Ceramic and structural clays and shales of Dade County, Georgia

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS AND SHALES OF
DADE COUNTY, GEORGIA
BRUCE J. O'CONNOR

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

~

"
.

\ GEORGIA \

(

)

L_)

6 7 INFORMATION CIRCULAR

COVER PHOTO:

Exposure of flat-lying strata of the Gizzard Formation (Pennsylvanian) in a coal strip mine pit operated by Jackson County Mining Corporation on Sand Mountain about 4 miles northwest of Trenton, Dade County, Georgia (New Home 7lh' topographic quadrangle). The bedded sandstone in the upper half of the highwall belongs to the lower portion of the Warren Point Member, whereas the underlying shale as well as the thin coal seam at the floor of the pit belongs to the upper portion of the Raccoon Mountain Member (T. J. Crawford, personal communication, 1985). Photo by E. A. Shapiro, 1984.

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS AND SHALES OF DADE COUNTY, GEORGIA
By Bruce J. O'Connor Principal Economic Geologist
Information Circular 67
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, St.ate Geologist
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1985

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

Introduction . . . . .

Acknowledgements . . .

Location of Study Area

Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and

Analyses Forms . . . .

. . . . .

1. Absorption (%)

2. App. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent

3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity

4. Bloating . . . . . . . . . .

5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test)

6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.)

7. Color . . . . . . . . .

8. Color (Munsell) ... .

9. Compilation Map Location No.

10. Cone . . . . . .

11. Drying Shrinkage

12. Dry Strength .

13. Extrusion Test

14. Firing Range

15. Hardness ...

16. Hardness (Mohs 1 )

17. HCl Effervescence

18. Linear Shrinkage (%)

19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

20. Mohs . . . . .

21. Molding Behavior

22. Munsell . . . .

23. MW 11 11 face brick

24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent

25. pH . . . . . .

26. Plasticity ...

27. Porosity, Apparent

28. Quick Firing ..

29. Saturation Coefficient

30. Shrinkage

31. Slaking . . . . . . .

32. Slow Firing Test . . .

33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge)

34. Soluble Salts

35. Strength . . . .

36. SW 11 11 face brick

3 7 . Temp . oF ( o C)

38. Water of Plasticity (%)

39. Working Properties (or Workability)

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales in Dade County, Georgia . . . . . . .

Data Sources and References Cited

PAGE
1 2 3
8 9 9 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 15 16 16
17 17 17
18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20
21 21 21 21 21 22 22 23 24 24 24 25 25 25
27
66

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1
Plate 1

Location of Dade County Report Area . Clay and Shale Test Locations in Dade County.

4 Pocket

Table 1 Table 2

LIST OF TABLES

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Dade County, Northwest Georgia . . . . . . 5

Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing

Test Forms

. 10

INTRODUCTION This report presents a compilation of all available published and unpublished ceramic firing tests and related analytical data on samples from Dade County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or undeveloped clays, shales and related materials, and 1s intended for use by geologists, engineers and members of the general public. The report should aid 1n the exploration for deposits of ceramic raw material with economic potential for future development. This information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information on the potential use of particular deposits at specific locations. Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as USBM, were performed by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory, Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloosa Research Center, Tuscaloosa, Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgia Geologic Survey and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during uncompleted and unpublished studies (Smith, 1968?). Additional unpublished data presented in this compilation are from TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve, 1948, p. 124 and 125). The only published data are from Smith (1931, p. 122 to 136 and 336 to 337) and Sullivan (1942, p. 52 to 55).
-1-

Regardless of the source, all of the ceram1c firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. They do not preclude the use of the materials in mixes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvannia, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others 1n that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Heystek, and A.V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this test work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G. S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory 1n Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H.S. Rankin and M. K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carolina State College, Asheville, North Carolina, using samples
-2-

collected by S.D. Broadhurst. Additional tests were conducted by Professor W.C. Hansard at the Department of Ceramic Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.D. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C .W. Cressler also have provided the author with valuable advice and suggest ions regarding sample locations and past studies. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are greatly appreciated. However, the contents of this report and any errors of omission or commission therein are the sole responsibility of the author.
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Dade County is located at the northwestern corner of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). There are no companies currently mining clay or shale in the county and none have been active here in the past. The most abundant ceramic raw materials 1.n the county are the shales and underclays associated with coals in the Crab Orchard Mountains and the Gizzard Groups; however, other units such as the Pennington Shale, the Red Mountain Formation shales and residual clays of the Knox Group are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 1.
-3-

REPORT AREA------+l

N
1

MILES

0 10 20

,, .,,,.,. 4 I

I

0 10 20

KILOMETERS

-~

"\

\

~

'\ '"' (

GEORGIA

\
.

l _____-Jj

FIGURE 1

LOCATION OF DADE COUNTY REPORT AREA (after Cressler, and others, 1976)

-4-

TABLE 1

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Dade County, Northwest Georgia

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT
Quaternary (and Tertiary?)

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES l/
* Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and residual
material. Largely clay and sand, but also, locally, gravel and breccia.

Pennsylvanian

Pottsville Formation
Crab Orchard Mts. Formation (or Group) or Walden Sandstone Sandstone, shale, coal, conglomerate and limestone. Includes:
Rockcastle Member (or Sandstone or Conglomerate) Approx. 50 ft., predominantly sandstone with dark shale; Vandever Member (or Formation or Shale) - Approx. 400ft., light to dark shale with interbedded siltstone, finegrained sandstone, and coal; Newton Member (or Sandstone or Bonair Sandstone) - Approx. 100ft., cross-bedded sandstone; Whitwell Member (or Shale)- Approx. 200ft., light-gray to black shale with some siltstone, sandstone and coal; and Sewanee Member (or Conglomerate) - Approx. 250ft., conglomeratic sandstone with minor coal.
** Gizzard Formation (or Group or Member) or Lookout Sandstone (or
Formation) - gray to tan shale, with interbedded siltstone, sandstone, coal and fire clay. Includes:
Signal Point Member (or Shale)- Approx. 35ft., shale with some coal; Warren Point Member (or Sandstone) - Approx. 150ft., conglomeratic sandstone with minor coal; and Raccoon Mtn. Member (or Formation)- Approx. 300ft., shale with coal.

Mississippian

Pennington Formation (or Shale)- Approx. 100-300 ft., gray, green and red shale. Sandstone present in middle.
Bangor Limestone- Approx. 300-480 ft., fine- to coarse-grained gray limestone with interbedded shale at top.
Monteagle Limestone - Approx. 250 ft. Includes: Golconda Formation (or Limestone) - Approx. 15-20 ft., green fissile shale containing some thin limestone; Gasper Limestone- Approx. 150ft., gray, non-cherty limestone; and Ste. Genevieve Limestone- Approx. 245ft., gray, limestone.

-5-

TABLE 1

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1.n Dade County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES !:_/

Mississippian, cont'd.

Tuscumbia Limestone - Approx. 125 ft. Includes: St. Louis Limestone - Approx. 125 ft., gray, very cherty limestone; and Warsaw Limestone - Approx. SO ft.

Fort Payne Formation (or Chert)- Approx. 10-400 ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert and cherty limestone. Locally includes:
Lavender Shale Member- Approx. 0-200 ft., shale, massive mudstone and impure limestone.

Devonian

Chattanooga Shale- Approx. 5-25ft., carbonaceous, fissile black shale.
Armuchee Chert- Approx. 0-125 ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert.

Silurian

** Red Mountain Formation (formerly Rockwood Formation) - Approx. 150-1200 ft., sandstone, red and green shale, with conglomerate, limestone and local hematitic iron ore.

Ordovician

Sequatchie Formation- Approx. 75-250 ft., sandstone, siltstone, sha'le, calcareous shale and limestone.
*Chickamauga Group (or Limestone) - Approx. 1000-2300 ft., dominantly limestones with some dolostone and lesser shale, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and bentonite clay horizons. Equivalent, in part, to the Moccasin Limestone and Bays Formation and to the Rockmart Slate and Lenoir Limestone. Includes: Maysville Formation and Trenton Limestone; Lowville-Moccasin Limestone; Lebanon Limestone; and Murfreesboro Limestone.

-6-

TABLE 1

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Dade County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES !/

Ordovician, cont'd.

Lenoir Limestone - Approx. 0-100+ ft. Includes: Mosheim Limestone Member-35ft.; and Deaton Member - 0-100+ ft.

Cambrian-Ordovician

Knox Grou p - Approx. 2000-4500 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, mi nor limestone. Includes:
Newala Limestone- Approx. 100-400 ft., limestone and dolostone; Longview Limestone- Approx. 350ft.; Chepultepec Dolomite- Approx. 800+ ft.; and Copper Ridge Dolomite - Approx. 2500 ft.

NOTES:
* = Some ceramic firing tests have been made on shales or slates and clays of this
unit.
** = Numerous firing tests have been made on this unit.
!/ Descriptions based on data Bergenback and others, 1980; Butts and Gildersleeve,
1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Chowns and McKinney, 1980; Crawford, 1983; Cressler 1963, 1964a and b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Croft, 1964; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; Gillespie and Crawford, in press; Thomas and Cramer, 1979.
-7-

EXPLANATION OF IiliY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS
The test data and analyses which are presented here were compiled on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most concise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified in large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, 1981).
It should be noted that although the great majority of these tests were determined by the USBM it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly for several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM forms have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not determined by the USBM.
The paragraphs which follow briefly describe, in alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the information included and, where possible, the various factors and implications to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the particular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch ( 1909, p. 50 to 64) and in Smith 0931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles and Heystek (1977, especially p. 2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader,
-8-

and potential user, of the key aspects of the information presented. Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more detailed information (e.g., Clews, 1969; Grimshaw, 1972; Jones and Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983). The abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 2.
1. Absorption (%)
The absorption ~s a measure of the amount of water absorbed by open pores in the fired specimen and ~s g~ven as a percentage of the specimen's dry weight. For slow firing tests, it is determined on fired specimens which have been boiled ~n water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed ~n the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For the quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then immersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
The absorption gives an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing in outdoor structures. Less than 22% absorption is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
2. Appr. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent
The apparent porosity ~s a measure of the amount of open pore space in the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and is expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it LS based on the weight and volume of the specimen which has been boiled ~n water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed ~n water for several hours as it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek,
-9-

TABLE 2
Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms ABBREVIATIONS
Appr. Por. = Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. = Apparent Specific Gravity Btw. = Bartow County C = Degrees Celsius Ct. =Catoosa County Cht. = Chattooga County Dd. = Dade County Dist. =District DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis E = East F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. =Floyd County g/cm3 = Grams per cubic centimeter
Gdn. = Gordon County
Lab. & No. = Laboratory (name) and number (assigned 1n laboratory)
Lat. =Latitude LOI = Loss on Ignition
Long. = Longitude lb/in2 = Pounds per square inch
lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot Mry. = Murray County N = North NE = Northeast NW = Northwest org. = Organic
Plk. = Polk County S = South
SE = Southeast SW = Southwest
Sec. = Section
-10-

Table 2. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued)
7 1/2' topo. quad. = 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle
Temp. = Temperature
TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority USBM = U.S. Bureau of Mines
USGS = U.S. Geological Survey
W = West Wkr. =Walker County
Wf. = Whitfield County
XRD = X-ray diffraction
1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity ~s an indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered prom~s~ng for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4).
3. App. Sp. Gr. -Apparent Specific Gravity As reported in earlier USBM studies, the apparent specific gravity
~s a measure of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This ~s determined by boiling the sample in water for 2 hours and soaking it in water overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the U.S. Bureau of Mines moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965.
-11-

4. Bloating Bloating Ls the term given to the process in which clay or shale
fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scoria is produced. Expanded lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggregate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious and it leads to variable and uncontrollable warping, expansion and general disruption of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41).
5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or
"burning") the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible use as a lightweight aggregate. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the dried clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or "boat") which Ln turn is placed in the pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41 and Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
-12-

6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fired
specimen based on its dry weight divided by its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41 and Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it is considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral communication, 1984).
7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre-
sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this is given for descriptive purposes only since it is generally of no practical importance for ceramic applications (only the fired color is significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color is given for a precise description (see discussion below).
8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or
brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples in this compilation. It was used by Smith (1931, p. 23-25) and by the
-13-

DRRM stnce th~ e~rly lq70 1 s (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3; Liles, oral communication, 1982). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually.

9. Compilation Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a syste-

matic designation to be used in plotting sample locations on the base

maps as shown by the typical example below.

Example:

Map Locn. No. Dd. 31 S -22 a

I County

Name (Dade)

Abbreviation~--------------~

Date (1931).

Author's last initial (Smith) -for published data only________________________~

Sample sequence number (one #per location).________________________________~

Designation used only for cases of more than one test per location---------------4

The map location number Dd. 31 S - 22a is derived from the county name (e.g., Dd. for Dade County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 31 for 1931) plus the last initial of the author for major published sources (e.g., S for Smith), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only exceptions to this are the tests reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the sequence number of the present report is the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each map location number represents a specific

-14-

location, or area, sampled at a particular time. In cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times.
10. Cone Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of
firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic materials compounded in a series, so as to soften or deform ~n progression with increasing temperature and/or time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specific temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about 11l2F (600C) to about 3632F (2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of . these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers.
11. Drying Shrinkage The drying shrinkage is a measure of the relative amount of
shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes
-15-

upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, in this report the shrinkage values represent the percent linear shrinkage based on the linear distance measured between two reference marks or lines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished in two stages: first by a1.r drying at room temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second by drying 1.n an oven followed by cooling to room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 2l2F (l00C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1931, p. 20 and 21) employed l67F (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (ll0C) for 3 hours.
12. Dry Strength The dry strength (or green strength) is a measure of the appar-
ent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreaking, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compressive strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith (1931, p. 12-13) reports a quantitative measurement of this strength using the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi).
13. Extrusion Test More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which

-16-

/'

show good plasticity and long firing range 1n the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e., one which operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (modulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over
which the material shows favorable firing characteristics. For slowfired materials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials these include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least 100F (55C) to be considered promising (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18).
15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the
resistance to abrasion or scratching. It is designated either in verbal, descriptive terms or in numerical terms using Mohs 1 hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith (1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture.
16. Hardness (Mohs') The hardness of fired specimens using the Mohs' scale of hardness
-17-

1s currently used by the USBM as a numerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals:

Mohs' Hardness No. l
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10

Reference Minerals Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

A Mohs' hardness equal to or greater than 4 is considered

promising for slow-fired materials.

17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence 1n HCl is visually determined as none, slight or
high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). This test gives a general indication of the amount of calcium carbonate present 1n the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with "lime pops" and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products.

18. Linear Shrinkage (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the
clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total linear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements

-18-

between a pair of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) gives the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure of the strength of materials
(for crossbreaking or transverse strength 1n this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the force was applied and the width and thickness of the sample. The MOR is expressed in ps1 units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23).
20. Mohs' See Hardness (Mohs').
21. Molding Behavior See Working Properties.
22. Munsell See Color (Munsell).
23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform
-19-

degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.)
24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature
resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard pyrometric cones. The value given 1s the number of the standard pyrometric cone Which softens and sags (or falls) at the same temperature as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable potential in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low shrinkage, and light fired color). The results are usually given for the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337C; 2439F) to Cone 42 (2015C; 3659F) where the temperature equivalents are based on a heating rate of 150C (270F) per hour. With increasing temperature resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium- duty, high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29-30 and 57-58; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16).
25. .!!.
The pH is a measure of the relative alkalinity or acidity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most, but not all, of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented here show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) prior to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 195 7, p. 28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
-20-

Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may give some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to water-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts 1.s through direct chemical analysis as described under Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.)
26. Plasticity See Working Properties.
27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Por.
28. Quick Firing See Bloating Test.
29. Saturation Coefficient The saturation coefficient 1.s determined only for spec1.mens which
have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. It is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergence (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage.
-21-

31. Slaking See Working Properties.
32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the process of firing ("burning") th~
dried specimen 1n a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all specimens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time.
The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test specimens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to 1800F (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water 1s released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One specimen is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature is raised to the next Level (usually 1n intervals of 100). At each interval the temperature is again held constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen is withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature is achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, s1nce they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled by removal from the kiln.
Since the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of
-22-

commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens is slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832oF (l000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln is then turned off, but the specimen remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximation of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, one specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F (1250C). Unfortunately, only a relatively small part of the current data set is represented by USBM tests using this newer method.
The firing test methods used by Smith ( 1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods described above. First the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by 100F per hour until final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones in the kiln. The maximum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith's firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible.
- No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch
(1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech.
33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used 1n the 1950's and 60's by the
-23-

USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulfate) 1n the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. In this me'thod the pulverized clay or shale is boiled in water, left to stand overnight, and filtered. The content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28-29). These data are no longer collected because consistent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve.
34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with efflores-
cence or scum on fired clay products. (More than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.)
The most accurate determinative method 1s to boil the finely powdered sample 1n distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight. The decanted solution 1s then analyzed for the soluble salts using standard chemical methods. The Solu-Bridge readings may also be used as a general measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28).
35. Strength See Dry Strength and Modulus of Rupture.
36. 11 SW11 face brick "SW" stands for severe weather conditions. This 1s a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a high degree of frost action 1s probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and the
-24-

ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "MW11 face brick.)
37. Temp. F (C) The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and
quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (F) followed by the Celsius ( C) conversion in parenthesis. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available (e.g., Smith, 1931), the approximate temperature is given on the form and 1s based on the table of temperature equivalents in Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128).
38. Water of Plasticity (%) This is a measure of the amount of water (as weight percent rela-
tive to the dry material) required to temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This is not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into briquettes from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticity and finer grain size. Unfortunately, high values also correlate with a greater degree of shrinkage, warping and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p.
2.)
39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking,
-25-

plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range in time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it 1s given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated in a comparative manner 1n order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and is a general designation for the ease with which the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes.
These working properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of the operator. They do, however, give a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process.
-26-

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales in Dade County, Georgia*
* The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. -27-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Hard green shale (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 31S-22a

County Dade.

Samp 1e Number --=D_-..:;.5_-.;;.;A~----

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech.; #22.

Date Reported

1931

Ceramist R.W. Smith, Ga. Geol. Survey.

---~~--------

Water of Plasticity 18.5

%

weak and ain (even on a

Color Brownish-gray.Drying Shr inkage __3_._3_ __

Remarks Drying properties: All test bars warped slightly.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx.
Temp. F
cc)

Color (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear Shrinkage, % dry (plastic)

Absorption
%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage

1840

Light red 1264

5.1 (8.0)

9.0

slight

(1005) ( 1 YR-5/7)

1920

Medium red 1666

3.9 (6.8)

8.0

some

(1050) (R-YR-4/5)

2000

Fair red 1672

3.9 (7.0)

6.8

slight

(1095) (9R-4/4)

2060

Good red 2246

7.1 (10.1)

4.6

slight

0125) R-YR-4/4)

2090

Deep red 1536

0.7 (4.0)

4.1

bad

(1145) (R-YR-3/4)

(pimply surface)

2160

Deep choc. 2088

4.0 (7.3)

2.8

bad

(1180) red

(pimply surface)

(R-YR-3/3)

Remarks I Other Tests Firing range = Cone 06 to 2 (commercial kiln= Cone 07 to 1).

Possibly suitable for bu i lding brick and structural tile if properly handled to over-

come t he poor wo r king properties (S mi th, 1931, P 127).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-28-

locn. no. Dd. 31S-22a,cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Hard, tough grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

59.69

Ti02

0.91

Al203

21.72

Fe203 (total) 8.08

FeO

MnO

MgO

0.04

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

0 . 00 1. 82 2.03

Pz05
s c

(total) (org.)

trace 0 . 00

COz

H2o-

*

H2o+

Loss on

5.69

Ignition

Total

99.98*

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on a H20- --free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 124).

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1931

Method Standard "wet 11

Sample Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot c.217 (& 218?), Sec. 4 , Dist. 11

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (SE. corner) Lat. ____,Long. ___.

Field No. ---D---5---A-------------, Collected by R.W. Smith

Date 10-16-29

Sample Method Groove samples.

- - - - - - - Weathering/alteration Fresh.

Structural Attitude Strike about N.45E., dip "gently to the northwest".

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Hard olive-green shale from the B. W. Newsom 1/2 mile NE. of Risin Fawn Furnace: a 3 ft. roove sam le from a

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date --11~-~ 19~-8~2 -----29-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Hard, green to brown shale (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 31S-22b

County Dade .

Sample Number _.::,D_-.::.5_-.:;:.B_ _ __

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. #22.

Date Reported -~ 193~ 1 ----- Ceramist

- - - - - - Water of Plasticity 17.1

%

Color Grayish-drab. Drying

R.W. Smith, Ga. Geol. Survey.

Remarks Drying props.: All test bars warped slightly.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
"F
("C)

Color (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Warpage (& Remarks)

1840 (1005)
1920 (1050) 2000 (1095) 2060 (1125) 2090 0145) 2160 (1180)

Light red (1YR-5/6) Medium red (R-YR-5/6) Fair red (R-YR-4/5) Good red (R-YR-4/4) Deep red (R-YR-3/5) Deep choc. red (R-YR-3/4)

1176 1690 2322 2417 2377 2828

2.4 (5.0) 4.1 (6.8) 4.6 (7.3) 6.3 (8.9) 2.7 (5.4) 3.6 (6.5)

11.5 9.0 6.8 5.4 3.2 1.7

slight (minor scumming) slight (minor scumming) slight (minor scumming) some (minor scumming) considerable (pimply surface) considerable (pimply surface)

Remarks I Other Tests
Possibl suitable for

Cone 04 to 2 (commercial kiln= Cone 05 to 1). handled to
Smith, 1931, P 127

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-30-

locn. no. Dd. 31S-22b,cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Fairly easy, brittle grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

64.77

Ti02

0.91

Al203

19.38

Fe203 (total) 7. 13

FeO

MnO

MgO

0.08

CaO

0.00

Na 2o
KzO

1.44 1.92

Pzo5

0.09

s

(total) 0.00

c

(org.)

COz

H2o-

*

H2o+

Loss on Ignition
Total

4.23 99.95*

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on a H20- --free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 126.)

Analyst E. Everhart , Ga. Survey .

Date c. 1931

Method Standard "wet":

Sam:Ele Location Data:

County Dade.

Land

Lot

c.
&

217 c.218

'

Sec.

4

Dist. 11

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (SE. corner). Lat.

Long.

Field No. D-5-B

, Collected by R.W. Smith

--~~~-----------

Date 10-16-29

Sample Method 10 ft. groove

Weathering/alteration Somewhat weathered (?)

Structural Attitude (see Dd. 31S-22a). --~~------------~---------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) -near stratigraphic top.

Newsom property Smi th , 1931 , P 125-127 .

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82 -31-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, hard to soft (Red Mtn.)

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 31S-23

County Dade.

Sample Number ____D_-~9_________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. #23.

Date Reported _____1~9~3~1__________ Ceramist R.W. Smith, Ga. Geol. Survey.

Water of Plasticity 22.8

% Working Properties Poor plasticity (even after

aging a week), very slow slaking, rather poor molding behavior.

Color Brown.

Drying Shrinkage

2.9

% Dry Strength (MOR) 85.2 psi.

Remarks Drz:ing props.: All test bars warped somewhat.

Slow Firin~ Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF (oC)

Color (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por. Other data:

%

Warpage

1840 (1005) 1920 (1050) 2000 0095) 2060 (1125) 2090 (1145) 2160 (1180)

Light red (3YR-6/7)
Medium red (R-YR-5/6)
Fair red (R-YR-5/5)
Good red (R-YR-4/5)
Deep red (R-YR-4/4)
Deep red (R-YR-4/3)

752 1016 1418 2102 1505 2881

3.1 (5.8) 3.9 (6.2) 5.8 (8.0) 7.0 ( 9. 1) 5. 7 (8.0)
8.2 oo. n

14.5 12.2 10.6
7.6 5.8 3.6

slight slight some slight considerable considerable (pimply surface)

Remarks I Other Tests Firing range= Cone 04 to 3 (commercial kiln= Cone 05 to 2).
Suitable for buildin brick manufacture if ro erl handled to overcome the oor working properties Smith, 1931, p. 129 .

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-32-

locn. no. Dd. 31S-23, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02 Ti02
Al 2o3
Fe203

(total)

67.12 1. 82
16.57 5.14

FeO

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO

Na
K2

o2o

P2o5

s

c

(total) (org.)

0.00 1. 82 2.03 0.11 0.03

HC20o2 -

*

H2o+

Loss on

5.69

Ignition Total*

100.33 *

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on a H20- --free basis by Smith, 1931, 128.)

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1931

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County Dade .

Land Lot

----~----------

Sec. 4

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Sulphur Springs (NE. 1/4) Lat.

Dist. 12 . Long.

Field No. --~D_-~9_____________ , Collected by R.W. Smith

Date 10-19-29

Sample Method Grab samples from

Weathering/alteration None to some.

beds 1, 3 & 5 (= lower 147 ft. of 240 ft. of exposed Red Mtn. Fm.)

Structural Attitude ------------------------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Soft to semi-hard, reddish- to greenish-drab, olive reen and brown shale from C.E. Co in er ro ert about 3 miles south of Risin
Fawn, 3 4 mile east o f the Alabama Great Southern RR at the base of Lookout Mtn. along a "wet-weather branch" (Smith, 1931, p. 127-1295.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

-33-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Semi-hard to hard shale (Red Mtn.)

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 31S-24

County Dade. Raw Properties:

Sample Number -D--7- - - - - -
Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #24.

Date Reported ___1~93~1___________ Ceramist R.W. Smith, Ga. Geol. Survey.

Water of Plasticity -~1~9~~8___%Working Properties Poor plasticity (even on aging a week), slow slaking, rather poor molding behavior.

Color Brownish-~ra~ Drying Shrinkage

2. 7 % Dry Strength (MOR) 100.0 psi.

Remarks Dr;iin8 eroes.: All test bars warEed somewhat. Slow Firin~ Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
<c)

Color (Munsell)

Hardness (MOR, psi.)

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

dry (plastic)

Appr. Por.
%

Other data: Warpage

1840 (1005) 1920 (1050) 2000 (1095) 2060 (1125)
2090 (1145) 2160 (1180)

Light red 996 (2YR-6/7)
Medium red 1209 (R-YR-5/6)
Fair red 1807 (R-YR-5/5)
Good red 2248 (R-YR-4/5)
Deep red 2331 (R-YR-4/4)
Deep choc. 2652 red
(R-YR-4/4)

3.6 (6.0) 4.1 (6.5) 5.0 (7.6) 6.2 (8.9) 5. 7 (8.4) 7.2 (9.8)

10.7 10.4 8.0
6.3 4.1 3. 1

some
some
some
some
considerable (pimply surface)
considerable

Remarks I Other Tests Firing ran ge = Cone 04 to 3 (in commercial kiln= Cone OS to 2).
The shale is suitable for building brick manu f acture if properly hand led to overcome
the poor working eroeerties (Smith, 1931, P 133).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-34-

locn. no. Dd. JlS-24, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Fairly easy grinding.

Particle Size -16 mesh Retention Time Approx. 17 hours.

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2

63.06

Tio2

Al Fe

220o33

FeO

(total)

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

P2os
s c

(total) (org . )

C02 H2oH2 o+ Loss on

Ignition

Total

1.10 18.92
5.85
trace .00
2.53 4.02 trace 0.00
*
4.47 99.95*

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on a H20- --free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 132).

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Surver.

Date c. 1931

Method Standard "wet".

Sam2le Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot 119

Sec. 4

Dist. 18

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Sulphur Springs (NE . 1/4) Lat.

Long.

Field No. ----~D_-~7____________, Collected by R.W. Smith

Date 10-19-29

Sample Method Grab s amples from

Weathering/alteration None or little.

beds 6 and 8 (=upper 115ft. of 397.5 ft. section of Red Mtn. Fm.)

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.35E., di2 about 50SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Samples from road cuts on the T. B. Blake pro perty on the east sid e of the Al abama Great Southern RR, about 1/2 mile north o f Su lp hur S2r ing s Station, of semi-hard to hard olive-green shale above a 2.5 f t. iron ore bed. A few thin beds of sandstone are present but were not s ampled in th i s section (Smith, 1931, p. 130 - 133).

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date ---1-1---1-9---8-2---------
-35-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay, bentonite (Chickamauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 31S-A

County Dade. Raw Prope rties:

Sample Number -D---6-------------
Lab & No.

Date Reported ___1~9~3~1~----------- Ceramist R.W. Smith, Ga. Geol. Survey.

Water of Plasticity ____________% Working Properties ~S~o~f~t~~P~l~a~s~t~i~c~-----------------
Color Greenish-drab.Drying Shrinkage -----------% Dry Strength ----------------
Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Temp. F
<c)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other data:

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Remarks / Other Tests Lithology and chemical analysis only reported by Smith (1931, 336).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-36-

locn. no. Dd. 31S-A , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

- - - - - - Particle Size

Retention Time

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Ti02 Al203
Fe 2o3
FeO

(total)

59.77 0.27
15.45 1. 94

MnO

HgO

trace

CaO
Na 2o
K20
P2os
s c

(total) (org.)

7.59 l. 37 l. 42 0.12 0.00

HC022o-

*

H2o+

Loss on

Ignition

12.61

Total

100.54

Mineralogy Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analyis recalculated on an H20--free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 336).

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Surve;r:.

Date c. 1930

Method Standard "wet".

SamEle Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (SE. corner). Lat . Cor Sul phur Springs, NE. corner?)

Long.

Field No. ~D_-~6_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, Collected by R.W. Smith

Date 10-19-29

Sample Method Groove sample.

Weathering/alteration Somewhat weathered?

Structural Attitude Beds strike N. 55E. and dip about 15 NW.

Stratigraphic Assignment In the Chickamauga Limestone (Ordovician).

Sample Description & Comments Sample from the W. Forrester property in

Johnsons Crook on the ublic road

Fawn Furnace to Su l hur S

s,

l 4 mi. S. of Cave Spr ings Church

Anal y sis i s on a gr oove sample of

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date -37-

11-19-82

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay, bentonite (Chickamauga).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 31S-B

County Dade. Raw Properties :

Sample Number --D---1-0-----------
Lab & No.

____ Date Reported 1931

Ceramist R.W. Smith, Ga. Geol. Survey.

--~~-----------

Water of Plasticity

_;%Working Properties Plastic.

Color Greenish

Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength

cream to drab.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other data:

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Remarks I Other Tests Lithology and chemical analysis only given 1n Smith (1931,
. 336-337).
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-38-

locn. no. Dd. 31S-B , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ----------- Retention Time -------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02 TiOz
Al 2o3
Fe 2o3
FeO

(total)

57.01 0.28 18.75 3.46

MnO

MgO

trace

CaO
Na 2 o
KzO

4.31 2.24 2.46

P2o5

s

(total)

0.07 0.00

c

(org.)

HC022o-

*

H2o+

Loss on

Ignition

8.51

Total*

97.09

Mineralogy Mineral

Not determined volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others

Total

(* analysis recalculated on an H20- --free basis by Smith, 1931, p. 337).

Analyst E. Everhart, Ga. Survey.

Date c. 1930

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

----- County Dade.

Land Lot

~~~----------

Sec.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (NE. corner). Lat. (or New Home, SE. corner?)

Dist. Long.

Field No.

D-10

, Collected by R.W. Smith

----~~~---------

Date 10-19-29

Sample Method Grab samples.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude The "beds are dipping about 20" to the west".

Stratigraphic Assignment In the Chickamauga Limestone (Ordovician).

Comments Taken from ditch and road cuts on road from (or Whiteoak)

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

l i ghter colored greeni sh-cream
Date 11-19-82 -39-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay with coal particles.

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 41-1a

County Dade. Raw Properties:

Sample Number ---------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech. #Da. L-1.

Date Reported June 1942.

Ceramist W.C. Hansard, Ga. Tech.

Water of Plasticity ____2~1~~2~--~% Working Properties Plasticity - fair.

Color Medium gray. Drying Shrinkage --~4~~2____% Dry Strength --------------Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF Cc)

Color Hardness

1900

Gray-tan

(1038)

(Cone OS)

2000 (1093) (Cone 1)

Buff

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Remarks
Disrupted on firing due to high coal content.

Remarks I Other Tests Data reported in Sullivan (1942, P 54 and 55). Not likely to
be useful for making heavy clay products unless coal can be removed.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-40-

locn. no. Dd. 41-la , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ----------- Retention Time -------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz
AI 2o3
Fe 2o3
FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO

NazO

KzO

PzOs

s

(total)

(org.)

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume i.

Total

Analyst

Date ---------
Method ----------------------
Sample Location Data:

County -D-a-d-e-.----------- Land Lot 17

Sec.

7 & l/2' topo quad. New Home (NW. 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. 19 Long.

Field No.

Collected by J.W. Sullivan

Date c. 1941.

Sample Method Grab (?). Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration -------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Underclay to coal seam (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments Medium gray clay with some hard lumps and coal particles collected from below a thin coal bed on the Lofty and Ford

cla s which usuall contain var in amounts of carbonized lant remains and occur in beds 2 to 4 feet thick. Location is about 3 4 mile south of the Tenn. state line and about 2 miles east of the Ala. state line.)

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

---~~--~~~----------

-~~~~~-------

-41-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Mnteri~l ~C~la~-.-------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 41-lb

County Dade.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech., #Da. X-3.

Date Reported June 1942.

Ceramist W.C. Hansard, Ga. Tech.

Water of Plasticity ___1_9_._4______% Working Properties Plasticity-fair.

Color Gray-tan.

Drying Shrinkage ----~5~~5--~% Dry Strength

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
<c)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: Remarks:

1900

Light

( 1038)

buff

(Cone OS)

7.6

20.0

Fair strength, good texture

2000

Medium steel-hard 12.0

9.6

(1093)

(Cone 1)

Smooth surface texture.

Remarks / Other Tests Good glazing properties (several colors tried). "These clays

seem to possess suitable properties for structural products and possibly for

pottery wares .

" (Sullivan, 1942, P 53).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-42-

locn. no. Dd. 41-1b , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Pulverizes well.

- - - - - - Particle Size

Retention Time

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Tio2 Al 2o3 Fe 2o 3 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na 2o K20

P2os

s

(total)

c

(org.)

HHC022oo2+-
Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sam:ele Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot 17

Sec.

Dist. 19

7 & 1/2' topo quad. New Home (NW. 1/4) Lat.

Long.

Field No.

Collected by J.W. Sullivan.

Date c. 1941.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Clay from above coal seam (Pennsylvanian).

the general

apparently the same as for 41-la.)

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

-43-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay (underclay).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 41-2

County Dade .
~~~------------------

Sample Number ----------------

Raw Prope rties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. , #Da. X-2.

Date Reported June 1942.

Ceramist W.C. Hansard, Ga. Tech.

Water of Plasticity __2_4_._7_______%Working Properties Plasticity - good.

--------------- Color Light tan.

Drying Shrinkage 7.0 i. Dry Strength ----~----

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx. Temp.
OF
(oC)

Color

1900 (1038) (Cone OS)

Buff

2000 (1 093) (Cone 1)

Rich

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por .

Shrinkage, i.

i.

i.

Other data: Remarks

10.6 steel-hard 17.0

16.5 4.1

Good strength, smooth surface texture.
Very smooth surface smooth.

Remarks seem to
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-44-

locn. no. Dd. 41-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Readily pulverized.

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------

Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02
TFAeil022oo2 33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o

K2

P2o5

s

(total)

c

(org.)

Hco2o2 -
H2o+

Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method -------------------------
Sample Location Data:

- - - - County Dade.

Land Lot 71

--~~----------

Sec.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. New Home (NE. 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. 19 Long.

Field No.

Collected by J.W. Sullivan.

Date c. 1941.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment Underclay to coal seam (Pennsylvanian).

Sample Description & Comments Sample is of verized undercla collected fr_o_rn__t~h-e~K~n-l~.o-h~t----~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~{~~~9-
Su llivan , 1942 , p. 54 - 55 . In general these fine-grained clays contain vary i ng amounts of car bonized plant remains and occur in beds 2 to 4 feet thick. Location is about 3 miles NE. of the center of New En land and about l 4 mi le E. o f New Home Road.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

-45-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Cla .

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 41-3

~~~---------------------------

County Dade.

Sample Number ----------------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. Ga. Tech. 1 # Da. X-4.

Date Reported June 1942.

Ceramist W.C. Hansard, Ga. Tech.

----------- Water of Plasticity 22.4

%Working Properties Excellent.
~~~~~-----------------

Color Tan-gray.

Drying Shrinkage ___7_._3_____% Dry Strength ---------------

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx.
Temp. F
Cc)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other data:

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Remarks

1900

Medium

( 1038)

buff

(Cone 05)

9.4

20.2

Fair strength, good texture.

2000 (1093) (Cone 1)

Deep buff

steel-hard 13.5

10.3

Smooth surface texture.

Remarks I Other Tests
cl a s seem to f or pottery

(several colors tried). roducts and

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-46-

locn. no. Dd. 41-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) -----------

Particle Size ------------ Retention Time --------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2

Ti Al Fe

022oo2 33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

Pz05

s

(total)

(org.)

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Total

Analyst

Date ------
Method --------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot 160

~~~---------

Sec.

Dist. 19 (Johns~946, #55).

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (NE. 1/4) . Lat.----- - - - - Long.

Field No.

Collected by J.W. Sullivan.

Date c. 1941.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ----------

Structural Attitude ---------------------------------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Clay from between 2 thin coal seams (Pennsylvannian).

*"Magby Gap" on county highway map but "Magnic Gap" on Trenton 7 & 1/2' tapa map.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

-47-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material ~C~ la --------------------------------------- Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 46-1

County Dade.

Sample Number

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tn.; #Ga. 18 .

Date Reported 6-6-46

Ceramist H. Wilson, USBM.

~~~~--------------

Water of Plasticity ____________% Working Properties Plasticity - fair.

Color --------------- Drying Shrinkage _______________% Dry Strength ------------------Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

7.

7.

Other data:

2075 (2235) (Cone 2)

"fairly hard"

porous

Rema rks / Other Tests Possible use in makin common red brick. (Insufficient material submitted for complete test i ng.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-48-

locn. no. Dd. 46-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

- - - - - - Particle Size

Retention Time

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Mineralogy Mineral

volume %

Si02 Ti02 Al203 Fe203 FeD MnO MgO CaD Na20 K20 P205
s c
HC202o-
H2o+

(total) (org.)

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

Total

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County -Da-de". - -- - - - Land Lot 316

Sec.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Durham (NW. 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. 10 . Long .

----"------------ Field No. # 1

, Collected by L. T. Gillen.

Date 5-7-46

Sample Method Grab (?)

Weathering/alteration ---------

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment _P~e~n_n~s~y~l~v_a~n~i_a~n~--------------------------------------
Sample Description & Comments Clay (underclay?) sample from coal m1ne strip it on "A" seam for L.T. Gillen Pro ressive Industries. Located S. of Ga.
Hwy. 170 about 3/4 mile W. of Durham and l 4 mile W. of the ~-lalker Co. line.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date --1~1~-~19~--8-2-------

-49-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 46-2

County Dade .

Sample Number --~2~2~---------

Raw Properties:

Lab & No.

Date Reported 10-8-46

Ceramist

~~--~----------

TVA, N.C. State College Research Lab Asheville, N. C. ; TVA #11 8 . M. K. Banks, TVA .

Water of Plasticity ___________%Working Properties -------------------------------

Color Drab red-green. Drying Shrinkage ________% Dry Strength ---------------

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: data:

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Temp. OF
(c)

Absorption %

Bulk Density

Pore Structure/Remarks

2350 0288)

2400 (1316)

Vitrified only, too refractory.

2450 (1343)

Remarks Not useable , by itself, for lightweight aggregate manufacture.

-50-

locn. no. Dd. 46-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 mln.

(in muffle furnace).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Mineralogy Mineral

volume %

Si0 2 TiOz
Al 2o3
Fe 2o3 FeO MnO MgO CaO
Na 2o
KzO
PzOs
s c
COz
H2o-
H2o+

(total) (org.)

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

Total

Analyst

Date -----
Method -------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 & l/2 topo quad. Trenton (SE. l/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. il 22

Collected by S. D. Broadhurst (TVA). Date 1946?

Sample Method Grab (?) Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration ------------

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim report on tests from N.C. Research Lab via H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46). Sample from 1 mi. southeast of Rising Fawn in the v i cin i ty of old iron mine workings. Material is a drab, redgreen and relatively soft shale, but the ava i lable tonnages here would be limited .

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82
-~~~~--------
-51-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay (potter's clay).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 46-3

County Dade. Raw Properties:

Sample Number ---------------Lab & No. Ga. Tech.

Date Reported 4-11-46.

Ceramist W.C. Hansard, Ga. Tech.

----~------------

---------- Water of Plasticity

%Working Properties

--------- Color ---------- Drying Shrinkage

% Dry Strength

Slow Firing Tests: No data.

Color Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Munsell) (Mob's) Shrinkage, %

%

%

Bulk
Density, g/cm3

Remarks I Other Tests "A very fine clay for making vases and such, giving a satiny
finish to objects that were not especially glazed" according to notes by G. Peyton regarding discussion with W.C. Hansard.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-52-

locn. no. Dd. 46-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size ----------- Retention Time -------------
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio2 Tio2 Al 20 3 Fe 2o3 FeO

MnO

MgO

GaO
Na 2o
K20

P2os
s c

(total) (org.)

CH02o2 -
H2o+

Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method -------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Dade.

Land Lot 160

~~~----------

7 & l/2' topo quad. Trenton (NE. l/4)

Sec. . Lat.

Dist. 19 Long.

Field No.

Collected by G. Peyton.

Date 1946.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ---------------

Structural Attitude

Stratigraphic Assignment __P_e_n_n_s~y-l_v_a__n_i_a_n_._____________________________________

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82 -53-

Property a

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Vandever). County

______ Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 64-1
Sample Number No. _..;;....;.. 16

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Norris, Tenn. ; No. 1553-N.

Date Reported ~4_-~8_-~6~4~~~~---Ceramist M. V. Denny, USBM (revised by M. E.

(revised 1967)

Tyrrell, Tuscaloosa, Ala.)

Water of Plasticity ~2~4~.~~--~--% Working Properties Long working, smooth, gritty, fatty, plastic. (Low plasticity.) pH= 4.9. (Not effervescent with HCl.)

Color Yellow-tan. Drying Shrinkage 2.5 (0.0)% Dry Strength Good. (Low.)

Remarks Drying props . : (No defects.) Good, slightly warped surface.

~low Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
cc)

Color

Hardness (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por. Other data:

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Bulk Dens.

gm/cc

1800

Tan

(982)

Soft (2)

0.5 (0.0)

21.5

35.7

1. 66

1900

Tan

Soft (2)

2.5

(1038)

20.1

34.4

1.71

2000

Tan

0093)

Fair hard

5.0

(3)

15.7

28.7

1. 83

2100

Light brown Hard (4)

7.5

(1149)

12.7

24.5

1. 93

2200

Light brown Very hard

9.0

(1204)

(5)

11.0

21.9

1. 99

2300

Brown

Very hard

9.0

0260)

(5)

8.4

17.5

2.08

Remarks I
1149c.) or glazed

specifications at about 2100 F, Potential Use: Inside tile

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: ~N~e~g~a~t~i~v~e~ ------

NOTE: App. Por. and Bulk Dens. data as well as data and remarks 1n parentheses are from 1967 revised data sheets by Tyrrell.

-54-

locn. no. Dd. 64-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

Ti02

AlzOJ

Fe203 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County --D-a-d-e-.---------- Land Lot
7 & 1/2' topo quad. Durham (NW. 1/4)

Sec. Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. ("new 41"), 16 , Collected by J.W. Smith.

Date c. 1963

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Vandever Shale (Pennsylvanian).

Rockcast le Sandstone after Smi th, 19 68 ?,

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date -55-

11-19-82

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale, weathered (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 66-1

County Dade.

Sample Number ___N_~o~~l~l~9______

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Ala., #G-7-6

Date Reported __5_-_1_1_-_6_6____________ Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity --~2~0~~9_____% Working Properties Low plasticity. pH 5.35

Color --~T~a~n~ ------- Drying Shrinkage __o_._o_______% Dry Strength __L_o_w_._______________

Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
( oc)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: Bulk dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

3

0.0

(982)

23.0

1. 67

1900

Tan

3

2.5

(1038)

19.2

1. 78

2000

Tan

4

5.0

0093)

12.8

1. 97

2100 Light brown 5

7.5

8.2

0149)

2.14

2200 0204)

Expanded

Remarks I Other Tests Low E1!reen strenE1;th; short vitrification ran~e. Potential
Use: None (ceramic).

Preliminarr Bloatin~ (Quick Firin~) Tests: Negative.

-56-

locn. no. Dd. 66-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F , 982 6 C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si02

Ti02

Al203

Fe 2o3 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na20

KzO

PzOs

s

(total)

(org.)

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Total Analyst Date

Method -------------------------Sample Location Data :

County Dade.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Hooker (NE. 1/4) . Lat.

Long.

Field No. ("new 39"), 119 , Collected by J.W. Smith.

Date c. 1966.

Sample Method Composite of many grab Weathering/alteration Weathered. samples, every 2 ft. along road.

Structural Attitude -----------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Ga. Highway 299 , 1.1 mi. W. of intersection

with U.S.

Weather_e_d light greenish-gray shale with very few

siltstone

inches thick. Outcro 700 ft . lon

to 30

ft. high

1968?, unpubl. ms . .

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

-57-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Red Mtn.).

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 66-2

County Dade.

Sample Number No. 120

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM , Tuscaloosa, Ala., #G-7-7

Date Reported ~5_-_1_1_-_6_6___________ Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity 21.4

%Working Properties Low plasticity. pH= 5.70

Color ~T~a~n~ -------- Drying Shrinkage ____2_._5____% Dry Strength Low.

Remarks No dry i ng defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: Bulk dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

3

2.5

22.7

(982)

1. 68

1900

Tan

3

2.5

(1 038)

18.7

1.80

2000

Tan

4

5.0

(1093)

12.2

1. 99

2100

Light brown 5

7.5

7.9

( 1149)

2.15

2200 0204)

Expanded

Remarks I Other Tests Low green strength, short vitrification range. Potential
Use: None (ceramic).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-58-

locn. no. Dd. 66-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800"F 982"c) .

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2
TAFeil022o2o33
FeD

MnO

MgO

CaD
Na 2o
K20 P2os S

(total)

C

(org.)

HC02o2 -
H2o+

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Total

Analyst -------------------------Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

----- County Dade.

Land Lot

~~~----------

Sec.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (NE. 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. ("new 40"), 120 , Collected by J.W. Smith.

Date c. 1966.

Sample Method Channel sample across Weathering/alteration -------------exposed stratigraphic interval.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.40E., dip 25SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian).

Sample Description & Comments Ga. Highway 143, 0.6 mile W. of intersection with U.S. Highway 11 in Trenton. Li ght greenish-gray shale with a very few s il tstone beds up to 2 inches thick. Outcrop along road 250ft., up to 15 ft. hi h. 1.5 f t. hematite bed in a'bout middle of section, about 0.5 mile E.
o f Dd. 66-1 and 0.3 mile W. of Dd. 67-2 after Smith, 1968?, unpubl. ms .

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82

-59-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material _.:.C.::.l.::.a"-y.:../.;;;.sh=a.;;;.le.;;;......;..(?.;..;,):.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 67-1

County Dade.

Sample Number __.;;;.N.:.o.:.-.:.1.:.4.;;;.6_ ___

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, No. G-9-9

Date Reported __1_-_1~1_-_6_7______ Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity ___.:.2.;;;.3.;;;.~3---% Working Properties Low plasticity. pR = 4.7.
Not effervescent with HCl.

Color Yellow.

Drying Shrinkage ~5~~0____% Dry Strength ___F_a_i_r_.______

Remarks No drying defects.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
Cc)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: Bulk Dens. gm/cc

1800

Tan

3

5.0

(982)

21.3

35.6

1. 67

1900

Tan

3

5.0

(1038)

19.5

33.9

1. 74

2000

Tan

4

0093)

10.0

11.6

22.9

1. 97

2100 Light brown 5 0149)

15.0

6.9

14.8

2.14

2200 Dark brown 6 0204)

15.0

4.6

10.1

2.19

2300 Dark brown 7 0260)

15.0

4.5

9. 7

2.15

Remarks I Other Tests Should fire to "MW" face brick s ecifications at about
2000F Cl093"C). Potential Use: Buildin~ brick. Also see "Extrusion Tests"

Preliminar:z: Bloating Cguick Firin~) Tests:

Ne~ative.

-60-

locn. no. Dd. 67-1, cont.

TUSCALOOSA METALLURGY RESEARCH LABORATORY

Clay Evaluation: Extrusion Tests

Sender's identification: 146 Tuscaloosa number: G-9-9

Date 9/28/67 _......;.~.;;..:._..;..;...._

Body composition: Raw clay through 6 mesh: 100 %.

Tempering water: 24.0 % of dry batch weight.

Vacuum on machine: 28 inches of mercury.

Drying: 24 hours in air; 24 hours at 140F (60C).

Drying shrinkage: 3.1 %.

Modulus of rupture, dry unfired: 660 psi.

Firing:

Time-

24 hours

Temperature- 2000F (1093C)

Cone-

02

Total shjrinkage: 11.5 %.

Absorption, 5-hour boiled: 1.6 %.

Absorption, 24-hour soaked: 1.6 %.

Saturation coefficient: 1.00

Apparent porosity: 3.8 %.

Bulk density: 2.37 g/cc.

Fired modulus of rupture: 4020 psi.

Mohs' hardness: 7

Color: Brown.

Comments: Might be satisfactory for face brick, sewer pipe or quarry tile.

-61-

locn. no. Dd. 67-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F , 982 6 C).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemica 1 Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz
Al 2o3
Fez

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H20+

Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method _..._..._..._..._..._..._..._..._..._..._...__...

Sample Location Data:

County Dade.

---- Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. ~ Un~ kn~ ow~ n.------ . Lat.

Long. ----

Field

No.

146

,

-~~--------------

Collected

by J.W.

Smith?

Date c. 1966

Sample Method ~G~r~a~b~?_____

Weathering/alteration---------------

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------------
Stratigraphic Assignment --------------------------------
Sample Description & Comments ~ Lo~ ca~ tio~n~u~ nk~ now~n~ . -------------

Compiled by ___B~~J~~o~c~o~n~n~o~r_____________

Date --11~-1~9~ -8~ 2 -----62-

-63-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Clay (weathered "bentonite").

Compilation Map Location No. Dd. 67-2

County Dade.

Sample Number No. 166

Raw Properties:

Lab & No . USBM, Tuscaloosa, No. G-10-6

Date Reported 1-16-67
------_-_-_-_---_-_-_-_-_-- Water of Plasticity 38.5 ......;;..

Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM. % Working Properties Low plasticity. pH= 8.9.

Highly effervescent with HCl.

Color ___T__an__. ______ Drying Shrinkage __________% Dry Strength Low.

Remarks Drying defects: cracks.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data:

1800

Tan

Poor bond

(982)

1900

Tan

(1038)

Poor bond

2000 (1093)
2100 0149)

Buff Buff

Poor bond Poor bond

2200 0204)

Melted

Remarks I Other Tests Poor ceramic bond. Abrupt vitrification. Potential Use: None (ceramic).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-64-

locn. no. Dd. 67-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 5F 982 8C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

FAelz20o33
FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO

NazO

KzO

PzOs
s c

(total) (org.)

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Other

volatiles

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite
Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County -D-a-d-e-. ----------- Land Lot

Sec.

7 & 1/2' topo quad. Trenton (NE. 1/4) . Lat.

- Dist.
Long.

Field No. 166, ("F")

, Collected by J.W. Smith.

Date c. 1966.

Sample Method Channel sample.

Weathering/alteration Deeply weathered.

Structural Attitude Bedding strikes N.30E. and dips 35NW.

Stratigraphic Assignment "Bentonite" in Chickamauga Group (Ordovician).

Sample Description & Comments Ga. Hwy. 143 in Trenton, 0.3 mile west of

intersection with U.S. Hw . 11.

weathered bentonite bed 4 to

5 feet thick, 0.3 mile east

Smith, 1968?, unpubl. ms.).

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-19-82
--~~~-----------
-65-

DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. C13-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24-72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. C479-72 Standard specification for vitrified clay liner plates, Part 16, p. 283-284. C330-69 Specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, Part 14, p. 229-232. C315-56 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for clay flue linings, Part 16, p. 169-171.
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 16, Chemical-resistant nonmetallic materials; clay and concrete pipe and tile; masonry mortars and units; asbestos-cement products.
Bentley, R. D., 1964, A Geologic Evaluation of the Red Mountain Shales in the Vicinity of Kensington, Georgia: Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, unpublished manuscript,l9 p.
Bergenback, R.E., Wilson, R.L., and Rich, M., 1980, Carboniferous Paleodepositional Environments of the Chattanooga Area: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol.-r, Field Trip No. 13, p. 259-278, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va .
Butts, c., and Gildersleeve, B., 1948, Geology and Mineral
Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Bulletin 54, 176 p.
Chowns, T. M., editor, 1972, Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11, 102 p.
______, editor, 1977, Stratigraphy and Economic Geology of Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in Bartow and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 17, 21 p.
-66-

Chowns, T.M., and McKinney, F.M., 1980, Depositional Facies in MiddleUpper Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of Alabama and Georgia: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. 2, Field Trip No. 16, p. 323 -348, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va.
Clews, F. H., 1969, Heavy Clay Technology: 2nd. ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 481 p.
Crawford, T. J., 1983, Pennsylvanian Outliers in Georgia: in Chowns, T. M., ed., "Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Vicinity of Rome, Georgia" 18th Annual Field Trip, Georgia Geological Society, p. 30-41.
Cressler, C. W., 1963, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Catoosa County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 28, 19 p.
--.....,.-, 1964a, Geology and Ground-water Resources of the Paleozoic Rock Area, Chattooga County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 27, 14 p.
------, 1964b, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Walker County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 29, 15 p.
, 1970, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Floyd and Polk -----~C~o-unties, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and
Geology Information Circular 39, 95 p.
----, 1974, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 47, 56 p.
Cressler, C. W., Franklin, M.A., and Hester, W. G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.
Croft, M. G., 1964, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Dade County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 26, 17 p.
Georgia Geological Survey, 1976, Geologic Map of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000.
Gillespie, W.H. and Crawford, T.J., in press, Plant Megafossils from the Carboniferous of Georgia, U.S.A.: in lOth International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology (Madrid), Proceedings.
Grimshaw, R. W., 1972, The Chemistry and Physics of Clays and Other Ceramic Raw Materials: 4th. ed., rev., Wiley-Interscience, New York, N.Y., 1024 p.
-67-

Jones, T. J., and Beard, M. T., 1972, Ceramics: Industrial Processing and Testing: Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 213 p.
Kline, S. W. and O'Connor, B. J., editors, 1981, Mining Directory of Georgia, 18th ed.: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 2, 49 p.
Klinefelter, T. A., and Hamlin, H. P., 1957, Syllabus of Clay Testing: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 565, 67 p.
Liles, K. J., and Heystek, H., 1977, The Bureau of Mines Test Program for Clay and Ceramic Raw Materials: U.S. Bureau of Mines IC-8729, 28 p.
Norton, F. H., 1942, Refractories: 2nd . ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 798 p.
O'Neill, B. J., Jr., and Barnes, J. H., 1979, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, Southwestern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resources Report 77, 689 p.
--...,.-, 1981, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, South-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resource Report 79, 201 p.
Patterson, S. H., and Murray, H. H., 1983, Clays: in Lefond, S. J., and others, eds., Industrial Minerals and Rock;; 5th. ed., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, p. 585-651.
Shearer, H. K., 1918, Report on the Slate Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 34, 188 p.
Smith, J. W., 1968?, Tests for Clay Products in Northwest Georgia; unpublished manuscript, 47 p. (brief summary in: 1967 Annual Report of the Department of Mines, Mining, an~Geology, 1968, p. 17-19).
Smith, R. W., 1931, Shales and Brick Clays of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 45, 348 p.
Spencer, J. W. W., 1893, The Paleozoic Group; The Geology of Ten Counties of Northwestern Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, 406
p.
Sullivan, J. W., 1942, The Geology of the Sand- Lookout Mountain Area, Northwest Georgia: Georgia Division of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 15, 68 p.
Thomas, W. A., and Cramer, H. R., 1979, The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States Georgia: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1110-H, 37 p.
Veatch, 0., 1909, Second Report on the Clay Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 18, 453 p.
-68-

Georgia Geologic Survey

CLAY AND SHALE TEST LOCATIONS IN DADE COUNTY

Information Circular 67 Plate 1

85 35'00"

--\- .

-o;;---

MARION
----~----

-CO-UN-TY-------

~'&
\

\
\ I \ ~

$
41-1a ~ &b
<9
.
/

/

85 30'00"
TENNESSEE ,.... . _ / '.
------l .

c..:
~\
():
" 'C/)\
0\
34 55'00" ---()z ~'~:
0 c ~
-<

,..;'
I
New( England

HAMILTON COUNTY

I

/~

I~

N

/~
/(j
/~''<-
/.;;:/

I

/~'

I
I1-'- - 3455'00"
/
/ /
I

34 50'00" ----+--~ 85 35'00"

8525'00" 1 - - -- - - 34 50'00"

EXPLANATION
46-1 Numbers correspond to
the "Map Location No." in text Exact location for a single
outcrop sampled. Several samples collected
over the enclosed area.
Streams
- - - Highways and major roads Minor roads.

34 45'00''--'---~
\
\ I
\ \
\
\
\
\
\

. I
)
/
./
;-( - - - -- 3445'00"
I
I

I) 318-23

I
"~
/_~~

IO

(q;'-(. j

/~

/~~

(

~0

!
I

i
i
l

I

Location Numbers
Dd. 31S-A and 31S-B Dd. 31 S-22a to 31 S-24 Dd. 41-1a to 41-3 Dd. 46-1 to 46-3 Dd. 64-1 Dd. 66-1 and 66-2 Dd. 67-1 and 67-2 Not shown (location unknown):
Dd. 67-1

SCALE

0Lt'L l'...J.'_.,__._,.LIIL'Lli-Ll_ _ ______JT

0

2

3

M1LES KILOM ETER S

Modified after the 1980 General Highway Map of Dade County , Georgia Dept. of Transportation

85 30'00"