Ceramic and structural clays and shales of Catoosa County, Georgia

l
CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS AND SHALES OF
CATOOSA COUNTY, GEORGIA
BRUCE J. O'CONNOR

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY

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65 INFORMATION CIRCULAR

COVER PHOTO:

Road cut exposures of Red Mountain Formation shale with interbedded sandstone on the north side of U.S. I-75 east of the main cuts at Ringgold. (Map location no. Ct 66-3 is from the same general area.)

CERAMIC AND STRUCTURAL CLAYS AND SHALES OF CATOOSA COUNTY, GEORGIA
By Bruce J. O'Connor Senior Economic Geologist
Information Circular 65
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES J. Leonard Ledbetter, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Harold F. Reheis, Assistant Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY
William H. McLemore, State Geologist
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1984

..

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

Introduction . . . .

Acknowledgements . . .

Location of Study Area

Explanation of Key Terms on the Ceramic Test and

Analyses Forms . . .

. . , .

1. Absorption (%) , , ,

2. App. Por. (%) - Apparent Porosity, Percent

3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity

4. Bloating . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test)

6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.)

7. Color . . . . . . . . ,

8. Color (Munsell) ... , ... ,

9. Compilation Map Location No. .

10. Cone . . . . , ,

11. Drying Shrinkage .

12. Dry Strength .

13. Extrusion Test

14. Firing Range

15. Hardness . . .

16. Hardness (Mohs')

17. HCl Effervescence

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) . .

19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR)

20. Mohs' . . . . .

21. Molding Behavior

22. Munsell . . . . .

23. "MW" face brick

24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent .

25. pH . . . . . . .

26. Plasticity .. .

27. Porosity, Apparent

28. Quick Firing . . .

29. Saturation Coefficient

30. Shrinkage

31. Slaking . . . . . .

32. Slow Firing Test . . . .

33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge)

34. Soluble Salts

....

35. Strength . . . .

36. "SW" face brick

37. Temp. F ( C)

38. Water of Plasticity (%)

39. Working Properties (or Workability) . . . .

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales in Catoosa County, Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Sources and References Cited

PAGE
1 3
4
9 10 10
12 13 13
14 14 14
15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 25 26 26 26
29
44

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1 Plate 1

Location of Catoosa County Report Area..

5

Clay and Shale Test Locations in Catoosa County . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pocket

Table 1 Table 2

LIST OF TABLES

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Catoosa County, Northwest Georgia . . . . . 6

. . . . . . . . . . . Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing

Test Forms

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INTRODUCTION

This report presents a compilation of all available published and

unpublished ceramic firing tests and related analytical data on samples

from Catoosa County, Georgia. It provides information on mined and/or

undeveloped clays, shales and related materials, and is intended for

use by geologists, engineers and members of the general public. The

report should aid 1n the exploration for deposits of ceram1c raw

material with econom1c potential for future development.

This

information may also be of use to those who wish to obtain information

on the potential use of particular deposits at specific locations.

Tests by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, subsequently referred to as

USBM, were performed by the Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory,

Norris, Tennessee and the Tuscaloo~a Research Center, Tuscaloosa,

Alabama under cooperative agreements with the Georgia Geologic Survey

and its predecessors (i.e., the Earth and Water Division of the Ga.

Department of Natural Resources; the Department of Mines, Mining and

Geology; and the Geological Survey of Georgia). Many of the firing

tests were performed on samples collected by former staff members of

the Georgia Geologic Survey (and its predecessors) during uncompleted

and unpublished studies (Smith, 1968?). Additional unpublished data

presented in this compilation are from TVA (see Butts and Gildersleeve,

1948, p. 124 and 125). The only published data are by Veatch (1909, p.

389 to 390).

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Regardless of the source, all of the ceramic firing testing data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design. They do not preclude the use of the materials 1.n m1.xes (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 5).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many individuals during the preparation of this report and the work of many who contributed to the earlier, unpublished studies included here. The cooperative work of the U.S. Bureau of Mines forms the main data base of this study. During the last several years Robert D. Thomson, Chief of the Eastern Field Operations Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvannia, was responsible for administering the funding of costs incurred by the USBM. Others in that office who helped coordinate the program were Charles T. Chislaghi and Bradford B. Williams. Since 1966 M.E. Tyrrell, H. Heys tek, and A. V. Petty, Ceramic Engineers, and Kenneth J. Liles, Research Chemist, planned and supervised the test work done at the USBM Tuscaloosa Research Center in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Prior to 1966 this test work was supervised by ceramists H. Wilson, G.S. Skinner, T.A. Klinefelter, H.P. Hamlin and M.V. Denny at the former Norris Metallurgy Research Laboratory in Norris, Tennessee. Tests by the Tennessee Valley Authority were conducted under the supervision of H. S. Rankin and M.K. Banks at the Mineral Research Laboratory on the campus of North Carolina State College, Asheville, North Carolina, using samples collected by S.D. Broadhurst. The majority of the unpublished tests were performed on samples collected by former staff geologists of the Georgia Geologic Survey, predominantly by J.W. Smith, A.S. Furcron, R.D. Bentley, N.K. Olsen, D. Ray, and G. Peyton, assisted by C.W. Cressler of the U.S. Geological Survey. N.K. Olsen and C.W. Cressler also have provided the author with valuable advice and suggestions regarding sample locations and past studies. The advice and encouragement of my colleagues on the staff of the Georgia Geologic Survey are
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greatly appreciated. However, the contents of this report and any errors of omission or commission therein are the sole responsibility of the author.
LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Catoosa County is located at the northern end of the Valley and Ridge province of northwest Georgia (Fig. 1). There are no companies currently mining clay or shale in the county and none have been active here in the past. The most abundant ceramic raw materials in the county are the shales and residual clays derived from the Rome Formation and the Conasauga Group; however, other units such as the Floyd Shale and Red Mountain Formation shales and residual clays of the Knox Group are locally well developed. The general nature of these and other geologic units which occur in the county are summarized on Table 1.
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N

REPORT AREA

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KILOMETERS

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LOCATION OF CATOOSA COUNTY REPORT AREA (after Cressler, and others, 1976)

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TABLE 1

Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Catoosa County, Northwest Georgia

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES l/

Quaternary (and Tertiary?)

* Various unnamed bodies of alluvial, colluvial and residual material. Largely clay and sand, but also locally gravel and breccia.

Pennsylvanian

Lookout Sandstone- Approx. 440-593 ft., sandstone, shale, and conglomerate.
Sewanee Conglomerate (or Sandstone or Member) or Bonair Sandstone- Approx. 100-240 ft., sandstone, orthoquartzite and conglomerate.
Gizzard Group (or Formation or Member)- Approx. 200ft., gray to tan shale, with local interbedded siltstone, sandstone, coal and fire clay. Includes:
Warren Point Sandstone (or Member)- Approx. 100ft.; and Raccoon Mountain Formation (or Member) - Approx. 50-100 ft.

Mississippian

Pennington Formation (or Shale) - Approx. 100-300 ft., gray, green and red shale. Sandstone present in middle.
Bangor Limestone- Approx. 300-480 ft., fine- to coarsegrained, gray limestone with interbedded shale at top.
*Floyd Shale- Approx. 100~2000 ft., silt and clay shale with some sandstone; limestone present at base. Approximate age-equivalent to Tuscumbia and Monteagle Limestones.
Monteagle Limestone - Approx. 250 ft. Includes:
Golconda Formation (or Limestone) - Approx. 15-20 ft., green fissile shale containing some thin limestone; Gasper Limestone- Approx. 150ft., gray, non-cherty limestone; and Ste. Genevieve Limestone- Approx. 245ft., gray limestone.
Tuscumbia Limestone - Approx. 125 ft. Includes:
St. Louis Limestone- Approx. 125ft., gray, very cherty limestone; and Warsaw Limestone - Approx. 50 ft.

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TABLE 1. Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units 1n Catoosa County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES l/

Mississippian, cont'd.

Fort Payne Formation (or Chert)- Approx. 10-400 ft., thin- to thick-bedded chert and cherty limestone. Locally includes:
Lavender Shale Member- Approx. 0-200 ft., shale, massive mudstone and impure limestone.

Devonian

Chattanooga Shale- Approx. 5-25ft., carbonaceous, fissile black shale.
Armuchee Chert- Approx. 125ft ., thin- to thick-bedded chert.

Silurian

*Red Mountain Formation- Approx. 150-1200 ft., sandstone, siltstone, red and green shale, with conglomerate, limestone and local hematitic iron ore.

Ordovician

Sequatchie Formation - Approx. 75-250 ft., sandstone, siltstone, shale, calcareous shale and limestone.
Chickamauga Group (or Limestone)- Approx. 1000-2300 ft., dominantly limestone with some dolostone and lesser shale, claystone, siltstone, sandstone, and bentonite clay horizons. Equivalent, in part, to the Moccasin and the Bays formations and to the Rockmart Slate and Lenoir Limestone. Includes:
Maysville Formation and Trenton Limestone; Lowville-Moccasin Limestone - Approx. 200-500 ft.; Lebanon Limestone; and Murfreesboro Limestone.
Lenoir Limestone - Approx. 0-100+ ft. Includes:
Mosheim Limestone Member - 35 ft.; and Deaton Member - 0-100+ ft.

Cambrian-Ordovician

*Knox Group- Approx. 2000-4500 ft., dominantly cherty dolostone, minor limestone. Includes:
Newala Limestone- Approx. 100-400 ft., limestone and dolostone; Longview Limestone- Approx. 350ft.; Chepul tepec Do l omite- Approx. 800+ ft.; and Copper Ridge Dolomite - Approx. 2500 ft.

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TABLE 1. Generalized Summary of Stratigraphic Units in Catoosa County, Northwest Georgia (continued)

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIT

STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS - THICKNESS AND ROCK TYPES 2J

Cambrian

*Conasauga Group (or Formation) - Approx. 950-5000 ft., predominantly shale and limestone with minor sandstone. Includes: Maynardville Limestone- Approx. 50-300ft.; "Upper Unit" - Nolichucky Shale - Approx. 200-1000 ft., and Maryville Limestone?- Approx. 200-600 ft.;
"Middle Unit" = Rutledge Limestone and Rogersville Shale?
- Approx. 200-400 ft.; and
"Lower Unit" = Pumpkin Valley Shale and Honaker Dolomite?
- Approx. 30-500 ft.

Rome Formation- Approx. 100-5000 ft., shale, and interbedded sandstone, siltstone and quartzite. Includes the "Cartersville Formation" of Shearer (1918).

NOTES:
* = Some ceramic firing tests have been made on shales and clays of this unit.
1./ Descriptions based on data in Bergenback and others, 1980; Butts and Gildersleeve,
1948; Chowns, 1972, 1977; Chowns and McKinney, 1980; Crawford, 1983; Cressler, 1963, 1964a and 1964b, 1970, 1974; Cressler and others, 1979; Croft, 1964; Georgia Geologic Survey, 1976; Thomas and Cramer, 1979.
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EXPLANATION OF KEY TERMS ON THE CERAMIC TEST AND ANALYSES FORMS The test data and analyses which are presented here were compiled
on a set of standardized forms (Ceramic Tests and Analyses) in the most concise manner consistent with the various laboratories represented. These forms are modified in large part after those used by the Pennsylvania Geological Survey (e.g., O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, 1981).
It should be noted that although the great majority of these tests were determined by the USBM it was decided not to reproduce their data forms directly for several reasons. First, the USBM forms contain several entries which are not essential to this project (e.g., Date received) or do not make the most efficient use of space. Second, the USBM forms have been changed several times over the span of decades covered by the present compilation. Finally, investigators from other laboratories have reported parameters which were not determined by the USBM.
The paragraphs which follow briefly describe, in alphabetical order, the more critical entries on the forms, the nature of the information included and, where possible, the various factors and implications to be considered in their interpretation. Many of the particular comments here are based on descriptive information published in the following sources. Tests by Georgia Geologic Survey authors are described in Veatch (1909, p. 50 to 64) and in Smith (1931, p. 19 to 25), while the particulars of the USBM studies are given in Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, especially p. 5 to 41) and in Liles and Heystek (1977, especially p. 2 to 16). The discussions which follow are not intended to be exhaustive but are merely meant to remind the reader,
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and potential user, of the key aspects of the information presented. Various technical texts and reports should be consulted for more detailed information (e.g., Clews, 1969; Grimshaw, 1972; Jones and Beard, 1972; Norton, 1942; Patterson and Murray, 1983). The abbreviations used on these test forms are defined in Table 2.
1. Absorption (%) The absorption is a measure of the amount of water absorbed by
open pores in the fired spec1.men and is given as a percentage of the specimen's dry weight. For slow firing tests, it is determined on fired specimens which have ~een boiled in water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed 1.n the water for up to 24 hours while cooling (Smith, 1931, p. 22; Klinefelter and .Hamlin, 1957, p. 27-28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). For the quick firing tests, however, the specimens are not boiled but only cooled and then immersed in water for 24 hours (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
The absorption gives an indication of the amount of moisture which may be absorbed and subject to destructive freezing in outdoor structures. Less than 22% absorption is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
2. App. Por. (%) -Apparent Porosity, Percent The apparent porosity is a measure of the amount of open pore
space in the fired sample, relative to its bulk volume, and is expressed as a percent. As in the case of absorption values, it is based on the weight and volume of the specimen which has been boiled 1.n water for 2 to 5 hours and then kept immersed in water for several hours as it cools (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28; Liles and Heystek,
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TABLE 2
Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms
ABBREVIATIONS
Appr. Por. = Apparent Porosity App. Sp. Gr. = Apparent Specific Gravity Btw. = Bartow County C = Degrees Celsius Ct. = Catoosa County Cht. = Chattooga County
Dd. = Dade County Dist. =District DTA = Differential Thermal Analysis
E = East
F = Degrees Fahrenheit Fl. =Floyd County
g/cm3 = Grams per cubic centimeter Gdn. = Gordon County
Lab. & No. = Laboratory (name) and number (assigned ~n laboratory)
Lat. =Latitude LOI = Loss on Ignition Long. = Longitude lb/in2 Pounds per square inch lb/ft3 = Pounds per cubic foot
Mry. = Murray County
N = North NE = Northeast NW = Northwest
org. = Organic
Plk. = Polk County S = South SE = Southeast SW = Southwest Sec. = Section
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Table 2. Abbreviations for Terms on the Ceramic Firing Test Forms (continued)
7 1/2' topo. quad. = 7 and 1/2 minute topographic quadrangle Temp. = Temperature TVA = Tennessee Valley Authority USBM = U.S. Bureau of Mines USGS = U.S. Geological Survey W = West Wkr. =Walker County Wf. = Whitfield County XRD = X-ray diffraction
1977, p. 3). The apparent porosity is an indication of the relative resistance to damage during freezing and thawing. Less than 20% apparent porosity is considered promising for slow-fired materials (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 14, Fig. 4).
3. App. Sp. Gr. - Apparent Specific Gravity As reported in earlier USBM studies, the apparent specific gravity
1s a measure of the specific gravity of that portion of the test specimen that is impervious to water. This is determined by boiling the sample in water for 2 hours and soaking it in water overnight or 24 hours (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28). These data were replaced by bulk density and apparent porosity measurements after the U.S. Bureau of Mines moved its laboratories from Norris, Tennessee to Tuscaloosa, Alabama in 1965.
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4. Bloating Bloating is the term given to the process in which clay or shale
fragments expand (commonly two or more times their original volume) during rapid firing. It results from the entrapment of gases which are released from the minerals during firing but which do not escape from the body of the host fragment due to the viscosity of the host at that temperature. Bloating is a desirable and essential property for the production of expanded lightweight aggregate where an artificial pumice or scoria is produced. Expanded .lightweight aggregate has the advantages of light weight and high strength compared to conventional crushed stone aggregate. Bloating is not desirable, however, in making other structural clay products such as brick, tile and sewer pipe where the dimensional characteristics must be carefully controlled. In these cases bloating is extremely deleterious and it leads to variable and uncontrollable warping, expansion and general disruption of the fired clay body (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 39-41).
5. Bloating Test (or Quick Firing Test) The Bloating Test refers to the process of rapidly firing (or
"burning11 ) the raw sample in a pre-heated furnace or kiln to determine its bloating characteristics for possible use as a lightweight aggregate. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all use several fragments of the dried clay or shale placed in a refractory plaque (or "boat") which in turn is placed ~n the pre-heated furnace for 15 minutes (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 41 and Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
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6. Bulk Density (or Bulk Dens.) The bulk density is a measure of the overall density of the fired
spec~men based on its dry weight divided by its volume (including pores). Determinations are the same for slow firing and quick firing test samples, although for the latter the results are given in pounds per cubic inch as well as grams per cubic centimeter units (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 27 to 28 and 41 and Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3 and 4). If quick-fired material yields a bulk density of less than 62.4 lb/ft3 (or if the material floats in water), it is considered promising for lightweight aggregate (K. Liles, oral communication, 1984).
7. Color The color of the unfired material, unless otherwise stated, repre-
sents the crushed and ground clay or shale. In most cases this is given for descriptive purposes only since it is generally of no practical importance for ceram~c applications (only the fired color is signical importance for ceram~c applications (only the fired color ~s significant). Here only broad descriptive terms such as light-brown, cream, gray, tan, etc. are used. Fired colors are more critical and therefore more specific descriptive terms and phrases are used (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 18 and 19). In many cases the Munsell color is given for a precise description (see discussion below).
8. Color (Munsell) This is a system of color classification based on hue, value (or
brightness) and chroma (or purity) as applied to the fired samples in this compilation. It was used by Smith ( 1931, p. 23-25) and by the
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USBM since the early 1970's (Liles, oral communication, 1982; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p . 3). In all other cases the fired color was estimated visually.

9. Compilation Map Location No. This number or code was assigned by the author to provide a syste-
matic designation to be used 1n plotting sample locations on the base maps as shown by the typical example below.

Example:

Map Locn. No . Ct . 09 V - 1 a

County Name - Abbreviation (Catoosa )
Date 0909).
Author's last initial (Veatch) -for published data only
Sample sequence number (one IF per loc at ion).

De signa tion used only for cases of more than one test per location.

The map location number Ct. 09V-la is derived from the county name (e.g., Ct. for Catoosa County), the year the tests were performed (e.g., 09 for 1909) plus the last initial of the author for major published sources (e.g., V for Veatch), followed by a sequence number assigned in chronological order or sequential order for published data. (The only exceptions to this are the tests reported in Smith, 1931, wherein the sequence number of the present report is the same as the "Map location No." of Smith.) Each map location number represents a

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specific location, or area, sampled at a particular time. In cases where several separate samples were collected from a relatively restricted area, such as an individual property, such samples are designated a, b, c, etc. Different map location numbers have been assigned to samples which were collected from the same general locality, such as a pit or quarry, but which were collected by different investigators at different times.
10. Cone Standard pyrometric cones, or cones, are a pyrometric measure of
firing temperature and time in the kiln. They are small, three-sided pyramids made of ceramic materials compounded in a series, so as to soften or deform in progression with increasing temperature and/or time of heating. Thus, they do not measure a specific temperature, but rather the combined effect of temperature, time, and other conditions of the firing treatment. The entire series of cones ranges from about lll2F (600C) to about 3632F (2000C) with an average interval of about 20C between cones for a constant, slow rate of heating (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29). For the past several decades the use of these cones has been limited to the Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) test (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16). However, all of the ceramic firing tests reported by Veatch (1909) and Smith (1931) as well as some of the earliest USBM tests report firing conditions in terms of the standard cone numbers.
11. Drying Shrinkage The drying shrinkage is a measure of the relative amount of
shrinkage (in percent) which the tempered and molded material undergoes
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upon drying. Although there are a variety of ways by which this can be measured, in this report the shrinkage values represent the percent linear shrinkage based on the linear distance measured between two reference marks or lines imprinted on the plastic specimen before drying. Even though the methods have varied in detail, the drying is usually accomplished 1n two stages. First by air drying at room temperature (usually for 24 hours) and second by drying in an oven followed by cooling to room temperature in a desiccator (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-31; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). In most cases the heating was at 212F (100C) for 24 hours; however, studies by Smith (1931, p. 20 and 21) employed 167F (75C) for 5 hours followed by 230F (ll0C) for 3 hours.
12. Dry Strength The dry strength (or green strength) is a measure of the appar-
ent strength of the clay or shale after it has been molded and dried. Unless otherwise indicated, it represents the tranverse, or crossbreaking, strength as opposed to either tensile strength or compress1ve strength. For the great majority of cases only the approximate dry strength is indicated as determined by visual inspection, using such terms as low, fair, good, or high (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 32-33; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2). Smith 0931, p. 12-13) reports a quantitative measurement of this strength using the modulus of rupture (MOR) expressed in units of pounds per square inch (psi).
13. Extrusion Test More extensive tests are sometimes made on clays and shales which
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show good plasticity and long firing range 1n the preliminary test. In the Extrusion Test several bars are formed using a de-airing extrusion machine (i.e., one which operates with a vacuum to remove all possible air pockets). These bars are fired and tested for shrinkage, strength (modulus of rupture) and water saturation coefficient (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
14. Firing Range The term firing range indicates the temperature interval over
which the material shows favorable firing characteristics. For slowfired materials such desirable qualities include: a) good strength or hardness; b) good color; c) low shrinkage; d) low absorption; and e) low porosity. For quick-fired materials these include: a) good pore structure; b) low absorption; and c) low bulk density. For slow-firing and quick-firing tests the firing range should be at least 100F (55C) to be considered promising (O'Neill and Barnes, 1979, p. 15-18).
15. Hardness The hardness, as measured on fired materials, indicates the
resistance to abrasion or scratching. It 1s designated either in verbal, descriptive terms or in numerical terms using Mohs 1 hardness (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). It is used as an indication of the strength of the fired materials. Smith ( 1931), however, measured the fired strength with the modulus of rupture.
16. Hardness (Mobs') The hardness of fired specimens using the Mobs' scale of hardness
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is currently used by the USBM as a numerical measure of the fired bodies' strength (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). The values correspond to the hardness of the following reference minerals:

Mohs' Hardness No. 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9
10

Reference Minerals Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond

A Mobs' hardness greater than 3 is considered promising for slow-

fired materials.

17. HCl Effervescence The effervescence in HCl is visually determined as none, slight or
high based on the reaction of 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid added to a slurry of 10 grams powdered clay or shale (minus 20 mesh) in 100 ml of water (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 17; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4). This test gives a general indication of the amount of calcium carbonate present in the sample. An appreciable effervescence could be an indication of potential problems with "lime pops" and/or frothing of slow-fired ceramic products.

18. Linear Shrinkage, (%) The term linear shrinkage represents the relative shrinkage of the
clay body after firing. In most cases it represents the percent total linear shrinkage from the plastic state and is based on measurements

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between a pair of standard reference marks imprinted just after molding (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 30-32; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 3). (Also see the discussion under Drying Shrinkage.) Smith (1931, p. 22) gives the shrinkage relative to both the dry, or green, state (under the column headed Dry) as well as the plastic state (under the column headed Plastic). A total shrinkage of 10% or less is considered promising for slow-fired materials.
19. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) The modulus of rupture is a measure of the strength of materials
(for crossbreaking or transverse strength Ln this compilation) based on the breakage force, the distance over which the force was applied and the width and thickness of the sampl~. The MOR is expressed in psi units (pounds per square inch) for the limited MOR data reported here (determined by Smith, 1931, p. 21 and 23).
20. Mohs' See Hardness (Mohs').
21. Molding Behavior See Working Properties.
22. Munsell See Color (Munsell).
23. "MW" face brick "MW" stands for moderate weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a moderate, non-uniform
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degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37; ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see "SW" face brick.)
24. PCE - Pyrometric Cone Equivalent The PCE test measures the relative refractoriness, or temperature
resistance, of the clay or shale; it is indicated in terms of standard pyrometric cones. The value given 1s the number of the standard pyrometric cone which softens and sags (or falls) at the same temperature as a cone made from the clay or shale being studied. These tests are usually only made on refractory materials which show favorable potential in the preliminary slow firing tests (i.e., high absorption, low shrinkage, and light fired color) : The results are usually given for the upper temperature range Cone 12 (1337C; 2439F) to Cone 42 (20l5C; 3659F) where the temperature equivalents are based on a heating rate of 150C (270F) per hour. With increasing temperature resistance the sample is designated as either a low-duty, medium- duty, high-duty, or super-duty fire clay (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 16; Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 29-30 and 57-58),
25. .!i
The pH is a measure of the relative alkalinity or acidity with values ranging from 0 to 14. (A pH of 7 is neutral. Values greater than this are alkaline whereas those which are less than 7 are acid.) Most, but not all, of the ceramic tests by the USBM presented here show pH values as determined on the crushed and powdered raw material (in a water slurry) prior to firing (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 4).
-21-

Strongly acid or alkaline pH values may give some indication of potential problems with efflorescence and scum due to water-soluble salts in the clay. Unfortunately, no simple and direct interpretation is possible from the pH data alone. The best method for determining these salts is through direct chemical analysis as described under Soluble Salts. (Also see Solu-Br.)
26. Plasticity See Working Properties.
27. Porosity, Apparent See App. Por.
28. Quick Firing See Bloating Test.
29. Saturation Coefficient The saturation coefficient is determined only for specimens which
have undergone the more extensive Extrusion Test. It is determined by submerging the fired specimen in cool water for 24 hours, followed by submerging the specimen in boiling water for 5 hours. The saturation coefficient is found by dividing the percent of water absorbed after boiling into the percent of water absorbed after the 24-hour submergence (Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 8).
30. Shrinkage See Drying Shrinkage and Linear Shrinkage.
-22-

31. Slaking See Working Properties.
32. Slow Firing Test Slow Firing Test refers to the process of firing ("burning") the
dried specimen in a laboratory furnace or kiln. Although specific details of the different laboratory methods vary, all specimens are started at room temperature and are slowly heated to the desired temperature over a specific interval of time.
The majority of the slow firing tests by the USBM reported here were made using 15-minute draw trials. In this method a set of molded and dried test specimens are slowly fired in the kiln or furnace. The temperature is gradually raised to 180QF (982C) over a period of 3 to 4 hours (to avoid disintegration of the specimen as the chemically combined water is released) and the temperature is held constant for about 15 minutes. One specimen is removed from the kiln (a draw trial) and the temperature is raised to the next level (usually ~n intervals of 100). At each interval the temperature is again held constant for a 15-minute soak and then one specimen is withdrawn. This process is repeated until the final temperature is achieved (usually 2300 or 2400F; 1260 or 13l6C) - see Klinefelter and Hamlin (1957, p. 19 and 30). The disadvantage of this draw trial method is that it tends to underfire the specimens, compared to the industrial process, since they are soaked for a relatively short time and quickly cooled 'by removal from the kiln.
Since the early 1970's the USBM has abandoned the draw trials and has adopted a method which more closely resembles the conditions of
-23-

commercial manufacture. As described by Liles and Heystek (1977, p. 2 and 3), one of the test specimens ~s slowly fired, over 24 hours, to 1832F (l000C), where it is held for a one-hour soak. The kiln is then turned off, but the specimen remains in the kiln as it slowly cools. (This gives a much closer approximation of most commercial firing processes.) This is subsequently repeated, one specimen at a time, for successive 50C intervals usually up to 2282F (1250C). Unfortunately, only a relatively small part of the current data set is represented by USBM tests using this newer method.
The firing test methods used by Smith ( 1931, p. 21 and 22) are somewhat intermediate to the two methods described above. First the specimens were slowly fired from 200 to 1200F (93 to 649C) over a period of 11 hours. The temperature was subsequently increased at a rate of 200F per hour for approximately 4 hours followed by 100F per hour until final temperature conditions were reached. At these later stages firing conditions were monitored using standard pyrometric cones in the kiln. The maximum firing temperature was determined from observed pyrometric cone behavior. This temperature was based on the temperature equivalent to 2 cones below the desired final cone. The kiln temperature was then held constant until the desired cone soaked down. Test specimens were then removed from the kiln and allowed to cool. Smith's firings averaged about 17 hours in the kiln and all specimens were fired to cones 06, 04, 02, 1, 3 and 5 wherever possible. No specific information is available on the methods employed by Veatch (1909) or the unpublished data from TVA or Georgia Tech.
33. Solu-Br. (Solu-Bridge) Solu-Bridge measurements were used ~n the 1950's and 60's by the
-24-

USBM as a measure of the soluble salts (e.g., calcium sulfate) in the unfired raw material which might cause scum and efflorescence on fired products. In this method the pulverized clay or shale is boiled in water, left to stand overnight, and filtered. The content of soluble salts in the solution is then measured using the Solu-Bridge instrument readings applied to suitable calibration tables (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28-29). These data are no longer collected because consistent and meaningful results are difficult to achieve.
34. Soluble Salts Excessive water-soluble salts can cause problems with efflores-
cence or scum on fired clay products. (More than 3 to 4% calcium sulfate, and 1/2% magnesium or alkali sulfates are considered excessive.)
The most accurate determinative method is to boil the finely powdered sample in distilled water for 1/2 to 1 hour and let it soak overnight. The decanted solution 1s then analyzed for the soluble salts using standard chemical methods. The So lu-Bridge readings may also be used as a general measure of the soluble salts (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 28).
35. Strength See Dry Strength and Modulus of Rupture.
36. "SW" face brick "SW" stands for severe weather conditions. This is a grade of
brick suitable for use under conditions where a high degree of frost action is probable (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 36 and 37, and the
-25-

ASTM Annual Book of Standards, 1974). (Also see 11MW11 face brick.)
3 7. Temp. F ( C) The temperature at which the material was fired (both slow and
quick firing tests) is given in Fahrenheit (F) followed by the Celsius (C) conversion in parenthesis. In cases where only pyrometric cone values are available (e.g., Smith, 1931), the approximate temperature is given on the form and is based on the table of temperature equivalents in Norton (1942, p. 756, Table 128).
38. Water of Plasticity (%) This is a measure of the amount of water (as weight percent rela-
tive to the dry material) required tc:> temper the pulverized raw clay or shale into a plastic, workable consistency. This is not a precise measurement, being dependent upon the experience of the technician, the type of equipment used and the plasticity criteria. In most cases it represents the amount of water necessary for the material to be extruded into briquettes from a laboratory hydraulic ram press. In general, high water of plasticity values tends to correlate with a greater degree of workability, higher plasticity and finer grain size. Unfortunately, high values also correlate with a greater degree of shrinkage, warping and cracking of the material upon drying. (See Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 20-22; Liles and Heystek, 1977, p. 2.)
39. Working Properties (or Workability) This area of working properties includes comments on the slaking,
-26-

plasticity, and molding, or extruding behavior of the tempered material (Klinefelter and Hamlin, 1957, p. 5, 19-22 and 33-34). The term slaking refers to the disintegration of the dry material when immersed in water. It may range in time from less than a minute to weeks, but generally in the present report it is given only a relative designation such as rapid, slow, or with difficulty. Plasticity likewise is designated in a comparative manner in order of decreasing plasticity: plastic, fat (or sticky), semiplastic, short (or lean), semiflint and flint. Molding behavior is referred to as good, fair, or poor and is a general designation for the ease with which the material can be molded into test bars or briquettes.
These working properties are very imprecise and strongly dependent upon the judgement and experience of ~he operator. They do, however, give a general indication of how the material might respond to handling in the industrial process.
-27-

-28-

Ceramic Tests and Analyses of Clays and Shales
in Catoosa County, Georgia *
* The data presented in this report are based on laboratory tests
that are preliminary in nature and will not suffice for plant or process design.
-29-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Floyd shale.

Compilation Map Location No. Ct.09V-l

County Catoosa. Raw Properties:

Sample Number - - - - - - -Lab & No. Ga. Survey, location no. 14.

Date Reported 1909.

Ceramist

-~~~-----

0. Veatch, Ga. Survey

Water of Plasticity ------

%Working Properties Fair plasticity (when ground to pass 40 mesh).

Color "Dark".

- - - - - Drying Shrinkage 4.3

% Dry Strength (tensile) 45 psi.

Slow Firing Tests:

Approx.
Temp. .F
<c)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Remarks Other data:

19 58

Red

6.2

(1070)

Dense, tough body

2066

Dark red

7.4

(1 030)

Completely vitrified

2246

Dark red

7.4

(1230)

Vitrified, slight warping

2534 (1390)
Remarks I Other Tests This shale would be "suitable for common
offers a possibility fo r pav 1ng bl ocks. Veatch, 1909, P 389

Vesicular and warped
brick and

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Not determined.

-30-

locn. no. Ct.09V-l, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size - - - - - - Retention Time
Chemical & Mineralogical Data:

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2 Ti02
Al 2o3 Fe 2o3
FeO

57.98 1.14
20.40 (total) 6.80

MnO

0.03

MgO

l. 59

CaO

0.24

KN2ao2o
P2o5
s

(total)

0.43 4. 54 0.00 0.00

c

(org.)

Hco2o2 -

1.71

H2o+

Loss on

ignition

5.25

Total

100.11

Mineralogy: Not determined.

Mineral

volume %

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite Others

Total

Analyst E. Everhart (in Veatch , 1909, P 390 ; also Appendix B, No. 14 , P 410
- 411).

Date c.l909

Method Standard "wet".

Sample Location Data:

County - -Ca-to-o-sa-. - - - Land Lot
71/2' topo quad. Ringgold (SW. 1/4)

Sec. . Lat.

Dist . Long.

No. 14 (p. 410) .

, Collected by 0. Veatch.

Date c. 1909

Sample Method Grab (?) Structural Attitude

Weathering/alteration ----- - - - - -

Stratigraphic Assignment Floyd Shale (Mississippian).

Sample Description & Comments From outcrops on the Western & Atlantic (now L & N) Railroad, 1 1/2 miles east of Ringgol d (Veatch, 1909, p. 389- 390).

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 11-1-82

-31-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Shale (Rome Formation).

Compilation Map Location No. Ct. 46-1.

County Catoosa.

Sample Number _______3_________

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. N.C. State Colle ge Research Lab Ashevi lle, N.C.; TVA 4J: 99.

Date Reported 10-18-46

Ceramist M. K. Banks, TVA

~-----------------

------- Water of Plasticity

%Working Properties

Color Reddish brown Drying Shrinkage -----~% Dry Strength - - - - - - - - - to gray.

Slow Firing Tests: Not determined.

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data:

Preliminar y Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

Absorption %

Bulk Density

Pore Structure

2350 (1288)

2400 (1316)

2450 (1343)

Vitrified only (too refractory due to high sand content).

Remarks Not usable , by itself, for expanded light-weight aggregate manufacture.

-32-

locn. no. Ct. 46-1, cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material) Particle Size -8 mesh. Retention Time 30 minutes (in muffle furnace).
Chemical & Mineralogical Data: None.

Chemica 1 Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

Pzos
s c

(total) (org.)

COz

HzO-

HzO+

Loss on

Ignition

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Catoosa.

Land Lot ------ Sec.

71/2' topo quad. Tunnel Hill (NE. 1/4) . Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. ---3---------, Collected by S.D. Broadhurst (TVA). Date Oct. 1946.

Sample Method Grab (?).

Weathering/alteration ----------------

Structural Attitude --------------------------------------------~Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Cambrian).

Sample Description & Comments Interim re ort on tests from N.C. Research Lab
via H. S. Rankin (TVA, 10-22-46 . From roadcut on U.S. 41 hwy., just north of Whitfield Co. line. Reddish-brown to gray sandy shale with abundant thin sandstone beds 1/2 - 6 inches thick. The resulting high silica content probably makes the material too refractory for bloating.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 9-29-80 -33-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Weathered shale (Red Mtn. Fm.). Compilation Map Location No. Ct. 66-1.

County Catoosa
----~~----------------

Sample Number No. 114 ("new 23")

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Ala., #G-7-1

Date Reported __5_-_l _l_-_6_6__________ Ceramist M.E. Tyr rell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity _1_6_._8_%______% Working Properties Low plasticity.

Color --T-an-.-------- Drying Shrinkage _2_._5____% Dry Strength ___L_o_w_._________
Remarks: No drying defects. pH= 6.00.

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF
( oc)

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Mohs ') Shrinkage, %

%

%

1800

Tan

3

2.5

15.1

(982)

1900

Tan

3

2.5

12.5

(1038)

2000

Tan

4

5.0

9.4

(1093)

2100

Light brown 4

7.5

6.6

(1149)

2200

Brown

6

7.5

4.7

0204)

2300 (1260)

(melted)

Remarks I Other Tests Low green stren~ th ! color is ma rg inal.
Potential use: None (ceramic).

Preliminar~ Bloat in~ (Quick Firing) Tests: Ne~ative.

Other data: Bulk Density g/cm3
1. 86
1. 95
2.08
2.19
2.24

-34-

locn. no. Ct. 66-1 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Si0 2

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
KNa2o2o
P2o5
s c Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (or g. )

Loss on

ignition

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite Others
Total

volume %

Analyst -------------------------Date

Method ------------------------
Sample Location Data:

Coqnty Catoosa.

----- Land Lot

Sec.

71/2' topo quad. Tunnel Hill (NW. 1/4). Lat.

Dist. Long.

Field No. 114, ("new 23") , Collected by J.W. Smith

Date 1966

Sample Method Composite of several Weathering/alteration Weathered. grab samples along exposure.
Structural Attitude Beds strike N.l4 6E., dip 20E.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Moutain Formation (Silurian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments A weathered, greenish-gray (olive-drab) shale

with a very few siltstone beds l to 2 inches thick from dirt road cut about

600 feet long and up to 20 feet high. Sample from a dirt road at the head

of Houston Valle on the E. flank of Ta lor Rid e about 2.6 miles SW. of

Co ' eland Crossin L.& N. Railroad

3 4 mile NW. of Houston Valle

Church after Smith 1 1968? 1 unpubl.

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 1-29-82

-35-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Weathered shales (Rome Fm.).

Compilation Map Location No. Ct. 66-2

County Catoosa.

Sample Number No. 115 ( 11new 22 11 ).

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Ala., #G-7-2.

Date Reported _5_-_1_1_-_6_6___________ Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM .

Water of Plasticity ____1_5_._6____% Working Properties Low plasticity.

Color Brown.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5

Remarks No drying defects. pH = 5.90.

%Dry Strength Low.

Slow Firin~ Tests:

Temp. OF
(oC)

Color

Hardness (Mohs ')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage~ %

%

Appr. Por . %

Other data: Bulk Density g/cm3

1800

Tan

2

2.5

(982)

22.7

1.63

1900

Tan

2

2.5

(1038)

22.6

1. 65

2000

Tan

3

2.5

(1093)

19.8

1. 73

2100 Light hrown 4

2.5

( 1149)

16.4

1. 84

2200

Brown

6

2.5

(1204)

12.4

1. 92

2300 Dark brown 7

7. 5

5.9

(1260)

2.13

Remarks I Other Tests Low green strength , color Ls marginal. Potential use: None
(ceramic).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative .

-36-

locn. no. Ct. 66-2 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F, 982 6 c ) .

Chemical & Mineralo gical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

Sio 2
TAilo2o2 3
Fe 2o3 FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
KzO

P205

S

(total)

C
Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(org.)

Loss on

Ignition

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method -------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Ca toosa.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist.

71/2 1 topo quad. Ringgold (SE. 1/4)

. Lat.

Long.

Field No.

( 11new

22 11 ),

155

, Collected by J.W. Smith

Date 1966.

Sample Method Channel sample along Weathering/alteration Weathered. entire length of roadcut.

Structural Attitude Bedding contorted but strikes largely N.25E., dip 90.

Stratigraphic Assignment Rome Formation (Cambrian) shale.
Sample Description & Comments Southwest side of I-75, 1.5 miles southeast of U.S. Highway 41 ove rp ass. Weathere d brown an d light greenis h-gray sha l e wi th several beds of siltstone 1 to 2 i nches thick. Outcro p a lon g r oad about 480 f eet l ong and up to about 15 feet h igh ( af ter Smith, 1968? , u np ub 1. ms . ) .

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 1-29-82 -37-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Weathered shale (Red Mtn. Fm.). Compilation Map Location No. Ct. 66-3

County Catoosa.

Sample Number No. 116 ("new 20").

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Ala.; #G-7-3.

Date Reported _5_-_1_1_-_6_6___________ Ceramist M.E. Tyr rell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity ___1_6_._3_____% Working Properties ~L~o~w~p~l~a~s~t ~i~c~i~t~Y~-----------------

--------------- Color Red-brown.

Drying Shrinkage 2.5

%Dry Strength Low.

----~----

Remarks No drying defects. pH= 6.10

Slow Firing Tests:

Temp. OF

Color

Hardness

Linear

Absorption Appr. Por.

(Mohs') Shrinkage, %

%

%

Other data: Bulk
Density, g/cm3

1800

Tan

2

2.5

(982)

20.3

1.72

1900

Tan

2

2.5

( 1038)

17.2

1. 82

2000

Tan

3

2.5

(1093)

14.7

l. 91

2100 Light brown 4

2.5

(1149)

12.4

1. 97

2200

Br own

5

7.5

5.9

(1260)

2.18

2300 (1260)

(melted)

Remarks I Other Tests Low green strength, short vitrification range. Potential
use: None (ceramic).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-38-

locn. no. Ct. 66-3 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 mi n. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F , 982 6 C) .

Chemical & Mineralo gi cal Data: Not determined.

Ch emical Analys is

Mineralogy

Oxide

Weight %

Mineral

Sio2
FATeilo22oo233
FeO

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica

MnO

Chlorite-

MgO

vermiculite

CaQ
NK2ao2o
P2o5
s c

(total) (org.)

Montmorillonite Others
Total

COz
H2o-
H2o+

Loss on

Ignition

Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ------------------------

Sampl~ Loc a tion Data: I

.County Catoosa.

Land Lot

71/2' topo quad. Ringgold (SW. 1/4)

Sec. . Lat.

Dist. Long .

Field No. ("new 20"), 116 , Collected by J.W. Smith.

Date 1966.

Sample Method Channel s ample (on 1st cut bench) over 195 horizontal ft., omitt i ng 30 f t. of silty be ds .

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.25E. and dip l5SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Red Mountain Formation (Silurian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Southwest side of I-75, 1.5 miles west of U.S.
Highway 41 ove r pass. Weathered sh a le , la rge ly brown, a little greenish gr ay, severa l s il t y be ds 1 to 2 i nches thick. Ro ad cut 45 0 f eet l ong and about 55 feet h i gh and 0.7 mi le NW. of Ct. 66-4 ( after Smith, 1968? , unpub. ms.).

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 1-29-82

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Weathered shales (Lavende r shale Member).

Compilation Map Location No. Ct. 66-4

County Catoosa.

Sample Number No. 117 ("new 19").

Raw Properties:

Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Ala.; #G-7-4.

Date Reported _ ~5_-~1~1_-~6_6 __________ Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity __2_9_. _3______% Working Properties Moderate plasticity.

Co lor Yellow.

---------- Drying Shrinkage 2. .5

%Dry Strength Fair. --~~---------

Remarks No drying defects. pH= 5.30.

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other Data: Bulk Denisty, g/cm3

1800

Tan

3

2.5

(982)

31.6

1.42

1900

Tan

3

2.5

(1038)

31.4

1.43

2000

Tan

4

7.5

(1093)

28.9

1. 48

2100

Tan

4

7.5

( 1149)

26.4

1. 53

2200 Light brown 5 (1204)

10.0

18.9

1. 68

2300

Gray

6

(1260)

10.0

12.3

1. 74

Remarks I Other Tests Maturing temperature too high for structural clay products.
Potential use: flue lining.
Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-40-

locn. no. Ct. 66-4 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 8 F , 982 8 C) .

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: Not determined.

Chemical Analysis

Oxide

Weight %

SiOz

TiOz

Al Fe

22oo33

FeO

MnO

MgO

CaO
Na 2o
K 20

P2o5
s c Hco2o2 -
H2o+

(total) (org.)

Loss on

Ignition

Total

Mineralogy Mineral
Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica Chlorite-
vermiculite Montmorillonite Others
Total

volume %

Analyst

Date

Method ------------------------
Sample Location Data:

County Catoosa.

Land Lot

Sec.

Dist .

71/2' topo quad. Ringgold (SE. 1/4)

. Lat.

Long .

Field No. ("new 19"), 117 , Collected by J.W. Smith.

Da t e 1966.

Sample Method Channel sample across stratigraphic thickness.

Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Beds strike N.l5E, and dip 20SE.

Stratigraphic Assignment Lavender Shale Mbr. Ft. Payne Chert (Mississi pp ian ) .

Sample Description & Comments Southwest side of I-75 , 0.8 mile northwest of U.S. 41 overpass. Li ght-brown, weat hered, f ossi l iferous sha l e. Roadcut about 750 f eet long and about 30 feet hi gh, 0.7 mi le SE. of Ct. 66- 3 (a ft er Smi th, 1968? unpub l . ms.).

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 1-29-82 -41-

CERAMIC TESTS AND ANALYSES

Material Weathered shale (Conasauga Fm.) Compilation Map Location No. Ct. 66-5

County Catoosa. Raw Properties:

Sample Number No. 118 ("new 21").
Lab & No. USBM, Tuscaloosa, Ala.; #G-7-5.

Date Reported ~5_-~1~1_-~6~6___________ Ceramist M.E. Tyrrell, USBM.

Water of Plasticity _2~2~ ~0~%_______% Working Properties ~L~o~ w ~p~l~a~s_t _i~c_i_tLy_. ________________

Color Brown.

Drying Shrinkage ---2-.5------%Dry Strength ---L-o-w-. ---------

Remarks No drying defects. pH= 5.35

Slow Firing Tests:

Color

Hardness (Mobs')

Linear

Absorption

Shrinkage, %

%

Appr. Por. %

Other data: Bulk Density, g/cm3

1800

Tan

3

2. 5

(982)

23.2

1.66

1900

Tan

2

2.5

(1038)

20.4

1. 73

2000

Tan

3

5.0

(1093)

16.5

1.84

2100 Light brown 4

5.0

( 1149)

13.0

1. 95

2200

Brown

5

7. 5

8.7

(1260)

2.04

2300 (1260)

(melted)

Remarks / Other Tests Low green strength, short vitrification range. Potential use: None (ceramic).

Preliminary Bloating (Quick Firing) Tests: Negative.

-42-

locn. no. Ct. 66-5 , cont.

Crushing Characteristics (unfired material)

Particle Size -20 mesh. Retention Time 15 min. draw trials (following 3-4 hr. to 1800 6 F , 982 6 C).

Chemical & Mineralogical Data: ~N~o~t~d~e~t~e~r~ml=n==e~d~.

Chemical Analysis

Mineralogy

Oxide

Weight %

Mineral

volume %

Si02

Ti02
Al203 Fe 2o3 FeO

Quartz Feldspar Carbonate Mica

MnO

Chlorite-

MgO

vermiculite

CaO
NK2a o2o
P205
s c

(total) (org.)

Montmorillonite Others
Total

C02
H2o-
H2o+

Loss on

Ignition

Total

Analyst ------------------------Date

Method

Sample Location Data:

County Catoosa.

Land Lot ----- Sec.

71/2 1 topo quad. Ringgold (SE. 1/4)

. Lat .

Dist. Long .

Field No. 118, ("new 21") , Collected by J.W. Smith.

Date 1966.

Sample Method Horizontal channel sample. Weathering/alteration Weathered.

Structural Attitude Highly folded; most bedding dips steeply and strikes about N-S.

Stratigraphic Assignment Conasauga (or Rome?) Formation (Cambrian) shale.

Sample Description & Comments Weathered, light greenish-gr ay shale from outcrop 105 feet long and about 8 f eet hi gh on driveway to barn on west

Creek? Af ter , Smith, 1968?, unpub l . ms .

Compiled by B.J. O'Connor

Date 1-29-82

-43-

DATA SOURCES AND REFERENCES CITED
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: C4-62 (Reapproved 1970) Standard specification for clay drain tile, Part 16, p. 1-7. Cl3-69 (Replaced by C700-74) Specifications for standard strength clay sewer pipe, Part 16, p. 409-413. C24~72 Pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) of refractory materials, Part 17, p. 9-14. C27-70 Classification of fireclay and high-alumina refractory brick, Part 17, p. 15-17. C43-70 Standard definitions of terms relating to structural clay products, Part 16, p. 33-35. C62-69 Standard specification for building brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C216-71 Standard specification for facing brick (solid masonry units made from clay or shale), Part 16, p. 121-125. C410-60 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for industrial floor brick, Part 115, p. 217-218. C479-72 Standard specification for vitrified clay liner plates, Part 16, p. 283~284. C330-69 Specification for lightweight aggregates for structural concrete, Part 14, p. 229-232. C315-56 (Reapproved 1972) Standard specification for clay flue linings, Part 16, p. 169-171.
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 16, Chemical-resistant nonmetallic materials; clay and concrete pipe and tile; masonry mortars and units; asbestos-cement products.
Bentley, R. D., 1964, A Geologic Evaluation of the Red Mountain Shales in the Vicinity of Kensington, Georgia: Department of Mines, Mining and Geology, unpublished manuscript,l9 p.
Bergenback, R.E., Wilson, R.L., and Rich, M., 1980, Carboniferous Paleodepositional Environments of the Chattanooga Area: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. I, Field Trip No. 13, p. 259-278, American Geological Institute, Falls Church, Va.
Butts, C., and Gildersleeve, B., 1948, Geology and Mineral Resources of the Paleozoic Area in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Bulletin 54, 176 p.
Chowns, T. M., editor, 1972, Sedimentary Environments in the Paleozoic Rocks of Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 11, 102 p.
------, editor, 1977, Stratigraphy and Economic Geology of Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in Bartow and Polk Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Guidebook 17, 21 p.
-44-

Chowns, T.M., and McKinney, F.M., 1980, Depositional Facies in MiddleUpper Ordovician and Silurian Rocks of Alabama and Georgia: in Frey, R.W., ed., Excursions in Southeastern Geology, vol. 2, Field Trip No. 16, p. 323- 348, American Ge ological I nstitute, Falls Church, Va.

Clews, F. H., 1969, Heavy Clay Technology: 2nd. ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 481 p.

Crawford, T. J., 1983, Pennsylvanian Outliers in Georgia: in Chowns, T. M., ed., , "Geology of Paleozoic Rocks in the Vicinityof Rome, Georgia" 18th Annual Field Trip~ Georgia Geological Society, p. 30-41.

Cressler, C. W., 1963, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Catoosa County, Georgia : Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 28, 19 p.

--'""=R'o-c, k

1964a, Area,

Geology and Ground-water Resources of the Paleozoic Chattooga County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines

Mining and Geology Information Circular 27, 14 p.

, 1964b, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Walker County, Ge --~- orgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology
Information Circular 29, 15 p.

-

-

-

-

=C-o, u

1970, nties,

Geology and Ground-water Resources of Floyd and Polk Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and

Geology Information Circular 39, 95 p.

________, 1974, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Gordon, Whitfield and Murray Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 47, 56 p.

Cressler, C. W., Franklin, M. A., and Hester, W. G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.

Cressler, C. W., Blanchard, H. E., Jr., and Hester, W. G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular SO, 45 p.

Croft, M.G., 1964, Geology and Ground-water Resources of Dade County, Georgia: Georgia Department of Mines, Mining and Geology Information Circular 26, 17 p.

Georgia Geological Survey, 1976, Geologic Map of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, scale 1:500,000.

Grimshaw, R. W., 1972, The Chemist ry and Physics of Cl ays and Other Ceramic Raw Materials: 4th. ed., rev., Wi ley-Intersc ien ce, New York, N.Y., 1024 p.

-45-

Jones, T. J., and Beard, M. T., 1972, Ceramics: Industrial Processing and Testing: Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, 213 p.
Kline, S. W. and O'Connor, B. J., editors, 1981, Mining Directory of Georgia, 18th ed.: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 2, 49 p.
Klinefelter, T. A., and Hamlin, H. P., 1957, Syllabus of Clay Testing: U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 565, 67 p.
Liles, K. J., and Heystek, H., 1977, The Bureau of Mines Test Program for Clay and Ceramic Raw Materials: U.S. Bureau of Mines IC-8729, 28 p.
Norton, F. H., 1942, Refractories: 2nd. ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y., 798 p.
O'Neill, B. J., Jr., and Barnes, J. H., 1979, Properties and Uses of Shales and Clays, Southwestern Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resources Report 77, 689 p.
- - - -, 1981, Properties and Uses Shales and Clays, South-central Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Geological Survey Mineral Resource Report 79, 201 p.
Patterson, S. H., and Murray, H. H., 1983, Clays: in Lefond, S. J., and others, eds., Industrial Minerals and Rock8; 5th. ed., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., New York, p. 585-651.
Shearer, H. K., 1918, Report on the Slate Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 34, 188 p.
Smith, J. W., 1968?, Tests for Clay Products in Northwest Georgia; unpublished manuscript, 47 p. (brief' summary in: 1967 Annual Report of the Department of Mines, Mining, an~Geology, 1968, p. 17-19).
Smith, R. W., 1931, Shales and Brick Clays of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 45, 348 p.
Spencer, J. W., 1893, The Paleozoic Group; The Geology of Ten Counties of Northwestern Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey, 406 p.
Thomas, W. A., and Cramer, H. R., 1979, The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) Systems in the United States Georgia: U. S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1110-H, 37 p.
Veatch, 0., 1909, Second Report on the Clay Deposits of Georgia: Georgia Geological Survey Bulletin 18, 453 p.
-46-

8515
j _____ _
----r---- I

TENNESSEE
COUNTY

Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 65
Plate 1
CLAY AND SHALE TEST LOCATIONS IN CATOOSA COUNTY
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2 MILE S

Location Numbers:
Ct. 09V-1 Ct. 46-1 Ct. 66-1 to 66-5

EXPLANATION

66~2

Numbers correspond to the "Map Location No." in text.

Approximate location for a single sample.

. .

Several samples collected over the enclosed area. Boundary dashed

where approximate.

Streams and lakes

Highways and major roads

Minor roads

Modif ied after the 1975 Genera l Highway Map of Catoosa Count y, Georgia Dept. of Transpor tat ion.