Development of a greenhouse gas emissions inventory for the state of Georgia

Revised Final Report For Phase I Of The United States Environmental Protection Agency's
State and Local Climate Change Program

Development Of A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory For The
State Of Georgia

Submitted To: Ethan McMahon Office Of Economy and Environment State and Local Climate Change Program (2171)
U.S. EPA 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460

Submitted By: The Georgia Department Of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division Air Protection Branch
4244 International Parkway, Suite 120 Atlanta, GA 30354

January 12, 1999

Report Contacts:

Danielle Haas-Laursen Phone: (650)497-5725 E-mail:dhl@stanford.edu

Steve Colwell

Jane Lu

Phone: (404)363-7034

Phone: (404)363-7098

Fax: (404)362-2534

Fax: (404)363-7100

E-mail:steve_colwell@mail. E-mail:jane_lu@mail.

dnr.state.ga.us

dnr.state.ga.us

Table of Contents
Background & Emissions Summary ................................................................................ 1
Table ES.1: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions For Georgia ....................... 1
Activities Since The Previous Report ............................................................................... 2
Workplan Period Accomplishments ................................................................................. 2
Section 1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Fossil & Biomass Fuels .............................. 2
Table 1.1: Emissions From Fuel Combustion ...................................................... 3 Table 1.2: Contribution From Each Sector ........................................................... 3 Table 1.3: Contribution From Each Fuel Type .................................................... 4
Section 2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Production Processes ................................. 4
Table 2.1: Emissions From Clinker & Masonry Production ................................. 4 Table 2.2: Emissions From Cement Production ................................................... 5 Table 2.3: Emissions From Nitric Acid Production ............................................. 5 Table 2.4: Emissions From Limestone Production .............................................. 5 Table 2.5: Emissions From Soda Ash Use ........................................................... 6
Section 3: Methane Emissions From Natural Gas & Oil Systems ..................................... 6
Table 3.1: 1990 Oil Refined in PADD 1 ............................................................... 7 Table 3.2: 1996 Oil Refined in PADD 1 ............................................................... 7 Table 3.3: Emissions From Oil & Natural Gas Systems ....................................... 8
Section 4: Methane Emissions From Coal Mining .......................................................... 8
Section 5: Methane Emissions From Landfills ................................................................ 8
Table 5.1: Emissions From Landfills .................................................................... 9
Section 6: Methane Emissions From Domesticated Animals ........................................... 9
Table 6.1: Methane Emissions From Domesticated Animals ................................10

Table of Contents - Continued
Section 7: Methane Emissions From Manure Management ............................................. 10 Table 7.1: Methane Emissions From Manure Management .................................. 11
Section 8: Methane Emissions From Flooded Rice Fields ............................................... 12 Section 9: Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Agricultural Soil Management ...................... 12
Table 9.1: Nitrous Oxide From Agricultural Soil Management ............................ 13 Section 10: Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Forest Management & Land-Use Change... 13
Table 10.1: Carbon Dioxide From Forest Management & Land-Use (Birdsey)..... 14 Table 10.2: Carbon Dioxide From Forest Management & Land-Use (Adjusted)....14 Section 11: Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Burning Agricultural Crop Waste ............. 15 Table 11.1: Emissions From Burning Agricultural Crop Waste .............................15 Section 12: Methane Emissions From Municipal Wastewater .......................................... 16 Table 12.1: Emissions From Municipal Wastewater ............................................. 16 Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions .................................................................................. 16 Photochemically Important Gas Emissions ..................................................................... 16 Project Evaluation ........................................................................................................... 17 Appendix A: EPA Spreadsheets For Fossil & Biomass Fuels Appendix B: EPA Spreadsheets For Production Processes Appendix C: EPA Spreadsheets For Natural Gas & Oil Systems Appendix D: EPA Spreadsheets For Landfills Appendix E: EPA Spreadsheets For Domesticated Animals

Table of Contents - Continued
Appendix F: EPA Spreadsheets For Manure Management Appendix G: EPA Spreadsheets For Agricultural Soil Management Appendix H: EPA Spreadsheets For Forest Management & Land Use Appendix I: EPA Spreadsheets For Burning Agricultural Crop Waste Appendix J: EPA Spreadsheets For Municipal Wastewater Appendix K: Advisory Committee Members List

Background & Emissions Summary

Although the threat of global change is uncertain, the risk of climate change due to the buildup of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is great. This risk can be reduced by decreasing the present and future emissions of GHGs. Recognizing the potential threat, President Clinton has pledged that the U.S. will reduce its emissions of GHGs to 1990 levels by the year 2000. With its vast forest and agricultural resources, coastal regions, and thriving cities, the State of Georgia is also concerned about potential global change. With assistance from the U.S. EPA's Climate Change Division, State and Local Outreach Program, Georgia is committed to do its share to reduce GHG emissions. As a first step in developing a State Action Plan to decrease GHG emissions in Georgia, a statewide GHG emissions inventory has been developed with support from the U.S. EPA in the form of an assistance grant.

This is the final report for Phase I of Georgia's GHG Program. The main objective of Phase I has been to compile a GHG emissions inventory for 1990 and 1996 using the U.S. EPA's "State Workbook: Methodologies For Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Second Edition, January 1995" and EPA greenhouse gas emission inventory spreadsheets. The following is a table of the emissions estimates resulting from Phase I.

Table ES.1: Summary of Greenhouse Gas Emissions For Georgia

Section Source

Gas

1

Combustion of fossil fuels

Combustion of biomass fuels

2

Production processes

3

Natural gas and oil systems

4

Coal mining

5

Landfills

6

Domesticated animals

7

Manure management

8

Flooded rice fields

9

Agricultural soil management

10

Forest management and land-use change

11

Burning of agricultural crop waste

12

Municipal wastewater

Activities Since The Previous Reports

CO2 CO2 CO2 N2O PFCs HFC-23
CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 CH4 N2O CO2
CH4 N2O NOx CO
CH4

1990 (tons)
155,091,403 87,608
2,758,940 1,650 0 0
31,767 0
327,243 96,128
184,115 0
1,099 -18,444,395
454 36
1,282 15,901
6,633

1996 (tons)
160,952,823 99,524
5,551,132 2,825 0 0
39,147 0
388,184 101,525 193,151
0 612 -14,782,881 301
21 769 10,537 7,528

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As mentioned in the previous report, Steve Colwell replaced Danielle Haas-Laursen on this project in August 1998. Dr. Haas-Laursen had substantial involvement in this project in that she completed three of the four previously submitted quarterly/periodic reports which make up a substantial portion of this report, and she performed the majority of the tasks related to completing this project. There was also an addition in personnel since the previous report in that Jane Lu was assigned to assist Steve Colwell in completing the remaining sections of the inventory. The activities conducted since the previous report involved the incomplete sections of the inventory, including the fossil fuels combustion emissions for 1996, the biomass fuels combustion emissions for 1990 and 1996, the forest management and land use emissions for 1990 and 1996, the municipal wastewater treatment emissions, and the emissions from transporting crude oil.
Workplan Period Accomplishments
Following the detailed work plan submitted in October 1997, the period since the fourth report was to be spent gathering data for section 8 (flooded rice fields) and calculating the associated methane emissions, calculating photochemically important gas emissions (CO, NOx, & NMVOCs), estimating other greenhouse gas emissions, and writing a final report. The accomplishments for this period are presented in the applicable sections below.
Section 1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Fossil & Biomass Fuels
Background. Nationally, the burning of fossil and biomass fuels is the dominant source of greenhouse gas emissions. The molecular composition of all fossil fuels contains carbon, and as these fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is a byproduct. As defined in the State Workbook, the categories of fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, and the types of biomass fuels include wood, charcoal, bagasse, agricultural waste, and vegetal fuels.
Discussion. The energy consumption data by type and source is calculated for each state by the Energy Information Administration, which is a part of the Department of Energy. This data has been obtained for 1990; however, the state consumption data for 1996 is now projected for completion near the end of January 1999. In effort to complete this section by December 31, 1998, EIA data for 1990 through 1995 was used in conjunction with the FORECAST function in Excel to project 1996 data based on linear regression. The EIA data is broken into five main sectors: residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and electric utilities. Table 1.1 shows carbon dioxide and carbon emissions by sector and fuel type.
Considering the contribution of each of the fuel sectors to the grand total, electric utilities contributed the largest amount of emissions for 1990 and 1996, with transportation contributing the second largest amount for both years. Table 1.2 summarizes each of the sectors' contributions.
Looking at the contribution of each of fuel type to the total, coal contributed the largest amount of emissions for 1990, with petroleum contributing the second largest amount. For 1996, it was petroleum followed by coal. Table 1.3 summarizes each fuel type's contributions.
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Table 1.1: Emissions From Fuel Combustion

Sector

Fuel

1990 (tons)

CO2

C

Residential

6,426,056

1,752,561

Coal

20,227

5,517

Natural Gas

5,394,409

1,471,202

Petroleum

1,011,420

275,842

Biomass

11,364

3,099

Commercial

4,011,067

1,093,927

Coal

36,816

10,041

Natural Gas

2,957,444

806,576

Petroleum

1,016,808

277,311

Biomass

0

0

Industrial Coal

16,023,391 5,706,308

4,370,016 1,556,266

Natural Gas

438,782

119,668

Petroleum

9,878,301

2,694,082

Biomass

68,657

18,725

Transportation

61,112,481 16,667,040

Coal

100,530

27,417

Natural Gas

438,782

119,668

Petroleum

60,573,169 16,519,955

Biomass

7,587

2,069

Electric Utilities Coal

67,518,408 67,239,714

18,414,111 18,338,104

Natural Gas

115,127

31,398

Petroleum

163,567

44,609

Biomass

0

0

Grand Total

155,091,403 42,297,655

Coal

73,103,595 19,937,344

Natural Gas

9,344,543

2,548,512

Petroleum

72,643,265 19,811,799

Biomass

87,608

23,893

1996 (tons)

CO2

C

8,474,118 2,311,123

48,011

13,094

7,220,329 1,969,181

1,205,778

328,849

15,278

4,167

4,439,728 1,210,835

97,084

26,478

3,501,929

955,072

840,715

229,286

0

0

16,576,978 4,520,994

4,548,799 1,240,581

439,148

119,768

11,589,032 3,160,645

79,441

21,666

63,965,889 17,445,242

0

0

439,148

119,768

63,526,741 17,325,475

4,805

1,310

67,496,110 18,408,030

66,903,243 18,246,339

347,206

94,693

245,662

66,999

0

0

160,952,823 43,896,225

71,597,137 19,526,492

11,947,759 3,258,480

77,407,927 21,111,253

99,524

27,143

Table 1.2: Contribution From Each Sector

Sector

Percent Percent

1990

1996

Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Electric Utilities

4.15 2.58 10.37 39.39 43.51

5.27 2.76 10.34 39.72 41.91

Table 1.3: Contribution From Each Fuel Type

3

Fuel Type
Coal Natural Gas Petroleum Biomass

Percent 1990 47.11 6.02 46.81 0.06

Percent 1996 44.46 7.42 48.06 0.06

Section 2: Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Production Processes

Background. During the production of various compounds and chemicals, greenhouse gases can be emitted. There are nine production processes that are considered, including the following: adipic acid production, carbon dioxide manufacture, cement production, lime production, limestone use, nitric acid production, soda ash production and use, HCFC-22 production, and aluminum production.

Discussion. The data for all of the industrial processes has now been obtained and an estimate for greenhouse gas emissions has been calculated. A summary table appears in Appendix A, but each of the processes is discussed separately here.

1. Cement Production. There are two cement manufacturers in Georgia. In order to calculate the carbon dioxide emitted as a result of cement production, one must know the total tons of clinker and masonry produced. This value is then multiplied by an emissions factor to obtain CO2 emitted. This is shown in the following table:

Table 2.1: Emissions From Clinker & Masonry Production (Source: Georgia DNR)

Year

Cement Production Emissions Factor Tons C

Tons CO2

(short tons)

(ton CO2/ton

produced)

1990 Clinker

1,086,272

0.507

150,202

550,740

1990 Masonry

202,061

0.0224

1,234

4,526

1996 Clinker

1,128,597

0.507

156,054

572,199

1996 Masonry

260,840

0.0224

1,593

5,943

Note that one of the plants did not report masonry production to the DNR, so an approximation had to be made to estimate its production. To estimate the masonry, we assumed that the plant produced about the same percentage as the other Georgia plant. The impact of any error associated with this estimation is small, primarily because masonry accounts for only a small percentage of the total CO2 emission from cement production. Not only is there about 5 times as much clinker produced as masonry, but the emissions factor for clinker is about 20 times higher than the emissions factor for masonry.

Summing together the two cement sources, the totals for 1990 and 1996 are listed in Table 2.2 below:

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Table 2.2: Emissions From Cement Production (Source: Georgia DNR)

Year 1990

Tons C 151,436

Tons CO2 555,266

1996

157,647

578,142

2. Nitric Acid Production. There is only one producer of nitric acid in the state. The tons of nitric
acid produced is multiplied by an emissions factor to obtain the tons of CO2 produced. These values are in the table below:

Table 2.3: Emissions From Nitric Acid Production (Source: Georgia DNR)

Year 1990

Nitric Acid Production (short tons)
299,981

Emissions Factor (ton N2O/ton produced)
0.0055

1996

513,679

0.0055

Tons N2O
1,650 2,825

3. Adipic Acid Production. According to Stanford Research Institute, there is no adipic acid production in Georgia.

4. Lime Manufacture. According to the Lime Yearbook, there is no lime manufacture in Georgia

5. Limestone Use. There is no in-state data available on limestone use, and the Crushed Stone Yearbook does not differentiate between limestone and dolomite. Thus, our calculation for limestone is approximate, given that there is a slightly different emissions factor for converting to carbon dioxide emissions (0.12 CO2 tons/ton of limestone and 0.13 CO2 tons/ton of dolomite.) Additionally, there was no survey computed for 1990, so we are having to substitute 1991 values for 1990.

Table 2.4: Emissions From Limestone Production (Source: Crushed Stone Yearbook, USGS)

Year 1990

Limestone Production (short tons)
4,848,000

Emissions Factor (ton CO2/ton produced)
0.12

Tons C 581,760

Tons CO2 2,133,120

1996 11,133,341

0.12

1,336,001 4,898,670

6. Soda Ash Manufacture and Use. Soda Ash is not manufactured in Georgia, however, it is used in a number of materials. These commonly include glass, soap, detergent, paper, textiles, and food. Consumption is not reported at the state level; however, there is a consumption value given for the United States. To approximate the value consumed in Georgia, one can assume that consumption of this ubiquitous material can be estimated based on population. In other words, we are assuming that there is no reason to believe that consumption of commonly used goods should be different based on state; instead, the more people, the more soap, glass, paper, etc. is used.

In 1990, there were 6,526,699 short tons in the U.S. and Georgia made up 2.6% of the US population. Thus, an estimate for the short tons of soda ash in the U.S. is 170,009.5 short tons.

5

Multiplying this by the emissions factor in the state workbook, there were an estimated 70,554 tons of CO2 from soda ash consumption in 1990.
In 1996, there were 6,39,000 short tons of soda ash consumed in the U.S. and Georgia made up 2.77% of the US population. An estimate for the short tons of soda ash in Georgia is 179,326.7. Multiplying this by the emissions factor in the state workbook, there were an estimated 74,421 tons of CO2 from soda ash consumption in 1996. Table 2.5 summarizes the consumption emissions.

Table 2.5: Emissions From Soda Ash Use (Source: Soda Ash Yearbook, USGS; US Census)

Year US Consumption GA Population GA Consumption Emissions

(short tons)

(% of US)

(short tons)

Factor

Tons C

1990 6,526,699

2.6

170,009.5

0.415

19,242

1996 639,000

2.77

179,326.7

0.415

20,297

Tons CO2
70,554 74,421

7. Carbon Dioxide Manufacture. There is no carbon dioxide manufacture in Georgia.

8. Aluminum Production. There is no aluminum production in Georgia.

9. HCFC-22 Production. There is no HCFC-22 production in Georgia.

Section 3: Methane Emissions From Natural Gas & Oil Systems

Background. Methane emissions from natural gas and oil systems occur throughout the fuel cycles. In Georgia, there is no natural gas or oil production. Therefore, the emissions only come from crude oil transportation and refining and natural gas processing, transport, and distribution.

Discussion. In order to compute the methane emissions from natural gas and oil systems, the following information had to be obtained: amount of oil refined, transported, and stored at oil facilities in Georgia, and the amount of natural gas processed, transported, and distributed in Georgia. 1. Crude Oil Transported: Information from facilities was used to calculate the amount of crude oil
transported in Georgia. For 1996, this was 6,046,316 barrels, the equivalent of 35,219,791 million BTUs. For 1990, since receipts were not readily available from the facility which processed domestic crude oil, its 1996 ratio of transported to refined oil was applied to the amount of 1990 oil refined, in order to calculate a transported oil quantity. This result was summed with imported oil, ending in 5,802,903 barrels, or 33,801,901 million BTUs.

2. Crude Oil Refined: Due to non-disclosure rules, the amount of oil that is actually refined in Georgia is not released; only the capacity is supplied. The only actual value of refined oil that is released is the total amount in the Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs). Georgia is part of PADD 1. Following Alabama's estimation procedure, the value for Georgia will be estimated using the value of refined oil in PADD 1 multiplied by the fraction of capacity that Georgia makes up in PADD 1. See Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for the estimated values.

Table 3.1: 1990 Oil Refined In PADD 1 (Petroleum Supply Annual 1990, EIA)

6

State
Delaware Georgia New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia

Capacity (barrels/day) 140,000 5,540 334,500 41,850 3,000 744,315 56,700 12,500

PADD 1 Fraction
0.105 0.004 0.25 0.031 0.002 0.556 0.042 0.009

Oil Refined (barrels)
56,588,387 2,239,283 135,205,824 16,915,886 1,212,608 300,854,180 22,918,297 5,052,535

Oil Refined (million BTUs) 329,627,354 13,043,825 787,573,928 98,535,034 7,063,443 1,752,475,599 133,499,078 29,431,014

Table 3.2: 1996 Oil Refined in PADD 1 (Petroleum Supply Annual 1996, EIA)

State

Capacity (barrels/day)

PADD 1 Fraction

Oil Refined

Oil Refined

(barrels)

(million BTUs)

Delaware

140,000

0.103

71,127,905

414,320,048

Georgia New Jersey Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia

5,540 565,000 575,700 56,700 11,500

0.004 0.417 0.425 0.042 0.008

2,814,633 287,051,903 292,488,108 28,806,802 5,842,649

16,395,236 1,672,077,337 1,703,743,227 167,799,619 34,033,433

3. Crude Oil Stored: The amount of total stored oil in Georgia is 4,522,000 and 2,896,000 barrels in 1990 and 1996 respectively. Converting this to millions of BTU's, the totals are 26,340,650 and 16,869,200 respectively.

4. Natural Gas Processed, Transported and Distributed: According to the Historical Natural Gas Annual 1930 Through 1996 (EIA, 1997), the total amounts are 311,015,000 and 383,346,000 millions of BTUs in 1990 and 1996 respectively.

Based on these numbers, a range of low to high emissions can be calculated based on different assumptions about the emissions factor. Table 3.3 shows the range of emissions based on these different factors.

7

Table 3.3: Emissions From Oil & Natural Gas Systems

Year Sector

High Emissions (tons CH4)

1990 1996

crude oil: transported crude oil: refined crude oil: stored natural gas: processed,
transported, distributed total crude oil: transported crude oil: refined crude oil: stored natural gas: processed,
transported, distributed total

29 22 8 42,780
42,838 30 27 5 52,729
52,791

Median Emissions (tons CH4)
29 11 4 31,724

Low Emissions (tons CH4) 29 1 1 20,667

317,679 30 14 3 39,101

20,698 30 2 0 25,473

39,148

25,505

Section 4: Methane Emissions From Coal Mining
According to the EIA Annual Review: Coal, 1997, there is no coal mining in Georgia. Thus, we have zero (0) emissions of methane as a result of coal mining.
Section 5: Methane Emissions From Landfills
Background. As the organic waste in landfills decomposes, methane is released. A number of factors regulate the amount of methane produced including physical characteristics of the landfills (moisture, temperature, nutrients, composition, and pH) and management practices (waste management type, density and particle size).
Discussion. In order to compute the methane emissions from landfills, the following information had to be obtained: waste in place in the state, the fraction of waste in large vs. small landfills, the average annual rainfall, and the quantity of landfill gas that is flared or recovered for energy. According to the Solid Waste Division of the Department of Natural Resources, the state does not have information on the total amount of waste in landfills. Therefore, we had to use the alternate methodology to estimate the amount of waste in place. This is based on population, per capita waste generation rate and the percent land filled. The population data was obtained from the State of Georgia Office of Planning and Budget. The per capita generation rate was provided by the Office of Waste Management for 1992 and 1996. The 1992 value was used for 1990 as the best available approximation. The percent of waste land filled was also provided by the Office of Waste Management. Given these values, the estimated amount of methane from landfills is 327,246 tons for 1990 and 388,183 tons for 1996. These values are shown in the following table:

8

Table 5.1: Emissions From Landfills 1990
(tons CH4)

Large Landfills Small Landfills Total

291,246 35,997
327,243

1996 (tons CH4)
345,483 42,700
388,183

Section 6: Methane Emissions From Domesticated Animals
Background. Animal digestion naturally produces methane as a by-product. The process involves the breaking down of consumed feed by microbes that reside in animal digestive systems. The amount of methane produced and released depends on the digestive system of the animal and the type and amount of feed consumed. In accordance with the EPA's State Workbook on methodologies for estimating greenhouse gas emissions, the animals of concern for this section are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and mules/asses.
Discussion. The methane emissions were calculated following the method provided in the Workbook. The number of head of the various animal types of concern in Georgia in 1990 and 1996 were obtained or estimated from National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Census of Agriculture (CA) reports published by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) . There are no specific figures for the number of head in the readily available NASS reports for the 0 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months dairy and beef cattle replacements (portion of the offspring retained to replace mature cows that are removed from the herd each year), sheep, goats, horses, and mules/asses. Hence, the numbers of 12 to 24 months replacements were assumed to be equivalent to the numbers of replacement heifers 500 pounds or greater. The numbers of 0 to 12 months replacements were estimated by multiplying the fractions of the total immature cow population 500 pounds or greater which are replacement heifers by the number of calves under 500 pounds. The numbers of sheep, goats, and mules/asses were estimated using the forecast function in Excel 5.0 in conjunction with CA data for 1982, 1987, and 1992.
The weanling and yearling systems are not utilized in Georgia and therefore emission factors for these steer/heifer subcategories are not listed for Georgia in the Workbook. However, the national average emission factors for the systems were each applied to 50 percent of the uncategorized steers and remaining heifers and calves as they would be expected to produce methane as well and were not covered by any other category. The methane emissions calculated for this section are listed in the following table:

9

Table 6.1: Methane Emissions From Domesticated Animals

ANIMAL TYPE

1990 (tons)

Dairy Cattle

Replacements (0-12 mos.)

1,184

Replacements (12-24 mos.)

2,711

Mature Cows

15,724

Beef Cattle

Replacements (0-12 mos.)

2,994

Replacements (12-24 mos.)

7,128

Mature Cows

48,279

50% Steers & Other Heifers/Calves

3,512

50% Steers & Other Heifers/Calves

7,196

Bulls

4,730

Sheep

73

Goats

124

Pigs

1,815

Horses

632

Mules/Asses

26

Total

96,128

1996 (tons)
1,180 2,388 13,637
4,162 8,762 53,284 3,567 7,309 4,950
87 158 1,320 686
36 101,525

Section 7: Methane Emissions From Manure Management
Background. Animal manure decomposition in an anaerobic environment gives off methane. The methane is produced from the decomposed organic material in the manure. The most important factor impacting the amount of methane produced is the method by which the manure is managed. In accordance with EPA's State Workbook, only manure from animals managed by humans for production of animal products (cattle, swine, poultry, sheep, goats, donkeys, and horses/mules) is of concern in this section.
Discussion. The methane emissions were calculated following the method provided in the Workbook. The number of head of the various animal types of concern in Georgia in 1990 and 1996 were obtained or estimated from National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) and Census of Agriculture (CA) reports published by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). There are no specific figures for the number of head in the readily available NASS reports for non-feedlot beef calves, heifers, and steers, dairy heifers, market swine, ducks, sheep not in feedlots, goats, donkeys, and horses/mules.
The number of non-feedlot beef calves was estimated by subtracting the numbers of 0 to 12 months replacements estimated in Section 6 of this report from the number of calves under 500 lbs. The number of non-feedlot beef heifers was estimated by applying the fraction of non-feedlot beef steers and non-replacement heifers 500 pounds or greater combined compared to the total number of steers and non-replacement heifers 500 pounds or greater to the number of non-replacement heifers 500 pounds or greater and summing the result with the numbers of beef cattle replacements from Section 6. The number of non-feedlot beef steers was estimated by applying the same fraction to the number

10

of steers 500 pounds or greater. The number of dairy heifers was estimated by summing the numbers of dairy cattle replacements from Section 6.

The numbers of sheep, goats, horses, and mules/asses were estimated using the forecast function in Excel 5.0 in conjunction with CA data for 1982, 1987, and 1992. No data on the number of ducks was included in the CA data. All of the estimated number of sheep was assumed to be non-feedlot based on no data at all being included for Georgia in the "sheep and lambs on feed" table in the NASS report on final estimates for sheep and goats for 1989-93. Data for Georgia was included as combined with other states in the "all sheep and lambs" table in the same report. The number estimated for mules/asses was assumed to consist of half mules and half asses so numbers for donkeys and horses/mules could be calculated in accordance with the Workbook. The number of market swine was calculated by subtracting the number of breeding swine from the total number of swine from NASS reports.

The methane emissions calculated for this section are listed in the following table:

Table 7.1: Methane Emissions From Manure Management

Animal Type

1990 (tons) 1996 (tons)

Feedlot Beef Cattle

Steers/Heifers

58.1

18.2

Other Beef Cattle

Calves

143.9

154.7

Heifers

406.0

526.2

Steers

78.8

73.5

Cows

1,411.1

1,557.4

Bulls

139.4

145.8

Dairy Cattle

Heifers

11,551.4

10,917.0

Cows

43,068.9

37,351.8

Swine

Market

29,356.9

21,549.2

Breeding

15,126.4

10,399.4

Poultry

Layers

3,384.9

3,590.0

Broilers

78,933.3

106,599.2

Ducks

0.0

0.0

Turkeys

282.5

77.3

Other Animals

Sheep in feedlots

0.0

0.0

Sheep not in feedlots

0.0

0.0

Goats

8.5

10.8

Donkeys

1.9

2.6

Horses/Mules

162.9

177.5

Total

184,114.9

193,150.6

11

Section 8: Methane Emissions From Flooded Rice Fields
Background. The anaerobic decomposition of soil organic matter produces methane. Anaerobic conditions develop in soils when fields flood. Rice plants act as tunnels from the soil to the atmosphere and are the primary vehicle for the release of methane. Non-flooded rice fields produce negligible amounts of methane. The same is believed to be case for heavily flooded (>3.3 feet floodwater depth) rice fields.
Discussion. According to the Workbook, only seven U.S. states produce significant quantities of rice of which Georgia is not one. Hence, this section does not apply to Georgia and can be skipped.
Section 9: Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Agricultural Soil Management
Background. The use of fertilizers in the management of agricultural soil adds nitrogen to the soil and as a result, increases natural emissions of nitrous oxide. Additional agricultural soil management practices include irrigation, tillage, and the fallowing of land. These can affect trace gas fluxes to and from the soil as soils are both a source and a sink for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, a sink for methane, and a source of nitrous oxide. Only the emissions from fertilizer use are of concern in this section due to much uncertainty about the direction and magnitude of the impacts of the other practices.
Discussion. The nitrous oxide emissions were calculated following the method provided in the Workbook. The amount of nitrogen applied in Georgia in 1990 and 1996 through fertilizer use for various crop types were estimated from data obtained from National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reports published by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) . The crop categories for which Georgia data was readily available were feed corn, peanuts, soybeans, apples, blueberries, peaches, lima beans, snap beans, cabbage, fresh sweet corn, cucumbers, melons, onions, and tomatoes. Data which covered all 3 of the years suggested by the Workbook for each year of concern was not readily available for any of the crop categories. Hence, amounts for 1990 and 1996 were back-casted, forecasted or assumed based on the data that was readily available.
For field corn and soybeans, data was available for 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1995 so the 1990 and 1996 estimates were back-casted and forecasted, respectively. For peanuts, data was available for 1991 only which was assumed equivalent to the 1990 amount. For apples, blueberries, and peaches, 1991 and 1995 estimates were available which were assumed equivalent to the 1990 and 1996 amounts, respectively. 1994 estimates only were available for cucumbers and no estimates were concluded for 1990 and 1996. For the remaining crops, data was available for 1992 and 1994 so back-casting and forecasting were used to estimate 1990 and 1996. This produced negative amounts for 1990 for sweet corn and tomatoes so no 1990 estimates were concluded for them.
The emissions calculated for this section are listed in the following table:
12

Table 9.1: Nitrous Oxide From Agricultural Soil Management

Crop Category

1990 (tons)

1996 (tons)

Field Crops

corn (feed)

807

324

peanuts

97

soybeans

89

59

Fruits & Nuts

apples

1

1

blueberries

1

2

peaches

10

13

Vegetables

lima beans

2

8

snap beans

10

17

cabbage

14

25

sweet corn

85

cucumbers

melons

61

36

onions

8

25

tomatoes

17

Total

1,099

612

Section 10: Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Forest Management & Land-Use Change
Background. Trees and vegetation utilize carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and thus they can result in a net loss of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, if the number of trees decreases, then the carbon that was previously stored in the biomass can be released back to the atmosphere. Thus, the number and type of trees and vegetation existing from year to year can affect the total amount of carbon dioxide that is absorbed (or released) by trees/vegetation. Because of this relationship between carbon storage and release in the trees and vegetation, this section differs from the others in that this value can be positive or negative.
Discussion. Much progress has been made in compiling the forest inventory. After comparing the two methodologies listed for estimating the emissions, the alternate method described in the US Forest Service Report by Birdsey1 was selected as the preferable calculation methodology. This was based on several factors, including availability of data, and the precedent set by previous inventories, including the National Forest Service Inventory and the Alabama State Inventory. In order to be consistent for comparisons, we decided that it is preferable to continue with the same methodology.
Following the guidelines established in Birdsey, two separate years must be considered in order to determine a change in forest fluxes. The Forest Service completed forest inventories for the state of Georgia for 1982, 1989, and 1997. These three years were used to estimate the carbon dioxide flux

1 Birdsey, R.A., General Technical Report WO-59, Forest Service, US Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, DC, August 1992.

13

for 1990 and 1996. All necessary data from the 1982, 1989, and 1997 forest inventories were obtained.

There are two parts to the forest inventory that are calculated. One is the live trees, approximated from the growing stock volume of trees at least 5 inches in diameter, and the second is the forest floor and under story vegetation, approximated from the total acres of forest area. Using the average annual change between 1982 and 1989 as an estimate for 1990, there is a net uptake (negative emissions) of 18,328,928 tons CO2. Breaking this into its components, it was estimated that forest area in Georgia decreased slightly from 1982 to 1989, resulting in a net release of carbon dioxide in the forest floor and under story vegetation of 230,936 tons CO2 for 1990. The growing stock volume decreased slightly for softwoods, however it increased for hardwoods. This resulted in a net uptake of carbon dioxide in live trees of approximately 18.6 million tons, as seen in the following table. For 1996, the average annual change between 1989 and 1997 was used. For detailed values and calculations, see Appendix H.

Table 10.1: Carbon Dioxide From Forest Management & Land-Use (Birdsey)

1990

Forest Component

(tons)

1996 (tons)

Trees Forest Floor Under story Vegetation
Total

-18,559,863 152,356 78,580

-14,457,729 -214,513 -110,639

-18,328,928 -14,782,881

Uncertainty: In a discussion with Mr. Fred Allen, Director of Georgia Forestry Commission, the Forestry Commission feels that there is an overestimation of carbon dioxide emissions in this calculation. This is due to the assumption in the Birdsey method that once trees are cut, the total amount of carbon is released. The Forestry Commission estimates that only about half of the emissions are actually released due to treatment of the wood and replacement vegetation that is less than 5 inches (the cutoff for being included in the inventory). Such overestimation would apply to the 1990 forest floor and understory vegetation estimates. Using the Forestry Commission's estimate of only about half of the emissions actually being released from such forest components, the carbon dioxide estimates have been adjusted in Table 10.2 below.

Table 10.2: Carbon Dioxide From Forest Management & Land-Use (Adjusted)

1990

Forest Component

(tons)

1996 (tons)

Trees Forest Floor Under story Vegetation
Total

-18,559,863 76,178 39,290

-14,457,729 -214,513 -110,639

-18,444,395 -14,782,881

14

Section 11: Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Burning Agricultural Crop Waste

Background. The burning of agricultural crop wastes or residues results in the release of carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and oxides of nitrogen. However, the carbon dioxide released is reabsorbed by crop regrowth in the next growing season. Hence, only the other greenhouse gas emissions are of concern in this section.

Discussion. The greenhouse gas emissions were calculated following the method provided in the Workbook. Annual crop production data for Georgia were obtained from National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reports published by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). No data was available for Georgia for barley, maize, rye, rice, millet, beans, peas, lentils, potatoes, feedbeet, sugarbeet, and artichoke. The emissions calculated for this section are listed in the following table:

Table 11.1: Emissions From Burning Agricultural Crop Waste

Crop Type

1990 CH4 1996 CH4 1990 CO 1996 CO 1990 N2O 1996 N2O 1990 NOx 1996 NOx

(tons)

(tons) (tons) (tons) (tons)

(tons)

(tons)

(tons)

CEREALS

Wheat

107

83

3,759 2,900

2

2

88

68

Barley

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Maize

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Oats

9

6

327

218

0

0

13

9

Rye

9

0

316

0

0

0

13

0

Rice

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Millet

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sorghum

65

50

2,282 1,742

3

2

113

87

Total

191

139

6,684 4,859

6

5

227

163

PULSE

Soya

150

75

5,253 2,622

21

11

762

381

Beans

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Peas

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Lentils

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Total

150

75

5,253 2,622

21

11

762

381

TUBER/ROOT CROPS

Potatoes

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Feedbeet

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Sugarbeet

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Jerusalem Artichoke

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Peanut

113

87

3,964 3,056

8

6

293

226

Total

113

87

3,964 3,056

8

6

293

226

SUGARCANE

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Totals

454

301 15,901 10,537

36

21

1,282

769

15

Section 12: Methane Emissions From Municipal Wastewater

Background. As organic material in municipal wastewater degrades anaerobically, methane is released. The amount of emissions is related to the organic content of the wastewater. This value is measured as the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the water.

Discussion. In order to compute the methane emissions from wastewater, the following information had to be obtained: state population, pounds of BOD5 per capita, the fraction of wastewater that is treated anaerobically, and when applicable, the amount of methane that is recovered from treatment plants. Whenever possible, values from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources are used in lieu of default values supplied from EPA. According to the EPD-Water Protection, Engineering, and Technical Support Programs, the estimated pounds of BOD5 per capita is higher than the default value. The value for Georgia is 0.17 versus the default of 0.1356. The R.M. Clayton wastewater treatment plant has determined that they do not recover methane, but only incinerate the sludge. So the estimated emissions are as given in the following table.

Table 12.1: Emissions From Municipal Wastewater

Year BOD Generated (lbs)

Quantity Treated Anaerobically (lbs)

CH4 Emissions (lbs)

CH4 Recovered (lbs)

CH4 Net (lbs)

CH4 Net (tons)

1990 1,101,297 1996 1,250,048

600,295,995 68,440,142

13,265,119 15,056,831

0

13,265,119

6,633

0

15,056,831

7,528

Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The October 1997 workplan called for the estimation of other greenhouse gas emissions. According to EPA's State Workbook, this category covers mobile sources and other stationary sources and calculations required to estimate these emissions are very time consuming, data intensive, and complex. The Workbook also indicates that states may already be estimating these emissions as a result of ongoing efforts to monitor their compliance with the Clean Air Act. Accordingly, it was not recommended that states estimate emissions from these sources.
Photochemically Important Gas Emissions
The October 1997 workplan called for the calculation of Photochemically Important gas emissions. According to EPA's State Workbook, calculations required to estimate these emissions are very time consuming, data intensive, and complex. The Workbook also indicates that states may already be estimating these emissions as a result of ongoing efforts to monitor their compliance with the Clean Air Act. Accordingly, it was not recommended that states estimate these emissions as part of this inventory.

16

Project Evaluation This project was and is to be evaluated through the submission of four quarterly/periodic reports and this final report for formal review by the Georgia GHG Advisory Committee and the US EPA's State and Local Climate Change Program. Feedback from advisory committee members and climate change program staff was requested for each of the four previous reports. Feedback received thus far was considered and taken into account in the applicable inventory sections. A list of the advisory committee members is included in Appendix K.
17

Appendix A

Appendix B

Table B.1: Industrial Emissions By Source Type Category
2.1 CEMENT PRODUCTION Tons CO2 from Clinker Tons CO2 from Masonry Cement Total Tons CO2 2.2 NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION Tons N2O 2.3 ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION Tons N2O 2.4 LIME MANUFACTURE Tons CO2 2.5 LIMESTONE USE Tons CO2 2.6 SODA ASH MANUFACTURE/ CONSUMPTION Tons CO2 from Trona Tons CO2 from Use Total Tons CO2 2.7 CARBON DIOXIDE MANUFACTURE Tons CO2 2.8 ALUMINUM PRODUCTION Tons CF4 Tons C2F6 Total PFCs 2.9 HCFC-22 PRODUCTION Tons HFC-23

1990 Emissions 1996 Emissions

550,740 4,526
555,266

572,199 5,943
578,142

1,650

2,825

0

0

0

0

2,133,120

4,898,670

0 70,554 70,554

0 74,421 74,421

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

B - 7

Appendix C

Appendix D

Appendix E

Appendix F

Appendix G

Appendix H

Appendix I

Appendix J

Appendix K