Ossabaw Island comprehensive management plan

I



.

,.'',:

Gk

~ N2.oo.G2.

Ml
esZoe I

OSSABAW

ISLAND

Comprehensive Management
Plan

,. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
HISTORY OF PLAN DEVELOPMENT .......................................... iii
PLAN FORMAT ............................................................. iv
INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ................................................. 4
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES .............................. 12 Cultural History and Resource Types ....................................... 12 Management Issues and Recommendations .................................. 17
ECOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY ......................................... 27 Wetlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 27 Beach and Dune Communities ........................... ~ ................. 29 Upland Forest Communities .............................................. 31 Exotics Species ........................................................ 32
MANAGEMENT .... .' ........................................................ 38 People .............. : ............................. .................... 38 Access ......................................................... 38 Communication .................................................. 40 Cooperative Agreements ........................................... 41 Safety ........................................................... 43 Natural Resources ...................................................... 45 Habitat Management .............................................. 46 Game Species .................................................... 48 Non-game and Protected Species ..................................... 50 Infrastructure .......................................................... 52 Power and Fuel Storage ............................................ 52 Law Enforcement ................................................. 54 Roads and Docks ................................................. 54 Structures and Facilities ............................................ 56 Waste Management ............................................... 57 Cultural Resources ...................................................... 58
LITERATURE CITED ........................................................ 59
APPENDICES ............................................................... 63

AAM A/HR BP CMP DNR E/NH EPD GM HPD O.C.G.A. PRHSD NG/NH P.O.S.T. R/E SAA SCR TOIF UGA WLE WRD

'LIST OF ACRONYMS.

American Association of Museums.

Archaeological and Historical Resources

Before Present

Comprehensive Management Plan

Department of Natural Resources

Ecology and Natural History

Environmental Protection Division .

Game Management Section

Historic Preservation Division

' .

. '

~ f

Official Code of Georgia Annotated

.Parks, Recreation and Historic Sites Division

Non-game Wildlife and Natural Heritage Section ';

Peace Officers. Safety Training .. _.

Research and Education

Society of American Archivists

Submerged Cultural Resources The Ossabaw Isl<;md Foundation

. 1.

I '

University of Georgia, Athens

West Life Estate

Wildlife Resources Division

. '
...,.. ~
11

HISTORY OF PLAN DEVELOPMENT
In order to do the best job possible in managing Ossabaw Island, the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Wildlife Resources Division (WRD), developed this comprehensive management plan for the island. Such a plan is needed to provide clear direction to Department personnel and our partners in the management and protection of Ossabaw.
The organization for the planning process followed a successful model used by the DNR in developing the Sapelo Island Comprehensive Management Plan. A steering committee was empaneled to guide the planning process, develop a vision statement, approve a time line, identify subcommittees and plan chapters, and select members for the various subcommittees. It was the task of the subcommittees to look at available scientific information; consider public comments in their area ofresponsibility, and write a subcommittee report that would serve as a chapter to the comprehensive management plan.
The time line was as follows:

September, 1998

Development of a rough draft outline for the Ossabaw Island CMP with the consideration of eight chapters

October

WLE and TOIF comments on outline received

December

First Steering committee meeting; Outline reduced to four chapters; Subcommittee membership identified

March, 1999

Ossabaw stakeholders survey mailed; Comments received continuously and summaries provided to Steering committee and subcommittee members

May6

Public meeting (Savannah)

June 1

Steering committee meeting

June 2

Combined meeting of all subcommittees

July 22

Public Meeting (Athens)

July 29

Public Meeting (Savannah)

October 1

Subcommittee recommendations due to Steering Committee

Late October

Chairpersons present subcommittees' reports to the Steering committee

November 1

Steering committee comments to subcommittee chairs

1l1

November 30
" ' ;January 13, 2.090..
.... ~" : .
February 18
February 78 .
March 13
t 1'"'
March30
April18
April27
Late May-July
June 30
August

Subcommittee chairs ~o submit revised reports '" Fjr~t draft of CMP sent to Steering committee members

Steering committee meetfog; Review of CMP draft

. .

:

" '
'.
.., Prop?.sed plan available for public review

'

'

.

Public meeting on proposed Ossabaw_CMP (Savannah)

Public meeting on proposed Ossabaw CMP (Athens)

Plan revisions based on public comment
. I
Steering committee. review ofrevised CMP draft

Final Ossabaw CMP

PLAN FORMAT
Five subcommittees were established by the Steering Committee for developing this plan (Appendix A). Subcommittees were derived from the major issues defined in the Executive Order: Legal Overview, Archaeological and Historical Resources (A/HR), Research and Education (R/E), Ecology and Natural History (E/NH), and Management . Four of these (A/HR, R/E, E/NH, and Management) developed the four major chapters of this plan. The Legal Overview subcommittee reviewed the plan to ensure it complies with the Executive Order..
' Chapters include general background information, subcommittee recommendatiQns to DNR, subcommittee comments, and actions. All subcommittee recommendations were given consideration by DNR. However, due to various reasons including logistics, practiq1lity, expense, and objectives, all subcommittee recommendations were not included in future actions. The list of action items are the actual on-the-ground activities resulting from the CMP. Recommendations not included in actions are not under further consideration for implementation without additional review through the planning prqcess.
There was some duplication of recommendations between subcommittees. To reduce redundancy and improve brevity, duplication was resolved by placing recommendations and supporting information in the appropriate chapter and noti.ng joint support. The executive order and summary of pu_blic comments (Appendix E & F) provided each subcommittee with the baseline information needed to develop their respective recommendations.

lV

' '
INTRODUCTION
Ossabaw Island is the third largest of Georgia's barrier islands and lies completely within Chatham County. It is approximately 10 miles long by 8 miles wide encompassing 16,060 acres of tidally influenced marsh and 8,996 acres of high ground. Ossabaw is a relatively young island geologically. The west side of the island (west of Bradley River and Jekyll Creek) was formed during the Pleistocene era some 30,000-40,000 years before present (BP) and the east side of the island (east of Bradley River and Jekyll Creek) was formed during the Holocene era some 4,0005,000 years BP.
The soils deposited during these geologic periodsformed the basisforOssabaw'sflora and fauna. These soils are porous, subject to severe leaching, acidic, and generally infertile. The higher elevations are excessively drained and the lower elevations poorly drained. Additional factors such as extremes in salinity, geochemical processes, climate, and many others dictate the survival and succession of Ossabaw's diverse flora and fauna.
Despite Ossabaw's wild appearance, it has not remained undisturbed. Mankind has exerted ecological and cultural influences on this barrier ecosystem for at least 4,000 years. Anthropogenic influences on Ossabaw include hunting and gathering, timber harvesting, intensive agriculture, animal husbandry, and the introduction of exotic species. The combination of all these forces has molded Ossabaw into the complexity of habitat types which currently support a diverse array of plants and animals.
Ossabaw Island has passed through numerous private ownerships during the 181\ 191\ and 20th centuries before being sold to the State of Georgia. On 10 May 1978, through a gift/sale agreement from the Torrey family and the efforts of Eleanor "Sandy" Torrey West, the State of Georgia purchased the island, with the financial assistance of Mr. Robert W. Woodruff. Additionally at the time of the sale, it was understood by consensus of the State of Georgia, The Nature Conservancy, who assisted with the land acquisition transaction, and the Torrey/West family that Ossabaw Island would be used for specific public purposes and not be used, developed, or programmed for purposes other than those specifically dedicated. On 15 June 1978, following a recommendation by the Board ofNatural Resources and as a condition of the sale, Governor George Busbee declared Ossabaw Island as Georgia's first Heritage Preserve through an executive order which in part reads:
"That Ossabaw Island be dedicated as a Heritage Preserve to protect, conserve, and preserve the natural and cultural resources ofthis Island for the benefit of present andfuture generations, and that Ossabaw Island shall only be used for natural, scientific, and cultural study, research and education, and environmentally sound preservation, conservation, and management ofthe Island's ecosystem, under conditions carefully monitored and controlled by the Department ofNatural Resources; that construction ofa bridge or causeway to provide access from the mainland or any other coastal island would be inconsistent with the uses for which Ossabaw Island is dedicated; and that construction ofan airport would be inconsistent with this dedication, except that a grassed, unlighted landing strip may be used for official and emergency purposes in connection with the management ofOssabaw Island. "

It is this executive order whi.ch provides a basis for determining appropriate and

inappropriate activities on Ossabaw Island.

.

, .

.

Currently, .three entities cooperatively 9perate to manage ossabaw Island: The Georgia

Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Resources Division (WRD), The Ossabaw Island;.

Foundation (TOIF), and the West Life Estate (WLE). Pur,suant to. O.C.G.A. 12-3-32 the DNR

has contracted with TOIF to provide the specific services described below. These agreements are

petj.odically reviewed by DI-qR. WRD has responsibility for management.and edu~ational use of

the natural, cultural, historic and archaeological resources on publicly owned lands qf Ossabaw.

TOIF's responsibility is providing the current method of.public.access for.educational purposes:

WI:,E is administered by Eleanor Torrey West. DNR and UGA (University of Georgia, Athens)

are

also

in

the

process

of establishing . '

a

formal

relationship

to

facilitate '

re.se~ar.ch

on

Ossaba~ .

.

.

, .

Departm~nt o(Natural R~sources-- The executive orper places the responsibility of managi~g
Ossabaw Island under the DNR. Land managem~nt responsibility for properties manage~ by the

DNR falls wjthin the realm of two divisions: Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Division

(PRHSD) and the WRD.

. ..

.

P~SD is responsible for managing small 'tcreage areas .?evoted to high impact ..

recreation with focu~ on high volume visitation (e.g., lodges, golfcourses, parks).' Based on the

intended use of Ossabaw, PRHSD is not deemed to be the appropriate managing division.

. WRD is responsible for managing the bulk of state owned lands for wildlif~ diversity, endanger~d, threatened, or rare species, and hunting and fishing. Most of these lands are

categorized' as Wildlife Management Areas. The bulk of land management responsibilities

within this division lies with the Game Management section (GM). The GM section possesses

the funding and infrastructure to employ personnel with expertise in on-the-ground management

techniques necessary for scientifically based natural resource management. Personnel within the

GM section cooperatively work with associates in the Non-game Wildlife and Natural Heritag~

section (NG/NH), Fisheries Management section, and other DNR divisions to ensure' management practices are sound and comply with all federal a~d state reguiations. The.Island Biologist is ~esponsible for coordinating and executin.g management activiti~s on the i~land. A.

single source ofresponsibility combined with this cooperative approach to management ensures

the diverse needs of Ossabaw are addressed.



The Oss~baw Island Foundation-- The Ossabaw Isl~nd Fou.nd~tion (TOIF),is a public. SOl (c)3

not-for-profit charity established in 1994. TOIF' s mission. is to encourage educational, scientific,

and cultural use of Ossabaw Island and to conserve its unique resources, in partnership with the

State of Georgia, for the benefit of present and future generations. TOIF' s operating budget is

funded solely through donations, grants, and prograin fees. Under the current agreement ("Use

Agreement") with DNR, TOIF is responsible for facilitating public use and education on

Ossabaw and also works with DNR to encourage and facilitate research in a' variety of

disciplines. TOIF also maintains a separate Use.Agreemen't with Eleanor Torrey West which enables TOIF to offer interpretative tours of the.main ho~se and life estate"and other app.ropriate

programmmg.

.

TOIF should not be confused with The Ossabaw Foundation (TOF), its predecessor.

TOIF is a public charity governed by an independent board of trustees and.bylaws. TOF was a

2

private foundation administered and largely funded by Eleanor Torrey West to support interdisciplinary education and research programs. While TOF served as the inspiration for the present day TOIF, it no longer exists and the control mechanisms are entirely different.
In 1999, The Ossabaw Island Foundation hosted 800 guests representing a broad spectrum of interests ranging from ecology and barrier island dynamics to historic preservation and the arts. Groups typically include students, educators and interested individuals from organizations. Educational programming is tailored to the interests of the group but is designed . . to encourage participants to recognize and develop the importance of strong natural resource conservation ethics through teaching, discussions and field studies in primitive conditions.
At the present time, due to staffing and infrastructure limitations, visitation is mostly limited to camping and day trips. Restoration of historic structures on the North End of the island is a priority of the foundation and is currently underway. Restoration is a mutual goal of TOIF and DNR as spelled out in the Use Agreement between the parties. Before the end of . 2000, short-term housing will be available through these restoration efforts which will enhance educational programming and research opportunities. West Life Estate-- Eleanor Torrey West was willed a life estate in the main house and its associated 24 acres by her mother Nell Ford Torrey in 1959. This area is commonly referred to as the Main House grounds. Mrs. West controls the use of WLE and DNR maintains roads and provides for essential services. This is the only area of Ossabaw Island under private control. DNR, TOIF and WLE cooperate to the extent necessary to coordinate activities on the island.
The life estate will fully revert to the State of Georgia upon the death of Mrs. West as provided for in the sale and will be managed by DNR, or its agents, as provided for in the Use Agreement between DNR and TOIF. University ofGeorgia: DNR and UGA are establishing a formal relationship to facilitate environmental research on Ossabaw Island.
3

RESEARCH AND 'EDUCATION . :

Researclfand ~ducaiion are important and appr~priate functioh~ pf the Ossabaw I~land

Heritage Preserve. Education and research were defined, for the purp6ses of this pian, to 'better refine the ~cope of our recommendations.. Research is an endeavor to better understand natural

phe:Q,omea by the scientific process of posing hypotheses, gathering data, testing them and drawing conclusions. Research also .includes i~vestigations ofhistdncal records (buried and

written) in an effort to describe cultural ass9ciations and influences of the past Education is a '

structured experience with specific qbjectives for learning and assessment of instructional .
a objectives shaped bY. c'uiriculum based on the 'context 1n whichthelea.rrlingtak.es place;;the'

content of the knowledge on which the 'learning is based, the teacher, ancltheJeamer.

.

Examples of research aetivities on th~ island include jrivestigations into tooth wear and

survival of vasectomized, rehabilitated deer'fawns released on the island; investigations into the

importance of and competition for oak and palmetto mast in the diets of the island's deer and'' '.

feral hogs; island history; invasive plants; archaeological investigations; behavioral and

molecular genetic studies of the feral Sicilian donkeys; and investigations into kidney

adaptations of the feral hogs to high-levelS of.dietary salt i,ntake. Other studies include annual

monitoring of sea turtle nesting success, monitoring of neotropical migratory landbirds using

point count 's'urVey techiiiques, and monitoring of various pathogens in wildlife populations by

the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study. J;lesearch programs should be especially;

although not exclusively, encouraged in areas which foster the conservation, preservation, and

effective management of the island's cultural and natural resources,' These areas include the natur~l s'c::iences: :arts', humaniti~s, and cultural vocations. Research endeavors are divided

between scientific activities including hypothesis testing, and sur\reyirig and monitoring the

island's natural resources; and cultural opportunities in the diverse arts, archaeology, history, and

architecture. :

. ' .



.'

r

~

.

.

Historically, the island also served as a venue for research in the humanities, arts a:nd

cultures. Both the WRD and TOIF conduct educational. programs. Opportunities range from day

excursions for students to extensive field trips for colleges, teachers and other organizations. In

1998 there were 575 visitors to Ossabaw for educational purposes through TOIF. The number

recorded by TOIF for 1999 was 800.

All academic disciplines (cultural and scientific) provide valid areas for research and

education opportunities which should encompass Ossabaw's unique ecology, and natural and

cultural history. These same aspects offer vast opportunities for artistic and creative inspiration.

Research projects unique to Ossabaw will also serve as useful educational tools.

Research

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



WRD should establish a Scientific Advisory Committee to review and approve scientific

research activities on the island.



WRD should establish a Cultural Advisory Committee to review and approve cultural

research activities on the island.

4

.. \ .' '



All research activities on Ossabaw Island should be self-supporting through research

grants from state, federal, and/or private funding sources.



Participants in research activities on Ossabaw Island should contribute information to the

overall Ossabaw Island knowledge bank or research/education bibliography.



A research policy should be developed incorporating animal welfare protocols, liability

waivers, insurance requirements.and information sharing.



Collection of data during managed hunts and control .activities .should be, when possible,

integrated with research activities.



WRD should consider the possibility of establishing a Research Coordinator position.



All research activities should have all required state and federal permits before project

approval.



WRD should consider the potential of coordinating research activities through a unit(s) of

the University System of Georgia.



WRD should compile a research archive specific to research, surveys, unique areas and

associated publications specific to or including Ossabaw island. An attempt should be

made to solicit, compile and store as complete as possible a .set of research and survey

records, including bibliographies, abstracts and proposals which will serve to preserve

information concerning previous activities and findings while providing ready access for

managers and future researchers.

Comments: The review process should ensure that projects being proposed are compatible with on-
going and future uses of the island resources and infrastructure, and are within the scope of the Executive Order. Consideration should be given to a time limit on research projects with criteria for continuation on a periodic basis. All waste products and research. materials must be removed after a specified time period unless prior arrangements have been made with WRD.
The advisory committees should include DNR and TOIF representatives, a lay person, and other relevant experts. The committees should be kept small, possibly 5 to 7 members, to ensure efficiency. These committee members should serve on a rotational basis, such as 3-year terms. The committees can, as they see fit, request ad hoc members for assistance in the review of proposals (e.g., ifthere is an area of expertise not adequately covered by the committee membership). Finally, the State Archaeologist should be included on this committee or in the research review process according to O.C.G.A. 12-3-52.
At the present level of research activity on Ossabaw Island there is no need to provide a Research Coordinator. However, future increases in research activity may require this position. The position could be partially funded through research overhead and/or private grants. DNR and TOIF could fund this position on a 50/50 basis.

5

Actions: - 1
'.

-Developnien~ and maintenance of an Ossabaw Research/Education Bibliography will be coordinated by WRD's Island Biologist.

WRD and TOIF will cooperatively.develop a request for proposals (RFP) process for evaluating and encouraging research and cultural study on Ossabaw. . '
All researchers will be required to submit a final report as part of the approval ,process. Deadlines for reports must be indicated in the RFP. Published papers and agency research reports will serve this purpose;

WRD will cooperate with the Un1versity of Georgia to establish a research project to assess the impact of visitation on natural resources and the quality of educational programs.



WRD and TOIF will encourage research cooperatives with other colleges,

universities, and organizations through the RFP process.

WRD and TOIF will establish a proposal review process to include input from

outside experts. -

,.

WRD is the final authority for approving research projects proposed on Ossabaw Island. However, TOIF will accept proposals to forward to DNRand will have input into project approval.

Education

. Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



The curricula for all educational experiences on Ossabaw Island should be structured 'to

the needs of th_e learners, and be designed-by or in collaboration with teacners who

understand their learning needs., Curricula can include a wide: range of diverse activities,

including but not limited to, sup'ervised exploration time and self-directed learning

activities. . I 1.,
,



The structure for educational experiences on Ossabaw Island should include preparation

that precedes visits to the island. Educational preparation should include safety concerns

as well as the introduction of educational objectives.

-



The structure of educational experiences on Ossabaw Island should include post-tr,ip

activities with an assessment of instructional objectives. The assessment can be

qualitative, quantitative, or both.

6



An application and pre-trip information package for educational experiences should be

developed into a standard form.



Applications should be reviewed at least quarterly.



A brochure should be developed to educate citizens about Ossabaw Island, its designation

as a heritage preserve and the need for controlled access. This should include a brief

history, maps and information about appropriate uses of the island.



WRD should annually assess educational activities on Ossabaw to determine its

ecological impact.



WRD should consider the potential of coordinating educational activities through a

unit(s) of the University System of Georgia.



WRD should establish an Educational Advisory committee to review and approve

educational activities on the island.



WRD should establis:1 an Educational Coordinator position for Ossabaw Island.



The fragile ecology and wilderness-like quality of Ossabaw Island should be protected by

limiting the educational experiences to those which include the uniqueness of Ossabaw

Island and are not available on other islands.



DNR should allow only controlled public access to Ossabaw Island. Implement a

procedure for filtering and approving access requests consistent with the stated and

intended purposes of the Executive Order. This recommendation was also supported by

the Management and E/NH subcommittee.



The Management subcommittee recommended WRD should increase day use and

overnight opportunities for controlled public access. Increase opportunities for controlled

public access by offering educational programs covering a variety of topics for

participating groups by availing the Hunt Camp and other existing infrastructure

resources. Topics of interest may include bird watching, seining, island ecology, etc.

This recommendation also received support from the E/NH and R/E subcommittees.



WRD should provide additional opportunities for public use and education, possibly on

hammocks associated with but not part of greater Ossabaw Island. Limited opportunities

should be thoughtfully evaluated and focus on education, especially the need for limited

access on the restricted portions of Ossabaw Island. Associated activities may include

day or overnight use as appropriate for a specific area and associated resource concerns.

In addition, the E/NH subcommittee recommends a hammock by hammock vertebrate,

floristic, and archaeologic surveys be completed before consideration is given to allowing

any public access to hammock environments. This recommendation also received

7

support from the Management subcommittee. Comments
An orientation must be presented to eachgroup visiting Ossabaw Island. This orientation should include all safety issues and island regulations. A pre-trip information package should include: rules and regulations, an island map, transportation information, safety issues and lists of what and what not to bring.
The development of an application form s4ould.be the responsibility of the Education Advisory Committee. The Education Advisory.Committee can, as they see fit, requestAdHoc members for assistance in review of proposals. For example; if there. is an area of expertise not adequately covered by the committee membership.
The knowledge bank or research/education bibliography might include listings of books about Ossabaw Island and similar ecosystems; lesson plans that are used as part of educational experiences on or about Ossabaw Island, and scientific research conducted on the island. Making this information available on the Web should be explored.
.''
. '
. '
8

Actions:



WRD and TOIF will continue to cooperate long-term to enhance opportunities

for educational and cultural programs. WRD and TOIF will consider a full

range of disciplines and education'al activities. On-going evaluation of

programs and activities will be the joint responsibility of WRD and TOIF.



DNR will seek funding to hire an Interpretive Specialist (Education

Coordinator), Interpretive Ranger, and a Wildlife Technician II (P.O.S.T.

certified) to implement educational programs (as follows) and to coordinate

these events with TOIF.

WRD will implement a telephone registration process for day-use opportunities during 15 weekends (a total of.30 days) throughout the year. Opportunities initially will be limited to a daily quota of 50 individuals for a yearly maximum of 1,500 participants. An educational brochure, which serves as an access ticket to the island, will be dated and mailed to registered participants. Participants will have the opportunity to either sign up for a guided educational tour or participate in a self-guided educational tour outlined in the brochure. Upon leaving the island, participants must complete and return a tour assessment included in the educational brochure.

9



WRD will provide five (5) overnight, supervis~d educational weekends

on Ossabaw for individuals, families, and sniall groups (:S '5 individuals).

Each weekend opportunity will be limi.ted to a quota of 100 and offer

guided..

educational

programs

on

a

variety ...

of

subjects. .


(.



WRD will develop a computerized registration system for scheduling

times and facilities (i.e North End, South End Hunt Camp, Middle

Place, ~nd Short~r Shelter) for educational events on Ossabaw.

WRD will process applications for organized groups (Boy Scouts, Girl

Scouts, college organizations, conservation organizations, etc.)

submitted to WRD. TOIF will process applications submitted directly

to TOlF and schedule these 'events through the computerized

registration system. Applications will only be approved when they meet

the mission of the Executive Order.



The following .are stipulations of the educational programs:



A charge of $5 per person per day wiil apply and may be

adjusted as necessary.



Participants ~ill be required to furnish their own transportation

' to the island.





Visitation may be modifiedi as needed to satisfy environmental

and/or logistical concerns.



WRD and TOIF will encourage a broad educational constituency to use the

various opportunities on Ossabaw.



Until such funding and positions are obtained, WRD and TOIF will continue to

coordinate environmental, archaeological, and educational events.



WRD and TOIF will jointly develop a brochure to educate visitors about

Ossabaw's designation as a Heritage Preserve, its history, and the need to

control access.

10



WRD will provide all visiti~g groups with an orientation to island rules and

safety concerns.

WRD will maintain a register of individuals, groups, and other visitors.



ATV's, bicycles, motorcycles, etc. will not be allowed except as approved by

WRD. These will be approved only when necessary to meet the missions of

management, education, or research.



All programs will enlist the assistance of outside experts when needed.

11

ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES.

This chapter includes a brief overview of Ossabaw's cultural history summarized directly

from the Ossabaw. I.sland National Register Historic District nomination, management issues

identified by the subcommittee from public input, and recommendations for addressing these '

issues. Management and protection of the State's archaeol9gical and historic structures are

goveme.d by numerous sta~e laws (Appendix B).

-

Cultural History and Resource Types
The biologically rich salt marshes surrounding Ossabaw,.in addition to the flora and fauna of the island itself, 'provided abundant and ea.Sily exploited food resources to prehistoric and historic populations. The preservation and proper study of these properties are dependent upon their careful and effective management. Considerations for the management of these resources should focus on two overarching goals: protection and preservation; and appropriate study.
Archaeological research on the island extends back over 100 years. As early as 1871, D. Brown submitted a short report about a shell heap to the Smithsonian Institution. C. B. Moore (1896) spent five months excavating a number of Indian sites on the island. Chester DePratter (1974) described more than 150 sites, ranging in time from 4,000 years BP to European occupation. References for these and other studies may be found in the National Register Historic District Nomination (National Park Service 1996). Ossabaw is probably one of the most thoroughly surveyed islands on the Georgia coast; however, full survey coverage of the island has not been achieved and undiscovered archaeological sites, many containing burials, certainly exist.
Ossabaw Island preserves traces of most of the people who have lived there for 4,000 years. To date, researchers on Ossabaw have recorded over 230 archaeological sites. The vast majority of known sites are prehistoric in age and marked by shell middens containing pottery and other cultural materials as well. Additionally, there are over a dozen known burial mounds on the island which demand specific and sensitive management consideration. Most archaeological research on the island has been directed at prehistoric settlement systems and subsistence patterns.
When Ossabaw's archaeological potential is considered in the context of coastal Georgia, its sites increase in value. urban development on other islands and the mainland damages or destroys sites daily due to the demands of population growth. Each lost site increases the significance of Ossabaw's resources. They contain evidence not only of processes and patterns of past human behavior, but of the consequences of changing natural and cultural environments for the island's inhabitants.
Data relating to the coastal environment--sea level change, island development, salinity fluctuations, shellfish availability, floral and faun.al changes--hold tremendous potential to answer questions about our prehistoric past. This information also offers a rich database to monitor environmental change over time. Additionally, Ossabaw's unexamined and undisturbed sites could be used as benchmarks for comparison with better studied sites on other coastal islands including Sapelo, St. Catherines, and Cumberland.
Ossabaw's known archaeological sites fall within the following cultural history periods:

12

_.1 '. .
Late Archaic (4400-3000BP); Woodland (3000-1500BP); Mississippi (1500-450 BP); and Historic (450-lOOBP). Some authors further define a Contact Period at the end of the Mississippian and/or a Proto-Historic Period at the very beginning of the European invasion. These terms have been discarded for the purposes of brevity in this report; however, it should be recognized that Indian societies were affected (by diseases and traded goods) long before most of their members ever saw a Spanish explorer.
Archaic Period-- Few sites are known from this period in Georgia. However, sites representing this period are well represented on Ossabaw and are, therefore particularly valuable. Late Archaic sites often yieldSt. Simons Phase fiber tempered pottery and.shellfish debris.in.the forms of circular, linear or amorphous midden heaps and surface scatters. Food came from the marshes and tidal creeks. Whelk shell was a common tool, showing signs of sharpening or battering on the tapered end and, usually, a hole in the outer whorl. Bone pins are found at these sites and may have been used to make nets. Food refuse from investigated areas contained large amounts of fish bones so small they would have been caught most easily in nets (DePratter 1976).
A shell ring site on Sapelo gave a radio-carbon date of 2170 B.C. At other shell ring sites in the region, findings showed a progression from almost total reliance on shellfish to an increased use of mamm.als and reptiles. Two of Ossabaw's Archaic sites may be shell rings or variations of rings which could be expected to provide more information about their use and cultural value if further examined. At about 1000 B.C. the Archaic lifeway "as defined by subsistence strategy, site configuration, and location and material culture" ended (Marrinan 1975).
Woodland Period-- The earliest phase (Deptford) is marked by changes in pottery types and little else. Most of these sites in Georgia were excavated before 1940 when the major archaeological issue was establishing a chronology for the state. Even now there is uncertainty as to whether a particular site rep.resents a cultural phase or a variation on an accepted theme. One exception to this generalization is from Cumberland Island where a Deptford phase house and portions of a shell and dirt ri.ng yielded a carbon 14 date of 55 +/- 95 A.D. The archaeologist suggested coastal Deptford sites were located in live oak forests adjacent to salt marsh and close to a lagoon, both on barrier islands and on the mainland. Inland Deptford sites were located in river valleys and not on high ground. Estimates of Deptford village sizes are five to ten houses for early settlements and 15 to 25 for later ones, located 8 to 10 miles apart (Milanich 1971 ).
Mississiooi Period-- Most of Ossabaw's sites producing temporally-diagnostic artifacts fall within this Period, the last of the aboriginal cultural periods before European contact. In some areas of the southeast this period is equated with the growing of maize, squash, and beans. Sites of this period have received the attention of researchers because they frequently are accompanied by mounds. C. B. Moore spent five months on the Georgia coast exploring burial mounds including nine mounds on Ossabaw (1897). One mound at Middle Place contained only females and infants. He noted differences in urn burials and cultural material within the mounds as well as differences between sites and regions of the Southeast.
Subsistence on native food sources continued. In fall, collection of acorns, hickory nuts,
13

persimmons, and grapes was intensive. In the spring, berries and green plants would have been available. At the Pine Harbor site in Mcintosh Co., Larson (1980) noted most of the Guale's winter protein was derived from oysters, but he felt plants were equally as important on a year round basis. In other areas plants were less important than ailimal food. This variation in community life makes the potential datafrom Ossabaw important.
While settlement and subsistence patterns on the coast are only partially .understood, a study on Ossabaw of settlement patterns indicates at least two of the large sites could have been occupied during an entire year (Pearson 1977). Studies of.food remains.from a single small site dating between 700 and 450 BP yielded about a bushel of.oyster shells, claw fragments from several crabs, bones of a marsh terrapin, a raccoon, and a young deer.. Since the food .r.emains" were intermixed and closely associated in such a small midden, they were all apparently the remains of a single meal or at least of several meals within a short period of time. How~ver, no ash or wood charcoal were present in the midden so the fire used in the preparation of the foods . must have been elsewhere (DePratter.1974).
Historic Period-- The Spanish maintained missions and outposts along the Georgia coast from 1521 through the late seventeenth century~ At least intermittently, they were on Ossabaw Island, although according to the most recent scholarship (Worth 1995), no permanent Spanish g.arrisons or missions were established on this island. Spanish colonial records are incomplete and confusing, as are contemporary English and French accounts. However, Europeans affected the Indians through changes in many aspects of their lives. For example, mission culture also l.ed to . increasing creolization ofthe.Guale, Timucua, and Apalachee (Larson 1973).
However, one of the most profound changes was in agriculture. New cultivars were. ... introduced including onions, peppers, garlic, limes, peaches, figs, and oranges (Larson 1973). Guale agricultural practices were capable of producing an amount sufficient to supply not only the needs of the Indian towns but also to contribute to the subsistence of the presidio in St. Augustine. Through these changes in agriculture and the increasing dependency on agriculture, Indian settlement patterns exhibit an increasing tendency toward sedentism (Larson 1973). In fact, the Guale relied so heavily upon agriculture the Spanish civil authorities were able to bring an end to the Guale revolt of 1597 by simply burning cornfields. But, .the exact nature of the : , effect of the Spanish on the.Native American culture on Ossabaw Island is unclear.
The Spanish retreat to St. Augustine ,in 1684 was followed nearly 50 years later ,by)ames. Oglethorpe's conquest of coastal Georgia. Through much of the first half of the eighteenth century, Ossabaw Island's title was in dispute between Mary Musgrove and._her third husband,. the Reverend Thomas Bosomworth, on the one hand, and the crown on the other, until 1759, when the Bosomworths settled for title to St. Catherines Island (Candler 1906). Through much of the latter eighteenth century Ossabaw supported plantations, live oaking, and ship~building industries. By the early nineteenth century, the island was divided into several large plantations.
Although Ossabaw's plantation sites have not been archaeologi~ally investigated, work on St. Simons Island provides some sense of how richthey might be. Studies of Cannon's Point. Plantation indicate archaeological information on living conditions obtained from a single sea island cotton plantation may not be applicable to all southern plantations. The coastal long staple cotton planters adapted their operations to a cash crop whose seasonal and daily routine differed from short staple cotton, grown elsewhere in the south. The Cannon's Point data indicates significant variations will emerge replacing the generalized idea of plantation life in the .Old
14

I

I '

. . . '

._, ~ '''

' .~

' '.. ~

South (Otto 1984). Ossabaw's plantation sites should add much to this emerging history as the

published record of the 18th- and 19th-century archaeology on the coast is scant.

The scene of several minor skirmishes, the island and the rest of the south was under

Federal military control immediately after the Civil War. The island's plantations were returned

to their owners by an Act of Congress in 1867. Most of the population left the island in the late

nineteenth century, and by 1900 the island lost its resident African American population. The

locations of the island church, cemetery, houses, and any other institutions are not known today.

The twentieth century dawned on Ossabaw with the island almost devoid of full-time

residents. By the first decades of the new century, the island was used almost solely for hunting

and passed through a number of owners. .In 1924,.Dr. Henry Norton.Torrey {1880-1945).and his

wife, Nell Ford Torrey, of Detroit, Michigan, purchased Ossabaw Island. Mrs. Torrey was the

granddaughter of John Baptiste Ford, a ship builder. During the Civil War, Mr. Ford went into

the glass business and eventually made the first successful pour of plate glass made in America.

He went on to found the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company in 1882 at the age of 71. At age 87 he

started the Michigan Alkali Company in Wyandotte, Michigan which later became the

Wyandotte Chemical Company.



The house built by Dr. and Mrs. Torrey was accompanied by formal gardens designed by

noted landscape architect Ellen Biddle Shipman and by Mrs. Torrey herself. The formal gardens

were spectacular enough to be selected for inclusion by the Garden Club of Georgia in The

Garden History ofGeorgia in 1933. The gardens included two ponds; the larger one even had a

boat in it.

After Dr. Torrey's death in 1945, his widow continued to visit the island, but only

sparingly. By the 1950s, their son, William Ford Torrey, had returned to live there and conduct

various farming, timbering and pine tree planting operations. There was even a temporary saw

mill on the island in the l 950s-early 1960s. It was during this time that the current Caretaker's

House was built (1955). William Ford Torrey died in 1956 and his mother, Nell Ford Torrey, in

1959. In 1961, Clifford and Eleanor Torrey West established The Ossabaw Foundation, a private

foundation which conducted and sponsored 4 programs on the island from the 1960's through the

early 1990's. The programs were: The Ossabaw Island Project Genesis, professional research,

and public use and education. These programs and the ideas which shaped them fom1ed a basis

for the terms of the sale as set forth in the Executive Order. In 1978, Ossabaw became the State

of Georgia's first Heritage Preserve.

Historic Buildings-- This plan addresses only those buildings on Ossabaw Island which contribute to the National Register of Historic Places District. A building contributing to the historic significance of a National Register district is one which by location, design, setting, materials, worknlanship, feeling, and association adds to the district's sense of time and place and historical development. A building not contributing to the historic district is one that does not add to the district's sense of time and place and historical development; or one where the location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association have been so altered or have so deteriorated that the overall integrity of the property has been irretrievably lost.
The Main House is architecturally significant as an excellent and somewhat unusual example in Georgia of a Spanish Colonial Revival style villa. Overall, it reflects the popularity of rambling, casual country estates in America during the early 20th century. As an example of a villa, it has characteristic features including large size, irregular massing and plan, asymmetric

15

.

window and doorway placement, .and simple detailing. Its rear loggia.opening onto:a patio is a .

hallmark of the villa-type home: The Spanish Colonial Revival style is best reflected in the use

of rough stuccoed walls and red clay tile roofs v1ith restrained tile ~d terra-cott;;i .ornament. The

interior of the Main House alsofeatures architectural characteristics of this type and.style

including a two-story-high great room with its massive fireplace and inglenook, paneling and

wainscoting, exposed wooden beam ceilings, and plaster walls. Fine ~raftsmanship is di.splayeq

throughout, but especially in the stucco finishes, the tile and terra-cotta ornamentation, the
woodwork, and the iron balconies and window grills. Architecturally, the Main House is an

unusual and exceptional early 20th.,.century house in Georgia. .

,

, The Clubhouse is architecturally significant as an apparent rare survivoi::of.a supposedly

prefabricated demonstration building. This building also. exhibits.characteristics of the "country

house" or "cottage" promoted.by many American architects during the middle of the 19th cemury

including an overall informalor casual appearance, wood siding, wood interior.finishes, and a

large open porch.'. The "Eastlake" detailing;on:the interior, althm~gh modest, is unusual for

Georgia, a state where there' was not a lot of residential building taking place during the 1870s,

when this "style" was popular, due to the aftermath of the Civil W~. -. ,

1 The Boarding House (Bachelor's House) is architecturally significant locally as a good

intact example of an early 20th-century Ctaftsman~style bungalow,.. It features characteristic

massing, a large recessed frorit porch, and architectural' detailing associated with this style,.

including a combination ofweatherboards and; shingles on the exterior walls, a v.ariety of

window sash configurations, carefully crafted front porch posts and railing, and wide

overhanging eaves with exaggerated flattened. brackets. ,,; .

The three tabby slave/tenant, houses at North End are extraordinarily significant

architecturally. In a state that once liad thousands of slave houses, relatively few remain today;

less than two dozen are believed to be listed in the National Register at this time. They are also

significant as intact examples of tabby construction. Tabby is-an indigenous form.of concrete_

using shells as aggregate. Found along the southeastern coast of the United States, it was a

popular building material and technique during the 18th and 19th centuries, relatively few intact

examples of such buildings survive. These buildings clearly illustrate the use of this local

building material, including how it was poured in layers between wooden slip .forms. Finally,

these houses are significant as good, intact examples of the saddlebag type of vernacular house,

with their central chimneys, two main rooms, two front doors, and front porches,. Although once

a very common type of house, almost ubiquitous across the state, and often associated with slave

and later tenant housing in rural areas, saddlebags now represent less than five percent of all

surveyed buildings in Georgia:

.

. Also significant as an intact' example of tabby construction is the "oyster house" at the

north end of the island and the tabby building at Middle Place Plantation.

.

Landscape Architecture.:.:. The island is significant in landscape architecture for the remains of the formal gardens at the.Main House .designed in part by Ellen Biddle Shipman (1870-1950), a nationally known.New York;based landscape architect and one of the few women in the field at the time, and subsequently recorded in The'.Garden HistoryofGeorgia in 1933. Many plantings remain, as do the fountain (although moved), plantcontainers; two ponds with their .statuary and the very unusual, if not unique, cement trees, where the owner, Mrs. Nell Ford Torrey, grew the Cherokee Rose, Georgia's state flower. Also significant from a landscape archite.cture poim of

16

view is the overall informal landscaping of the grnunds around the Main House, with their large

shade trees and lawn expanses, a characteristic of early. 20th-century period country-estate

landscapes.

.

Adding to the landscape significance is the use of a front terrace and rear patio to

"mediate" between the architecture of the house and the naturalistic landscaping of the yard.

Terraces and patios were popular landscape architecture features in the early 20th century. The

nearby stable and studio (originally powerhouse) complex was designed to blend into the overall

Main House complex and features a raised planting bed, another period design feature related to

patios and terraces. The historic landscaping around the Main House is highlighted by the

monumental entrance gateway with its stuccoed masonry piers and iron gates. Brought from the

Torrey family's former home on the mainland near Savannah, these gates create an almost

surrealistic impression on the undeveloped expanse of Ossabaw Island.

The island also has a long, live oak alley along the main road leadiq.g from .the clubhouse

south. This road is considered one of the oldest on the island and one of the oldest roads still in

use in its original form. It is unpaved and marked with distinctive stone mile markers believed to

date from the 18th or early 19th century. The road extends north across a causeway to Torrey's

Landing; as it crosses the causeway it is landscaped with palm trees along either side.

Agriculture-- Ossabaw Island is significant. in the area of agriculture because the island was continuously cultivated as a vast plantation from the mid-18th century until the late 191h-century during which cotton was the main crop. This intensive agricultural use is reflected in the remaining farm-related buildings at North End Place (the barn, the so-called tabby/oyster house, and the three tabby slave/tenant dwelling houses, as well as the pecan grove within the same area) and Middle Place (ruins of a tabby antebellum stable and in an adjacent field the tabby remains of what appear to be slave houses and one foundation pier of a main house which survived until the 1920s). At Buckhead, there are archaeological remains, including a brick pile and numerous artifacts indicating 19th and 20th century habitation. The remains of the open fields created to grow crops are still evident on the island and retain their traditional place names. Vestiges of artesian wells can also be found. All these resources reflect the extensive agricultural activity on the island.

Management Issues and Recommendations
The two principle management considerations for cultural resources on Ossabaw Island are protection and preservation of the properties themselves, and their appropriate study. Management issues are divided into two sections: those pertaining solely to structures and landscapes, and those relating to archaeological sites. It should be stressed, however, that nearly all standing structures on the island also have archaeological components, so that maintenance issues associated with buildings and landscapes (such as drainage improvements or utility service) must also take into consideration possible impacts on associated archaeological deposits such as yard middens (household garbage), privy pits, garden plots, fence lines, and the like. It is a. lso importan.t to recognize these issues may shift in importance over time, and indeed, new ISsues may anse.

Issue 1: There is a need to clarify the role/responsibility regarding TOIF's and WRD's management responsibilities and research protocols.

Subcommittee Recomme11datio11s to DNR:



Under Official Code of Georgia A1motated (O.C.G.A.) 12-3-53, archaeological research

17

on state lands is directed by the State Archaeologist (HPD), who advises the Commissioner ofDNR in permitting or entering into contractual agreements with recognized scientific institutions or qualified individuals to do the same. 'Research protocols have been developed and issued as an executive order by the Commissioner of . DNR pursuant to this code:section. WRD should continue,to include the State. Archaeologist and HPD in-the management of archaeological sites.



A yearly inspection tour of archaeological sites and structures should be initiated by

WRD, TOIF, and HPD to assess current conditions and identify potential problems

. before they become larger.

' '

ActiQns:

".



The State Archaeologist will approve any on-site archaeological and/or

historical research prior to. final approval by DNR.

.

'

Annual inspection tours of archaeological sites and historic structures will be initiated by WRD and coordinated with HPD and TOIF. HPD will perform the inspections.

Issue 2: No sy~tematic attempt h~s be~n made to generate and compile primary documents

regarding. standing structures and landscapes.

'

.

'

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR

.



Systematic generation and compilation of the primary documents relevant to standing

structures and landscapes is a critical part of the planning process. Such documents form

the basic inventory of information needed for wise management. It is recommended

DNR map, document, and inventory.the ruins at Middle Place and Buckhead, and all

relevant documents on both contributing and non-contributing structures be assembled in

one place.



All documents, photographs, drawings, maps, and plans relating to the standing structures

and their contents shouici be copied and digitized. Copies and digitized material should

be housed at WRD, HPD, and TOIF. All original records, maps, plans, documents, and

photog'raphs should eventually be housed at a repository meeting modem curation ..

standards as defined by the Society of American Archivists (SAA).



Oral histories concerning life and events on and about Ossabaw Island should be quickly

collected from Mrs. West and others associated with the island. These histories should be

cataloged and preserved at a repository meeting modem curation standards as defined by

the SAA.

18



Vernon View is a historic Burnside Island property which played an integral role in daily

life at Ossabaw. WRD should consult fully with TOIF, HPD, and the surrounding

community before making any irreversible decisions regarding its ultimate disposition.

Actions:

Qualified researchers will inventory and map all ruins, and compile related documentation as needed. Researchers will obtain outside funding necessary for these projects. This documentation. will be-housed.in.the.appropriate locations as determined by WRD, HPD, and TOIF.



DNR and TOIF will work cooperatively with others to procure funding for

stabilization of the Vernon View property on Burnside Island.

HPD will seek opportunities to obtain funding for and having all documents, photogr~phs, drawings, maps, and plans relating to the standing structures and their contents copied and digitized; arranging for them to be stored at WRD, HPD, and TOIF; and arranging for the originals to be housed at an appropriate facility.

TOIF will coordinate the collection of oral histories concerning life and events on Ossabaw from Mrs. West and coordinate the cataloging and storing of these records with HPD and WRD.

Issue 3: Maintenance of historic structures and landscapes is a constant challenge, particularly in the coastal environment. A proactive approach to maintenance is preferable to constant reaction, if for no other reason than it makes year-to-year budgeting much more straightforward.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



The appropriate Secretary ofthe Interior's Standards should apply when intervention is

carried out on any of the historic standing structures or designed landscapes on the island.



TOIF (working closely with HPD) should be responsible for the maintenance,

rehabilitation, restoration and preservation of all historic standing structures and designed

landscapes.

. DNR should assist TOIF with funding, technical assistance, logistics, security and coordination of any intervention to the historic properties on the island.



The restoration of any historic property on the island should be based on accurate

research, documentation and the development of an appropriate period of significance.

19



Significantly designed landscapes and featmes should be identified, documented and

rriaintained~followingthe Secretary ofthe1nterior's Standards for the 1.'reat1r)ent of

Landscapes. These should include, but not be limited to: the Palm Alley, the Oak Alley,

gates to the Main House, concrete pond and fountain, causeways, roads and mile markers

along the main road.



Design standards {or any new construction' or additions should be,de\<'.eloped insuring any

:.new buiktings. or n.ew construction on ,.Qss(!baw will b,e .contextually sensiti;ye,tp the

existing .character ofthe hi~tqrjc; bildings. in design, scale, setting,and ma~erjaJs. This

new constTIJction. shouldjnclude, but Q.Ot, P.~ limited to:, new structi;t<?s, additions to

existing structures, overheadpowerfpr:tel~phone lines, fenc~s. s,ignage or bpardwalks.



An emergency response plan~should be developed to be implemented.when th<:'l

possibility of a major storm thre(l.tens the historic structures ofthe islan,~l...



Landscape'buffers should be en..couraged:around any new cop.struction or non-

1

contributing structures.

!

........

I'

,.,

. ' 20

Actions:



Maintenance of designed landscapes, as identified in the subcommittee's

recommendations to DNR, is an on-going process and will be coordinated

between DNR and TOIF with responsibilities outlined in the Use Agreement.

The appropriate Secretary ofthe Interior's Standards will be followed.



Existing historic-structures will .be.reconstructed.or reno:vated..as ,necessary .to

meet island objectives and will be, to the extent possible, compatible with their

historic era with oversight by DNR.



Removal of any debris originating from restoration activities on historic

structures will be the responsibility of the entity undertaking the respective

restoration activities; TOIF will consult and collaborate with DNR regarding

arrangements for debris removal prior to restoration.



DNR will assist TOIF with seeking funding and technical assistance regarding

the historic properties on the island.



If mainland power is provided to Ossabaw, all power lines will be underground.

If any new construction or additions are undertaken they will be designed in

manner which maintains the historic character of Ossabaw Island and will

include a landscape buffer when these constructions or additions are within the

vicinity of existing historic properties.

Issue 4: Archaeological artifacts represent an invaluable record of otherwise-unrecorded human activities. Artifact collections are also the subject of increasing scrutiny by American Indian tribes with regard to interments, burial objects, and cultural patrimony. Thus, the care of archaeological collections is of critical importance.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



A comprehensive inventory should be carried out on all Ossabaw archaeological

collections. Collections currently held in several repositories should be integrated at one

facility meeting the requirements of the AAM.



WRD should clarify ownership of existing collections, particularly those which may have

come from Indian burial contexts. Disposition of burial-related items should be

determined in consultation with the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns and

other appropriate parties.

21

Actions:

TOIF, with the cooperation of Mrs. West, will inventory existing furnishings and artifacts in the Main House. The furnishings in the Main House belong to the Torrey/West family with the exception of donations to TOIF. Mrs. West has indicated lier intention to contribute the artifacts to the University System of Georgia. Provided, however, that burial-related artifacts wHI be handled according to the guidelines provided by the Georgia Council on American Indian Concerns by a qualified.entity..

DNR will request donation of any private collections known to have come from

Ossabaw. Any donated collections will be curated by the University of Georgia

system (Mrs West has indicated she is unaware of any privately held

collections).

,. !

Issue 5:. To date, nearly all archaeological survey activity on the island has been aimed at

prehistoric (ie. pre-Spanish) sites. No systematic effort.has been made to identify historic sites,

making their management problematical. Additionally, many prehistoric sites remain

undiscovered. Efficient management of these resources is impossible without more detailed

knowledge of their nature'and distribution.

i

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:

' :;



A comprehensive primary documents search should be undertaken to compile all records

associated with the historic-period occupatib11 of the island.



Known historic archaeological sites should immediately be protected from livestock by

fencing them off in consultation with the State Archaeologist. This especially includes

the tabby ruins andassociated yard areas at Middle Place plantation..



A systematic survey should be undertaken to inventory historic sites, based on historic

roads and a stratified random sample of specific topographic locations. Prior surveys of

prehistoric sites should be used to develop sampling designs.so remaining sites can be

discovered and managed. WRD should partner with appropriate outside researchers to

carry out this important management duty.

. '
" .

22

Actions:



HPD will write a scope of services, monitor, and review a primary documents

search by a qualified researcher to compile all records associated with the

historic-period occupation of the island.

HPD will write a scope of services, monitor, and review a systematic survey to inventory historic sites, based on historic roads and a stratified random sample of specific topographic locations.



Existing historic and archaeological sites will not be fenced off from feral

livestock because current management involves the reduction and/or removal of

these populations which should relieve the potentiality of damage, the cost

associated with implementation and maintenance of such an endeavor is

prohibitive, and such an action would be aesthetically unpleasant and detract

from the historic character.

Issue 6: Submerged cultural resources (SCR) are located in the waters and marshes surrounding Ossabaw Island. These resources are inextricably linked to the management of the island. There are in all likelihood small abandoned bateau and other vernacular watercraft in the creeks and around landings. Further, many known archaeological sites are located adjacent to ponds, swamps, or marshes..Material remains from these sites may have been discarded or lost in these wet areas. Such sites often present extremely good preservation of organic remains. No effort has been made to inventory, much less manage SCR.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



HPD should undertake an intensive primary documents search to locate records of

shipwrecks with the assistance of the US. Army Corps of Engineers Planning Division.



HPD should identify sensitive areas where buried or SCR may exist, while WRD should_

avoid potentially-destructive activities such as dredging or reforming wetland areas, old

channels, or ponds, until they have been cleared by the State Archaeologist.

23

------ i-----------------------------------------~--~-

Actions:
WRD and HPD, with TOIF, willencourage research and surveys to compile primary documents of historic sites, submerged cultural resources, burial sites, church sites, etc.
WRD will notify, as required by law, HPD of any activities which may require an archaeological survey in an effort to identify and protect these sites.

Issue 7: Both prehistoric arid historic-period.burials abound onthe island. These sites represent

significant management challenges, but also provide opportunities for DNR to develop better

relationships with descendants whomay have an interest in the island. The State Archaeologist

can help in this area.

:

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



HPD should conduct a survey of primary documents associated with the plantations of

the island in an effort to identify abandoned or unmarked cemeteries.

' HPD should conduct a reconnaissarice: level survey of any known church and other sites

on the island to _locate possible burial grounds.
-.

Actions:

... , .

. ''



will HPD initiate a survey of primary documents associated with the plantations

of the island in an effort to identify abandoned or unmarked cemeteries and a

reconnaissance level survey of any known church and other sites on the island

to locate possible burial grounds.

,,

Issue 8: Hearsay information indicates that occasional looting and/or well-intentioned digging takes place on prehistoric and historic sites'~n the island. Such activities destroy the scientific
significance of archaeological sites, and can present significant public relations and legal
exposure for DNR. Unauthorized digging is a .violation of O.C.G.A. 44-12-260-261, 36-72-1 et
seq., and 12-3-52 (Appendix).

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



All visitors should be given a printed card advising them of the destructiveness resulting

from digging. The relevant 0.C.G.A. citations should be printed on the card as well.



WRD should consult the State Archaeologist to develop rules prohibiting collection of

surface artifacts.

24

Actions:



Both WRD and TOIF will provide printed information to island visitors

advising them that disturbance, including surface collection, of archaeological

and historical sites is illegal and furnish the appropriate O.C.G.A. citations.



Rules prohibiting the collection of surface artifacts are not necessary as these

activities are alreadyprohibited under Georgia. law, O.C.G.A..12-3-621.

Issue 9: Barrier islands are by their very nature constantly undergoing changes due to natural processes, especially erosion. Archaeological sites, especially those located on marsh edges, are destroyed by such mechanisms as well. On neighboring islands, Indian burials have on more than one occasion been uncovered by these processes.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



HPD should identify sensitive archaeological sites. Monitoring, especially after storms,

should be carried out by WRD's Island Biologist.



WRD should enlist the assistance of other personnel who work on the island in

monitoring sites. A list of visual clues to sites with appropriate contact information

should be developed by WRD in consultation with the State Archaeologist and issued to

all personnel working on the island.

Actions:



See Issue 10 action items, covered under training program.

Issue JO: HPD's Archaeological Services Unit recently developed a short training program for the other land-managing divisions involving a combination of short lectures, hand-outs, and a field exercise. This training was developed in response to requests for technical assistance from other DNR divisions, and is intended to help land managers make sound decisions about basic issues such as grading, utility line installation, borrowing of soil, and other similar activities.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



WRD personnel who have on-island duties should take this training to avoid potentially-

damaging mistakes.



WRD should call the State Archaeologist at least one month prior to any land disturbing

activity to arrange a survey and ensure existing sites, particularly burials, will not be

25

disturbed.



WRD should continue present practice to avoid ground disturbing activities such as road

grading or taking of fill until target areas have been cleared by the State Archaeologist.

This will ensure that prehistoric_grave~ are not unintentionally disturbed.

Actions:
WRD island personnel will receive trainingthrough HPD's Archaeological Services Unit.

WRD will continue to notify the State Archaeologist at least one month prior to any land disturbing activity to arrange a su~ey and ensure. sites, particularly burials, will not be disturbed.

....

1

~ '. .. ..

.-.

t~ : I

, '
26

ECOLOGY AND NATURAL HISTORY
Ossabaw Island's greatest value lies in its biological richness of native plant and animal communities (many of them rare), the ecological processes that support those communities, and the potential research and educational opportunities presented by such a globally unique resource. Additionally, all regulatory and land management protocols developed for Ossabaw need to reflect the Executive Order and all management practices should aim to restore, maintain, and protect the natural diversity of native species and community functions which define Ossabaw as a globally significant entity.
Many who resideoutside Georgia arekeenlyinterested in-DNR~smanagement planning process effort because of Ossabaw Island's unique, global significance. The citizens and agencies of Georgia have a critical opportunity to maintain the value of this natural resource throughout coming centuries as development continues to spread and destroy natural habitats especially in the coastal region. The efforts to restore and maintain the natural communities (Appendix C) and ecological processes of Ossabaw Island will be closely noted and appreciated by present and future generations.
Wetlands
Freshwater wetlands on Georgia's barrier islands are primarily depressional and most are highly ephemeral in nature. Though extant freshwater wetlands cover very little of the island, they are paramount for biological richness and influence the life histories of almost all vertebrate taxa. Most amphibians depend on standing water for reproduction. The most ephemeral wetlands on Ossabaw support squirrel (Hyla squirrel/a) and pinewoods treefrogs (Hyla femoralis), little grass frogs (Pseudacris spp.), narrow-mouthed toads (Gastrophyne carolinensis), and spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus holbrooki). The more well-established depressional wetlands support southern toads (Bufo terrestris), pig frogs (Rana grylio), green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) and southern leopard frogs (Rana splzenocephala).
Wading bird rookeries on Ossabaw contribute to the biological richness of the island and have historically supported nesting pairs of all of coastal Georgia's breeding wading birds, except woodstorks (Mycteria americana; Odum 1976, Johnson et al. 1974). The rookery sites themselves are natural spectacles that can be appreciated by any visitor to Ossabaw, but particularly students of avian ecology.
Wetland drainage by ditching for agricultural, ranching, and timber interests are part of Ossabaw's history and have contributed to a depletion in wetland distribution as these activities have also done on the mainland. Hi~torically, several freshwater wetlands on Ossabaw were enhanced by water from artesian wells drilled for this purpose. The additional well water increased the quantity of water in the wetlands and extended the time water was present. As a result of increased pumping from the aquifer, primarily for industrial use, throughout the coastal region, the artesian wells on Ossabaw and other barrier islands no longer flow. With the loss of the well water, wetlands have undergone a transition to a shorter hydroperiod.
27

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:

~. . ; ... - . , .



and WRD should evaluate current and historic freshwater 'areas, where possible, restore

them to pre-drained conditions. Restoration, efforts sliould focus on filling ditches to re-

establish natural wa!er regimes. ~This re~.o~endatiori wa~ also supported by the-

Management subcommittee.. The Managemen~ subcommittee also felt efforts to enhance, within the contex(of the Exe~tive Order, ~eshw~ter areas and other degraded areas :_

should be consider~d{e.g., rest9re rqokery areas, supplement water levels, encourage

open water in.freshwater depressions and undertake mechanical 'enhancement). '

.Roads over culverts restricting water flow into estuaripe areas should be evaluated for

. .

.1 ' .

'

. - . '". - ...

importance. Infrequently _used road crossings restri_cting natural water regimes should be

eonsidered for remoyal. B,ridge~ or multip~e culverts 'should,be considered. to replace the

.more restrictive culvert design on heavily used roads. This recommendation was also

supported by the Managem~nt subcommittee~ .



There should be no conversion' of tidally influenced ~eas to freshwater w~tlands.. 1 :i ,



Enhancing the duration and active management of water retention at selected wading bird

rookeries

should .

be

tJ:ioroughly

.

~

eval,uate. .



The Managemeri.t subcorruriittee rec~mmended WRD determine historic hydrology for

wading bird rookeries to determine if water is. presently artificially reduced through

human activities (water table drawdown), and if so investigate potential ways of restoring

historic hyd,rology patterns. . . . ;",



: 1 ,

Co1111nents:

1 .'

To promote the extensive diversity 9f i'n1verteb.rate, "vertebrate, and plant taxa associated with coastal fresh~aterwetlands, the E/NH subcommittee considers wetland restoration issues

on Ossabaw Island to be a high priority.

'

' :

The Jv1anagement subcommittee discussed whether or not options should be lefti op.en to

manage water levels in freshwater areas .. The subcommittee generally felt active management

may be needed to restore certain habitats or mimic natural forces. Options discussed included :,

controlling invasive or undesirable vegetation, providing critical wintering/migrating habitat for

declining shorebird populations, and restoring, enhancing, br maintaining critical habitats for

nesting wading birds.through the installation and use of water controfstructures. Also, some - members e:xpressed interest in enhancing wetla~d or other habitats to more productive states. .r
The man~gement subcommittee. felt additional communication, educational materials and efforts

were needed to inform visitors and. other interested persons as to the need for and benefit of

specific management a~tivities.





28

Actions:
WRD will investigate the potential for restoring natural water regimes to wetland areas where it is feasible and logical. Restoration may require management of water flow and retention to address public health concerns as they relate to salt marsh mosquito production. Additionally, there are numerous wells scattered across Ossabaw and some may be located in wetland depressions. Pollution of the aquifer with salt-water or other contaminants could occur in the..process of restoration.. These.concerns.will have to .be . . . addressed, among others, to determine the appropriate amount and method of restoration and management.
WRD will evaluate existing water exchange locations along causeways and will determine whether the current number of culverts, for water exchange, are satisfactory. If needed, additional culverts will be added. However, bridges will likely not be built due to logistical and monetary constraints.
WRD may install water control structures in appropriate sites to enhance, restore, and maintain the viability of wading bird rookeries and future shorebird foraging grounds. However, no impoundments will be created.
All permits will be obtained, as prescribed by law, for any actions taken which require permitting.
Beach and Dune Communities
The beach and dune natural communities on Ossabaw Island, extending from the northwestern comer of Bradley Beach, including Bradley Slough, Middle Beach, Big Slough, and South Beach to its western facing terminal tip, are of great state and regional importance. Most beaches of the Atlantic Bight are heavily impacted by human use. Beachfront development, beach renourishment projects, and unregulated recreational access have altered the natural condition of beaches from Maine to Florida. The State of Georgia has a rare opportunity to protect and maintain the biological values of Ossabaw's beaches through careful and creative management practices. The educational and research opportunities of a relatively undisturbed Atlantic barrier beach are rare and of great value to regional and national academic and scientific institutions.
Ossabaw has approximately 13 miles of undeveloped beaches and associated dune communities. These dunes are both non-wooded, active dunes and arrested dunes. Characteristic plant species on active dunes include: Atriplex pentandra (sea beach atriplex), Panicum amarum (seaside panicum) Sa/so/a kali (Russian thistle), Smilax auriculata (dune greenbriar) and Spartina patens (marsh hay or cordgrass).
Older, less active dunes are additionally inhabited by: Bumelia tenax (southern buckthom), Cenchrus incertus (sandbur), Croton glandulosus (croton), Heliaizthemum
29

corymbosum (rock-rose), flex vomitoria (yaupon), Juniperus silicicola (red cedar), Myrica

cerifera (wax-myrtle), Opuntia humifosa (devil-joint), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), Quercus

geminata (sand live oak) and Yucca aloifolia (Spanish bayonet), among numerous others.

Wildlife values of Ossabaw's beaches are high, and could be dramatically impacted by

unregulated human access. Bradley Beach consistently has one 9f the foghest annual nesting

densities of loggerhead turtles in Georgia (Dodd and McKinnon 1999). Georgia loggerheads are

part of a unique nesting cohort including the turtles nesting in the Carolinas and North Florida.

(Bowen et al. 1993).

.

All of Bradley Beach from the northeast comer of the island to Bradley Slough, the south

end ofMiddle Beach, and. the .south tip of South Beach, are the most important areas.~n the

island for migrant, wintering and breeding shorebirds and seabirds. Four species _of tern, six

species of gull, brown pelicans, and double-crested cormorants ar~ regularly found resting just

,west of the northeast tip of the island. Five hundred to 2,000 birds at this location are common.

The northeastern comer of Bradley is not only a prime roosting site for shorebirds and seabirds

throughout tlw year, but is also an important nesting area for state listed .American oystercatchers

(Haematopus palliatus), Wilson's plover (Charadrius wilsonia), ~nd in the back dune swales,

black-necked stilt (Himantopusmexicanus).

The long north/south section of Bradley Beach, including both sides of Bradley Slough,

is an important spring and fall feeding area for large numbers of semipalmated (Calidris pusilia),

western (Calidris mauri), and least sandpipers (Calidris minutilla), sanderlings (Calidris alba),

semipalmated plovers (Charadrius semipalmata), and piping.plovers (Charadrius melodus).

wintering dunlin (Calidris alpina) are common here as well.

The south end of Middle Beach is an important site for migrant and wintering shorebirds

like dunlin, willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), marbled godwit (Limosafedoa); black-bellied

plover (Pluvialus squatarola), and dowitchers (Limnodromus sp. ). -It is one of the only sites on .

the Georgia Coast where long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) can be found in the winter

and early spring with regularity. Most of Middle Beach provides nesting habitat for Wilson's

plover and American oystercatchers. Corbat (1990) considered Middle Beach to be one of the

best beaches in Georgia for Wilson's plover nesting. The sand flats on the south end of this.

beach routinely supports the is~.and's only colony of least terns.
The south tip of the island is another resting area for awide array ofwate'rbirds all year

long. The southwestern corner of South Beach is an area of horseshoe crab egg deposition in'

April and May. Horseshoe crab eggs attract a regular following of ruddy tumstones (Arenaria

interpre;), sanderlings, red knots (Calidris 'canutus), and semipalmated sandpipers. Feral swine

destroy both nesting horseshoe crabs and eggs (Brad Winn, DNR, pers. observ., St. Catherines).

Unchecked recreational use during critical nesting and brood-rearing periods from April

through July will negatively impact the reproductive success of Wilson's Plover and American

Oystercatc;hers on Ossabaw. To maintain beach-nesting bird species abundance and population'

levels

on

a .

s. ta. te.

own. ed

island

would

be

a

notew. orthy

accomplishment .

for

DNR.

30

. .

' ..

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



No camping or fire pits ~hould be allowed on the beach or in the dunes.



State laws protecting the beaches and dunes should be enforced.

Comments: The current restriction of human activity above the high water mark, if enforced,
addresses some of these issues. However, all beach nesting birds use the intertidal zone at the critical brood-rearing phase of their reproductive cycle, particularly the precocial shorebird species. Sensitive areas should be posted and future increases in.recreational use will.require evaluation of the impact on these species and their requirements.

Actions:



Camping and fire pits are currently prohibited by above the high water mark

except in designated campsites.



A P.O.S.T. certified wildlife technician will enforce current state laws. WRD

will hire an additional P.O.S.T. certified wildlife technician to assist with

management of educational programs and provide supplemental law

enforcement authority on the island.

Upland Forest Communities
The upland forest communities on Ossabaw should be valued for their relatively undisturbed condition, and all management initiatives should reflect the State's interest in maintaining and restoring these maritime forests.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



Timber harvesting activities should be prohibited on Ossabaw island except for road

maintenance, visitor safety, or protection of existing structures. Natural processes (e.g.

insect and disease infestations, storms, and wildfires) should be allowed to operate and

determine forest structure and species composition. This recommendation was also

supported by the Management subcommittee..



As with other communities on the island, there is a need for long-term monitoring to

ensure that management activities are achieving the desired results.

31

Actions:

,.



There will be no timber harvest except what is needed for road maintenance,

protection of archaeological and historical sites, and visitor safety.



.WRD.~ooperatl.ng with the University ~f Georgia wili initiate a long~term

researcbproject using ex~losures to monitor vegetational responses to changing

large herbivore (exotic and endemic) pQpulations. Additionally, WRD will

encourage long-term research projects monitoring community.;;level

vegetational characteristics on Ossabaw.

Exotics Species
Programs for the management of both native and exotic species must first and foremost be governed by considerations for the long-term preservation of the island's overall biodiversity . and the unique features of its natural resources as outlined by the Executive Order. In this spirit, all population control/removal activities and any public hunting for exotic/problem species as a means of effecting such control must, to the maximum extent possible, involve public education programs and tl~e collection of all practical research data from removed animals. Such data collection should be designed in a manner to help address management issues specific to Ossabaw Island. .
Exotic or non-native species are generally considered an organism introduced intentionally or accidentally from its native range into an area where the species did not previously occur. Many of these species have been introduced by man to "improve" the landscape aesthetically, for economic. purposes, and for recreational purposes. In the United States, there is estimated to be approximately 4,500 ex6tic species which have taken up residence. The ability of most exotic species to out-compete 'our native wildlife for life-sustaining resources has earned them an official standing as the second greatest threat, behind habitat destruction, to our native wildlife and habitats.
Ossabaw Island is not immune from this invasion or "biologicalpollution." There.are numerous exotic sp.ecies currently inhabiting Ossabaw. Some of them are feral swine (Sus scofa),'feral donk~ys (Equus asinus), Chinese tallow trees (Sapium sebiferum), Tung-oil trees (Ven1iciafordil), Chinaberry (Melia azedarach),'a free-ranging horse (Equus sp.) and Michigan fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). The main concern regarding these specie~ on Ossabaw Island falls back to the Executive Order. The existence of these and any future exotic species on Ossabaw Island compromises the intent of the Executivt; Order. In particular, the continued exist~nce of exotic species on Ossabaw is in direct conflict with the "... environmentally sound preservation, conservation, and management ofthe Island's ecosystems, ... "
Animals-- There is ample and substantial scientific information documenting the negative impacts of exotic faunal species on our natural habitats. Negative impacts include reduction of ground story vegetation, lack of natural forest and vegetative regeneration, initiation and acceleration of soil erosion, disruption of nutrient cycling, potential species extinctions, and
32
(

i . "''./ . " .~
others (Bratton 1974, Bratton 1975, Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1975, Coblentz 1978, Katahira 1980, Singer et al. 1984, Stone 1985, Scott et al. 1986, Coblentz 1990). These negative impacts impede the "... environmentally sound preservation, conservation, and management ofthe Island's ecosystems, ... " or any such ecosystem. The existence of feral swine and their impacts on Ossabaw are just one example.
In the United States, all Suidae are exotics, and due to their adaptability and high reproductive potential are highly destructive to our native flora and fauna. The negative impacts feral swirte impose on native habitats and species is well documented. Negative effects include changes in soil chemistry and nutrient cycling, inhibition of natural forest regeneration and herbaceous vegetation, degradation of native bird habitat, elimination ofground dwelling vertebrates and invertebrates, production of mosquito breeding sites, and others (Bratton 1974, Bratton 1975, Spatz and Mueller-Dombois 1975, Lacki and Lancia 1983, Stone 1985, Scott et al 1986). Although these studies did not involve Ossabaw, they did involve extensive research on island situations (Hawaiian Islands) and in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park resulting in similar findings across different ecoregions.
Feral swine have been documented negatively impacting the potential recovery of endangered species and species of concern. Feral swine impact sea turtle nesting success on St. Catherines and Ossabaw Islands (Harris and Maley 1990, Maley and Harris 1991, Dodd and McKinnon 1999). Feral swine have been documented destroying Wilson's plover nests on Ossabaw (Corbat 1990). Additionally, some evidence exist suggesting negative impacts extend to least terns and American oystercatchers nesting on barrier islands (Jackson and Jackson 1985, Corbat 1990). Corbat (1990) felt the negative impact on these species was severe enough on Ossabaw to recommend the eradication of feral swine.
Heavy use of Ossabaw's wetland habitats during spring and summer by feral swine raises concerns regarding the effects these exotics have on submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation and nesting birds using these wetlands as rookeries. Many of the avian species using established rookeries are intolerant of activity around the nest, outside that of conspecifics, during the early stages of incubation. The heavy use of these areas by feral swine i:1ay have a negative impact on nesting success in these rookeries.
Feral swine exhibit an omnivorous and opportunistic feeding habit. They consume virtually all parts of a plant including roots, tubers, leaves and stems, hard and soft mast, and flowers. In addition, feral swine intentionally and unintentionally consume .various animal matter, including insects, mollusks, snakes, and other herpetofauna. Recently. feral swine on Ossabaw have been documented consuming the gastro-intestinal organs of white-tailed deer (Bowers et al. 2000). From their extensive ability to exploit a diverse food resource, feral swine could be classified as an ecological vacuum with few, if any, positive ecological attributes.
Plants-- Like other forms of biological pollution, the management goal for exotic flora (Appendix D) should be eventual elimination from Ossabaw Island. The impact of exotic plants can be difficult to evaluate and to remedy; thus, this problem needs to be addressed species by species. Exotic plants can greatly impact island ecosystems by out-competing native species, by spreading diseases, by influencing hydrology, and in general by altering interspecific interactions within communities.
A primary management objective for Ossabaw Island should be elimination of all exotic plant and animal species. However, a strategy for elimination of exotic species requires a
33

thorough evaluation of the distribution of these species on the island, an asse~sment of current ,

and: future impacts; and a cost~benefit analysis of proposed control measures.

.

The single plant species most likely to have a serious impact on the natural communities

of Ossabaw Island is the Chinese tallow.;tfee. Its widespread presence on the island has been

observed by many visitors. It is already at a level where its controlmay presenta formidable

challenge.' But that challenge is likely ,to increase with time. A convenient place to observe the

outcome of continued neglect of this problem is Fort PulaskiNational Monument, where Sapium,

is now the dominant tre.e.

,Several other plants on the list are ranked as.'!ffiong the worst biological pollutants of

Georgia's natural habitats, including Chinese.privet .(Ligustrum sinense), Japaneselhoneysuckle

(Lonicerajaponica), mimosa (Albiziajulibrisszn),.and common Bermuda-grass (Cynodon

dactylon). The status othese:species on the island needs to be determined; it may.be that the

particular characteristics of barrier island natural communities may render them less vulnerable

to some of these species than the.dominant plant communities of inland G~orgia.

The island communities may be more susceptible_ to a different array of invasives than

mainland habitats, including some that have been considered relatively.innocuoll;s.in other places.

This seems to be the case with at least one of the plants on the Ossabaw li~t, camphor-tree

(Cinnamomum camphora). It is clear from observations made at Fort King George State Hi.storic

Site (Mcintosh County) that camphor tree can be an invasive exotic in at least some maritime

habitats. There may be others on the list that would fall into the. same category,' such as tl.ig-oil ..

tree. It would be desirable to. obtain baseline data on such species in order to assess their 1 : ~

particular impacts, expansion rates, etc. in the context of Ossabaw.

. ,

It would be good to know the status of all the exotics on. the island, but probably not

feasible. Besides those already singled out in the preceding discussion, it.would seem particularly

desirable to know more about the status on Ossabaw of others on the.list:that are serious

problems elsewhere in the state, especially bladderpod (Glottidium vesicarium), Chinaberry,

Brazilian parrot-feather (Myriophyllim aquaticum), Bahia grass (P.aspalum;.notatum var. saurae);

and sesbania (Sesbania exaltata).

Subcommittee Reconzmendations to DNR:

'



WRD should ensure the elimination of all feral donkeys on Ossabaw island. Continued

cooperation with private interests should encourage the immediate capture of all free

ranging donkeys. Individual donkeys elusive to capture should be removed lethally~

Captured doiikeys should be screened for applicable infectious diseases and relocated to

off-island sites... Any animal prohibited from leaving Ossabaw island due to disease

protocols inay be neutered, marked and allowed to live on:Ossabaw for the duration of its

life. The Management subcommittee also supports this recommendation.

. WRD should eradicate all feral swine from Ossabaw Island. The Management

subcommittee also supports this. recommendation. . ..

!.



J:he Management subcommittee recommends the WRD implement a feral hog eradication

procedure beginning with an immediate goal of reducing the feral hog population to1a

level at which there is no measurable impact on the environment. Hog impact may be

monitored utilizing habitat enclosures, turtle nesting success, and other available

34

... .t,'

information as necessary. The E/NH subcommittee also supports this recommendation



Feral swine control efforts should involve strategic and systematic plans of trapping,

shooting and public hunting with periodic review to ensure the adequacy of control

measures. This recommendation was also supported by the Management subcommittee.



The Management subcommittee recommends WRD cooperate with and facilitate any

efforts of private groups to establish captive breeding populations of Ossabaw hogs on

the mainland.



WRD should conduct a year-long study of exotic plant distribution on Ossabaw Island.



WRD should develop an exotic plant control strategy, focusing on those species that are

judged to present the most serious threats to natural communities on the island.



There is a need for field surveys to identify problem species of exotic plants and to assess

their distribution on the island.





WRD should extirpate exotic, invasive plant species from Ossabaw Island.



WRD should strive to eliminate the Chinese tallow tree on Ossabaw Island. Because of

its aggressive nature, this vegetative species presents a significant threat to existing

ecosystems and deserves immediate attention. The Management subcommittee also

supports this recommendation



WRD should eliminate all other exotic species of wildlife, feral animals and plants from

the island whenever feasible. Removal efforts and resources should focus on those

species with the greatest potential or realized negative impacts on native flora and fauna.

This includes the complete removal of all future invasive species as well as existing

exotics after extensive research on the effectiveness of methods selected to eradicate. The

Management subcommittee also supports this recommendation

Comments: The E/NH subcommittee felt the most important accomplishment regarding exotics,
which would provide the greatest benefit for Ossabaw's ecosystem, would be the eradication of feral swine. It would be a paramount step in fulfilling the Governor's Executive Order.
Contributions toward controlling exotic flora could be accomplished by using volunteer help from organizations such as Girl Scouts and Boy Scouts of America, Bethesda Home for Boys, high school and college public service organizations, local sportsmen clubs, and others. These groups will also receive an immeasurable educational benefit, and the island will receive reciprocal ecological benefits.
The Management subcommittee, in general, regarded all exotics as unwanted visitors to the island with recommendations to eliminate them from the island in the best interest of. preserving the long-term ecological integrity of this unique island system. Particular interest was raised with respect to exotic herbivores since their direct impacts on the island habitat are most

35

noticeable. It was agreed that an: immediate reduction of exotic herbivores was needed to

facilitate habitat improvements and recovery. Non-herbivorous exotics were generally regarded

as having minimal impacts and the need to eliminate these populations from the island was of

lower priority.' .



'

. , 1

Management.subcommittee discussiqns also included consideration for the long-term

maintenance of a remnant population of no more than 30 feral donkeys on the South End of the

Island. This would facilitate the continuation oflong-term studies of their behavioral ecology

and unique adaptations to the Ossabaw Island environment (McCort 1980}. Additionally, the

subcommittee discussed several papers (Brisbin 1989, 1990; Mayer and Brisbin 1991, Oliver and

Brisbin 1993) relating to the conservation and research of feral swine on Ossabaw. It"was

concluded, however, research goals should not override habitat concerns and satellite

populations could be established elsewhere serving different but similar purposes.

With the exception o(one management subcommittee member (I Lehr Brisbin) the

following recommendation received.consensus,: WRD should adopt a long-term goal of

eliminating all feral hogs on Ossabaw Island. Reservations concerning elimination of hogs on

Ossabaw Island were expressed because of publications in the peer-reviewed scientific literature

suggesting unique characteristics worthy of further scientific study in these animals (Brisbin et

al. 1977), their value as a game animal and the cultural importance of their presence on the

island through several hundred years. The suggestion that WRD adopt the recommendation of

its 1992 Ossabaw Island Feral Hog Advisory Committee (Johnson et al. 1992), which

recominended significant population reduction with a core remnant population of these animals

being maintained on the island in perpetuity, was the opinion of the minority.

. ,
"
..
' '
\ .

;., ")
,.,

36

j.
Actions:



WRD will continue to remove feral hogs to result in no measurable ecological

impact. A variety of lethal techniques will be used to achieve this goal

including, but not limited to, trapping and shooting, shooting by WRD

personnel, and managed hunts. At current population levels, removal may at

times need to exceed 2500 per year. Hunter harvest, observational data,

exclosures, shorebird nesting success, sea turtle nesting success and other

ecological data will serve as.indices.to.monitor.impacts offer.al.swine.



Sicilian donkeys will be removed through a live capture and adoption programs

for a period ofthl'ee years following approval of this CMP. This program

including funding will be handled solely by the WLE. Donkeys testing negative

for Coggin's Disease will be quarantined and removed from Ossabaw as per

Department of Agriculture guidelines. Donkeys testing positive will be freeze

branded on the neck, males will be neutered, and allowed to live out their

natural lives on Ossabaw. Additionally, positive-testing females will be checked

for pregnancy and pregnant females will be held in quarantine (fenced pasture)

until parturition, at which point the offspring will be tested. The goal is to have

all donkeys, except those testing positive, removed from Ossabaw and to have

all males, remaining on the island, neutered. Following this live capture and

relocation period, untested donkeys still on Ossabaw will be removed by other

methods including lethal techniques. However, up to two years extension will

be granted to the adoption effort if significant progress (a majority of the

current population removed) has been made using live capture techniques.

Sexually intact males associating with positive tested and released females will

be removed immediately during the extension period.



WRD will attempt to control the proliferation of the Chinese tallow tree

through a variety of scientifically supported techniques (e.g. herbiciding,

prescribed fire) and when feasible enact measures to control other exotic plant

species.



WRD will cooperate with the University of Georgia and other organizations to

conduct exotic plant surveys and identify control strategies for exotic plants.

37

MANAGEMENT

For the purpose of this plan, "management" is defined as the process which includes oversight," stewardship, directing or taking control of or allowing natural processes to achieve desired goals. It also includes the manipulation, enhancement, protection, preservation and interpretation of island research, natural ecosystem processes and organizational structure. Four major categories ,were defined including people, natural resources, infrastructure, and cultural resources.

People



.This was one of four major categories outlined by the subcommittee to address

management issues on Ossabaw Isl.and. This category attempts to cap~ure issues involving

public and departmental access; partnership agreements and other collaborative efforts;

communication within DNR, among partners and with the general public; and issues involving the safety of island residents, guest~ and the .-?en~ral public.

Access- The issue of access to Ossaba~ will define 'the future of the island. Access can either

be the "Achilles Heel" of island management, or a carefully managed tool enhancing the

educational and research opportunities available. DNR, TOIF, and the pul;>lic are interested in

improving opportunities for access to Ossabaw.Island. Access for research and education
currently exist through a variety of programs coordinated by TOIF and DNR. Of top priority

with all island activiHes is the need to provide quality educational opportunities and oth~r

activities while protecting the i1_1tegrity of the island's valuable resources. With growing public

interest for additional opportunities to access Ossabaw Island, requests for visitation should be

formally evaluated and approved only if the stated or intended purpose of the visit is in support

of the Executive Order. The only additional public access to Ossabaw Island, beyond the current

levels allowed by DNR and The Ossabaw Island Foundation, is through increased use of the

Hunt Camp facility on the west side of the island. This area of the island is already used by the

public during managed hunts, and can support additional use without damaging sensitive plant

communities on other areas of the island.

:



Access by the boating public to the tidally influenced beach zone will dontinue to expand

as the human population of Coastal Georgia grows. Unless controls, both seasonal and spatial,

are put into place on Ossabaw, the biological integrity of the beach communities could be

jeopardized by over-use. Beach nesting birds including the state-listed American Oystercatcher and Wilson's Plover.n.est on the beach. front and inter~dune areas on all three beaches of
Ossabaw, particularly the north end of Bradley Beach, and the south end of Middle Beach.

Preliminary data collected during the 1999 season indicates the summer population of Wilson's

Plover has decreased substantially on Ossabaw during the last decade. To help reverse this

apparent trend, and preempt potential future federal listing, management protocols need to be

developed to isolate important nesting and brood rearing areas. The most heavily used deep-

water site on the north end of Ossabaw is not a favorable bird or sea turtle nesting area.

Hammocks associated with Ossabaw Island need to be thoroughly examined before

management recommendations can be made. These low-elevation hammocks are frequently

important wading bird roosting and nesting sites, and also provide bald eagle and osprey nesting

38

habitat. Because ofthe~r relative isolation, many of these habitats represent important control sites for monitoring vegetative changes on the main island.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



To protect all Ossabaw wildlife, the E!NH subcommittee recommends WRD prohibit the

public from bringing dogs to the island unless they are for specific uses such as ADA or

management purposes.



The E!NH subcommittee recommends WRD only allow camping by approved groups at

the Hunt Camp, South End Pavilion, and the Shorter Shelter.

Comments: The Management subcommittee felt uncontrolled public access would lead to a
deterioration of the island's resources while serving to diminish the quality of the experience for all participants. As such, only controlled public access is recommended. The subcommittee also discusseq to what extent visiting groups on the island should be escorted when outside of established camping or focal areas. In addition, the subcommittee agreed that additional opportunities for public access.were essential and in high demand. This could be accomplished by offering these opportunities through a variety of educational programs possibly including camping at the Hunt Camp facilities. These activities would be limited to a pre-selected number of participants and focus on a variety of conservation, cultural, and historic messages, theies, or activities consistent with the Executive Order. Also imperative is the relative success of and participation in these activities be periodically evaluated to ensure a continuation of quality programmmg.
Public interestin daytime recreational use of Ossabaw's beaches is recognized and respected. The northwest end of Bradley Beach and the southwest comer of South Beach are heavily used on warm weather weekends. Beach access will undoubtedly continue to expand over time. In the future, to fulfill the language of the Executive Order, restrictions may need to be placed on beach accessibility in specific areas to preserve and conserve Ossabaw's natural condition and species diversity.

39

Actions:

. "! :

.. I.



Domestic animals, including pets, will not be allowed to be brought to Ossabaw

except as approved by WRD to meet management, research~ or education

objectives. Island residents will be allowed to have pets pr~vided the animals

are restrained on a leash or kept in the vicinity of the residence.1



Camping for educational purposes will be restricted to existing site's (Hunt

Camp, Shorter. Shelter, Middle.Place, ancLSouth. End.Pavilion).... ..



Military training exercises will not be permitted.

,; I'

..' ':

,'

'~ ?. ',; :..

Communication~- Complete and accurate 'dissemination ~f infomiation to and among involved individuals, groups, ag~ndes.and organizations associated with Oss'cibaw Islarid is vital to

ensuring effective management of the ish,md and its varied resources. Good communication can'

lead to ap efficient use of the' islarid' s infrastructure resources and' will support efforts to ' .'

coordinate management and research to increase the level of knowledge for all involved; The

following recommendations' address a number 9f communications issues pertinent to Ossabaw

Island:



...

Subcommiitee'.f?.Jcommendations to DNR:





DNR's web site should be linked to TOIF's web site and vice-versa. This will facilitate

communication and exchange of information among membe_rs' of the general public

. accessing information specific to Ossabaw. This recommendation was also supported by

the E/R subcommittee.

.

.

.. ;I .
. . '



Communication efforts should bh coordinated so the public receives consistent mes'sages

regarding opportunities on Ossabaw Island. Whenever possible, information,

publications, advertisements, and press releases or events should be reviewed and/or

shared between WRD and TOIF or other partners prior to or in concert with release of

these materials or information.



WRD island staff and the Island Biologist should be informed of groups visiting the

island and the nature of their visit far enough in advance to ensure other management

activities and visits can be coordinated. This will ensure the location of a group is known

for safety reasons, all group objectives are in accordance with guidelines established

through this management plan and will allow pooling of educational resources and

participation by others in group activities so knowledge is increased for all. Internal

communication routes need to be established to coordinate projects, needs and concerns

between DNR sections. This recommendation was also supported by the E/R

subcommittee.

40



Accurate records relating to the number of groups, total number of participants and nature

of a group's visit should be maintained by WRD and TOIF or other partners and shared

on an annual basis. This will allow the public to be aware of how the island is being used

and the potential or actual success of programs on the island.



WRD should make its management objectives and the reasoning behind these objectives

and associated techniques available to the public. In many cases, criticism pertaining to

particular activities or management techniques may be avoided by preparing written

information and providing it to visiting groups or group leaders.



WRD managers, members of the WLE and TOIF or other partners' staff should meet

regularly, preferably on a monthly basis, to discuss issues and activities relating to

Ossabaw and collaborate on positive resolutions. This is intended to be a non-formal yet

informative engagement to ensure informational exchange is continuous, op~n, accurate

and complete.

Comments: The Management subcommittee felt communication was one of the most important issues
facing this subcommittee and involved agencies and organizations. Subcommittee members also agreed that internal and external communication was much improved in today's environment over that of the past. Many discussions focused on improving communication between WRD and current and future partners but also included communication with the general public, visiting groups and internal communication. Coordination of communication efforts will send the message that the. island is an entity managed by DNR with public input and through a Use Agreement with TOIF.

Actions:



WRD will keep accurate records relating to the number of visitors allowed on

the island and the nature of each visitation.



WRD, TOIF, and members of the WLE will at a minimum meet bi-annually to

discuss issues and activities relating to Ossabaw. This meeting will be set up

and coordinated by WRD's Island Biologist.

Cooperative Agreements- In order to better manage Ossabaw's resources and provide improved service to the general public, it is advantageous for DNR to enter into cooperative agreements with other appropriate organizations, individuals and agencies in pursuit of common interests. The existing public/private cooperative agreement between DNR, TOIF and WLE are examples of such collaboration to enhance the State of Georgia's efforts in sharing scientific, cultural and educational resources.
Collaboration between DNR and TOIF and other relationships should be encouraged and
41

supported in the best interest of Georgia's citizenry.

. L. ' .

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



TOIF and DNR should continue to partner on management of the island where possible

to maximize human and other resource allocation. This recommendation implies the

sharing of resources is both a vital and beneficial arrangement insuring efficient and

effective program delivery.

. ,



The existing Use Agreement between DNR and TOIF should be extended beyond the

curr~nt five-year contract in order for TOIF to raise funds and develop resources long

term. A recommended contract length rieeded to adequately address TOIF concerns is 20

years. This recommendation was also supported by the NHR subcommittee.



TOIF and DNR should cooperate on program development for the island. The emphasis

is on reciprocal assistance. This includes coordination of fund development and

volunteer efforts needed for rehabilitation of structures and for implementation of

programs.



Future cooperative agreements between DNR, TOIF and other educational/research

programs should be encouraged to implement the Executive Order. Gathering, collecting

and recording data on Ossabaw Island should be conducted in partnership among DNR,

TOIF and experts in areas of earth sciences, ecology, biology, education, archaeology,

wildlife, coastal islandmanagement and culture.

,1':



Develop strategic alliances with members of the public through educational, research and

cultural programs. Public cooperation is essential to the success of all efforts to manage

Ossabaw Island and may be facilitated through improved coordination and

communication with the public who will be impacted by the decisions made on behalf of

future generations.



The DNR/TOIF cooperative agreement should be developed anq nourished, serving as a

model for other public/private cooperative agreements.



TOIF should continue to complete annual reports submitted as part of the Use Agreement

and DNR should provide written responses furnishing constructive feedback for

improving relations and activities under this agreement. Feedback from DNR regarding

the accomplishments of TOIF would significantly aid in the development and

enhancement of existing programs. ,.

. Comments:

i

.

.

.Experience has shown the two entities have benefitted by assisting one anotherwith tasks on the. island.. Some examples include instances wher~ TOIF.staffhas helped WRD with hunts

and island management, and where WRD has helped TOIF with educational visits to the island.

This is a more efficient and eff~ctive mechanism for management of the island. Often, visitation

and program implementation requires collaboration between WRD and TOIF. Experience has

42

proven WRD and TOIF can effectively share staff and island resources. The subcommittee believes scientific, educational and cultural programs will likely increase in the future and .require joint efforts to implement successfully. The State owned status of the island requires fund-raising efforts addressing some of these issues involve both TOIF and WRD leadership. TOIF also serves the purpose of both public input and involvement. Examples of other potential partners include Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Science Foundation, Board of Education, conservationists, University System of Georgia, museums, etc.
Actions:



TOIF and WRD will provide each other copies of their respective annual

reports within one quarter from the end of their respective fiscal year beginning

in the Year 2000.



DNR will provide feedback to TOIF in accordance with the Use Agreement.



WRD and TOIF will continue to provide assistance to each other regarding

island management, historic preservation, and educational visits when

appropriate and each entity will seek more opportunities to work

collaboratively.



DNR and TOIF will reYise the Use Agreement as needed. Under current

Georgia law individual use agreements are limited to renewable 5-year terms.

WRD and TOIF will jointly work on an informational and educational

campaign to further clarify their responsibilities.

Safety-- Due to Ossabaw's remoteness and the relative difficulty of acquiring emergency support and associated resources, it is imperative for island residents and guests to be adequately informed and prepared for situations requiring emergency assistance. The following recommendations address minimum safety standards for implementation to ensure responsible public safety.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



All island visitors should he made aware of Ossabaw's remoteness with no immediate

access to medical services and other amenities. Personal responsibility and common

sense are necessary for avoiding personal injuries. Therefore, visitor orientation sessions

and associated printed materials should be given to visitors upon arrival on the island or

when they are awaiting tc depart from the mainland. Visitors should be informed of

Ossabaw's remoteness, wildlife of concern (alligators, venomous snakes, ticks, poison

ivy, etc.), and safety recommendations (stay on marked trails/roads, observe where you

are stepping, etc.).

43



Implement protocols insuring groups have dual access to island personnel or other ;

emergency assistance, if needed, possibly including a primary and secondary system..

These should- ensure prompt and appropriate contact with island residents or outside .

assistance and may include DNR or Coast Guard radios, cellular telephones, or other

channels as available.



Annual First Responder training should be made available to island staff and residents

and everyone should be encouraged to carry, and know how to use, first-aid kits.



Identify, map, and maintain a minimum of four emergency helicopter "landing areas" on

the island. All island personnel should be informed of and familiarize themselves with

contact information for MedStar and the designated landing areas. This information

should be annually .updated and prominently posted.



WRD should ensure appropriate fire-fighting equipment is based on the island and

properly maintained. Annual basic fire-fighting training (Module 1) should be made

available to island staff and residents.



A current hurricane evacuation plan should be annually updated, posted, and distributed

to all island residents.



Comments:

The Management subcommittee considered the issue of public safety to be extremely

important and it is imperative to operate a dual system for communication in emergency

situations. Modes of communication will vary with circumstances and availability of media, but

should be the responsibility of the sponsoring organization (WRD, TOIF, etc.) and should include a primary and backup system. Of utmost importance is for information regarding

emergency protocols, contacts, telephone numbers, MedStar, etc. to be distributed to all island

personnel

and

to

be

posted

in

. a

pro.m. inent,

consistent, .

.and

accessible ...

location.

'I

.,.

44

"

Actions:



All visiting groups will be required to have a cellular telephone, with which they

can contact the appropriate island personnel in the event of an emergency.

Each visiting group will be given a protocol providing the appropriate island

personnel and their respective telephone numbers to be used in contacting

someone in an emergency. WRD will investigate the possibility of providing a

high band radio (monitoring only the Skidaway repeater) to visiting groups as a

. secondary mode of communication in. an emergency.



WRD and TOIF will ensure that their island employees receive First Responder

training on an annual basis. All island employees will possess a first aid kit.

Additionally, first aid kits should be available at the Hunt Camp, Shorter

Shelter, Middle Place and South End Pavilion.



WRD will maintain coordinates for at least four emergency landing areas on

Ossabaw. These coordinates will be provided to TOIF, WLE, MedStar, and

local emergency agencies for use in emergencies. WRD will maintain these

landing areas. WRD will confirm that all island residents understand where

helicopter landing areas are located and how they are identified.



WRD island staff will be given Basic Fire Fighting Training and will be

responsible for maintaining the firefighting equipment assigned to the island.



WRD's Island Biologist will update and revise the fire-fighting plan (with input

from TOIF), as appropriate, and distribute copies to TOIF and members of the

WLE.



WRD's island biologist will annually update the current hurricane evacuation

plan. The plan will be properly posted and distributed to island personnel.



WRD will develop information regarding the hazards (e.g. ticks and tick-borne

diseases, alligators, venomous snakes, etc.) to human visitors from dangerous

wildlife on Ossabaw. This information will be provided to visitors to make

them aware of potential dangers associated with Ossabaw's wildlife and stress

the importance of personal responsibility and common sense.

Natural Resources
Natural resources was one of four major categories outlined by the Management subcommittee anci contained the most diverse and involved topics addressed in its planning process. This category included management issues such as habitat, wildlife, exotic species, hunting, protected species and unique natural features.
45

Habitat Management-The subcommittee envisions Ossabaw's upland habitat to be dominated by old-growth maritime forest. Management activities in support of this long-term goal should promote the island's succession toward this climax state. Management activities should. maintain or restore habitats on Ossabaw Is1Cl11d for all wildlife .species.. Certain habitats on Ossabaw must be maintained through various management practices to ensure their stability through time. Burning, plowing, mowing, herbiciding and other activities are beneficial and acceptable methods of achieving these goals, provided they are used in conjunction with professional science and within the context of the Executive _Order..
Furthermore, fire is_ a valuable toql,,for l~d management. Prescri~ed burning can be used to stimulate herbaceous growth and-increase the diversity of both plants and animalsin.fire adapted environments. Too-frequent use of fire in some habitats may retard the recovery of woody understory vegetation from the ~ffects of past grazing and agricultural uses. This could have the potential to alter th~ species composition and structure of the island's more sensitive plant communities.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



WRD should use mowing, discing, burning and herbiciding to.arrest succession in

certain former pastureland/old field habitats. Fields including Iyfiddle Place, Buckhead

and North End should be maintain~d as openings to preserve the cultural value of these

areas while serving as helicopter landing sites in emergency sitat.i<?!lS. In South End

Field, an opening suitable for emergency helicopter landing sh~uld be maintained at all

times. The A/HR subcommittee also supports this recommendation.



Ossabaw's current prescribed fire program includes implementing low intensity winter

bums to keep forest fuels at minimal build up, promoting herbaceous vegetative growth,

: and facilitating nutrient turnover. Prescribed burning activities should- shift towards

growing season bums. As information becomes available, the burning program should

be modified to mimic naturally occurring historical fires. However, prescribed cool

season bums serving the primary purpose of reducing fuel loads and providing

protection for existing buildings and structures,_ ~[lould continue and receive high

priority. All prescribed fires should be permitted by the Georgia Forestry Commission
and coordinated with island residents. The EINH subcommittee also supports this

recommendation.



The E/NH subcommittee recom.mended that p_rescribed burning regimes should have the

goal of restoration and maintenance of the natura~ species composition and structure of

the various plant communities on the island, including wetlands, using the best available

literature and historical data on natural fire frequency in similar southeastern

ecosystems.



The E/NH subcommittee recommended the construction and maintenance of firebreaks

should be limited to. areas around historic structures.'

J;.



Currently there are 25 bluebird nest boxes, 16 wood duck nest boxes, and 3 prothonotary

warbler nest boxes in use on Ossabaw Island. Artificial nesting boxes and structures

46

should be sparingly used and only to substitute for a known deficiency of natural sites, educational or research purposes.. Nest boxes should be properly located, erected, and maintained for beneficial results. All structures should be checked periodically and records maintained regarding use and productivity. In addition to artificial nesting boxes and structures, a management program should be implemented to protect naturally occurring tree nest sites wherever possible.
Comments: The Management subcommittee generally felt habitat enhancement efforts on the island
should focus on the management of existing native vegetation and r~storation to historicaLstatus was a preferred management objective for most habitats. Options should be made available, in some limited instances, to restore habitats impacted by feral animals once these populations are under control (e.g. inter-dune areas). Additional communication, educational materials and efforts are needed to infomi visitors and other interested persons as to the need for and benefit of specific management activities.
Actions:



WRD will continue to use prescribed fire for reducing fuel loads and where,

appropriate, growing season prescribed burns will be initiated to maintain and

promote natural habitat types.



Annual burn plans will be developed and coordinated with research needs.

TOIF and WLE will be notified prior to initiating burns.



Firebreaks will be kept to a minimum and in all possible cases existing roads

and natural barriers will be used for this purpose.



All artificial nesting boxes will be checked for activity and data recorded until

they become non-functional. No new nest boxes will be erected or existing

boxes repaired unless scientific evidence indicates a lack of suitable nesting

structures for a particular species.



All existing openings (including North End, Middle Place, Buckhead, and

South End) will be maintained for cultural, historical, and wildlife value by

mowing, discing, burning, or herbiciding to promote growth of native weeds,

forbs, and grasses. Many of these areas also serve as landing areas for

helicopters in emergency situations.

Game Species- Game animals on Ossabaw Island comprise a prominent part of the island's ecosystem. The island's native game species include white-tailed deer, a variety of migratory bird species, raccoons, grey squirrels and alligators. Additionally, eastern wild turkeys and fox
47

squirrels, previously introduced by man, inhabit the island and are considered non-indigenous.

All game species offer important research opportunities for the scientific community as

well as cultural and educational opportunities for the!pilblic throughliunting.. The hunting of

game animals on Ossabaw is a scientifically accepted and vital management tool which should

be continued asoutlined inthefollowing recommendations. Education should continue to be an

integral part of all hunting opportunities.

. ,

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



Alligators: The taking of alligators shoul<;l be prohibited except in cases where individual

alligators are identified by DNR to have become a nuisance and,pose .a, potential. danger

to island residents and .visitors. Potentially dangerous alligators should be removed and

destroyed at the discretion ofDNR. Research data including sex and length should be

colleeted from allremoved animals whenever feasible.. ;~"



White-tailed deer: Currently there are five annual deer hunts totaling 15 days of hunting

opportunity with a maximum potential of 475 participants selected through a lottery

system. The taking of feral hogs is allowed during deer hunts and should be continued.

The established deer hunts include one archery, one primitive weapons and three

firearms hunts including an adult/child only hunt. No major changes are recommended

regarding the current deer hunt schedule. However, the existing system should remain

flexible enough to allow for minor adjustments. concerning the timing, bag limits, type

and number of participants as dictated by updated scientific and other information, and

associated goals. A deer population reduction is recommended to reduce browsing

impacts and facilitate-habitat recovery.. Alternatives to accomplish this goal should be

thoroughly explored and/or attempted before additional huntsare scheduled.



Small-game: Currently there are six days of opportunity for hunting small-game plus

one additional day, Youth Waterfowl Day. Raccoon, squirrel, and waterfowl may be

hunted during the small-game hunt dates. No major changes are recommended in the

current hunting schedule; however, the deliverance of a more structured and identifiable

educational message should be incorporated into these.events.. This provides an

excellent opportunity to educate a captive audience concerning a variety of conservation

and natural resource messages. Such topics may include waterfowl identification and

ecology, coastal wetland ecology, avian migration, habitat problems and solutions,

predator-prey relationships, and many others.

. Raccoon: Raccoons may be hunted without the use of dogs. Due to the potential

negative impacts raccoons may have depredating on se~ turtle eggs, WRD

personnel should .also take appropriate periodic measures including live trapping

and shooting to control populations as necessary.

Squirrel: Exotic fox squirrels and gray squirrels may be hunted. Historic levels of gray squirrel harvest under this regime are mi.nimal and have no significant impact on the island's native population. However, this.opportunity facilitates th~ remqval of exotic fox squirrels in support of the goal to eliminate exotics from the island.

48

Waterfowl: Ducks and geese may be hunted. Participants for adult hunts are limited to a maximum annual quota of 60.



Turkeys: Two 3-day annual turkey hunts including one adult/child hunt are currently

offered with an average annual harvest of <3 turkeys per year. Turkey hunting has

traditionally provided opportunities for public visitation and education. Due to the

insufficient level of quality brood and nesting habitat on the island combined with

suspected high predation rates, historical reproduction has been poor and insufficient to

maintain significant harvest levels.

Comments: The topic of game management and all recommendations listed above were openly
discussed and verbal consensus reached during at least 2 different meetings. However, during the final review period consensus was lost for five of the recommendations. Consensus was lost regarding the hunting of any game species except that required for research and the control of populations such as deer and pigs which may be causing habitat damage. A minority opinion was expressed by one subcommittee member who felt public hunting of some species may be inappropriate for Ossabaw under the terms of its establishment as a Heritage Preserve. There was unanimous agreement that population control is needed for some species to prevent habitat degradation. Sentiments were expressed that consideration should be given to changing some of the hunts (particularly those for turkeys) to non-hunting activities such as "trophy camera hunts" and that this could be done without losing the benefits of increased opportunities for public access and education in the process. However, the majority opinion was these activities were appropriate and could be maintair.ed in addition to new opportunities for public access and education. Several subcommittee members viewed.hunting as a valuable form of education and suggested additional emphasis be placed on this value through more structured activities during public hunting opportu11ities.

49

Actions:

Hunting, like other activities on Ossabaw Island, will be held only when they

support the Executive Order. It is DNR's intent to eliminate small-game

hunting purely for recreational purposes. Hunting for upland game and

waterfowl will be eliminated after the 2000;.2001 huritiqg season. ,

.

.t

.

No changes in the current deer and hog hunt structure are:expected, except hog hunts .may be increased in the future to meetmanagement .objectives.



Turkey hunts will be eliminated after the 2000-2001 hunting season to provide

.opportun_ities for educational weekends.

Alligators will be removed only when WRD determines an individual alligator

to be an aggressive threat to public safety. Under these circumstances,

'individual alligators will be removed following the guidelines of Georgia's

.,A. lligator Agent-Trapper Program.



. ...

Non-gam~ ~izd Protected Species- Ossabaw Island is used by a wide variety of non-game
wildlife, including many state or federally protected species. Many of these non-game animals are permanent residents, ~hile others are migratory. Rare species found on the islahd include loggerhead ~ea turtles (occasionally other sea turtle species), piping plovers, Wilson's plovers, Peregrine falcons, American oystercatchers, bald eagles, wood stor}\s, least terns, and gull-billed terns. The federally endangered Kirtland's warbler may use Ossabaw as a stop-over site during migrations between northern Michigan and the Bahamas. Neotropical migrants such as the painted bunting, a species that is declining at a rate of 3% annually, may one day be totally dependent upon barrier islands such as Ossabaw for population sources to populate other areas. Coral snakes have been identified on Ossabaw, but not on other Georgia barrier islands. As a Heritage Preserve, Ossabaw Island should be managed to ensure perpetuation of currently common non-game fauna, while rare species should be managed to the point of local recovery.

50

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



With the exception of certain species whose populations are perilously low and require

directed management (detailed below), the majority of nongame wildlife will benefit

from intact, naturally occurring ecosystems. This may best be accomplished through a

"hands-off' management approach.



Because of their more imperiled status, protected species and those of special concern

should receive priority when natural resource management issues conflict.



Directed inventory of Ossabaw Island's flora and fauna is essential to implementing

proper management decisions. This recommendation was also supported by the EINH

subcommittee.



Breeding sites for species of special concern may require posting and control of human

access during the breeding season to enhance reproductive potential. For example:

a. Human activities within 1000 feet of all wading bird rookeries should be

minimized from 15 February to 15 March to prevent disturbance during

the extremely sensitive early nesting period. Wading bird rookeries

occupied by nesting wood storks should be off limits except to federally

permitted activities; all other wading bird rookeries should be exposed to

minimal disturbance levels. The WRD and TOIF should investigate

developing mutually agreeable rookery visitation guidelines and the

construction of a viewing blind to enhance educational opportunities

while minimizing disturbance.

b. Obligate beach nesting birds are extremely sensitive to human activity. Restricting human access from important nesting beaches (e.g. Middle Beach) from April - July may be the only option for maintaining these
species in Georgia. The DNR, TOIF, and a representative from a public user group should evaluate and identify beach areas for designation as human use areas, bird conservation areas, etc.

c. We recommend sea turtle management remain consistent with the Managemell! Plan for the Protection ofNesting Loggerhead Sea Turtles and Their Habitat in Georgia.



The E/NH subcommittee recommended WRD give careful consideration to the

sensitivity and seasonality of wildlife reproductive requirements when considering

human access to beach and dune areas.



The E/NH subcommittee recommended WRD seasonally erect sign to designate and

protect important nesting and brood rearing areas for state protected beach-nesting birds.

51

Actions: I.



WRD will develOl>"guidelines regarding human disturbance barriers for eagle

nests, wading bird rookeries, and beach-nesting birds. These guidelines will be

incorporated into the brochure to be handed out to visitors. Areas will be

signed as needed.

Sea turtle management will remain consistent with the "Management plan for

nesting loggerhead sea turtles .and their.habitat in Georgia~~-(Georgia DNR

, 1994). . . ,

'

. .t ~



~RD will develop and post seasonal signs delineating and informing the public

of important nesting and brood rearing areas for beach-nesting birds. Pets will

not be allowed on the beach. .

. .

. .

.

. PUBLIC USE OF THE BEACHES BELOW THE-MEAN HIGH WATER . MARK WILL NOT BE INFRINGED.

~)

I

WRD will use the existing map (subject to further revisions), Natural

Communities of Ossabaw Island (1997) and the"'descriptions provided in

Appendix C of this plan in the implementation of habitat management

objectives.



. .. '

.1



WRD will follow the requirements of the Endangered Species Act for the

management of qualifying species on Ossabaw Island.

,
Infrastructure
This category includes management issues ~onceming basic instai_lations and facilities
necessary to the continuance and growth of Ossabaw' s mission, including fuel storage and
power, law enforcement, roads and docks, structures and facilities, and waste management
issues.

Power and Fuel Storage- Electrical power is currently generated on-site with the use of diesel

generators. This source supplies al,1 north-end buildings inclding residences, shops, pumps, etc. The barging and transportation or's'ufficien~. quantities of fuel needed to run the generators presents a real and significant environmental hazard. A tra~sition to alternative s~ur~es of

electrical energy is needed to reduce the potential for such environmental 'disasters. Conversion

to a mainland power source is. preferred. . .

. .

Fuel is currently supplied to Ossabaw'via a barge filled with fuel at Fort McAllister

'

t.

'

. .

State Park facilities on Savage Island "in Bryan County. This "is a costly and risky operation

considering the manpower required and the potential for ecologically devastating fuel spills.

Currently 2-3 barge trips are made annually. Existing capacities allow for holding 18,000

52

gallons of diesel and 5,000 gallons of gasoline on the island. These storage facilities are above ground due to unsuccessful attempts in the past to maintain below ground storage. In order to comply with existing regulations, a new fuel storage system is needed. The capacity of any future storage system will depend on the outcome of the plans to supply the island with mainland power and plans for future heating of the main house.
Average annual fuel usage for the generators, main house and miscellaneous equipment over the past four years was estimated at 18,900, 5,500 and 1,500 gallons, respectively. An additional 5,000 gallons of gasoline are used each year. With supplied electrical power, these figures should be significantly reduced. However, additional plans for enhanced programming and activities could result in.additional energy.needs and associated fuel consumption.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



DNR should establish a permanent line-source of electricity from the mainland to

replace the existing generating system.



DNR should "investigate and to whatever extent possible, e~sure additional

communication sources (i.e., fiberoptic cables) be installed during the installation of

power lines.



Once a permanent supply of mainland power is achieved, the need for generating power

will be considerably reduced. We recommend the existing generators be maintained in

working order to facilitate the transition to mainland power. Once this is achieved,

however, significant resources should not be used to repair or replace similar capacity

generators. The need for temporary power sources during times of outages should be

addressed with more economical portable generators.



A new above ground fuel storage system should be installed to comply with current

regulations.



Fuel storage capacities should be sufficient to require a maximum of 2 barge trips

annually and maintain operations for at least 6 months. Fuel conservation should be

encouraged and closely monitored.



The Facility Response Plan should be maintained to reflect changing conditions and

current information.



The heating system in the main house should be replaced or converted to a more

environmentally friendly and efficient system. It is estimated that fuel needs could be

drastically reduced (by 5,000 gallons/year) if other alternatives were available.

53

Actions:

Pending the establishment of mainland power to Ossabaw, the possibility of concurrently installing additional communication sources will be dependent

upon the availability of funds for such endeavors. All power lines will be

underground:

'

"
DNR will pursue funding to establish mainland power to Ossabaw.

i _.

DNR will investigate the potential for using alternative sources for power

production.

DNR will pursue a transition to using one form of fuel. This will require the TOIF and WLE to convert from gasoline powered transportation to an alternative fuel . This should reduce the cost of a new fuel storage facility and the number of fuel barge trips and associated cost

Pending funding, DNR will install new fuel storage system.
).
WRD's Island Biologist will annually update the Fuel Facility Response Plan.

Law Enforcement- Enforcement of existing _laws and regulations on Ossabaw Island is needed to ensure continued preservation of the island's unique natural and cultural resources. There exists an additional need to ensure safety and provide protection to i~land visitors with the aid of certified law enforcement personnel. The presence of trained enforcement personnel would serve as a deterrent and greatly facilitate DNR's management of illegal and inappropriate activities.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



WRD should maintain a full time resident employee with law enforcement capabilities

and P.O.S.T. certification on Ossabaw Island.

Actions:

_The area manager (wildiife technician) assigned to Ossabaw will be P.o.S.T.

certified or will be sent to tl.te Georgia Public Safety Training Center to receive

training and become P.o.s:i. ~ertified.



Roads and Docks- The island's present road system is extensive and traverses much of the island making most areas reasonably accessible by vehicle. The current management program
54

involves periodic grading, clearing of debris, occasional re-routing and filling as needed. In addition, there are currently 2 docks located on the north (Torrey landing) and south (South End Hunt Camp field) ends of the island. These docks are available for use by the DNR, TOIF, and WLE. While dock space is adequate for the island's current level of use and programing, additional or improved facilities may be required should significant increases in access or utilization be realized.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



Maintain all existing dirt roads in a usable condition suitable for vehicular traffic. Roads

should be regularly maintained through a combination_o(gr~dir.ig, f_ilhng, clearing__of _

debris, culvert replacements, etc. on a periodic or as-needed basis.



Building new roads should be prohibited. This recommendation was also supported by .

the NHR subcommittee



Maintain existing docks in a safe and usable manner. At all times, DNR should maintain

2 adequate docking facilities servicing the north and south ends of the island. Should

current docking locations or facilities become unsuitable, replacement docks should be

constructed in a more suitable location.



A permanent bridge should be constructed to provide emergency and other limited

access to Middle Beach.

Comments: The recommendation of implementing a speed limit on the island was discussed but did
not meet with consensual approve.I. It is apparent that regulated speed is needed to reduce the potential for vehicle accidents. However, enforcement of such a regulation would be difficult. The subcommittee generally agreed that involved agencies and partners should adopt vehicle operation standards on the island to further reduce the potential for such accidents.

55

Actions:



No new roads will be con~tructed unless needed to meet critical management

needs. Existing roads will be maintained, as needed, in a useable condition. .



A boardwalk, suitable for ATV traffic, will be jointly funded, constructed, and

maintai!led by the GM .and NG/NH sections to provide emergency and other

access for management purposes to Middle Beach. Other boardwalks for

. research and educational purpos~s will be considered..



DNR will maintain the current docking facilities at Torrey Landing and the

South End Hunt Camp (Newell Creek).

Structures and Facilities- There currently exist a variety of structures and facilities on the island serying a multitude of purposes. Some of these structures have significant historical and cultural values and should be maintained for these p'urposes. Other structures with no'urtique cultural value should be either removed or upgraded fo an acceptable 'level capable of contribu~i.ng to their.intended o~ modified.use.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



WRD should maintain all existing permanent residences in a usable and presentable

manner. These buildings provide important housing for island residents and researchers,

and should be maintained tO continue. serving in this capacity.

.

..

'

. i

'



N.~ ne~ structures should be constructed unless they' are needed and well justified to

support existing or expanded programs that contribute directly to the mission of

Ossabaw Island and its associated management. However, existing structures in poor

condition may be repaired, demolished or replaced as needed to facilitate storage of

equipment and other uses. This recommendation was also supported by the NHR

subcommittee.

56

Actions:



DNR will continue to maintain existing employee residences in a useable and

presentable manner. No new structures will be constructed unless they are

well justified and are necessary to support or expand programs contributing to

the mission outlined in the Executive Order.



New DNRemployees and cooperating researchers will not establish residency

on the island unless their presenceis critical .to meeting the mission for

Ossabaw. Any such residency must be approved in writing by WRD and will

be restricted to the north end of the island. Existing structures will be

adaptively reused to provide such residency.

Waste Management- The current waste management practices on Ossabaw Island are to bum and/or bury most operational waste and household garbage. Some toxic items, such as batteries, are stockpiled for removal at a later date. Removal of other debris has been sporadic. These practices are not ecologically or environmentally sound nor are they compatible with the island's designation as a Heritage Preserve. It is important that refuse now on the island be removed and sound waste management and recycling practices be established so as to prevent any degradation of the island's natural resources.

Subcommittee Recommendations to DNR:



Prohibit the burning and burying of any waste materials on Ossabaw.



Remove, to whatever extent practical, all existing refuse buried or stored at the island

"landfill" and restore the landfill to a "natural state."



Collect all existing operational waste such as scrap building materials, paper, oil and

chemical containers, batteries, tires, abandoned vehicles, etc. for immediate removal

from the island.



Establish a regular and systematic program for the collection, centralized temporary

storage, and removal of all household and operational waste materials from the island.



Encourage recycling activities and practices.



Require visitors to pack out all trash. This recommendation also received support from

the R/E subcommittee.



Survey and inspect all septic systems for condition, capacity, etc.



Construct latrines or provide portable toilets at improved camping areas. Campers in

57

improved sites should be instructed regarding proper disposal of human waste....



Conduct tegulady scheduled beach-sweeps for removal of marine-borne man-made

debris. The recommended frequenGy of beach-sweeps is quarterly.

Actions:



WRD will pursue funds to purchase 3 sway cars for storing and removing

household garbage,. storing and .removing. metaLwaste,-and .other..operational

debris. Island employees will be encouraged to compost biodegradable

material and recycle of other materials (aluminum, glass, etc.).



WRD will seek assistance from EPD to dye the septic systems and evaluate

deficiencies.
.. . ... ,.
: , . Volunteer groups can coordinate b~~ch clean-ups through Pssabaw's \YRD

staff.

. ..

I

,,...

'

,

'

Visiting groups and i~divi()uals ar:e currently and will continue to be required

to pack out their trash. . '. 1

..

. .



Burning and burying of household waste materials on Ossabaw will be

prohibited.

-



DNR will seek funding to remove existing metal waste (appliances, etc) and

abandoned vehicles from the island;. Additionally, efforts will be made to

remove surface debris.

Cultural Resources

.. ~ '

This category includes the management and protection of all cultural resources on the

island. Since the steering committee established a separate subcommittee to specifically

address cultural resource issues, the. management subcommittee has deferred its

recommendations concerning the "management" of these resources to those made by the A/HR

subcommittee. No specific recommendations were discussed or are being made by the

management subcommittee.

.. '.1

58

LITERATURE CITED
Bratton, S. P. 1974. The effect of the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) on high elevation vernal flora in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club 101:198-206.
1975. The effect of the European wild boar (Sus scrofa) on gray beech forest in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecology 56: 1356-1366.
Bowen, B.W., J.C. Avise, J.I. Richardson, A.B. Meylan, D. Margaritoulis, and S.R. HopkinsMurphy. 1993: Population structure ofloggerhead turtles {Caretta caretta) inthe northwestern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Conserv. Biol. 7: 834-844.
Bowers, J. W., J. S. Simmons, and D. Forster. 2000 (in progress). Relative occurrence of acorn and palmetto mast in the late-fall diets of white-tailed deer and feral swine on Ossabaw and Sapelo Islands, Georgia. Ga. Dept. of Nat. Resourc., Annu. Perform. Rep., Atlanta.
Brisbin, IL., Jr., R. A. Geiger, H. B. Graves, J. E. Pinder III, J. M. Sweeney, and J. R. Sweeney. 1977. Morphological characteristics of two populations of feral swine. Acta Theriol. 221:75-83.
1989. Feral animals and zoological parks: conservation concerns for a neglected component of the world's biodiversity. Proc. Am. Assoc. Zool. Parks and Aquariums. Pages 523-530.
1990. A consideration of feral swine (Sus scrofa) as a component of conservation concerns and research priorities for the Suidae. Bongo 1990:283-293.
Candler, A. D. And Gen. C. A. Evans. 1906. Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form. State Historical Association, Atlanta.
Coblentz, B.E. 1978. The effects of feral goats (Capra hircus) on island ecosystems. Biol. Conserv. 13:279-286.
1990. Exotic organisms: a dilemma for conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 4:261-265.
Corbat, C. A. 1990. Nesting ecology of selected beach-nesting birds in Georgia. PhD. Dissertation. Univ. of Georgia, Athens. 174pp.
DePratter, C. 1974. An Archaeological Survey of Ossabaw Island, Chatham County, Georgia: Preliminary Report. Typescript on file at the Laboratory of Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens.
59

1976. The Shellmound Archaic on the Georgia Coast. M.S: Thesis.University of Georgia, Athens.

Dodd,.M. G., and A.H. McKinnon. 1999. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nesting in Ge~rgia, 1999: Implications for management. Ga. Dept. of Nat. Resourc. Annu.

Perfqrm. RrP.? Brunswic,k. 41 pp.

. ' Georgia DNR. 1994. Management plan for the protection of nesting loggerhead sea turtles and

th~ir habitat in Georgia. Report on file. Georgia Departmen~ of Natural Resources,

Brunswick.- 1lpp.

r-, _



Georgia DNR. 1996. Ossabaw Island National Register of Historic Places District Nomination.

On file, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Hi.storic Preservation Division.









1 ~

'



'

,"/

;

.

'

' I '.

Harris, M,J., and C.G.. Maley,. 1990. Loggerhead sea turtle-nesting on Ossabaw, St..Catherines,

Sapelo, and Little St. Simons islands, Georgia, in 1989. U.S.F.W.S., p. 1-28. .

Jackson, J. A., and B. J. S. Jackson. 1985. S,tatus, dispersion, and population changes of Least . Terns on.the Mississippi Gulf Coast. M1ssissippi':I9te 6:25-35.

Johnson, A. S., IL. Brisbin, J. McCollum, and V. F. Nettles. 1992. Report of the committee on

Ossabaw Island hogs. 1 July 1992. Ga. Dept. of Nat. Resourc., Wildl. Resourc. Div.

(report on file), Brunswick. 5pp.

-
/ ' ,!

Katahira, L.K. 1980. The effects of feral pigs on a montane rain forest in Hawaii Volcanoes .National Park. Proc. Hawaii Volcanoes Natl. Park Nat. Sci. Conf. 3: 173-178.

Laerm, J., R.A. Moulis, M.A. Menzel, G.K. Williamson, N.L. Callough, J. Jensen, B. Winn, and

fyLJ. ~arris. 1997. Bibliography of amphibians and reptiles of the Georgia Sea Islands..

University of Georgia Museum of Natural History, Unpublished Report to Georgia

Department of Natural Resources (manuscript on file) ...Athens.

.

Lacki, M. J. and R. A. Lancia. 1983..Qianges in soil properties of forests rooted by wild boar.
Proc. Anmi. C-onf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agenci~s 37:228-236.

Larson, L. H., Jr. 1973. The Guale: Acculturation of the.Georgia Coast During tre l61hCentury. Paper presented at the Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco.

1980. Aboriginal 'subsistence Technology o~ the Southeastern Coastal Plain During the

Late Prehistoric Period. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville.



'

<.I',

;i ,. .;-(:

t,

,





,

I.

.



Marrinan, R. A. 197.5. Ceramics, Molluscs, and Sedentism: The Late Archaic Period on the

..



f

.

>

..

Georgia Coast. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Fl~tjda, Gai_nes,ville.

60

Mayer, J. J., and IL. Brisbin. 1991. Wild pigs in the United States: their history, comparative morphology, and current status. Univ. of Georgia Press, Athens.
McCort, W. D. 1980. The feral asses (Equus asinus) of Ossabaw Island, Georgia. PhD. dissertation, Pennsylvannia State University, University Park. 219pp.
Milanich, Jerald T. 1971. The Deptford Phase: An Archeological Reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Moore, Clarence B. 1897. Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Geo.r.gia.Coast. . Reprint.from.the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Volume XI. P.C. Stockhausen, Philadelphia.
Neuhauser, H.N., and W.W. Baker. 1974. Annotated list of mammals of the coastal islands of Georgia. Jn: A.S. Johnson and H.O. Hillestad. An Ecological Survey of the coastal region of Georgia. National Park Service scientific monograph series no. 3.
Odom, R.R., 1976. Heronry survey of the Georgia Coast. Oriole 41:19-35.
Oliver, W. L. R., and IL. Brisbin. 1993. Introduced and feral pigs: problems, policy, and priorities. Pages 179-1991 in W. L. Oliver ed. Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos, status survey and conservation action plan of the IUCN World Conservation Union.
Otto, John S. 1984. Cannon's Point Plantation, 1794-1860: Living Conditions and Status Patterns in the Old South. Academic Press, Orlando.
Pearson, Charles. 1977. Analysis of Late Prehistoric Settlement on Ossabaw Island, Georgia. University of Georgia Laboratory of Archaeology Series, Report No. 12. Athens, Georgia.
Scott, J.M., S. Mountainspring, F. L. Ramsey, and C. B. Kepler. 1986. Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands: their dynamics, ecology, and conservation. Stud. in
Avian Biol. 9. Cooper Ornithol. Soc., Univ. California, Los Angeles. 431pp.
Singer, F. J., W. T. Swank, and E. E. C. Clebsch. 1984. Effects of wild pig rooting in a deciduous forest. J. \Vildl. Manage. 48:464-473.
Spatz, G, and D. Mueller-DolT'bois. 1975. Succession after pig digging in grassland communities on Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Phytocoenologica 3:346-373.
61

Stone, C P. 1985. Alieffanimakin Hawaii's native ecosystems: toward; controlling the , adverse effects of introduced vertebrates. Pages 251-297 in C.P. Stpne and)..M. Scott, eds. Hawaii's terrestrial ecosystems:preservation and management. Univ. Hawaii Coop. Natl. ParkResour. Stud.. Unit., Univ. Hawaii Press., HonoJuhl..J,
Urban, E.K., L.L. Urban, J.H. Patterson, and R.H. Hayes, Jr. 1997. The birds of St. Catherines Island, a checklist. Urlpubli.shed pamphlet of the St. Catherin.es Island Foundi;t~i~n~

Worth, John E. 1995. The Struggle for the Georgia Coast: An Eighteenth-Century Spanish

Retrospective on Guale and Mocama. :American Museum of Natural Histqcy.,

Anthropological Papers, No. 75. Distributed bY,the Univer:sity' Qf,Georgia Press, Athens,

GA.

,

.-; ,

Waring, A.:J. Jr., and LewisH:Larson, Jr. 1977. The Bilbo Site-:;ChathamCpwity, Georgia. In The Waring Papers::Edited by: Stephen Williams; pp. 152-'197., Peabody Museum of Archaeology arrd:Ethnology, Vol. 58. Harvard University, Cam\?tidge.

;'t

J:.

'I)
. ~ '.J

,., 1'.,.
'I

62

. .
APPENDICES
63

APPENDIX A
COMMITTEES AND MEMBERSHIP:
Steering Committee John W. Bowers, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division John Crawford, UGA Marine Extension Service Mike Harris, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division Todd Holbrook, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division, Chair Jerry McCollum, Georgia Wildlife Federation Patty Mcintosh, The Georgia Conservancy Bob Monroe, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division Amy Smith, The Ossabaw Island Foundation Zelda Tenenbaum, The Ossabaw Island Foundation Lyn May, Past Member, The Ossabaw Island Foundation Dr. Ron Carroll, University of Georgia
Archaeologic and Historic Resources Subcommittee Dr. David Allen Crass, DNR-Historic Preservation Division,, Chair Elizabeth DuB6se, The Ossabaw Island Foundation Richard Laub, DNR - Historic Preservation Division Dr. W. Ray Luce, DNR - Historic Preservation Division Dr. Charles Pearson Elizabeth Shirk, DNR - Historic Preservation Division Buddy Sullivan, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division Kathy Ledvina, The Ossabaw Island Foundation
Ecology/Natural History Subcommittee Dr. Jon Ambrose, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division John Bowers, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division Dr. John Bozeman Christine Gardiner, University of Georgia Jerry McCollum, Georgia Wildlife Federation Brad Winn, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division, Chair
Management Subcommittee Hank Barrett, Clean Coast Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Lab Dan Forster, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division, Chair John Jensen, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division Steve Kyles, DNR - Wildlife Resources Division Andy Meadows, The Ossabaw Island Foundation
64

Joe Meyers, United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division Zelda Tenenbaum, The Ossabaw Island Foundation Barb Zoodsma, DNR- Wildlife Resources Division
Education/Research Subcommittee John W. Bowers, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division John Crawford, UGA Marine Extension, Chair Dr. Paula Eubanks, Georgia State University Dr. I. Lehr Brisbin, Savannah River Ecology Lab Ken Riddleberger, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division Jim Simmons, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division Dale Thorpe, Savannah Science Museum Venetia Butler, Oatland Island Education Center Eleanor West, West Life Estate Dr. Herb Windom, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Mary Elfner, Coastal Georgia Land Trust Jerry Hogan, Hogan's Marina Maria Bashlor Dr. Randy Walker, University of Georgia Howard Morrison Dr. Kay Davis, The Ossabaw Island Foundation Jennie Garlington
Legal Subcommittee Bob Monroe, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division Jerry McCollum, Georgia Wildlife Federation Mike Harris, DNR-Wildlife Resources Division Patricia Barmeyer, Atty.- The Ossabaw Island Foundation John Walden, Atty.- DNR Mr. Allison Wade, Atty.- West Life Estate John Sibley, Atty. - Georgia Conservancy
65

APPENDIXB

LAWS COVERING ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESOURCES

The Official Code of Georgia (O.C.G.A.) includes laws pertaining specifically to archaeological . and historical resources on state lands. These include the following:



O.C.G.A. 12-3-52 et seq. (Archeological Exploration, Excavation, or Surveying;

Administrative Appeal of Departmental Orders). The state of Georgia reserves unto itself exclusive rights to all archaeolog~cal sites on .state.lands: ..O.C.G.A. 12-3-53

mandates the Department of Natural Resources to appoint a State Aichaeologist to: .

implement O.C.G.A. 12-3-52 and to direct and coordinate research on state landswith

the exception of lands managed by the Board of Regents.



O.C.G.A. 12-3-55 et seq. (State Agency Historic Property Stewardship Program)

requires state agencies that manage properties which may be eligible for the Georgia .

Register of Historic Places to do so in a way that considers their historic or other values.



O.C.G.A. 44-12-260 et seq. (Protection of American Indian Human Remains and Burial

Objects) requires the state, local governments, and museums to inventory and repatriate

to known lineal descendants or tribes burial objects and human remains from American

Indian sites.



O.C.G.A. 44-12-280 et seq. (Council on American Indian Concerns) creates an

organization to serve as a resource in the implementation of O.C.G.A. 44-12-260 et seq.

And to advise state agencies, local governmepts, and lawienforcement agencies on issues

affecting American Indians.



O.C.G.A. 31-21-45 (Offenses) prohibits the exhibit or display of dead .American Indian

bodies.



O.C.G.A. 36-72-1 et seq. (Abandoned Cemeteries and Burial Grounds) describes

requirements for landowners proposing a change of land use which may affect a known

cemetery, burial ground, or grave, as well as sets forth legislative intent for overall

treatment of burials.



O.C.G.A. 31-21-44 (Wanton or Malicious Removal of Dead Body...) Makes it unlawful

for any person to "receive, retain, dispose of, or possess the dead body or any bodily

part of a human being" removed from a place of interment.



O.C.G.A. 31-21-6 (Dead Bodies) requires notification of law enforcement agencies upon

disturbance, destruction, defacement, mutilation, removal, or exposure of human

remains without a permit.

66



O.C.G.A. 12-3-80 et seq. (Submerged Cultural Resources) claims all submerged

cultural resources over 50 years old in navigable waters for the state and names the

Department of Natural Resources as custodian.



Georgia Environmental Policy Act. Requires state agencies to be good stewards of air,

land, water, plants, animals, and environmental, historical, and cultural resources.

67

, APPENDIX C
NATURAL COMMUNITIES (Refer to map entitled "Natural Communities of Ossabaw Island'', 'published 1997 by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources).
1. Intertidal beach: Essentially unvegetated, this natural community corresponds to the oceanfacing area between mean low and high tides. It is found between the outlet of Beach Creek on the southwestern tip of the island to Bradley Point on the northeastern tip of the island. Beaches on Ossabaw are gently sloping, with scattered piles of beach rack, shells and ocean-borne debris.
2. Grass-forb dune: Found just inland from the intertidal zone, this community represents the outer beach face. Characteristic plant species include seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum), beach pennywort (Hydrocotyle bonariensis), beach croton (Croton punctatus), nutgrass (Cyperus sp.), sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus), Russian thistle (Sa/so/a kali), marsh hay cordgrass (Spartina patens) and beach pea (Vigna sp.). Piles of beach rack are common in this zone. The most extensive expressions of this habitat are found at South End Point and along Middle Beach between Big Slough and Bradley Slough. A thin strand of this community is found elsewhere along the ocean-facing perimeter of the island.
3. Grass-forb meadow: This community is found primarily in interdune flats and low dunes behind the beach front. The areas of major occurrence for this community are Bradley Point and Middle Beach. Characteristic species include beach pennywort, nutgrass, broomsedge (Andropogon sp.), sandbur, seashore paspalum, hair awn muhly (Muhlenbergia capillaris), golden aster (Heterotheca subaxillaris), lippia (Lippia nodifo/ia) and fimbristylis (Fimbristy/is spadicea).
4. Shrub thicket-Dunes, dry: This community is found only on Holocene deposits on Ossabaw, and is nearly equally distributed between Bradley Point, Middle Beach, and South End Point. Characteristic plants include wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera), (Mikania scandens), and Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides). This mapping unit also contains some low wet areas.
5. Shrub thicket-Interdunes, wet: This community is found primarily on Bradley Point, at Eleanor Pond, in numerous old slough areas between Willows Road and South Beach Road, and in wet areas at South End Point. These are areas dominated by black willow (Salix nigra), swamp willow (Salix caroliniana) and/or wax myrtle, with buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), and Santa Domingo cattail (Typha domingensis).
6. Scrub oak forest: This community is found along a narrow strand of ocean-facing stable dune ridges 5 to 20 feet high; these dune ridges run parallel to the beach face from South End Point to Bradley Point. Dominant trees and shrubs include live oak (Quercus virginiana), sand laurel (Darlington) oak (Quercus hemisphaerica), red bay (Persea borbonia), buckthom (Bumelia tenax or B. alachuense), and yaupon (flex vomitoria), with occasional cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto), redcedar or juniper (Juniperus virginiana), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Found
68

on Kershaw/Osier soil complex, this community type is often interspersed with wet or dry shrub thickets.
7. Salt pans & flats: These sparsely-vegetated habitats are found in scattered locations around the island; they include mud and sand flats, shallow sloughs, and some elevated areas along roadways. They represent environments that vary from hyperhaline to euhaline. Characteristic plants include salt grass (Distichlis spicata), seashore dropseed (Sporobolus virginicus), maritime saltwort (Batis maritima), and glasswort (Salicornia bigelovii or S. virginica). The extensive salt flat areas lying between Mule Run Road and Hell Hole Road may have expanded due to impeded flows resulting from road construction.
8. Salt Marsh: This community type is by far the most extensive on the island, occupying more than half of the area. It is found along tidal creeks and sloughs that are inundated twice daily by seawater, i.e., along Bradley River, Cabbage Garden Creek, Newell Creek, Big Tom Creek, Little Tom Creek, and the upper end of Buckhead Creek. It is also found at Big Slough and Bradley Slough. The dominant plant species in this habitat is smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora ).
9. Brackish Rush: This community type is found primarily in the northwestern portion of the island, where intertidal waters are influenced by freshwater outflows of the Ogeechee River. The most extensive stands are found near Cane Patch Creek, Rush Creek, and Queen Bess Creek. It is also found along the upper end of the Bradley River and adjacent to Harry Hammock and Spider Ridge, as well as in the North Field area. The dominant plant in this community is black needlerush (Juncus roemerianus).
10. Brackish Shrub Border: This habitat represents a transition zone from black needlerush marsh to upland forest communities. It is generally found in small patches between brackish rush (or salt marsh grass) and oak-pine-palm/juniper (e.g., adjacent to Harry Hammock and Spider Ridge, and at Queen Bess Island). Dominant plants in this habitat include wax myrtle, sea ox-eye (Borrichiafrutescens), and marsh elder (fvafrutesccns).
11. Palm: This community type is generally found in small linear patches between brackish rush (or salt marsh grass) and oak-pine-palm/juniper or oak-bay-palm upland forest. Near Willows Field, it occurs as a narrow transition zone between these two upland forest types. Other palm stands are found adjacent to hammock islands, and the shell midden on Cane Patch Island. Cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto) is the dominant canopy species, often with redcedar or juniper (Juniperus virginiana).
12. Open Water with Emergent and Shrubs: This community type includes all freshwater ponds with significant portions of open water. Ponds of various sizes are scattered throughout the Pleistocene deposits, and are generally surrounded by upland forest communities. Most of these ponds dry out during the summer months. Almost all of them. have emergent vegetation, with scattered shrubs such as buttonbush and willow.
13. Mixed Emergents: This community includes freshwater ponds with a mixture of narrow-
69

leaved and broad-leaved emergents, very little qpen water, and va,riable shrub cover. These

wetlands are found in Pleistocene deposits, often adjacent to shrub marsh or lowland mixed

hardwoods; examples can be found near Goose Pond, around Pine Barrens Pond, and near Egret

and Rice Ponds. Typical dominants include yellow-eyed grass (Xyris sp.), pickerelweed ..

(Pontedaria cordata), soft rush (Juncus effusus), sand cordgrass (Spartinabakeri), sedges

(Cyperus spp.),-Santa Domingo cattail (Typha domingensis), willows, buttonqush, and wax

myrtle.

.,

' ' ~

14. Narrow Leaved Emergents: This habitat type is found primarily in the southern portion of ..

the Pleistocene deposits. The main body of Goose Pond as. well as a d~pressional area east .of .

the pond have saw grass (Cladiumjamaicense) as the dominant plant species. Other areas, such

as the entry points of sloughs and Rocket Pond, have sand cordgrass (Spartina bakeri) as a

dominant species.

.

15. Sfuub Marsh: This freshwater wetland type is usually dominated by wax myrtle and willow,

with buttonbush. 1Examples can be found adjacent to Goose Pond and Rocket Pond;;Egret Pond .

and Rice Pond are other examples.

., .

16. Lowland Mixed Hardwoods: This forested wetland community is found primarily inlow-

lying swales and depressions on Ellabelle soils. Dominant/characteristic .trees include

sweetgunt (Liquidambar styraciflua), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora) red maple. (Acer

rubrum), bays.(Persea borbonia and P. palustris), cabbage.palm, southern magnolia (Magnolia

grandiflora) and water oak (Quercus nigra).

., ,

17. Pine: This community type is found primarily in small patches on Ossabaw Island, where

previous disturbances have opened up the forest canopy. The large.st concentration of pine-

dominated upland forest is found nearthe south end of the Pleistocene ridge, where loblolly

pine (Pinus taeda) predominates. Sand laurel oak, live oak, and water oak can also be found in

. these stands. Common understory'plants include wax myrtle, red bay, sass_afras (Sassafras

albidum), and muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia)

.

18. Pine-Oak: More common than the previous type,, this forest has a higher proportion of oaks

in the canopy, and may represent a later successional stage. This community type can be found

in several locations on the Pleistocene ridges, including areas east of Buckhead Field and on the

North End between Cane Patch Creek and North End Field. It can also be.found east of.Middle..

Place Field along Half Moon Road. Canopy dominarits include loblolly pine, live oak, and sand. laurel oak, with some cabbage palm and red bay. The understory i~ diverse, with wax myrtle,

muscadine, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolius), greenbrier (Smilax bona-nox),

horse sugar (Symplocos tinctoria), and sparkleberr)r ( Vaccinium arboreum) as characteristic

species.

' .

' '

.-1.

19. Oak-Pine: Another mixed forest type, this community has a ratio of approximately 70% hardwoods to 30% pine. It has a distribution on Ossabaw Island similar-to that of pinc;:-oak, to

which it is often adjacent. Canopy dominants include live oak, sand laurel oak, loblolly pine,

cabbage palm, and red bay. Understory species are similar.to Pine-oak, but average percent

70

cover within this stratum is typically higher in oak-pine stands.
20. Oak: This forest community is found in several locations along the Pleistocene ridge. Examples include the point east of Buckhead, areas north and south of Middle Place, east of North Field, and along the road leading to Cane Patch Island. This forest has a canopy that is dominated by live oak; other canopy species include loblolly pine, southern magnolia, sand laurel oak, cabbage palm, and red bay. The understory vegetation is often dense and structurally complex. Typical understory/shrub/vine species include wax myrtle, greenbrier, muscadine, summer grape (Vitis aestivalis), Spanish bayonet (Yucca aloifolia), Virginia creeper, and poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans).
21. Oak-Pine-Palm/Juniper: This community is the major forest type of hammocks and islands (e.g., Harry Hammock, Spider Ridge, Queen Mary Island, Queen Bess Island, Bear Island), and of broad dune ridges near the South End Point. It has a canopy dominated by live oak, loblolly pine, and cabbage palm, with sand laurel oak, red bay, and redcedar (juniper). Understory species include saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), yaupon, greenbrier, devilwood (Osmanthus americanus), and J\rnerican holly (flex opaca).
22. Oak-Bay-Palm: This type is the primary Holocene forest found on Kershaw soils of the Kershaw-Osier complex, especially the broad ridges between Bradley Road and Rocket Pond. Canopy dominants include live oak, red bay, and cabbage palm, with sand laurel oak, redcedar, American holly (Ilex opaca) and loblolly pine. Characteristic understory species include muscadine, greenbrier, yaupon, Virginia creeper, and poison ivy. This forest has perhaps the most diverse herbaceous layer of the island's upland forest communities.
23. Mixed Hardwoods: This forest community is found at many locations along the main Pleistocene ridge running from North End to South Beach Road. It represents a variable mixture of hardwoods. Canopy species include sand laurel oak, live oak, cabbage palm, red bay, redcedar, American holly, southern magnolia, sweetgum, dogwood, and sassafras. Understory species include wax myrtle, muscadine, sparkleberry, greenbrier, horse sugar, Virginia creeper, summer grape, red buckeye, and poison ivy. These forests are generally found in areas with the lowest frequency of natural and anthropogenic disturbance.
Other natural habitats: Other natural habitats not included in the map and descriptions developed by Bozeman
et al. include open-water brackish and saline habitats (tidal creeks and brackish ponds), subtidal deposits, and offshore sand bars and mud flats. Of these, only tidal creeks and brackish ponds are considered part of the island proper, and are addressed briefly below.
24. Tidal Creeks - these aquatic habitats are distributed in a complex dendritic pattern on the western side of the island, and are also well represented on the northeastern side. Examples include Cane Patch Creek, Buckhead Creek, Little Tom Creek, Big Tom Creek, Newell Creek, Rush Creek, Cabbage Garden Creek, and Bradley River. Tidal creeks fill and drain the salt marshes and support a wide variety of fish, mussels, coelenterates, annelids, and crustaceans.
71

25. Brackish Ponds - these habitats are found in association with salt marsh, tidal flats, and interdune habitats. Some intertidal brackish ponds are found in depressions within the salt marsh, and are filled from seawater and rain. Aquatic flora may c<;msist of a variety of green algae, filamentous diatoms, colonial diatoms, and bltie..,green algae. Larger brackish ponds may support fish, such as the marsh killifish, fat sleeper, mosquitofish and freshwater goby. . .

Anthropogenic habitats:

.

Anthropogenic habitats on Ossabaw Island include pastures, fields; and roadways.

Pastures and fields are included in the 1997 map of Ossabaw Island. These habitats include ,:.

former cattle pastures and agricultural fields. Examples include Middle Place, Willows .Field,

Buckhead, South End, and North End. Some of these habitats are currently being maintained by

mowing; others are being allowed to succeed gradually to natural communities.

Ossabaw Island has an extensive road system providing access to most upland areas.

Roadways provide opportunities for wildlife.observation and facilitate management activities.

However, it should be noted that roadways can.also impact adjacent natural communities,

particularly where fill material has been placed in sloughs or where borrow pits erode upland .

habitats. Roads can also serve as migration corridors for invasive exotic plants.

' ' I .1 f
. I

1 11 .
. '.

j 'I
72

APPENDIX D
EXOTIC PLANTS
The following list ofplants, with updated nomenclature, was extracted from previously compiled lists of vascular plants of Ossabaw Island, particularly "Partial Vascular Plant List of Ossabaw Island, Georgia," compiled by Terry Holcomb, Jerry McCollum, and Noel Holcomb, dated July, 1979 and labeled as "Appendix I," presumably part of a larger report.
LIST ONE: ALL EXOTIC PLANTS REPORTED.FROM OSSABAW Albizia julibrissin Durz. - "silktree" ("mimosa") Anthemis arvensis L. - "com chamomile" Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch - "pecan" Chenopodium ambrosioides L. - "Mexican tea" Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm. - "camphor-tree" Commelina communis L. - "Asiatic dayflower" Cynodon dacty/on (L.) Pers. - "common Bermuda-grass" Desmodium tortuosum (Swartz) DC. - "tick-clover" Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beam. - "barnyard grass" Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner - "goosegrass" Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Amott ex Nees - "love grass" Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hackel - "centipede grass" Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz [Brassica erucastrum] - "rocket-weed" Ficus carica L. - "fig" Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Harper - "bladderpod" Hedera helix L. - "English ivy" Jpomoea hederacea Jacq. - "ivyleaf morning-glory" Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth - "purple morning-glory" Lamium amplexicaule L. - "henbit" Lantana camara L. - "common lantana" Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) Ait. f. - "lion's ear" Leucojum aestivum L. - "snowflake" Ligustrum sinense Lour. - "Chinese privet" Lonicera japonica Thunb. - "Japanese honeysuckle" Magnolia X soulangiana Soul.-Bod. - "saucer magnolia" Melia azedarach L. - "Chinaberry" Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. - "yellow sweet-clover" Mollugo verticillata L. - "carpetweed" Myriophyllim aquaticum (Veil.) Verde. [M. brasiliense] - "parrot-feather" Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L. - "daffodil" Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig [O. corymbosa] - "Red wood-sorrel" Oxalis articulata ssp. rubra (St.-Hil.) Lourteig [O. rubra] - "Red wood-sorrel" Paspalum notatum var. saurae Parodi - "Bahia grass" Poa annua L. - "annual bluegrass" Portulaca oleracea L. - "purslane"
73

!

Richardia brasiliensis (Moq.) Gomez - "Brazilian clover" .

Richardia scabra L. - "Mexican clover"

Rosa laevigata Michx. - "Cherokee rose"

Sa/so/a kali L. - "Russian thistle"

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. - "Chinese tallow-tree"

Senna. occidentalis (L.) Link [Cassia occidenta/is] - "coffee senna"

Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydberg ex A.W. Hill - "sesbania"

Sinapis arvensis L. [Brassica kaber] - "charlock"

.,.

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill - "prickly sow-thistle"

Sporobolus poiretii (R.& S.) Hitchcock - "smutgrass"

Verbascum thapsus L. - "wooly mullein"

. ,.

Verbena brasiliensis Vellozo - "Brazilian vervain"

. ,

Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw [Aleurites fordii] - "tung-oil tree:

Wisteriafloribunda (Willd.) DC. - "Japanese wisteria"

,. r

.. "

Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. - "Chinesewisteria"

Not all exotics have characteristics that make them invaders of natural habitats. When we

remove from the list those species which merely persist after cultivation (e.g. figs, saucer magnolia).

as well as those species normally found only in regularly and artificially disturbed places, such as

gardens and lawns, we are left with a shorter list of more truly i11yasive types:
. '

LIST TWO: INVASIVE EXOTIC PLANTS REPORTED FROM OSSABAW.

Albizia julibrissin Durz. - "silktree" ("mimosa")

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. - "Mexican tea"

Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees & Eberm. - "camphor-tree"

Commelina communis L. - "Asiatic dayflower"

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. - "common Bermuda-grass"

Desmodi11:m tortuosum (Swartz) DC. - "'tick-clover"

Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. - "barnyard grass"

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner - "goosegrass"

Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arnott ex Nees - "love grass'"

Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hackel - "centipede grass"

Glottidium vesicarium (Jacq.) Harper - "bladderpod"

Hedera helix L. - "English ivy"

Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. - "ivyleaf morning-glory"

Jpomoea purpurea (L.) Roth - "purple morning-glory"

Lantana camara L. - "common lantana"

Ligustrum sinense Lour. - "Chinese privet"

Lonicera japonica Thunb. - "Japanese honeysuckle"

Melia azedarach L. - "Chinaberry"

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. - "yellow sweet-clover"

Mollugo verticillata L. - "carpetweed" :

'

Myriophyllim aquaticum (Veil.) Verde. [M. brasi~iense] - "parrot-feather"

Paspalum notatum var. saurae Parodi - "Bahia grass"

Poa annua L. - "annual bluegrass"

74



Portulaca o/eracea L. - "purslane"

Richardia brasiliensis (Moq.) Gomez - "Brazilian clover"

Richardia scabra L. - "Mexican clover"

Rosa laevigata Michx. - "Cherokee rose"

Sa/so/a kali L. - "Russian thistle"

Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb. - "Chinese tallow-tree"

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link [Cassia occidentalis] - "coffee senna"

Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydberg ex A.W. Hill - "sesbania"

Sporobolus poiretii (R.& S.) Hitchcock - "smutgrass"

Verbena brasi/iensis Vellozo - "Brazilian vervain"

Vernicia fordii (Hemsl.) Airy-Shaw [AleuYites fordii] - "tung-oil tree"

Wisteriafloribunda (Willd.) DC. - "Japanese wisteria"

Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC. - "Chinese wisteria"

The elements of this second list vary greatly in their documented or anticipated effects. A low annual plant like carpet weed (Mol/ugo) does not exhibit the same influence on community structure as a tree would, such as Chinaberry (Melia). Practical considerations surely make it desirable to narrow the focus of exotic plant control to those elements most likely to significantly increase in numbers and most likely to impact whole plant communities in the near term.

75

Written Comments & Public Input ' Received on.
Ossabaw CMP Draft Plan .,.. . )

106 written comments were received through April 30, 2001
' .

Huntin2

.,_

.

Do not eliminate managed huntil)g on the island. (54)

Hunting should be eliminated on th.e island. (5)

Hunting on the island is an educational experience. (3). Hunting should be to manage feral populations ~mly. (~)," DNR or contract workers should harves~ ,animals and meat should be donated out.

(1)

Small game _hunting ~hould be allowed on island. (3), .

.

. Small ,game hunting should not .be allowe~ on the island. ( 1) .'

' Hunting and ,education do not coincide with. o.ne <lother. '( 1) ..

. More adult-child quota hunts should be created for small game hunts and hunti~g

education of young p~ople. (1)





Turkey hunts should not be continued due to population size. ( 1)

Ossabaw should not be used as a target range for hunters.

There should be no limit on feral hog hunts. (1)

Some form of birth control should be used to control populations, not hunting. (1)

Access Access to Ossabaw should be limited and under strict guidelines. (7) Access to Ossabaw should be limited, but flexible. (2) If the lodge and other structures are to be restored. all guests, including hunters, should be able to utilize them. (2) There should be no restrictions placed on access within the intertidal (high to low tide). ( 1) Restrictions should be placed on access within the intertidal zone. ( 1) Records should be maintained on denial of access and an appeals process should be in order. ( 1) Visitation shoald be limited to small groups. ( 1) Guidelines for ATV's. bicycles. etc. should be established. ( 1) Access to beaches should be closely monitored. (2) No bridge. (2) If a bridge is built it must be built so that boats may pass under it. (1) Non-consumptive wildlife recreationists should be allowed day visits only. (1) A boat should be provided to take guests to and from the island. (1) A floating bridge should be built for emergencies and access to Middle Beach. (2) A "guide'' program should be implemented to control and monitor access. (1) Sensitive areas (beach. dunes. etc.) must be protected with enforcement. (1) Anyone should be able to visit Ossabaw. (1)


Individuals with disabilities should be able to access the island just as those without disabilities are. (1)
Designate the peninsula as a free access zone for local people. (1) Visitors should not be allowed access to the beach during the breeding and
nesting seasons ofloggerhead sea turtles and sea- and shorebirds. (2) Free use of hammock areas should be allowed. (1) Visitors must not be allowed to disturb migrating and wintering birds. (2)
Administration/Management/I nfrastru ctu re DNR should follow the CMP. (5) The island should not be developed for commercial interests or otherwise. (4) No additional construction, etc. on island. (3) The CMP does not follow the terms of "gift" or the purpose of the Heritage Preserve program. (2) Ossabaw should be used only as in the EO. (8) CMP should embody all potentials for Ossabaw island, present and future. (2) DNR has done a good job managing Ossabaw and should continue to manage the island. (1) DNR should not continue management of Ossabaw. (1) Outdoor entertainment (amusement park) activities should never be a part of Ossabaw. (1) Evaluate and manage according to sound scientific principles. (3) Establish Ossabaw as a Heritage Preserve, not a WMA. ( 1) DNR should manage Ossabaw in conjunction with other agencies. (1) Mrs. West's wishes must be taken into consideration. (2) DNR should adopt the CMP or tum management over to another entity. (1) The plan is ineffective due to the amount of weight the committees put on wildlife management. hunting. and TOIF. (2) TOIF should not use the house at Vernon View as an interpretation center. ( 1) Those activities most important to the island must be identified and focused into the CMP. (I) The roles ofTOIF must be clearly stated in the CMP. (I) DNR and TOIF should either endorse the subcommittees recommendations or provide the rational.e behind modifications. (2) The Steering Committee should state its long term intentions for each management recommendation. ( 1) The CMP caters to non-consumptive \\ildlife recreation. and should stay this way.
( l) Management should be at an organizational level that recognizes non-
consumptive wildlife recreation as a high priority. (I) If the state utilizes an entity to do the work. it cannot remove itself from
responsibility. (I) TOIF should not be co-equal with DNR. (2) DNR and TOIF should work together. ( 1) The general public should not be managed out of Ossabaw. (1)

There.must be clear communication between DNR and TOIF. (1)



Goals and objectives should be clearly stated for each mandate of the EO, with

actions and timelines. (1)

TOIF needs to recognize the island as belonging to all Georgians and manage it

accordingly. (1)

Feral Animals.

Remove all feral hogs as soon as possible. (6)

All feral populations should be removed. (5)

Reintroduce the bobcat or other predators to control feral hog populations. (3)

Feral hog populations should ~e managed, but not eliminated. (4) :

DNR should control the donkey population through removal or termination. (2)

Feral pigs should be' preserved for research studies, but populations n.eed to be

controlled by DNR and/or other officials. (1)

Armadillos should be removed. along with the feral hogs. ( l)

The donkeys should be relocated, not lethally removed. ( l)

Coggins-positive-testing females should be confined to prevent contact with free-

ranging males. Non-positive testing animals should be removed and then

positive-testing animals should be released. ( l)

_,

Education and Research

Opportunities should be increased for educational groups. (6)

Education of the general public. especially those who wish to utilize Ossabaw is

needed. (3)

Create and foster opportunities for professional research. (2)

Establish programs and opportunities for educational experiences for a broad

range of citizens. (2)

Interpretive trails are not needed or necessary. ( 1)

Educational brochures and signs are necessary. (I)

Actively promote Ossabawfor non-consumptive. educational uses. (2)

Members of the scientific and education community should be able to provide

input and studies. towards the management of Ossabaw. (2)

A day-use area should be created for self-education. ( 1)

A protocol should be developed when archaeological sites are tnreatened. ( 1)

Research and education activities are at odds with the EO and terms of dedication

of the island. ( 1)

Ail inventory of the flora and fauna of the island should be made a priority

research. ( 1)

Species of concern research should be a priority. (1)

.,

Archaeological sites should be available to scientific institutions for research

purposes only. ( 1).

The island should be utilized. as much as possible, for educational purposes and

research. (6)

Archaeological surveys should be performed within a specific time constraint so

as not to hinder visitation by other parties. (1)

. '

j

Develop specifics to meet the education and research mandates of OIHP. (1) Research projects on the island should be approved by others in the scientific
community as well as DNR, not by DNR alone. (1) Long-term research projects should be encouraged. (2) The educational program should include instruction on the ethics, safety, history
and procedure of hunting game species on the island. ( l) o An educational website should be established. (1) Research and monitoring efforts on the effects on human disturbance on
shorebirds, seabirds, sea turtles and their habitats is needed. (1) Research is needed to monitor species' resp.onses to changes in predator
populations. ( l) Research is needed to monitor the responses of native flora and fauna to the
removal of exotic plant species. (1)
Arts and Culture The culture of Ossabaw must be preserved. (4) Historical structures should be preserved. (3) Era-reconstruction of existing buildings should be done. ( 1) The CMP does not give sufficient weight to arts and education. (2) Ossabaw should be utilized for educational purposes, including arts and culture. (1)
Recreation No camping, etc. in the Middle Place/Beach. (3) Recreation on the island should be controlled. ( l) The island should not be used for recreation (education and scientific only). ( l) Opportunities on Ossabaw should be communicated to the public through the Internet, etc. ( 1) Camping should only be allowed at the existing site of Hunt Camp. South End Pavilion. Middle Place. Shorter Shelter. ( 1) A quota process for families and groups for day-use opportunities should be implemented. ( 1) Future backcountry campsite should be allowed for. (I)
Habitat Exotic plant species must be given immediate attention for removal and/or control. (5) Habitat conservation and prese1Tation should be placed over research. (I) Habitat must be conserved through sound management practices as directed by the EO. (1) Controlled burning is necessary as a habitat management tool. ( 1) Organizations and groups should be utilized to remove native plants. ( 1) Habitat should not be managed. it should be left as is, natural. (1) After feral populations are removed, habitat should be left to manage itself. ( 1) No timber harvesting or cultivation. (1)

The natural hydrology of the island should be restored. (1) . Freshwater areas should be restored to their pre:-drained conditions. (1) A project monitoring the responses of vegetation to changes in herbivore
populations is necessary. (1)
Miscellaneous Vehicles should be fueled with propane. (1) Groups that visit the island for hunts, etc. should conduct quarterly beach sweeps.
(1)
Power should be supplied to the island. (2) Diesel generators should be used sparingly. (1) Fuel storage should be monitored and kept at a minimum. (2) No trash build-up. ( 1) Vehicles should only be allowed on roads, no ATV's. (1) Land disturbance should be minimized, ( 1) : Correct DNR maps to reflect Ossabaw as a Heritage Preserve;not a WMA. ( 1) Feral cats should not be allowed on the island. (1) . More research is needed to detennine the need for artificial nesting boxes. (1) Data should be collected on any alligators removed from.the island. (1) c. There needs to be a clearly stated position on annadillo control. (1)
l.
. '
. 1',

4

Summary of Public Comments Ossabaw Island CMP
Savannah Tech. - 3/14/01

Attendance: 35 public citizens, 6 DNR Game Management, 3 DNR Non-game, 5 TOIF representatives. 14 people made public comments.

Hunting

Small game hunting on the island is educational and appropriate and should be

continued.(3)



Hunting on Ossabaw is a valuable learning experience for kids. It teaches gun safety and

lessons about the environment.( 1)

Turkey hunts should be eliminated.( I)

Hunting is appropriate for population control.( 1)

The experiences gained through hunting do not have to be gained with a gun in hand.(1)

Small Game hunting is a c.ultural resource and a heritage.( 1)

Waterfowl hunting on Ossabaw should be used to educate youth in our hunting

heritage.( 1)

Our children should have the right to experience waterfowl hunting on Ossabaw.(l)

The people of Georgia have enjoyed waterfowl hunting in accordance with the Executive

Order for the past ten years. One politician should not be allowed to deem waterfowl

hunting un-educational.( 1)

Waterfowl hunting has been supported in all public meetings, but was removed without

any public input requesting its removal.( 1)

Removing waterfowl hunting would violate the right to hunt bill.( 1)

All education cannot be quantified and tested for. hunting is educational.( 1)

I have never seen any detrimental impacts form hunting on any of the islands.( 1)

Waterfowl hunters are the best ste\\'ards. To remove waterfowl hunting is a mistake.(!)

Visitation There should be visitation. but \\ith limits.( l) Ossabaw does not need more visitors.( I) Students should be afforded an educational t:xperience on the island.( I) The island should be thoughtfully managed with ::i. view to the future \\'ith no increas in
visitation. Ossabaw needs to remain a wild ::i.rea.( 1) Limiting access is ridiculous.( 1)

Other Comments Meat from hogs killed on the island should be utilized.( 1) The Executive Order has requirements reflecting conditions of sale and must be
honored.( 1) I am glad to see there has been no development of the island.( 1) All citizens have the right to use the island 'in a thoughtful way.( I) Ossabaw is a classroom th::i.t should be open to the public.( I) I am concerned about the intent of the Commissioner with regards to future plans for
Ossabaw.(1)

Summary of Public ~omments Ossabaw Island CMP
Clayton County Center for the Performing Arts 3/22/01

Attendance: 11 public citizens, 5 DNR Wildlife Resources. 4 people made'public comments.

Hunting

Wildlife on the island should not be depleted-through hunting.( I)

. By removing small game hunting, the precedent has been set that hunting will he

considered purely recreational statewide.(l). .

.

of Groups should be able to apply through TOIF for small game hunting trips and be evaluated as to whether they meet the mandates the Executive Order. Otherwise,

. hunters are receiving unequal access under the law.(l)







. . . 1

.J



Visitation

'



-

'

-

,.



'

Ossabaw is Georgia's last ~ild island and should'be'kept wild with minimum human intervention~ There should not be casual day access; but longer trips where people

make a cornmitm~nt and learn a~qut the island.(1)

.

The plan show~ that very little a.bout access to the island will change and repres,ents

poor stewardship by DNR. TOIF still controls access and only the elite few will be

able to visit.( 1)





The island could support greater access wi~hout detrimental effects to the ecology.( l)

Other Comments



I.

I

The main house should be made available to Jh~ pblic.( l)

The island should be kept as it is now.( 1)

_, .

1 ..
...

. t..

-1~

(.

'. J

:

'.JI -

~epartment of 1fiain
~bde of (f()eorgia

THURBERT E. BAKER ATTORNEY GENERAL
November 9. 2000
Mr. Lonice C. Barrett Commissioner Depanment of Natural Resources 205 Butler Street, S.E. Suite 1252 Atiama. Georgia 30334

1 1 :r~ 7f~,_c:.1 ~ i

:.:

1 :' r

~. ?.Of.".;lnu
_,.

..,.~ _~_;. ;'.;.

'
. - -- - : :-- :--

.. . .... :"' ~;..., ........ -

. -... .. :..... ::.---

40 CAPITOL SQUARE SW
ATLANTA. GA 30334-1300
Writer's Direct Dial: 404-6562:!78
Fa" 404-65'-3:!3Q roland.matson:i/:law.state.ga.us

RE: Ossabaw Island Management Plan Our File No. 4800-AA-02RCA-1006576-00

Dear Commissioner Barrett:

You have asked that this office review the proposed Ossabaw Island Comprehensive Management Plan. dated August 9. 2000, and provide you with comments thereon. Before getting to the substance of your request. it may be helpful to review some of the background and set the context of this review.

The Board of Natural Resources has the power and duty to promulgate policies. rules and regulations for the management and use of heritage preserves [O.C.G.A. 12-3-74(a)(l )] and .to provide general supervision and direction in the protection. management. operation. and use of heritage preserves [O.C.G.A. l 2-3-74(a)(4)].

Each heritage preserve is to be put to designated uses and to no other except pursuant to a specific procedure. O.C.G.A. 12-3-76.

The Governor's Executive Order designating Ossabaw Island as a heritage preserve set out two specificly designated uses of the Island:

1. natural. scientific and cultural study, research and education and 2. environmentally sound preservation, conservation and management of the
Island's ecosystem.

The Executive Order requires that both of these designated uses be carried out under conditions carefully monitored and controlled by the Depanment of Natural Resources.

ODMAIPCDOCS\Anomev General\14134511 I 1/09/00 4:35 P~1

Commissioner Lonice C. Barrett November 15.1000 Page 2

For purposes of this review. an ecosystem is an ecological community together with its physical environment, considered as a unit. Ecology is the relationship between organisms (both plant and animal) and their environment. Thus. under the Governor's Executive Order and the controlling legislation, it is the responsibility of DNR to monitor and control the natural. scientific and cultural study, research and education on the Island as well as preserve. conserve and manage the ecological community together with its physical environment on Ossabaw Island. The two responsibilities appear co-equal, with neither taking precedence over the other.

The question you have raised is whether the Ossabaw Island Comprehensive Management Plan

dated August 9. 2000 (hereinafter referred to as the CMP), a copy of which you have provided

me, constitutes a reasonable exercise of powers and duties bestowed upon the Department of

Natural Resources by the Heritage Trust Act of 1975 and the Governor;s Executive Order

dedicating the Ossabaw Island Heritage Preserve.



Although not required by either the statute or the Executive Order, the CMP is designed to

provide uniform, long-term guidance to the management and supervision which are required.

The CMP was developed by a multi-disciplined Steering Committee. which received input from

sub-committees and the public. The sub-committees drew membership from experts within both

the public and private sectors.



You have not asked this office, nor is it the intent of this letter, to comment upon the factual reasonableness or technical accuracy of any of the guidelines contained in the management plan. The only purpose is to advise you of the undersigned's conclusion of whether your approach is consistent with the principles of the statute and the Executive Order.

For the sake of analyzing DRN's responsibility over. and by extension the permitted uses within. the heritage preserve on Ossabaw Island. I first divided those responsibilities into twelve categories:

Study of Nature Research of Nature Education about Nature Scientific Study Scientific Research Scientific Education

Study of Cultures Research of Cultures Education about Cultures Environmental Iy sound Preservation of the Island's ecosystem Environmentally sound conservation of the Island's ecosystem Environmentally sound management of the Island's ecosystem

I then examined each of the actions proposed in the CMO in light of the background information, the subcommittee recommendations and subcommittee comments to determine which, if any, of the twelve categories each action fit. With one exception. I feel that each of the proposed actions

Commissioner Lonice C. Barrett
November 9. :woo
Page 3
fits reasonably within one or more of the categories set out above. That one exception is the adult-child waterfowl hunt to be held twice a year.
Although mentioned in passing as an activity connected with the management of game species of birds on the Island (see page 48 of August 9 draft), this activity is primarily discussed in connection with research and education on the Island (see page 24 of August 9 draft). Although not mentioned as the recommendation of a subcommittee, these two hunts are included as a proposed action in which attendees are required to attend an interactive waterfowl identification and habitat educational program. Nowhere does the plan show the waterfowl hunt to be either a natural and necessary extension of the educational program or an environmentally sound mechanism. for preservation, conservation or management of the Island's ecosystem. Unless there is a factual basis for tying the waterfowl hunt more closely to one of the twelve categories listed above, I do not feel it is an appropriate activity under the Executive Order. Rather, the hunt appears to be a recreational activity, which the Executive Order does not enumerate as a permitted use.
I trust that this analysis is responsive to your inquiry and assists you in continuing to preserve and protect Georgia's barrier island network. Please note that the opinions expressed and conclusions reached herein are those of the undersigned and should not be considered as an opinion. either official or unofficial, of the Attorney General.
Should you have additional questions. or if I can be of further assistance as the Comprehensive Management Plan continues to develop. please do not hesitate to contact me.