Governor's Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services : a pre-White House conference : proceedings, September 15-16, 1977 ... Atlanta, Georgia

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GOVERNOR'S CONFERENCE ON GEORGIA LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SERVICES:
A PRE-WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS

SEPTEMBER 15-16, 1977. GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER
ATLANTA, GEORGIA

WELCOME TO THE
GOVERNOR'S CONFERENCE ON GEORGIA LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SERVICES:
A PRE-WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE
It is my pleasure to call Georgia's First Conference on Libraries and Information Services and to give it my full support. This is the first of fifty-six Pre-White House Conferences in the country. I am confident that your deliberations will be serious and you will provide the leadership needed to ensure that the twenty-first century's books, services and information will be adequate. Georgia's library history provides solid examples upon which we can make meaningful recommendations for improved legislation, better programs and services to this State and this Nation. You may be assured of my continued support.
George Busbee Governor of Georgia
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CONFERENCE STEERING COMMITTEE

Honorary Chairman: MRS. LILLIAN CARTER, Plains

Chairman: A. RAY ROWLAND, President, Georgia . Library Association, Librarian, Reese Library,
Augusta College

Chairman of Steering Committee: ELIZABETH COLE, Consultant, Division of Public Library Services, State Department of Education

JACK ACREE, Executive Director, Georgia School Boards Association

MARY EDNA ANDERS, Head, Basic Data Branch, Industrial Development Division, Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Technology

ANNE ANSLEY, Consultant, Division of Educational

Media, Media Field Services~ State Department of

Education

.

EMILY ANTHONY, Director, Northeast Georgia Regional Library

CHARLES K. BAUER, Manager Scientific and Technical Information Department

CHARLES BEARD, Editor, The Georgia Librarian. Director, West Georgia College Library

JUANITA BRIGHTWELL, Director, Lake Blackshear Regional Library

BARBARA CADE, Vice President, Georgia Library Association, Resource Librarian, Area 1 - Atlanta Public Schools

LEROY CHILDS, Director, West Georgia Regional Library

JIM DARBY, Deputy Director, Tri-County Regional Library

JUDY FLEMING, Sales Manager, Georgia World Congress Center
H.M. FULLBRIGHT, Superintendent, Carrollton City Schools
IRMA HARLAN, Director, Chatham-EffinghamLiberty Regional Library
BETSY HARRINGTON, Chairman, Georgia Library Trustees Section, Georgia Library Association
JEAN HARWATT, Governor's Office State Capitol
VIRGINIA LACY JONES, Dean, School of Library Service, Atlanta University
ANN W. MORTON, Executive Secretary, Georgia Library Association
EMILY PAYNE, Director, Tri-County Regional Library
WILL PETERSON, Superintendent, Soperton Manufacturing Company
MARY LOUISE RHEAY, Director, Cobb County Library System
LARRY SINGLETON, Conference Manager, World Congress Center
CHARLES STEVENS, Executive Director, SOLINET
CARLTON J. THAXTON, Director Division of Public Library Services, State Department of Education
HAROLD TODD, Director, Albany-Dougherty Public Library
NORMAN UNDERWOOD, Governor's Office
ELLA GAINES YATES, Director, Atlanta Public Library
CHARLOTTE ZOTTI, Secretary, Division of Public Library Services, State Department of Education

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS EDITORIAL BOARD

Charles E. Beard, Editor West Georgia College Carrollton, Georgia
Wanda Calhoun, Associate Editor Augusta Regional Library Augusta, Georgia
Joanne Lincoln, Associate Editor Professional Library Atlanta Public Schools Atlanta, Georgia
Ann Crowell Mt. Zion Elementary School Library Mt. Zion, Georgia

James E. Dorsey Emanuel County Junior College Swainsboro, Georgia
Julie Hunter' Atlanta Public Library Atlanta, Georgia
Kathleen Imhoff W. C. Bradley Memorial Library Columbus, Georgia
Marcia H. Leroux* Lawrenceville, Georgia
Rosalind Miller Department of Library Media Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia

Jane R. Morgan Professional Library Fulton County Schools Atlanta, Georgia
Rosemary A. Norris New Elementary School Library Conyers, Georgia
Mary Charles Roberts Clayton County Libraries Forest Park, Georgia
Tena Roberts Wesleyan College Library Macon, Georgia
*Resigned 1978

Special thanks are extended to Mr. Dick King of the Atlanta Public Library for his providing the photographs.
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INTRODUCTION

The proceedings of the Governor's Conference on Libraries and Information Services are presented as a record of the first of the fifty state Pre-White Conferences on Libraries. A chronology of the events preceeding this conference is recounted to show the evolving national interest in libraries.

Chronology

1957 Channing Bete of Greenfield, Massachusetts suggested the idea of a White House Conference on Libraries to the American Library Trustee Association when Dr. Bessie Moore was President of ALTA.
1960's The American Library Association and ALTA proposed a White House Conference on Libraries.
1966 President Johnson appointed the White House National Advisory Commission on Libraries.
1968 The final report of the White House National Advisory Commission on Libraries was issued.
1969 Members of the American Library Trustee Association and Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford met with President Nixon. The President voiced his support of a White House Conference.
July 20, 1970 President Nixon signed into law, Public Law 91-345 establishing the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science as a permanent and independent agency.
July, 1971 Senate confirmed Presidential appointments to NCLIS.
January 28, 1972 American Library Association passed a Resolution calling for a White House Conference on Libraries to be held in 1974.
January 26, 1973 Senator Claiborne Pell (R.I.) Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Education introduced Senate Joint Resolution 40, authorizing the President to call a White House Conference on Library and Information Services. Hearings were held in mid 1973 in the Senate, the Senate passed SJ Res 40 in November of 1973.
In the fall of 1973 House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford (Mich.), Congressman John Brademas (Ind.), Chairman of the Subcommittee on Select Education, and Congressman Ken Hechler (W. Va.) introduced' House Joint Resolutions authorizing the President to call a White House Conference on Library and Information Servicps. Hearings were held late in 1973.
January 25, 1974 American Library Association passed a Resolution urging enactment of legislation calling for a White House Conference on Library and Information Services.

April 18, 1975 President Pro Tempore of the Senate, Senator James Eastland, appointed four members to the Advisory' Committee: Margaret Warden, Great Falls, Montana; Virginia Young, Columbia, Missouri; J.C. Redd, Jackson, Mississippi; John Short, Simsbury, Connecticut. April 29, 1975 Senator Eastland named Senator Jacob Javits of New York.
May 6, 1975 Speaker of the House of Representatives Carl Albert named five members to the Advisory Committee: Representative William D. Ford of Michigan, Gene Shalit of New York City; Allie Beth Martin, Tulsa, Oklahoma who was later replaced by Esther Mae Henke of Oklahoma City; Jeanne Hurley Simon, Carbondale, Illinois and Michael A. McCarroll, LexinQton. Mass.
May 23, 1975 Dr. Frederick Burkhardt, Chairman, National Commission on Libraries and Information Science appointed Commissioners John Velde, Bessie B. Moore, and Lou is A. Lerner to the Advsisory Committee.
July 19, 1976 President Gerald R. Ford announced his intention to call a White House Conference on Library and Information Services.
August 30, 1976 President Ford sent to Congress his request for $3.5 million for a White House Conference on Library and Information Services.
January H, 1977 President Gerald R. Ford named the following fifteen persons to the Advisory Committee: John Chen, Montgomery, Alabama; Walter Curley, Syracuse, New York; Ann H. Eastman, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Oscar Everhardt, Miami Beach, Florida; Marian Gallagher, Seattle, Washington; Dave Gergen, McLean, Virginia; Donald Gibbs, Newport, Rhode Island; AliCe Ihrig, Oak Lawn, Illinois; Kenneth Jernigan, Des Moines, Iowa; Samuel Martz, Nashville, Tennessee; Agnes M. Myers, Denver, Colorado; Edwin B. Parker, Stanford, California; Elizabeth F. Ruffner, Prescott, Arizona; Joseph H. Shubert, Columbus, Ohio; Martha S. Williams, Detroit, Michigan.
March 16, 1977 House passed Fiscal Year 1977 Supplemental budget request which has the $3.5 million for the White House Conference on Library and Information Services.
March 17, 1977 Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor & Health, Education, and Welfare marked up the FY 1977 Supplemental budget request. The full amount of $3.5 million was approved.

December of 1974 the House passed the White House Conference legislation.
December 31, 1974 President Gerald R. Ford signed the White House Conference legislation into law (PL 93-568).

May 4, 1977 President Carter signed the fiscal year 1977 Supplemental Appropriation Bill (now Public Law 95-26) which includes funding in the amount of $3.5 million for the White HoLise Conference on Library and Information Services.
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With the passage of Public Law 95-26, funds were made available to assist the 50 states in financing their Pre-White House Conferences.
Georgia librarians had been discussing the possibilities of such a conference during the tenure of Mary Louise Rheay as President of the Georgia Library Association (1973-75). When A. Ray Rowland was President of Georgia Library Association (1975-77), Miss Elizabeth Cole, Consultant, Division of Public Library Services, State Department of Education, agreed to be Chairman of the Steering Committee and called the first meeting of the committee for October 14, 1976.
The committee, listed in these proceedings, met monthly from October, 1976 until the Conference was held in September, 1977. Various sub-committees met even more often to effectively carry out assignments. The support given by Mr. Carlton J. Thaxton, Director,

Division of Public Library Services, State Department of Education, and the staff of all the libraries of committee members was beyond the call of duty.
During the entire planning of the Georgia Conference, assistance was given by Mr. Alphonse F. Trezza, Director, and members of the staff of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science.
The Governor's Conference on Libraries and Information Services was held in the World Congress Center, Atlanta, on September 15-16,1977. The 1,200 citizens and librarians who participated gained insight into the progress and needs of libraries and also made recommendations on how libraries and library service might be improved.
This publication brings together the papers presented at the conference, the recommendations of the delegates and an evaluation of the conference.
A. Ray Rowland

REGISTRATION
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CALL TO ORDER
FIRST GENERAL SESSION GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENJ:ER
AUDITORIUM
11:00 A.M. -12:00 P.M. INVOCATION
DR. MARIO J. GOGLIA
VICE CHANCELLOR FOR RESEARCH UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA
A TLANTA, GEORGIA
Gracious Heavenly Father, we thank you for the opportunity which confronts this governor's conference on Georgia libraries and information services. We thank you for our national leaders who, as thoughtful men and women, prepared legislation facilitating the examination of issues before us in libraries and information services.
We thank you for the President, for the Governor of Georgia, and for the Mayor of the city of Atlanta, f<;>r their leadership in recognizing the need for this conference, and for their wholehearted support. We thank you, too, for these our colleagues here assembled whoduri!1R thi~ conference will come to grips with the ISsues in need of resolution.
Father of'wisdom and understanding:
We ask that you enlighten our minds to perceive the solutions to the issues that will surface;
We ask that you strengthen our wills V'ith a spirit of right judgment and courage;
We ask that you guide us so as to make us firm in the decisions we must face.
Encouraged by the knowledge of your incomprehensible glory and your immeasurable love, we ask you now to bless this assembly as it takes up the task it has assumed. Amen.
PRESIDING AND OPENING REMARKS
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND PRESIDENT
GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
This conference was called by the Honorable George Busbee, Governor of the State of Georgia, for us to study needs of library services in the state. Ultimately our goal is to present a report to the Governor and also to compile ideas and recommendations which we will take to the White House Conference on Libraries in the fall of 1979.
In your packet of material there is a description of the purposes of the conference. These are:
To acquaint the participants of the conference with the current legislation at the state and national levels pertaining to libraries and information services.

This conference would not have been possible without the assistance of a number of individuals and a number of organizations. We are especially indebted to the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science for assistance at the national level and also providing funds to assist us with this conference. We are also grateful to the Honorable George Busbee, Governor of the State of Georgia, who made an allocation to the conference; to the Library Services and Construction Act and the individuals at the state, national and regional level who are connected with this program and made these funds available to us; to the Division of Public Library Services; to the Georgia Council of Public Libraries for providing the seed money to begin our planning for this event; and finally, we are grateful to you as individuals who took time from your busy schedule to come to this conference and to pay the registration fee for it.
Some of you may be interested in the beginnings of th is conference and how we came to make the decision that we would have this conference in the state of Georgia. Our beginnings started in 1970 when the, then president of the Georgia Library Association, Margaret Kerr appointed a committee to study the goals for Georgia Libraries. Juanita Brightwell of Americus was appointed Chairman of the committee. DurinQ the tenure of Mary Louise Rheay as president of the Georgia Library Association, Dr. JoAnn Harrar, then of the University of Georgia at Athens, was chairman of the committee, she was followed by Jane Norcross when Dr. Harrar moved from the state. The work of this committee and the assistance of many of you then led to the pUblication of Libraries and Librarianship in Georgia, conducted by Beverly Rawles of Battelle. This is the report in your package that we are commonly calling the Battelle Report. This is a key to the information that we want you to study and discuss during this conference. This is important. One of the end results of this conference is an evaulation of what we have done. This, to some extent, is for our own edification, but in your package you should have received an evaluation form either yellow or white. It is extremely important to us (to evaluate what we've done) that you fill out this form and leave it with the last discussion group leader on Friday at your tables. The table leaders will then take them to the registration desk. The yellow ones are for official delegates. The white ones are for all other participants. Do you have your packet of materials? If you have not, or if you have a problem, please stop at the registration desk in the main lobby in order for the staff outthere to assist you.
At this time I would like to introduce Mr. Michael Lomax, who is Commissioner for Parks, Libraries and Cultural Affairs, of the City of Atlanta who is representing the Honorable Maynard Jackson, Mayorof Atlanta.
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OFFICIAL WELCOME
MR. MICHAEL LOMAX COMMISSIONER OF PARKS, LIBRARIES AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS
CITY OF ATLANTA
ATLANTA" GEORGIA
(REPRESENTING THE
HONORABLE MAYNARD JACKSON
MAYOR OF ATLANTA)
I hope you are not too disappointed that the mayor is not here today to personally welcome you. I'll try to give you some consolation. You know over the last year the mayor has lost about 125 pou nds, so that more and more he's beginning to look like me, in spite ofthe beard. You can just think of me as the mayor's better half. I am delighted to have this opportunity to represent Mayor Jackson and the City of Atlanta in bringing greetingsto you, the participants in Georgia's first Pre-White House Conference on Libraries. The City of Atlanta is particularly aware of the role a strong library system serves in an urban community. In 1975, our voters passed an 18 million dollar bond referendum to construct a' new central library to replace the one built for us at the turn of the century, through the largesse of that great American philanthropist, Andrew Carnegie. It is a central library facility we outgrew many years ago. On September 28; wewill hold a ground-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new building designed by world-famous architect, Marcel Breuer. This facility will be one which will bring Atlanta's central library services into the twentieth century and a facility which we are confident will carry us well into the twenty-first century in delivering excellent library services to the citizens of Atlanta. Beyond this particular iII'ustration, however, we recognize that the critical importance of a strong library system to the health and well-being of any city is to speak to the needs of our current national urban crisis, to address the question of the fate of American public education, and to reach out to those citizens Time Magazine recently termed as the underclass, the

poor, forgotten, disenfranchised, who are also socially and economica~ly immobile in urban America. A strong library system must aid cities in facing the need to attract middle income residents and to raise the level of educational standards of the urban community.
With all these problems and many, many more, the function and necessity of a strong library system should be even clearer. But all to often in our cities when we speak of providing leisure time services, our automatic response is active recreation - a football field, a golf course, another tennis court, a gymnasium in a neighborhood. We forget the library which addresses the mind, the imagination, the spirit, and . liberates the user, giving that individual the tools for a better life. We instead address the body alone and pacify our citizens with active recreation. That day has to end in urban America if urban America is to continue its successful struggle to create the better community. Libraries, art centers, facilities which address the humane, the intellectual, the spiritual, must thrive in our urban centers. I don't need to tell you that; I'm 'preaching to the saved. But it's certainly something. which we need to make clear to our decision-makers, our legislators, our elected officials, not only in the city of Atlanta and the state of Georgia and in the Southeast, but in the nation as a whole.
Normally when I have the opportunity to welcome groups to the city of Atlanta on behalf of the mayor of the city, I urge them to get out of their hotels and get away from their conferences and see the City and spend money and spend money and spend more money. I assure you I do -that, not out of any crass materialistic purpose, but because we in the city of Atlanta use some of our hotel/motel tax funds to support the arts. I think you will agree that that is a good way to spend money. In your case, however, . because the theme of your conference is so very important, I'm not going to urge you to get out and spend money. I'm going to ask you to stay in here and work very hard, work overtime if necessary, to accomplish your business. If, however, you are able to do that and you are able to finish on time, please go out and spend some money in our city, because we have some very good purposes to which we can put those dollars to use. Thank you very much.

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MR. A. RAY ROWLAND
Thank you for coming. Next we wiH have greetings from Mr. Will Peterson who has served as a Citizen of our group on the Governor's Conference who is a Friend of Libraries Extraordinaire. I'd like to present Mr. Will Peterson of Soperton.
CITIZENS WELCOME
MR. WILL PETERSON
SUPERINTENDENT
SOPERTON MANUFACTURING COMPANY
SOPERTON, GEORGIA
Let me thank all of you all for being here, particularly those of you who are involved every day with libraries, the citizens of our state who served as trustees on the library boards and those of you who are friends of libraries. We need you; We need your support, and your presence here today certainly is overwhelming.
All of you, as I am, are interested in libraries, and we see libraries from different ways. I look at them from the way libraries have served us in a rural community. As you know, Treutlen County is one of our smaller counties in the state, Soperton is the only town in the county, and its population is less than 3,000 people. But we do have a good library. Last year our average circulation of books was 8.0 for the population of our community, where the state average is 3.79. So you see in a rural area, we do use the library. I think we have a good library. I think those that work with it feel the same way. I know that you feel that you have good libraries. But the thing that bothered me the other day-we had an opinion survey in Soperton. We're trying to be recognized in the Governor's Honor City Program as one of the cities that would be most effective in doing a good job as a city. One of the things that we were asked to do was to send out an opinion survey and ask people how they felt about various aspects of community life. I also serve on the local school board and I was interested to see how people rated our schools and how they rated our libraries. I took the time to look at most of these opinion surveys that came in. One thing that bothered me about the library was that a lot of people didn't have any opinion about libraries. They were to rate them if they felt they were Superior, Good, Poor or Don't Know. Many people in our community (in the opinion survey) rated our library good, some superior; but the thing that bothered me most was that we had a lot of people that said they didn't know. I think one of the purposes here today for all of us is to learn how we can go back in our community and do a more effective job of supporting and selling and developing libraries.
We've come a long way in Georgia and those of you who are here today know it. Our GUN program is only one example. Right in Soperton I can get most any book that I want to read, keep. it for two weeks, and send it back only paying the postage to return it. Our regional libraries have been tremendous assets to us. But we still must convince our people in the local community of these great facilities, that they are there, that they are there to serve them, and that we do have great possibilities for growth and for education and for just learning of the better things in life. Again, thank

you for your participation. I hope we all go back much more dedicated, much more informed as to how we can do a better job for libraries. Thank you so much.
MR. ERIC MOON
GREETINGS FROM THE AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
MR. ERIC MOON
PRESIDENT
AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION NEW YORK, NEW YORK
I am honored and pleased to have the opportunity to bring warm greetings to this Governor's Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services from the American Library Association, the oldest and largest library association in the world. I feel sure that this conference and the association I represent share one central, essential purpose-a purpose expressed in the goal of the American Library Association, which is "the promotion of libraries and Iibrarianship to assure the delivery of user-oriented library information services to all." The key phrase in that goal statement is "user-oriented ...services." Libraries and librarianship may have some innate value, but it is a very esoteric one unless they serve the informational, educational and cultural needs of people-people of all ages and creeds and at all levels of society. The professional librarians of this country and the members of the American Library Association know how far we are from reaching ALA's expressed goal. We know also that that goal can never be reached without full citizen support, and that is precisely why this conference and the ones that will follow it, on the road to the White House Conference on Libraries in 1979, are so supremely important. It is appropriate that the first of these Governor's Conferences should take place in Georgia. As the Battelle report, On Libraries and Librarianship in Georgia makes clear, you have been preparing forthis
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moment and for the library future beyond it for nearly a decade. And although, like all of us, you are still a rong way from being able to meet the informational needs of all the people in your state, you are, as the Battelle study notes, leading your fun'ding support of public library services.
Not least among the reasons why Georgia is the perfect location for the first of these Governor's Conferences is that this state has given those of us who believe in the contribution libraries can make to society a symbol of great hope: a man in t~e Whi~e House, a native son of Georgia who began hiS publiC career as a library trustee; a man who clearly knows and believes that education and libraries and open and free access to information are major ingredients without which no democracy can survive and flourish.
Jimmy Carter's statements and his earlier record as Governor of this state make it evident that he knows, as I'm sure all present here today know, that the direst enemy of progress is ignorance. His record persuades me that you and we, together, can convince him (and, who knows, perhaps the Congress too) that libraries represent the cheapest, most efficient way of makin.g information freely accessible to all the people of this state and of our nation.
I bring you not just ceremonial greetings from ALA, and our most sincere good wishes for a successful and productive conference, but our impassioned plea that
you will join us, as I said in my inaugural address to the Association last June, in loudly, insistently, affirming that free access to information for all is the very foundation, not only of our libraries and their services, but of individual liberty. May this conference be a giant step toward the legislative road to that goal.

ANNOUNCEMENTS
MISS ELIZABETH COLE CHAIRMAN
STEERING COMMITTEE FIRST GOVERNOR'S CONFERENCE . ON GEORGIA LIBRARIES AND
INFORMATION SERVICES ATLANTA, GEORGIA
It gives me great pleasure to announce to you that the Steering Committee for this conference has considered the needs of every person. An interpreter for the deaf is now standing near the front of the room. Any person who needs this service is invited to come to her and to arrange to be near her during the conference.
This building has special elevators and doors for the convenience of persons in wheel chairs. Staff members can direct you as to where they are. Theywill watch for you. The World Congress Center received an award from the Easter Seal Society for accessibility of this building.
There are also people available to help the blind. Crawford Pike is in charge of this group.
This conference is composed oftwo-thirds non-library oriented persons and one-third librarians. We intend for the voice of the user to be heard. We are happy to have all of you to help improve the libraries of the State of Georgia.
INTRODUCTION OF MRS. LILLIAN CARTER HONORARY CHAIRMAN
STEERING COMMITTEE
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND
At this time I would like to introduce Mrs. Lillian Carter, the honorary chairman of our steering committee for this conference, whose support and assistance were imperative in planning this first Pre- White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services. Mrs. Carter . ..

MRS. LILLIAN CARTER
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GREETINGS
MR. FREDERICK BURKHARDT
CHAIRMAN
NATIONAL COMMISSION ON LIBRARIES
AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
It is my pleasant task and privilege to bring you the greetings of the National Commission on Library and Information Science. This is my third visit to this city, and each time I've been here I've had asenseofexcitement the minute I got off the plane-at the hustle and bustle and energy ofthecity and the sense of optimism that prevails here and the sense that there's a future ahead for this country. In Atlanta I think one gets the sense of the creative possibilities and the possibility that this country still has a great future ahead of it and many things to do. It's also a cityof great hospitality. The Commission remembers very well when it was here having a regional hearing. We remember the very courteous reception given us by then Governor Carter, his interest in our work, and his informed knowledge of the problems of the library and information world. So it is very fitting, I think, that we should be having the very first conference leading to the White House Conference at which he will be the host taking place here in Georgia. It's also fitting because Georgia has been a pacemaker in many areas in library and information services, particularly in the area of the proportion of state aid that has been given to libraries. Our studies on the commission have shown us that the local communities can no longer bear the proportion of support that they have been doing in the past - that if the libraries are to flourish and respond to the needs of the communities, state and federal aid must increase in the proportion of support. Georgia has done remarkably well in that direction in showing that this need is going to be responded to. It has also shown an awareness of the importance of networks. In your GUN you've set an example of the state-wide network. It has also shown a tremendous awareness of the possibilities of new media in video programs, such as those Emily Payne has been producing in her Tri-County Library. All of these things and the tremendous sense of cooperation which you have enlisted from lay people and trustees make it a state which we in the commission feel is an exemplary one in the kind of work and leadership it is producing. So we have every expectation that this conference will produce the sort of results that the commission hopes will be produced in everyone of the fifty odd conferences that will be held.
I'd like to say just a few words about the White House Conference which will be the culmination of these individual state conferences. The commission orginalIy sought a budget which would pay the entire cost of all the state conferences. That resulted in an enormous sum of money and, as you all know, funding is not what it used to be. So, instead of that, we had to set a few conditions, one of which was that each state would match from forty to sixty percent (depending on the size of the state) of the funds needed to run the conference. This is, I think, considered a reasonable condition. The only other two conditions we made were that two-thirds of the delegates should be lay

people, because everyone understands that there is no point in simply having the librarians get together to talk to one another since we are all convinced and converted. We need to inform and educate lay people who will help us get things done which need to be done. The two-thirds to one-third proportion is a reasonable way of getting that accomplished. Finally we have said that each conference should devote some time on the agenda to a discussion of that document which we call the national program. That is a first effort at producing a rational plan of action for a library and information system for this country. It's never been done before and I want you to be aware that it is not a final statement; and this conference and the White House Conference itself will, we hope, produce many suggestions and ideas that will improve the document. You can contribute a great deal to it. When we get to the White House Conference in 1979, we're going to have a great opportunity to put the case for libraries in this country to the people of this country, and to the world, to make it clear that we know what we're going to do-that we know what the needs are. We're determined not to simply produce a list of things and money demands; we're determined to produce plans of action and priorities so that it will be realistic in the terms and in the financial conditions which this country faces. Now again, this state has shown through its leadership that with most modest means and good leadership, you can go a long distance. I want now to conclude only with my very warm wishes that the next day and a half will produce the kind of recommendations, the kind of vitality, that I know you can give. Thank you.
MR. FREDERICK BURKHARDT
INTRODUCTION OF THE HONORABLE MAJOR R. OWENS
DR. E. A. JONES
PROFESSOR OF MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGE MOREHOUSE COLLEGE ATLANTA, GEORGIA
GLA President Rowland, our beloved Miss Lillian and other members of the platform party, ladies and gentlemen, in chapter 7 of my history of Morehouse College, written for its Centennial Celebration in 1967, entitled A Candle in the Dark - the chapter whose subject is The Records Speak. An Assessment of the Achievements of Morehouse Graduates"-the opening paragraph reads as follows:
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"An educational institution is probably best judged by the product which it turns out into the world. The records of its graduates, therefore, provide the best indication of the quality and effectiveness of the work done by any college or university. What the alumni do as students in graduate and professional schools and especially what they do in the professions they elect to follow are the most reliable criteria by which to appraise an institution's real worth..."
Our speaker this morning is a Morehouse College graduate whose work at Morehouse, in graduate school, as well as in the several professional posts in which he has performed most creditably, reflecting glory on his alma mater and on himself, reveals the nature and caliber of the man. He is one of the myriad sons of the College whose brilliant professional achievements speak to the greatness of his undergraduate and graduate schools and establish his own importance to the society in which he serves.
Because of his success in a number of professional areas, Major Owens may be truly labled what the Germans call ein vielseitige Mann: a many-sided man or versatile man, a man of multiple competence approximating the fabled Renaissance Man.
Major Owens was born in Memphis, Tennessee, where he attended Hamilton High School. After his second year at Hamilton, he took the College Entrance Examination given by the Ford Foundation, and he stood so high that he was admitted to Morehouse College and given an all-expense Ford Foundation Scholarship for his first two years at Morehouse, ai'ld $200 scholarships for his junior and senior years there. Mr. Owens graduated with high honor, earning a B.A. degree in June, 1956.
Mr. Owens also graduated with distinction from the Atlanta University School of Library Service with the M.S. in L.S. in June, 1957. While at A.U.L.S., he served as Assistant Librarian at Morris Brown College in Atlanta.
At age 32, Mr. Owens joined the Brooklyn, New York, Public Library system, which appointed him as Brownsville Coordinator in 1964 in a new Federally financed program to extend library use and service to the culturally disadvantaged.
In addition, Mr. Owens served as chairman of the Brooklyn Congress on Racial Equality from 1964 to 1966 and also as chairman of a Brooklyn Rent Strike Coordinating Committee. He wrote the proposal for a Federal planning grant that led to the creation of the Brownsville Community Council in the fall of 1965. Moreover, he served as co-chairman of the Committee on Economic Development forthe New York Coalition. In these community and civic posts, our speaker was adjudged by his superior to be "an extremely capable and forceful administrator," declaring that he was pleased with Mr. Owens' efficacious work in the cause of anti-proverty programs, in which he served under former New York Mayor John Lindsay as New York's Commissioner of the Community Development Agency. While holding this office, Mr. Owens taught part-time in the Columbia University School of Library Service, to which he returns this year in the same capacity.
In 1974, our speaker was elected a New York State
10

Senator by a large majority. His work in this legislative body has been no less spectacular and productive than in his previous professional posts.
Since election to the New York State Senate, Senator Owens has joined the faculty of Pratt Institute's Graduate School of Library and Information Science, where he teaches a seminar on "Issues for Community Change and Development," focussing on such vital social problems as employment, housing, and education, as well as on the role of the librarian as an agent for social change.
Ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure, and a distinct honor, to present to you as ou r principal speaker at the initial session of this conference the Honorable Major R. Owens, social and civic administrator, educator, legislator, librarian par excellence, and distinguished New York State Senator.
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
THE HONORABLE MAJOR R. OWENS STA TE SENA TOR
17TH SENATORIAL DISTRICT BROOKLYN, NEW YORK
THE IMPACT OF THE LIBRARY ON SOCIAL
CHANGE
I am pleased and honored to be here with you today in the great state of Georgia on the occasion of the first state Pre-White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services. At this moment in history when Georgia leads our nation in so many ways, it is only proper and natural that Georgia should have the first conference of this kind.
It is also appropriate to note that when it comes to support for its libraries, the state of Georgia also ranks among the first. According to information I discovered in a recent study published by the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science entitled Improving State Aid To Public Libraries, the state of Georgia ranks second only to the state of New York in its state aid per capita for public libraries. Georgia spends one dollar and fifty-six cents per person to aid libraries, three times the average of the other Southeastern states. This amount is second only to the one dollar and sixty-five cents per person which the state of New York spends. When you consider the
rn long tradition ofmillionaires contributing to libraries
New York, when you ponder the fact that Georgia has not benefited from such philanthropic generosity which stimulates matching public funds, the commitment of the state officials of Georgia is all the more significant and laudable.
Let us hope that this conference signals the continuation of Georgia's leadership of the nation's library community. Between today and the hour of convening for the White House Conference there will

be a great need and many opportunities for such leadership.

Special Significance of The White House Conference
Critical friends of mine say the I have gone overboard in my emphasis on the importance of the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services. There is a danger, they say, that the level of expectations with respect to the conference will be raised too high. These critics see the conference as a high level governmental publicity stunt. Some say that it is a short term promotional campaign to revive a product whose sales have gone down. A few others harshly state that the conference is a seductive massive gimmick designed to stroke the collective ego of the library profession.
Certainly these charges represent extremes, pitfalls of which we must be wary, and traps which we must avoid. My greater fear, however, is in the opposite direction. My fear is that the White House Conference will become a grand event staged in relative obscurity merely for the sake of the record. I fear a conference which represents only the honoring of a commitment in a routine but minimum way by the executive branch. I fear the possibility of a conference which could do so much to awake the American masses to the potentials of modern library and information services becoming no more than a profound but exclusive ceremony for an inner circle.
To counteract these negative possibilities, instead of lingering in the comfort and safety of limited goals and objectives, let us accept the risks and travel the mountain road of high expectations. Let us approach the White House Conference as an opportunity to move to the center of the stage,.a chance to display our profession's purpose and designs under the focus of the national spotlight. The conference is an opportunity to seize, for a vital moment, the microphones which reach the ears of mainstream America.
The first message we must deliver to mainstream America is a message which provides a clear exposure of the present state of libraries in our nation. If it does nothing more, the White House Conference must alert opinion makers to the fact that government fiscal support for libraries is dangerously low in our country. Isolated numbers cannot tell the story. It is important to set the numbers within the appropriate context by making comparisons. Let us briefly examine one key set of expenditures, the appropriations for the Library Services and Construction Act for the period from 1957 to 1977, and let us compare the size of these expenditures to the costs for certain items contained in the defense budget.
In 1957, the amount appropriated for libraries was 2,050,000 dollars. To our grandfathers and some laymen on the street th is ,appeared to be a lot of money. But when you consider that it was for all of the states of the union and that when this cost is compared to one item in the military budget it is approximately one seventh the amount needed to purchase one F-15 jet fighter. One such jet fighter costs fourteen million dollars.

STATE SENATOR MAJOR R. OWENS
By 1964 the appropriation had risen to 7,500,000 dollars, an amount which is only one-half of what we spend to purchase one F-15 jet fighter.
In 1965, the appropriation jumped to the first amount of any significance-fifty-five million dollars. From that point on it fluctuated until it reached a peak of eighty-four million dollars before sharply declining to forty-nine million dollars in 1974. Today, in 1977, the appropriation is sixty million dollars.
At the peak of eighty-four million dollars in 1973, the appropriation was equivalent to the cost of one attack submarine at seventy-seven million dollars plus one half of a jet fighter at fourteen million dollars.
For the twenty year period from 1957 to 1977 the total cumulative appropriation is 789 million dollars. This is an appropriation far less than the cost of two attack aircraft carriers at the cost of 545 million dollars each. In other words, for the entire history of the Library Services and Construction Act, all of the eligible libraries of this nation have received federal aid wh ich is less than the cost of two aircraft carriers.
The military expenditure figures are for the years 1970-1971 and based on statistics from the Information Please Almanac, Earth Magazine and the New York Times. Please understand that I am not embarking on a peace lecture at this time. I have used modern weapon costs because they are the most concrete indicators of the cost of complex activities in our present day society. Too often, even among our professional leaders, our thinking with respect to what exactly are reasonable costs is timid and obsolete. Whenever we hear the statement: "It's a lot of money", our next question should be: "Compared to what?".
In general the public needs guidance on government budgets and the relative meaning of public expenditures for specific programs and I am saying that, as we mobilize for the White House Conference,
11

our first message to mainstream America must seek to establish a new perspective on the matter of Federal financial support for libraries. Our great problem is that while most pUblic officials; leaders and university presidents always speak glowingly about the central place of libraries in our educational system and the larger society, the budget requests supported by these same decision-makers do not reflect libraries as a priority. Libraries have few enemies. Our problem is that our friends are too often lukewarm and unaware of what the full flowering of library service could do for the economic, social and political health of the country. The White House Conference provides us with an opportunity to fully enlighten our friends, an opportunity to convert that great sea of general approval and goodwill into legislative appropriations and specific practical programs.
Within the library profession there is all the talent, dedication and energy necessary to guarantee that the conference will not become merely a publicity stunt, promotional campaign, or massive gimmick. The conference should be a stimulant, a catalytic event which, before it takes place, encourages the development of imaginative options and, after it has occurred, inspires the making of great decisions. It cannot solve all problems, but, recognizing the fact that we are at an important crossroads position, the conference can point the way for new directions and set our course for the remainder of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Libraries Seeking To Have Impact On Social Change
Libraries have earned the right to be considered as a national priority because librari~s have sought and are still seeking the opportunity to have a positive impact on social change. Librarians and information specialists understand that, when utilized properly, information is a valuable lubricant; the proper flow of information makes any activity operate more smoothly, with greater efficiency and with a higher ratio of benefits to costs. Information literacy has a definite impact on productivity at our jobs. Information guidance on numerous practical matters greatly improves our quality of life. In the area of public affairs, information for decision-making allows us to fulfill our civic obligations with a greater degree of intelligence and responsibility.
Professional and educational workers who are in one way or another increasing their productivity have for a long time been a primary category of library users. These "information literates", as defined by Paul Zurkowski, President of the Information Industry Association, are "people trained in the application of information resources to their work". Free, government sponsored libraries, have consistently sought to maximize the availability of information for such workers. Although it has seldom been acknowledged, this kind of library service has greatly contributed to the economy of certain localities, cities and states.
Libraries have consistently sought to provide information which improves the quality of life. The concept of quality of life is an elusive one, and sociologists are still laboring to find more concrete
12

ways to measure it. The suicide rate, mental illness rate, alcoholism and drug addiction rate, rate of family related homicides-these are some of the concrete measures of the absence of personal satisfaction and happiness. Creativity and productivity rates, civic participation rates, sexual satisfaction rates, parel'1t/child harmony rates, the rate of assertion of basic human rights against occupational or social repression-these are a few of the positive barometers which require more attention in discussions which attempt to describe the quality of life.
Regardless of the method used to measure the quality of life, it is a fact that each individual in our complex society is daily bombarded with situations which require that decisions be made; each personal environment is polluted with numerous microproblems which hinder a full enjoyment of life. Whether consciously or not, libraries have provided individuals with information which enables them to more rapidly dispose of numerous such problems. Information for consumers, on family budgeting, on raising children, on leisure time activities, on government assistance programs, on career guidance, etc.; information guidance on such matters has generally been taken for granted as a feature of any adequate library.
And, finally, public affairs information for decisionmaking has been offered in varying degrees by libraries. Beyond information literacy for greater work effectiveness and efficiency, universal information literacy is needed to guarantee the survival of democratic institutions. All men are created equal, but voters with information resources are in a position to make more intelligent decisions than citizens who are information illiterates. The application of information resources to the process of decision-making to fulfill civic responsibilities is a vital necessity. In addition to serving as the physical meeting place for forums ranging from the great books to the local tax structure, libraries have fought to maintain their shelves as one place guaranteed to have all sides of the question. Through library systems the man without means may obtain access to important government documents. For many citizens the library has stood ready to provide the facts before they decide on important public matters.
Achievement Of Program Objectives Will Also Achieve Impact
Despite limited budgets and inadequate resources, the public library has consistently maintained a social orientation. Despite the fact that we lack the means to fully realize the lofty concept of the library as "the people's university", the concept is still appropriate as a goal and a standard. An examination of the program objectives of the White House Conference wMJ immediately reveal that these objectives represent a projection and extension of the traditional social orientation of the library. They also represent a commitment to maintain the lofty standard of the library as "the people's university". The program objectives are as follows:
1. Ensure that basic minimums of library and information services adequate to meet the needs of all local communities are satisfied.

2. Provide adequate special services to special constituencies including the unserved.

3. Strengthen existing statewide resources and

systems.

...-

4. Coordinate existing federal programs of library and information services.
5. Ensure basic and continuing education.
6. Plan, develop and implement a nationwide network of library and information services.
7. -Establish a locus of federal responsibility charged with implementing the national network and coordinating the National Program under the policy guidance of the National Commission.
8. Encourage the private sector (comprising organizations which are not directly tax supported) to become an active partner in the development of the National Program.
The realization of these objectives would mean that a gigantic resource, a complex system, a magnificent network backed by the United States government would be available to support the effort to achieve positive impact on social change. It would mean that information to help improve our productivity, information for improvement of the quality of life, and information for public policy decision-making would be more universally available and would be made accessible more speedily.
These program objectives mean that services which libraries have been forced by circumstances to do only on a limited and subdued basis may now have the support of a nationally-sponsored system behind them. It means that an attempt will be made to systematically spread the adequate services which only the more fortunate have enjoyed to all local communities. It means that special services for special constituencies will be incorporated as a regular feature of library services and not be forced to depend on experiments and special grants.

Barriers And Roadblocks Within The Library Profession
The White House Conference program objectives represent ideals and goals that are the broadest and the highest. The National Commission on Libraries and Information Science must be applauded for the scope and profundity of its vision. But before we move forward, we must pause to ask a crucial question. Do these objectives have or can they gain the enthusiastic support of a significant portion of the library profession? Between the completion of a theoretical design and the passage of legislation there are many pitfalls. Between the enactment of a law and the constructive implementation of a program there is a great gulf. The efforts of many dedicated workers at many levels are needed to fill these spaces and to labor to overcome the pitfalls.
The challenge and the task for the library profession is to move the agenda: first, among the people within each state, then at the White House, and from the WhiteHouse to the Congress: from the Congress back to the state library administrative structures, and finally, we must guarantee that at the local level

improved services and new programs are implemented with all of the dedication, competence and imagination that we can muster. Do we have the 'imagination to move this vital agenda? While reason is the quality which sets mankind above the animals, imagination is the quality which sets individual man above other men. This agenda calls for a collective imagination within the profession, imagination which permeates every level. Do we have the imagination to meet this Challenge? Mentally and psychologically where are the librarians? Where are we today? And where will we be in the weeks and months ahead?
Unfortunately the social orientation of the library which I have already briefly summarized has been initiated and maintained by all too small a segment of the profession. Within the library profession and its related organizations and institutions, for every major social need, somewhere there will be found an example of an imaginative and magnificent attempt to meet that need. There is no knowledge or information problem which has not, in some isolated instance, received an innovative response from some library institution or individual librarian. Our problem, however, is the problem of the collective effort, the volume of response. When one weighs the quality and quantity of our responses to social change and social needs against the great volume of people, organizations and activities which make up the library world, one must conclude that the responses have been disappointing.
Barriers which have impeded a broader expansion of services in the past must be understood if we are to avoid having the White House Conference objectives encounter serious similar roadblocks in the future. Before we go forward we must pause to analyze our failures and review some of our serious sins of omission. The refusal to encourage citizen participation in library policy-making, the unwillingness to aggressively campaign for increased budget allocations, the resolutions not proposed, the policies not promulgated, the LSCA (Library Services and Construction Act) grants consumed but denied the chance to change "regular" library functions and procedures, the library school courses not offered, undrafted standards, undrafted legislation, experiments never conceptualized, techniques never tested; these and numerous similar items combine to fill up a great hole of nothingness, a dangerous void, a bottomless pit on the social landscape.
Our great crime of omission is that we have allowed a vacuum to develop and expand within our complex society. The things we have not done, the failures of librarians, have fostered a great social undernourishment. As time has woven an increasingly complex social fabric, certain threads and strands were left out because librarians did not step forward to weave in that portion and those materials that only the library profession could know were needed and only librarians knew how to include.
The following are a few examples of our failure to respond with an intensity which would have greatly increased our social impact:
1. We have failed to clarify and update the goals, role and function of the library profession in the evolving society. In order to reach the objectives of
13

assuring that basic minimums are satisfied and of providing special services to special constituencies, we must first achieve clarity with respectto such functions as outreach, information and referral, advocacy and a few others. Th-ere is general agreement within the profession on the role of the library as a storehouse for knowledge; however, at this late date there is still confusion with respect to the information dissemination function of the library. .
2. There has been a failure of administrative imagination. We have not expanded and updated traditional concepts to absorb new functions. More imagination would allow library bureaucrats to perceive that certain traditional functions are not so far removed from the new services being demanded.
3. We have failed to duplicate and replicate the best models and experiments and to interject successful new ideas and approaches into the mainstream of institutional operations. Closely related is the failure to interject new ideas into the professional education process.
4. We have failed to carry our intellectual freedom responsibilities and policies to their logical conclusion. At this point let us reflect for a moment on the overall theme of the White House Conference: "Equal Opportunity Of Access". One of my contentions here is that the ALA Intellectual Freedom Committee should have long ago become the "Equal Opportunity of Access". One of my conto -read, to hear, to view, is a hollow right if there is no access. The great tragedy of the ALA encounter with the Viet Nam monstrosity is that important access to information issues were not grappled with as intellectual freedom concerns. The coverup of My Lai,. the distortions of the daily war news, the Pentagon Papers; these are a few of the items related to that holocaust which required commentary and action by librarians in their professional capacity as librarians. It is also regrettable that our profession has not played a more central role in the push for sunshine laws and freedom of information laws.
5. We have failed to achieve a minimum mastery of the art of influencing the political and public policy-making process. In seeking to correct the deficiencies of the past and to move us forward to lay the framework for library service in the twentyfirst century, the White House Conference objectives are, of necessity, ambitious. However, in a period of great preoccupation with balanced budgets and reductions in government spending, these objectives cannot be accomplished without great public support. To gain such public support at the local, state and national level, librarians must achieve minimum competence in the art of influencing and pressuring for favorable public policies.
Of the five failures I have summarized, this final one is the most devastating. Old problems cannot be corrected and new efforts cannot be launched without the necessary authority, resources and dollars which are granted by our various levels of government.
14

Mobilization For The White House Conference
Mastery of the political process is the item which the scenario of preparations and mobilization for the White House Conference addresses itself to most directly. Although an effective mobilization effort should incorporate strategies for overcoming all of the failures I have listed, the shortcoming which must be most intensely combated is our inability to build a constituency and use that constituency to extract adequate assistance from those in power.
The political process begins with communication. There is no need to define communication, but I would like to give one example of what maximum communication should be about. A few years ago I attended a training retreat on management by objectives. At this session there was a vice president of a large baking company. To illustrate what he considered maximum communication to be, he described the beginning process for making huge quantities of bread. He explained that after the appropriate ingredients are placed in a huge bowl-like container, a giant mixer is lowered into the container.. While the bowl is spinning around, the bowl also moves up and down. And while the mixer is moving around its many prongs are spinning and at the same time the whole mixer apparatus also goes up and down. In other words every conceivable movement is in motion. That, our colleague from the baking company said, is what should take place when you have maximum communication.
Maximum communication is not merely the distribution of memos and the circulation of announcements about a conference like this one. Feedback, interaction, responsive revisions are all necessary for real communication. The first item on a checklist for mobilizing at the state level should be better communication among the staff within the profession. In preparation for this conference and as a follow-up to this conference the staff of even the smallest branch library should have met and should meet again to discuss the meaning of these activities. Within every municipal or county library system there should be a systemwide meeting involving every library employee. For the total state all categories of specialists-catalogers, reference librarians, children's librarians, media specialists, exhibit technicians and numerous others-should be assembled at some point. For the duration of this process, bulletins, reports, position papers should provide background and substance forthisprogram of massive interaction. Continuous dialogues and staff participation in decision-making should generate the development of a set of broad goals and specific objectives in all major areas of concern. Such involvement of the staff, the workers of the library world, would provide what we call in politics a base. This base is the natural starting point for a state-wide mobilization. Within the state of Georgia if we cannot excite the staff, the people whose life work is within libraries of many kinds, if we cannot generate great enthusiasm within the profession, then there is little hope that the general public, the average taxpayer, the man of the street will show any concern about the future of library services.
Before we conclude this discussion of mobilization

within the profession, let us throw a special spotlight on the state library association. At the apex of the effort to mobilize within the profession the state association should playa major role by providing funds,practical guidance and in every way backstopping the overall effort.
The second item on the checklist for mobilization at the state level should be the development of a Legislative Action Package. The first product and result of the maximum communication and participation should be a co.mprehensive state~ent calling for all of the legislation needed to begin to realize the objectives of the White House Conference. Now is the time to be bold. While we have the opportunity to command the attention of the people, let us ask, request, demand that every basic need be satisfied. It may take five or ten years to get an adequate and complete response from the le~isl~tur~, but this must not dismay us. Our task, our obligation IS to place all of the legitimate demands on the table.
Where there is no state constitutional requirement that libraries be established and maintained, the legislative package must call for a state consitutional amendment.
Where the library funding aid formulas are unrelated to the modern cost of doing business, the fight must be waged to change the funding formulas.
Where libraries have no statutory role in state financed adult and continuing education programs, then now is the time to seek legislation to obtain this necessary and legitimate involvement.
Freedom of information laws; laws which provide support for the maintenance of information and referral services; laws which encourage more productive relationships and. cooper~tion ?etw~en school, college, special, public and private libraries; laws which enable the state to establish linkages with the projected national network and enable th~ state to qualify for matching funds and other benefits; these and many other laws should be included in the legislative action package.
To obtain passage of such a vital legislative package, broad and enthusiastic public support will be needed. The third item on the checklist for mobilization represents the first step in arousing such public support. We must develop simple models, examples, and prototypes of the kind of library services the average citizen can look forward to. if all of ~h~ necessary legislation is enacted. What difference will It make? After libraries begin to receive the authority and funding that we insist they must have, what benefits can the taxpayers expect? These are the questions which must be answered with simplicity and imagination. Can every seeker of public service expect to receive the attention experienced by the patron of a corporate or special library? Can we expect library workers to pursue the problem until, regardless of the obstacles, the answer is found? Can we set a new standard based on the assumption that the kind of service provided by special and research libraries is the only adequate and acceptable level of service? Service for each citizen should be as thorough as necessary to fully meet his/her information needs.
For the world of work and worker productivity we must

offer models which clearly demonstrate how information does make a difference. Visit any government employment service office and you'll find that the only information available is concerned with the few vacancies which presently exist in the local area. Will the new library national network allow us to provide information about job opportunities anywhere in the country or the world? A worker with a particular skill who is unemployed in Georgia may find that his services are in great demand in Colorado. Information concerning alternative careers and alternatives for industrial development which create local jobs is greatly needed in areas where the economy has slowed down or is declining. Information which explains the latest methods and techniques in the various occupations and professions is needed more and more by larger segments of the population. Before the young people of our rural areas can begin to transform family forms into giant agro-corporations, they must see books, pamphlets, video-tapes and films which trigger their imaginations.
Libraries can have an impact on the world of work and worker productivity. We can also have an impact on the quality of life for the average citizen. In addition to continuing the tradition of providing cultural, adult education and other leisure time programs, libraries may also provide information which nurtures improved mental health and emotional stability. Each individual moves about in a personal environment polluted with dozens of small problems. Information which allows us to eliminate or just cope with some of these problems is constantly needed. Imagine what the world would be like if you had to get up each morning and make your own calculations and predictions about the weather. How much more would this daily chore add to your frustrations and mental fatigue? We are fortunate to have an abundant supply of facts about the temperature, the humidity, the windchill factor, the sunburn index, the pollen count, etc. When the public consents to a new and more adequate investment in our libraries are we going to be able to offer them such concise capsules of information about other daily ongoing problems such as retail credit, consumer purchasing, guidance for difficult teenagers, college scholarships and financing, crime prevention, crime protection, ways to reduce energy costs, etc.? In addition to our book lists and bibliographies, can we begin to anticipate a large proportion of the most universal questions and thus be abl~ to offer short answers, indexes, easy to read charts and other simple aids which require very little time to comprehend. We live in an age of instant food, instant religious experiences and instant love. It is naive to assume that we can serve the masses without devoting some portion of our time to the development of instant information.
Libraries can have a profound impact on the quality of life as well as the world of work. Finally, libraries can have an impact on decision-making in public affairs. Every man, woman and child is directly affected by what our various levels of government officials decide to do. As this fact is understood by an increasing number of citizens, the demand for information concerning public affairs increases. Citizens want to know what's going on: in Washington? at the state capitol? at city hall? In what ways can we show our
15

public how, in the future, we are going to satisfy this

need to know what is happening behind the closed

doors. What models of new service in this area can we

display? To help citizens mpnitor corruption and

incompetence in government can we" provide up to

date summaries of all the investigations and hearings?

Can we provide simple ways to answer the most often

repeated question: Where does the taxpayer's money

go? Before the officials vote on the annual bUdgets can

libraries conduct or assist in developing bUdget

information marathons where an attempt is made to

layout all the facts available about expenditures and

revenues? Such information marathons should utilize

every means of communication; however, only

libraries are in position to supply the information base.

What is done in the area of government budgets may

also be done for national and state priorities such as

energy conservation, job training and in 1978 and 1979

the national priority of libraries and information

services.

-

Maximum exposure of our simple models and

prototypes should be the fourth item on our checklist

for mobilization at the state level. Help should be

sought from the advertising, public relations and

broadcasting industries. Each state should sponsor a

traveling multi-media exhibit of what library service in

the-state should and could be like by the year 2000. The

exhibites would show how the national network

interlocks with the state network and how all networks

and supportive services combine to produce a'more

rapid and satisfying response to the information needs

of the average citizen.

And, the fifth and final item on the checklist involves the development of alliances, a reaching out politically to convince others to join the library profession in the mobilization for the revamping of our library and information services. We must reach out to private industry. We must reach out to local opinion-makers. We must reach out to public interest advocate groups, to good government groups, to religious groups. We must reach out and continually remember that we need the prestige, influence and political clout of every group that understands the need for library services.

The checklist could be continued, but these are the basics. From one state to another the steps will be quite similar. On the national level a set of parallel activities must take place. We must arrive at the White House Conference with a consensus on objectives, approaches and principles. We must arrive also with detailed proposals and models for legislation. We must leave the White House with a timetable for the implementation of a national master plan. We must return to the states and continue the work of building unified and ongoing national, state and local public support mechanisms.

remain dedicated to the concept of the "people's university" and to the principle of infinite elitism; all men are potential candidates for the circle of the knowledgeable elite if they have access to information.
The challenge before our profession is to move the agenda. We are a practical profession highly praised for our ability to order details, to be thorough, to keep our feet on the ground. We are practical and our roots are firmly in place. But librarians must have wings as well as roots. While we maintain a clear and steady gaze on things as they are, we must dream dreams about things as they should be. Imaginations must be allowed to soar. The trees with the deepest roots have earned the right to reach for the sky, and they have a base on which to construct the models for the future.
The White House Conference cannot solve every problem and overcome all past failures, but it is possible to set in motion a momentum that will sweep us to new levels. It is possible to create the pUblic consciousness which is vital. It is possible to lock in the major decisionmakers at a level of commitment which will provide the resources to realize a new age of library and information services.
The challenge is to move this vital agenda. Let us declare a state of emergency. During this period let us place the library profession on a war footing and demand of ourselves a super-human effort. The challenge is to move the agenda. We are grateful today that the great state of Georgia has courageously led the nation by taking the first step forward.

Continuing Library Impact On Social Change
As I stated at the beginning, one of the achievements libraries are seeking is the opportunity to have a greater impact on social change. One of the interpretations of the biblical phrase, "life everlasting" concludes that it means that mankind and the planet earth shall endure forever. To endure we must have knowledge and information. To survive we must maintain democracy and the open society. We must
16

ADJOURNMENT
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND
I declare the First General Session of the Governor's Conference' on Georgia libraries and Information Services: A Pre-White House Conference adjourned.
CALL TO ORDER
SECOND GENERAL SESSION
GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER
AUDITORIUM 2:00 P.M. - 3:45 P.M.
PRESIDING
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND PRESIDENT
GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
I would like to declare the second general session of the Governor's Conference on Georgia library and Information Services: A Pre-White House Conference to be in session.
This afternoon we are very fortunate to have a panel with the qualifications of those that are on the platform today. The panel will speak on the current status of Georgia libraries. Chairing the panel will be Mr. Carlton J. Thaxton, Director of the Division of Public Library Services, State Department of Education, and he, in turn, will introduce the panel.
INTRODUCTION MR. CARLTON J. THAXTON
DIRECTOR DIVISION OF PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES
STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
I have been asked to serve as moderator for the forthcoming panel. I think we have an excellent group of people who have a great deal of expertise in the fields about which they are going to talk. They have each worked diligently to come up with what they hope will show you in brief the status of various aspects of libraries and typesof libraries and librarianship in the state of Georgia. Where possible the panelists have used the Battelle Report as a starting point. The Battelle Report is a good document, but it is not perfect. It is two years old, and the panelists have had to add to it, and, in some cases correct some errors in it. This report is intended to be a working document. It is not intended to be the final word. In the case of special libraries, the Battelle Report contains very little. This is because the survey team had difficulty in gathering information in this area of library service in the state. The panel will appear in the order in which they are listed on the program: First is Miss Eileen Cook, Director of the American Library Association Washington Office. Miss Cook will discuss federal legislative matters. Mildred Tietjen, Librarian at Georgia Southwestern College, Americus, Georgia, will address the subject of academic libraries. Thomas Basler, Director of libraries at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, will talk about special

libraries. Ella Yates, Director of the Bureau ofLibraries

of the City of Atlanta, will concentrate on public

libraries. Dr. Virginia Lacy Jones, Dean of the School

of Library Services, Atlanta University, will speak

about library education. Susan Hooper, librarian at

Lovett School, Atlanta, Georgia, will concentrate on

private schools at the elementary and secondary

levels, and O. Max Wilson, Director of Instructional

Resources of the Georgia Department of Education

will talk about the public school aspect. I will, at the

end, comment on some things that none of the other

panelists have covered, such as institutional library

services, library associations, and the business and

information industry in Georgia which supplies infor- .

maHon on a comm~rcial basis.

.

MS. EILEEN COOK DIRECTOR
AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON OFFICE WASHINGTON, D.C.
A VIEW FROM WASHINGTON

Many of you here today probably saw on television

recently the spectacular glider landing of NASA's new

space shuttle, the Enterprise. The National Air and

Space Administration has a two-fold reason for

rejoicing over this event. Not only have they achieved

their goal of getting the gigantic shuttle off the draWing

board and launched in mid air after piggybacking on

a 747, but they brought it back down to earth for a

perfect landing, a tremendous feat in itself. However,

their long-range achievement lies in fulfilling the

exciting potential for this nation's future

experimentation in space, communications and

satellite technology.

...

This accomplishment may now seem "blue sky" and far removed from our deliberations here, but it is not. The technology has now become a reality, and the users of libraries and information services have a serious stake in the Enterprise as the mammoth spectrum of networking, information transfer and telecommunications continues to open up. The American library Association is a member of the Public Satellite Consortium, which is working with NASA to find appropriate and effective ways for sch,Ools, libraries, hospitals and other public service agencies to utilize these tools of communication.

Meanwhile, several other current events and congressional activities taking place in Washington are also relevant to Georgia's state conference and to libraries, library personnel, trustees, and users of libraries throughout the country. They have a bearing , on the future, on the options to be considered and on the priorities to be established for the further improvement of Georgia libraries and information services.

I would like to report to you on the status of the three major federal library programs-Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA), Libraries and Learning Resources programs of Elementary and Secondary Education Act under Title IV-B, and the Higher

17

Education Title II academic library programs. Since becoming law they have provided over $1.9 billion for library resources, staff development, library education, equipment and public Iibrary.construction.
After a full year of cliff hanging, LSCA, which was due to expire on September 30, 1977 has a new lease on life. House and Senate conferees finally agreed on a five-year extension. They are now writing their report and the bill (s. 602) should be on its way to the floor shortly for final passage. The principal change is a new
provision in Title I which will give public libraries in cities with a population of 100,000 or more a chance to share in new federal funds over the first $60 million appropriated. For example, the four city libraries in Georgia with populations over 100,000 (Atlanta, Columbus, Macon and Savannah) will be eligible recipients. Hopefully, this legislation will be on President Carter's desk for his signature within another week.
On the school library front, the House Education Subcommittee has completed hearings on Title IV-B, and the Senate is scheduled to begin that process the week of September 26. Both are considering a fiveyear extension.
The college library resources, training and demonstration programs under Title II of the Higher Education Act were extended just last year. In addition, Congress approved a new Title II-C to help academic research libraries acquire additional materials to enable them to better share resources on a nationwide basis.
Appropriations totaling 244.7 million dollars for these three major programs are in the FY 1978 budget for the Department of Labor and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Unfortunately, this measure is still pending because of the controversial abortion amendment attached to it. Therefore, this issue must be resolved before the end of the fiscal year on September 30, 1977.
There are a good many other legislative measures under active' consideration, or in a review or implementation stage which will have an impact on all

of us as individuals, as well as on our libraries. Examples of this are the Fair Labor Standards Amendments, dealing with age and sex discrimi-
nation and miminum wage. This legislation, if approved, would increase the minimum wage from $2.30 an hour to $2.65 on January 1, 1978, and to a ceiling of $3.37 in 1981.
Social Security is another relevant issue. The House Ways and Means Committee voted to increase the amount retirees may earn, without loss of benefits, by another $1,500, making a total of $4,500 in outside income which may be earned. They are also considering raising the retirement age from 65 to 68 years.
Compliance with the new regulations prohibiting discrimination against handicapped persons should be of great concern to all of us who are striving to make libraries and information services available to all who need them. Sometimes called the "504 Regs", these regUlations derive their name from section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PI93-112), and they appear in the May 4th issue of the Federal Register (pp 2267622707). In addition to stUdying the regulations in order to learn what must be done to comply, you also need to asses what costs are involved and to ascertain how services and work opportunities can be extended to the handicapped. A great deal may be done at relatively little cost with creative thinking and community cooperation. Last spring before the
regulations were issued, we reported to Congress that in the public library area alone, over $200 million in federal funds were needed to remove architectural barriers in some 8,000 public libraries throughout the country. That figure was based on very hasty estimates from state library agencies.
There is a whole litany of information needs among libraries. If we intend to take advantage of these federal programs, it will be necessary to have up-to-date statistics. Major Owens is absolutely on target. We need instant information of a continuing basis if we are to be politically active in a partnership effort on all levels to improve services to meet the information needs of people from all walks of life.

MRS. EILEEN COOK
18

MRS. MILDRED TIETJEN DIRECTOR OF LIBRARY SERVICE
GEORGIA SOUTHWESTERN COLLEGE
AMERICUS, GEORGIA
GEORGIA ACADEMIC LIBRARIES -
WHERE ARE WE TODAYl
One hundred seventy-six years ago, the University of Georgia began operation, and with it the first academic library within the state. According to statistics gathered by Marjorie Clark, chairperson ofthe College and University Section of GLA, Georgia college and university libraries number 66, a hearty growth over the University's first in 1801. This total represents seven university libraries, 28 four-year institutions. 27 _ junior. colleges and four of college-type specialities. A tremendous resource and investment is represented through these libraries. Approximately eight million books are housed in these 66 academic settings. Five million microforms are available for library research as well as over one million audio-visual items. Collectively, these 66 libraries subscribe to almost ninety-one thousand periodicals. Impressive? Yes, but the Battelle Research Report on Libraries and Librarianship in Georgia (published in 1975) reveals that most of Georgia's academic libraries fall short of minimum collection size required to support curriculum programs. The Battelle Report outlines as a major objective the "improvement of academic libraries by strengthening collections of print and nonprint materials." This strengthening process will require not only additonal funding to increase holdings, but also, and perhaps more importantly, an assessment-ofneeds study of existing collections. Anexamination of curricular offerings will help determine the strength of the collection in its support to each of the curriculum. The Battelle Report recognizes that most colleges in Georgia are acquiring nonprint media, and many are building large collections of report literature on microfiche and collections of periodicals on microfilm. The recent GLA College and University Section survey recording five million microform holdings and over one million audiovisual items is encouraging. But when one considers that all printed volumes in Georgia academic libraries combined do not number as many volumes as held by the Harvard University libraries, the slogan, "We've come a long way, baby" carries somewhat of a hollow ring.
Another major objective for academic libraries as outlined by the Battelle Report is staff upgrading whereby capabilities of all library staff members will be fully utilized resulting in upgraded services. The period of rapid growth with most college enrollments is over, rendering the need for additional professional librarians to a minimum. As budgets tighten, all jobs and associated tasks should be studied in an effort to adequately define professional and nonprofessional areas. As job openings occur, there should be a planned effort to reassign staff and to hire new staff based upon redefined needs. Professional library positions should be filled with individuals who have the

academic credentials and skills that qualify them for faculty status and meet the needs of the college library of today and the future. The Battelle Report encourages professional librarians currently on the staff of Georgia academic libraries to upgrade their credentials, and to bear in mind that advanced study may well be a prerequisite to advancement and promotion. Georgia colleges currently employ 305 full-time degree librarians, 65 semiprofessionals and 496 clerical employees. The Battelle recommendations "to strengthen academic libraries by upgrading staff" is of major importance, but this upgrading must be accompanied by adequate financial compensation. The GLA College and University Section survey records the average librarian salary in Georgia college libraries to be $11,506 annually; the average semi-professional salary, $6,548; the average clerical salary, $5,905. The survey further notes that the semiprofessional, who generally holds a bachelor's degree, is currently receiving an average salary of only seven dollars per month more than the clerical library employee - with neither salary strikingly high. And the average salary for a librarian with a degree is well beneath faculty averages. The Battelle Report objective of strengthening college libraries by upgrading staff is basic to the major goal of providing quality academic library service to support research activities of students of all ages. But staff upgrading will be difficult to achieve if it is not accompanied by adequate financial remuneration.
The Battelle Report spotlights another major concern of Georgia college libraries - the lack of a coordinating agency with which all academic libraries might affiliate. Public libraries and school libraries have an agency of State government which coordinates their planning, programs of service, and collects statistics on their operations and funding. Neither the Georgia Library Association nor the Board of Regents' Academic Committee on Libraries can perform this function for all public and private academic libraries. Consequently, they are without an organizational voice in Georgia or in Washington. They have no central leadership, no coordination for planning or for statistics collection. Leadership and planning on a state-wide basis are essential if waste is to be minimized and progress achieved. A State coordinating agency is needed to promote development of each academic library for consolidated collection building, consultant services, and resources-sharing. As college libraries face probably declining enrollments and budget shortages, it is even more critical that they plan together, and with public libraries as well.
Georgia academic libraries have been noticeably strengthened through cooperative activities with other libraries. Wherever a college or university is located in the State, there, of course, exists a rich library resource which should be available to all residents of the community. In some Georgia communities, these libraries are open to all; and in some there is evidence of strong cooperation with area public, school and special libraries. The Battelle Report emphasizes that such cooperation should exist everywhere in the State.
Interlibrary lending is overWhelmingly the leading cooperative activity among Georgia's academic libraries. This is, in large measure, indicative of
19

increased need to share resources because of budget limitations and the impact of the Georgia Library Information Network (GUN). Equipped with in-bound and out-bound WATS telephone lines installed in the Public Library Service Unit offices in Atlanta, GUN takes calls from public and college libraries throughout Georgia for research and reference assistance, interlibrary loan requests and bibliographic assistance for interlibrary loans.
In 1977, the University of Georgia Library was designated as a Regional Depository Library for U.S. Government publications. Regional depositories must retain at least one copy of all U.S. Government publications, either in printed or microfacsimile. They must make these publications readily accessible to the general public and to other selected depository libraries in their region. This is a boon to the eighteen Georgia colleges which hold smaller depository status. SOU NET, Southeastern Library Network, promises to be one of the most impactive forces in library cooperation in Georgia. Established in 1973 to increase the availability of bibliographic records through the use of electronic data processing and telecommunications, this cooperative network, of Southeastern college, research, public and state libraries, has already produced siQnificant time and cost savings for Georgia academic libraries. At the April 28, 1977, annual membership meeting, a record one hundred fifty-five members was announced. These members utilize 259 terminals within ten southeastern states, making SOU NET the largest affiliate network of the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC). Presently, the membership utilizes the network's on-line shared cataloging system. Subsystems for serial control, subject retrieval and interlibrary loan are in the planning stages. Through the interlibrary loan subsystem, terminal operatorswill be able to locate an item in OCLC's computerized union catalog, prepare an interlibrary loan request, and send it via computer terminal to selected libraries holding that item. Potential lending institutions will be able to reply to the interlibrary loan request. When one considers that over eight hundred college and research libraries are affiliated with OCLC, the interlibrary loan capabilities are astounding.
Other cooperative ventures include the University Center, regional associated library groups such as South Georgia Associated Libraries, and the Academic Committee on Libraries of the University System of Georgia. Only in the University System are the directors of academic libraries united in one group for study and planning.
Georgia academic libraries have come a long way in the past one hundred seventy-six years - growing from one library to 66. But they have much yet to accomplish. To reach the top of the mighty oak tree, academic libraries can either climb or sit on an acorn. But if the Battelle goal of providing quality academic library services to support research activities of students of all ages to be met, they haven't any time to sit.
J2::8
20

MR. THOMAS BASLER
DIRECTOR OF LIBRARIES
MEDICAL COllEGE OF GEORGIA
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
SPECIAL LIBRARIES
A meaningful comment on special libraries and their role in resource sharing, planning, coordination, evaluation, networking possibilities, and the like would be impossible in so short a time. I would like, however, to accomplish several objectives: 1) the introduction of special libraries (their type, collection, and services), 2) indication of their potential as supporters of others and their need for support.
Definition Special libraries include those that serve business and industry (such as advertising agencies, manufacturers, and airlines), those that serve government, the military, science, technology, the health sciences, publishing, education, the arts, law and religion.
They may be typified by the libraries at: Andersonville National Park Bell Telephone Labs Coca Cola Company Columbia Theological Seminary Cox Broadcasting Corporation Federal Reserve Bank Fernbank Science Center Fulton County Law Library Georgia Kraft Company Georgia Mountain Planning Commission Georgia Power Company Georgia State Department of Archives and History Georgia Tech. - Architectural Library Lockheed Aircraft Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Social Change Medical College of Georgia Memorial Medical Center U.S. Air Force U.S. Army U.S. Veterans Administration University of Georgia - Museum of Art Yerkes Primate Center
Collection The collections contained within these libraries are specifically designed to meet the needs of their clientele and the specialized product of their institution. This generally indicates an intensive collection within a specific subject area. Types of materials found within these libraries, or rather library-information centers, include books, pamphlets, preprints, reprints, translations, dissertations and theses, periodicals, newspapers, press releases; indexes, abstracts and electronic access to these tools; transactions, yearbooks, reports, directories of organizations; external ancl internal technical reports; research and laboratory notebooks, archival materials; patents trademarks, specifications and standards; photography, slides, motion pictures, filmstrips, tape and disc recordings, maps, sheet music, manuscripts, vendor catalogs, legislative materials, clippings, microforms, museum items, and memorabilia.
The size of these collections, called special libraries, depend again upon the needs of the parent organization.

Service Generally, special libraries services are tailored to a limited clientele, but not always so. These services often include very individualized services such as translation, consultation, research, information gathering, report writing, and a variety of services requiring much time away from the library-information center itself.
Recently the Special Libraries Association noted that in each 24 hours, the number of technical papers written throughout the world would fill seven sets of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. The special libraries must aid the scientists, engineers, lawyers, physicians, market researchers, newspapermen, business leaders, government officials, museum curators and others in their quest to assimilate this voluminous amount of information.
Cooperation In no way do I intend to indicate that there has been no cooperation among special libraries or between special libraries and others; however, we must explore an increase in their participation in state and nationwide planning and cooperation.
Need for Support I have given you a reasonable representation of a special library. Now I must ask each of you to consider the importance of including this wide variety of libraries in your thinking throughout this conference. Often in the past special libraries have been the lost sheep of the flock.
One type of special library that has been singled out by the Congress for direct support has been the medical library. The Congress passed the Medical Library Assistance Act in 1965 to aid in strengthening medical library collections, physical facilities, services, and networks to provide information to the health professional and ultimately provide better care for the citizens of the United States. Most of you have benefited from the information provided by this federal support, although you may not realize it. The program you may be familiar with includes document delivery services or, as more commonly called, interlibrary loan. This program has provided over $150,000 to Georgia medical research libraries since its inception. Most of the amount supported information to Georgia physicians to care for the people of Georgia.
In addition, support for special projects has also been provided to medical school and hospital libraries throughout the state. There has been a similar pattern throughout the United States. National networks such as the data retrieval systems-MEDLARS, MEDLlNE, TOXLlNE, AND CANCERLINE-are also supported by federal assistance through the Medical Library Assistance Act.
This effort affects all of us throughout Georgia regardless of our walk of life. This support is now being reviewed in Washington. I hope you can lend a hand in making the Congress aware of the need for continuance.
I had an opportunity to meet with Leverett Saltonstall, the Senator from Massachusetts, to discuss federal library legislation a few years ago. As you may know, after legislation was passed to aid public libraries, academic libraries, school libraries

and medical libraries, each piece of legislation, in effect, excluded each other type. The special library often got lost in the shuffle. Libraries such as The American Museum of Natural History, John Crerar, the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Huntington Library, the Boston Atheneum, and the New York Public Library Reference Library were excluded. Mr. Saltonstall replied to our criticism of the legislation, saying; "we acted upon the recommendations of the library community. It is you, the librarians, who have erred. Give us sound recommendations, and we can provide sound legislation."
I believe this applies to more than the special libraries. This is the charge given to all of us at this conference.
Thank you.
MRS. ELLA GAINES YAlES DIRECTOR
THE BUREAU OF LIBRARIES CITY OF ATLANTA
INFORMATION, AN INDISPENSABLE COMMODITY
I use the term commodity as "anything of useor profit." I view information as mankind's most valuable commodity. From the beginning of time, people have been, and will be, dependent on information for their existence and survival. Our most structured means of receiving information, the library, is probably the most underestimated and most often ignored institution in society. ,We accept schools, hospitals, and other values of our community living without realizing their accreditations and ratings are predicated heavily upon the quality of their libraries.
School, academic, research and special libraries are geared to meet the indigenous needs of their users, but the public library is the institution which must provide resources and materials for all. The public library serves a constituency from pre-school age to senior citizens.
From the Battelle study conducted in 1975 to assess the needs of the State of Georgia for libraries and library services, I quote, "The needs for improved library services related directly to the needs of the people for educational and training opportunities. In 1970, 11.1 percent of the population in Georgia over 25 years of age had less than five years of schooling. Although the percentage of high school graduates is rising (from 32.0 in 1960 to 40.6 in 1970), in 1970 only 17 of the 159 counties had more than half of their population with high school diplomas ... There are many persons living in the state who are unskilled and either cannot find jobs or can command only those jobs at very low skills levels ... Libraries are an integral part of training activities, providing support to the training programs for students of all ages."
21

Within the State of Georgia there are 11 county library systems, 36 regional library systems and one independent library system. Many of our public libraries are sub-standard, not due to a lack of foresight from our librarians, but because of insufficient funding. In many areas public libraries are viewed as educational institutions solely. It is true that education is a strong component of our services, but the last 30 years of trials and failures have proven the public library does not and cannot adequately provide public, school, and special library service; nor can school and special libraries meet the specialized needs of their clientele and meet public library specialized needs. The cost of collections, building space, staff expertise, and size of staff needed to merge these varied services under one umbrella institution would be prohibitive and totally unrealistic in terms of reaching the varied users from our population.
The school library or media center needs to be located within the educational institution, the academic library within the campus complex of the college or university, the special library at the immediate reach of the bankers, doctors, research institutions, lawyers, or what have you, depending on the nature of firm, agency or institution which requires the specialized information for immediate research and retrieval. The public library, to meet its constituents' needs, should be located in the heart of business activity, whether it is a main central library or a branch. Public libraries are "big business" and in the state of Georgia, as well as the nation, our clientele are the same clientele who use the banks, department stores, shops, grocery stores, laundromats, bakeries, loan companies, and all other business enterprises. Where these facilities are centered is where our pUblic libraries serve their most significant function.
As public demands for public library services increase, we in Georgia become more and more aware of the weakness in our systems: our collections are inadequate, our staffing patterns need upgrading, new and expanded library buildings are needed, planning and evaluation need more in-depth preparation and
coordination; and all these are predicated upon adequate support from our local areas of government and the state.
Expanded areas of cooperative services are essential. Through the University Center we support a union catalog of the Atlanta-Athens area, and our pUblic libraries have the advantage of this resource through GLiN. Again, the Battelle study found "the single, most significant development in library cooperation in Georgia is the Georgia Library Information Network (GLlN). This network was made possible when the Library Services and Construction Act was amended to provide federal funds for interlibrary cooperation. With the help ofthese LSCA funds, GLiN was designed to:
1. Provide communications links among all types of libraries through in-bound and out-bound WATTS telephone lines at the Division of Public Library Services in Atlanta where all calls requesting the services of GLiN are received.
2. Provide research and reference service from the Division of Public Library Services to the state's public libraries.
3. Channel interlibrary loan requests to the proper
22

resource library and provide bibliographic assistance on loan requests. 4. Provide locator service at the union catalog at Emory University. 5. Provide funds to reimburse the lending library for loans.
"A feasibility study was made in the spring of 1972 to determine whether a library network similar to the Ohio College Library Center (OCLC) should be established in the southeastern states. The study recommending the establishment of the network was issued in January 1973, and the onJanizational meetinq for SOLIENT (Southeastern Library Information Network) was held on March 9, 1973, at the University of South Carolina. SOLINET is an affiliate of the Southern Regional Education Board. SOLIENT signed a contract with OCLC in May 1974, providing for a tie-in arrangement in which SOLINET members are connected via cathode ray tube terminals and existing telephone lines to the OCLC data base in Columbus, Ohio. The system provides on-line shared cataloging services with the off-line production of catalog cards. In the Spring of 1975, there were 25 Georgia libraries who were members. Most of these were academic libraries; however, the Division of Public Library Services, Georgia Department of Education, was accepted for membership in May 1975, and the Atlanta Public Library accepted for membership in 1976."
Public librarians have come to realize in the last decade that what we have often viewed as top priorities in serving the public has not always been what the public assessed as top priority. Community involvement and interaction now playa strong role in need assessment. Whenever possible we are moving away from the trend of defining broad objectives of the public library in the traditional sense of education, information, recreation, and culture and are defining our service objectives in terms of programs which meet community needs. When our libraries are surveyed by national and international publication sources, we are queried as to programs, services, and facilities provided by our libraries. One survey recently completed for the international city management association's "Municipal Yearbook" requested such information as, Does your public library provide: bookmobiles, meeting rooms, foreign language materials, ethnic materials, audio visual materials, video capabilities, toys arid games, typing facilities, copying facilities, programs for pre-school children, programs for school-age children, programs for young adults, programs for adults, programs for the elderly, programs for the handicapped, ethnic oriented programs, independent study programs, art exhibits, institutional services (e.g. prisons, hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes), shut-in service, school programs, information and referral services. As you see,. the public library covers "Yide parameters.
Many of our librarians in Georgia give service in most of these areas with additional service rendered in other areas such as notary public and voter registration, to name two. We are aware of the needs; we communicate with the public but are stymied because of inadequate fiscal support for staff, inadequate space, and inadequate resources. The Fulton County Board of Commissioners has shown an unusual interest in

library development by expanding an area of the Fulton County Jail to provide an indoor recreation area and library for inmates. The library will b~ run as a branch of the Atlanta Public Library; materials will be purchased under the public library book selection policy; and services will be designed to center strongly on legal materials, information, referral, and independent learning concepts in hopes of upgrading reading, mathematics, and basic clerical and typing skills. This reflects the forward thinking that is needed by our municipal and state funding sources. If Atlanta is to become an international city of repute, the entire state will be affected. If the state is to attract more business and industry, we must be prepared to offer the best in education and the best in libraries for the families who re-locate here. Those who are presently here are also deserving of the best. Our public library information agencies can no longer be ignored and underestimated. They are vital to the economic growth of our state, our cities and our towns. If on one given day every library in the country closed its doors and refused to give answers in response to requests, the entire nation would be thrown into a state of chaos. Then, and only then. would those who take us for granted realize that information is an indispensable commodity, and the public library is one institution that has something for all.
DR. VIRGINIA LACY JONES
DEAN
SCHOOL OF LIBRARY SERVICE ATLANTA UNIVERSITY
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
LIBRARY EDUCATION IN GEORGIA
Librarianship, like all other professions, is dependent upon the education and training of new people entering the field and upon the constant updating of the knowledge and skills of practicing librarians. The future progress of library and information services in Georgia is dependent upon quality education of librarians at all levels from top administrative posts to technical assistants and support staff.
Georgia has been a leader among the Southeastern states since the first library school in the South was established in Atlanta in 1902. It was the Southern Library School, an apprenticeship type of school operated by the Carnegie Public Library in Atlanta. This school was affiliated with Emory University in 1925 and became a graduate school in 1927. As early as 1922 the University of Georgia offered library methods courses for school librarians. By 1939 eight institutions of higher learning in the state offered some library science courses. In 1941 the Atlanta University School of Library Service was established primarily for the education of black librarians.
At the present time there are six institutions in the state which offer the master's degree program in Iibrarianship. Two of the programs, those of Emory University and Atlanta University, prepare school media specialists, academic, public and special librarians. These two programs are accredited by the American

Library Association, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Georgia State Department of Education. The regional and state accredited programs of Georgia Southern College, Georgia State University, the University of Georgia and West Georgia College are primarily concerned with the preparation of school media specialists. Three of the graduate schools offer the sixth year degree for the preparation of librarians for the highest level of certification and service in the state. In addition, ten colleges in the state offer the basic core of undergraduate library science courses and prepare, in varying degrees, support personnel for school library media centers. The Georgia Institute of Technology has astrong graduate program for the training of information and computer scientists, as well as a special program in medical information systems in conjunction with the Emory University School of Medicine.
Much of the progress made in the development of libraries and library education programs in state supported institutions of higher education are due in a large measure to the dynamic role of the State Department of Education in promoting public, school and academic libraries; in funding these libraries essential to its goal of providing quality education for all; and in its certification standards which require school personnel, including library media specialists, to have a master's degree earned in a state approved program. Equally high standards are in force for the certification of public librarians and academic librarians who are paid with state funds. Librarians who receive salaries from state funds and who are not properly certified are not in compliance with the state law.
In terms of the manpower needs in the state for librarians and information scientists, the six graduate programs, the ten undergraduate programs and the one Graduate School of Information Science are adequate in number to prepare new librarians for the state in the near future. There is no need to establish additional library schools or undergraduate departments in media and library services in the state. The overriding needs are to strengthen and improve the existing programs and to develop a strong statewide program of continuing education for librarians.
The existing proQrams in library education may tend to be too traditional and print-oriented. More attention should be focused on the philosophy of librarianship, the basic concepts of communicating ideas and facts, th~psychology of learning, and the utilization of new technology.
The sixth-year programs could be more innovative and specialized in terms of specific career goals of students. Librarians, especially those in colleges and universities, should examine the values of a second master's degree in a subject field to fill the need for subject specialists in academic and special libraries.
The state library agencies, the Georgia Library Association, library educators and leaders in the state have traditionally tried to mold library services to be responsive to the needs of the people with varying degrees of success. In each period of history it is imperative that librarians, and especially library educators, evaluate the quality of the preparation of librarians in relationship to the critical problems of society for the present and near future.
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According to the 1975 study of library education in Georgia conducted by the Battelle Columbus Laboratories, library education in the state must address the following critical problems:
1. Population shifts from rural to urban areas with the needs of people for relocation skills and job training;
2. Population shifts from the city to the suburbs and the decline in the tax base to provide adequate financial support for library service;
3. Declining birth rate which will result in the need for fewer schools and school media specialists;
4. Increase in the number of people over 60 years old who need the services of libraries to continue their intellectual and recreational pursuits;
5. The need for specialized library services for the blind and physically handicapped, for persons confined to institutions, and fortheeconomic and educationally disadvantaged;
6. The growing number of highly sophisticated library users who demand a wide range of materials in print and nonprint, many of whom are engaged in serious research; and,
7. The technological revolution including information networks, on-line information retrieval, automation of circulation, acquisitions, cataloging as well as the growing use of microforms and a wide range of nonprint materials.
In terms of these and other problems, the quality of library education in the state needs continuous evaluation and strengthening. The Georgia Library Association together with library educators have a concern for the totality of Iibrarianship in the state. This encompasses concerns for the education and learning of professional librarians and technical assistants for all types of libraries.
There is a need for greater communication among library educators in making short and long-range plans for the education of librarians. Library educators should assume greater roles of leadership in influencing library development in the state.
A high percentage of the professional librarians in the state are over 40 years of age. This indicates that their library education and training were traditional. Therefore, the pressing need is for the continuing education of these librarians to up-date their knowledge and skills in terms of new forms of materials, the new technology utilized by libraries, and newer concepts of service and management. The continuing education programs for Georgia librarians have been sporadic. Library schools and library media departments, the Georgia Library Association and the Division of Public Library Service have sponsored workshops, seminars and conferences to providing continuing education for Georgia librarians. However, for these programs to be more effective, the state library agency, with library educators, needs to develop and coordinate a strong continuing education program. Some of the obvious areas to be covered in continuing education programs are:
Selection, use and production of media Planning and evaluating library programs Networking Cooperative ventures among librarians and other
educational and social institutions
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Personnel administration BUdgeting Direction of independent study Relationships with government and social agencies Information retrieval systems Automation of procedures Libraries and the political process Library legislation
The existing library schools and departments in the state have focused their programs on the preparation of professional librarians and have not given much attention to untrained personnel serving in libraries, especially in the small towns. It is unrealistic to expect many of these persons to enroll in formal academic programs; however, in the state planning for continuing education, the needs of these people for acquiring knowledge and skills must be met, possibly through well-planned staff development programs at the county or regional levels.
The state has invested millions of dollars in library facilities, salaries, materials; in a good telecommunications system; and, in the Georgia Library Information Network. Federal funds have been used to achieve the present status of librarianship. The state has great potential to achieve a high degree of excellence in the delivery of library and information services if the education of new librarians and the continuing education of practicing librarians can be strengthened and improved to meeting the needs of all segments of the population and to utilize the new technology effectively.
To acquaint the participants with the status of Georgia's libraries and information services, their problems and potential in relationship to the needs of all citizens, businesses, industries, development, culture, other.
To arrive at a consensus regarding recommendations for revised and new legislation for libraries at the state and national levels.
To conduct a statewide Governor's Conference on Libraries and Information Services on September 15-16, 1977, for 200 official delegates and 2,000 observers; one-third of the official delegates will be members of the library profession or related areas, trustees, "friends" or others who will be provided with the Battelle Study of all types of libraries in the state. Two-thirds will be lay citizens from all levels of society.
To conduct 200 discussion groups of ten conference participants in each group to discuss the status and the needs of all types of libraries.
To incorporate the recommendations into statements that can be used by officials who draft library legislation.
To publish and distribute the proceedings of the conference to each participant.
To include ways to improve all types of libraries and library education in Georgia in the discussions regardless of legislation and funding.
The overall goals are to provide each citizen of the state with information, books and multimedia resources when they are needed, where they are needed and in whatever form they exist.

To make available adequate services, information books and multimedia materials within easy access to every man, woman and child in Georgia to meet the individual needs of each person.
MRS. SUSAN HOOPER LIBRARIAN
THE LOVETT SCHOOL ATLANTA, GEORGIA
CURRENT STATUS OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOL LIBRARIES IN GEORGIA
The Battelle Report contains very little information on independent school libraries, and, in fact, there are very few reliable statistics available.
There are three categories of independent schools in Georgia: first, those private and parochial schools accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, as well as by the Georgia Accrediting Commission; second, those schools accredited by the Georgia Accrediting Commission alone, a much smaller number, most working toward further accreditation, and third, an unknown number of private academies not accredited by any state or regional agency. Presently nine to ten percent of Georgia students attend non-public schools. Keeping that 10% figure in mind, it is interesting to note that last year 26% of the National Merit semi-finalists in the state were students in independent schools.
The Georgia Association of Independent Schools, which includes almost all of the largest and longest established private and parochial schools in the state, estimates that its 48 members budget about two million dollars annually for library materials to serve their 22,000 students. The total estimated value of the library buildings and equipment is more than seven million dollars, with a combined inventory of half a million volumes. Naturally these figures do not reflect the status of the more ephemeral non-accredited private academies, many of which, as the Battelle Report notes, do not have libraries, or have inadequate ones, and therefore constitute a drain on the resources of the local public library. In this regard, it is important to underscore the recommendation of the Battelle study team that "all elementary and secondary schools in Georgia should be required to meet State accreditation requirements."
Several trends have become apparent for the future development of independent school libraries in Georgia, trends which are emerging in other parts of the country as well as in other phases of Iibrarianship. The most important future direction seems to be toward cooperative ventures of various kinds. The Atlanta Area Association of Independent School Librarians, representing 18 schools, is presently working toward pUblishing a union list of audiovisual materials. It is hoped that in time a consortium for purchasing such expensive items as 16mm films, serials on microfilm, specialized audio-visual equipment, etc., will grow out of this group's work. Other networking activities such as the Southeastern Association of Independent Schools film library in Macon and

the sharing of audiovisual software by diocesan schools have proved economical and convenient.
In addition, independent school libraries must expand their support of the public resources they use, such as public radio and television, public library services, and State Board of Education film services. It is very important that patrons of independent schools continue to be aware of the importance of the community resources in supplementing the school's services, as well as in improving the quality of life in the community in general. No institution can exist in isolation, and throughout the country private Schools are becoming aware of a greater need for community involvement at all levels of the academic program; a two way interaction which will enrich all involved.
New services to be noted briefly: in many independent schools the library is expanding its services to include information on, and arrangements for, foreign study and travel. Using the library as a central clearinghouse and the librarian as a knowledgeable resource person has resulted in such an efficient organization and dissemination of information that in several schools the number of student participants has increased markedly.
The National Association of Independent Schools has just completed a pilot project in which library statistics were collected from a sample of 100 of its member schools. Funding is now being sought to refine and expand this project in order to gather statistical information from all the members of NAIS. Using the format of the Library General Information Survey, this would be a periodic and continuing project to correlate and communicate statistically the status of independent school libraries throughout the country. While the standards of the state and regional accrediting agencies have been helpful in insuring a certain base level of funding for independent school libraries, a detailed and accurate data base should provide a reliable and realistic yardstick by which Georgia independent schools can measure the adequacy of their materials and staff.
MR. O. MAX WILSON
DIRECTOR OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
GEORGIA'S PUBLIC SCHOOL MEDIA CENTERS
My assignment is to review the recommendations made in the Battelle study that relate to public school media centers. You have the condensed version of this study which lists only the major recommendations. There are additional recommendations in the total study, but my presentation will be limited to the key proposals outlined in your summary. I would like to read the recommendation as stated by the study team and then offer additional information and some reactions to each one.
25

The first recommendation is:
"The State Board of Education must make a commitment to media - it must be funded adequately, and requirements for its utilization in support of the instructional program must be made stringent."
The implication of this recommendation is that the State Board of Education has made no commitment to the public school media program. I feel sure this was not the intent, and after considerable discussion with the study team and looking carefully at the working papers, I assume the real intent was for continuation of the present commitments but at a higher level of funding with increased utilization. .
Two areas mentioned in this first recommendation must be considered: first, a brief status report in the area of funding:
In 1967 approximately 2 million state dollars were allocated annually for the support of local school media programs.
In 1977 approximately 22 million dollars were allocated; that represents an increase of 20
million in 1oyears. These statistics do not include
the additional funds expended for textbooks.
In 1972 approximately $180.00 per teacher - per year was appropriated for purchasing media at the school building level, and 4/5 ofthat was earmarked for textbooks. In 1977, that has increased to $350.00 per teacher with an additional 75 per student for the purchase of instructional equipment and no required percentage to be used for textbooks.
In 1967 we had 1195 full time library/media specialists in the public schools. Today that number has grown to 1,863 specialists who are supported by 835 aides.
In the last 10 years the number of books per child has doubled.
The second part of the initial recommendation deals with support for the instructional program. I will cite only a few examples that relate to the present status.
Last November the State Board adopted a policy on comprehensive planning which requires that each local system develop a comprehensive educational plan. In addition, the policy defines the required components of the instructional program as:
a. Learners b. Staff c. Curriculum d. Instructional Resources e. Management This policy emphasizes instructional resources as an integral part of the instructional program.
A second example is the instructional materials and equipment policy, adopted by the State Board in 1973, which requires that media center materials purchased with state funds be selected to support teaching/learning strategies defined by the local system. This policy is an attempt by the State to move the decision-making process regarding goals, objectives and instructional materials as close to the learner as possible. Standards for Public Schools of Georgia is the third illustration of requirements from the State Board that
26

you should consider during the upcoming work sessions. This document provides specific required criteria for the effective utilization of media. Included in these criteria are items related to program goals, planning, facilities, staff, selection, access and utilization.
Let me give one last instance of the State Board's actions that impact this particular recommendation. Four years ago, the State Department was reorganized in order to unify the media services provided for local schools. At that time activities related to school libraries, instructional television, regional film libraries and instructional technology were brought together in a single administrative unit.
To summarize my reactions to the first recommendation on funding and commitment, I offer the following thoughts:
1. The public school media program needs additional funds to update and expand present collections in the print area.
2. We especially need more non-print materials at the school level as well as in the state film libraries.
3. Present funding for instructional equipment is totally inadequate but does represent an initial commitment in this area.
4. The educational establishment has made and continues to make major commitments in the area of individualized instruction. This demands a restructuring of the present management systems used in many school media centers throughout the state. We solicit your help in this regard.
The second recommendation states "The State Board should require a building level plan for each school library, developed through a community planning committee." This recommendation has been addressed to some degree by a State Board policy that requires each local school system to develop a plan to insure that all expenditures for media contribute to the attainment of the goals of the local school system. This same policy requires the development of selection procedures that involve educators, students and the general public. The media selected must support teaching/learning strategies aimed at accomplishing the goals of the school system. Only a limited number of school systems have effectively implemented this state policy. In many cases, system and school goals have not been reduced to specific objectives that give clear direction for the selection of media. In other cases, lack of staff mitigates against appropriate planning. In summarizing my reactions to the second recommendation, I want to emphasize two thoughts:
First, the public school media program is in a state of transition - evolving from a programmatic entity that could be planned, managed ~nd budgeted in isolation to a component of the instructional program that must be planned, budgeted and managed as an integral part of the whole.
Second, the role of the State in the governance of the total educational enterprise is under constant consideration. More precise definition in this area will directly affect local media centers.

The third recommendation is "School Library/Media

Specialists should be required to upgradetheireduca-

tion until they have master's degree training in school

librarianship or school media." ...

.

This same concern for upgrading the training skills of

media specialist was expressed by the Governor's

Task Force on Education. The following activities are

examples of those now underway that impact this

particular area of the Battelle study:

1. A criterion referenced test covering the entry level skills needed by a media specialist will be field tested during November. School media specialists entering the profession next year must show proficiency on this test. A second component of this activity requires a performance evaluation during the first year of work.
2. An Ad Hoc Committee of the Teacher Education Council has be.en appointed to revise the existing criteria for media certification. The proposed criteria developed by this committee should be presented to the Teacher Education Council in November and the State Board in January.
3. In August of this year, the Department of Education working in cooperation with colleges over . the State and some local school systems sponsored a Planning Workshop for Media Specialists. This workshop demonstrated the willingness of practicing media specialists to upgrade their skills. One hundred ten local media specialists interrupted their summer and paid their own expenses to attend the workshop.
I can best summarize my feelings regarding this recommendation by emphasizing the changing role of the media specialist. As the school media services evolve into a much broader support role for the instructional program the manager of these services must also accept new responsibilities and a much broader role in the total school program. In addition, the transition from the traditional school library to the media center focused on materials in all formats as well as instructional equipment has created major demands on the media specialist. I believe this is the area where you can help us most. We need to reach consensus on the priority goals of the public school media program, and we need your support in providing appropriate training programs for the media center staff.
The last recommendation states that "All elementary and secondary schools should be required to meet state accreditation reQuirements." As most of you know, public schools are now required to meet state standards. This year a new program area was established by the State Board and charged with the responsibility of establishing criteria for all other elementary and secondary schools. There are problems with present state standards, however, that you might want to consider. Most ~f the pres~nt criteria are designed to measure quantity not quality. With this in mind, many of the present criteria are being revised in an attempt to define measurable outcomes that reflect quality programs. You might like to offer recommendations to improve this activity.

In closing I must mention that since these four recommendations were directed primarily to the State Board

of Education, my remarks have focused primarily on State activities.
Please do not take this to mean that we have nothing to say about local media services. I could identify many media centers in the State that would exemplify the emerging role that I have described. Let me leave you with one final thought There are many school media specialists in this state that would like to tell you that the Public School Media Program is alive and moving and that we look forward to the challenges that lie ahead.
CLOSING REMARKS MR. CARLTON J. THAXTON
DIRECTOR
DIVISION OF PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES
STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
I think the panel has done an excellent job in fulfilling the task asked of them. They have presented some very good information, and they have brc:>ught some interesting questions to the group on varlOUS aspects of library service and Iibrarianship in Georgia. They have taken the Battelle Report and have discussed it, reacted to it, and added information not contained in it.
I would like to close by commenting on some items in the Battelle Report which have not been covered in today's discussion.
One area of library service not yet mentioned today is that of institutional library service. In the Battelle Report the statement is made that the libraries in institutions in Georgia are totally inadequate to meet the needs of the educational and rehabilitation progress of the inmates in these institutions. This is an understatement. The situation is pitiful. This is not meant as any criticism for the two state departments involved-the Department of Offender Rehabilitation and the Department of Human Resources. The Division of Public Library Services of the State Department of Education has been working constantly for the last nine years with these other two departments to try to upgrade existing libraries in the correctional and mental institutions and to start programs throughout the state where they do not exist. Ladies and gentlemen and fellow librarians, you really do not know how bad it is until you have visited one of these facilities. There is generally no library at all in most institutions, and if there is one it has something like three shelves of 1939 textbooks which have been discarded by some school system or college library because of their being totally out of date. In many institutions no plan is available for the patients or inmates to visit the library if one exists. This is a very big problem, and you as citizens should be concerned about it. . These people are locked up with no access to information or leisure time reading. The status has not changed much since the Battelle Report was written two years ago. There has been one encouraging development in the Department of Offender Rehabilitation at the Georgia Earned Release Center for youthful offenders in Milledgeville. This institution now has a library which is staffed with a professional librarian. There is also a professional librarian at the Alto Correctionall nstitute. These are the only two correctional
27

institutions in Georgia that have any type of trained personnel to administer a library program.
There are some other libraries in correctional institutions, but they are run by the inrhates, and the inmates can do a go()d job, but they need professional assistance and leadership in such areas as book selection and developing programs.
In mental institutions, there is a professional library position at the Central State Hospital in MilledQeville. To my knowledge, there is no other professional library position in any other mental institutions in the state. There is no state level consultant position in either of these departments to work on developing library programs in the penal and mental institutions in Georgia.
Those of us who are working with these departments have secured some federal funds through the Library Services and Construction Act to try to begin nucleus collections in some of the institutions, and the Division of Public Library Services tries to provide books and other materials on loan for people in the institutions when the administrative authorities at the institutions will allow their requests to come to us. Even when the small nucleus collections have been provided, I think they are locked up most of the time and are not available to the people forwhom they are intended. There is no one at the institution to administer the library service, and, consequently the books are not used or they disappear, and nobody at the institution seems to know where the books went. Therefore, the four recommendations in the Battelle Report concerning institutional library service are very important.
There is a section in the Battelle Report on library associations, and the recommendations seem good. Not too much is different from when the survey was done. The fact that we are here at this conference

proves that we have a strong state library assocjation. We also have some other associations in the state which are concerned with libraries. The Georgia Association of Educators has a section devoted to professional library membership, and there is a Special Library Association group in the state. There are also regional, county and city library associations in certain parts of the state. These local associations are very important in the planning and development of library programs on a multi-county, county, and city level in the state.
The last item I want to mention is not covered in the Battelle Report. This is the commercial informational services provided to business and industry in the state. This is a method by which private companies provide certain services and information and data for a fee. One can get many things free at various libraries in a community, but certain companies specialize in providing certain types of information that one might need and that might not be available anywhere else. These endeavors are an integral part of the total state information resource, and we should recognize them as such. Thank you for your attention. We hope that we have given you some useful information and have raised some pertinent questions regarding informational needs and library services in our state.
ADJOURNMENT
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND
I declare the Second General Session of the Governor's Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services: A Pre-White House Conference adjourned.

/
~
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER LOBBY
LEVEL III 4:00 P.M. - 5:00 P.M.
Small group meetings of all conference participants to formulate library - related questions and problems to be answered by a panel of library experts during the third general session.
28

CALL TO ORDER
DINNER MEETING GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER
LEVEL I, HALL "c"
8:00 P.M. - 10:00 P.M.
INVOCATION
DR. BENJAMIN E. MAYS PRESIDENT
BOARD OF EDUCATION CITY OF ATLANTA
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
Dear God, we thank thee for this conference and for Governor Busbee who called it and who has done so much for Georgia and the nation. We thank thee for the libraries in Atlanta and for all libraries in the world and for the head of the Public library in Atlanta- Mrs. Yates.
We thank thee for the scholars whose books bring to us the knowledge of the past and present and bring the knowledge for youth yet to be born.
Now, God we thank thee for this food, bless it to our use and us to thy service. Amen.
INTRODUCTIONS AND PRESIDING
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND PRESIDENT
GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
We still have a busy program ahead of us, but I would like to take this opportunity to introduce to you the people that are at the head table. Miss Beverly Rawles. We are grateful that she worked with us on the study and is here with us tonight. Mr. Dick Hayes, Associate Commissioner for the Office of Libraries and Learning Resources. Mrs. Will Peterson of Soperton. Mr. AI Trezza, Director of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. Mrs. Lillian Carter of Plains. Mrs. Ray Rowland, and this is the lady who has had a great deal of patience with me in the last two years. Mr. Will Peterson, of Soperton, a great friend and supporter of Libraries. Dr. Benjamin Mays who gave our invocation. Miss Glynna Garrett who is a guest of Mr. Carter. State Senator Hugh Carter, Sr. Mrs. Dick Hayes. Dr. Frederick Burkhaldt, Chairman of the National Commission. Mrs. Hugh Carter, Sr. Mrs. Ella Yates, who is a member of the steering committee and Director of Atlanta Public Library. Dr. Eric Moon, President of American Library Association and Miss Elizabeth Cole, Chairman of the steering committee. I would like to introduce each one of you because each one of you is very important and a very distinguished guest as far as this conference is concerned. Unfortunately, with 1200 of you, it would be impossible for me to do that and I'm sure that you would not have the patience.
May I present Mr. Carlton Thaxton, Director, Division of Public Library Services, who will present Dr. McDaniel.

INTRODUCTION OF DR. CHARLES MCDANIEL STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
MR. CARLTON J. THAXTON DIRECTOR
DIVISION OF PUBLIC LIBRARY SERVICES STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
I am delighted to introduce Dr. Charles McDaniel, who is certainly a friend of libraries as well as my "boss" to each of you. Dr. McDaniel has always been a promoter and supporter of libraries and it is very fitting that he has been chosen to introduce our Dinner Speaker, tonight, Dr. McDaniel..
INTRODUCTION OF THE DINNER SPEAKER
DR. CHARLES McDANIEL STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
I am pleased to be able to participate in the first of the Pre-White House Conferences on Libraries and Information Services and to introduce President Carter's own personal representative to the conference, Hugh Carter, Jr., Special Assistant to the President.
Mr. Carter is a product of the public schools of Georgia, and of that, I'm sure, we can all be justly proud. He is also a graduate of Georgia Tech and a successful Georgia businessman in his own right.
Hugh Carter, Jr., has been with the President since the winter of 1976, when he coordinated several Peanut Brigades during the campaign. Later that year, he served on the campaign plane, as liaison between the plane and the national headquarters in Atlanta.
Now, as special assistant to the President, his responsibilities include managing the military assistance to the White House and the operating offices.
Mr. Carter, we are very pleased and proud the President has chosen you for our Georgia conference.
I'm proud, too, of the job the public libraries in Georgia have done to keep the public interested in books and the other information services they provide. Throughout my own education and career, I have held to a number of beliefs. One of them is that education is not and should not be considered a function of merely the school room.
Education is a life-long, unending process, and I think everyone involved in education should remember this. It could well be that libraries carry the greatest part of the responsibility of education for the citizens of our state. I understand that the stated purpose of these conferences is to discuss ways to improve the services of libraries and information services and needed improvements in law governing libraries. I am confident the findings of the state and national conferences will lead to libraries becoming even more important as educational centers.
29

And this importance cannot, must not, ever be diminished. Someone once said, "... to those crying out in the streets, 'give us freedom, give us jobs, give us bread' I would say in answer that the ~ey to all the things you ask for, the key to unlock every door lies between the simple covers of a book."
This conference, other state conferences, and the White House conference will be the culmination of nine years of work by the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. It is my earnest hope these meetings will be succesful in making library and information services into the great educational centers they have the potential to be.
Mr. Carter, we're all very pleased you are here, and we hope you share the President's love of literature and reading. Ladies and gentlemen, Mr.Hugh Carter, Jr.
DINNER ADDRESS
MR. HUGH A. CARTER, JR.
SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE
PRESIDENT FOR ADMINISTRATION
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
I would first like to express my appreciation for your invitation to speak before the first Governor's Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services. My sense of the importance of libraries and information services in opening the doors of knowledge and understanding makes this opportunity a very gratifying one for me.
I am reminded of a story of a bus chugging along a rural road when it came upon a woman loaded with packages standing beside the road. The driver, thinking here would be a passenger, stopped and opened the door. She stepped up to the bus and looked all around. The driver asked where she was going, "I ain't going anywhere," she answered. "Just wanted to see who was."
A similar attitude has sometimes characterized peoples' attitudes toward books and libraries. The library is looked on as the collector and protector of books, which then records the ideas and actions of men through the ages. Some people may look on the library as a sort of shrine to those who have gone before. But times are changing. You all know that modern library and information services are much more than dusty books.
The reasons for the change are fairly obvious. New problems and new opportunities are crowding in on us in all walks of life. The paperback book industry has provided a new source of inexpensive reading material. Television gives many people the escape and relaxation our parents found in novels and detective stories. The very pace of modern life denies the old pleasure of browsing aimlessly in a library. But if our libraries are no longer to serve just as pleasant places to pass the time, or as hoarders of knowledge, what use have they?
When thinking about libraries and information systems, it seems there are two types of consumers. The first group includes students, children, the elderly, and pleasure readers of all ages and from all walks of life. The second group includes the scientific, legal,
30

business and other technically-oriented communities. We need to service both groups.

My most recent experience with libraries and information systems is, of course, in the White House. When I was asked to address your group, I made a list of the sophisticated systems we are using. We have at our disposal JURIS, LEGIS, and FAPRS, as well as the New York Times Information Bank. In addition, we have begun indexing key words from President Carter's speeches and from the White House Press Secretary's daily news briefings. We are computerizing most of the letters the President signs, indexing personnel files, and studying several other information services for possible use. We also have libraries within the Executive Office of the President and receive specialized service from the Library of Congress.

During his campaign, President Carter expressed his strong personal commitment to keep America's libraries viable and their services available to all. I am pleased that since he has become President he has restored Federal library programs that were proposed for reduction and termination. Now we can look forward to the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services and these State Conferences to help formulate a long-range, comprehensive policy for maintaining our libraries at State and local levels and seek out more effective methods to increase their use.

Your discussions today and tomorrow should be a fine

opportunity for all Georgia citizens to express their

concerns and support for all types of libraries in the

State, and to acknOWledge that libraries are a critical

resource in Georgia which you cannot afford to

neglect. With your agenda providing you with an

opportunity to focus on these statewide issues, let me

try to make a number of observations from a different

perspective.

.

With the whole complex of social problems that we are confronted with today, I am struck by the fact that at the base of them is the lack of knowledge and education. At the same time that government is groping for ways and means to help or to free those caught in the throes of unemployment and poverty; WErare overlooking the great potential that is available to use from our libraries. We should care for our libraries so they do not become obsolete and continue to meet today's demands.

One of the most exciting aspects of some libraries today is that they are increasingly taking on new roles. The pUblic libraries are recognizing the need to extend access to their varied services and materials beyond those who have traditionally used the public Iibrarythe white middle class user. For example, I understand that these libraries are providing new information and referral services to inner city residents on crisis information needs. This, of course, is reach-' ing an entire new service population and meeting real needs of a new clientele.

Communities are also recognizing the educational role of the public library and the role it can playas the adult learning center for community residents. The problem, however, with these and other expanded functions is that these efforts are competing with other equally commendable community services which are all facing tight bUdgets.

One practical solution that I understand many jurisdictions are finding is to cooperate across institutionallines (i.e., school, academic and pUblic libraries) to serve the educational and informational needs of their community. Other pUblic libraries are involved in statewide and nationwide networks, often consisting of communication links among the public library, a regional resource library, a State Library, a university, or a combination of libraries (even worldwide) to provide information or materials, thereby avoiding the high cost of duplication of services and resources.
We also know that colleges are serving a vastly different student body from that tradition'ally served in the past. Part-time students, adults who have full-time jobs and take evening courses, and senior citizens are beginning to take advantage of their local colleges as never before. School libraries are now full-fledged media centers where students have access to learning materials through computers, cassettes, tapes, filmstrips, and other media sources. I am sure these trends are causing librarians to rethink the ways in which they develop their collections and deliver the materials to these students.
Despife these and other trends, you are aware that there are still the basic problems that continue to plague all institutions - financing, sharply rising costs of equipment and materials, and a persistent reluctance by most citizens to attack these and other institutional service needs in fresh and imaginative ways. I would hope this Governor's Conference can serve as a springboard for confronting what I consider the key to these problems, i.e., the need to look at library services from the point of view of the user.
Now most of the people here know what your library resources and information systems are. But we need to think of new ways to communicate to the general public what these resources can do for them. It is the business of those in all levels of government to spell out what it is that these resources can do. And it is the business of this Governor's Conference to communi-

cate what these resources can do for the people of Georgia.

Everybody is fond of saying that education and knowl-

edge are our greatest growth industries. But that

growth is often not reaching the individual who is

unemployed or otherwise economically

disadvantBQed.

.

.

This is the first of the pre-White House Conferences

attempting to focus citizen interest on the critical need

for library and information services development. We

cannot legislate interest in our library resources, and I

think this is the alluring challenge you have in your

discussions here.

There is a great need to tell your library story as it really is, and to get away from the stereotype ~f library service. There is need to look at your community needs as they really are, and not as you may have thought them to be. This has been part of the problem in every public service sector - politics, education - and it equally applies to library service.

There is a continuum of social evolution that we see about us. We have a larger number of people living in cities and towns. This means that much of the dialogue of government, much of the dialogue of politics, much of the dialogue of education recognizes that we face new environmental problems. This is reflected not so much in who gets what piece of the economic pie, but with the quality of life that we enjoy and that our children will enjoy.

Now your burden increases. I think if we are to overcome these concerns, -we must come back to the written word as one of the best tools with which to focus on that quality. But there has to be an aggressive concept of library service. It has to be involved in its community and oriented to its real, basic needs. The library must become a community force. The librarian needs to be the catalyst between the local neighborhood and the library itself. Intoo many disadvantaged areas, the library resources may be feared and unused because they represent th'e unknown.

HUGH CARTER, JR. SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO PRESIDENT CARTER
31

As a distinguished group of state citizens and professionals who are concerned with providing library and information services, you should believe that your highest and finest commitment is to people, individual human beings whose need to know is fast becoming the key to a productive life. You need to ask not "what do libraries need?" or "what's good for libraries?" The question facing you is, "what do people need that the institution we call a library can provide?" I am sure from the remarks tonight that these needs and demands will be far more subtle, far more complicated, and far more expensive that we all realize. But they do require committed people - librarians and their supporters - whose education and insight give them an understanding of both subject matter and their fellowman.
Unless you are willing to examine your own libraries, your services and your relationship to people, nothing will be gained by this state conference. No amount of state or Federal assistance will substitute for initiative, imagination, and action in the local arena. That is where the action is and where it must be if the ultimate goals of good library service for all types of libraries in Georgia are to be reached.
I would close by saying that you here in Georgia have a special challenge, because you are in a sense initiating the first round in a nationwide effort to rethink the role of libraries and information services, culminating in the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services in October of 1979. Your presence here today at this Governor's Conference is evidence Qf your concern and interest in meeting this challenge and responsibility.
ADJOURNMENT
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND
I declare the Dinner Meeting of the Governor's Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services: a Pre-White House Conference adjourned.

INTRODUCTION
DR. RALPH RUSSELL
UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN
GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
Yesterday afternoon the editorial board and the members of the panel met for several hours. We took a!1 the comments and questions from the group discussions yesterday afternoon and categorized them. Then last night, after the banquet, we continued work to see if we could identify underlying themes, continuing concerns, the kinds of things that one could generalize from the data we had at that point. After we had refined the issues which wewere going to address, we brain~tormed some; and then it was up to each panel member to flesh out to any degree he or she felt appropriate. What we say must not represent just our own thinking; it ought to represent at least some members of the edito-rial board and some members of the panel. Before we get into the program itself, I'd like to share just one humorous incident with you. Last night, well into the evening, I came across the question, "Why aren't there more librarians in institutions?" And about 11:30 or 12 o'clock I felt there might be several around here that might be ready for Milledgeville.
The members of the panel are, and I will begin on your left, Nancy Hove, Coordinator of Media Field Services, Department of Education: Beverly Rawles, Battelle Institute; Emily Anthony, Director, Northeast Georgia Regional Library; James Dodd, Coordinator of Service to Business and Industry, Georgia Institute of Technology Library, and Elmo Ellis, Vice-President and General Manager for WSB Radio, who will speak at the end and give us a brief talk on "The Communicator Looks at Libraries."

CALL TO ORDER
THIRD GENERAL SESSION GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER
AUDITORIUM
9:00 A.M. - 10:45 A.M. PRESIDING
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND PRESIDENT
GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
The third general session is called to order. As we continue this conference, I would like to present the moderator of this morning's panel, Dr. Ralph Russell, University Librarian, Georgia State University. He will introduce the panel. 32

MR. A. RAY ROWLAND

MRS. NANCY HOVE COORDINATOR
MEDIA FIELD SERVICES
GEORGIA STATE DEPT. OF EDUCATION
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
QUESTION: WHAT FEDERAL LEGISLATION HAS THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR IMPACT ON SCHOOL MEDIA PROGRAMS?
ANSWER: The Education Amendments of 1974 (P.L. 93-380) consolidated certain school library media and other education programs into Title IV-B ESEA. The purpose of this effort was to provide states and local school systems with more discretion in spending Federal funds. Thus, school systems can use a greater part-or a lesser part-of the consolidated program money for media programs.
Title IV-B (also known as Library and Learning Resources) consolidates three previously categorical programs: ESEA II (funds for school library resources), NDEA III (funds for educational equipment and minor remodeling), and a portion of ESEA III (guidance, testing, and counseling funds). The Title IV-B consolidation provides that funds may be used for (1) the acquisition of school media resources, textbooks, and other printed and instructional materials for the use of children and teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, (2) the acquisition of instructional equipment including non-print materials for use by children and teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and for minor remodeling of laboratory or other space used by schools for equipment, and (3) programs of testing students, programs of counseling and guidance services, and programs designed to expand and strengthen counseling and guidance services in elementary and secondary schools.
This means that media specialists will have to work harder to convince school system officials to use IVB money for quality media programs rather than for other (competing) programs in the consolidation because local educational agencies are given discretion in how they divide funds among programs.
To receive Title IV-B funds states must (1) establish an advisory council, (2) prepare a long-range plan for use of Title IV-B funds, (3) designate an agency within the state to be responsible for handling the Federal funds, an (4) provide guarantees that Federal guidelines for distributing Title IV-B money in the state will be met.
QUESTION: WHAT CONSULTATIVE SERVICES DOES THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OFFER LOCAL SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN THE MEDIA AREA?
ANSWER: Recently the Instructional Resources Services Unit, Educational Media Services Division, sent a needs assessment to all of the superintendents in the state which listed 13 areas in which we could assist them and solicited any other areas of need they might have. The 13 areas are: Writing, revising, evaluating and implementing system level media policies and procedures. Developing, evaluating and implementing short and long range media plans to meed educational

goals identified by the system. Evaluating and improving system and building
level media programs. Designing instructional strategies that include an
instructional resource component. Providing selected media on the basis of
instructional strategies. Interpreting, evaluating and meeting media
standards. Improving system level media coordination. Providing information on media materials and
instructional equipment. Planning for the purchase or use of instructional
equipment. Planning television reception equipment. Planning for the utilization of television programs,
16mm films and audio tape recordings. Planning and conducting workshops on a system
and/or regional basis in media planning, production and/or utilization.
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE POSSIBILITY OF REQUIRING COURSES IN MEDIA UTILIZATION FOR TEACHER CERTIFICATION?
ANSWER: The criteria under which the Department of Education now approves teacher education programs specify that skills in media utilization must be included in the curriculum for all prospective teachers. Programs are approved every five years and some have yet to implement this criterion, but many already have. The institutions that are meeting this requirement have chosen varying methods for doing so. Some devote an entire five-hour course to media, while others either incorporate the material into an existing course or use self-teaching modules and competency tests over and above required coursework.
QUESTION: IN RURAL COMMUNITIES WHERE PUBLIC LIBRARIES ARE NOT AVAILABLE, SHOULD MEDIA CENTERS BE OPEN EVENINGS, WEEKENDS AND SUMMERS TO SERVE THE INFORMATIONAL NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY?
ANSWER: The ultimate would be information agencies which would meet the general and specialized needs of all of the community-for example, a school media center, a public library and maybe law and medical libraries. Of course, this is impossible in many areas. Where this is the case, school media centers could maintain some evening, weekend and summer hours to serve public needs. Scope of the expanded service would depend on funding available for salaries of personnel. Also, with present funding, purchase of materials specifically for this clientele would not be possible; but where needs matched resources purchased for the specialized instructional environment, usage would be beneficial.
The key issue raised by this question is ownership of this information service. As a tax-supported and community-owned institution, the school and its facilities should be used to meet needs determined by elected representatives of the local population.
QUESTION: WHAT CAN BE DONE TO INSURE ADEQUATE STAFFING OF SCHOOL MEDIA CENTERS IN ORDER TO MORE EFFECTIVELY MEET THE NEEDS OF USERS?
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ANSWER: Present state standards, which every school must meet, require a fulltime media specialist in every school where enrollment is over 400. A change could be made so that additional professional or clerical staff would be required, but it is a question of funding priorities. If there is enough support for this change, it certainly can be accomplished, but we must realize that we are reallocating existing funds or seeking new funds for this purpose. The media staff of the department does support the idea. Also, there are presently state allotments made that could be used forthis purpose based on decisions made by local administrators. Making these administrators aware of need for more adequate staffing could result in such a change in a school system.
QUESTION: WHAT ARE CRITERION REFERENCED TESTS FOR MEDIA SPECIALISTS AND HOW ARE THEY BEING USED?
ANSWER: Approximately two years ago, the Board of Education committed Georgia to competencybased certification in 13 specific areas including media. Since that time, a representative cross section of media professionals from local systems and colleges and universities have identified objectives related to skills needed for entry level media specialists. These were field tested using a random sample of media personnel throughout the state to determine job relatedness. A number of objectives, many integrally related to the evolving unified media concept, were rejected by practicing media specialists as non-job related. The objectives that remained were used by commercial test developers to generate test items. The Committee has approved, revised and/or deleted the items that were developed. Within the next few weeks, another committee of media personnel will examine the items for bias and accuracy. This fall the entire test will be administered to students who are completing media education programs in the state to determine validity of the test items and establish a cut-off score. Plans are to begin use of the test next year in conjunction with performance evaluations during the first year of employment. Successful completion of both components will be used along with coursework in evaluating media specialists for permanent certification.
QUESTION: ARE THERE ACTIVITIES PRESENTLY OCCURING IN THE STATE THAT ALLOW FOR THE INTERACTION OF LAY CITIZENS WITH SCHOOL PERSONNEL IN MAKING DECISIONS CONCERNING THE MEDIA PROGRAM OF THE LOCAL SYSTEM?
ANSWER: Yes. One example is the many excellent volunteer programs in media centers throughoutthe state. Another is media advisory committees established in many schools and school systems which are composed of representatives of all segments of the school population and from the community at large. Additionally, the State Department of Education is cooperating with people from the First District

in a special project. It focuses on the development of management systems that involve local teachers, central office staff and lay representatives in making decisions related to the selection and scheduling of instructional television programs. Citizens are appointed by the local board and serve with school system professionals in curriculum, administration and media. Through Advisory Council meetings they have become aware of the scope and components of media service as they identify needs and help the Department of Education and local systems establish priorities for funding and activities.
QUESTION: WHAT STAFF DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES ARE PROVIDED FOR MEDIA SPECIALISTS?
ANSWER: Many systems have locally designed opportunities for their personnel. In addition, in August a Media Work Conference was held for building and system level media specialists across the state. One hundred ten participants came to the conference with a problem that they had identified with the cooperation of their administrator as impeding optimum media services. The purpose of this activity was to develop planning skills. After the initial presentation of a planning model, the participants spent two days working through the process with the help of consultants from the Department of Education, academic institutions and local systems. The plan that each developed to address his or her problem was of secondary importance compared to learning the planning process which will be transferable to future problems. During this school year each will, with the help of consultants and local administrators, implement his or her plan.
QUESTION: IN VIEW OF PASSAGE OF PUBLIC LAW 94-142 (EDUCATION FOR ALL HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ACT) SCHOOL MEDIA CENTERS WILL NEED TO INSURE SERVICE TO THOSE CHILDREN. WHAT IS BEING DONE IN THIS AREA?
ANSWER: First, the Instructional Media and Equipment Policy adopted by the State Board requires that priority be given to selection of equipment that would benefit students with special needs.
Secondly, the Georgia Learning Resource System is operated by the Department of Education and is a vital part of comprehensive special education programs throughout Georgia. It is a special education support service which functions to assist local school systems in serving special students. This agency assists systems by providing specialized instructional materials, technology, information and evaluative services for students who exhibit unusual or handicaping conditions. The GLRS network is comprised of 16 local instructional material centers and three satellites. Media specialists may borrow materials and equipment or use special facilities to develop unique materials. Additionally, there are many other agencies which media specialists use in meeting such needs.

34

MRS. REVERLY RAWLES
MANAGER
LIBRARY SERVICES
BATTELLE-COLUMBUS LABORATORIES
COLUMBUS, OHIO
QUESTION: WE RECEIVED SEVERAL QUESTIONS CONCERNING 'THE GEORGIA LIBRARY INFORMATION NETWORK WHICH WE COMBINED INTO ONE LARGE GENERAL QUESTION: WHAT IS GLiN AND HOW DOES IT WORK? WHO CAN PARTICIPATE? HOW DO YOU GO ABOUT USING GLlN?
ANSWER : GLiN is the Georgia Library Information Network and any library in Georgia can use GLiN. You apply to the Division of Public Library Services in Atlanta. School libraries cannot participate directly, but must go to their local community public library. All public libraries in regions go to the Regional Headquarters Library. Single county library systems go directly to the Division of Public Library Services. GLiN is a service mechanism whereby a patron in any library can get material not available in his own library. GLiN is a network tying libraries together so that they can exchange materials easily. The local librarian is the key to the success of the network in that she calls the Division of Public Library Services to initiate the request. The Division of Public Library Services also provides quick reference service to libraries throughout Georgia. This Network makes all resources within the state and, in fact, outside the stateavailable to every resident in Georgia. You may be wondering what the service costs. It is free to the library patron. The lending library receives $2.50 per transaction as compensation for the service. This tends to remove any inequity. These libraries are the University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology and the Atlanta Public Library. The $2.50 is paid by the Division of Public Library Services.
QUESTION: WHY SHOULD WE HAVE COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY, PUBLIC, AND SCHOOL LIBRARIES IN THE SAME COMMUNITY, ALL OF WHICH ARE PUBLICLY FUNDED? WHY NOT HAVE ONE ALLPURPOSE LIBRARY FOR EVERYBODY?
ANSWER: There are several reasons we have different kinds of libraries. We have many kinds of clientele to serve, some of whom have very specialized needs. For example, children, the college student, and the business man. If we were to provide one "umbrella" library to furnish all services, it would probably result in one central library with several specialized branches. This is analagous to what we have now in the various types of libraries. We really wouldn't be saving anything costwise. We need to supply material and services and specially trained peopleto the user where he is. It wouldn't make very good sense to have school children going during the day to this umbrella library that is perhaps some distance from the school. We get funding today from many different sources for different kinds of libraries. There would be problems in coordinating this and administering the funds. It would probably result in a leveling effect in that many specialized needs would be ignored. We would have a common denominator

of service. As I mentioned earlier, we need specially trained people. The school children need media specialists who are knowledgeable in children's materials. We can't very well mix college students and children. But an overriding reason is what communities demand. In the course of the development of Georgia libraries, fifty percent ofthem at one time were school and public libraries combined, but after many years the pattern has been broken and it is due to community demands.
QUESTION: HOW CAN MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS BE INCREASED BOTH FOR THE PROFESSIONAL AND TRUSTEES?
ANSWER: This is probably a matter of dissemination of information and in letting people know what the contribution -of such groups makes to the professional development of the individual and to the information level of the trustee so that he can more effectively operate in his community. It is a place to exchange ideas, to talk to one's peers, to participate in continuing education and professional growth; and all these things, I think, are transmitted by word of mouth. Strong librarians will let their trustees know what the advantages are. The associations themselves try to gear their programs ~o th~ needs of the member. There 3re many incentives for these kinds of programs that associatiQns provide, such as workshops.
QUESTION: SHOULD THE VARIOUS LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS COMBINE UNDER ONE UMBRELLA? ARE REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS NECESSARY?
ANSWER: It is the feeling of the panel that various library associations should not merge because they address different needs; they break the provincial attitudes;different people and differnt perspectives are involved in sharing information at the local and state level. For example, a local association will address local library needs and local leQislation needs. They permit .Qreater participation for peQple cannot all travel to state conferences of the umbrella organization. And it overcomes the tendency to limit ourselves to an association that focuses on one type of library. Forexample, the Georgia Library Association would include all types of libraries, whereas some of the specialized ones, such as the Special Libraries Association, tend to gear themselves to the needs of particular groups.
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE ASSOCIATION'S RESPONSIBILITY TOWARD EDUCATING THE PUBLIC, LOCAL OFFICIALS, AND LEGISLATORS?
ANSWER: The national and state associations concern themselves with legislation via research and information dissemination. They clarify issues and they are a force for disseminating information widely.
QUESTION: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE LIBRARY IN EDUCATING THE COMMUNITY ON THE NEEDS OF PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED PERSONS FOR SPECIAL SERVICES AND FOR PROVIDING MEANS FOR THEM TO PARTICIPATE IN REGULAR LIBRARY PROGRAMS?
35

ANSWER: In every community, the library is in an excellent position to raise the sensitivity of that community to the needs of the handicapped as a legitimate clientele that ought to be provided services as good as those provided to everybody else. Many of the handicapped are quite able to come to the library or to other agencies. They enjoy this and as long as we can provide facilities that are barrier free, which is the trend today, they will be encouraged to come. In Georgia, we know that there was a time when only Atlanta served the blind with talking books, but today there are 15 talking book centers in the state. The use of these has grown tremendously for the blind who now can come to the library and browse as anybody else does. We also are faced today with legislation, both federal and state, which provides for special services for these individuals. A second part of the question is how can we insure adequate funding in Georgia to provide the facilities, material, and personnel to serve the handicapped? Here again, it is a matter of educating our legislators to the needs of these people and acquiring the funding. It is the librarians job to educate them to this need and I think these things are happening today in Georgia.
MRS. EMILY ANTHONY DIRECTOR
NORTHEAST GEORGIA REGIONAL LIBRARY
CLARKESVILLE, GEORGIA
Questions addressed to the Public Library Division were varied, interesting and very formative for us on the panel. I regret that we cannot answer each of them individually. I will attempt to answer the most frequently asked questions.
QUESTION: HOW DO WE DETERMINE WHO WE ARE SERVING IN THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AND HOW DO WE IDENTIFY AND REACH THE NON-USER?
ANSWER: I'll take the easy part first and that is how do we determine who we are serving. In a small situation, you usually know your patrons. A User's Survey or an analysis of the users of the library will answer this question for you. The most difficult question is "How do we identify whom we are not serving" and "How do we reach the non-user?" A process of elimination, I guess, is obviously a way to identify whom we are not serving. If we know whom we are serving and we do a community survey, of the available library patrons, then we should be able to arrive at a reasonable assumption of those people who are not using library facilities. This is often difficult to do, particularly in a large area where your clientele will be composed of many different components.
QUESTION: HOW DO WE REACH THESE PEOPLE?
ANSWER: I think the key to this is just what it says. We have to reach out. No longer can the public library assemble what we consider a good collection and sit smugly and wait for everyone to come in and avail themselves of our services. We must reach outtothe people. We must broaden our scope of service. We must broaden our feeling about our responsibility to the people in our service area. We must take our service outside the library. We must be innovative,
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not afraid of the non-conventional approach to library services. We have to realize that often the nonuser of the library is not a reader, or at least reading is not something that he considers a pleasurable experience. And so our approach has to be through the word that we keep bandying around, the multimedia approach, which means really every form in which information appears, whether it be films, program activities, the video-tape facilities which have been so evident here, our large print materials, and our talking books which we make available to those people who have visual and physical handicaps. Our bookmobile service takes out not only print materials, but audio-visual programs, and often times other types of library activities to the patron. Our bookmobile reaches not only into home situations, but day-care centers, nursing homes, any of those places where a clientele can be reached by actually going to them instead of wanting them to come to us.
I think the public library must recognize its role in dispensing information and our role as a referral service in the community. More and more we are hoping that people will realize the public library is a place you can come to find out where. We may not be able to offer the service that you need, but we should be able to tell you where to go for that service. There are other aspects of public library service that would tend to reach the non-user such things as workshops: presently the field of genealogy is a wonderful avenue for reaching people, or art exhibits. I was amused that several questions referred to information on control of army worms. I'm afraid I can't help - since we don't have a blade of grass left out at the library; I don't want to set myself up as an information service for control of army worms. But if you know what to do about them I would appreciate you letting the Northeast Georgia Regional Library know.
QUESTIONS: HOW CAN THE PUBLIC BE MADE AWARE OF WHAT THE PUBLIC LIBRARY HAS TO OFFER? AND WITH THE WIDE-RANGE OF MEDIA AND SERVICES THAT WE HAVE NOW, WHAT WOULD BE POSSIBLE WITH ADEQUATE FUNDING?
ANSWER: Here we come to the place where we probably need the most improvement and that is in public relations. We are selling in competition with many, many other activities. And this is a responsibility that I do not think should be limited to the people who are actually professional librarians. This should be the responsibility of the trustees-it should be the responsibility of the patron who is using library facilities and who is aware of what it offers to pass the information on to those who do not know what we have available. It is a multi-faceted problem and it is a multi-faced responsibility.
One large block of questions had to do with the type of funding available to public libraries. We first are funded on a local level with city and/or county funds. Within a county the funds may come through the Board of Education or they may come through the County Commissioners. Sometimes they come through a combination of these. On the state level~ we are allocated this fiscal year 35 per capita for

materials. This is a lineitem allocation and can not be used for anything else. We also get professional salaries based on a formula using the size of the system, and the number of people in your service area. And for the past two or three years we have gotten maintenance and operation funds. This year M &0 is alloted on the basis of 25 per capita. This is a useful fund in public libraries because it may be used for anything we need other than construction; it can be used to pay the light bill or whatever is the greatest need. Then we get federal funds on a per capita basis allocated by the State Public Library Division and based on programs which we write, setting up our plans forthe use ofthe money and the budget for this money. This again, is a rather loose fund that we may use to fit the need within our library system.
I would like to pose for you a question which we talked about on the panel and which we did not answer but which needs to be considered. In your discussions this afternoon, I would like for you to respond to this question, dealing with federal money. Would we prefer that federal funds be allocated under separate acts for each type of library or would it be best if one large act should grant one block sum to each state to be divided on the state level to the different types of libraries? This is a question which we are going to have to deal with and on which we need to have recommendations to go to the White House Conference in 1979.
Very briefly let me touch on some other areas on which we had questions. One concerns lobbying activities.
QUESTION: ARE THERE ANY LOBBYISTS ON THE STATE LEVEL WITHIN THE GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION?
ANSWER: No, we cannot maintain our non-profit status if we have registered lobbyists. We do consider that activities which serve to inform our legislators, whether this takes place at home, within our own libraries, or in the state capital, to inform, to educate, and to call to their attention the needs of the libraries, is not lobbying. We consider this a responsibility of the library profession. It is not a responsibility that is limited to professional librarians, but should be assumed by our trustees as well. We had quite a few questions regarding library quite a few questions regarding library construction, and one that I would like to answer is-How is the state money set aside for construction? On what priorities?
ANSWER: The priority is set by the State Board of Education in this order: first, buildings for regional headquarters; second, county headquarters; third, branches within a regional system; and fourth, branches within a county. The money of course is appropriated by the State Legislature.

MR. JAMES B. DODD COORDINATOR OF SERVICE TO
BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
These questions are concerned with library education, academic libraries, special libraries, and special services.
QUESTION: IS THE LIBRARIAN SURPLUS A QUESTION OF TOO MANY LIBRARIANS OR A QUESTION OF NOT ENOUGH FUNDS TO HIRE SUFFICIENT LIBRARIANS TO PROVIDE THE SERVICES AND RESOURCES TO MEET ALA STANDARDS?
ANSWER: The answer is yes to both parts of this question. Right now there are not enough authorized funded positions in our libraries to do the jobs that we want to do. On the other hand, even if we had all the positions that we reasonably needed for the job, there might well still be some surplus of librarians. Another factor is the geographic locations of the library positions. The person who is flexible as to his geographic location can usually find a position.
QUESTION: COULD WAYS BE DEVELOPED TO MAKE THE RESOURCES OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES AVAILABLE TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC?
ANSWER: Academic library resources are available to the general public with varying degrees of freedom of access. GLiN and the traditional inter-library loan are two avenues of access. There are consortia of libraries which share their resources and facilities. Nearly all academic libraries will grant research privileges to individuals with special needs.
QUESTION: CAN FULL BORROWING PRIVILEGES BE ARRANGED?
ANSWER: Full privileges could be granted to the public if funds were provided for the additional costs which would arise for such things as additional physical facilities, additions to the collections, special services, and special people to provide the services. Certainly, local factors vary and must be taken into consideration. In order for full and complete access to be a standard operation, the statement of purposes of most academic libraries would have to be redefined, restated, and rejustified. There may also be different commitments to serving the general public by tax-supported institutions and by privately supported institutions in strategic locations.
QUESTION: WHAT COULD BE DONE TO REPLACE THE DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE OF SUPPLYING JOURNAL ARTICLES TO LOCAL PHYSICIANS AND HOSPITALS?
ANSWER: This service has been provided by federal funds through the National Library of Medicine and through the regional medical library program. It has been greatly reduced. Another source of funding will be required if this is to be continued at an adequate level. Intensive cooperation and resource sharing will not eliminate the need for additional funds to purchase additional journals some of which are very expensive. 37

QUESTION: WHAT CAN BE DONE TO UPGRADE SPECIAL LIBRARIES?
ANSWER: One answer to that question lies very close to home. Libraries in the state agencies of Georgia are in dire needs of improved funding. Some state government agencies have little or no library resources to work with. Several questions were received regarding libraries in mental institutions, penal institutions, and other state agencies such as the Department of Transportation and the Department of Natural Resources. All have information needs. Right here, in its own house, so to speak, the state legislature can get busy and help the state itself do a better job.
QUESTIONS: HOW CAN SPECIAL LIBRARIES BE BROUGHT INTO THE MAINSTREAM AND PARTICIPATE IN GLlN?
ANSWER: Special libraries can participate in GLlN, and many of them do. As you have heard, GLiN is open to any library which will agree to lend its material to other people or to other libraries. Many special libraries also belong to the Atlanta-Athens Union Catalog which is a very old cooperative arrangement.
Many s.pecial libraries are in the so-called mainstream; some of them are leading the way. There is such a diversity of special libraries that no one statement can be made to cover them all. There are obvious differences in the methods of operation of a special library in an academic institution as compared to a special collection in a public library, a privately funded research library, a hospital library, or an industrial library. In most need of improvement is communication between types of libraries. More encouragement should be given for participation in the professional associations by all types of libraries.
QUESTION: WHY AND HOW DO COMMERCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS OPERATE, AND HOW ARE THE PROFESSIONALS TRAINED?
ANSWER: Why do they operate? There are several reasons. They are responding to the need for a type of information service that is not available elsewhere. Also, commercial operations can advertise their products and create a desire for something that may be just as available elsewhere and at less cost. Commercial operations can usually be more flexible than tax-supported or other institutional libraries.
The existence of commercial information operations ties in with what Mrs. Yates said yesterday about information being a commodity. Information is something of value. It has also been called a public utility. Mrs. Yates also said that information is big business. There is a rapidly growing trade organization called the Information Industry Association. This industry is very busy developing and selling new information products and services.
Now, we, as librarians, are increasingly cost conscious. We can usually determine the costeffectiveness of a new or an old program. If there is a more efficient or effective way to deliver a service, we are very much interested in it. The cost we can measure. Value we cannot measure very accurately.
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The growing information industry proves that information is valuable, and private enterprise is out there selling it. That is exactly what we need to be doing. At least we need to get out and sell the people who support libraries on the idea that we have valuable services - services worth a lot more than they cost.
There are two types of information centers not connected with libraries. One type is exemplified by the information centers supported by NASA and other agencies that are selling computerized literature searches to the public at comparatively high rates. Another type consists of the independent information brokers and independent information companies. These organizations are selling document delivery services and reference or bibliographic services using their own collections to a certain extent. More frequently they rely heavily on the resources of existing public, academic, and accessible special libraries.
QUESTION: WHAT KIND OF TRAINING DO THE PERSONNEL IN THESE ORGANIZATIONS HAVE?
ANSWER: All kinds or none. Some utilize library professionals to a great degree very effectively, and some do not. Nevertheless, these organizations and individuals are showing the librarians a new opportunity to market their professional expertise.
There are no standards for service and no accreditation mechanisms for the independent information operations.
Several questions were submitted concerning the use of computers.
QUESTION: FOR INSTANCE, WHY NOT HAVE COMPUTER BANKS MADE AVAILABLE?
ANSWER: Over 100 computerized data bases are now available to the public for on-line, interactive searching.
No great sophisticated knowledge of computers is required to use the on-line systems. Mechanically, any two-fingered typist can use them efficiently. The expertise required is the same expertise required to do any reference work or literature searching in the printed . sources: .intelligence, inquisitiveness,
and imagination.
There is a cost factor, however. A computer terminal, an investment of roughly $2000-$2500 for new equipment or $500 or so for ~ed equipment is, required. Terminal connection charges range froml $10-$150 per hour and the charges for citations; printed range from $.02- $.50each. Competition and increased usage are reducing both the cost of the equipment and the hourly rates for data base use, and you pay only for what you use. One company in its advertising is proclaiming that the day of the $5.00 search has arrived, and that is not very much of an exaggeration.
In summary, with the combination of a rapidly growing independent information industry and a rapidly changing technology (microcomputers, bubble memories, and cable television, for example), severe inroads are being made into that portion of the nation's library and information needs which are being met by institutional libraries academic, public, or special. By the time the White

House Conference is held in September 1979, competition from the independent and commercial information operators in a wide open market may put the institutional library on the endangered species list.
DR. RALPH RUSSELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIAN
GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
At the outset, it might be helpful to offer a couple of definitions and an amplification. First, what do we mean by media specialists? To use the definition given to us PTA parents, a media specialist is a school librarian. What do we mean by media? Media are those "things" which transmit information, i.e., microforms, books, .films, filmstrips, and recordings of various kinds. GLiN has been mentioned many times at the Conference but one essential component of GLiN has not been adequately described. That entity is the Atlanta-Athens Area Union Catalog. It lists materials which are held at many libraries in Georgia. It was probably the earliest significant cooperative effort among libraries in the state, serving libraries throughout the Southeast as well as Georgia. GLiN probably could not have been successful without the existence of the Union Catalog. Why is it important to the functioning of GLlN? To ask to borrow a book, one must first determine who has it. The Union Catalog usually gives that information. Supported primarily by the University Center in Georgia, the Union Catalog answered 3,600 GLiN inquiries last year. Hurray for them and may they flourish!
QUESTION: DOES THE ACCREDITING PROCESS WORK: SHOULD LIBRARIES BE ACCREDITED EVEN IF THEY DO NOT HAVE ADEQUATE RESOURCES?
ANSWER: There are two assumptions underlying my response to this question:
(1) The question refers to accreditation by the regional accrediting association; and
(2) By "work," the question really means is the process effective or is any benefit derived from it?
In my opinion, yes, there is benefit derived from the accrediting process. (1) The primary benefit is derived from the self-study
required prior to the visiting committee's arrival. At its best, the self-study is a hard and analytical examination of the components necessary for delivery of the educational offering. The definition of purpose for the institution, scrutiny of institutional and library goals, and examination of collections, services, and staff are integral parts of this introspective process. (2) The issuance of forceful recommendations-or even a clear presentation of marginal or substandard conditions, services, or collections which may exist in a library-can provide strong ammunition for the library or the institution in future budget requests.

The latter part of the question, should libraries be accredited if they do not have adequate resources? If the library is clearly inadequate, the institution should not be accredited. Again, clear statement of problem areas and recommendations for redress are the first steps towards an institution improving a library with some borderline or questionable characteristics.
QUESTION: IS THERE A MODEL IN OTHER STATES FOR A STATE AGENCY WHICH COORDINATES ALL LIBRARY RESOURCES?
ANSWER: Yes; Illinois and New York have state library agencies we might look to for models.
QUESTION: HOW CAN THIS BE INSTITUTED IN GEORGIA?
ANSWER: The establishment of such an agency in Georgia requires legislation by the General Assembly.
QUESTION: WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND PROBLEMS IN HAVING SUCH AN AGENCY IN GEORGIA-A STATWIDE COORDINATING AGENCY FOR ALL LIBRARIES?
ANSWER: Since there are two parts to that question, let me speak first to someofthe benefits which might be derived from such an agency. (1) The identification and development of cooperative projects could be facilitated, i.e., GLlN, union lists of holdings of various libraries. After all, if you don't know what another library has in its collection, you may not realize the potential for borrowing from it. (2) It could serve as a clearinghouse for all kinds of information, such as comparative data on library equipment. Staffed with individuals possessing a wide range of expertise and abilities, a very strong consulting function might be of assistance to all of Georgia's libraries. (3) A stronger, more unified advocate for libraries with both state and federal governments is a possible advantage. (4) More efficient expenditure of state dollars forl libraries would be possible. (5) It would permit better collection and dissemination of data about libraries. (6) It could provide the focus for the planning and implementation of continuing education activities for library staffs; better definition of library education needs; and tighter accreditation standards for librarians.
SOME PROBLEMS WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A STAFF COORDINATING AGENCY FOR LIBRARIES:
(1) Legislation is required. Do we care enough to push for it and do the spade work necessary to sell the concept to our legislators?
(2) How much control do we want a state agency to exert on Georgia libraries of all types? Included in this mixture of libraries are private college and university as well as industrial and technical-all privately funded. Related to this is the spectre of loss of autonomy. Some may prefer to do their own thing with no advice from others.
(3) Such a state agency might arouse wide-spread fear that it would be a bureaucratic monolith and 39

generally unresponsive to local needs. Standardization versus free choice is a related dilemma. (4) Is there sufficient commonality among diverse libraries to justify the cost and hassle to establish and maintain such an agency?
QUESTION: HOW CAN LIBRARIANS AND MEDIA SPECIALISTS FIND OUT ABOUT CONTINUING EDUCATION OPPORTUNITIES OFFERED IN THE STATE? COULD SOME AGENCY COORDINATE THIS INFORMATION?
ANSWER: The last part of the question first. The Division of Public Library Service, State Board of Education, could coordinate the dissemination of such information if they were funded to do this. They do not presently provide this service. Now, how can librarians and media specialists find out about such activities? (1) Join professional organizations. This supplies one with information regarding workshops, seminars, meetings, etc. If you need some suggestions for a local, state, or regional group with which you might affiliate, see me right after this meeting. I can enthusiastically recommend a local group right here in Atlanta that you will find stimulating, a state group in Georgia, and a regional association here in the Southeast. (2) Read the professional literature. A simplistic answer, but true. (3) Talk to your colleagues and initiate conversations when you want to obtain information.
MR. ELMO I. ELLIS
VICE-PRESIDENT, COX BROADCASTING
CORPORA TlON AND GENERAL MANAGER
OF WSB-AM-FM
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
THE LIBRARY OF THE FUTURE
As some of you know from hearing my commentaries on WSB, I have had a life-long love affair with books, and I feel a close relationship to all of you here this morning. Some of my fondest memories are of hours spent reading and doing research in a number of libraries, especially those of several different universities that I attended. However, some of my least fond memories are also associated with libraries, especially my early freshman days at the University of Alabama, when I was earning fifteen dollars a month by running up and down the stacks of the main library, fetching books for other students. It was a tough, demanding way to pay part of my way through school. Those were the horse and buggy days of library operation when a library was generally a sombre, slow-paced and somewhat simple but forbidding place.
Life now moves along too rapidly and is far too complicated and demanding to allow for any such primitive library system today. But I suspect that this kind 01 library is still all too common. And certainly man: people still hold such a stereotype in their minds wher the word, "library" is mentioned. Hundred of thousands of Georgians, I will wager, have never steppec
into a public library because they continue to think of c
library as a dull kind of place where a lot of borin
40

books are kept, and you aresupposed to be quiet if you dare venture inside.
Although I am no expert on libraries, it appears quite obvious to me that libraries are now caught in the throes of the same technological revolution that is drastically changing all our lives and our concepts of information collection and retrieval. Fifty years ago we lived on a relatively slow time table. In most homes the daily newspaper was delivered 12 to 24 hours after it was printed, and each edition contained news about happenings of the previous day. In a similar manner, the public library used to operate on a leisurely basis. If you needed assistance above and beyond certain books that you might want to consult you might well be disappointed. If help was forthcoming, you could be sure it would be provided on a very slow time schedule. What's more, the library was a service apart from us. It was available in the community, but it was not an integral part of our lives. It was not and never has been a source of quick answers and instant information.
But this is what today's citizen wants and needs. In our businesses and professions, in our homes and schools, we are constantly finding ourselves in need of information in a hurry. WSB answers more than a thousand questions a week. This speed-up in the usage and exchange of information has come about principally because of radio, television, airplanes, computers and a host of other machines and devices that make things happen quickly. Because of instantaneous, electronic communication we live in a world of what Marshall McLuhan has termed: "AII-atonceness." Time and space don't have the same meaning they once did. No place is unknown; no man is a stranger; no event is isolated or unrelated.
We have had to shift our day-to-day attention from action to reaction. We need to know in advance the consequences of our policies and actions, since the results of what we say and do are experienced without delay. Because of electric speed we can no longer wait and see. George Washington once remarked, "We haven't heard from Benjamin Franklin in Paris this year. We should write him a letter."
Today information is exchanged immediately. In a matter of moments, sometimes seconds, an assassin's shot riccochets around the world. When a joke is told in California, people laugh immediately in Georgia. And a threat voiced in the Kremlin causes instant reverberations in Washington and Peking. In a world of so much rapid change, it follows that libraries must become quite different institutions than they now are to remain viable and necessary.
Many respected observers are even predicting that words printed on paper will cease to be our chief means of recording and storing information in the future. Filing cabinets and book shelves may be virtually replaced by computers and terminals in another decade or two. It will be much less expensive and more efficient to store information on tapes, discs, cubes, microfilm, and other such repositories, where it can be instantly recalled by computer memory banks.
What is more exciting to contemplate, the growing availability of reasonably-priced computers and related equipment will make it possible forthe average modular home to build and maintain its own library and to be linked with other worldwide library facilities.

Gene Roddenberry, the creator of Star Trek, envisions a "tele-society" in the United States and throughout the world. Home communication units may be part tv set, part telephone and part mailbox, all working in connection with household computers, which will be as common as water heaters.
By linking up the computers and communication units-much as we are linked today by our telephone system-the individual home or office will have access to huge comprehensive libraries, containing virtually everything capable of being reproduced by sound and vision. In other words, all available human knowledge that has been expressed and preserved will be accessible and readily available from the central libraries of the world. Comprehensive home information systems will link households with people, institutions and computer anywhere the interconnected system reaches.
And what of the smaller libraries in cities, and towns and neighborhoods, such as we have all over Georgia? I think in time they will also become electronic storehouses of fact and fiction, which can be tapped at a moment's notice by anyone who is hooked up with the library's circuitry. More and more, people will communicate to work rather than commute to work.
In such an age of instant information, will there still be a need for the college campus, the conventional shopping center, or the public library-as we have known them? Perhaps, but their roles will change, just as the role of the library will be different. I see the library of tomorrow as not only an electronic storehouse of knowledge, but also as a center where people still gather for group discussions, intellectual stimulation and personal improvement. There is increasing interest among the American people in self-learning. Libraries will more and more emphasize personalized services, acting as advisors to individuals and to learning groups. I see the libraries of tomorrow becoming audio-visual places of education, entertainment, information and cultural enrichment, which attract people of all ages, from all walks of life.
Most importantly, I suspect, the library of the future will be called on to help the people oftheworld to cope with a host of critical problems. Somehow we must answer some of the most perplexing questions that the world has ever known. Energy, overpopulation, food production, disintegrating families, nuclear weapons, crime, disease, immorality, t~e list is long and neverending. But we human beings, armed with awareness and understanding, have shown amazing ability to deal with the trials and troubles of the past. Hopefully, our libraries, as citadels of knowledge, will help us to meet and master the challenges of tomorrow.
INTRODUCTION OF
GOVERNOR BUSBEE
MR. ROY HENDR~CKS
CHAIRMAN
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
METTER, GEORGIA
I appreciate this opportunity to be a part of this first of the nation's conferences on libraries. I am not surprised that Georgia is holding the first of these

Governor's Conferences on Libraries, because our Governor has put this state first in so many areas. It is just typical of the outstanding leadership George Busbee is providing for the education system and public libraries as a part of that system.
Libraries and information services augment and enrich a broad spectrum of learning experiences from kindergarten to adult and vocational education. But, as you know, libraries and information services are hard to categorize, expensive to operate and difficult to administer. This Governor's Conference on Libraries and Information Services has already addressed itself to a number of the concerns facing us today - the spiraling cost of supplies and materials, being sure that we are able to offer the kinds of books the public wants, library use and making sure the public is aware of the diverse and growing services Georgia libraries offer.
Long ago Governor Busbee recognized the unique and growing role libraries must play in building a sound education system and enriching the cultural climate of our communities. I believe Governor Busbee's continued support and interest in libraries is indicative of his presence here today. Governor Busbee...
THE HONORABLE GEORGE BUSBEE
GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
I am very pleased to be here with you today and to have taken a part in sponsoring this conference. Although this is called the Governor's Pre-White House Conference on L,ipraries - the hard work of planning and carrying out the conference was done by a steering committee headed by Georgia Library Association President Ray Rowland, Carlton Thaxton and Elizabeth Cole from the Department of Education. I know we all appreciate the time and effort of the Steering Committee.
The purpose of this conference has been to bring together librarians at all levels with the many different kinds of people they serve to discuss library services and ways library services can more effectively reach the public.
Not only have professionals associated with public libraries, school libraries, academic and institutional libraries and special libraries been represented at this conference, but businessmen, educators, legislators, community leaders, parents and citizens have also been represented here. And you have had a chance to share with each other your concerns and ambitions for the future of information services in this state.
There is a long history of libraries and librarianship in Georgia, and this fact has provided a dimension of stability to our state and it has helped instill a respect for learning.
The first free school in Georgia was reported to have begun at Irene in 1736, and it had a library. Not long after that in the late 18th century - Georgia became the first state to recognize the value of higher education by formally organizing a chartered state university - and the University of Georgia quickly recognized the value of and established library resources.
41

From those beginnings until now libraries have undergone tremendous changes along with our society.
Today there are 36 multi-county and 11 single-county library regional systems. Our state has more than 60 colleges and universities and the libraries of these institutions represent a tremendous resource and investment. School library - media centers exist in virtually all of Georgia's public schools.
Georgia also offers the services of a library for the blind and physically handicapped to many persons. There are more than 11,000 registered users of large print, Braille and talking books, and we have talking book centers in 13 cities.
One of the most significant developments in library cooperation in Georgia is the Georgia Library Information Network. It has united all types of libraries in an effort to share library books and other materials and has saved countless dollars by eliminating unnecessary duplication of library materials.
The Southeastern Library Information Network complements and broadens the resources of the Georgia Library Information Network. Although it has existed for a shorter time this network too has already demonstrated that it can bring significant savings to libraries in Georgia.
Libraries may once have been regarded primarily as repositories of books for those who had the time and interest to seek out their services, but the concept of the library mission has broadened as the needs of our society have become more complex.
Libraries have begun to reach out to meet the needs of groups who may not have sought library services in the past. Libraries are providing services now to the disadvantaged, to the retired and aged, to young children and to communities. They are bringing new resources to their clientele, such as audio-visuals, since many people learn by listening and viewing, special collections to help answer young people'squestions about drug abuse, career opportunities, marriage and child rearing, and materials to help prepare young children for school.
I've been impressed with some of the programs that have been undertaken in Georgia public libraries, and I'd like to share some of these programs with you because I think they represent great ingenuity in finding ways of serving community needs.
Probably the best known program is the vacation reading club program which operates in each public library during the summer. These reading clubs have been tremendously successful. They have kept children reading during the summer and built an emphasis on reading which I know has inspired many children to improve reading skills. In the summer of 1976 more than 50,000 children throughout the state completed the summer reading program, and although the statistics are not in this year it looks like an even higher number of children participated during the summer just ended. One public library has been very successful with a summer program designed to teach reading to middle school children who don't know how to read. Another library has built an interest in reading by giving books to children who have never owned a book.
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Public libraries throughout the state have made a pointed effort to make their services known throughout the community and to provide services of value to a wide variety of people. One library is now producing eight hours of public television programming a day on an array of topics. Another library worked with businesses in the community to locate trailers throughout the city to bring books closer to every area of the city. Librarians are working to demonstrate the information potential of their services to community leaders and businessmen. It is important for those in industry and business to realize that libraries provide information of great value at no cost. It is there for those who know how to make use of it. This conference is a good example of the fact that those in library service are willing and anxious to examine and improve themselves. A great deal of work was done between 1968 and 1975 in documenting background information on libraries and librarianship in Georgia and in studying and planning for the future of Georgia's libraries. This work
culminated in a study and a series of recommenda-
tions made by library leaders and Battelle Laboratories. The report encompassed public, academic, institutional, school and special libraries as well as library education and library associations. I know that some of the observations of that report have been important to this conference - along. with the discussion and input that has been stimulated during these two days. Conferences like this one will be held in most states in preparation for a White House Conference in which all states will share the results of their discussions. We look forward to the results of this conference which will have nationwide significance as other states plan their conferences on libraries.
ADJOURNMENT
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND
I declare the Third General Session of the Governor's Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services: A Pre-White House Conference adjourned.
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER LOBBY LEVEL III
11:00 A.M. - 12:00 P.M.
Small group meetings of all conference participants to formulate recommendations for inclusion in the revised state and federal library legislation of the 1980's and input for the delegates to the White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services.

CALL TO ORDER

LUNCHEON MEETING

GEORGIA WORLD CONGRESS CENTER

LEVEL I HALL C

.

12:30 P.M. - 2:00 P.M.

INVOCATION r

REVEREND D. WAYNE SMITH
PASTOR
DECATUR PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH ATLANTA, GEORGIA

Our Father in heaven, we are grateful for this occasion

which brings us together. Receive, we pray, our grati-

tude for libraries and all those who help to make them a

living reality.

'

We are aware that our lives are blessed because of books. We thank you for books. Not only do we learn much from books when we read them, but also find that our very lives are quite similar to books. Both have an author, both have a beginning and an end. Some books and some lives are adventure stories, some are mysteries; yet others are inspirational and examples for all to follow.

In a very real way, our Heavenly Father, you permit us to be the author of the book which is our life. You give us the paper and the pen but you let us write our own story by the way that we live.

Help us, we pray, to write a large chapter in our book about faith. Help us to believe in you, to believe in others, and to believe in ourselves. Cause us to know that doubt and suspicion are two of life's most destructive and immobilizing agents.

Inspire us to write a chapter concerning hope in our lives. In a day when so many things seem hopeless, help us to know that with faith in you, others and ourselves we are able to believe and have hope.
a And then, God, let the whole theme of our life, which
is like a book, be the theme of love. We know that love is the greatest, most ennobling element of life.

And then, Gracious Father, on that day when our book comes to an end, as all books and lives do, may it be that the book which has been our life will be a classic and will have a place in the library of eternity.

We give thanks for this meal and offer this prayer in the name and spirit of the Messiah.

Amen.

INTRODUCTIONS AND PRESIDING
A. RAY ROWLAND
PRESIDENT
GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
Ladies and Gentlemen, I trust that most of you have finished this excellent meal. Before we hear from the main speaker today, I would like to present to you the persons who are at the head table. On my extreme right is the Honorable Zell Miller, Lt. Governor of the State of Georgia. Miss Elizabeth Huey, chief, State and Public Library Services Branch of the Office of Library and Learning Resources. Mr. Carlton Thaxton, State

Department of Education. Mrs. Dick Hayes. Mr. William McLaughlin, Assistant Commissioner for the Regional Office of the Commissioner of Education. Mr. Eric Moon, President of the American Library Association. Miss Elizabeth Cole, chairman of the steering committee of this conference. Mrs. Lillian Carter of Plains, Georgia. I'll skip the next two people here because we will pick them up later. Mr. AI Trezza whom you have met earlier and who ha.s been a great help to us in this conference. Mr. Leroy Childs, a member of the steering committee of the conference and treasurer of the conference. Mrs. Ann Eastman, a member of the advisory commitee of the White House Conference on Library and Information Services who was appointed by the President and chairman of the Woman's National Book Association. Mrs. Barbara Cade, a member of the steering committee and VicePresident-President-Elect of the Georgia Library Association. Mrs. Betsy Harrington, a member of the steering committee and President of the Georgia Library Trustees Association, Mr. J.B. Howell, President of the Southeastern Library Association.
I would like to take this opportunity to say thank you to the members of the steering committee for all of the efforts which they and their staffs and trustees which have made this conference possible and for all of the people from the Atlanta area who have acted as hostesses. I would like to say a special thank you to Emily Payne and the staff of the Tri-County Regional Library for the help which they have given to us in taping the proceedings today. Some of you have asked about our logo which was designed by Miss Rebecca James ofthe staff of the Atlanta Public Library. You will notice that there is a book at the bottom; there is a lamp of learning. Spend some time when you're going home trying to decipher all of the implications of these symbols as far as libraries are concerned. At this tiMe, I would like to present Mr. Dick W. Hayes, Associate Commissioner of Education of the United States Office of Libraries and Learning Resources.
INTRODUCTION OF THE LUNCHEON SPEAKER
MR. DICK W. HAYS
ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONER OF EDVCA nON DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
U.S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION OFFICE OF LIBRARIES
AND LEARNING RESOURCES WASHINGTON, D.C.
Honored guests - ladies and gentlemen
I very much appreciated the opportunity to spend the past two days with you. It has been stimulating and rewarding. For some time I have observed the dedication and hard work of your steering committee. They have done a terrific job and with your help have established a benchmark for the other states. Developing, planning, and executing the nation's first Pre-White House Conference on Libraries & Informational Services was a task for leaders. This conference shows that the challenge was met.
43

It is a pleasure and privilege to introduce our speaker. Mr. Shields is an esteemed member of the library and information service community. The adjectivescatalyst, innovator, stim!Jlator, provC?cateur, and leader-are all in order for him. He is particularly wellknown for his work in the area of intellectual freedom. Leadership in this area is not for the timid and those afraid of controversy. I would encourage all of you to read his article in the latest issue of Library Journal entitled "I ntellectual Freedom - The Basis for Librarianship." Mr. Shields has earned his spurs by successfully serving in a number of roles and positions. He was a linguist in the military service. He has held various library positions. He has edited various books as well as a columnist for the Library Journal. As the Editor of American Libraries he changed it from a record of events to a journal which discusses the issues facing the library community. He is also in the Library of Congress records as a cartoonist under the pseudonym of Jerrybuilt. Mr. Shield's undergraduate and graduate work were at the University of Wisconsin in Speech and Library Science, respectively. His professional activities include: American Library Association Council; Chairing the New York Library Association; Committee on Intellectual Freedom and Thru Process; membership on the Board of Directors of the National Librarians Association. At the present time he is the Assistant Dean and Assistant Professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Ladies and Gentlemen - Gerry Shields
DR. GERALD SHIELDS 44

LUNCHEON ADDRESS
DR. GERALD R. SHIELDS ASSISTANT DEAN
SCHOOL OF INFORMATION AND LIBRARY STUDIES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO
BUFFALO, NEW YORK
If we are to accept popular images then we would have to say that the librarian's stock-in-trade is the book. Looking in on most libraries at the ranges of books stacked like great walls in a maze of knowledge would tend to confirm the myth. The professional librarian today knows that appearances not only can be but in this case are deceiving. The librarian's stock-in-trade is information. Librarians are purveyors of symbols which have a potential for meaning to someone. Librarians are not too particular about what, how and whence the symbols derive, and it is only their poverty which keeps them from mining this resource in the manner to which it should. For information is, you know, a national resource. Unlike our physical resources, however, this resource is infinite. You will have noticed by now that there is no national or international concern expressed that we are about the exhaust our information resources.
Now, this collection of symbols called information is useless unless someone is ableto derive meaning from it. That transfer from symbol to meaning is generally referred to as communications. The librarian acts as a transfer agent between the symbols and aGhievement of a meaning. Therefore, it should be clearer to you that in spite of the books currently surrounding most librarians it is the transfer of those symbols in a meaningful way which is the stock-in-trade of the librarian. It is not a simple process for it includes the collection, acquisition, classification, development and dissemination of whichever -symbols and/or information is available. All systems in libraries should be aimed to that moment when the symbols are used to derive meaning.
It should also be no news to you that through technology communications have improved and proliferated information symbols. We once referred to the phenomenon as a knowledge explosion but now know that it is an information explosion touching off a knowledge explosion. Decision and policy-making processes are no longer able to benefit from slow deliberation aided by poor communications. Decisions in a rapidly communicating world must not only be swift but must be knowledgeable. And in order to be knowledgeable there must be rapid and accurate access to the information needed for the process.
The technology of information not only accelerates itself but has and continues to accelerate social change to a level wherein we wonder if control can be maintained. Indeed, in some social areas we have serious indications that we may have already lost control because we do not have rapid and accurate access to the information needed. For many of us the fast-paced social change, the volume of information proliferating in a variety of symbolic forms, the need

for confident decision-making and knowledgeable long-range planning has created a feeling of fear, frustration, doubt, and for far too many, helplessness. The ability of our society to efficiently use the technology of information has not kept pace with its availability. Too many of the people of this world are cut off from needed information to allow for confident, fearless, undaunted decision and policy-making.
Librarians live with that knowledge. Librarians have known for quite sometime that they must have wherewithal to develop the information transfer process into a significant utility available to all of our society. The librarian is becoming the advocate for a full utilization of the technology of information. That advocacy has pushed librarians to seek the National Commission on Libraries and Information Services, the White House Conference and these state level governor's conferences. Information is this nation's infinite national resource and it is time we began to harness that raging resource to the task of preserving the finite physical and social resources around us.
For many of us the technology can be fearful. We have seen how the technology can be manipulated so that information becomes distorted and the meaning derived from it false and insidious. We want to be able to look technology in the eye but we can't. We get an uneasy feeling that the technology is smarter than we are.
Conditioning shapes all of us into insensitive reaction. All of us have been conditioned by our education to believe that we must know without asking. To admit that we are without vital information implies weakness and incompetence. Smart people know everything and ignorant people know nothing is the conditioning of our traditional education. Marvin Adelson, an educator, has said that "the changeability of the environment and the enormous growing mass of knowledge are leading to a shift in emphasis away from attempting to learn what is known in anticipation of its possible latervalue, toward learning the means of finding out what one has to know when the need arises."
Remember your school days? Remember how we were made to stuff our minds with data, facts, definitions and meanings? Buried away in my head unable to be retrieved are the names of all the muscles of the common green frog (Kermit, forgive me). We crammed as much information as we could into the protesting brain. We memorized dates, poetry, historical trends and civilization's ends. Then, yellow pencil in hand, we were set in trying to retrieve the information from out of the mind and onto the paper. Our future depended upon what was known. If you didn't know you were a failure. Librarians have long been aiding that Adelson shift in emphasis as witness the rise of elementary and secondary school media centers based on the concept that it is not so much what you know but how well you are able to find out what you want to know. Many students are maturing in a climate which enables them to plug into a variety of information technology either through hands-on experience or access to knowledgeable library staff able to produce needed information. The process of access to information and deriving meaning from information is more important in our

society than is the memorization of information which may never be used or becomes so quickly obsolete that it must be replenished over a life-long process affectionately known to some as continuing education.
Professional librarians in their capacity as information transfer agents are not concerned that their client be knowledgeable. Librarians have begun to help people manipulate the devices in a library designed to gain access to information. Those librarians by their poverty status on the utility scale have been frustrated in their ability to deliver information by being too often confined to print, unable to tap new technology. And now librarians are pushing for the full utilization of information technology for the clients they serve.
Society has become dependent upon technology of all kinds. Technology by its very nature thrives on acceleration while creating change. Time was, in our agricultural society, when it was possible to memorize all you needed to know to grow food, make clothing and construct shelter in order to survive. It is no longer possible, except for the most primitive societies.
Modern society has to be able to utilize its information technology to survive today. And if society cannot use its information technology then that very technology ceases to be constructive and becomes a destructive force. In a technological society wherein only a few have access to the technology, oppression occurs. Information becomes the poverty of a few and the acess to that information is granted only to the select.
Instead of the "robber barons" of the industrial age we will find that we have created the "information emperors" of the technological age. Nearly a decade ago a report from the U.S. Agriculture Department revealed that "of the 50 largest economic entities (in the world) 37 are countries and 13 are corporations. Of the top 100, 51 are corporations.:' Since that time economic conditions have changed but it seems certain that a study of a similar nature today would reveal an even more startling statistic. The world order is changing and with technology that change is accelerated. Corporations are already building sophisticated information systems utilizing the latest technology to facilitate the information transfer process.
That is fine for the citizens of the corporate entities but what about the citizens of the political entities? Where is their information technology? Outside of some interesting experiments wherein children are being introduced at an early age to computers as information devices and some data base access for adults through state libraries or university research centers there is pitifully little technology available to the public. At best, I can find that only Japan has developed a significant national policy on information technology, and that is still on paper.
Information technology for all of its ominous qualities can be a vital life force. It can be used to create although it is better known to us to be used to control the desire for social change, to thwart justice, and distort reality. There are dangers for individuals in a technological society: of information overload and obscurity; invasion of privacy, manipulation of news to mold opinion, surveillance and covert monitoring of the private individual "in the public interest"; a lessening of
45

social cohesion leading to alientation and fragmentation of attitude and motivation; and most certainly, technology can increase the social gap created by discrimination via the inevitable lack -of access to advanced skills necessary in the effective use of information.
That is the challenge to this nation: the creative use of information and its technology. Information must be used as a tool to extend freedom to the individual so that they may develop their full potential. Information must be used to allow for reduced control by special interest groups over such social agencies as government, law, education, commerce, labor, industry, the press and the arts; and, of course, the libraries.
Laws and ethics necessary to profit society by its technology are only beginning to be formulated. Necessary decisions must be made to insure that information technology is a creative rather than a destructive force in the pursuit of social and economic justice. The librarian can be the professional who meets that challenge.
It will not be easy, of course. In order for librarians to meet the challenge they will have to realize that their goals and objectives can no longer be couched in the fragmentation of effort based on type of institution. To insist that the uniqueness of library service is defined by institutional walls labeled public, school, academic and special is to fail the people seeking information service. Such myopic mulishness has already forced the creation other institutions and individuals perfenning information services under other names, thus fragmenting resources and oftentimes duplicating services. Hospitals setting up patient information programs, and municipal governments establishing library-type data bases on area human resources are two ready examples. Librarians as professionals must be united into a public purpose based on the recognition of their type-of-service commonality. The quality of service in academic and research libraries is directly dependent upon the quality of service in the school and public libraries. The need for information knows no age limits nor respects academic credentials and institutional barriers. Information technology opens up the sensory experiences available to the individual thus enhancing the esthetics of life. Have you seen elementary school children in a well-run school media center alive with the joy of experiencing sights, sounds and tactile sensations through the variety of media available in unrestricted use? Why must that joy disappear by adulthood? Have you experienced the goose-bumps quadraphonic sound can provide? Have you seen the awesome reality of the holograph? Have you seen a whole wall of the living room in a home fill with the moving color images liberated from the TV cathode tube? Have you watched the news being printed out on cable TV long before it appears in newsprint? Have you seen a library wired for cable TV transmission?
Information technology can free the librarian to develop information transfer services on a highly personalized basis. (Remember how the telephone once was thought to be of little use to the library?) Such development will place upon the professional librarian an increased responsibility to develop interpersonal communications and sensitivity skills in
46

order to speed the individual user of needed information into the opportunity to develop full potential, make more free and voluntary choices, and, most important, enrich all people's ability to know, to care and to feel akin to one another.
The role of the professional librarian is the old role as it has been perceived but, in reality, not often achieved. Libraries are for people and people is everyone. People are not just the "haves" nor the "should-haves." People are the scientists, the professionals, the laborers, the children and the aged, the races and the ethnics. The librarian serves them all, and as a professional recognizes that people often have difficulty understanding their information needs, much less being able to articulate those needs. Librarians and the service they perform should anticipate that lack of understanding and articulation.
Jesse Shera, one of our profession's very best, said it this way, "The library as a social invention is concerned with the improvement of the individual, but through the improvement of the individual it seeks the advancement of society. Individuals not only make society, society continually reshapes the individual; this is perhaps the most important key to the dynamics of the library. The basic bond through which individuals achieve unity in aculture is through the communication of information; thus information is the cement with which the structure of soci~ty is held_together:' Librarians talk to themselves not only on the job but away from it too. My daughter once announced to her librarian parents with their librarian guests that she would not want to be a librarian because they talk too much about libraries. Some say librarians have been talking to themselves too long. However, this conference is the beginning of a new era wherein librarians are bringing the visions they have discovered for themselves out into the national consciousness. For too long librarians have had a dream they kept to themselves. Librarians are more comfortable in their libraries than they are marching across this nation demanding to be heard. But we haveto be heard. There are too many people suffering in this nation and, yes, in this world for lack of meaning, for lack of knowing, and for lack of hope. Librarians know from experience what meaning can be added to life, what peace of mind can come with knowing, what uplift to the spirit hope can be. Librarians know because they witness it every day in their libraries.
The collective voice rising out of Georgia today and spreading across this land calls for this nation to release our information resources into a constructive, dedicated proposition that not only are people created equal but they have a right to maintain that God-given equality through access to information.
That is the message the professional librarian carries to the world. We are dedicated to people and recog-' nize that the strength of the individual rests on a society working together. In order for society to work together it must have information. Information means change and we want people to have the right and the ability to reshape themselves and their society. We do not want it to be done for them by someone with other interests.
Librarians understand that information without meaning is useless. It is only through the communica-

tion of information that meaning can be imparted. And it is meaningful information which will hold us together.
As information transfer agents, librarians are a vital part, of the translation of information symbols into decisions with purpbse and meaning. Librarians do not fear information technology; instead we are eager to see it put to its positive and creative purpose insuring the people - all the people's participation; learning to achieve self-fulfillment, to pursue careers and interests, and most important to maintain dignity and tranquility through justice.

We have a long way to go. But we have traveled far already. In speaking of the librarian, Paul Wasserman, educator and librarian said, "The problems of the times and the problems of the institution require those of spirit and action, who are fired by a vision not of what institutions and professional practices now are, but what they can become." You have the opportunity to move that spirit and fire-up that action now. You know what library service is and can become. Make yours, the first voice in this once impossible dream, loud and clear. Libraries and information services must be more than memories of things past, they must be the key to what life is meant to be for all of us.

CONCLUDING REMARKS
MR. A. RAY ROWLAND PRESIDENT
GEORGIA LIBRARY ASSOCIATION AUGUSTA, GEORGIA

Thank you, Gerry. This has been a busy and extremely eventful conference for these past two days for me, for the Georgia Library Association, for all librarians and citizens of the state of Georgia. I hope that as we leave this conference, that we have accomplished the purposes for which we came. I would like to remind you that you should turn in your evaluation form to the attendant at the door. There will be a hostess there. There will be a meeting of the official delegates at 2:30 in the auditorium on level 3. Please be prompt to that meeting and we will let you go early, so you can catch your plane or get in your car or do whatever it is you

want to do to get away from Atlanta. We hope that those of you who have come from outside the state have enjoyed your stay with us and have enjoyed the conference as much as we have.
I would like to say a special word of thanks to the honorary chairman of the steering committee, Mrs. Lillian Carter, to the chairman of the steering committee, to all memb~rs of the steering committee and those libraries who went much beyond the call of duty in helping us put on this conference, and finally to you participants for coming.
Thank you for coming.

APPENDICES
I. CONFERENCE RESOLUTIONS

Whereas, the First Governor's Pre-White House Conference on Georgia Libraries and Information Services was held on September 15 and 16, 1977, in Atlanta; and
Whereas, the delegates to the Conference were informed, challenged and inspired; now, therefore, be it
Resolved, that we express our sincere appreciation
To The Honorable George Busbee, Governor of Georgia, for his generous support and abiding interest in the goals of the Conference; and
To Mrs. Lillian Carter of Plains, Georgia, for her encouragement and service as the Honorary Chairman; and
To Hugh Carter, Jr., Washington D. C., Special Assistant to the President for Administration, for his inspiring address; and
To Major R. Owens, State Senator, New York; Elmo Ellis, Vice President and General Manager, WSB Rad'io; GeralcfShields, SUNY Buffalo, New York, for their perceptive, provocative, and forceful communications of the problems facing the

libraries of the future; and
To Alphonse Trezza, Director, and D. R. Frederick Burkhardt, Chairman, National Commission of Libraries and Information Science, for their guidance and wise counsel; and
To the Administrators of the Library Services and Construction Act, who through the Georgia Department of Education, provided generous resources in personnel and monies; and
To the Georgia Council on Public Libraries for its early encouragement and financial support; and
To the several distinguished officials-national, state and local-who brought messages of greetings; and
To the panelists and speakers who stimulated our thinking; and
To the official delegates who ably served as discussion leaders.
Resolved that we express our indebtedness
To the exhibitors represented in the Combined Book Exhibit for the excellent display; and
47

To the Public Library Section, Barbara Loar, Chairman, Georgia Library Association, for the attractive architectural collection of recent library and media services construction in the state; and To the management of the Georgia World Congress Center for their cooperation in providing for our needs throughout the sessions.
Resolved, that our commendation and appreciation be expressed
To our Conference Chairman, Elizabeth Cole, for her comprehensive planning; and To the President of the Georgia Library Association, A. Ray Rowland, for his extraordinary leadership and for ably serving as the presiding officer; and
To the members of the Conference Steering Committee and all members of the subcommittees whose attention to details, both great and small, resulted in a profitable and an effective conference. The committee moves that these Resolutions be adopted and that copies be sent to our many benefactors.
Margaret B. Kerr Louise Trotti Ann W. Morton, Chairman
II. EVALUATION OF THE CONFERENCE
This evaluation is based primarily upon the responses of official delegates and observers of the Conference who responded to the 17-part questionnaire. Each question was addressed to a specific program event or to some aspect of the program as it related to the stated purposes of the Conference.
Of the 1,219 persons registered for the Conference, 649 or 53 percent of them responded to the questionnaire. There were 204 official delegates and 126 or 61 per cent of them responded. Of the 1,015 observers, 523 or 51 per cent of them responded.
The Conference proposed to have 200 official delegates and 2,000 observers. Reoistration fioures indicated that there were 204 official delegates. There were not 2,000 observers. It would appear from the number of observers who responded to the questionnaire that more than 50 per cent were librarians. Table 1 shows the categories of respondents to the questionnaire.
Of the 645 persons who responded to the question on the clarity of the purposes of the Conference, 93 per cent indicated that the purposes were very clear or fairly clear (see Table 2). Ninety-three per cent of the respondents rated the Conference format and organization as good to excellent (see Table 3).
The keynote address of Major Owens was rated as being very effective or effective by 96 per cent of the respondents; and the same percentage of respondents indicated that Eileen Cooke's presentation gave them a better understanding of Federal legislation on libraries (see Tables 4 and 5). The panel on the status of libraries in Georgia was informative to 95 per cent of
48

the respondents (see Table 6). Hugh Carter's dinner speech was rated by 68 per cent as being effective (see Table 7).
Ninety-seven per cent of the respondents indicated that the small discussion groups addressed themselves to pertinent questions related to library and information service in Georgia (see Table 8). Ninetyfour per cent of the respondents indicated that they were satisfied with the concepts and recommendations submitted by their small discussion groups for revised library legislation and input to the White House Conference (see Table 9). Ninety-four per cent also indicated that the panelists in the Third General Session did either fully or partially answer the questions submitted to them (see Table 10).
Gerald Shields' luncheon speech was rated by 96 per cent of the respondents as being very effective or effective (see Table 11). Ninety-four per cent indicated that the presentations of the speakers and panelists provided or partially provided direction for the small discussion groups (see Table 12).
Of the 556 respondents who answered the question pertaining to the Conference achieving its stated purposes, 97 per cent indicated that it achieved or partially achieved its purposes (see Table 13). In conclusion, 95 per cent of the respondents indicated that the Conference had increased their interest in the development and growth of library and information services in Georgia (see Table 14).
The three open-end questions were answered by approximately half the number of people who responded to other questions which required only a check mark. These questions sought opinions relative to the most outstanding and the weakest features of the Conference as well as the areas of concern not covered.
The most outstanding feature of the Conference The keynote address of Major Owens at the opening session rated highest as the most outstanding feature of the Conference. The second highest rating was for the small discussion groups. Many positive comments were made about the small discussion groups in regard to the exchange of ideas between librarians and lay people, the cross section of the groups which brought forth ideas from a wide variety of backgrounds and interests, and the wealth of information and new ideas about libraries acquired by lay people.
Conference planning and organization rated third as the most outstanding feature of the Conference. Many respondents were generous in their remarks about the excellent planning that preceded the Conference and how well it was organized to run smoothly and to facilitate the movement of a large number of people from one activity to another.
In fourth place was the speech by Elmo Ellis, which a number of respondents thought was most challenging, Iively and thought provoking. Fifth was the demonstration of interest, cooperation and enthusiasm of librarians and lay people and their concerns for libraries in Georgia.
Gerald Shields' speech at the luncheon on Friday was in sixth place as the most outstanding feature of the Conference. Some respondents said that his speech did not support the purposes of the Conference but

nevertheless it was, in their opinion, the most practical for librarians and for lay people in understanding the role of librarians. In seventh place was the address of Governor George Busbee. He was praised for his knowledge of and interest in Georgia libraries.
The first panel on Thursday afternoon, which presented the status of library and information services in Georgia, and the second panel, which answered questions submitted by the small discussion groups, received equal rating in eighth place as the mostoutstanding conference features. Physical facilities for the Conference ranked in ninth place. Ray Rowland, as master of ceremonies, for the smooth, deliberate manner in which he conducted the meetings ranked tenth as the outstanding feature of the Conference.
In addition, other features listed in the order of frequency were: the Conference kits, the presentation of Eileen Cooke on Federal legislation related to libraries, the food, Ella Yates' panel presentation, Emily Anthony's responses to questions submitted by the small discussion groups, the introduction of Hugh Carter by Roy Hendricks, the dinner speech by Hugh Carter, the hospitality extended by Emily Payne, and the helpfulness of the hostesses under her direction.
The weakest features of the Conference. In first place as the weakest feature of the Conference was the lack of advance information. Many respondents indicated that they came to the Conference with little or no information about the purpose, the program, what their responsibilities were as official delegates or what was expected of them as observers. Many observers stated that they could have understood the Conference better if they could have had a copy of the Battelle Report a week or so before they came to the Conference.
Ranking in second place as the weakest feature were the small discussion groups. Some listed the poor quality of the discussions due to the fact that some discussion leaders were not prepared and had not been instructed in regard to their responsibilities as discussion leaders. Others stated that the composition of their groups did not represent a cross section of participants. For example, some groups consisted of all librarians while others had no librarians.
The dinner speech by Hugh Carter ranked third as the weakest conference feature. In fourth place were statements concerning poor food service, including the inconvenience of getting coffee, snacks, and water. In fifth place were comments about physical facilities such as the large size of the World Congress Center, the distance to hotels, lack of facilities for the handicapped, etc.
Ranking in sixth place was the use by librarians of language and acronyms not understood by lay people. The use of the Battelle Report by frequent quotations and references to it and the fact that there was no opportunity to criticize the Report ranked seventh as a weak feature of the Conference. Criticism of Conference content ranked in eighth place with statements concerning the need for more explanation and discussion of library legislation at all levels, about libraries and politics, and about securing financial support for libraries. The lack of input by lay people as speakers on the program ranked in ninth place as a

weak feature. In tenth place was the lack of publicity before, during, and after the Conference.
Other statements concerning weaknesses of the Conference were: some speakers directed their remarks only to librarians; the panelists who spoke on the status of Georgia libraries talked too long; the Conference moved too slowly and was too long; there were too many celebrities and political people on the program; there was too much repetition; the Conference schedule was too tight; the TV cameras were distracting; the speakers were dry, dull, and lacked enthusiasm; there were no visual aids used; there were no media or imaginative presentations; the keynote address of Major Owens; the talk by Elmo Ellis; and no provision for separating the smokers (of whom there were too many) from the non-smokers.
Areas not covered by the programs. Among the long list and broad scope of topics not covered by the program, special libraries were listed most frequently. In addition, the following types of special libraries were listed: medical libraries, health-service libraries, the State Library, church libraries, theological libraries, and area planning and development libraries. Information and referral services ranked second, and third were school media services. Fourth were institutional libraries including prison libraries. Fifth were services for the handicapped, including the blind, the deaf, and the mentally retarded. Sixth were services to the disadvantaged, including illiterates.
Other topics listed as omissions from the program are as follows:
Academic libraries Archives Atlanta Area Union Catalog Audio-Visual Services Book collection development Books Books by mail Cable television Certification of librarians Commercial information services Cooperation with the business community Copyright Crime prevention and penal reform Education for change Elementary school libraries Federal and state legislation on libraries Financing libraries Georgia Library Information Network (GUN) Government documents Higher education Image of librarians Libraries and minorities Library buildings Library networks Library-patron interaction Library standards Networks New technology Public library programming Public library service Public school libraries PUblicity and public relations Rural libraries Security of librarieS
49

Service to the aged SOLINET State documents Teaching library use
According to the responses to the questionnaire by 53 per cent of the persons registered, the Conference can be evaluated as successful in achieving its stated purposes. However, from the experience of planning and implementing this program, the following recommendations are made relative to other conferences:
1. At the first I?lanning meeting the goals and objectives of the Conference should be formulated and agreed upon.
2. Every segment of Conference planning should then stem from the goals and objectives.
3. Each participant should be aware of the goals and objectives and should have prior to the Conference a clear understanding of his or her responsibilities in implementing the program.

TABLE 1
CATEGORIES OF OFFICIAL DELEGATES AND PARTICIPANTS WHO RESPONDED TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE GOVERNOR'S CONFERENCE ON GEORGIA LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION SERVICES

Categories of Respondents
Educators Government Officials Interested Citizens Students Librarians Library Trustees
Totals
Percentages

Official Delegates
17 11 41
8 40
9 126
19%

Participants
92 20 49
4 310
48 523
81%

Total

Number
109 31 90 12
350 57
649

Per Cent
16.80 4.77
13.87 1.85
53.93 8.78

100%

100.00

TABLE 2 CLARITY OF CONFERENCE PURPOSES

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals
Percentages
50

Number of
Responses

Very Clear Fairly Clear Not Clear

17

10

92

54

10

6

20

11

41

27

49

31

8

5

4

3

39

22

309

175

9

6

47

32

645

382

100%

59%

4

3

34

4

3

1

7

2

12

2

16

2

3

0

1

16

1

107

21

3

0

12

3

218

45

34%

7%

TABLE 3 RATING OF CONFERENCE FORMAT IN TERMS
OF ORGANIZATION AND ARRANGEMENTS

:::ategories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number of
Reponses
16 91
10 20
41 48
8 4
40 310
9 48 645

Excellent Good Fair Poor

6

9

0

1

50

37

4

0

4

4

2

0

11

8

1

0

22

17

2

0

25

20

3

0

4

4

0

0

2

2

0

0

20

19

1

0

166

116

24

5

8

0

1

0

30

15

2

1

348

251

40

Percentages

100%

54%

39%

6% 1%

TABLE 4 EFFECTIVENESS OF OWENS' KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number of
Respondents

Very Effective

Effective Not Effective

17

11

6

0

89

39

47

3

11

6

5

0

19

12

7

0

41

17

19

4

49

26

21

2

3

7

1

0

4

1

3

0

40

29

7

4

307

182

117

8

9

6

3

0

47

23

20

4

641

359

256

25

Percentages

100%

56%

40%

4%

TABLE 5
DID THE PRESENTATION OF EILEEN COOK GIVE A BETTER UNDERSTANDING
OF FEDERAL LEGISLATION ON LIBRARIES?

Categories of Respondents

Number

of

Yes

Partially No

Respondents

Educators

Official Delegates (17)

17

Participants (92)

89

Government Officials

Official Delegates (11)

11

Participants (20)

19

Interested Citizens

Official Delegates (41)

41

Participants (49)

47

Students

Official Delegates (8)

7

Participants (4)

4

Librarians

Official Delegates (40)

40

Participants (310)

304

Library Trustees

Official Delegates (9)

8

Participants Participants (48)

47

11

3

3

51

32

6

4

7

0

14

4

1

18

21

2

30

16

l

5

2

0

1

3

0

27

13

0

182

107

15

7

1

0

29

18

0

Totals

634

379

227

28

Percentages

100%

60%

36%

4%

TABLE 6 DID PRESENTATIONS OF PANELISTS INCREASE
KNOWLEDGE OF LIBRARIES AND
INFORMATION SERVICES
IN GEORGIA?

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number

of

Yes

Partially No

Respondents

16

10

4

2

90

54

31

5

11

8

3

0

19

13

6

0

41

34

6

1

46

35

11

0

8

5

3

0

4

3

1

0

40

25

12

3

301

183

99

19

9

7

2

0

46

32

14

0

631

409

192

30

Percentages

100%

65%

30%

5%

TABLE 7 EFFECTIVENESS OF CARTER'S DINNER SPEECH

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number of
Responses

Very Effective Effective Not Effective

16

2

5

9

81

21

46

23

8

1

3

4

18

6

8

4

39

4

28

7

42

7

26

9

8

1

6

1

4

2

2

0

37

4

22

11

283

39

139

105

8

0

005

3

44

6

27

11

588

84

317

187

Percentages

100%

14%

54%

32%

TABLE 8 DID SMALL DISCUSSION GROUPS ADDRESS THEMSELVES TO
PERTINENT QUESTIONS RELATED TO LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICE IN GEORGIA?

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals
Percentages

Number of
'Respondents
15 90
11 18
41 48
8 4
37 297
8 47 624
100%

Yes
11 68
10 14
36 42
7 4
22 203
7 34 458
73%

Partially No

4

0

20

2

1

0

4

0

5

0

6

0

1

1

0

0

12

3

84

10

1

0

13

0

151

15

24%

3%

TABLE 9 SATISFACTION WITH CONCEPTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUBMITTED BY SMALL DISCUSSION GROUPS FOR REVISED LEGISLATION AND INPUT TO WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number

of

Yes

Respondents

15

8

86

42

11

8

17

10

30

25

42

29

7

2

4

3

34

16

277

129

8

5

45

31

584

308

Partially No

6

1

36

8

2

1

4

3

13

0

12

1

5

0

1

0

16

2

126

22

3

0

14

0

238

38

Percentages

100%

53%

41%

6%

TABLE 10 DID PANELISTS IN THE THIRD GENERAL SESSION
RESPOND ADEQUATELY TO QUESTIONS
SUBMITTED TO THEM?

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number of
Responses
16 79
9 10
35 41
8 4
39 184
9 43 463

Yes

Partially No

9

7

0

45

30

4

4

4

9

6

26

8

1

32

7

2

2

6

0

2

1

1

28

10

1

82

65

17

7

2

0

26

15

2

272

161

30

Percentages

100%

59%

35%

6%

TABLE 11 EFFECTIVENESS OF SHIELD'S LUNCHEON SPEECH

Categories of Respondents
Educatorsl Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals

Number of
Respondents

Very Effective

Effective Not Effective

13

6

7

o

65

34

27

4

9

4

3

2

11

5

5

1

31

12

18

37

21

15

7

7

0

o

3

1

2

o

31

24

7

o

243

151

82

10

7

3

4

o

37

16

20

1

494

284

190

20

Percentages

100%

58%

38%

4%

51

TABLE 12
DID PRESENTATIONS OF SPEAKERS AND PANELISTS PROVIDE DIRECTION FOR SMALL DISCUSSION GROUPS?

TABLE 13
DID CONFERENCE ACHIEVE ITS STATED PURPOSES?

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals
Percentages

Number of
Respondents
17 84
11 18
40 45
8 3
38 290
9 46 609
100%

Yes
9 53
8 10
18 19
6 3
20 136
6 27 315
52%

Partially No

7

1

29

2

3

0

8

0

19

3

21

5

2

0

0

0

16

2

131

23

3

0

16

3

255

39

42%

6%

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals
Percentages

Number of
Responses
16 74
10 17
36 43
8 3
35 271
7 36 556
100%

TABLE 14
DID THE CONFERENCE INCREASE INTEREST OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF
LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SERVICES IN GEORGIA?

Yes

Partially No

11

4

57

16

7

2

13

2

25

11

0

31

10

2

5

3

0

3

0

0

28

7

0

161

97

13

7

0

0

28

7

1

376

159

21

68%

29%

3

Categories of Respondents
Educators Official Delegates (17) Participants (92)
Government Officials Official Delegates (11) Participants (20)
Interested Citizens Official Delegates (41) Participants (49)
Students Official Delegates (8) Participants (4)
Librarians Official Delegates (40) Participants (310)
Library Trustees Official Delegates (9) Participants (48)
Totals
Percentages

Number of
Respondents
16 76
10 10
37 46
8 3
36 272
7 37 566
100%

Yes

No

13

3

71

5

9

1

16

2

37

0

46

1

8

0

3

0

38

3

259

13

6

1

35

2

535

31

95%

5%

52

III. RECOMMENDATIONS GENERATED BY CONFERENCE PARTICIPANTS
Editorial Note: These recommendations from participants in the Governor's Conference are printed without editing at the expressed request of the conferees.

ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Academic Libraries in Georgia should have a state coordinating agency within the organization of the Board of Regents.
Academic librarians should have faculty rank and the same benefits throughout the University System of Georgia.
In State funding the University needs are considered first and what is left over is doled out to Junior Colleges. However, their needs are great, too.
It is recommended that Academic Libraries remain as they are-libraries set up in support of a particular institution's academic program-giving service to the community based on restrictions as set up by the individual library.
Enabling legislation should be made to allow private and public college libraries to set up a cooperative organization to share resources for the betterment of their students.
More emphasis needs to be placed on at least maintaining budget levels for academic libraries.
Libraries should be put in vocational and technical schools.
ALTERNATIVES TO A SINGLE STATE LIBRARY AGENCY
Recommend that the state library be reorganized and strengthened so that it can provide services:
1. Coordinate services.
2. Disseminate information about grants, state emphasis, funding, etc.
3. To provide consultants to help local libraries improve services.
4. To monitor legislative activities important to libraries.
5. To recommend legislation concerning libraries.
Re-examine the possibility of GLA serving as a state coordinating agency for libraries and information services.
We recommend the Library System be separated from the Education Department-at least, consider this being done.
We recommend the development of a central repository for state documents.
Recommend that rather than creating a new state coordinating agency, an advisory council composed of the heads of the separate state agencies be created and that the council work closely with GLA.
Requirements at state levels for planning and

consultation for joint purchasing procedures to take advantage of volume and technical purchases.
We endorse the concept of a state library coordinating body, perhaps located within an existing structure e.g. State Department of Education.
Steps shoul be taken for a stronger state agency.
Coordinate family and children's services with libraries and schools to get books into homes and children into libraries.
Batelle Report - Page 8, Item 6 - This might be a good spot for the Board of Libraries to be inserted; Page 10, Item 2 - This could be done in conjunction with recommendation #1, page 4, utilizing the Board of Libraries previously suggested.
CERTIFICATION
Agencies other than the special library group should recognize the need for libraries as professional people.
There is great need for revision of certification laws for librarians. Media specialists should be required to earn a Master's Degree and certification laws should be strictly enforced.
Schools and colleges are urged to require more training for libraries and the profession should revise certification standards-rather than requiring legislative mandate on certification.
Certification services should require a course in administration of media services for school administrator training.
All public, academic, and even school librarians should be required to have an MSLS degree.
Minimum qualifications should be required for all public librarians. Continuing education should also be required.
Legislation for revision of certification of libraries and librarians at all levels.
Georgia should have a state librarian who is professionally certified.
Public librarian certification should be continued. The present agency is scheduled to expire soon. Legislation should be introduced continuing this certification.
COOPERATION BETWEEN ONE OR MORE TYPES OF LIBRARIES
Consolidation of school and public library service to children and youth.
Cooperation among different types of libraries should be stressed even more than it has been.
Increased cooperation between public and school libraries, inclUding coordination of summer programs.
53

Cooperation and mutual concern for all Georgia libraries be strengthened and continued.
Note: Some librarians feel that combining libraries would create more problems than they'would solve.
EDUCATION FOR LIBRARIANS
Professional standards should be established that can be satisfied both academically and through practical on-the-job training for special programs.
The University System should provide an ALA accredited graduate library program for librarians who are to be employed as public and school librarians. If there is no university program, some provision should be made for Georgians at the ALA-accredited private institutions within the state, to earn degrees at reduced costs. Perhaps these services could also be contracted with other out-of-state institutions. (SREB-Academic Common Market program provides opportunity)
It is recommended that the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia set a specific date by which time all colleges and universities in the University System offering graduate training programs for school library/media specialists will have been accredited by the ALA.
More and better communication between the State Department of Education and smaller colleges which offer four basic courses for library certification is needed.
It is recommended that library schools should include courses in public relations, pUblicity, and workshops as part of the curriculum. This should also be part of regular in-service training, especially with PR specialists as it relates to political action.
The training of librarians should be restructured to include a program for library technicians. This second level of professional training would facilitate library service.
There is a great need for librarians in better serving the handicapped.
The librarian's image has been greatly improved. Let the library schools continue to screen candidates for effective client relations.
Library schools should include training for better administration in public libraries.
EDUCATION FOR LIBRARY SKILLS
Library-user education must be upgraded. This user education cannot be accomplished by librarians alone.
Teacher education should include a required library course on how to use the library and how to teach use of the library.
We recommend that public school teachers be required to take at least one course in media for teacher certification.
In-service training for educators should be upgraded to improve knowledge of and use of school libraries and library media.
3a Require professional faculty of institutions which
54

have libraries to be trained in library use so their students may be informed.
Beginning reference, as a college course, might be initiated as a requirement.
There is a need for both lay public and professional education concerning resources-what is available and where to get the information. "Friends of the Library" type groups are very good.
Create programs for out-of-school adults to learn how to use the library, and strengthen school programs that teach students how to use the library to its fullest.
Legislation covering the teaching of the use of the library to patrons by a special librarian familiar withthe collection and facilities of the particular libraries (Bibliographic instruction, Reader's Advisors).
Can libraries train their users and non-users to appreciate and utilize to the full value the resources now available?
FEES FOR SERVICES
Consideration should be given to libraries charging for specialized services over and above normal demand of users.
Why not explore possiblity of user charges for special information retrieval services? Some members of group opposed. One member sees it as an economic necessity. Another member suggested funding of such services should be thoroughly considered from all angles.
The problem of charging for information that has been produced at public expense.
Do people have the right to expect free access to information in all libraries?
FUNDING
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Academic libraries should be funded to provide sufficient clerical personnel to release trained librarians to spend more time with patrons.
Academic libraries - more available funds through professor's proposals. (Proposals in departments including the library in their proposals and have the money come to the libraries.)
Legislation for funds for full borrowing privileges for public access to academic libraries based on actual use by the community.
Strengthen appropriation for libraries in University System.
More funding for academic libraries on both state and federal levels.
BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION
Though we realize per pupil per population is the fairest method of fund distribution, funds should be available for special projects.
Need more generous allotment of professional positions in school and pUblic libraries.
We are strongly in support of recommendation #1 on Page 6. (Battelle Report)

The state should continue to provide financial assistance on a matching basis so that all country and regional libraries and many branch librarie~ can have adequate buildings.
That the State of Georgia continue the safeguards so that funds will be spread throughout the state as it has in the past.
Have legislature raise requirements for local funding to match state aid.
There is a need to provide a method of stable funding at the local level. Legislation is needed to provide order to this. Annual indecision should be removed. Legislation should provide annual funds in a way similar to funding for local school systems.
EOUCA TlON FOR LIBRARIANS
Funding for staff development and workshops conducted in the field.
Funding for librarians to attend continuing education programs to upqrade their knowledge and to be recertified through testing (State)
We recommend that the State of Georgia provide programs or grants for doctoral study.
We endorse the recommendations with the following additions: Legislation for expending funding for the continuing education of all library personnel.
Recommend that there be more legislation, both state and federal, that provide incentives, monetarily and professionally, for librarians and possible librarians to upgrade their educational qualifications or to acquire an education to become a librarian.
EOUCA TION - LIBRARY SKILLS
Funding for teaching patrons how to use information.
Special funding in library legislation for staff to teach general reference skills in the public libraries.
Money should be made available for a conference for library school staff to increase their awareness of weakness in the library school program to meet today's needs - should re-evaluate library school curriculum. Students need training in helping the patron, grantmanship and public relations.
GLIN
Bat1elle Report - Page 4, Item 2- Georgia Library Information Network should not exclude possibility of federal funding. The availability of such funds should be explored.
Recommend that Georgia Library Information Network should be funded for continued growth and services. Since state funding seems to be more stable and since we feel the State should assume more responsibility and cut down on two-way flow of money in and out of state, we recommend 100% by state.
Non-profit special libraries should be more involved with GUN and some state funding provided for this, e.g. health, science, law, etc.
Legislative funding to enable GUN and other networks to take greater advantage of technological developments.
GUN provides an inter-library sharing of resources that profits citizens, students and scholars through-

out the State of Georgia. In view of thp. many benefits of GUN, the state should provide funding to insure GUN's continuance and expansion.
Fund GUN forever.
Increased funding for a building and increased personnel for GUN. Also increased publicity effort.
Fu ndi ng for the expansion of faci lities for GUN and the blind. Also that these facilities be provided funds for enough personnel.
We recommend that state funding should replace federal funding for the GUN network. The union catalog is very important in the GUN network and should- receive state support.
LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION
Investigate legislation to continue funds for state supported institutions and legislation for funds for private institutions.
Re-evaluate the methods of capital funding at the state level. The matching funding is not adequate. (Tax Digest, etc.)
Recommend more federal funds for construction of branch libraries in small towns.
On a federal level LSCA should be re-written to include more money for construction. The priorities should be realigned - more money is needed for urban libraries.
NETWORKING
Funding research in utilization of new technology to provide immediate access to information in all media formats.
There should be an expansion of document delivery programs, funded by federal and/or state funds. Existing document delivery programs should not be phased out, but should be continued with federal and/or state funds.
State law needs to be changed to make it able to fund SOUNET.
We recommend that funds be made available so that the regional libraries ofthe state may participate in SOU NET to the advantage of citizens throughout the state.
Recommend that the State legislature fund grants that would enable libraries across the board to acquire electronic equipment to meet needs of library users.
Allow state libraries to cooperate in contracting with computer services (MEDUNE, SOU NET) and to fund a jointly-used position to operate the system.
Legislation to subsidize all types of library networks; inter-library loans. Example: SOUNET, GUN; funds to establish new networks; to help libraries join into networks (get terminals to participate in SOUNET, GUN, or other established networks).
LSCA could have another title to fund interstate networks for eventual movement into national.
That certain federal funds be allocated for research and development on a national level to lead libraries into the computer age.
Suggest federal funding for such services as inter-
55

library loan, SOLI NET; state funding for services to local areas such as bookmobiles, special collections.
State-wide information service involving special libraries and referral information.
Begin a process of working toward providing a computer terminal in each library of whichever type, all connected to a central computer. Funding for this should come from both federal and state funds.
The library of the future should be allocated funds for equipment and the training of personnel in the innovations (networks, computer data bases, fiche services, etc.) which will be absolutely necessary for the library to be a vital component to the library's patrons.
State and Federal Legislation: To provide the funds for cataloging all library materials and for retrieval of material using new technologies, upgrading personnel training to use new systems effectively and massive public relations program to educate public on benefits of services through new technologies (electronic technology).
Re-evaluate state and federal priorities as to funding. Consider implementing new and existing technologies (computers) rather than building construction. New identification and delivery system will pay for cost savings in books lost and fines. Savings in lack of duplication in expensive material. The need is for money for implementing technologies. Research has already been done. Computer technology at every library.
SOLI NET should be supported by state funds so that more libraries-especially college and public libraries that could otherwise not afford this service-would be able to join (this is especially important now that the Library of Congress is closing its card catalog).
PUBLIC LIBRARIES
Public libraries should be funded to provide sufficient clerical personnel to release trained librarians to spend more time with patrons.
The regional systems in Georgia need more professionals. The state should change standards for how many professionals staff a region.
Adequate funding should be provided for extended hours for public and academic libraries-such as 24 hours in metro areas and weekend hours in other areas.
There should be a uniform standard for public library service and per/capita support.
Outreach programs and transportation (bookmobiles) must be funded to insure user access.
Adult literacy programs need federal funding. Present programs are staffed completely by volunteers.
Legislation to increase funding to public libraries to operate services to special groups should be enacted. (Examples: bookmobile, service to penal and mental institutions; special collections needed for special groups.)
Facilities and funds should be provided for widening scope of service so every individual can be reached.
We recommend that increased funding be made available for public libraries to develop and implement 56

programs to combat illiteracy in adults. Funds are needed for consultants, hardware and software.
We would like local funds allocated directly to the public libraries instead of being so dependent upon commissioners.. We recommend the study of the feasi bi Iity of a special tax levied by the library board up to a certain millage to assure our public libraries of adequate funds to properly operate.
Public libraries should be made aware of the full range of federal funding available. Funding for this type of clearinghouse should be a top priority.
PUBLIC RELA nONS
We recommend the funding of a position of public relations librarian to develop and coordinate state-wide library programs.
Funding a public relations position at regional level and an additional professional librarian for every 50,000.
Stipulation should be made in public funding for library PR (public relations) to motivate the community-at-Iarge about accessibility of the materials already available in libraries as well as new programs needed. We feel that this will afford community motivation, especially serving unskilled and/or specialized population needs or wants.
Funding for publicity campaigns. Images of public libraries should be changed or updated. Better communication to public needed about libraries: through clubs, brochures, publicity, etc., instruction.
That additional funds be granted to publicize new as well as traditional programs sponsored by the various types of libraries.
RURAL LIBRARIES
Consider the rural library. When money is allotted, please remember:
1. It costs more to reach individuals living a long distance apart.
2. Rural towns and counties have less local money to do needed jobs.
3. The rural library is already far behind in services and needs to be brought up at least to the present level of the average metropolitan level.
Some provision should be made for small school libraries to have additional materials over and above the allotment based on ADA. These students should have exposure to varied materials the same as those in larger schools, rather than being handicapped by provision of limited collections.
In the allocation of federal funds, consideration should be made of the needs of rural areas with a smaller population but greater cost to administer the program.
Allotting of funds fairly to small libraries.
New legislation that will effect and help the small rural areas. These are the ones that need the outreach.
Funding can be continued and expanded for the dissemination of library services in rural areas inclUding bookmobiles.
Rural libraries need intensive upgrading. The regional libraries are great-but limited.

SERVICE TO HANDICAPPED
Legislation for expanding funding for the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped.
That local and/or federal funds be provided to re-vamp libraries in order to provide restroom facilities, ramps, etc., for the handicapped in order to comply with existing law.
That local and/or federal funds be provided for services for the blind, the institutionalized, the elderly, and others in society.
That special allocations be provided to assist libraries to upgrade facilities and services in order to provide equality of access and service to all citizens regardless of physical or mental handicap.
We recognize the need for building improvements to facilitate use by handicapped persons. We recommend that some attention be given to funding such improvements, especially by those who have imposed the regulations.
Classroom facilities for the handicapped.
SERVICE TO INSTITUTIONS
Special libraries should be funded to provide sufficient clerical personnel to release trained librarians to spend more time with patrons.
Georgia Information Dissimination Center at University of Georgia provides literature search services for members of the University at minimal costs. Other institutions may use this service at much higher cost. Propose that medical libraries and other health science related institutions be allowed to use this service at minimal cost. State funding needed.
Urge State of Georgia to assume fiscal responsibility for funding for the health services ILL network.
We recommend that the state funds encourage, or allow libraries to be developed in penal and mental institutions.
Georgia Legislature fund institutions (penal, mental, etc.) for staff as well as materials.
More adequate quarters should be provided for the Library for the Blind.
We recommend that the Library of Congress study the method by which the National Library of Medicine encourages cooperation among libraries by providing grants to establish consortiums. Perhaps LC should encourage voluntary cooperation among libraries, stimulating inter-library loan. We realize an act of Congress would be necessary to provide funds for additional responsibilities.
Possible reactivation of Title 4A in Library Services and Construction Act to provide guidelines forfunding in institutional librarians.
Federal funding be provided to reinstate document delivery support by t~e National Library of Medicine.
Providing information for self-development and improvement in penal institutions could be a positive factor toward rehabilitation and prevention of crime. Library needs of institutions, including personnel, should be studied and steps taken toward implementation of those needs through legislation and funding.
Care should be given that special libraries should

receive fair share of funds. Some groups of libraries (Voc-Tech, correctional, hospitals, etc.) have not gotten fair share of bUdget.
Provide library consultants in penal institutions.
Need more funds. Funding programs for print materials for institutions together with special personnel (special guidance personnel for use of materials).
STATE COORDINA TlNG AGENCIES
The Division of Public Library Services headquarters should be housed in a new or expanded quarters immediately. Funds should be allocated for housing for the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped within the next five years. Set up a committee to decide on whether the Library for the Blind and Physically Handicapped should be included in the public library.
Set up a coordinating agency to allocate federal funds appropriately to all Georgia libraries as needed-if there is no one already designated to coordinate State library activities.
Recommend that legislation be passed to provide federal funding to establish state coordinating agencies for libraries and information services in each of the states.
FEDERAL FUNDING
BASIS OF DISTRIBUTION
Steps should be taken to consolidate federal programs so they can be understood. If the act was one act, it would be easier to administer.
Federal money should come to states in one lump sum providing there is a state coordinating agency which would have input from libraries at the local level in setting priorities.
Federal funds should be allocated on the same basis as revenue sharing funds.
The general consensus is that school programs should be directed through the state, and public institutional and special libraries should receive direct grants.
Need to know what to expect from Federal funds. (Don't know from one year to next what to expect.)
The question of whether to centralize the allocation of Federal funds in a State agency was discussed. The group agreed that a decision could not be made until information becomes available on the vehicle for allocation and/or a formula is developed to provide a fair and equal allocation to all libraries.
That the Federal Government send a lump sum of money to each state, earmarked for library purposes.
Grant money-most prefer to send lump amount to state. Funding based on needs (looking to future also). Funds to advertise library services on T.V., radio, etc., to improve access and to teach people to use various library services (computers, AV, etc.). (Imaginative TV spots, aimed at non-users.)
Cpnsideration should be given to the allocation of Federal funds both in terms of block grants and specific library grants to states based on a state's priority needs.
57

Federal monies should be based on needs and services, not on economic deprivation. (ex. Title I, ESEA)
Federal funding for libraries-separate categories for each type of library.
We recommend that federal funds be administered through State agencies rather than by Federal grants.
That certain federal funds be allocated on a matching basis with state and local funds; other funds be allocated with state and local funds on a ratio basis.
That federal legislation providing funding for libraries and information services be drafted to include eligibility of all types of libraries and information services, regardless of source of support or affiliation.
That federal legislation providing funding for libraries be written in such a way as to eliminate, insofar as possible, at both the state and federal level, restrictions on the use of money, in order that funds may be used in the most effective manner to meet local needs and to preserve heterogeneity of educational opportunities.
Individual grants vs. state allocation: It is the consensus of this table that the funding be continued as it is at present. The consolidation idea is rejected as being impractical.
Federal funding should be to individual libraries, but there should be state-level coordinators to help these libraries meet federal regulations.
Do we really want massive federal funding for new programs which may hot be wanted by the general public?
We prefer type-of-Iibrary (consider revenue sharing, NSF) rather than lump sum funding.
Conclusion was that the State of Georgia should receive federal money, with some federal guidelines.
Federal grants-one block or divided? Recommendation: Money be allocated by federal government by population then dispersed by categories through State agencies with guidelines that are not so rigid to restrict individual libraries from using the funds as their needs suggest.
In order to make any recommendation or state any concept, we would need to know:
1. What are the present sources of funding from the state and federal governments?
2. What amount of money do you wish to seek from the federal government?
This seems to be necessary in orderto make a recommendation for state and federal legislation. After each group-school, public and academic librariesdetermine their needs, a specific realistic amount should be requested.
As far as federal funding is concerned, it is doubtful that lum sum funding to the Georgia libraries will be distributed equitably.
That legislation provide for the equitable distribution of funds based on need rather than ability to write grant proposals. That first priority be given to meeting minimum standards of library service throughout the country, based on local needs assessments.
58

That the federal government make allocations to be used for designated purposes and that these funds be administered by a state agency on the basis of state needs and priorities.
Allocation of monies for state, public, school libraries: lack of central group for distributing the money would probably make it more difficult to administer. Concerned that if we go to a single grant, we will have to write proposals. Those agencies that can afford to have a proposal written will get the most money. Federal government should give librarian more time to spend monies. Librarians should be told in advance when date will be.
Is it possible for local system to control federal funding?
Above basic funding through state agencies, funds should be provided through such agencies as the National Endowments for Arts and Humanities to provide direct grants to libraries in those areas.
1. Establish a separate Department of Education 2. Grant Federal Funds on a more stable and con-
tinuing basis. (Very difficult to operate with fluctuating funds.) 3. Grant Federal funds on a more equitable basis. (Consider granting them on a per capita basis.) 4. Simplify application for Federal funds. 5. If the fair distribution of Federal funds could be assured by granting them to the states, we recommend that all library funds be given to the states to be administered. We believe that this would simplify their distribution.
Continuing funding of LSCA (Library Services and Construction Act).
DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS
Funding needed for states to determine criteria by which they will set up standards.
METHODS
Have tenured and long ranee financina rather than stop-gap types. Strongly protest matching funds programs - as this penalizes the poor and small communities.
Across the board allocations to libraries or institutions (per capita) or based on number of persons with no regional bias with regard to federal funds.
Special consideration should be given to deficient areas. Leave equalization to the state.
We recommend that legislation for adequate, continuous funding be provided for library assistance that will be more in line with progressive educational requirements with the citizens of our country. Recommend 150 million dollars federal assistance dispersed according to population. MORE MONEY!!!
Consideration should be given to a tax dedicated to libraries. This would bring the fact that taxes do support libraries.
Recommend legislation to secure a strong tax base for all types of libraries.
NA TlONAL PROGRAM
Request more federal funds to support a national library program.

STATE FUNDING
SALARIES
Professional Librarians' salaries must be equal to surrounding states.
Remuneration for all educational personnel shall be commensurate with required preparation and training in line with that of other professions.
That librarians and/or school library/media specialists should receive compensation commensurate with their training as well as commensurate with compensation received by their peers on the faculty.
SCHOOL LIBRARIES
School (an other) libraries should be funded to have clerical help so trained librarians will not have to type and file, but can spend more time with patrons.
State Board of Education and State Legislature continue committment to school media programs. It must be funded adequately and requirements for its utilization in support of the instructional program must be made stringent.
All schools in Georgia should have more electronic media equipment. This requires more funds by the State Department of Education (Ex.: Video Tape Recording Equipment.)
We endorse #1 on page 10 of the Battelle Study. The State Board of Education must make a commitment to media. if must be funded adequately and requirements for its utilization in support of the instructional program must be made strinQent. This panel endorses the Battelle recommendation on page 10-12 (recommendations on school libraries).
State should fund time and expense money for school librarians to attend workshops during school time.
Additional funds should be available so that school libraries may serve the community until 7:30 or 8:00 p.m., particularly ifthere is no public library in the area.
Encourage the support for teacher aids for libraries and media centers.
FUTURE PRE-WHITE HOUSE AND GOVERNOR'S CONFERENCES We recommend a mini-conference in 1978 to up-date the 1977 recommendations and to determine state progress towards state goals. Use GLiN for this.
A legal representative and a law librarian must be present at every pre-White House Conference on the panel to formulate legal policy and ways to communicate and instigate library programs.
At future pre-White House Conferences such as this, high school and college students should be encouraged to attend and participate.
Conference: 1. Mail out information further in advance. 2. Stuff packets uniformly 3. Serve coffee, etc., constantly. Snack bar, etc. 4. Cover the conferences with your state educational TV.

All participants in this conference should receive information on findings.
Establishment of a continuing "Governor's Blue Ribbon Committee" composed of 1/3 librarians and trustees, 2/3 lay people (including legislators) to carry out purposes of this Governor's Conference as stated.
GLiN More cooperative efforts should be aimed at school media centers. That they be included in networks, processing, etc., so that staff can work more with people due to spending less time with detail work.
Small private libraries can be included as resources and information retrievals for GLlN, etc. Many of these schools may have valuable special collections.
Would like public schools to have direct access to GLiN rather than to go through the public library. Should make instant information accessible to everyone.
Use GLiN to inform librarians of up-coming library staff development and other professional activities within the state. ,The solutions of the speaker, Dr. Russell, at the Third General Session are not satisfactory. The communications gap in this area is enormous.
LEGISLATION
Definition of the forthcoming copyright legislation versus the concept of shared resouces.
Legislative network involving citizens all over the state so that if legislation is pending local people will know and be able to contact local legislators culminating in regional and eventually national networks. Coordinate-feel this is a very positive recommendation, can get into it concretely.
Public libraries should be permitted to sell materials needed and put that money back into building collection.
Provisions and regulations of the Library Services and Construction Act should be made more flexible.
Legislation should provide opportunity to establish proper criteria for evaluation of information services and library services:
-designating categories to be evaluated -determining methods of evaluation -providing means of implementinQ these measures Task force led by ALA and GLA to help establish a data base to warrant funding.
The consensus of this discussion group is that the most expeditious manner of getting effective legislation produced for furthering library services and development is to have all library trustees sufficiently informed to be able to interpret the library program to the public at all times.
LIBRARY PLANNING ON THE NATIONAL AND STATE LEVEL
Recommend that state legislature pass the recommendations of Battelle Report. These recommendations should be made individually and not submitted as the Batelle Report.
State library associations, the state legislature of Georgia, and the state library agency should lobby for
59

federal enabling legislation to name the Library of Congress as the official national library agency forthe United States.
Recommend that Department of Education be separated from HEW. We recommend that the federal and state library agencies give priority to strengthening library service (both pUblic and school) to rural areas-this being recognized as a seriously weak area of service.
Define clearly the prospective roles of federal and state governments in library development.
Establish (legislatively or bureaucratically) a separate department to administer education or educational media monies directly to State agencies.
The state legislature designate a "blue ribbon" committee to study and make recommendations of public library law in the state and update according to current needs.
That a cabinet level Department of Education be created in order to enhance the capability of this agency to respond to the needs of citizens.
Recommend that the national goals be implemented.
Encourage the private sector (comprising organizations which are not directly tax-supported) to become an active partner in the development of the national library program.
That the goals of the National Commission need continued study and support.
A national policy to standardize the various union catalogs in the United States should be taken to Presidential Conference-recommendation of representatives from National Commission on Libraries and Information Services.
Develop national plan to coordinate access to information to coordinate with state plans.
Establish a locus offederal responsi bility charged with implementing the national network and coordinating the national program under the policy guidance of the national commission.
Though we concur completely with the resolutions for the national program as read, there should be many subheadings under the resolutions detailing specifically the needs of the libraries.
LOBBYING
We recommend a strengthening of GLA as regards its lobbying efforts including a paid staff to communicate with legislators and members as to legislation and priorities. The dues increase would be money well spent.
What are the legal problems of providing lobbyists? How can GLA and ALA have lobbyists?
MATERIALS AND SERVICES Libraries should consider all materials that could be made available to communities such as farm equipment.
Provide assistance in conducting community surveys.
Georgia has particular problems in rural areas-meeting needs of poorer population scattered over large areas.
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Recommend that aesthetic recreational, etc., aspects of library service should not be lost in concentration on information retrieval.
Materials, AV, print, nonprint, toys, comic books, large print books, and videotapes must be presented in the format read by all types of clientele.
Videotape, microfilm, microfiche materials and equipment should be made available to all library patrons. Services should be provided for patrons to purchase desired copies of all types of materials (copies of microfilm, microfiche, book pages, etc.) within the copyright law.
"Dial-a-Story" by telephone would increase user participation in story hours.
Encourage the present practice of public libraries lending art prints, toys, records and tapes. Can this variety be increased?
1. Shift focus of services from young to senior citizens and the economically depressed.
2. Libraries in youth centers and detention homes. 3. Location of a second law library in Georgia. 4. Establishment of local medical libraries. 5. More public television.
That the public library extend its services to include listings of job opportunities and locations of these jobs so that people qualified in a particular field would know of the existing vacancies in other locations (perhaps SOLIENT or GLiN could be used).
We advocate that there be an investigation into the possibilities of using libraries as contact centers for people with particular needs. For example: If one needed help with a drug problem-where would he go? (The Lake Blackshear Regional has this program.)
Why can't libraries be repository of all data, governmental or otherwise.
Include provisions for equating library service to all users based on socioeconomic needs as well as population.
There are a multitude of information collecting groups -libraries should have data access to all.
All evaluative measures in implementation plans should show actually what services offered etc. (Consensus of opinion that many services are difficult to measure.) Revamp personnel facilities and programs through use of outside consultant firms.
NETWORKING Establish an information clearinghouse for resource centers throughout the state.
Provide funding for cooperative networks which might succeed better.
Plan, develop and implement a nationwide network of library and information services.
Establish electronic networks which are vital to the future of libraries if they are to keep pace with technological advancement in other fields. Action should be taken, including supplemental funding, to aid in the expansion of the networks to include more libraries and a greater variety of libraries.
Create computerized information system tapped into a central location to be available to all types of libraries.

Not every public library should have a terminal, but all would have access via telephone.
Recommend the development of an information retrieval service to which regional libraries would have access via computer terminals, such as the New York Times data base.
Explore new technology to deliver materials and/or information to patrons at faster rate.
Develop systematic method for dissemination and implementation of research findings.
Implement SOLINET as rapidly as possible in bibliographic service for inter-library ~oans.
Establish regional reference networks for all of the libraries in the State of Georgia. This would include school, public and academic libraries.
Accelerate efforts of the profession toward cooperative sharing of resources to avoid a hierarchy that will impede effective services to users.
Expand library networks to include school, institutes and special use.
Encourage the implementation of library services networks at the national level.
PLANNING To State Legislature: Funding based on needs stated in Battelle Report-and long-range planning.
Need statewide long range planning and coordination.
One emphasis for 1979 White House Conference should be a Federally funded project to study the needs of the 80's - Will the primary need be a large central public library with lots of bookmobiles or will the need be a strong central library with numerous branches?
Guidelines and goals need to be specific for funding.
Seek methods of improving formulas for distribution of funds for counties to improve service for all individuals.
That some funds be earmarked, that other funds have latitude to be used where needed.
Requests for funding must be carefully planned and itemized. Everything must be fully justified.
Promote closer cooperation between institutions which are providing funds and those institutions which need those funds.
Work toward ALA standards for funding (state and federal) in all libraries in the state.
Recommendation for block grants with the stipulation that a review board be established to oversee specialized libraries rather than political appointment or consideration. The board would consist of librarians and interested persons with special knowledge and concern for library services.
The local, state and federal funding structure for libraries should be examined closely, to the end result of providing more funding for library services and personnel.
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
GLA should open membership to lay people, trustees, and friends of the library.

GLA could provide bibliographies of available books and media on topics of interest, e.g. how to train pages; how to move a library; how to do pUblicity.
GLA should meet annually.
Do not want Federal interference in Library Association.
Suggest more ALA input and influence to IFLA in establishing one International Standard.
Recommend that immediate attention be given to the pressing need for library services to:
1. Prisons - especially youth institutions. 2. Mental hospital patient library. 3. The aged in nursing homes. GLA should establish a committee to study needs and actively seek legislative action in these three areas with first attention to youthful offenders in prisons.
We recommend that ALA remove their restriction on the lending of genealogical material.
GLA be urged to establish a task force consisting of representatives of all types of libraries, trustees and other interested lay persons to explore the feasibility of a unified state agency to give leadership to libraries and information services.
Recommend that GLA should have representation in Georgians United for Education.
Pres. M. Otis Jackson, Chairman Board of Education Fulton County 786 Cleveland Avenue, S.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30315
Establish reward program for libraries for demonstration and innovative programs.
The Georgia library associations and the state library agency should press for financing that meets all determined priority needs for keeping all Georgia Libraries up to date during the transitional period from now toward modern technological innovations in library service.
The Georgia Library Association asks librarians, government officials and interested patrons to make known to the proper persons at the National Library of Medicine their dissatisfaction with the withdrawal of document delivery support.
Standards for School Programs, Southern Accreditation Association, Georgia Accreditation Association - upgrade requirements of the above and improve compliance with existing requirements.
PUBLIC L1BRARIES- LOCAL State should require student or young adult participation on libraries Board of Directors.
Public libraries need to direct more attention to giving guidance and materials in continuing education.
Seating accommodations should be suited for the clientele. Bean bags and rocking chairs are good examples. Handicapped people, young people and older people and browsers would greatly benefit from this use of space.
Public library should hold more classes for the people of the community-especially the retired, youth, and those interested in more education at night. Increase areas of services-especially for those 65 and older.
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PUBLIC LIBRARIES - STATE We recommend continuation and strenghtening by State Department of Education of _the Vacation Reading Club Program in the public libraries of the state, it being recognized as a highly successful area of library service.
Department of Human Resources and its divisions and the Department of Offender Rehabilitation should have appropriate library consultants.
Films and other materials should be easily accessible to all without cost. Special services should be an integral part of public libraries.
The catalog card service of the Division of Public Library Services should be continued and expandedso more libraries will be aware of this service and be able to use this service.
We recommend that all public libraries base their schedules on the people they are serving. Hours should be set so that patrons may use the facilities in the evenings and weekends. PUBLIC RELATIONS Would like to see White House Conference develop specific programs to help the local community inform the public on library services. A better informed populace will put pressure on legislators to provide services, if the public realizes these services are possible and needed.
Provide better means of making information available -close the gap between information generation and information availability and make librarians repositories for these. Le. get information to people in a usable time frame.
Librarians and library supporters should educate politicians to the needs for libraries in institutions.
Create awareness of the citizenship to aid in providing training volunteer workers for libraries-public as well as school.
Communication facilities should be strengthened through a newsletter, etc.
Publicity campaign should be mounted to encourage parents to read to children. Funds should be provided for this pUblicity.
Require that a promotion program be a part of any funding with emphasis on special services such as large print, talking books, etc.
PUBLIC RELATIONS TO GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
Encourage trustees and citizens to become lobbyists for libraries.
We need to better inform legislators so thatthey will be more aware of library needs.
RELEVANCY OF PROGRAM TO USER
Ensure that basic minimums of library and information services adequate to meet the needs of all local communities are satisfied.
Provide adequate special services to special constituencies including the unserved.
We need to have a clear understanding of the needs of our patrons.
Can library procedures be made simple enough forthe hesitant potential user to become a user?
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Continued interest on the right to read.
Systematic method for development of avenues for life-long learning.
Intensive survey needed by regional and other libraries to be sure they are serving all geographic areas.
Improve public relations for libraries, such as full page ads in newspapers indicating service.
Any program requires intensive effort by the local people. No outside support is going tocome along and then be successful without local effort.
The general public be made aware of the high level of education required for a librarian.
There should be a concerted effort on the part of libraries and other agencies to inform the public of rising costs and the need for additional funds. Search out and inform libraries and media specialists on the local level about available funds. Local libraries should make every effot to use their resources (funds and personnel) to the greatest advantage.
Active participation in promoting bond referenda for libraries is the duty of librarians and library users. Efficient use of these taxes must be guaranteed.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS, Standards should be changed so that there is one media specialist for every school regardless of student enrollment.
Staffing should include an aide-for the elementary school media center as well as the high school.
Southern Association of Accreditation must not eliminate school librarians. They are vital to the moral, educational, cultural life of every citizen.
The State Board of Education should consider a policy requiring that all school libraries be open twelve months of the year to provide library service for the community.
All State supported elementary and secondary schools in Georgia should be required to meet accreditation requirements, including Voc. Tech. schools. All schools should be adequate and meet ALA standards.
The managerial authority of the State Board of Education over local school boards should be strengthened, similar to the Board of Regents System.
School libraries must be utilized to their fullest extent-scheduled library time is ineffective unless curriculum is coordinated with the school librarian (in most instances this is not working). Open school libraries (where students and teachers come to library when they need to utilize the facilities) are much better. School libraries must met accreditation requirements.
Library supervisory personnel should be available to all school libraries for consultation and advisement.
Evaluate the existing people acting as librariansweed the collection of librarians.
Parents and teachers also need to be made aware of the role of the school media specialist.
Title IVB money should be made available to the libraries.
Increased communication between the State Depart-

ment of Education and the school library to improve awareness of library needs.
School systems need to be encouraged to weed and update their individual school library collections. Many books are kept on shelves merely to maintain high book count per pupil in order to meet accreditation standards. School boards and school superintendents should be made aware in a dramatic way of the need for good, intellectually and aesthetically appealing collections. After all, the books themselves are the materials most often held in the hands and used more by individual school children. More emphasis is on quality than quantity.
Every school system should have a county-wide library supervisor.
SERVICE TO INSTITUTIONS
Prison library services should be included in rehabilitation programs and such allocations be provided in legislation for rehabilitation.
Veteran's Hospitals should have more library collections.
Library groups should cooperate with medical and other professional groups to upgrade conditions in institutions.
Library services for those people in Georgia's penal and health care institutions are virtually non-existent. This situation is intolerable and cannot be allowed to continue. It is recommended, therefore, that state funds be sought to strengthen existing institution libraries, and to develop adequate libraries and services where they do not presently exist.
Institution libraries should come under the supervision of the Department of Education (e.g. establishment of standards, priorities for funding, etc.)
We recommend state legislation for funding to establish adequate libraries and provide for their staffing in state mental and correctional institutions. These people are weak and have no effective voice to speak for them, and they should not be deprived of services which might contribute to their healing and rehabilitation. Federal legislation might provide funds to start these libraries and the states could continue these projects. Hopefully, the Federal government might continue some support.
We recomm~nd legislation for continued support for libraries in institutions with appropriate state consultants, and for cooperative programs with pUblic libraries similar to the program forthe blind and handicapped.
A position should be created for a State Co-ordinator for library services in penal institutions.
Long range planning for libraries in Georgia should include institutions and funds from LSCA should be used for this purpose.
SERVICE TO THE HANDICAPPED
Establish a State Consultant for the aged as well as the blind and other handicapped.
Develop in 1980's a viable and visible program for the mentally retarded, epileptic, cerebal palsied, deaf, mentally ill, emotionally disturbed, and for drug abusers and those with similar problems.

Establish clear specific standards for building design for the handicapped with special emphasis on libraries.
Make large print books available in every library.
Expand the definition of handicapped to include more than blind and physically handicapped Le., mental retardation, deaf, epileptic, cerebral palsy, etc., so that facilities or programs are defined and/or included for these groups.
Define all programs dealing with the handicapped more clearly so that the deaf and mentally retarded especially be considered.
Urge that Georgia Federation of the Blind-National Federation of the Blind of Georgia be consulted concerning library services for the blind.
Recommend that the conference look into the need of revising the regulation from HEW regarding library facilities for the handicapped.
STAFF DEVELOPMENT
Non-professionals can often be very effective with the help of continuing education.
We advocate a program of improved training and staff development for paraprofessionals and clerical personnel in our libraries.
We need to improve training and staff development in our libraries.
We advocate that a program be established to train paraprofessionals and clerical personnel.
Continuing evaluation of staff competency is necessary to assure that the intangible qualities that make good librarians are not lost in the library of the 21st Century. Continuing education of personnel is essential to the implementation of a national program.
Money for staff development to provide for better PR and advertising-community awareness of what the library has to offer.
We recommend program of staff development to understand the needs of the users, to learn to cope with responsibilities as community information source for the library.
An on-going in-service staff development program is vital for a library to function well and schools of library service should cooperate in planning staff development programs.
Ensure basic and continuing education of personnel essential to the implementation of a national program.
Continuing education and review courses should be offered to in-service librarians on the same basis as continuing education courses in other disciplines. It is further recommended that these courses be community-based or offered in regional workshops.
In response to use of computers in libraries (Elmo Ellis' talk)-there were some misgivings about the idea of totally computerized systems, but comment was made that continuing education should also deal with training staff to use machines.
Encourage regional area workshops for professional and non-professional library personnel for continuing education.
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Necessary funds for coordination and promotion of continuing education, should be provided to include in-service training and institutional training.
All people in the Library profession should be actively engaged in approved programs of continuing education.
STATE COORDINATING AGENCY
It is recommended that a single state agency be created for the planning of all library and informational services in Georgia, and that it be authorized to receive and disburse state and federal funds for all library and informational services receiving such funds.
Recommend a state "umbrella" for all libraries in the state to further cooperation.
It is recommended that a centralized mechanism be established for gathering and evaluating statistics. These should be published. This could be the initial task of the coordinating agency mentioned in the first recommendation. This would bring the various library interests together with a working relationship.
Do we want Federal Government to give lump sums marked for Iibaries? Yes-and be required to have one agency allocating the money. This agency should seek the most equitable basis for distribution.
We recognize that a coordinating agency is needed to further cooperation between libraries. However, we are hesitant to recommend such an agency, for fear that a super-agency might drain off funds needed by libraries.
Recommend that a Board of Libraries (similarto Board of Regents and Board of Education) be appointed with one representative from each Congressional District, plus a chairman to help coordinate the new agency proposed in Batelle Report. Avoid top heavy administration and red tape; investigate elimination of excess levels of organization.
Library Advisory Council should include: 1. Community delegate 2. Parent delegate (if school) 3. Library personnel 4. Student delegate (if school or public)
Study state-level library coordinating agencies in Illinois and New York as possible patterns for a Georgia Agency.
How will the state level coordinating agency be formed? If safeguards are not provided, agency could be a political football.
Perhaps the state agency for coordination of all libraries should have independent status (Le. should not be part of the Department of Education).
Formation of a statewide coordinating agency to include lay people and all types of librarians to act in consulting capacity only.
Favor one state agency to disperse funds with a committee composed of representatives of all types of libraries.
A central library agency for the State of Georgia should be created. This agency should not be within any other department, but as independent as the
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Department of Education. All types of non-profit libraries should be eligible for grants from the agency: Libraries in schools, higher educational institutions, public, prison, etc. The agency should present plans for coordination of materials and personnel based on statistics collected; should promote the use of information, assess needs and distribute state and federal funds in an equitable manner. There is a need for a steering group (statewide) with patron and citizen input; not just librarians but a crosssection of people similar to the make-up of this conference.
STATE-WIDE LIBRARY CARD
Procedures for use by the public of library facilitiesjoint use by inter-library use card-wherever public funds are utilized.
Why not have a public library state-wide borrowers card? We recommend the development of a system-wide library card good at all units of the university system (perhaps for a nominal annual fee) entitling the holder to check materials out of any unit of the system and return to any unit.
We recommend the development of a state-wide public library card which would give the possessor the privilege to borrow from any library in the state. A fee might be charged for this service.
WHITE HOUSE CONFERENCE
Georgia delegates should arrive at the White House Conference with a precise statement of philosophy and specific plan of action and precise statement of outcomes expected to come from plans. Delegates to the White House Conference should be briefed as to the purposes of the conference in advance. Recommend that all libraries receive a printed copy of the proceedings of the White House Conference. Recommend that Georgia delegates to the White House Conference be representative of all types of libraries as well as lay citizens. It is recommended that some method of disseminating information about accredited library schools be structured by the White House Conference on Libraries, with emphasis on information library school students of the importance of library school accreditation. The White House Conference Program should include some non-users giving their reasons for not using the library. Recommend that delegates to the White House Conference investigate the feasibility of obtaining more realistic guidelines for federal grants in regard to acquisitions (e.g. time frame).