A guide to selected upper cretaceous and lower tertiary outcrops in the lower Chattahoochee River Valley of Georgia [1975]

15
A GUIDE TO SELECTED UPPER CRETACEOUS AND LOWER TERTIARY OUTCROPS IN THE
LOWER CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER VALLEY OF GEORGIA
by William E. Marsalis and Michael S. Friddell
GUIDEBOOK 15
Published by the Georgia Geological Survey for the Georgia Geological Society Annual Meeting and Field Trip
Atlanta 1975

A GUIDE TO SELECTED UPPER CRETACEOUS AND LOWER TERTIARY OUTCROPS IN THE LOWER CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER VALLEY OF GEORGIA
By William E. Marsalis and Michael S. Friddell
GUIDEBOOK 15
Georgia Department of Natural Resources Joe D. Tanner, Commissioner Earth and Water Division
The Geological Survey of Georgia Sam M. Pickering, Jr., State Geologist
ATLANTA 1975

Georgia Geological Society Atlanta, Georgia

Officers 1974-1975

Bob Citrpenter Sam Pickering Lynda Stafford Charles Pollard

President - President-Elect
'Secretary Treasurer

Officers 1975-1976
,Sam Pickering - Presiqent Tim Chowns - President-Elect Bruce O'Connor - Secretary Eric Eslinger - Treasurer

Field Trip Committee

Tim Chowns Sam Pickering
Charles Pollard Doug Wilson

- Chairman

Trip Leaders
Bill Marsalis Mike Friddell

ii

CONTENTS
Page

Acknowledgments

iii

Introduction

1

Stratigraphy

1

Basement .

1

Tuscaloosa Formation .

1

Eutaw Formation

3

Blufftown Formation

6

Cusseta Sand

6

Ripley Formation

9

Providence Sand .

9

Clayton Formation

9

Nanafalia Formation

16

Tuscahoma Formation .

18

Hatchetigbee Formation-Bashi Marl Member

20

Tallahatta Formation

20

Lisbon Formation

22

References . . .

24

Road log, first day

28

Road log, second day

51

Appendix

81

iii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Figure 1. Generalized section of the Chattahoochee River valley

2

2. Gravelly sand in the Tuscaloosa Formation

4

3. Burrows in the Eutaw Formation

4

4. Updip Eutaw Formation, Muscogee County

5

5. Upper unit of the Eutaw Formation, Muscogee County

5

6. Slide area on the Lindsay Creek By-Pass . . .

7

7. Silty sandstone dikes in the Eutaw Formation

8

8. Ripley Formation along Frog Creek, Stewart County

10

9. Contact of the Ripley Formation and the Perote Member of the Providence Sand

11

10. Contact of the Providence Sand and the Ripley Formation .

12

11. Type locality of Providence Sand, Stewart County , . . .

13

12. Contact of the marine and continental facies of the Providence Sand

14

13. Marine facies of the Providence Sand, Pataula Creek, Clay County

15

14. Diapir in the Providence Sand

17

15. Diapir in the Providence Sand

17

16. Slumping of the Tuscahoma Formation and the Claiborne Group, undifferentiated, Clay County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

17. Contacts of Tuscahoma Formation, Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation, and Claiborne Group, undifferentiated, Clay County . . . . . . . . . . . 19

18. Contact of the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation and the Tallahatta Formation, Early County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

19. Contact of the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation and the Tusca-

homa Formation, Early County . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

20. "Buhrstone" boulders in the Tallahatta Formation, Clay County

22

21. Lisbon Formation on Coheelee Creek, Early County . . . . .

23

22. Lisbon Formation near covered bridge on Coheelee Creek, Early County

23

23. Correlation chart of exposed stratigraphic units

25

24. Route of the field trip, first day . . . . . .

27

25. Geologic section along U.S. Highway 82, Muscogee County

30

26. Geologic section near Lindsay Creek Post Office, Muscogee County

32

27. Geologic section in Columbus, Muscogee County

34

28. Geologic section at Fort Benning, Muscogee County

36

29. Geologic section at Fort Benning, Muscogee County

37

iv

Page

Figure 30. Geologic section along U.S. Highway 27, Chattahoochee County

40

31. Geologic section at intersection of U.S. Highway 27 and Ga. Highway 55, Chatta-

hoochee County . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

32. Geologic section of a borrow pit near Ga. Highway 55, Chattahoochee County

44

33. Geologic section along U.S. Highway 27, Stewart County

46

34. Geologic section at Providence Canyons, Stewart County

48

35. Route of the field trip, second day . . . . . .

50

36. Geologic section near Hatcher, Quitman County .

52

37. Geologic section at Johnny Moore Hill, Clay County

54

38. Geologic section along Town Creek, Clay County

56

39. Geologic section in Fort Gaines, Clay County .

58

40. Geologic section in Fort Gaines, Clay County 0

60

41. Geologic section along Ga. Highway 39, near Fort Gaines, Clay County 0

62

42. Geologic section along Ga. Highway 39 at Kolomokee Creek, Clay County

64

43. Geologic section along Factory Creek, Early County .

67

44. Geologic section along Coheelee Creek, Early County .

69

Plate 1. Some diagnostic fossils from the Cretaceous in Georgia

72

20 Some diagnostic fossils from the Cretaceous in Georgia

74

30 Some diagnostic fossils from the Paleocene in Georgia

76

40 Some diagnostic fossils from the Paleocene and Eocene in Georgia 0

78

v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Field Trip Committee, on behalf of the Society, extends its appreciation to the numerous people who have contributed to the annual field trip of the Georgia Geological Society. The work in the Chattahoochee River valley area was greatly facilitated by the generous cooperation of Col. Robert L. Bechdolt, Jr., U.S. Army Infantry Center, Fort Benning, Georgia, and Major J. J. St. Chir, Marine Corps Supply Center, Albany, Georgia, who furnished food containers for the lunches. Especially helpful was Mr. Thomas J. Brown, Jr., civilian engineer of the Fort Benning post engineers office who gave permission to travel about the post and drill two stratigraphic core holes. The authors were assisted in the field by Mr. J.D. Wilson and Mr. John 0. Costello, both of whom are on the staff of the Earth and Water Division, Atlanta, Georgia. Dr. Howard Cramer, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, furnished many of the illustrated fossils. Mr. Charles Copeland, Geological Survey of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama; Mr. Alvin Bicker, Mississippi Geologic, Economic, and Topographic Survey, Jackson, Mississippi; and Dr. William Abbott, South Carolina Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina, generously furnished data to be included in the correlation chart and reviewed the final product. Our thanks are extended to Mr. Arnold C. Zisa and Mr. William Z. Clark, Jr., Earth and Water Division, Atlanta, Georgia, for the excellent fossil photographs. Also to Miss Charlotte Abrams for drafting the measured sections, correlation chart and generalized stratigraphic section; Miss Darleen Johnson and Miss Eleanore Morrow for typing the manuscript.
vi

A GUIDE TO SELECTED UPPER CRETACEOUS AND LOWER TERTIARY
OUTCROPS IN THE LOWER CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER VALLEY OF GEORGIA
by
William E. Marsalis and Michael S. Friddell
INTRODUCTION
The Chattahoochee River valley was selected for this field trip because of the excellent exposures found in the area. These exposures afford the opportunity to study formations ranging in age from Late Cretaceous to middle Eocene. The geology is complicated by solution, overlap, facies changes along strike and down dip, and also by cyclic deposits of Cretaceous age.
Facies changes are present in both the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments and are best seen in the Eutaw Formation, Providence Sand, Nanafalia Formation and Tallahatta Formation.
The Eutaw Formation is very fossiliferous at Ochillee Creek on Ft. Benning, but is unfossiliferous, except for burrows, in the updip facies in Columbus, Georgia. The Providence Formation is sparsely burrowed at the type locality, but is definitely marine downdip in the Georgetown and Ft. Gaines areas. The Nanafalia, which contains kaolinite and is nonfossiliferous in the updip area, appears to be of continental origin while in the Ft. Gaines area it is highly fossiliferous. The Tallahatta is nonmarine just south of Ft. Gaines; however, near Hilton the foramtion is more fossiliferous and has a marine character.
Cyclic deposition is evident in the Cretaceous sediments and seems to be the best criterion for differentiating the various Cretaceous formations. The generalized stratigraphic column of the Chattahoochee River valley shows the cyclic nature of the sediments (Fig. 1).
Solution is best illustrated by limestone of the Clayton Formation in the Ft. Gaines area. On Town Creek, solution cavities 15 feet deep and filled with the overlying Nanafalia Formation can be seen. At Providence Canyon and across much of its updip extent, the entire Clayton Formation has been dissolved, leaving an iron rich sandy clay residuum.
This field trip is intended to give an overall view of the lithic units exposed in the Chattahoochee Valley area. It is not the intention of the authors to provide solutions to the problems existing in the Georgia Coastal Plain, but to renew geologic interest in the Coastal Plain Province.
The field trip will begin at the contact of the Tuscaloosa Formation with the underlying Piedmont. As we proceed southward on the trip, we will work upward through each succeeding younger formation and end the field trip with the Lisbon Formation.
STRATIGRAPHY
BASEMENT
The crystalline basement rocks in the Chattahoochee Valley are directly overlain by the Tuscaloosa Formation. The Tuscaloosa-Basement contact is often difficult to distinguish in an outcrop in which the basement rock is weathered. Quartz veins and/or foliated texture of the saprolite aid in differentiating basement rocks and Tuscaloosa sediments. The basement complex is comprised of igneous and metamorphic rocks including granites, gneisses, granite-gneisses, and schists (lunch stop, first day). Radiometric decay age dates of the basement rock range from Pre-cambrian to Paleozoic.
The elevation of the Fall Line is somewhat variable locally; however, it maintains a fairly uniform range in elevation, statewide.
Information obtained from several wells drilled in Chattahoochee and Muscogee Counties by the Georgia Geological Survey indicates the strike of the Piedmont or lower contact of the Tuscaloosa to be N52E and dipping approximately 33 feet per mile within this area. Eargle (1955) states that the strike of the basement in western Georgia averages N77 E and dips 55 to 60 feet per mile in a southeastward direction. The discrepancy between the strike and dip calculated by the authors and that of Eargle is probably due in part to the local configuration of the basement.
TUSCALOOSA FORMATION
The Tuscaloosa Formation was named by Smith and Johnson in 1887 (Keroher, et al., 1966) for exposures near Tuscaloosa, Alabama. In the Chattahoochee Valley area, the Tuscaloosa generally consists

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EUTAW TUSCALOOSA

0
PIEDMONT

Figure 1. Generalized section of the Chattahoochee River Valley.

2

of fine- to coarse-grained, gravelly, arkosic, micaceous, crossbedded, slightly indurated, nonmarine sands with lesser amounts of mottled silts and sandy clays. Some of the clays and silts are vividly stained with colors of purple and red.
In the Chattahoochee River valley, the average thickness of the formation is 250 feet (Eargle, 1955). Recent core data from Ft. Benning, Chattahoochee County (Chattahoochee number one), indicated that the Tuscaloosa is 433 feet thick. This indicates that the Tuscaloosa thickens south and east of the Chattahoochee River. Eargle (1955) has divided the Tuscaloosa into three units. The basal unit, 30 to 50 feet thick, consists of coarse, arkosic, slightly indurated sands which have angular, quartz pebbles scattered throughout and concentrated in lenses (stop 2, first day) (Fig. 2). These beds grade into the middle unit, composed of semi-indurated sandstones and green, brown, and gray clays and silts. The upper unit of the Tuscaloosa consists of uniform masses of gravelly sands which contain a few beds of gray clay, commonly mottled with intense purple or purplish red clays (stop 4A, first day). The contact between the two units is irregular and may, according to Eargle, represent a depositional break.
In the Chattahoochee River valley area, the Tuscaloosa crops out in Muscogee and Chattahoochee Counties. In Muscogee County, the Tuscaloosa covers the southern three-quarters of the county, with the exception of small outliers of Eutaw which overlie the Tuscaloosa in the extreme southern portion of the county. The Tuscaloosa Formation thins northward, so much so that it is easily dissected, resulting in its occurrence as isolated outliers.
The outcrop pattern of the Tuscaloosa in Chattahoochee County is dictated by the drainage pattern of Upatoi Creek, which forms the Muscogee-Chattahoochee County line, and Pine Knot Creek. The outcrop area in Chattahoochee County is generally less than two miles in width and is restricted to the northern edge of the county.
Eargle (1955) stated that the base of the Tuscaloosa strikes approximately N85E in the immediate valley area and dips approximately 40 feet per mile to the southeast. The Tuscaloosa Formation nonconformably overlies the crystalline basement (stop 1 and lunch stop, first day) and is overlain unconformably by the Eutaw Formation.
Samples of carbonaceous clay and lignite occurring in the lower portion of the Tuscaloosa of Chattahoochee core hole number one were sent to the paleontology and stratigraphy branch of the United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. for palynological studies. Results from analysis of these samples indicate an age of Upper Cretaceous- Middle to Upper Cenomanian* (Ray Christopher, personal communication).
EUTAW FORMATION
The Eutaw Formation was first named by Hilgard in 1860 (Keroher, et al., 1966) for exposures near Eutaw, Alabama. The formational boundaries have been shifted several times by various authors. In eastern Alabama, Stephenson and Monroe in 1938 (Keroher, et al., 1966), restricted the Eutaw to the sediments between the Tuscaloosa and the Blufftown. This criterion was later used by Cooke (1943) in extending the Eutaw into Georgia.
The Eutaw, in the Chattahoochee River valley, is composed of two conformable units. The basal unit is a coarse grained, feldspathic, burrowed, quartzose sand varying in thickness from 18 feet at the intersection of Moye and St. Marys Roads (stop 4, first day) (Fig. 3) to 40 feet or more in the northern portion of Muscogee County. The upper unit is comprised of light gray to olive black, micaceous, carbonaceous, fossiliferous, silty sand, sandy silt, and silty sandy clay. This upper unit ranges in thickness from 75 to 100 feet in the outcrop area. One entire section of the Eutaw Formation can be seen in a core at the Ochilee Creek lunch stop.
In the Chattahoochee River valley, the formation crops out in southern Muscogee County and northern Chattahoochee County along the valleys of Upatoi and Pine Knot Creeks. Although it is limited to isolated remnants in Muscogee County, the Eutaw forms more well exposed outcrops than do the other formation occurring in the area. The lithologic changes are more readily apparent because of the abundant outcrops. For example, within a very short distance between stops 3 and 4 (first day) (Fig. 4 and 5), the results of the change from a shallow marine to a more open marine environment can be observed.
The Eutaw Formation, which strikes N7 5 E, unconformably overlies the Tuscaloosa Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Blufftown Formation.
* which is equivalent to Doyle's Zone IV
3

Figure 2. Outcrop of basal gravelly sand of the Tuscaloosa Formation at the Lindsay Creek Post Office, Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia.
Figure 3. Burrows in basal unit of the Eutaw Formation at the intersection of Moye Road and St. Marys Road, Ft. Benning, Muscogee County, Georgia. 4

Figure 4. Updip Eutaw Formation near the intersection of Moye Road and Buena Vista Road in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia.
Figure 5. Lower portion of upper unit of the Eutaw Formation at the intersection of Moye Road and St. Marys Road, Ft. Benning, Muscogee County, Georgia. 5

Because of the expansive-contractive nature and plasticity of its clay minerals, the Eutaw is the cause of many of the construction problems within the Ft. Benning area. Two such examples in western Chattahoochee County are 1) the Eddy Bridge, which required extensive excavation and re-building, because a major portion of the bluff slumped, and 2) the south side of Upatoi Creek where a portion of the eastern side of the road cut slumped, blocking all lanes of the Lindsay Creek By-Pass. Although the cut has been graded to correct the problem, tension cracks are once again forming (Fig. 6). Slightly indurated silty sand dikes and some jointing have been observed at or near some of the major problem areas (Fig. 7).
Fossils to be found in the Eutaw include Exogyra upatoiensis, Ostrea cretacea and Anomia argentaria (Plates 1 and 2).
BLUFFTOWN FORMATION
The Blufftown Formation was first named by Veatch and Stephenson (1911) for a small town on the Chattahoochee River in Stewart County approximately 12 miles north of Georgetown. At the type locality, Veatch and Stephenson described the following section:
Upper 50 feet: Gray, calcareous, marine sand with some fossils. Middle 35 feet: Gray, calcareous, glauconitic sand with indurated nodular concretionary
layers several feet apart. Lower 10 feet: Gray, calcareous, finely arenaceous, fossiliferous clay.
A lithologically similar section to that above will be seen at stop 5 on the first day. The Blufftown, as it is presently defined in Georgia, consists of a basal unit of crossbedded coarsegrained quartzose sand, approximately 150 feet thick, overlain conformably by laminated sandy, carbonaceous, highly micaceous, fossiliferous clay approximately 260 feet thick (Eargle, 1955). An 80 foot thick portion of the lower unit of the Blufftown can be seen in a core at the Ochillee Creek lunch stop. The Blufftown unconformably overlies the Eutaw Formation and is in turn unconformably overlain by the Cusseta Sand. The Blufftown crops out in Muscogee, Chattahoochee and Stewart Counties. In Muscogee County, the Blufftown is limited to very small outliers capping the higher hills in the extreme southwestern portion of the county. The Blufftown covers approximately one half of the area of Chattahoochee County. The width of the outcrop belt narrows from almost 10 miles in the western portion of the county to a little more than two miles in the northeastern portion where the Blufftown is overlain by the Cusseta Sand. In Stewart County, the Blufftown is limited to the valleys of the Chattahoochee River and the Hichitee and Hannahatchee Creeks. The strike of the upper surface of the Blufftown is approximately N67E and dips approximately 30 feet per mile in a southeasterly direction, while the strike of the basal contact between the Blufftown and the underlying Eutaw is approximately N75 E (Eargle, 1955). Fossils observed in the Blufftown are Exogyra ponderosa, Anomia argentaria and Gryphaea sp. (Plates 1, 2).
CUSSETA SAND
The Cusseta Sand was named by Veatch in 1909 (Keroher, et al., 1966) for exposures near Cusseta, Chattahoochee County, Georgia. In the Chattahoochee Valley, the Cusseta consists of approximately 185 feet of irregularly crossbedded coarse-grained to gravelly sands containing kaolin balls and small kaolin lenses.
Near the Chattahoochee River the basal Cusseta consists of very glauconitic sand containing waterworn shells and some lignite (Eargle, 1955), while further to the east and farther up section, borings of Halymenites major Say are the only indication of a marine origin (stop 6A, first day).
In the Chattahoochee Valley area the Cusseta crops out in Chattahoochee, Stewart, and Quitman Counties and has an outcrop width of 3-5% miles.
In Chattahoochee County, the Cusseta crops out in the southeastern and southern portions of the county with the outcrop pattern trending northeast-southwest. The formation in the southwestern portion of the outcrop area occurs as outliers. In eastern Chattahoochee County, the Cusseta strikes approximately N60 E and dips approximately 33 feet per mile to the southeast. In Stewart County, the Cusseta crops out in the western and northern portions of the county, whereas in Quitman County the Cusseta crops out only in the extreme northwestern portion of the county.
6

-l
Figure 6. Slide area on the Lindsay Creek By-Pass. Tension cracks are forming in the Eutaw Formation. A prominent tension crack is shown in the upper right hand portion of the photograph.

Figure 7. Silty sandstone dikes in the Eutaw Formation near Eddy Bridge, Ft. Benning, Chattahoochee County, Georgia.
8

RIPLEY FORMATION
The type locality of the Ripley Formation is at the town of Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi. E. W. Hilgard in 1860 (Keroher, et al., 1966) first used the name Ripley for the strata between what he termed the Rotten Limestone and the overlying Northern Lignite. In the Chattahoochee River valley, the Ripley consists of approximately 135 feet of light-gray to olive-gray, calcareous, fossiliferous, clayey, fine to coarse grained sand (stop 7, first day) (Figs. 8, 9).
The Ripley Formation in the Chattahoochee Valley area crops out in Chattahoochee, Stewart and Quitman Counties. In Quitman and throughout the southern three-quarters of Stewart County, the Ripley is restricted to a sinuous outcrop pattern approximately 21/2 miles in width. The one exception to this is an inlier of Ripley exposed in the valley floor of Hodchodkee Creek. This inlier trends northeastsouthwest in northeastern Quitman and south-central Stewart County. The formation strikes approximately N7 5 E (Eargle, 1955).
The Ripley lies sharply but with apparent conformity on the underlying Cusseta Sand and is overlain unconformably by the Providence Sand (stops 7 and 8, first day) (Figs. 9, 10).
Fossils included in the Eutaw are Exogyra costata, Exogyra cancellata, Ostrea subspatulata, Ostrea tecticosta, Gryphaea mutabilis, Anomia argentaria, Anomia tellinoides and Alectryonia falcata (Plates 1 and 2).
PROVIDENCE SAND
The Upper Cretaceous Providence Sand was named by Veatch in 1909 (Keroher, et al., 1966) for exposures in gullies at Providence Church 7 miles west of Lumpkin, Stewart County, Georgia (Fig. 11). It was first described as a member of the Ripley Formation but later raised to formational status by Cooke (1943).
The Providence has been divided into two members: 1) the distinctive lower Perote Member which consists of 29'6" olive-gray to dark-gray, carbonaceous, micaceous, burrowed silt and fine sand at the type locality, and 2) the unnamed upper member which is 119 feet thick at the type locality and consists of variegated, medium- to very coarse-grained, micaceous, feldspathic, burrowed, crossbedded sands. The unnamed upper member of the Providence Sand conformably overlies the Perote Member.
Downdip, the upper member is more open marine and consists of medium-gray, micaceous, fossiliferous, fine sand. Both the marine and nonmarine facies of the upper member may be seen at stop 1 on the second day of the field trip (Fig. 12).
Before being inundated by waters from the Walter F. George Reservoir, Pataula Creek in northern Clay County was a classic fossil collecting locality in the marine Providence (Fig. 13). Veatch and Stephenson (1911) and Sohl (personal communication) acquired extensive suites of fossils from this location. The fossils include ammonites, echinoids and a variety of mollusks.
In the Chattahoochee River valley area, the formation crops out in Stewart, Quitman and Clay Counties, and according to Eargle (1955) forms a north-facing cuesta rising 100-150 feet above the surrounding area and is as high as 600 feet above sea level in Stewart County. This cuesta, which is capped by Clayton residuum, is very evident near Providence Canyon.
The Providence unconformably overlies the Ripley Formation (stop 7, first day) (Fig. 8) and is overlain unconformably by the Clayton Formation residuum (stop 8, first day) (Fig. 11).
The Providence Sand in the Chattahoochee River valley area crops out in Chattahoochee, Stewart, Quitman, and Clay Counties. In Chattahoochee County, the Providence is restricted to the extreme southeastern portion of the county. In Stewart and Quitman Counties the Providence is found in the central portion of the counties. The width of outcrop in Chattahoochee County is approximately one mile whereas in Stewart and Quitman Counties the outcrop pattern is as wide as eight miles. In Clay County, the Providence is restricted to the northwestern and northern portions of the county with outcrop widths ranging from one to three miles.
Based upon core-hole data obtained by the U.S. Corps of Engineers and the Georgia Geological Survey, the Providence Sand in the Fort Gaines area has a strike of N63 E and a dip of 39 feet per mile to the southeast.
Fossils found in the marine portion of the Providence include Exogyra costata, Turritella trilira (Plates 1, 2), Cardium sp. and Glycymeris sp. as well as ammonites and echinoids.
CLAYTON FORMATION
In 1891 Langdon (Keroher et al., 1966) proposed the formational name Clayton for the marine beds of Paleocene age between the Providence Sand and Naheola Formation. The type locality is in a railroad
9

......
0
Figure 8. Ripley Formation on the south side of Frog Creek, Stewart County, Georgia. The contact with the Providence Sand is near the top of the hill seen on the right hand side of the photograph.

Figure 9. Contact of Ripley Formation and Perote Member of the Providence Sand at the type locality of the Providence Sand. The contact is just above base of range pole.
11

.....
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Figure 10. Contact of the Providence Sand and Ripley Formation on the south side of Frog Creek, Stewart County, Georgia. The contact is marked by the lower end of the range pole in the center of the photograph.

......
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Figure 11. Type locality of the Providence Sand, Stewart County, Georgia. Unnamed upper member is capped by residuum of the Clayton Formation.

Figure 12. Contact of the marine and continental facies of the Providence Sand at Hatcher, Quitman County, Georgia, is above top of range pole.
14

Figure 13. Marine facies of the Providence Sand in Pataula Creek, Clay County, Georgia, before being flooded by the Walter F. George Reservoir.
15

cut in Clayton, Barbour County, Alabama approximately 18 miles southwest of Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama. Cooke in 1926 (Keroher et al., 1966) described the section as having a 35 foot thick basal unit of coarse sand which grades upward into a calcareous sand containing Ostrea crenulimarginata (Plate 3). The upper 15-foot unit is a brittle clay.
Langdon in 1894 (Keroher, et al., 1966) estimated the thickness of the Clayton Formation to be 218 feet along the Chattahoochee River. However, foundation drilling in the 1950's for the Walter F. George Dam site showed a maximum thickness of 155 feet. Because of the erosional nature of the upper contact with the overlying Nanafalia, the Clayton varies considerably in thickness. Toulmin and LaMoreaux (1963) measured a section that had a maximum thickness of 164.7 feet along the Chattahoochee River. Data from the Georgia Geological Survey core-hole 3029 on Johnny Moore Hill (stop 2, second day) indicates that the limestone has thinned to a mere 21 feet. In updip areas in the Chattahoochee River valley, all the limestone has been leached and only a sandy clay residuum remains (stop 8, first day) (Fig. 11).
The above mentioned residuum is extremely iron-rich in some areas (the limonite contains as much as 58% iron) and has been extensively mined. The ore recovered was shipped to Birmingham, Alabama to upgrade the iron ore being mined in the Birmingham area. One method of mine reclamation can be seen east of stop 9 of the first day.
Based on the core data obtained by the U.S. Corps of Engineers, the Clayton Formation was subdivided into three lithologic units (Bill Conn, personal communication).
The lower unit is a basal conglomerate (Toulmin and LaMoreaux, 1963; Toulmin, 1969) which is overlain by an interbedded series of sandy, earthy, shelly, crystalline limestones and sands. The unit ranges in thickness from 33 to 44 feet and averages 35 feet. Before waters from Lake Walter F. George inundated the lower and middle units of the formation, shell fragments and molds of Turritella postmortoni (Plate 3) and Turritella humerosa Conrad could be readily found.
The middle unit is a white to gray, somewhat dense limestone that contains abundant shells of the guide fossil Ostrea crenulimarginata (Plate 3). This middle shelly unit contains artesian water and is 42 feet thick. The upper earthy unit acts as the confining impermeable bed. Flow tests indicate that the lower sandy unit is also an aquiclude.
The upper unit is a white to gray, microfossiliferous, massive limestone. The unit forms vertical walls along the river and creeks from the Walter F. George Dam to beneath the Fort Gaines bridge, where the Clayton dips below water level. The upper surface of this algal microcoquina forms an erosional contact with the overlying Nanafalia Formation. Solution pits 15 to 20 feet deep occur just below the dam and along Cemochechobee and Town Creeks (stop 3, second day).
Because of the highly irregular formational top, the strike and dip were not calculated. Veatch and Stephenson (1911) estimated a dip of 20 to 30 feet per mile to the southeast. The dip is probably closer to 40 feet per mile. An apparent northeasterly strike is indicated by a narrow belt of sinkholes. These sinkholes are evident on some recent 7112 minute topographic quadrangles. The Clayton outcrops in Stewart, Quitman and Clay Counties in a belt 4 miles wide.
The predominance of Ostrea crenulimarginata (Plate 3) along with calcareous algae, various bryozoans, and other small fossils indicates a very shallow, warm-water depositional environment. Other important fossils found in the Clayton are Hercoglossa ulrichi, Ostrea pulaskinsis and Turritella postmortoni (Plate 3).
Local crumpling of clay beds and high angles of dip are the only indications of "structural" deformation. The authors are of the opinion that the faulting postulated by Wait (unpublished) and Herrick (1961) and the above mentioned items were caused by solution of the Clayton Formation.
Solution in most areas has probably occurred continuously since Clayton time. However, some local areas indicate definite time limits. For example, on Town Creek very apparent solution cavities are filled with the overlying Nanafalia sands, lignite, etc. Approximately 6 feet above this karst surface is an Odontogryphaea thirsae zone and above this a septarian nodule zone, neither of which show any indication of slumping (stop 3, second day). Therefore, the solution occurred during post-Clayton time and preOdontogryphaea thirsae time. On Johnny Moore Hill, in northeastern Clay County, an abnormal dip of 14 degrees in the Tuscahoma Formation and the Claiborne Group (stop 2, second day) indicates solutionsubsidence since Claiborne sediments were deposited (Fig. 16).
NANAFALIA FORMATION
Nanafalia Formation was first introduced as a formal stratigraphic unit in 1887 by Smith and Johnson (Keroher, et al., 1966). It was named for exposures at Nanafalia Landing on the Tombigbee River in Alabama.
16

Figure 14. Diapir in the Providence Sand east of the Providence Sand type locality, Stewart County, Georgia.
Figure 15. Diapir in the Providence Sand east of the Providence Sand type locality, Stewart County, Georgia.
17

The Nanafalia Formation rests unconformably on the Clayton Formation, and strikes N58E, and dips 25 feet per mile to the southeast in the Fort Gaines area. The formation has been divided into three members in Alabama, all of which can be recognized along some of the creeks in Clay County, Georgia. The subdivision is as follows: 1) the basal Gravel Creek Member; 2) the unnamed middle member or "Ostrea thirsae zone"; and 3) the upper, Grampian Hills Member.
It is the opinion of the authors that the Gravel Creek Member occurs only in the solution cavities which occur on the surface of the limestone of the Clayton Formation. It is also the opinion of the authors that the Grampian Hills member is continental in its updip extent and eventually comprises the entire Nanafalia Formation. These opinions are based upon the core hole drilled at Johnny Moore Hill, Clay County, Georgia and an outcrop near Pecan, Clay County, Georgia.
At Johnny Moore Hill in northeast Clay County (stop 2, second day), the Georgia Geological Survey drilled core hole 3029 which penetrated undifferentiated Claiborne, Tuscahoma, Nanafalia, Clayton and Providence Formations. The lower portion of the Nanafalia from core hole number 3029 is composed of dark gray, fossiliferous sediment whereas the upper portion is varigated, kaolinitic and nonfossiliferous. This continental facies of the Nanafalia also crops out at the base of Johnny Moore Hill.
A similar relationship is evident in an outcrop near Pecan, Georgia. At this location the marine facies of the Nanafalia crops out east of a small creek and the continental facies crops out higher in the section on the west side of the creek.
The Nanafalia updip is a variegated white to brown, highly micaceous, non-fossiliferous sand with some clay, which is kaolinitic. The bauxite of the Eufaula, Alabama area is being mined from this nonmarine facies, as were the bauxites at Springvale, Georgia. In places, the Nanafalia Formation exhibits some fracturing and slumping brought on by dissolution of the underlying Clayton Formation. Near Fort Gaines, the Nanafalia Formation is a medium-gray, highly micaceous, carbonaceous, fossiliferous silt and fine sand with some calcareous siltstone nodules that are septarian in character. The entire Nanafalia Formation can be seen along Town Creek (stop 3, second day), a tributary to Cemochechobee Creek, and in the bluff beneath the Fort Gaines bridge.
For many years the Nanafalia has been considered lower Eocene in age; however, a study by Paul Huddlestun of plaktonic foraminifera obtained from samples of the Nanafalia near Fort Gaines suggests a Paleocene age. The Nanafalia crops out in a belt four miles wide in Clay and Quitman Counties in the Chattahoochee River valley area.
Fossils found in the Nanafalia include Ostrea compressirostra (Plate 3), Venericardia planicosta, Haimesiastrea conferta, Turritella sp. and the guide fossil Odontogryphae thirsae (Plate 3) commonly known as Ostrea thirsae. Turtle carapace fragments and crocodile teeth have been found along Town Creek. Toulmin (1969) stated that the "Ostrea thirsae beds" probably represented a nearshore or marginal marine environment.
TUSCAHOMA FORMATION
The type locality for the Tuscahoma Formation is Tuscahoma Landing on the Tombigbee River in Alabama. The formation was named by E. A. Smith in 1894 (Keroher, et al., 1966).
The formation is chiefly a nonfossiliferous, gray, interlaminated clay, silty clay, and fine quartzose sand. The basal portion of the formation is a highly glauconitic, highly fossiliferous, coarse-grained, quartzose sand which is more calcareous downdip. The guide fossil, Chlamys greggi (Plate 4), can be found within this basal zone.
From data obtained from the previously mentioned GGS 3029 core hole, the Tuscahoma was shown to be 90 feet thick. Two miles south of Fort Gaines it is 137 feet thick. One-half mile north of stop 7, second day, the Tuscahoma has a total thickness of 153 feet.
Unlike most of the formations that change lithologically toward the east and become indistinguishable from other formations, the upper and lower contacts of the Tuscahoma Formation remain readily recognizable. In outcrop, the upper contact is easily recognized by the strongly laminated clay and fine, quartzose sand (stop 6, second day) (Figs. 16, 17). This lithology is still evident in several counties east of the Chattahoochee River valley area.
In updip areas, the lower contact forms an indurated) fossiliferous, ferruginous, coarse grained, quartzose sand rubble (stop 2, second day). The guide fossil, Chlamys greggi (Plate 4), is very abundant here and burrows of Callianassa major Say are common. Downdip the basal sandy zone is more calcareous, and in the vicinity of Roaring Branch, Clay County, the lower three feet is a sandy, glauconitic, fossiliferous limestone. At low river stage, this zone can be seen just north of Roaring Branch along the Chattahoochee River.
18

Figure 16. Slumping of the Tuscahoma Formation and the undifferentiated Claiborne Group caused by solution of the Clayton Formation. Section is at Johnny Moore Hill, Clay County, Georgia.
Figure 17. Outcrop showing contacts of Tuscahoma Formation, Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation and undifferentiated Claiborne Group on the south side of Ledbetter Creek, Clay County, Georgia.
19

The fossiliferous beds of the Tuscahoma Formation are characterized by Chlamys greggi. Other common fossils are 0 strea compressirostra, Callianassa major Say, several species of Turritella, and pelecypods.
Callianassa major Say, which is found only in the updip areas, is an indicator of littoral and shallowwater, marine environments (Weimer and Hoyt, 1964). In the downdip areas, the suite of the above mentioned fossils indicates a nearshore environment.
Samples of the Tuscahoma were sent to the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to be tested for a possible source of light weight aggregate. Test results show the Tuscahoma to be a potential source for lightweight aggregate and brick clay.
Glauconite from the Chlamys greggi zone was submitted to a potassium-argon analyses and a radiometric age date of 52.5 1.6 m.y. was obtained. For many years the Tuscahoma has been considered to be lower Eocene in age; however, a study by Paul Huddlestun of plaktonic foraminifera obtained from samples of the Tuscahoma, near Fort Gaines, suggests a Paleocene age.
The Tuscahoma crops out from northern Early County to northern Clay County. It occupies an outcrop belt approximately six miles wide striking N79 E with a dip of 17 feet per mile to the southeast.
HATCHETIGBEE FORMATION BASHI MARL MEMBER
The Bashi Marl Member was named by Smith and Johnson in 1887 (Keroher, et al., 1966) for exposures on Bashi Creek, Clarke County, Alabama and at Wood's Bluff, Tombigbee River, just south of Bashi Creek.
The member, unweathered, consists of 7 to 23 feet of light olive-gray, glauconitic, fossiliferous, calcareous sand. Although the large spheroidal concretions usually associated with the Bashi have not been observed in Georgia, several outcrops exhibit Liesegang rings which suggest a pre-concretionary stage of development (stop 7, second day).
Just south of Fort Gaines, Clay County, Georgia (stop 6, second day), the Bashi consists of a dark, yellowish-orange, glauconitic sand. Glauconite comprises 15-28% of the Bashi Formation in this area. A sample of the glauconite from the Bashi at stop 6 was submitted to Dr. Marion Wampler, Georgia Institute of Technology, for analyses. A radiometric age date of 52.3 1.6 m.y. was obtained.
The Bashi conformably overlies the Tuscahoma Formation (stop 6, second day) and is overlain unconformably by the Tallahatta Formation (stop 8, second day) (Fig. 18). A bed of fossiliferous limestone occurs in the Bashi just above the contact of the Bashi Marl Member and the Tuscahoma Formation in Early County, Georgia (Fig, 19).
Typical Bashi fossils found in Georgia include Volutilithes petrosus, Meretrix nuttalliopsis and Venericardia sp (Plate 4).
Because of its apparent discontinuous nature the strike and dip of the Bashi could not be determined. In the Chattahoochee River valley area, it is recognized only in Early and Clay Counties.
TALLAHATTA FORMATION
The Tallahatta Formation was named by Dall in 1898 (Keroher, et al., 1966) for exposures in the Tallahatta Hills, Choctaw County, Alabama.
In the Chattahoochee River valley, the unweathered Tallahatta Formation consists of a light-gray, fossiliferous, slightly calcareous, glauconitic, clayey sand. In the updip areas, the Tallahatta weathers to a moderate reddish-brown sand with occasional light-green, waxey, clay zones, silicified fossil fragments and "buhrstone" boulders. These clayey sand boulders (Fig. 20) contain kaolinite and are usually fossiliferous. Venericardia claiboplata Gardner and Bowles, fish spines and several species of pelecypods and gastropods have been noted (stop 4, second day). Several outcrops in the area contain cristobalitic claystone which appears to be restricted to the Tallahatta.
The Tallahatta Formation, which together with the Lisbon crops out in a belt 12 miles wide in Clay and Early Counties, lies unconformably in contact with the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation (Fig. 18) (stops 7 and 8, second day). At several localities, the basal unit of the Tallahatta consists of a fossiliferous pea gravel containing several types of silicified fossils.
Toulmin and LaMoreaux (1963) measured a 67-foot section of Tallahatta along the Chattahoochee River. However, east of the river, the formation ranges in thickness from 39 feet at Factory Creek, Early County, Georgia, (stop 8, second day) to 60 feet in the Georgia Geological Survey core-holes 3086 and 3087 in northeastern Early County. The formation strikes N65 E and dips 16.8 feet per mile to the southeast.
20

Figure 18. Contact of the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation and the Tallahatta Formation on Factory Creek, Early County, Georgia. Contact is above pool level.
Figure 19. Contact of the Tuscahoma Formation and the Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation at Hutchins Landing on Factory Creek, Early County, Georgia. Contact is below hammer.
21

Except for some occasional "buhrstone" ledges, the Tallahatta is indistinguishable from the overlying Lisbon Formation in updip areas and probably thins rapidly eastward. It is not recognized east of Cuthbert, Randolph County, Georgia.
The Tallahatta does not seem to be as fossiliferous as the Lisbon. However, it contains more clay beds and occasionally the guide fossil Cubitostrea perplicata (Plate 4) can be found.
LISBON FORMATION The Lisbon Formation was named for exposures at Lisbon Bluff on the Alabama River, Clarke County, Alabama. The formation consists of calcareous, fossiliferous, glauconitic, sands, limestone and clayey sands that at some localities are indurated (stop 9, second day) (Figs. 21, 22). In updip areas the formation weathers to a medium-grained, reddish-brown sand with silicified fossil fragments (stop 8, second day). Oman (1965) divided the Lisbon of Alabama into three biostratigraphic zones, only one of which {the upper zone) occurs in the Chattahoochee River valley area. Oman's lower zone is recognized by the presence of Cubitostrea lisbonensis (Harris). The middle zone is characterized by a well developed molluscan fauna and/or lignite. The upper zone is characterized by the presence of Cubitostrea sellaeformis {Plate 4). The Lisbon, which is 110 feet thick along the Chattahoochee River {Toulmin and LaMoreaux, 1963), strikes N77W and dips 13.2 feet per mile to the southwest. The Lisbon, together with the Tallahatta, crops out in a belt 12 miles wide, and unconformably overlies the Tallahatta Formation. The Lisbon, near its contact with the Tallahatta is a calcareous, fossiliferous, sandstone. In Early County, Georgia, this fossiliferous sandstone crops out along several of the creeks which empty into the Chattahoochee River. The Lisbon and Tallahatta Formations are lithologically very similar except that the Tallahatta is more clayey than the Lisbon.
Figure 20. "Buhrstone" boulders of the Tallahatta Formation in Ft. Gaines, Clay County, Georgia.
22

Figure 21. Lisbon Formation on Coheelee Creek near Hilton, Early County, Georgia.
Figure 22. Lisbon Formation approximately 100 yards west of covered bridge on Coheelee Creek near Hilton, Early County, Georgia.
23

REFERENCES
Childress, Sarah C., 1973, Mississippi geologic names: Mississippi Geological, Economic and Topographic Survey Bull. 118.
Cooke, C. W., 1943, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 941, 121 p. Copeland, Charles W., ed., 1966, Facies changes in the Alabama Tertiary: Alabama Geol. Soc. 4th Annual
Field Trip Guidebook, 103 p. Doyle, James A., 1969, Angiosperm pollen evolution and biostratigraphy of the basal Cretaceous forma-
tions of Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey (abs): Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Program, 1969, pt. 7, p. 51. Eargle, D. H., 1955, Stratigraphy of the outcropping Cretaceous rocks in Georgia: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1014, 101 p. Hastings, EarlL., and Toulmin, Lyman D., 1963, Summary of Paleocene and Eocene stratigraphy and economic geology of southeastern Alabama: Southeastern Geol. Soc. lOth Annual Field Trip Guidebook, 31 p. Herrick, S.M., 1961, Well logs of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 70, 461 p. Huddlestun, P. F., Marsalis, W. E., and Pickering, S.M., 1974, Tertiary stratigraphy of the central Georgia Coastal Plain: Georgia Geol. Survey Guidebook 12, p. 2-1 - 2-35. Jones, Douglas E., ed., 1967, Geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama: Geol. Soc. of America Southeastern Section Field Trip Guidebook 1, 113 p. Keroher, Grace C., and others, 1966, Lexicon of geologic names of the United States for 1936-1960: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1200, Parts 1-3, 4341 p. Marsalis, W. E., 1972, A preliminary geologic report on Clay County, Georgia (abs): Georgia Acad. of Sci. Bull., val. 30, no. 2, p. 80. Oman, C. H., 1965, A biostratigraphic study of the Lisbon Formation of Alabama: Unpublished PhD dissertation, Florida State University, 101 p. Pickering, S. M., Marsalis, W. E., and Harris, B. B., 1973, A lightweight aggregate and brick clay prospect in Clay County, Georgia (abs.): Georgia Acad. of Sci. Bull., val. 31, no. 2, p. 83. Toulmin, Lyman D., 1969, Paleocene and Eocene guide fossils of the eastern Gulf Coast region: Gulf Coast Assoc. of Geol. Societies Trans., val. 19, no. 3, p. 465-487. Toulmin, Lyman D., and LaMoreaux, Phillip E., 1963, Stratigraphy along the Chattahoochee River, connecting link between Atlantic and the Gulf Coastal Plains: American Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., val. 47, no. 3, p. 385-404. U.S. Corps of Engineers, unpublished data on the Fort Gaines Dam. Veatch, Otto, and Stephenson, Lloyd W., 1911, Preliminary report on the geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geol. Survey Bull. 26, 466 p. Weimer, Robert J., and Hoyt, John H., 1964, Burrows of Callianassa major Say, geologic indicators of littoral and shallow neritic environments: Jour. Paleont., val. 38, no. 4, p. 761-767, pls. 123-124, 2 text figs.
24

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Figure 23. Correlation chart of exposed stratigraphic units of the Coastal Plain from Mississippi to South Carolina.

0

5

Statute Mlle1

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RUSSELL COUNTY

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Figure 24. Route c;>f the first day of field trip and stop locations.
27

Mileage Between points Cumulative

0.00

0.00

0.61

0.61

1.43
0.93 1.95
.90 1.95
0.25 0.62
5.43 4.08 0.62 0.40
0.80 0.30
2.70
0.40 0.74 0.18

2.04
2.97 4.92 5.82 7.77
8.02 8.64
14.07 18.15 18.77 19.17
19.97 20.27
22.97
23.37 24.11 24.29

ROAD LOG* First Day, October 11, 1975
Leave Holiday Inn in Eufaula, Alabama; tum left onto U.S. Highway 82 West. STOP LIGHT; INTERSECTION OF U.S. HIGHWAY 431 AND U.S . HIGHWAY 82. TURN RIGHT ONTO HIGHWAY 431 AND PROCEED NORTH.
Junction of U.S. Highway 82 with U.S. Highway 431 to the left; continue straight on U.S. Highway 431. Barbour County Highway 97 (Gammage Road) to the left.
Eufaula airport. Outcrop of Cusseta on the right. Junction of old Alabama Highway 165 with U.S. Highway 431 to the right. Entrance to Lakepoint Resort. Outcrop of Quaternary gravels on the left. JUNCTION OF ALABAMA HIGHWAY 165 WITH U.S. HIGHWAY 431; TURN RIGHT ONTO ALABAMA HIGHWAY 165. Barbour-Russell County Line. Church on left.
Jernigan Methodist Church on the left.
Jernigan Assembly of God Church on the left. Outcrop of Quaternary gravels in contact with the Blufftown Formation.
Railroad tracks at Cottonton, Alabama. Outcrop of Quaternary gravels in contact with the Blufftown Formation on the left. Russell County Highway 43 to the left. Outcrop of Quaternary gravels on the left. Outcrop of Blufftown Formation on the right. Road to Bluff Creek on the right. Outcrop of Blufftown Formation on the right.

*Note: All turns and changes in route are in full capitals. All elevations were measured by altimeter. 28

Mileage Between points Cumulative

0.95

25.24

0.30

25.54

0.81

26.35

0.82 1.42 0.44 0.24 0.60

27.17 28.59 29.03 29.27 29.87

2.95 2.15 0.40 1.90 0.80 2.67

32.82 34.97 35.37 37.27 38.07 40.74

2.40

43.14

0.43

43.57

0.87 0.48
1.68 0.17 0.15 0.15

44.44 44.92
46.60 46.77 46.92 47.07

Road to New Hope Baptist Church on the left.
Outcrop of Blufftown Formation on the left and right.
Russell County Highway 54 to the right; caution light. Community of Holy Trinity, Alabama.
Outcrop of Blufftown Formation on the right.
Russell County Highway 38 to the right.
Igahee Creek.
Outcrop of Blufftown on the right.
Intersection of Russell County Highway 18 and Alabama Highway 165; continue straight.
Fort Mitchell, Alabama post office and Piggly Wiggly on the left.
Overpass across the C&G railroad tracks.
Outcrop of Eutaw Formation on the right and left sides of the road.
Russell County Highway 39 to the left.
Outcrop of Quaternary gravels on the right side of road.
INTERSECTION OF ALABAMA HIGHWAY 165 AND U.S. HIGHWAY 431; TURN RIGHT ONTO U.S. HIGHWAY 431. EUTAW FORMATION ON THE RIGHT.
Contact of Eutaw Formation with Tuscaloosa Formation seen in borrow pits on either side of highway.
INTERSECTION OF U.S. HIGHWAY 280 AND U.S. HIGHWAY 431; TURN RIGHT ONTO U.S. HIGHWAY 280. WEIZ RADIO STATION ON RIGHT.
Alabama-Georgia State Line (Columbus city limit sign).
STOP LIGHT; JUNCTION OF U.S. HIGHWAY 27,80 & 280. TURN LEFT ONTO U.S . HIGHWAY 27 & 80.
Railroad overpass.
Stop light; church on the left.
Outcrop of Tuscaloosa Formation on the left.
Outcrop of Tuscaloosa Formation on the right with Quaternary gravels capping it.

29

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Figure 25. Geologic section along U.S. Highway 82 near St. Francis Hospital in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia.

30

Mileage Between points Cumulative

0.48

47.55

Stop light.

0.37

47.92

Junction of Georgia Highway 103 to the left. Stop light.

0.92

48.84

STOP LIGHT; TURN RIGHT ONTO GEORGIA 85 AND U.S. 27

ALTERNATE AND U.S. 80.

0.43

49.27

Stop 1.

STOP 1. 0.1 miles west of Woodruff Road and U.S. Highway 80 intersection on the south side of U.S. Highway 80. Exposures of basal Tuscaloosa Formation and weathered basement. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and M. S. Friddell.

Upper Cretaceous:
Tuscaloosa Formation:
4. Sand, variegated dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) and very pale yellowish-orange (10YR8/4), angular to subangular, quartzose, very feldspathic, micaceous, crossbedded. Some gravels concentrated at base of sets. Some clay balls. Some channeling with occasional clay lenses at base. Contact with underlying unit is very irregular . . . . . . .
3. Sandy clay, mottled very light-gray (N8) and moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), micaceous, waxy, some feldspar, rubbly appearance. Sand, fine- to mediumgrained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, and pod shaped. Contact gradational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Sandy clay, very light-gray (N8) to dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), pisolitic, blocky and slightly indurated in places. Pisolites are dusky red (5R3/4) and range in size from 1/8" to 1/2". Top of unit is not as indurated. Bottom portion of unit forms a claystone ledge which grades downward into a more weathered, mottled clay. Sand, fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose (elevation at top of Unit 2 is 362') .
1. "Basement" (gneiss saprolite) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

08'00"
03'10"
05'00" 02'00" 18'10"

Continue east on U.S. Highway 80.

0.83

50.10

HOLIDAY INN ON THE RIGHT; TURN RIGHT ONTO INTER-

STATE 185-S AND GEORGIA HIGHWAY 1-S.

1.55

51.65

EXIT, MACON ROAD AND GEORGIA HIGHWAY 22.

0.20

51.85

STOP SIGN; TURN RIGHT ONTO GEORGIA HIGHWAY 22.

MOVE IMMEDIATELY TO LEFT LANE. PROCEED 0.1 MILE.

0.10

51.95

TURN LEFT ONTO MIDTOWN DRIVE.

0.10

52.05

TURN LEFT ONTO MIDTOWN DRIVE NUMBER 2.

0.05

52.10

Stop 2. Lindsay Creek Post Office on the right and Putt Putt Golf

Course on the left.

31

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Feldepor or Kaolin Cross~ Bedding

Mica

Sand

Grovel Cloy Boulder

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Figure 26. Geologic section at Lindsay Creek Post Office in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia.
32

Mileage Between points Cumulative
STOP 2. At the Lindsay Creek Post Office on the west side of Lindsay Creek By-pass near the Macon Road exit. Exposure of Tuscaloosa Formation. This section was measured and described by M. S. Friddell and W. E. Marsalis.

Upper Cretaceous:
Tuscaloosa Formation:
1. Gravelly sand, white (N9), medium- to very coarse-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, very arkosic, strongly crossbedded, kaolin-cemented, some gravel stringers. Tends to form ledges where gravel is concentrated. Some feldspar up to 2" in size. Clay balls, pale olive (10Y6/2), 1" to 2' in diameter are scattered throughout the outcrop. The larger clay balls are more abundant in the lower 5' of the section (elevation at base of section is 271') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

28'06" 28'06"

0.23

52.33

PROCEED TO ENTRANCE RAMP OF INTERSTATE 185-S AND

GEORGIA 1-S. HEAD SOUTH ON 1-S.

1.37

53.70

EXIT AT BUENA VISTA ROAD AND GEORGIA HIGHWAY 357.

0.20

53.90

STOP SIGN; TURN LEFT ONTO GEORGIA HIGHWAY 357.

1.30

55.20

Pritchett's Kitchenette on right.

1.40

56.60

Borrow pit on right.

0.50

57.10

Borrow pit on left.

0.30

57.40

MOYE ROAD, TURN RIGHT.

0.10

57.50

Stop 3.

STOP 3. 0.1 miles south of the Buena Vista Road and Moye Road intersection on the west side of Moye Road. Exposure of updip Eutaw Formation. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis, M. S. Friddell, and J.D. Wilson.

Upper Cretaceous:

Eutaw Formation:

5. Silty sand to sand, variegated dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), light-brown (5YR5/6) and moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine- to very coarse-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, crossbedded, burrowed, slightly micaceous with clay stringers, white (N9), scattered throughout the unit. Coarser portions of the unit are feldspathic. Burrows, which are more abundant in the lower 3.6" of the unit, extend beneath the ferruginous sandstone ledges. The ferruginous sandstone, which is coarse grained, subangular, quartzose, and discontinuous, is the upper 5' of the unit. In the lower 3.6", the unit is coarser grained and more gravelly . .

4. Silty sand, mottled grayish-purple (5P4/2), dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and

grayish-pink (5R8/2), very fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, very

bioturbated, some gravels. More gravelly in the basal1' of the unit. 1.6" above the

base is a lens of ferruginous sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), medium- to

coarse-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, which grades northward into

a silty sand. The lens is slightly burrowed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17' 05" 04' 03"

33

EBill 0
[h)
[!]
[2] ~ [;2] ]
~

Sand Mica Burrows Feldspar Cross-bedding Clay Gravel
Slit
Pod

m0w::

z
0

:::E .....

301

z ~

<
:::E

0::

0 w

0
LL

m

201
5

JO'
4

Figure 27. Geologic section near Buena Vista Road and Moye Road intersection in Columbus, Muscogee County, Georgia.
34

0+--+---1

Mileage Between points Cumulative

3. Sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), coarse- to very coarse-grained, subangular, quartzose. Sand of bottom 9" is compact, slightly silty with occasional gravels and clay balls. Sand becomes more friable above the silty zone. Contact with unit 4 is gradational . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Clay, grayish-orange (lOR 7/4), interbedded with silty sand. Sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), very fine-grained, quartzose, ferruginous, slightly micaceous. A very coarse-grained, ferruginous, quartz sand overlain by a mottled, bioturbated zone wedges in from the north between unit 2 and unit 3. Contact of the bioturbated zone and unit 3 is irregular . . . . . . . .
1. Sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to pale red-purple (5RP6/2), coarsegrained to gravelly, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, burrowed in the top half of unit, slightly micaceous. Sand of lower 2'2" is corssbedded, slightly burrowed, contains some clay blebs along bedding planes. In the upper 1 ', sand is intensely burrowed, appears laminated, grades into a silty, very finegrained, quartzose sand in the upper 6" (elevation at top of unit 1 is 486')
Total

02'04"
00'08"
03'02" 27'10"

Continue south on Moye Road.

3.21

60.71

St. Marys Road.

0.05

60.76

Stop 4 and 4A.

STOP 4. Just south of the Moye Road and St. Marys Road intersection on the east side of Moye Road. Exposure of Eutaw Formation. This section was measured and described by M.S. Friddell, J.D. Wilson, and W. E. Marsalis.

Upper Cretaceous:
Eutaw Formation:
16. Sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, crossbedded, discontinuous ferruginous sandstone ledges, feldspathic, Liesegang rings. Sands are kaolinitic in places . . . . . . . .
15. Si lty sand, yellowish-gray (5Y8/1), very fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, very fossiliferous (casts and molds) in places, some mica, some carbonaceous material, covered in places near top. Questionable load structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14. Sandy clay to clay, light olive-gray (5Y4/l) to olive-gray (5Y6/1), very fossiliferous (casts and molds), carbonaceous, hackly, somewhat laminated. Sand, very fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, micaceous, occurs in pod-shaped bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13. Silty sand, medium-gray (N5) to yellowish-gray (5Y8/l), very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, crossbedded, some unidentified heavy minerals. Some fossiliferous, carbonaceous clay. An intensely bioturated zone can be seen at the south end of the outcrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Sand and clay, light olive gray (5Y6/1), laminated, highly carbonaceous, micaceous, fossiliferous (casts and molds) in lower portion of unit. Sand, very fine grained, subangular, quartzose. Clay is hackly. Basal contact is very irregular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

08'00" 06'00" 03'01" 04'00" 00'07"

35

[ill Sand
[] Feldspar
IZJ Cross- bedding

]--1 Silt

]~I Fossils

~
l ~I

Clay Lignite

@ Mica

lol Pod



Gravel

~ Burrows

401 15

v---:v-.-..-:.;...v .~ v-..:-,_--.y-.:_,_--- ..--.v;: ;::;:-:v.-:v_ .-:-::; . .-:....: v ~-:~-: .:.._-

. v ..:_

0 +----11----f

Figure 28. Geologic section at the Moye Road and St. Marys Road intersection on Ft. Benning, Muscogee County, Georgia.
36

0 Mica
~ Gravel
~ Burrows [2] Cross-bedding
lsi Pod
12} Sand ~ Clay

251
201
4
15 1

ct
(/)
g 0
ct
(.) (/)
:.:.:.>..
0 +--t--1
Figure 29. Geologic section at the Moye Road and St. Marys Road intersection on Ft. Benning, Muscogee County, Georgia.
37

Mileage Between points Cumulative
11. Sandy clay to clay, light olive gray (5Y6/1) to olive gray (5Y4/1), very fossiliferous (casts and molds), carbonaceous, hackly. Sand, very fine grained, subangular, quartzose, micaceous, and occurs in pod-shaped bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Silty clay, light gray (N7), slightly indurated, slightly carbonaceous, slightly laminated in lower portion of unit. Iron-staining along fracture surfaces. Weathers to white (N9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Clay, olive gray (5Y4/1), very fossiliferous (casts and molds), carbonaceous, some sand pods. Sand, very fine grained, subangular, quartzose, micaceous
8. Silty sand, yellowish gray (5Y8/1), very fine grained, subangular, quartzose, very fossiliferous (casts and molds), slightly micaceous, slightly carbonaceous, discontinuous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Sandy clay and clay, light olive gray (5Y6/1) to olive gray (5Y4/1), very fossiliferous (casts and molds), carbonaceous, hackly. Very clayey towards the top. Sand, very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, micaceous and in pods
6. Silty sand, medium light-gray (N6), very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, strongly crossbedded, fossiliferous (casts and molds), micaceous, slightly carbonaceous, some unidentified heavy minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Clayey silt to silty clay, medium dark-gray (N4) to medium-gray (N5), micaceous, carbonaceous, possible bioturbation present. Lower 6" to 10" is hackly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Sand, light-gray (N7), very fine to fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, micaceous, slightly carbonaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Clayey silt to silty clay, olive-black (5Y2/l) to olive-gray (5Y3/2), micaceous, carbonaceous, and slightly fossiliferous. In lower 10", outcrop is laminated clay and ferruginous sand. 1 '8" above the base is a discontinuous sandy claystone, very light-gray (N8), which is sparsely fossiliferous. Above the indurated zone, the unit grades into a silty, very fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose sand. Fractures with iron-stained surfaces occur above the indurated zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Ferruginous sandstone, grayish-red (10R4/2) to moderate-brown (5Y3/4) in fresh exposures. Weathers to a dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6). Forms ledge (elevation at top of unit 2 is 247 ') . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Clayey sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to light-brown (5YR5/6), medium-grained, angular to subangular quartzose, micaceous, slightly carbonaceous. Grades upward to a very coarse to gravelly sand in the upper 2". The upper 4' contain burrows, clay balls and distorted clay laminae. Clay is white (N9) to very light gray (N8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

00'06" 00'08" 02'00" 00'02" 01'08" 00'08" 04'10" 00'04"
06'04" 00'01"
07'00" 44'09"

STOP 4A. Northwest corner of Moye Road and St. Marys Road intersection. Exposure shows the contact between the Tuscaloosa Formation and the Eutaw Formation. This section was measured and described by M.S. Friddell and J.D. Wilson.

Upper Cretaceous:
Eutaw Formation:
3. Sand, variegated grayish-red-purple (5RP4/2), pale reddish-brown (10R5/4) and dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), medium-grained, angular to subangular, quartzose, micaceous, feldspathic, crossbedded, containing some granule-size

38

Mileage
Between points Cumulative
quartz fragments. Some burrows noted. Sands, medium-grained, angular to subangular, containing granules to gravels of quartz occur at the base of this unit. Some clay balls and clay laminae also noted . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Sand, light-brown (5YR 5/6) to pale reddish-brown (10R5/4), medium- to very coarse-grained, angular to subangular, quartzose, intensely burrowed, micaceous, some basal gravels, some slightly sandy clay balls, white (N9) to very light-gray (N8), especially near base. Clay lens 6" above base. (Elevation at TuscaloosaEutaw contact is 231 feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tuscaloosa Formation:
1. Clay, pale reddish-purple (5RP6/2) to grayish-reddish-purple (5RP4/2), mottled.

18'00"
02'08" 06'00"

Continue south on Moye Road.

0.59

61.35

INTERSECTION OF SCOTT AVENUE AND PIERCE STREET;

(BEAR LEFT).

0.55

61.90

WILDCAT ROAD; TURN RIGHT.

0.75

62.65

COSSETA ROAD; TURN LEFT

1.05

63.70

Intersection with Marne Road, continue on Cusseta Road.

1.38

65.08

1ST DIVISION ROAD; TURN LEFT.

1.22

66.30

The Georgia Geological Survey drilled the Chattahoochee County hole no. 1 in the borrow pit to your left. The core from this hole can be seen at the next stop.

0.55

66.85

Railroad tracks at Ochillee Station.

0.05

66.90

TURN LEFT ON DIRT ROAD.

0.03

66.93

Railroad tracks.

0.01

66.94

ROAD FORKS; KEEP TO THE LEFT.

0.04

66.98

Ochillee Creek- Lunch stop.

1.97

68.95

RETURN TO THE INTERSECTION OF 1ST DIVISION ROAD

AND CUSSETA ROAD; TURN LEFT ON CUSSETA ROAD.

FIRE TOWER ON LEFT.

0.15

69.10

U.S. HIGHWAY 27; CROSS AND TURN LEFT ONTO U.S. HIGH-

WAY 27. BASAL BLUFFTOWN IN FRONT OF YOU.

0.85

69.95

Basal Blufftown forming bank below church on left just north of

water tower.

3.62

73.57

Upper Blufftown exposed on right.

0.61

74.18

Eight mile post on right.

0.21

74.39

Stop 5.

39

~. Silt
0 Mica
~ Fo81lls
El Lignite
[Q Burrows
[i] Sand
~- Clay
[ ! ] Glauconite
~ Nodule
f2] Carbonate

:r v~-~.-Q~ ..; ~,-" _..,.;-~ _
. ~.~.A .- :J -..- .- ".V ..- V --:- -- _~ :v-- -~ :-.. .:.- .-.-....~ -- v-. -:-&,- ~v--:-...:...;;;.v:_
'=Y.__-__: - - .=~--=-
- ~ '!i>_
.-= - . -c..--v- ;--1T -_~--
.:;q~, =~ ~ -~-=e= :=l+.I:..._AJ

z 0:::

l.I.J Ill

0

::z:::E:>

~
oct :E

0:::

0 LLJ

f2

Ill

401

13 301

20 1

;i; .~~~~ - _._..

-. -v--...L---.-

v . -T- - -

~-.

...Q.o:

---r-T-

v--~-
- - ....~..__ T-v -

. ..:...T.:.._~_:__-:-_:_--: --+-v- -v-....o.<J-."._-=!.-,--T-=',v-:..Y~ ~....-.:- r-:-~ :_~v~-'- .-- "-.:L-.~ ":'_"_'~

Figure 30. Geologic section along U.S. Highway 27 near Cusseta, Chattahoochee County, Georgia.

40

5
ro'
3

Mileage Between points Cumulative
STOP 5. 2.3 miles northwest of Cusseta, Georgia, on the west side of U.S. Highway 27. Exposure of the upper marine section of the Blufftown Formation. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and M. S. Friddell.

Upper Cretaceous:
Blufftown Formation:
14. Silty clay, light olive-gray (5Y6/1), micaceous. Weathers to a mottled olive-gray (5Y6/1) and dark reddish-brown (10R3/4). Grades upward into a soil zone . .
13. Silty sand, mottled light olive-gray (5Y6/l) and dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, micaceous, slightly carbonaceous, slightly fossiliferous (impressions). Lower 3' is dark yellowish-brown (10YR4/2) with streaks of dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), clayier and burrowed. The burrows are accented by a grayish-yellow (5Y8/4) color . . . . . . . . .
12. Clay, grayish-black (N2), carbonaceous, slightly micaceous, slightly silty
11. Silty sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to yellowish-gray (5Y 7/2), very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, glauconitic, slightly fossiliferous (casts and molds), slightly micaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Clay and silty sand, grayish black (N2), interlayered, highly micaceous, carbonaceous, fossiliferous (casts and molds), bioturbated. Clay is thinly layered and fissle. Sand, very fine grained, subangular, quartzose, very micaceous, glauconitic. Upper 6" of unit is very fossiliferous . . . . . . . . . .
9. Clayey silt, dark greenish-gray (5GY4/1), very micaceous, fossiliferous, calcareous, carbonaceous, burrowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Sandstone, medium light gray (N6), fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous, glauconitic. Discontinuous zone of nodules with fossils readily apparent on surface of nodules . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Silty clay, dark greenish-gray (5GY4/1), highly fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous, carbonaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Sandstone, medium light-gray (N6), fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous, glauconitic. Discontinuous nodular zone with fossils readily apparent on surface of nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Sandy, silty clay, dark greenish-gray (5GY4/1 ), very micaceous, fossiliferous, slightly calcareous, carbonaceous, burrowed . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Sandstone, medium light-gray (N6), fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous, glauconitic. Discontinuous zone of nodules with fossils readily apparent on surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Sandy, clayey silt, dark greenish-gray (5GY4/1 ), very micaceous, very fossiliferous, calcareous, carbonaceous, slightly bioturbated. Sand, very finegrained, subangular, quartzose, slightly glauconitic . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Sandy siltstone, medium light-gray (N6), very fossiliferous, calcareous. Sand, very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose. Discontinuous zone of nodules (elevation at top of unit 2 is 406 ') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Clayey silt, greenish-black (5GY2/1), very fossiliferous, very micaceous, calcareous, carbonaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

04'00"
08'04" 00'06" 02'07"
01'04" 03'09" 00'05" 02'09" 00'05" 07' 10" 00'07" 07'02" 01'00" 00'10" 41'06"

Note: Most of the lower 25' of section weathers to a silty, very fine grained, quartz sand, light olive gray (5Y5/2) and dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) which has a laminated appearance.

41

Mileage Between points Cumulative

Proceed south on U. S. Highway 27.

1.31

75.70

Georgia Highway 137 junction to the left.

0.25

75.95

Cusseta sand exposed on left.

0.75

76.70

U.S. Highway 27 intersection with Georgia Highway 55-S, stop 6.

STOP 6.

Section at the northeast corner of the intersection of U.S. Highway 27 and Georgia 55-South at Cusseta, Georgia. This is the type area of the Cusseta Sand. This section was measured and described by M.S. Friddell and W.E. Marsalis Note: This is a composity section of the north and south sides of the road.

Upper Cretaceous:
Cusseta Sand:
4. Clayey sand, grayish-orange (10YR7 /4) and light-brown (5Y5/6), mediumto coarse-grained, subangular, compact, somewhat mottled in places. One-foot clay zones occur 12', 16', 17', and 20' above the Blufftown-Cusseta contact. These clay zones cave out slightly causing the clayey sands above and below the zones to stand out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Sand, light-brown (5YR5/6) to dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), mediumto coarse-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, friable, miaceous, occasional granules. Contains some clay balls, ferruginous sandstone chips and occasional crossbedding. Contact with unit 4 is gradational. A 1 "-4" discontinuous, ferruginous sandstone ledge occurs at the contact of the Blufftown Formation and the Cusseta Sand (elevation of contact of Cusseta and Blufftown is 420') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blufftown Formation
2. Silty sand, very fine to fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, micaceous. Liesegang rings and occasional iron-rich zones in upper 5' of section. Upper 1'.56 of unit is a clay to sandy clay, pinkish-gray (5YR8/1) to very light-gray (N8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Silty sand, medium dark-gray (N4), very fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, very fossiliferous (casts and molds), micaceous, slightly carbonaceous, burrowed. Weathers to light olive-gray (5Y6/1). Some dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) staining on surface. Upper 2'6" to 3' of section not as fossiliferous. Unit grades upward into unit 2 . . . . . . .
Total

25'00"
05'00" 14'00" 16'06" 60'06"

Continue southeast on Georgia 55 to Stop 6A.

0.38

77.08

Stop 6A.

STOP 6A. Section is in borrow pit on north side of highway at top of hill. Section begins at entrance to pit. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and M.S. Friddell.

Upper Cretaceous:
Cusseta Sand: 2. Sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose, compact, micaceous, some crossbedding, occasional burrows . . . .

10'00"

42

02] Sand

~- Clay

0

Mica

~~ Gravel

I I~ Pod

El Silt
w Burrows
1~1 Fossils

B

Lignite

601

501
4

~ w

(/)

C/)

401

u:::::>

301
2
20 1 z
~ 0
1-
lL.. lL.. :::::> .....J ID
10 1

Figure 31. Geologic section at intersection of U.S. Highway 27 and Georgia Highway 55 in Cusseta, Chattahoochee County, Georgia.
43

0 -1----1---1

Burrows Mica Cross- bedding Feldspar Pod

awm::
~
:z:::>

z
0
~

::::iE
0 a:

LmLJ

0
LL

40 1

2
301

20'

10 1

Figure 32. Geologic section in borrow pit near Ga. Highway 55 in Cusseta, Chattahoochee County, Georgia.
44

Mileage Between points Cumulative

1. Sand, variegated dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), very dusky-red (10R2/2), very dusky-purple (5P2/2) and very light-gray (N8), coarse- to very coarsegrained, subangular, quartzose, friable, feldspathic, micaceous, strongly crossbedded, clay balls, discontinuous clay laminae to lenses, burrowed. Some manganese-stained sand. Some clay balls have concentric iron-stained rings. Clay lenses 1 '6" to 3' thick. Bioturbated zone 16' and 23' above base (elevation at top of unit 1 is 505') . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

29'06" 39'06"

0.38

77.46

RETURN TO INTERSECTION; TURN LEFT ON U.S. HIGHWAY

27.

6.24

83.70

22 mile post on left.

3.10

86.80

Community of Louvale, Georgia. Post office on right.

1.88

88.68

Georgia Highway 39 junction on right.

3.34

92.02

Frog Bottom Creek.

0.36

92.38

Stop 7.

STOP 7. 4.0 miles north of Lumpkin, Georgia, on east side of U.S. Highway 27 and south side of Frog Bottom Creek. This section was measured and described by M.S. Friddell and W. E. Marsalis.

Upper Cretaceous:
Providence Sand:
10. Sand, variegated light-brown (5YR5/6) and pale yellowish-orange (10YR8/6}, fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, crossbedded, burrowed, micaceous, feldspathic. In lower 4', unit tends to be more burrowed and less crossbedded. Pea gravels, clay blebs and ferruginous sandstone fragments occur at erosional contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ripley Formation:
9. Silty sand, variegated light-gray (N7), dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6} and moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6}, fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, burrowed, micaceous, unidentified dark minerals. Upper 5' to 7' of unit is mottled very dark red (5R2/6) and light gray (N7). Unit varies in thickness from 5' to 18'. Upper contact is very irregular . . . . . . .
8. Clay, light-gray (N7), waxy, slightly micaceous, pods of sand, appears to be laminated. Sand, fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, unidentified dark minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. Silty sand, olive-gray (5Y4/l) to pale-olive (10Y6/2) with dark yellowishorange (10YR6/6) staining, fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, micaceous. In lower 8', unit is fossiliferous (casts and molds}, burrowed, carbonaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Sand, medium-olive (5Y4/2), very fine-grained, angular, quartzose, indurated, very fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous. Discontinuous nodule zone
5. Sand, greenish-black (5Y2/1) weathering to a light olive-gray (5Y6/1) and dusky-yellow (5Y6/4), very fine-grained, angular, quartzose, highly fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous, slightly clayey, original shell material, burrowed .

19'00"
18'00" 01'00" 18'07" 01'06" 04'06"

45

0
Q]

Mica Burrows

[ ! ] Feldspar

[2]. Cross-bedding

[28] Sand
B Silt
~- Clay

~
B
[QJ

Fossils Lignite Nodule

[2] Carbonate

9 601

7

401

>-
UJ

....I

0..

a:

201

0 Figure 33. Geologic section along U.S. Highway 27 near Lumpkin, Stewart County, Georgia.
46

Mileage
Between points Cumulative
4. Sand, medium-olive (5Y4/2), very fine-grained, angular, quartzose, indurated, highly fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous. Discontinuous nodular zone
3. Sand, greenish-black (5Y2/1) weathering to a light olive-gray (5Y6/1) and dusky-yellow (5Y6/4), very fine grained, angular, quartzose, highly fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous, slightly clayey, original shell material, burrowed . . .
2. Sand, medium-olive (5Y4/2), very fine-grained, angular, quartzose, indurated, highly fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous. Di scontinuous nodule zone . .
1. Sand, greenish-black (5Y2/1) weathering to a light olive-gray (5Y6/1) and dusky-yellow (5Y6/4), very fine-grained, angular, quartzose, very fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous, slightly clayey, original shell material, burrowed (elevation of top of unit 1 if 416') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

01'06"
05'02" 00'09"
25'06" 95'06"

Continue south on U.S. Highway 27.

2.98

95.36

City limits of Lumpkin, Georgia.

0.39

95.75

GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39 CONNECTOR; TURN RIGHT.

3.20

98.95

Greater New Hope Church on right.

0.70

99.65

Diapirs in the Providence Sand on the left.

1.75

101.40

Reclaimed land on right. Land was mined for brown iron ore several

years ago.

1.27

102.67

ENTRANCE TO PROVIDENCE CANYON STATE PARK ON LEFT;

TURN LEFT.

0.23

102.90

Stop. 8. Providence Methodist Church which was founded in 1825

and built in 1860.

STOP 8.

Type location for the Providence Sand. Walk down trail in front of church to bottom of canyon. Section begins approximately 600 feet downstream in first canyon on east side. Ripley Formation is first exposed approximately 75' up the canyon. This composite section was measured and described by M.S. Friddell and W. E. Marsalis.

Paleocene:
Clayton Formation Residuum:
7. Clayey sand to sandy clay, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine- to medium-grained with some granules, subrounded, quartzose, ironstone pebbles scattered throughout unit. Extremely iron-rich near base. Formation has been mined for brown iron ore in the past . . . . . . . . . .
Upper Cretaceous:
Providence Sand:
6. Sand, variegated dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), very dark-red (5R2/6) and very pale-orange (10YR8/2), medium- to very coarse-grained, subangular, quartzose, strongly crossbedded, micaceous, feldspathic, some kaolinitic clay lenses, clay balls, burrowed. Occasional bioturbated zones; some up to 4' in thickness. Occasional clay ball zones up to 3' in thickness

29'+ 119'00"

47

(~/:J\J Sand

~ Clay



Gravel

1--1 Slit

!0! Pod

0

Burrows

G Mica

B

Lignite

I I r.::y Foss lis

F~ .:~~ ; ~r~
!f..7.:Cf:: :.i..":"~";"~ l"!""t ":'<;~.; . :,:.o. .....,

* RIPLEY FORMATION

I. ..~ " ._.y....~.......

Figure 34. Geologic section at Providence Canyons, Stewart County, Georgia.

48

mDw:

z
0

~
:z:>

~
~

D:

m0w ~

180'-

z

7 0t>--
ct

_J

1601

(.)

140'

120'

100'

IJJ
z 6 (.)

IJJ

0

>

0

80'

D:
a..

60'

40'-

t-- --

D:
5 al
~

20'-I-- w

4 t-
0

~
~

D:
IaJJ.

0 *

Mileage Between points Cumulative

Perote Member of the Providence Sand:
5. Silty sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), very fine to fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, occasional burrows, micaceous. In lower 2', unit contains some medium-gray (N5) to light-gray (N7), slightly indurated clay lenses and pods. This interval laterally becomes more ferruginous and forms a ferruginous sandstone ledge. Contact with the upper unit is slightly irregular (elevation at top of unit 5 is 485') . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Clay and silty sand, dark-gray (N3) to light-gray (N7), interbedded, very carbonaceous, intensely burrowed, micaceous. Some plant fragments, some grayish-yellow (5Y8/4) sulphur staining. Sand, very fine to fine-grained, angular to subangular, quartzose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Silty sand, medium dark-gray (N4) to light olive-gray (5Y6/1), very fine to fine-grained, angular to subangular, quartzose, very micaceous, very carbonaceous laminated, burrowed. Contact with upper unit is gradational . . . .
2. Silty sand, light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine to fine grained, angular to subangular, quartzose, very micaceous, slightly carbonaceous, some dark yellowishorange (10YR6/6) staining. Contact is gradational with unit 3 . . . .
Ripley Formation:
1. Clayey, silty sand, dark-gray (N3) with dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) staining, fine-grained, angular to subangular, quartzose, fossiliferous (casts and molds of pelecypods and gastropods), micaceous, carbonaceous, burrowed. Contact is abrupt with unit 2. It is possibly erosional . .
Total

13'00"
09'11" 05'02" 02'04"
03'10" 182'03"

0.22

103.12

RETURN TO 39 CONNECTOR AND PARK ENTRANCE-

PROCEED EAST ON 39 CONNECTOR.

0.18

103.30

Nine mile post.

0.14

103.44

PAVED ROAD TO RIGHT; TURN RIGHT.

3.21

106.65

GEORGIA HIGHWAY 27 INTERSECTION; TURN RIGHT ONTO

GEORGIA HIGHWAY 27.

15.52

122.17

INTERSECTION OF GEORGIA HIGHWAY 27 AND U.S. HIGHWAY 82; TURN RIGHT ONTO U.S. HIGHWAY 82.

2.43

124.60

Georgia-Alabama State Line. Holiday Inn ahead on the left. End of

first day trip at the Holiday Inn.

49

0

5

Statute Miles

N
I

I
,!!ARBOU,!! -f2Y!!T:!:...._ _ j
HENRY COUNTY

L-,
l.,- - - - - - -
1>-
~I
::I 0 0 0 0
z'li::<(..J
1:-:-EZOa ~~~
r
I
I
l I l, r'l I l!!A.!~DOLPH _ C~Y ~ CLAY COUNTY

HENRY COUNTY
- --;:;Q"Usl-oNcouN-fY - - -
Figure 35. Route of the second day of field trip and stop locations. 50

ROAD LOG*
Second Day, October 12, 1975

Mileage Between points Cumulative

0.00

0.00

Leave the Eufaula Holiday Inn, Eufaula, Alabama, on U.S. Highway 82 East.

1.45

1.45

Entering Georgetown, Georgia.

1.18

2.63

Junction of Georgia Highways 27 and 39 with U.S. Highway 82;

Continue on U.S. Highway 82. Quaternary gravel deposits are

visible along this road.

0.94

3.57

Tobannee Creek (Providence on either side of creek).

1.08

4.65

Contact of Clayton Formation residuum and Providence Sand on left.

0.20

4.85

Intersection of Georgia Highway 39; continue on U.S. Highway 82

(Clayton-Providence contact crossed several times while proceeding

on this road).

4.47

9.32

INTERSECTION OF GEORGIA HIGHWAY 291. TURN RIGHT ON

GEORGIA HIGHWAY 291.

1.91

11.23

Hatcher Corporate Limits.

0.32

11.55

Railroad tracks.

0.26

11.81

Stop 1.

STOP 1. Exposures of the marine and continental facies of the Providence on both sides of Georgia Highway 291. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and M.S. Friddell.

Upper Cretaceous:
Providence Sand:
Continental facies:
8. Sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) to dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), medium to very coarse, subrounded, quartzose, intensely burrowed, crossbedded, some gravels, some carbonaceous material . . . . . . . . . . .
Marine facies:
7. Clayey sandy, yellowish-gray (5Y7 /2) with dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) staining, quartzose, fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, very micaceous, laminated, burrowed, occasional heavy minerals. In upper 3'2", sand tends to be more mottled than laminated. Mottling varies from very light-gray (N8) to dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6). Contact with overlying unit is irregular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Sand, medium-gray (N5), fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, micaceous, carbonaceous, fossiliferous (casts and molds), burrowed, occasional granules, occasional clayey silt to silty clay balls up to 10" in diameter . . . .

14'00"
08'02" 12'07"

*Note: All turns and changes in route are in full capitals. All elevations were measured by altimeter. 51

~
I~ :1

B u r rowe Gravel

GJ. B
[28

Crose- Bedding Lignite Sand

GJ
~ ~

Mica Silt Fossils

[@] Pod

0

Carbonate

= :?'."-7'-7-:...v--::_n~-:-..:...-=
-.~-- ,- :--- _- --. --.-
- - :;-7~~:..~
. ..-:.:-..::":-.".-.".:.:i'-"!.;-L~i-i-.-..-:..--:.:-:-..-...l..Vc:...:.--:~-r.,-:..).-..:'-...~.-:..-.:-r.v.v:._r---::.:----
: Y.-7-SJ.-7-"Y-7~=

.~!\~:;~is~> '' ~ .v. ,..,.v .~
COVERED

0::
mLLI

z
0

~
:z:::>

~
~

f2 c 0:::
LLI

III

501
en
uLLI ~_.

8 ~z zIJJ

40'

tz -

0

(.)

1
30'

201

6

en
uLLI
~

LzLI a::
<t :::!:

101

Figure 36. Geologic section near Hatcher, Quitman County, Georgia. 52

0 -t--+-----i

Mileage
Between points Cumulative
5. Covered . . . . 4. Sandstone, medium light-gray (N6 ), very fine to fine grained, subangular to sub-
rounded, quartzose, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material), some medium to granule, subrounded, quartz grains. Forms ledge in ditch (Elevation on top of ledge is 365 feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Clayey sand, dark-gray (N3), fine- to medium-grained, subangular, quartzose, highly micaceous, fossiliferous (original shell material), calcareous, carbonaceous, some burrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Clayey silt, mottled light olive-gray (5Y6/1) and light-brown (5YR5/6), very micaceous, fossiliferous (casts and molds), carbonaceous . . . .
Total

03'08"
01'00" 03'00"
04'00" 04'00" 50'05"

Continue straight on this road.

0.39

12.20

ROAD FORKS; KEEP TO THE LEFT.

4.33

16.53

ROAD FORKS; KEEP TO THE RIGHT.

0.05

16.58

STOP SIGN; TURN LEFT.

1.32

17.90

INTERSECTION OF GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39; TURN LEFT.

1.40

19.30

Quaternary alluvial gravels on north and south side of road. Marine

Providence on edge of lake.

1.25

20.55

Sinkhole on the right.

0.75

21.30

INTERSECTION OF COUNTY ROAD 92411 (DAVIS CROSSROADS); TURN LEFT.

1.55

22.85

Sandy Creek.

0.60

23.45

Stop 2. Johnny Moore Hill.

STOP 2. Exposures of the Nanafalia Formation, Tuscahoma Formation and Claiborne age sands on the north side of County road 92411. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and R. E. Hunter.

Middle Eocene:
Lisbon Formation and Tallahatta Formation (undifferentiated):
8. Sand, light-brown (5YR5/6), fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose (Elevation at base of sand is 440') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paleocene:
Tuscahoma Formation:
7. Clay, yellowish-gray (5Y7 /2) and light-brown (5YR5/6), laminated, slightly sandy. In top 2'6", clay is mottled moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), lightgray (N7), and dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), slightly sandy clay. Solution of the Clayton Limestone has caused slumping, which shows a dip of 11o in the top of the hill where the mottled clay appears to be in place . . . . . . . .

06'11" 49'06"

53

D . Sand
m~ Clay Glauconite
~ Fossils
0 Mica

..... :,-:.:::::..: ...
.;/rLL1.\:}:~:..:.u.ii2~

aw:: z

CD 0

fi ~
z~ a~::

0 IJJ

~

IJl

140 1

120 1
7

COVERED

COVERED
:.~: {.!.~:w;:.::?{/J~:i: +.J::\\f/::~/i:i/{A\t:{i\
Figure 37. Geologic section at Johnny Moore Hill, Clay County, Georgia.
54

3 <[

201

...J

~

Cz l z<[

0

Mileage Between points Cumulative

6. Clay, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) with slight amounts of very light-gray (N8) clay, mottled, blocky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Clay, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) and very light-gray (N8), mottled, scattered pieces of coarse-grained, fossiliferous, glauconitic, ferruginous sandstone. Chlamys greggi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanafalia Formation:
3. Sandy clay, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and very light-gray (N8), mottled, slightly kaolinitic. Sand, fine- to mediumgrained, angular to subangular, quartzose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Sandy clay, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and very light gray (N8), mottled. Sand, fine- to medium-grained, angular to subangular, quartzose. Some fracture filling 2' above base . . . . . .
Total

18'03" 21'07"
10'08"
19' 02" 06' 10"
08' 04" 141' 03"

2.17

25.62

RETURN TO JUNCTION OF GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39 AND

COUNTY HIGHWAY 92411. TURN LEFT ON GEORGIA

HIGHWAY 39.

0.43

26.05

Sinkhole on right.

2.27

28.32

Creek.

0.13

28.45

Quaternary gravels on left.

1.30

29.75

Road to Sandy Creek Park on right.

1.12

30.87

Fort Gaines City Limits.

1.92

32.79

U.S. Corps of Engineers park on the right.

0.25

33.04

Road to Walter F. George Dam on right.

0.10

33.14

Cemochechobee Creek (unmarked).

0.69

34.21

Quaternary deposits on left.

0.20

34.41

HANCOCK STREET; TURN SHARP RIGHT AND GO PAST THE

COLUMBIA PEANUT COMPANY. HANCOCK STREET BECOMES

A DIRT ROAD AND THEN PAVED AGAIN.

0.34

34.75

Stop 3.

STOP 3. Exposures of Clayton Limestone and the Nanafalia Formation. Park near fire hydrant. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and M.S. Friddell.

55

0 Mica
El Carbonate
1~1 Fossils
~ Pyrite ~ Nodule
[ ! ] Glauconite
~ Burrow
El Lignite
0. Cross-Bedding EJ Cloy
[ill] Sand
b6l Limestone

0mw:::

z
0

~
:;::::)
z

~
~

0:::

f2 0
ImJ..I

40 1

<(

:J

2

~
<z (

<z (

301

201

10'

Figure 38. Geologic section on Town Creek in Ft. Gaines, Clay County, Georgia. 56

Mileage Between points Cumulative

Paleocene:
Nanafalia Formation:
2. Sand, olive-gray (5Y4/1 ), fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous, micaceous, carbonaceous, lignitic, glauconitic, pyritic. Several nodular zones are present in the formation. These nodules are sandstone, very fine grained, subrounded, quartzose, calcareous and fossiliferous. Fossils observed in the formation include Odontogryphaea thirsae, Ostrea compressirostra, corals, shark teeth, crocodile teeth and turtle carapace. (Elevation on top of lower most nodular zone is 131 feet by altimeter) . . . . . . . .
Clayton Formation:
1. Limestone, yellowish gray (5Y7 /2), calcareous, highly fossiliferous. Top of unit is karst. The solution cavities are filled with sands of the Gravel Creek Member of the Nanafalia Formation and various other sediments. The Gravel Creek sediments are sand, variegated dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to yellowish gray (5Y8/1), medium to very coarse grained, subrounded, quartzose, micaceous, carbonaceous, crossbedded. The other sediments include clay, lignite and sand, light gray (N7), fine to medium grained, subrounded, quartzose, micaceous, carbonaceous. Numerous springs can be seen flowing out of the limestone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

14'00"
28'10" 42'10"

0.42

35.17

RETURN TO JUNCTION OF GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39 AND HANCOCK STREET. TURN RIGHT.

0.36

35.53

TURN LEFT ON JEFFERSON STREET.

0.12

35.65

Town Creek.

0.30

35.95

Stop 4.

STOP 4. Exposures of the Tallahatta Formation (buhrstone) and the Lisbon Formation. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and R. E. Hunter.

Middle Eocene:
Lisbon Formation (equivalent):
4. Sand, mottled dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and light-brown (5YR5/6), fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose. Limonite gravels first occur eight feet above the contact and continue upward in the section. The basal two feet of the unit are coarser grained with scattered quartz gravels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tallahatta Formation:
3. Clayey sand, mottled dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and yellowish gray (5Y7/2), fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose. Large "buhrstone" boulders which consist of clayey sand, mottled dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and yellowish-gray (5Y7 /2), fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose, are very fossiliferous, and quite prominent. Fossils includeVenericardia sp., fish spines, pelecypods and gastropods. (Elevation at base of unit is 342 feet)
2. Clay, yellowish-gray (5Y8/1 ), hackly fracture, cristobilitic, fossiliferous, micaceous, slightly carbonaceous. Fossils are mainly radiolaria . . . . . . . .

20'08"
19'03" 03'04"

57

8Zill
~ 0 ~ ~ ~ -
EJ 0

Sand Gravel Fossils Boulder Clay Lignite Mica

0w: z

a:l 0

z ~
::;)

......
~

~

0 LLI al

0: 0 LL..

40 1

z

4

0 CD

(I)

_J

301

201

<(

I-

I-
<(

J:

<(

...J

10 1

...J
~

Figure 39. Geologic section near water tank in Ft. Gaines, Clay County, Georgia.
58

Mileage Between points Cumulative

1. Clayey sandstone, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l), fossiliferous, micaceous, slightly carbonaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Note: Section ends at dirt road leading to the water tank.

01'06" 44'09"

0.70

36.65

RETURN TO THE INTERSECTION OF JEFFERSON STREET AND HANCOCK STREET AND CONTINUE ACROSS HANCOCK STREET ON JEFFERSON STREET.

0.10

36.75

Troupe Street.

0.10

36.85

JACKSON STREET; TURN RIGHT.

0.17

37.02

Calhoun Street

0.18

37.20

Stop 5 (optional).

STOP 5. Contact of the Nanafalia Formation and the Tuscahoma Formation. Secion begins 270' to left toward abandoned railroad station. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and S. M. Pickering.

Quaternary :
Terrace Material:
8. Sand, variegated dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) with some yellowish-gray (5Y7/2) "blebs", medium to very coarse grained, quartzose, some gravel layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paleocene:
Tuscahoma Formation:
7. Sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) with some yellowish-gray (5Y7/2) mottling, fine- to very coarse-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, glauconitic, ferruginous, some granules, indurated sand at upper contact
6. Sand, moderate olive-brown (5Y4/4) and light olive-brown (5Y5/6), mediumto very coarse-grained with some granules, subangular, quartzose, highly glauconitic, highly fossiliferous (Chlamys greggi), some indurated ferruginous laminae, less fossiliferous toward top, manganese-stained sand at lower contact (Elevation at contact is 201 ') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanafalia Formation:
5. Sand, yellowish gray (5Y7 /2) with some dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) mottling, fine to medium-grained, subangular at base grading upward to very fine grained, subangular, quartzose, slightly clayey sand . . . . . . . . .
4. Covered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Clay, greenish-black (5G2/1 ), very micaceous, clay laminae at lower contact, sandy near base. Sand is fine grained, subangular, quartzose . . . . . . .
2. Sand, medium dark-gray (N4) with dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) pods at lower contact and scattered throughout, fine-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, very micaceous, large (2"-3" long) pieces of lignite scattered throughout, slightly clayey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24'04"
04'06"
06'05" 06'02" 06'07" 04'09" 04'04"

59

~0 Gravel

[IJ Glauconite

1~1 Fossils

~ Mica

B D .
~ ~ .

Lignite Sand Clay Sandy Clay

_,:~~#mill~
-~}:~:~:-~:~::6: ~
.:A::,;:..-.-ri:i:~.: A:.~:iJ: ois.::,to!

maw::

z
0

z=::::>:IE

1<t

:a:::::IE:

f2 0
lLJ

CQ

60 1

...J

<a:[
.w....

<[

501

8

~
w

(.)

aa<::::t

~

40 1

COVERED

301

5
201

4 <[

...J

~

<[
z

<t

101

z

Figure 40. Geologic section near depot in Ft. Gaines, Clay County, Georgia.
60

0 +---+---t

Mileage Between points Cumulative

1. Sandy clay, greenish-black (5G2/1), very micaceous, minor amounts of lignite. Sand, fine-grained, subangular, quartzose . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

04'00" 61'01"

TURN RIGHT ON PAVED ROAD

0.08

37.28

HABERSHAM STREET (UNMARKED); TURN LEFT.

0.13

37.41

GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39; TURN LEFT AND CONTINUE TO

THE WALTER F. GEORGE DAM PARK.

1.76

39.17

WALTER F. GEORGE DAM PARK; TURN LEFT. LUNCH STOP.

0.18

39.35

RETURN TO GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39 AND TURN RIGHT.

0.76

40.11

Cemochechobee Creek (unmarked).

1.39

41.50

Stop light in downtown Fort Gaines.

0.13

41.63

JUNCTION OF GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39 AND GEORGIA HIGH-

WAY 37; TURN LEFT.

0.09

41.72

INTERSECTION. TURN RIGHT ON GEORGIA HIGHWAY 39.

0.63

42.35

Ledbetter Creek.

0.14

42.49

Stop 6.

STOP 6. Exposures showing contacts between the Tuscahoma Formation, Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation and the Claiborne Group. This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis and R. E. Hunter.

Middle Eocene:
Lisbon Formation and Tallahatta Formation (undifferentiated):
8. Sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) to light-brown (5YR5/6), very fine grained, angular to subangular, quartzose, minute amounts of mica
7. Sand and clay, interbedded; sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine- to very fine-grained, subrounded, quartzose; clay, light-gray (N7). Both sand and clay are slightly glauconitic with the amount of glauconite decreasing upward
Lower Eocene:
Hatchetigbee Formation: Bashi Marl Member:
6. Sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), fine-grained, subrounded, quartzose, very glauconitic. Near top, very light-gray (N8) glauconitic clay pods (Elevation at top is 296') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Paleocene:
Tuscahoma Formation:
5. Clay and sand, laminated, with clay predominating. Clay very light-gray (N8) to medium-gray (N5), possibly burrowed. Sand, light-brown (5YR5/6) to moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine-grained, subrounded, quartzose. Scattered pieces of ferruginous sandstone. Upper 2'6" is sandier . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18'02" 02'06" 07' 03" 34'01"

61

C] Sand
Mica Glauconite Clay

. ............. ...
~..r:.='~-~

0::
ImJJ

z
0

:::E i=

:z:J

<(
:a:::E:

m0w

0 LL.

105 1

8

LazL::I 0 m

90 1

<(

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(J

xen

75 1

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60 1 5

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--------------------------------- r~.:.....7-=-_.-:.:.-~....:!""-~-.:....-~-:..:-....:.-:.:.: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___-c.....:--==-....-_-....----=-~-=-7_:.--=--=-=-~-:-_::-_:

0::

LLI

I-

I-
LmLI
0 LLI
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* MEMBER OF THE HATCHETIGBEE FORMATION

45 1

<(

:::E

0

:J:

<(

(eJn

30 1

:::::>

1-

2
15 1

0

Figure 41. Geologic section along Ga. Highway 39 at Ledbetter Creek near Ft. Gaines, Clay County, Georgia.

62

Mileage Between points Cumulative

4. Covered. Asphalt drain at bottom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Clay, light olive-gray (5Y6/1), laminated. Some medium light-gray (N6) laminae. Some moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) staining . . . . . . . . . .
2. Clay, light olive-gray (5Y6/1), blocky, slightly miaceous. Some light-brown (5YR5/6), very fine-grained quartzose sand along fracture planes . . . .
1. Clay, light olive-gray (5Y6/1), prominently laminated. Light-brown (5YR5/6), very fine-grained, quartzose sand occurring along bedding planes. Some medium light-gray (N6) banding. Becomes more blocky toward top . . . .
Total

03'06" 08'02" 14' 04"
13'11" 101'11"

Continue south on Georgia Highway 39.

1.23

43.72

Gas tanks on left.

0.58

44.30

ROAD FORKS; KEEP TO THE RIGHT.

2.66

46.96

Piney Grove Church on left.

1.39

48.35

Kolomokee Creek.

0.10

48.45

Stop 7.

STOP 7. Exposures of Tuscahoma Formation, Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation, Tallahatta Formation, Lisbon Formation, and Eocene-Oligocene (undifferentiated). This section was measured and described by W. E. Marsalis, R. E. Hunter, and R. S. Schneeberger.

Upper Eocene and Oligocene (undifferentiated):
15. Clayey sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, pebble- and gravel-sized quartz scattered throughout . . . .
14. Gravel, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), quartzose, fractured, iron-stained inside and outside. Fine- to very coarse-grained, subangular quartz sand intermixed with gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Middle Eocene:
Lisbon Formation:
13. Clayey sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine- to medium-grained, subangular, quartzitic, granule (pea gravel) sized, subangular quartz very abundant. Pea gravel gives a spheroidal weathering appearance. Ferruginous angular fragments composed of clayey fine-grained, subangular quartz, can be seen in the bottom 1'. Burrowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Clayey sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, fossiliferous. Fossils are silicified. Two fossil zones can be seen, 2'3" and 7'6" above base. Scattered fossil fragments can be seen between two zones but none above the uppermost zone . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Sandy clay, yellowish-gray (5Y7 /2) and moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), laminated, appears to be slumped at south end of outcrop. Sand, fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Clayey sand, mottled yellowish-gray (5Y7 /2) and moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), fine- to coarse-grained, subrounded, quartzose . . . . . . .

13'10" 02'08"
14'09" 14'01" 01'08" 04'04"

63

~
0

Gravel Sand

~Clay

I~] Fossils

lcl Pod

[!] Glauconite

0 Mica

ffi3 Silt

0

Pyrite

[ ; ] Lignite

----------------'

.fiJ7f!~~~v;;:~:~~1~i

a::
lLJ CD

z
0

::::E
:z::J

~
::::E

0:

0 w

0
lL.

CD

15 160 1

1001

~.....

ct

::I:

6

ct
...J

...J

.c...t.

eo'

so' 3

w w ~

COVERED

a::

0

:' .. . : : ::-':;_ ~.~:-- -:~-~~~;-.. .-~-~.-~<-.-<-: ~~-. - - - ~. ~-
MEMBER OF THE HATCHETIGBEE FORMATION
Figure 42. Geologic section along Ga. Highway 39 at Kolomokee Creek, Clay County, Georgia.
64

40'

2 ct

::::E

0

::I:

ct

201

0en
:::J

1-

0-1----+-~

Mileage
Between points Cumulative
9. Clayey sand, mottled yellowish-gray (5Y7 /2) and moderate-brown (10R4/6) with some light-gray (N7) areas which look like burrows, fine- to mediumgrained, subrounded, quartzose. Scattered pods of medium- to coarse-grained, subrounded, fossiliferous, quartz sand at bottom. Upper 1' is a very fossiliferous, slightly indurated, quartzose sand. All fossils are silicified . . . . .
Tallahatta Formation:
8. Clayey sand, light-brown (5YR5/6) with some dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) areas, fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, slightly micaceous, quartz pebbles scattered throughout, light-gray (N7) areas resemble burrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 . Cl ay, yellowish-gray (5Y7/2) and moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6), laminated
6. Clayey sand, light-brown (5YR5/6) with some dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) areas, fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, slightly micaceous, quartz pebbles scattered throughout with a concentrated zone 5'2" above base, pebbles increase in number. Some indurated, coarse-grained, subangular, fossiliferous, quartz sand pods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Clay, dusky-yellow (5Y6/4), laminated, hackly, iron staining along jointing and bedding. (Elevation at top is 198') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Sand, mottled light olive-gray (5Y6/1) and light-brown (5YR5/6), mediumgrained to pebble sized grains, subangular to rounded, quartzose, fossiliferous (silicified pelecypods and gastropods), some iron staining. Fossils and gravels can be seen at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lower Eocene:
Hatchetigbee Formation: Bashi Marl Member:
3. Silty sand, light olive-gray (5Y6/1) with light-brown (5YR5/6), iron-stained along jointing and bedding, very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose, glauconitic, slightly micaceous with Liesegang rings, hackly fracture and some indurated ledges. Silicified fossils include: Volutilithes petrosus, Meretrix nuttalliopsis, Venericardia sp., gastropods and Vermes .
2. Covered
Paleocene:
Tuscahoma Formation:
1. Silt, dark greenish-gray (5G Y4/1 ), laminated, lignitic. Very fine-grained, subangular, quartzose sand between laminae. Some pyrite nodules and some fracturing. Calcareous septarian siltstone boulders in creek bed . . .
Total

Continue south on Georgia Highway 39.

1.00

49.45

New Bethel Church. Paved road to left.

1.26

50.71

Bethel Church on right.

0.50

51.21

COUNTY ROAD 140, TURN RIGHT.

1.40

52.61

Pleasant Grove Church; dirt road intersection.

1.40

54.01

FORK IN ROAD, BEAR TO RIGHT.

65

03'07"
03'02" 03'06"
44'11" 01'07" 01'03"
12'03" 39'08"
14'02" 175'05"

Mileage Between points Cumulative

1.35

55.36

Factory Creek. Stop 8.

STOP 8. Exposures of Lisbon Formation, Bashi Marl Member of the Hatchetigbee Formation and Tallahatta Formation. This section was measured and described by J.D. Wilson and W. E. Marsalis.

Section: Beginning at Hutchins Landing on south bank of Factory Creek in Early County, Georgia and continuing to the bridge over Factory Creek.

Middle Eocene:
Lisbon Formation:
13. Sand, moderate reddish-brown (10R4/6) with some light-gray (N7) and dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) mottling, fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose, very fossiliferous, some clay. Mottling more apparent in the lower 20 feet of unit. Fossils are silicified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tallahatta Formation:
12. Clayey sand, light-gray (N7) to white (N9), fine- to medium-grained, some granules, subrounded, quartzose, very fossiliferous. Fossils are silicified and occur in upper 3' of unit. Unit becomes more argillaceous upward and is stained dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) near top. Contact with Lisbon Formation is irregular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6), fine- to medium-grained, subangular, quartzose, glauconitic, slightly fossiliferous (casts and molds). Contact with unit 12 is marked by an iron cemented sandstone . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Clayey sand, dark yellowish-orange (10YR6/6) and grayish yellow-green (5GY7 /2), fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose, slightly indurated, highly burrowed. Forms hump in road bed . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Clayey sand, grayish-blue (5PB5/2), fine-grained, subrounded, quartzose, micaceous, slightly fossiliferous (casts and molds), slightly burrowed . . . . . .
8. Covered
7. Clayey silty sand, mottled light-gray (N7), yellowish-gray (5YR8/1) and light greenish-gray (5GY8/1), fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, slightly micaceous, slightly glauconitic, slightly fossiliferous (casts and molds), slightly indurated. Forms first waterfall below the bridge. 2' above waterfall is an 8" thick siltstone which is light olive-gray (5Y6/1), highly carbonaceous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Clayey silty sand, mottled light-gray (N7), yellowish-gray (5YR8/1) and light greenish-gray (5GY8/1), fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, slightly micaceous, slightly glauconitic. Unit is slightly indurated and forms waterfall approximately 9' above unit 5. Fossils (casts and molds) first noted above waterfall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Silty sand, medium bluish-gray (5B5/1), fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose. Contact with unit 6 is gradational . . . . . . .
Lower Eocene:
Hatchetigbee Formation: Bashi Marl Member:
4. Sand, dark greenish-gray (5G4/1) to greenish-gray (5G6/1), medium- to coarsegrained, subangular, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous, glauconitic. Contact with unit 5 is abrupt and sightly irregular
3. Covered . . . . . . . . . . . .

46'06"
06'06" 01'06" 03'01" 03'00" 02'00"
03'00"
17'06" 03'00"
01'10" 21'00"

66

8

Fossils



Cloy

~ [TI

Sand Glauconite

[ Q Burrows

0
B
[2]

Mica Slit Carbonate

a::
LLI

z

Ol 0

~
:z:3

~
~ a::

c
LLI

0 IL..

Ol

120'

~~' -
..
.{~:
. . .=.. . -.
- ~\~:_ :
": . ' .. .
COVERED

roo'
13

eo'
12

so'

~

!;;:

::z::

<(

..J

..J

~

6

40'

COVERED
:l''' MEMBER OF THE HATCHETIGBEE FORMATION
Figure 43. Geologic section on Factory Creek, Early County, Georgia.
67

Mileage Between points Cumulative

2. Coquina, pale yellowish-orange (10YR8/6) to pale reddish-brown (10R5/4), slightly phosphatic. Elevation at contact with unit 1 is 113' . . . . . .
Paleocene:
Tuscahoma Formation:
1. Silty sand, dark-gray (N3) to medium dark-gray (N4), fine- to medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous, phosphatic. Slightly indurated fossil zone occurs approximately 6' below contact with unit 2. Contact with unit 2 is abrupt and irregular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total

00'10"
11'04" 121'01"

1.30

56.66

RETURN TO FORK IN ROAD; TURN RIGHT.

1.42

58.08

Grimsley Mill Branch.

0.20

58.28

Road becomes paved.

1.60

59.88

TURN RIGHT ON DIRT ROAD

1.50

61.38

ROAD FORKS; KEEP TO THE RIGHT.

0.10

61.48

Factory Creek.

2.85

64.33

Friendship Baptist Church on left; continue straight.

0.50

66.43

GEORGIA HIGHWAY 62; TURN RIGHT.

4.60

71.03

HILTON COMMUNITY; TURN RIGHT AT THE INTERSECTION.

0.30

71.33

Church on the right followed by another church 0.1 mile further on.

0.20

71.53

FORK IN THE ROAD; KEEP TO THE LEFT. ABANDONED

SCHOOL ON THE LEFT; PAVEMENT ENDS.

1.00

72.53

Offload the bus and cross Coheelee Creek via covered bridge. Stop 9 .

STOP 9. Exposures of Lisbon Formation. This section was measured and described by J. D. Wilson and M. S. Friddell.

Middle Eocene:

Lisbon Formaton:

4. Clayey sandy silt, greenish-gray (5GY6/1), scattered claystone nodules; some areas appear strongly laminated when weathered, however, laminae difficult to detect when fresh. Top of section forms first waterfall below bridge (Elevation of top of falls 119.5') . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Clayey sandy silt, greenish-gray (5GY6/1), highly fossiliferous, calcareous, scattered claystone nodules occur throughout the section but are more concentrated in the upper 4' of the unit. In the top 4', the unit also appears to be more indurated. Cubitostrea sellaeformis is more abundant in the lower 6' of the section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Sandy clayey limestone to clayey sand, yellowish-gray (5Y8/l), fossiliferous,

calcareous. Sand, medium-grained, subrounded, quartzose. Forms a prominent

resistant ledge . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

68

05'03" 10'00" 00'10"

m Silt
I I Nodule

j--c.-j
0

Fossils Carbonate

~ Limestone

[ZJ Sand

.:..--~.:..~-:-.:..-:-r.-:..:....-:- . ...:_-:- .L-:-..:.-:-..:.~-:-:.._-:..:.-

a::

IJ..I
r::o

z

~ 0

=z >

1<(

fr 0
IJ..I

~
a::

r::o

4
15 1

10 1

z 0emn

3 :J

5'

Figure 44. Geologic section on Coheelee Creek near Hjiton, Early County, Georgia.
69

0+--+--t

Mileage Between points Cumulative
1. Sand, medium light greenish-gray (5GY7/1), fine- to medium-grained, subangular to subrounded, quartzose, fossiliferous, calcareous . . . . . . . . Total

03'00" 19'01"

1.55

74.08

RETURN TO GEORGIA HIGHWAY 62 AT THE HILTON COM-

MUNITY AND TURN RIGHT.

2.50

76.58

City limits of Columbia, Alabama. Change to Alabama Highway 52.

0.80

77.38

TURN RIGHT AT STOP LIGHT ONTO ALABAMA HIGHWAY 95.

16.90

94.28

City limits of Abbeville, Alabama.

0.60

94.88

CAUTION LIGHT; BEAR TO THE RIGHT.

0.53

95.41

TURN RIGHT AT THE STOP LIGHT THEN LEFT AT THE

CAUTION LIGHT.

1.95

97.36

Airport on the left.

2.86

100.22

Church on the right.

1.20

101.42

Abbie Creek.

2.60

104.02

You are now passing through a bauxite mining area. The bauxite

occurs in the Nanafalia Formation.

6.60

110.62

Barbour County Line.

1.90

112.52

JUNCTION WITH U.S. HIGHWAY 431; TURN RIGHT ONTO U.S.

HIGHWAY 431.

1.90

114.42

Alabama Highway 131 to the left.

0.40

114.82

City limits of Eufaula, Alabama.

4.30

119.12

JUNCTION WITH U.S. HIGHWAY 82; TURN RIGHT ONTO U.S.

HIGHWAY 82.

0.50

119.62

Holiday Inn. End of field trip.

..
70

PLATES

Ia

._'.,,

. i, . ' .' ~
11 . . . . <'' i; ; "I' 1
' "-'I,'
~ k '

1f!:,0.'.

I I

. J;'

3

lb

2

I.

, 4 __

, t.,.

i"'JI'

.'-0-~ ~ ..T ..

1

./~

' .

.

.-,:. -.-~. .... . 1

; 5

6a

Bb

7a

7b

Ba

Bb

Sa

Sb

PLATE 1
72

PLATE 1 Figure 1. Exogyra ponderosa Roemer, a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.6X. Figure 2. Exogyra costata Say, exterior of dorsal valve, 0.4X. Figure 3. Exogyra costata Say, exterior of dorsal valve, 0.5X. Figure 4. Exogyra costata Say, exterior of ventral valve, 0.5X. Figure 5. Exogyra cancellata Stephenson, exterior of dorsal valve, 0.5X. Figure 6. Exogyra upatoiensis Stephenson, a. exterior of dorsal valve, l.OX, b. interior of dorsal valve. Figure 7. Ostrea subspatulata Forbes, a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.4X. Figure 8. Paranomia scabra (Morton), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.7X. Figure 9. Anomia argentaria Morton , a. exterior of dol'sal valve, b. intetior of dorsal valve, ~.2X.
73

Ia

lb

2

3

4

5

6

7a

Ba

Bb

9

10

PLATE 2
74

PLATE 2

Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10.

Ostrea cretacea Morton, a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. intepor of dorsal valve, l.OX. Ostrea tecticosta Gabb, exterior of dorsal valve, l.OX. Ostrea tecticosta Gabb, exterior of ventral valve, l.OX. Gryphaea mutabilis Morton, exterior of dorsal valve, 0.3X. Gryphaea mutabilis Morton, exterior of dorsal valve, 0.6X. Anomia tellinoides Morton, exterior of dorsal valve, 1.7X. Alectryonia falcata (Morton), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 1.2. Polinices (Euspira) halli (Gabb), a. back view, b. front view, 0 .9X. Turri tel/a trilira Conrad; fro nt view, l .OX . Hamulus onyx Morton, l.lX.

75

la

lb

2

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

-; .

---- -

I

.......~..... ' ..-

'

'

-'

; .
.'

. ~--

7a

7b

6

PLATE 3

76

PLATE 3 Figure 1. Ostrea crenulimarginata Gabb, a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.8X. Figure 2. Hercoglossa ulrichi (White), internal mold, 0.2X. Figure 3. Ostrea pulaskensis Harris, a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, l.OX. Figure 4. Odontogryphaea thirsae (Gabb), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, l.OX. Figure 5. Odontogryphaea thirsae (Gabb), a. exterior of ventral valve, b. interior of ventral valve, 0.8X. Figure 6. Turritella postmortoni Harris, a. back view, b. front view, 0,9X. Figure 7. Ostrea compressirostra Say, a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.3X. Figure 8. Ostrea compressirostra Say, exterior of ventral valve, 0.5X.
77

5b
PLATE 4
78

PLATE 4 Figure 1. Chlamys greggi Harris, exterior of dorsal valve, l.OX. Figure 2. Turritella praecincta Conrad, a. back view, b. front view, 0.7X. Figure 3. Plejona tuomeyi (Conrad), a. back view, b. front view, l.OX. Figure 4. Volutilithes petrosus Conrad, a. back view, b. front view, l.OX. Figure 5. Meretrix nuttalliopsis (Heilprin), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.8X. Figure 6. Meretrix nuttalliopsis (Heilprin), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b . interior of dorsal valve, 0.8X. Figure 7. Cubitostrea perplicata (Dall), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.8X. Figure 8. Cubitostrea sellaeformis (Conrad), a. exterior of dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, l.OX. Figure 9. Cu bitostrea sellaeformis (Conrad ), a. e t ri.or oi dorsal valve, b. interior of dorsal valve, 0.4X.
79

APPENDIX

Coring run Recovery

0'- 15'

Washed

23'- 26'

3'09"

26'- 28'

3'00"

28'- 30'

1'7"

30'- 42'

3'03"

42'- 51'
51'- 60' 60'- 68' 68'- 70'
70'- 75'

1 '06"
1'06" 3'02" 0'03.5"
2'11"

75'- 84'

6'03.5"

84'-84'06" 0'06"

CHATTAHOOCHEE NUMBER ONE
Description
BLUFFTOWN Sand, pale yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to moderate reddish orange
(10R6/6) to pale purple red (5RP6/2), medium to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty
0-2'- Sand, light brown (5YR5/6), fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, slightly micaceous
2'-3'9"- Silt and very fine grained quartzose sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to light gray (N7) to dusky red (5R3/4), subangular, micaceous
0-10"- Sand, light brown (5YR 5/6), fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, slightly micaceous
10"-2'5.5"- Silty clay to clayey silt, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to light gray (N7), slightly sandy, micaceous
2'5.5"-3'- Sand, grayish orange (10YR7/4), coarse to occasional very coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, slightly micaceous.
0-1 '7"- Sand, grayish orange (10YR 7/4) to dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to very pale orange (10YR8/2), very fine to medium grained, quartzose, subangular, silty
0-10"- Sand, pale yellowish orange (10YR8/6), fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty
10"-2'11"- Silt and very fine grained quartzose sand, dark yellowish orange (5P4/2). Sand is subangular, slightly clayey, micaceous
2'11"-3'3"- Sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6), medium to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty
0-1'6"- Sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6), medium to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty
0-4'11.5"- Sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to very pale orange (10YR8/2) to grayish red purple (5RP4/2), very fine to medium grained, quartzose, subangular, slightly silty. The lower 3'5.5" of this unit contains some coarse grains.
0-11"- Sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to very pale orange (10YR8/2) to grayish red purple (5RP4/2), fine to medium grained (occasional coarse grains), quartzose, subangular, micaceous.
EUTAW 11"-2'11"- Sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to white (N9),
very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous
0-2'9"- Sand, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) to white (N9), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous
2'9"-6'3.5"- Sand, light gray (N7), very fine to fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, very micaceous, lignitic, grading downward into a clay, olive black (5Y2/1), sandy, silty, micaceous, lignitic.
0-6"- Clay, olive black (5Y2/1), sandy, silty, micaceous, lignitic

Coring run 84'6"- 90'

Recovered 9'11,

90'- 96'

9'04"

96'-101'

8'07"

101'-102'

1 '02"

102'-105.5' 9'07" 105.5'-110' 10'00"

110'-115'

9'08"

115'-118' 118'-121'

5'09" 4'02"

Description
0-7'5"- Clay, grayish black (N2), sandy, silty, slightly micaceous, lignitic; this unit grades downward into:
7'5"-9'11"- Sand, light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, lignitic
0-2'4"- Sand, light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, lignitic. This unit overlies:
2'4"-8'11"- Clay, olive black (5Y2/1), silty, micaceous, lignitic (containing plant fragments). This unit is increasingly sandy with depth, grading into:
8'11"-9'4"- Sand, medium dark gray (N4), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, very clayey, silty, very micaceous, lignitic
0-4'05"- Sand, medium gray (N5), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, very micaceous, lignitic. This unit grades downward into:
4'5"-6'- Clay, dark gray (N3), slightly sand. This unit overlies:
6'-8'07"- Sand, moderate greenish gray (5GY7/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular
0-11"- Sand, light gray (N7), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, slightly lignitic; clayey portions of this sand contain casts and molds of mollusks.
11"-1'2"- Clay, olive gray (5Y4/1), fissle, sandy, micaceous, carbonaceous; contains mollusk casts and molds
0-9'7"- Sandy silty clay to clayey silty sand, dark gray (N3), micaceous, contains occasional mollusk casts and molds. This unit becomes increasingly sandy and micaceous downward
0-1'- Clay, olive gray (5Y4/1), very sandy, micaceous, lignitic 1'1"-2'10"- Sand, yellowish light olive gray (5Y7 /1), very fine grained,
quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, lignitic. This unit grades downward into:
2'10"-8'- Sand, medium light olive gray (5Y5/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, clayey, silty, micaceous, carbonaceous. This unit grades into:
8'-10'- Clay, olive black (5Y2/1) to grayish black (N2), silty, slightly sandy, slightly micaceous
0-3'6"- Clay, olive black (5Y2/1) to grayish black (N2), silty, slightly sandy, slightly micaceous
3'06"-4'3"- Silty quartzose sand to sandy silt, greenish gray (5GY6/1); sands are very fine grained, subangular, micaceous, lignitic
4'3"-7'5"- Clay, olive gray (5Y4/1) to olive black (5Y2/1), sandy, silty, micaceous, lignitic, fossiliferous. Contains some casts and molds
7'5"-9'8"- Sand, olive gray (5Y4/1) to light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, micaceous, slightly lignitic
0-5'9"- Sand, olive gray (5Y4/1) to light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, micaceous, slightly lignitic
0-4'2"- Clay, olive black (5Y2/1), fissle, sandy, silty, lignitic

Coring run 121'-129'

Recovered 9'09"

129'-131'

2'02"

131'-142'

2'08"

142'-146'

5'

146'-150' 150'-155'

4'05" 5'04"

155'-158'

2'03.5"

158'-164'

6'08"

164'-165'

10"

165'-174'

8'11"

Description
0-4"- Clay, olive black (5Y2/1), fissle, sandy, silty, lignitic
4"-5'- Clay, same as above except it is less fissle and more sandy, grading downward (beginning at approximately 3'11 ")into a sandy clay to sandy silt, olive gray (5Y4/1) to greenish black (5G2/1) to grayish black (N2), micaceous, lignitic
5'-9'09"- Sand and silt, very light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, clayey, silty, micaceous, lignitic, some questionable borings
0-2'02"- Quartzose, very fine grained sand to silt, very light gray (N8) to light olive gray (5Y6/1), subangular, micaceous, lignitic, calcareous (shell fragments). In the lower 9", this unit is a clayey sandy silt, dark olive gray (5Y3/1), micaceous, lignitic, slightly calcareous
0-9"- Clay, dark olive gray (5Y3/1), fissle, silty, micaceous, slightly calcareous
9"-2'8"- Sand, very light gray (N8), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, slightly silty, micaceous slight lignitic
0-2'9"- Sand, very light gray (N8), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, slightly silty, micaceous, slightly lignitic
2'9"-5'- Sand, light gray (N7) to very light gray (N8), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, slightly micaceous. In the upper 2.5", this unit is fossiliferous, calcareous (calcareous shell fragments)
0-9'9"- Sand, yellowish light olive gray (5Y7 /1) to very light gray (N8), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular to subrounded, micaceous, fossiliferous (original shell material), lignitic (clayey zones contain plant stems and occasional leaves)
0-2'3.5"- Sand, medium olive gray (5Y5/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular to subrounded, silty, micaceous, slightly lignitic, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material). This unit contains occasional very thin layers of clay.
0-5"- Sandstone, medium light gray (N6), fine grained, quartzose, indurated, micaceous, calcareous
5"-2'11"- Sand, light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, lignitic, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material)
2'11"-3'8"- Siltstone, medium gray (N5) to medium light gray (N6), indurated, sandy, clayey, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material)
3'8"-4'11"- Sand, very light gray (N8), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, calcareous, fossiliferous (original s!-"lell material)
4'11"-6'8"- Silt, olive gray (5Y4/1), sandy, clayey, micaceous, lignitic, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material). This unit becomes more sandy toward its base, grading into:
Sand, light gray (N7) to olive gray (5Y4/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material)
0-5'9"- Sand, light gray (N7) to olive gray (5Y4/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, calcareous, fossiliferous (original shell material). Clayey portion occurs from 4'3" to 4'7".

Coring run Recovered

17 4'-180'

5'6"

180'-190'

4'1.5"

190'-195'

2'7"

195'-201' 201'-207'

1 '1" 6'0"

207'-210'

2'10"

210'-225'

1 '06"

225'-235'

4'02"

Description
5'9"-6'10"- Sandstone, medium light gray (N6), very fine grained, quartzose, indurated, micaceous, calcareous, fossiliferous (contains original shell material, especially in the lower 6 "). This unit is separated from the next lower one by a %" thick clay, olive gray (5Y4/1 ), slightly silty, slightly calcareous
6'10"-7'7"- Silt to silty, very fine, quartzose, sand very light gray (N8), micaceous, calcareous, fossiliferous (some original shell material present), iron-stained. This unit grades downward into:
7'7"-8'4"- Sandstone, light gray (N7), fine to very fine grained, quartzose, indurated, quite fossiliferous (casts and molds and original shell material)
8'4"-8'11"- Si lt, dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6), sandy, micaceous, carbonaceous, slightly calcareous, sparsely fossiliferous (original shell material)
0-5'6"- Sand and silt, light gray (N7) to olive black (5Y2/1); sand is very fine grained, quartzose, subangular to angular, silty, micaceous, carbonaceous. Slightly calcareous in upper 9". This unit is slightly fossiliferous throughout (casts and molds). Original shell material occurs in upper 9".
0-4'1.5"- Sand, light gray (N7) to light olive gray (5Y6/1), very fine grained, quartzose, silty, (contains occasional coarse to very coarse grains in lower 1 '), micaceous, lignitic, slightly fossiliferous (casts and molds). Some pyrite is associated with the lignite
0-2'7"- Sand, medium dark gray (N4) to light gray (N7), fine to very coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous, lignitic, pyritiferous, fossiliferous (lignitic plant remains)
0-1 '1"- Sand, light gray (N7), fine to very coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, slightly silty, feldspathic
0-1 '3"- Sand, very light gray (N8), coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, micaceous. This unit overlies:
TUSCALOOSA
1'3"-6'- Clay, light gray (N7), with occasional moderate reddish brown (10R4/6), silty, sandy, slightly micaceous, occasional small crystals of pyrite
0-2'10"- Clay, light gray (N7), in places moderate reddish brown (10R4/6), silty, sandy, slightly micaceous, grading downward into a sand, yellowish gray (5Y8/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous
Sand, yellowish gray (5Y8/1), very fine grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, micaceous. In the lower 0.5", this unit is a sand, light gray (N7), coarse to very coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, feldspathic. Lignitic material is present at the contact of these two units.
0-0.5"- Sand, light gray (N7), coarse to very coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, feldspathic. This unit overlies:
0.5"-4'2"- Clay, very light gray (N8), slightly sandy, slightly silty, micaceous. This unit grades downward into a sand, very light gray (N8), fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, clayey, micaceous, slightly feldspathic

Coring run 235'-236'

Recovered 10"

236'-245'

8'11"

245'-255' 255'-257' 257'-262'

7'04" 2'04" 9'03"

262'-265' 265'-485' 485'-490'

4'02" Washed
4'09"

490'-493'

3'03"

493'-540' 540'-554'

Wash 5'08"

554'-555' 555'-570'

0'04.5" 5'04"

570'-580' 580'-601'

3'00" 3'10"

Description
0-10"- Sand, very light gray (N8), fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, clayey, micaceous, slightly feldspathic
0-7'8"- Sand, very light gray (N8), fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, silty, clayey, micaceous, slightly feldspathic
7'8"-8'11"- Sand, moderate yellowish olive brown (5Y5.5/6), very fine to medium grained, quartzose, angular to subangular, clayey, micaceous. This unit contains some pea size gravel and small pebbles in lower portion.
0-7'4"- Sand, light gray (N7) to grayish red (5R4/2), very fine to medium, quartzose, subangular, clayey, micaceous, feldspathic
0-2'4"- Sand, very light gray (N8), fine to coarse grained (in places, very coarse grained), quartzose, angular to subangular, micaceous, feldspathic
0-2'11"- Sand, very light gray (N8), fine to coarse grained (some very coarse grains), quartzose, angular to subangular, micaceous, feldspathic
2'11"-9'3"- Clay, very light gray (N8) to pale greenish yellow (10Y8/2) to dusky red (5R3/4), slightly sandy
0-4'2"- Clay, very light gray (N8) to pale greenish yellow (10Y8/2) to dusky red (5R3/4), slightly sandy
0-47' - Sand, medium to very coarse grained, quartzose, angular to subangular, slightly micaceous
0-4'9"- Clay, moderate brown (5YR4/4) to greenish gray (5GY6/1) to yellowish gray (5Y7/2), sandy, silty. This unit contains some silty, very fine, quartzose, slightly feldspathic, sand sub-units
0-3'3"- Clay, moderate brown (5YR4/4) to greenish gray (5GY6/1) to yellowish gray (5Y7 /2), sandy, silty. This unit contains some sandy, very fine grained, quartzose, silty, slightly feldspathic sub-units
0-47' - Sand, very fine to very coarse grained, quartzose, angular to subangular, slightly micaceous
0-4'0"- Sand, light gray (N7), very fine to coarse grained, quartzose, subangular, micaceous, feldspathic. This unit grades downward into:
4'0"-5'8"- Clay, mottled, light gray (N7) to moderate brown (5YR4/4) to light red (5R6/6), slight sandy
0-4.5"- Clay, mottled, light gray (N7) to moderate brown (5YR4/4) to light red (5R6/6 ), slightly sandy.
0-2'3"- Clay, mottled, light gray (N7) to moderate brown (5YR4/4) to light red (5R6/6), slightly sandy
2'3"-5'4"- Silt, yellowish gray (5Y8/1), clayey, micaceous. This subunit grades downward into a sand, very fine grained, quartzose, micaceous
0-3'- Clay, mottled, light gray (N7) to dusky yellow (5Y6/4) to moderate red (5R5/4), silty
0-2'10"- Clay, light gray (N7), silty, micaceous. This unit grades downward into a sand, light gray (N7) with moderate yellowish orange (10YR7 /6) staining, very fine grained, quartzose. This unit is in abrupt contact with:

Coring run Recovered

601'-612'

5'02"

612'-625' 625'-635' 635'-640'

4'11, 9'5' 3'11"

Description
2'10"-3'10"- Silty clay to silt, medium dark gray (N4), micaceous, lignitic, fossiliferous (lignitic plant remains)
0-4'5"- Silty clay to silt, medium dark gray (N4), micaceous, lignitic, fossiliferous (lignitic plant remains). The lower 2'3" contains thin (0.25" or less) layers of sand, fine to very fine grained, quartzose
PIEDMONT 4'5"-5'2"- Weathered gneiss
0-4 '11 '' - Weathered gneiss
0-9'5"- Weathered gneiss
0-2'3"- Weathered gneiss 2'3"-3'11"- Unweathered gneiss