Face brick.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
Note: Appr. Por. and Hulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-76-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-8 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Ret~ntion Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1R00 6 F, 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight i.

Sio 2 Tio 2
Al 203 Fe 203 FeO

MnO

:'1g0

CaO
Na 2o
K20

sP25 c
Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (org.)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quart~
Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volwne %

Analyst

Date

:'1ethod

Sample Location Data:

County _...:G:..:o:..:r_d_o:_n;...;..._ _ __ Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 l/2' topo quad. ------------------ Lat.------- Long.

Field No.

79

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1963

s~mple Method Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration ----------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

I

,

Sample Description & Comrnen'ts No further data available.

Cnmpiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -77-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 64-9

County

Gordon.

Sample Number 80

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn.; No. 1555-Y

Date Reported 5-28-84

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tus~aloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity 20.4 %Working Properties Short working , smooth, mealy.

(Low plasticit . ) H = 6. 79. (Not effervescent with HCl.)

Color Light gray. Drying Shri_nkage 2.5 % Dry Strength _G_o_o_d_._'----------

Remarks Drying Characteristics: Good. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(C)

Color

1800 (982)
1900 ( 103 8)
2000 (1 09 3)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Tan Tan Tan Brown Brown Dark
brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

( Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

Fair hard
Hard (4) Hard
(!.. )
Very hard
( 5)
Steel hard ( 6)
Melted hard

0.5(2.5) 4.5(4.0) 5.5(5.0) 7.5 7.5 (Expanded)

17.1 12.8 11. 3 4.5
3.8

Appr. Por. (.,
30.4 24.6 22. l
g,g
8.5

Other data: Bulk Of~ n s
gm/cc
I. 78
1. 92
1. 96
2. 2 l
2.24

Remarks I Other Tests Good color, rou h surface, some cracking. (Should fire to
"MW' face brick speciftcations at about 1900 F, 1038 C. Potential lise: Brick anrl
tile, decorative brick if color no objection. (Face brick.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-78-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-9 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (followin g 3-4 hr. to 1800 "F, 982C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

At
Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

?>let hod

Sample Location Data:

County __G:_o:_r:..::.d..:.o..:...n~---- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 l/2' topo quad .

Lat. ___________

________ ___________ Field No.

8 0 _..:...

, Co 11 e c ted by J . W. Sm i t h?

Long. Date c. 1963

S~mple ~ethod Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration ------------------

StrAtigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Canbrian).

Sample Description & Comments No further data available .

Compiled by B. J. O'C o nnor

Date 08-20-86 --~~~~~---------
-79-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Ccln. h4-lll

--------------~~~---------------

Gordon.

Sample Number _ _8:..;1_ _ _ __

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, TP-nn.; No. 1555-Z

Date Reported 5-28-64

Ceramist M.V. Denny, USBM (revised by M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity

21.1

% Wo~king Properties Short workin g , smooth, mealy.

(Low plasticity.) pH= 6.45. (Not effervescent wilh HCl.)

Color Buff.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5% Dry Strength Fair. (Low.)

Remarks Drling Characteristics: Fair-cracking. (No defects.)

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
("c)

Color

1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Tan Tan Tan Brown Br01vn Dark
brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

Fair hard
(3)
Hard (4) Hard (4) Very hard (5) Very hard ( 5) Steel hard ( 6)

1.0(2.5) 4.5(4.0) 5.5(5.0) 9.5(9.0) 9.5(9.0) 9.5(9.0)

16.0 11.9 10.4
4.5 4.0 1.9

Appr. Por. %
28.6 22.8 20 .I+
9.9 8.8 4.4

Other dala: l3u I k Dens .
gm/cc I. 79
l. 92
1. 96
2.20
2.20
2.29

Remarks / Other Tests Fair color, warped surface, local cracking.

(Should fire

to "MW" face brick specifications at about 1900F, 1038C.) Potential Use: Brick,

i( color not objectionable. (Face brick.)

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Note: Appr. Por. and Bulk Dens. plus data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-80-

locn. no. Gdn. 64-10, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 8 F 98 2" c).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2 Ti0 2 Al203

Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 20
K 20
P205
s c

(total) (org.)

HHC022oo2+-
Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon .

Land Lot

Sec .

Di st.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Field No .

81

Lat.- ------
Collected by J.W . Smith?

Long. Date c. 1963

S ~ mple Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphi: As signment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

S3mple Description & Comments No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -81-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasaug a).

Compilation Map Location No. Cdn. 64-lL

----------------~-----------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number 88

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. l)SBM; Norris, Tenn.; No. 1555-c;

Dale Reported 6-2~-64

Ceramist

~~~~~--~~---

M.V. Denny, USBM (revis e d b y M.E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell ) Tuscaloosa, ALa.)

Water of PlasliciLy

22.8

% Work i n g Pro per L i e s -:L:-=o..:.vJ:....!.P:..:L;,.:a;:.:s:..t:...:.ic:..:..i:l..Y<..;._.!:,p-:H-.--------:-7:-:.:--:1_____

Not effervescent wi Lh HCL.

Color Gray.

Drying Shtinka~e 0.0 % Dry Strength Low.
~~--------------------

Remarks Drying Chjracteristics: Nci def~cts.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 ( 109 3)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)

Color
Tan Tan Brown Dark
brown

Hardness

Linear

Absorption

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

2

1.0

18.2

3

5.0

13.9

4

6.0

10.3

5

10.0

2. l

Expanded

Appr. Por. % 10.8 25.0 19. 7 4.8

Other data : Bulk Dens.
gm/cc I 6<}
1.80
1. q 1
2. 'lO

Remarks /Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick specifications at aboul 1950oF (l066C). Potential Use: Face brick.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-82-

locn, no. Gdn. 64-11, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw triats (followin g 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
ATFeti022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2o
KzO

PzOs

s

(total)

c

(org.)

Hco2o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

vol wne %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

Count y _ _ _;G_;o_r_d_o.;._n~. _ __ Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Lat._______ Long.

Field No.

88

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c . 1963

Samp le Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Slratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sar.1ple Des c ription & Comments No further data available.

Con?iled bv B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -83-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSf~S

Material County

Shale (residual).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 61)-1

--------~------~-----------------

Gordon.

Sample Number 127

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM , Tuscaloosa, AL; G-8-7

Date Reported --1-0---6---6-6----------- Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Pl3slicity 24.5 %Working Properties Low plasticity. pH = 5.5

Not effervescent wi l h HC 1 .

Color Tan .

Drying Shrinkage 0.0 % Dry Strength ~L~o_w~~---------------------

Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
( 0 c)

Color

Hardness
(Mohs')

1800

Tan

2

(982)

1900

Oranp,e-

3

(1038) tan

2000

Light

4

(l 09 3) brown

2100

Red-

5

0149) brown

2200

(1204)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

0.0 5.0 10.0 12. 5 Expanded

25.5 16. 1
8.4 3.9

Appr. Por. * %
40.3

Other dala: Rulk Dens.
gm/cc 1. 58

30.3

1. 88

17. 7

2. 11

8.9

2.n

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "SW" face brick specifications at about
2000F (10 93C). Low gr e en streng~ h. Color mar g inal. Potential Use: Face brick mixtures.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
*Data from USRH files (K.J. Liles, written communication, 1987).

-84-

locn, no. Gdn. 66-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F 1 982 8 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determ i ned.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2 Ti0 2 Al 203 Fe 203 FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO

Na 20 KzO
PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

- - - - Count y ___G_o:..r::...d.:....o.:..n;.;...:.._______ Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Lat ----------- Long.

Field No. --------1-2-7----------, Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1966

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Residual clay.

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasaug a Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Residual clay from weathering of limestone. No
further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86 -85-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shal~, weathered.

Compilation Map Location No . Gdn. 66- 2

----~~---------------------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number ---1-2-H--------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL ; G-8-8

Date Reported 10-6-66

Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

~~~--~---------

Water of Plasticity

18.4 % Working Properties Low plasticity. pH= 6.4. Not effervesc e nt with HCL.

Color --Ta-n-.----- Drying Shrinkage 0.0 % Dry Strength Low.
Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
( oc)

Color

Hardness
(Mohs')

1800

Tan

2

(982)

1900

Tan

2

(1038)

2000

Light

3

(1 09 3) brown

2100

Brown

4

(1149)

2200

Dark

5

(12 04) brown

2300

Dark

6

(1260) brown

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

0.0

19.8

0.0

19.4

0.0

13.8

0.0

8.8

5.0

5.8

5.0

3. 7

Appr. Por*.
~~
33. 7 33.4 2 (). l 18.4 12.6
8. l

Oth e r daL.1: Tlulk De ns.
gm/ cc 1 . 7()
l. 72
l. 89
2.09
2. L8
2. 19

Remarks I Other Tests Low green strength. Poor color. Not suitable for use 1n
vitreous clay products.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.
*Data from USRM files (K.J. Liles, written communication, 1987).

-86-

locn. no. Gdn. 66-2. cont.

Crushing Chatacteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO
Na 2o
KzO
PzOs
s
c

(total) (org.)

COz
HH22oo+-
Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

vo 1Uiile %

Analyst

Date

~ethod ---------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. -------------------------- Lat.------------- Long.

Field No.

128

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1966

S1mple Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Weathered shale. No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 08-20-86 -87-

CERAMIC 'n~STS AND ANALYSES

Material _ C_l_a_y,'-'-/_s_h_a_l_e_?_.- - - - - - -- - - - Compilation Map Location No. c;dn. o7-l

County

Gordon.

Raw Pro per t i e s :

Sample Number - - 1-50- - - - -
Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Al; G-9-11

--------------- Date Reported l-ll-67

Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, US8M.

Water of Plasticity 25.3% Working Properties Low plasticity. pH= 7.1

Not effervescent with HCL.

Color Tan.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5 % Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Dryin g Char ac teristics: No dryin g defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color
Tan
Tan
Tan
Light brown Dark brown Dark brown

Hardness ( Mohs')
2 3
l+
5 6 7

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

2. 5

25.0

2. 5

23.1

5.0

18.3

10.0

12.9

10.0

9.3

10.0

6.8

Appr. Por. %
39.0 37.4 3l.8 24.4 18.4 13. 7

Other datA : Bulk Dens.
gm/ cc l. Sh
l. 62
l. 74
l. 89
l. 98
2.02

Remarks/ Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick specifications at About 2150oF (ll77oC). Low green strength. Poor color. Potential Use: Building brick.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-88-

loco. no. Gdn. 67-1, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. dr 4w trials (following 3-4 hr; to 18008 F 982 8 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MoO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

P205
s
c Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (org.)

Ignition

l oss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Tota 1

volume %

Analyst

Date

Me thod

Sample Location Data:

Co unty __G:..o:..r::...d_o.:..n___.;_____ Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 l/2' topo quad.

Lat.-------

Field No.

______ 150

, Collected by J.W. Smith?

----~.:..__

Long. Date c. 1966

S1mple Method Grab (?) . Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration ------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment

Sample Description & Comments No further data available.

Co~piled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86 -89-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay/shale?

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 67-2

County

Gordon.

Raw Pro pe r l i e s :

Sample Number - -l-)l- - - - -
Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-14

-------------- Date Reporled 1-11-67

Ceramist M. E. Tyrrell, USBM.

\Vater f <) Plasticity

31.8 % Working Properties Low p1as t,i c i t y . pH = s. 9.

--'--~

Not effervescent 1vi t h HCl.

Color Yellow.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5 % Dry Strength Low.

Remarks No ri1"y i ng defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)
1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1093)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color
Tan
Tan
Tan
Light brown
Redbrown
Dark brown

Hardness (Mohs')
2 3 4 5 6 7

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

2.5

35. 5

2. 5

33.3

7.5

27.3

10.0

20.3

12.5

17.9

12. 5

13.9

Appr. Por.
%
48.3 46.fi 42.0 34. 7 31. 3 25.6

Other di.lti.! Bulk Dens.
gm/ cc l. 36
1. 40
l. 54
l.7l
1. 75
l. 84

Remarks I Other Tests Low green strength; high maturing temperature. Not suitable
for use as the principal component in vitreous clay products.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative .

-90-

locn. no. Gdn. 67-2, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr.
to 1800 6 F, 982 8 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2 Tio 2 Al203

Fe203 FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO
Na 2o
K20

P205

s

(total)

c

co
H2

o2 -

H2o+

(org.)

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

An a lyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County __G_o_r_d_o_n_. ____ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Fi e ld No.

151

Lat.------- Long.

Collected by J.W. Smith?

Date c. 1966

S1mp le ~ethod Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration -------- - - - - -- --

Stratigraphic Assignment
Sanple Description o Comments No :urther data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86 -91-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay/shale?

Compilation Map Local ion No. Gdn. G7-3

County

Gordon.

Sample Number 160

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, AL; G-9-22

Date Reported 1-11-67

Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

--------~---------

Water of Plasticity

30.4 % Working Properties Moderate plasticity. pH= 4.7. Not effervescent with HCl.

Color 13rown

Drying Shrinkage 5.0 % Dry Strength' High.

Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
Cc)
1800 (982)
1900 (1038)
2000 (1 09 3)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)
2300 (1260)

Color
Tan
Tan
Tan
Light brown
Redbrown
Dark brown

Hardness (Mohs')
2 2 3 4 5 6

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

5.0

28.7

7.5

26.5

10.0

19.4

12. 5

13.9

12. 5

10.3

15.0

4.6

Appr. Par. %
43.6 41.6 34. 1 26. ~~ 20.4
9.8

Other data Bulk Dens.
gm/ cc 1. 52
1. 57
1. 76
l. 90
l. 98
2. 14

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick specifications at about
2150F (1177C). Good color. Potential Use: Face brick.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-92-

locn. no. Gdn. 67-3, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F 982 6 C) .
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
TAFelio22oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Miner a logy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County __G;_o:_r:_d_.o=-:n..:;.:..____ Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad.

Lat._______ Long.

Field No. -----1-6-0 ------, Co 11ec t ed by J . W. Sm i t h?

Date c. 1966

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration -------------------

Structural Attitude -------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignnent

Sample Description & Co~ents No further data available.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86
----~~~------
-93-

Material

CERAMIC TES'tS AND AN!\LYSES
\
_S_h_a_l-'-e----"(_C_d_.h__a_s_a_u~g:...a__.;,;_.F..::o..:.n:;;.;.;_na-'-t__i-'-o-'-n:..:.)..::.___ _ Comp i 1at i dn Map Lo cat i on No G.d n . q9- 1

County

Gorclori. _

Raw Properties:
Date Reported .Ma.q:.ti 19'6.9 ..
Water of Plasticity _11.4 %

Lab & Nb. USBM.., Tu.s..calo.os:a., Al ; GOR'-i..
Working Properties

Color Green.::-g.ra Slow Firing Tests:

Drying Shrinkage - l~. O- %

Dry Strength -------

Temp.
OF
( oc)
1900 ( 1038)
2000 (1 09 3)
2100 (1149)
2200 (1204)

Color (Munsell)
Med i urn tan
Medium tan
Dark tan
Dark tan

Hardness (Moh s ')
4.0 4 .5 4.5 6.5

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

1.2

2 l.3

1.2

19.4

5.0

11.9

8.5

8.2

Appr. Por. %

Other data:
I. ') 5 1.72 1. 78 1. 99

Remarks I Other Tests Hollenbeck & Tvrrell (1969, .p. 20).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests:

Negative.

-t.}4-

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

locn. no. Gdn. 69-1 1 cont.

Particle Size - 20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to l800 6 F 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
TFAetio22oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Ch 1ori t e-
ve rm i c u1i t e Montmori Uoni te
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Gordon.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 1/2' topo quad. Fairmount (center),

Lat.------- Long.

Field No.

GOR-1

Collected by R.P. Hollenbeck. Date 1967

Sample Method Channel (?),

Weathering/alteration Slightly weathered.

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Formation (Cambrian) shale.

I

I

5

Sample Description & Comments Sample of light gray slate, slightly weathered (about 20 feet exposed) overlain by soil. Sarnpaled from lower 8 feet of road cut on north sine of Ga. Hw . 53, 0.6 mile west of intersection with U.S. Hw . 411 Hollenbeck and Tyrrell, 1969, p. 18.

Compiled bv B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-95-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Ma~ Location No. Gdn. 80-l

County

Gordon.

Sample Number Clay No. 8.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche , #M.P. 1797.

Date Reported March 1980.

Ceramist L. Lorici.

Water of Plasticity --------%Working Properties ~~C~o~m~p-a-c-t.-----------------------

Color Buff-tan.

Drying Good.

% Dry Strength

Pressin-g---G~~oo~d-.------ Fluidizing ----G-o-o-d~.-----------

Slow Firing Tests: (50 x 100 x 8 mm. pressed tiles.)

Color Hardness (Munsell) (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data:

1976
( 1080)
(= cycle 1)

2030

4.1

3.8

(1110

( = c yc 1e 2)

1994
(1090) (= cycle 3)

5.8

0.6

(DTA & Dilatometric Analyses on file. - unpubl. report.)

Remarks I Other Tests Illitic clay with low % chlorite - shows typical
dilatometric curve. ("A": interesting technological features; further sampling 1s necessary.) It could be useful in making tiles.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-96-

loco. no. Gdn. 80-1, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size <40 microns Retention Time Cycle 1: 40-45 m1n.

Cycle 2: 70-75 m1n. 10 roller kiln.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Cycle 3: 200-230 m1n.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

(A) Weight % (B)

Sio 2 Ti02 Al203
Fe 2 o3
FeO

54.34
o. 70
25.38
7.26

59.4 1.0
23.7 8. 7

MoO

0.01

:-igO

1. 60

1.2

CaO

0.45

Na 2o

0.45

0.6

K20

4.05

4.0

P205 S (total)

C (org.)

Cn02o2 -
H2o+

Ignition

loss

5.55

( 5. 5)

Total

99.79

98.7 w/o LOI

Mineralogy

Mineral

volume %

(A)

(B)

Quartz

X

Feldspar

Carbonate

Mica (Muscovite)

X

Chlorite (+kaolinite) X

low

vermiculite

Montmorillonite

Illite

X

Total
x =present. (A) = clays and m1cas only.

A) R. Landrum, GA Survey. Analyst B) Marazzi Ceramiche
Date Aug. & Sept. 1979

A) M. A. Tadkod, GA Survey B) M. Ceramiche
Aug. & Sept. 1979

A) Atomic Absorption. Method B) XRF & Spectrophotometry.

X-r~y diffraction.

Sample Location Data:

- - - - County ___G_o_r_d_o_n~------- Land Lot

Sec.

Di sl.

7 l/2' Lopo quad. Calhoun North (N.cntr.) Lat.------------- Long.

F.eld No. --------1-2-----------, Collected by M.A. Tadkod.

_____ _____ ----------------- Sample Method Grab.;...__

Weathering/alteration

Dale July 1979.

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from roadcut on Ga. Hw 136 about 1 m1. NE. of Resaca (Tadkod, 1979 and 1980, unpubl. data Also see Gdn. 31S-55.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86 --~~~~~--------

-97-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Loca tion No. Gdn. 80-2

County

Gordon.

Samp 1e Number _ _C_l_a_.y'--N_o_._<)._

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche, #M.P. 1798.

Date Reported March 1980.

Ceramist L. Lorici.

Water of Plasticity ________% Working Properties __C_o_m~p~a_c__t _. ____________________________

_____ __________ Color Light brown Drying ___G_o_o_rl_._______ Dry Strength--------------------

Pressing ..G.;..,..o...:.o....:d.....:.....:.

Fluidizing Good.

--~....:.....:.....:.....:.....:.....:.

Slow Firing Tests: (50 x 100 x 8 mm. pressed tiles.)

Color Hardness (Munsell) (Mohs')

Linear

Absorptiop.

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data:

1976 (1080)
( = eye 1e 1)

2030

8.3

2.3

0110)

( = cycle 2)

1994

9.7

0.0

(1090)

( = c yc 1e 3)

(DTA and Dilatometric Analyses on file. - unpubl. report.)

Remarks / Other Tests Low-firing, illitic shale with low % k~olinite and montmorillonite. ("A": interesting techological features for making tile; further sampling is necessary). The high shrinkage might cause some trouble.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-98-

locn; no. Gdn. 80-2, co"t.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size <40 microns Retention Time ~C~y~c~l~e~l~:~4~0_-~4~S_m~i~n~.

Cycle 2: 70-75 min.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Cycle 3: 200-230 min.

4

I

1n roller kiln.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

(A) Weight % (B)

Sio 2
ATFeti022oo2 33
FeO

54.86 0.50 25.65 6.65

60.0 0.9 24.9 7. 7

MnO

0.01

XgO

1. 53

1.3

CaO

0.34

0.0

Na 2o
K2 0

0.14 3.32

0.2 3.8

P205

S (total)

C (org.)

HC022o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

6.85

(7. 2)

Total

99.85

98.8 w/o LOI

Mineralogy

Mineral

volume %

(A)

(B)

Quartz

X

Feldspar

Carbonate

Mica (Muscovite)

X

Chlorite (+ kaolinite) X

vermiculite

Montmorillonite

low

Illite

X

X

Kaolinite (disordered)

low

Total

x =present. (A) = clays and m1cas only.

A) R. Landrum, GA Survey. Analyst B) Marazzi Ceramiche.

A) M. A. Tadkod, GA Survey. B) M. Ceramiche.

Date Aug. & Sept. 1979.

Aug. & Sept. 1979.

A) Atomic Absorption. Method B) XRF & Spectrophotometry.

X-ray diffraction.

Sample Location Data:

- - - - County _ _:G~o-=r_:d..=o.;n.;~---- Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 l/2' topo quad. Sugar Valley (E. edge). Lat. _____ __ Long.

Field

No.

13

,

-----=~------

Collected

by

M.A. Tadkod.

Date July 1979.

Sample Method -G-ra-b-.--- - -

Weathering/alteration --------------

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Gr oup (Cambrian)?*

Sample Description & Comments Sample from roadcut on Ga. Hw . 136c (formerlv 143) about l/8 mi. S. of Su g ar Valley Tadkod, 1979 and 1980, un publ. data . *This location shown as Floyd Shale (Mississippian) by Cressler (1974, Pl. 1) .

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86
--~--=~~~--------

-99-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Conasauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 80-3

--------------~~~---------------

County

Gordon.

Sample Number Clav No. 10.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Marazzi Ceramiche, #M.P. 1799.

Date Reported March 1980.

Ceramist L. Loric i.

-------- Water of Plasticity

%Working Properties Compact.
----~-----------------------------

Color Reddish brown Drying Good.

Dry Strength

---------------------- Pressin- g--~ G--o-- o'-d~-.--- --------- ------- - Fluidizing

Good.

Slow Firing Tests: (50 x 100 x 8 mm. pressed tiles.)

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other

(Munse 11) (Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

data:

19 76 (1 080)
( = cycle 1)

2030

3.2

6. 7

OllO)

(= eye 1e 2)

1994

5.5

4.0

(1090)

(= cycle 3)

(DTA and Di Latometric Analyses on file. - unpubL. report.)

Remarks / Other Tests Illitic shale with some micaceous minerals and kaolinite. ("Bl": too refractory for making tile.)
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined;.

-100-

loco. no. Gdn. 80-3, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size <40 microns Retention Time Cycle 1: 40-45 m1n.

Cycle 2: 70-75 m1n.

Chemical & Mineralogical Dat;i:

Cycle 3: 200-230 m1n.

1n roller kiln.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

(A) Weight % (B)

Sio 2 Ti02 Al203
Fe203 FeO

57. 54 0.50
23.60 8.10

61.9 0.9
22.6 8.2

MoO

0.01

MgO

o. 56

0.9

CaO

0.45

0.0

Na20

0.38

0.6

K20

3. 10

3.9

P205 S (total)

C (org.)

co
H2

2o-

H2o+

Ignition

loss

5.60

(5.6)

Total

99.84

99.0 w/o LOI

Mineralogy

Mineral

volume %

(A)

(B)

Quartz

X

Feldspar

Carbonate

Mica (Muscovite)

X

Chlorite (+ kaolinite) (29)

vermiculite

Montmorillonite

low

Illite

(71)

X

Kaolinite (disordered)

X

Total

x =present. (A) = clays and m1cas only.

A) R. Landrum, GA Survey. Analyst B) Marazzi Ceramiche.

A) M. A. Tadkod, GA Survey. B) M. Ceramiche.

Date Aug. & Sept. 1979.

Aug. & Sept. 1979.

A) Atomic Absor ption.
Method B) XRF & Spectrophotometry.

X-ray diffraction.

Sample Location Data:

County ---G-o-r-d-o-n-.-------- Land Lot

Sec.

Di st.

7 1/2' topo quad. Calhoun North (W. side). Lat.------------ Long.

Field No.

14.

, Collected by M.A. Tadkod.

--------~~---------

Date July 1979.

Sample Method ..G-r-a-b-.-------

Weathering/alteration --------------------

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Com~ents Sample from roadcut on Ga. Hwy . 136c (formerly 143) about 1 1/2 mi. SE. of Su gar Valley (Tadkod , 1979 and 1980, unpubl. data; notes, however, state "l mi. N. of Calhoun").

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-101-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material County

~S~ ha~ le ~ (C~ on~ as~ aug~ a)~ . ------------ Compilation Map Location No. Gdn. 80-4

Gordon.

Sample Number B shale.

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Georgia Tech., #BS.

Date Reporled 12-10-80.

Ceramist J. F. Benzel, Georgia Tech.

Water of Plasticity - - - -% Working Properties

Color

Drying Shrinkage

------~

Dry Strength -------------------

Slow Firing Tests: (lxl= 9 in. bars.)*

Color

Strength (MOR, psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data:

Remarks I Other Tests *No further testing because test bars of this material
could not be extruded.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-102-

locn. no. Gdn. 80-4, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - - - - - - Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2

Ti0 2

Al Fe

22o033

FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO

Na20

K20

P205
s c

(total) (org.)

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Ignition

loss

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County --G-o-rd-o-n-. ------ Land Lot
7 l/2' topo quad. Plainville (SE. 1/4).

Sec.

Dist.

Lat.---------- Long.

Field No. B shale.

, Collected by O'Connor and

Date Aug. 1980.

Benze 1.

:, ample Method Random grab samples. Weathering/alteration Some weathered.

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga Group (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from abandoned pit (formerly Plainville
Brick Co.) j ust N. of Plainville Rd., 3/4 mi. W. of Ga. Hwy. 53 and 0.6 mi. W. of the Southern RR. in Plainville.

Compiled by B. J. O'Connor

Date 8-20-86

-103-

DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. Cl3-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24-72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. C479-72 Standard specification for vitrified clay liner plates, Part 16, p. 283-284. C330-69 Specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, Part 14, p. 229-232. C315-56 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for clay flue linings, Part 16, p. 169-171.
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 16, Chemical-resistant nonmetallic materials; clay and concrete pipe and tile; masonry mortars and units; asbestos-cement products.

Bergenback, R.E., Wilson, R.L., and Rich, M., 1980, Carboniferous Paleodepositional Environments of the Chattanooga Area: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. I, Field Trip No. 13, p. 259-278, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va.

Butts, C., and Gildersleeve, B., 1948, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Bulletin 54, 176 p.

Chowns, T. M., editor, 1972, Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11, 102 p.

-

-

-

-

-a, ndedOitrodro,vi1c9ia7n7,

Stratigraphy and Economic Geology Rocks in Bartow and Polk Counties,

of Cambrian Georgia:

Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 17, 21 p.

-104-

Chowns, T.M., and McKinney, F.M., 1980, Depositional Facies in MiddleUpper Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of Alabama and Georgia: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. 2, Field Trip No. 16, p. 323-348, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, VA.
Clews, F. H., 1969, Heavy Clay Technology: 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 481 p.
Crawford, T.J., 1983, Pennsylvanian Outliers in Georgia: in Chowns, T.M., ed., "Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Vicinityof Rome, Georgia" 18th Annual Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, p. 30-41.
Cressler, C. W., 1963, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Catoosa County, Georgia: Georgia Department .of Min~s, Mining and Geology Information Circular 28, 19 p.
- - - -, 1964a, Geology and Ground-water Resources of the Pal~ozoic Rock Area, Chattooga County, Georgia: Georgia Dep'artment of ~ines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 27, 14 p.
, 1964b, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Walker County, -----::G--eorgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology
Information Circular 29, 15 p.
____, 1970, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Floyd and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 39, 95 p.
---, 1974, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 47, 56 p.
Cressler, C. W., Franklin, M.A., and Hester, W. G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.
Cressler, C. W., Blanchard, H. E., Jr., and Hester, W. G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 50, 45 p.
Croft, M. G., 1964, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Dade County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 26, 17 p.
Georgia Geological Survey, 1976, Geologic Map of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000.
Gillespie, W.H. and Crawford, T.J., in press, Plant Megafossils from the Carboniferous of Georgia, U.S.A.: in lOth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy a;d Geology (Madrid), Proceedings.
-105-

Grimshaw, R. W., 1972, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Raw Materials: 4th ed., rev., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1024 p.
Hollenbeck, R.P., and Tyrrell, M.E., 1969, Raw materials for lightweight aggregate in Appalachian Region, Alabama and Georgia: U.S. Bureau of Mines RI-7244, 21 p.
Jones, T. J., and Beard, M. T., 1972, Ceramics: Industrial Processing and Testing: Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 213 p.
Kelly, K. L. and Judd, D. B., Color. Universal Language and Dictionary of Names: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NBS Special Publication 440, 158 p.
Kline, S. W. and O'Connor, B. J., editors, 1981, Mining Directory of
Georgia, 18th. ed.: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 2, 49 p.
Klinefelter, T. A., and Hamlin, H. P., 1957, SyllabiJS of Clay Testing: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 565, 67 p.
Liles, K. J., and Heystek, H., 1977, The Bureau of Mines Test Program for Clay and Ceramic Raw Materials: U.S. Bureau of Mines IC-8729, 28 p.
Norton, F. H., 1942, Refractories: 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 798 p.
O'Neill, B. J., Jr., and Barnes, J. H., 1979, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, Southwestern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resources Report 77, 689 p.
-------, 1981, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, South-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resource Report 79, 201 p.
Patterson, S. H., and Murray, H. H., 1983, Clays: in Lefond, S. J., and others, eds., Industrial Minerals and Rocks; 5th ed., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, p. 585-651.
Smith, J. W., 1968?, Tests for Clay Products in Northwest Georgia; unpublished manuscript, 47 p. (brief summary in: i961 Annual Report of the Department of Mines, Mining, an~Geology, 1968, p. 17-19).
Smith, R. W., 1931, Shales and Brick Clays of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 45, 348 p.
Spencer, J.W.W., 1893, The Paleozoic Group; The Geology of Ten Counties of Northwestern Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, 406 p.
Thomas, W.A., and Cramet, H.R., 1979, The Mississippian actd Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1110-H, 37 p.
-106-

CLAY AND SHALE TEST LOCATIONS IN GORDON COUNTY

Geor gia Geologic Survey Information Circular 69 Plate 1

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EXPLANATION

09V-1 Numbers correspond to the "Map Location No." in text

Exact samp le location

Approximate sample location



Several samples collected over the enclosed area Boundary dashed where approximate

Location numbers:
Gdn. 09V- 1 and Gdn. 09V-2 Gdn. 31 S-5 1 to Gdn. 31 S- 60 Gdn. 46- 1 to Gdn. 46-3 Gdn. 69-1 Gdn. 80- 1 to Gdn. 80-4

Not shown (location unknown):
Gdn . 64- 1 to Gdn. 64 - 11 Gdn. 66- 1 and Gdn. 66- 2 Gdn. 67- 1 to Gdn. 67-3