Georgia's best management practices for forestry

Georgia's
Best Management
Practices
for Forestry
1

Foreword
Georgia's Best Management Practices for Forestry
The purpose of this manual is to inform landowners, foresters, timber buyers, loggers, site preparation and reforestation contractors, and others involved with silvicultural operations about common-sense, economical and effective practices to minimize non-point source pollution (soil erosion and stream sedimentation) and thermal pollution. These minimum practices are called BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES and are commonly referred to as BMPs. They were initially developed in 1981 by a Forestry Non-Point Source Pollution Technical Task Force as required by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. That act mandated states to develop a program to protect and improve the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters so they remain "fishable" and "swimmable" for today's and future generations.
Due to changes in technology and the rules and regulations governing land disturbing activities, the forestry community and regulators encouraged a revision of the 1981 BMPs. A separate set of wetland BMPs were developed in 1989 which were incorporated into the 1999 comprehensive manual by a similar task force. Since 1999, additional guidance has been developed. This 2009 manual represents the collective best efforts to establish sound, responsible, guiding principles for silvicultural operations in the State of Georgia.
Note: Words in Italics are found in the glossary.
Legal justice scale denotes mandated law or requirement.
A "no" symbol indicated practices to avoid.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Georgia Environmental Protection Division, the Georgia Forestry Commission and the Georgia Forestry Association wish to express appreciation to those organizations and individuals that contributed to the development and review of this publication. These individuals are listed under Contributors and Sources of Information (See page 71).
THE PUBLICATION OF THIS DOCUMENT WAS SUPPORTED BY THE GEORGIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION AND WAS FINANCED IN PART THROUGH A GRANT FROM THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF SECTION 319(h) OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT, AS AMENDED.
MAY 2009
2

Table of Contents
Foreword........................................................................................................ 2 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................2 Section 1.0 Introduction ..............................................................................4 Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality ......................................................6 Section 2.1 Streamside Management Zones .............................................8 Section 2.2 Special Management Areas ................................................... 12 Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings
Maintenance, and Retirement ............................................................26 Section 4.0 Timber Harvesting ..................................................................38 Section 5.0 Site Preparation and Reforestation ......................................44 Section 6.0 Management and Protection .................................................52 Section 7.0 Additional Management Objectives ..................................... 56 Section 8.0 Appendix Containing Federal, State and Local Laws .........58 Glossary ....................................................................................................... 66 Contributors and Sources of Information ................................................ 71
3

Section 1.0
Introduction

Georgia's 24.2 million acres of commercial forests provide a variety of benefits for the people of the state. In addition to forest products, forests provide clean water, clean air, soil conservation, wildlife habitat, flora and fauna, and opportunities for recreation, aesthetics, education, and research. These forests are managed by landowners with varying objectives and their individual management decisions may be designed to support a broad variety of specific focused benefits related to the list above and others from Section 7.0. Figure 1-A shows the percentage of forest land in the state and Figure 1-B indicates the ownership makeup of that forest land.

Figure 1-A Georgia's Land Use

Figure 1-B Georgia's Commercial Forest Ownership

Non-Forested Acres 34%

Reserved Timberland 1%

Other corporate 16%
Forest industry 18%
14.3 4.3

Commercial Forest Land 65%

Other

1.2

public 5% .6

National forests 3%

Family forests 58%

Note: Numbers on pie chart represent million acres.

Georgia has 44,056 miles of perennial streams (approximately 4,000 miles of which are designated as mountain trout waters), 23,906 miles of intermittent streams and 603 miles of ditches and canals for a total of 68,565 stream miles. The state also has 425,382 acres of public lakes and reservoirs, 4.8 million acres of wetlands (nine percent tidally affected), 854 square miles of estuaries and 100 miles of coastline. This document emphasizes the protection of the state's water resources, when conducting forestry operations, through Best Management Practices (BMPs) in controlling or minimizing soil erosion and stream sedimentation. BMPs are the most appropriate or applicable practices to attain a silvicultural goal while protecting the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the state's waters.
4

"It is in the best

interest of everyone

involved in sivicultural

operations to properly

By using proper forest management and sound conservation practices including BMPs, forests can continue to provide benefits for future generations. Failure to follow BMPs may result in civil and criminal fines and penalties. Some counties already require plan

plan and supervise their operations by consistently following BMPs to prevent any potential water quality problems."

reviews, permits, fees, performance bonds

and compliance audits. See Appendix 8.3, page 65. Therefore, to prevent any

potential water quality problems, it is in the best interest of everyone involved

in silvicultural operations to properly plan and supervise their operations.

By consistently following BMPs, problems can be avoided or corrected as

soon as possible.

Since 1978, the Georgia Forestry Commission (GFC) has been designated by

the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (GAEPD) as the lead agency to

coordinate the forest water quality program. The program's primary responsibili-

ties include: educating the forestry community on BMPs through training and

demonstrations; conducting BMP use and effectiveness monitoring surveys; and

investigating and mediating forestry water quality complaints.

For more information about BMPs, contact the Georgia Forestry Commission, P.O. Box 819, Macon, GA, 31202,
1-800-GA-TREES or visit us at www.gatrees.org.
5

Section 2.0
Planning for Water Quality
A ny forest management activity, regardless of potential impact on water quality, should be thoroughly planned. Whether the activity involves seasoned timber buyers or landowners selling timber for the first time, the planning process should address the objectives of the proposed activity as well as potential impacts of all actions that disturb the soil surface or impact water quality. The planning process should help identify sensitive areas and applicable BMPs to be used during timber sales, road construction, stream crossings, harvesting, site preparation, reforestation, and herbicide applications. The planning process should help identify terms and conditions of a written contract for any forestry practice. While BMPs do not specifically require written plans, it is generally a sound practice to maintain written records of any forest management activity on the land. Plans should include:
s HISTORYOFTHESITEINCLUDINGPASTLANDUSE s IDENTIlCATIONOFSENSITIVEAREASSUCHASperennial and intermittent streams,
ephemeral areas, lakes, ponds, wetlands, steep slopes, highly erosive or hydric soils, active gully systems, etc., s REGULATIONSANDORPERMITTINGREQUIREMENTSAND LOCATION TYPE TIMING and logistics of each activity.
Useful resources for planning forest operations include United States Geologic Survey (USGS) topographic maps, Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) county soil survey maps with interpretations, aerial photographs and tax maps. These maps can help users locate tract boundaries and sensitive areas. Because no map is 100 percent accurate, they should be used as a reference to identify potentially sensitive areas that must then be verified and plotted during field reconnaissance to minimize impacts on them before silvicultural operations begin. Except for tax maps, the GFC maintains these documents at all District Offices. The NRCS maintains soil and topographic maps at local field offices where field personnel can assist in map and resource information interpretation. These maps can be accessed by visiting www.websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov or www.gis.state.ga.us.
Water quality protection begins with recognizing watercourses and water bodies. According to the federal Clean Water Act, "waters of the U.S." include lakes, rivers, perennial and intermittent streams, wetlands, sloughs or natural ponds. Georgia
6

law (OCGA 12-7-3.13) defines "waters of the state" to mean all rivers, streams, creeks, branches, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems, springs, wells, and other bodies of surface or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying within or forming part of the boundaries of the state that are not entirely confined and retained completely upon the property of a single individual, partnership or corporation.
Identifying stream types (perennial, intermittent, or ephemeral) is important in prescribing the level of protection through the implementation of BMPs listed in this manual. USGS topographic maps and NRCS county soil maps can be used as a reference to identify stream types. Where available, they should be cross-referenced and field verified. See Figure 2-A.
Figure 2-A: The following examples illustrate the same tract of land showing how streams are identified as they appear in different types of available maps. Left, USGS topo map. Bottom left, NRCS county soil survey map. Bottom right, NRCS web soil survey map.
7

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality
Stream Types
Perennial streams flow in a well-defined channel throughout most of the year under normal climatic conditions. Some may dry up during drought periods or due to excessive upstream uses. They are usually identified as solid blue lines on USGS topographic maps and as either solid black or black lines separated by one dot on NRCS soil maps. Aquatic organisms are normally present and easily found in these streams.
Intermittent streams flow in a well-defined channel during wet seasons of the year but not for the entire year. They generally exhibit signs of water velocity sufficient to move soil material, litter and fine debris. They are usually identified as blue lines separated by three dots on USGS topographic maps and as black lines separated by two or more dots on NRCS soil maps. Aquatic organisms often are difficult to find or not present at all in these streams.
Ephemeral areas can direct stormflow into surface waters. Care should be taken to minimize these areas from becoming sources of pollutants. For a more detailed description and BMPs for ephemeral areas, see page 18.
The landowner or manager may be familiar with a stream's flow characteristics and make the determination of stream type. In some cases there may be uncertainty. For example, ephemeral areas may be difficult to locate when they are not actively flowing. In such situations, consult a qualified professional.
2.1 STREAMSIDE MANAGEMENT ZONES (SMZs)
Streamside Management Zones (SMZs) are buffer strips adjacent to perennial or intermittent streams or other bodies of water (lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc.) that should be managed with special considerations to protect water quality. Trees and other vegetation in the SMZ provide shade that buffers water temperatures; woody debris vital to the aquatic ecosystem; natural filtration of sediment and other pollutants (nutrients and pesticides): and travel corridors and habitat for wildlife. SMZs also provide some flood protection by dissipating the velocity of moving water.
When planning and laying out harvest or treatment areas, SMZs should be identified on maps or aerial photos and clearly designated in the field with paint or flagging. You should also identify local, state or federal regulations that may supersede or mandate the use of BMPs, such as those for protected water-supply reservoirswatersheds or protected river corridors.
8

Note: Words in italics are found in the glossary.

2.1.1 Perennial and Intermittent Stream SMZ Width Recommendations
There is no uniform formula to determine the appropriate width of an SMZ. In general, however, the steeper the slope and more erosive the soil, the wider the SMZ should be. Slope should be determined at 100-feet perpendicular to the streambank. Therefore, SMZ widths may vary along a stream's course and on opposite sides of the same stream. SMZs should be measured along the ground from the streambank on each side of the stream and not from the centerline of the stream (Refer to Figure 2-B and Table 2-A).
Figure 2-B. Diagram Showing How to Determine Slope
rise in vertical feet Note: % slope = horizontal run in feet
23'

21%-40% Slope (Moderate)

41%+ Slope (Steep)

100'
Example: 23' vertical over 100' horizontal distance equals 23% slope

0%-20% Slope (Slight)

Table 2-A. SMZ Widths by Slope Class and Stream Type

Slope Class
Slight (<20%) Moderate (21%-40%) Steep (>40%)

Minimum Width (ft) of SMZ on Each Side

Perennial (feet) Intermittent (feet)

Trout (feet)

40

20

100

70

35

100

100

50

100

9

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality
Remember that these are recommended minimum widths, and conditions such as unstable or erosive soils or lack of ground cover may warrant a wider SMZ for adequate water quality protection. SMZs also have a limited filtering capacity and are not intended to correct problems created by poor upslope or adjacent practices.
2.1.1.1 BMPs for Perennial and Intermittent Stream SMZs
(Does NOT include trout streams. Trout stream BMPs are discussed in 2.1.2) Management activities may occur within an SMZ provided that the disturbance to soil or ground cover is minimized. Water quality objectives should prevent movement of soil or other potential pollutants from within the SMZ into the watercourse and protect streambank integrity. The BMPs associated with typical silvicultural activities are listed below.
s )DENTIFYANYLOCAL STATE ORFEDERALREGULATIONSTHATMAYSUPERSEDEOR mandate the use of BMPs.
s $ETERMINEANDDESIGNATETHEAPPROPRIATE3-:WIDTHSONSITEPRIORTO conducting any timber sale or forest practice.
s !LONGperennial streams, leave an average of 50 square feet of basal area per acre evenly distributed throughout the zone or at least 50% canopy cover after a harvest to provide shade.
s !LONGintermittent streams, leave an average of 25 square feet of basal area per acre evenly distributed throughout the zone or at least 25% canopy cover after a harvest to provide shade.
s -INIMIZESTREAMCROSSINGS3EE3ECTIONPAGEANDPAGE s %XCEPTATPLANNEDSTREAMCROSSINGS LOCATENEWaccess roads outside the SMZ. s -AINTAINEXISTINGROADSWITHIN3-:SWITHADEQUATEwater control structures
and stabilization measures as needed. (See Section 3.2 page 27) If not possible, consider relocating road. s ,OCATElog decks, staging areas, and skid trails outside the SMZ, preferably on well-drained, stable soils. s 7HEREUSED firebreaks should be installed parallel to streams and outside SMZs. (See Section 5.5 page 49) s -INIMIZETHEINTENSITYOFAprescribed fire in the SMZ to maintain forest floor cover and protect the soil surface.
10

s 0ERIODICALLYINSPECTTHE3-:ANDEVALUATETHEEFFECTIVENESSOFTHE"-0S adjusting practices when necessary.
2.1.1.2 Practices to Avoid Within SMZs of Perennial and Intermittent Streams
s #UTTINGSTREAMBANKTREES s 5NNECESSARYaccess roads and main skid trails. s Log decks. s 0ORTABLESAWMILLS s 3IGNIlCANTSOILCOMPACTIONANDRUTTINGBYHARVESTINGEQUIPMENT s 2EMOVALOFGROUNDCOVERORUNDERSTORYVEGETATION s Felling trees into the streambed or leaving logging debris in the stream. s 3ERVICINGORREFUELINGEQUIPMENT s -ECHANICALsite preparation and site preparation burning. s -ECHANICALTREEPLANTING s "ROADCASTAPPLICATIONOFpesticides or fertilizers. s (ANDLING MIXING ORSTORINGTOXICORHAZARDOUSMATERIALSFUELS LUBRICANTS
solvents, pesticides, or fertilizers).
2.1.2 Trout Streams
Trout require cool (less than 70oF), high-quality water. They, and the insects they eat, are extremely sensitive to sediment and thermal pollution (elevated water temperatures). Therefore, trout streams require additional protection. Streams designated as Primary Trout Waters are waters supporting a selfsustaining population of rainbow, brown or brook trout. Streams designated as Secondary Trout Streams are those in which trout can survive but there is no evidence of natural trout reproduction. The Georgia DNR Wildlife Resources Division publishes a list of Georgia's trout streams, available at www.georgiawildlife.com. For regulation purposes, the Georgia EPD maintains a list of trout streams at www.gaepd.org.
2.1.2.1 SMZ Width Recommendation and BMPs for Trout Streams
s %STABLISH FEET3-:SONBOTHSIDESOFDESIGNATEDSTREAMSANDTRIBUTARies according to the following options:
Option A: A minimum 100-feet SMZ that includes a no-harvest zone within the
11

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality
first 25-feet of primary or secondary trout streams. Timber harvests within the remaining 75-feet of the SMZ should leave an average of 50 square ft of basal area per acre or at least 50% canopy cover.
Option B: Within the 100-ft. SMZ, leave an average of 50 square feet of basal area per acre evenly distributed throughout the zone to provide shade. Option B may be selected if a qualified professional is consulted.
s &OLLOWALLOTHER"-0SFORperennial and intermittent streams noting the 100-ft. zone.
2.1.2.2 Practices to Avoid Within SMZ of Trout Streams
s !NYFORESTRYACTIVITYWITHINFEETOFTHESTREAM UNLESSUSING/PTION" s -ECHANICALsite preparation and high intensity burns on ephemeral areas above
trout waters.
2.2 SPECIAL MANAGEMENT AREAS
Some water bodies in upland and bottomland areas have particular characteristics or regulatory requirements that require different management approaches. These include, but are not limited to canals and ditches, floodplain features, headwater areas, lakes and ponds, protected mountain tops, protected river corridors, sinkholes, water supply reservoirs/watersheds, and wetlands. In such situations, consult a qualified professional.
2.2.1 Canals and Ditches
Minor drainage to temporarily lower the water level on a wetland site during road construction, timber harvesting and site preparation is considered normal and exempt from 404 permitting. Most canals were established for flood control purposes prior to Section 404 guidance. Today, the construction of canals would most likely be considered major drainage and require Section 404 permits.
Construction of minor drainage ditches in wetlands is exempt from Section 404 permitting, provided: s ITDOESNOTRESULTINTHEIMMEDIATEORGRADUALCONVERSIONOFAWETLANDTOA
non-wetland;
12

s ITDOESNOTFACILITATETHECONVERSIONFROMONEWETLANDUSETOANOTHER s ITDOESNOTSIGNIlCANTLYMODIFYASTREAM LAKE SWAMP BOG ORANYOTHER
wetland or aquatic area constituting waters of the U.S.; s ITISNOTLOCATEDINA3-:
2.2.1.1 BMPs for Canals and Ditches
s -AINTENANCEOFEXISTINGcanals and ditches (C&Ds) is allowed, provided the original dimensions are not exceeded. This is normally conducted at the end of each timber stand rotation.
s )NORDERTOCONDUCTMAINTENANCEDREDGING ACCESSFOREQUIPMENTANDTHE placement of spoil materials (sidecasting) is permitted along banks. Therefore, there may not be a tree canopy on one or both sides immediately adjacent to C&Ds.
s Ditches constructed through non-wetland areas are not normally associated with natural stream channels. They dry out and water temperature violations should not be a problem. Therefore, no SMZ with basal area requirements is practical.
s 7HERE#$SWEREESTABLISHEDINOLDPERENNIALANDintermittent stream channels that are now acting as the stream, the establishment of SMZs with basal area requirements is appropriate. Evaluate on a case by case basis.
s -AINTENANCESHOULDOCCURDURINGTHEDRYSEASONTOPREVENTturbidity problems. If sediment is likely to move from C&Ds into a stream, consideration should be given to stabilization and sediment control measures, such as sloping and grassing of ditch banks and spoil piles. The need for sediment control will be determined by soil type, the distance to a stream, and the amount of vegetated filter between the ditch and the stream.
2.2.1.2 Practices to Avoid in Canals and Ditches
s Bedding that channels surface runoff into C&Ds, including road ditches. s 0LACINGLOGGINGANDsite preparation debris in C&Ds. s %XCESSIVECROSSINGSWHERENECESSARY lLLOVERculverts should be stabilized. s !PPLYINGCHEMICALSTHATARENOTLABELEDFORAQUATICAPPLICATIONSDIRECTLY
to C&Ds with standing or flowing water.
13

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality 2.2.2 Floodplain and Riparian Landforms Floodplains support a wide variety of fluvial features, which perform diverse hydrologic, biological, and ecological functions. The objectives of this guidance are to better characterize floodplain features in terms of hydrology, geomorphology, and biology and also to provide better BMP guidance to protect water quality and biological integrity of these features.
Figure 2-C: Schematic of Floodplain Physiographic Features and Elevational Cross-Section
(Modified from Mitsch and Gooselink, 1993 and Hodges, 1998.)
14

The general goals of this guidance are to: s 0REVENTMOVEMENTOFSOIL FERTILIZER ANDherbicide from forest operation ar-
eas into the surface water system. s -AINTAINWATERTEMPERATURESANDDISSOLVEDOXYGENLEVELSADEQUATEFOR
biotic survival. s -AINTAININPUTOFORGANICMATTERANDCOARSEWOODYDEBRISINTOWATERBODIES s -AINTAINSTRUCTURALINTEGRITYOFmOODPLAINFEATURES
Floodplain Features Overbank mainstem flows, mainstem backwater flow, floodplain groundwater drainage, and tributary inflows create many different features in floodplains (Figure 2-C). Such features include the main river channel, upland tributaries, springs and seeps, continuous side channels, braided streams, drainage channels, floodway, river bottom flats, discontinuous side channels, backwater paleo channels, backwater swamps, ISOLATEDDEPRESSIONS OXBOWSPONDS FRONTBARS NATURALLEVEES ANDRIDGES Although many of these features are broadly described as "sloughs," there is obviously great variation in their origin and form. The water quality effects of silvicultural activities along these features depend on the flood frequency and durations, flow regime or energy, and the types of forestry operations conducted. All of these factors should be considered when evaluating floodplain management. For example, if a discontinuous side channel is rarely connected to perennial streams, then it may serve as breeding habitat for amphibians, but is unlikely to serve as fish habitat. In this case, maintaining a stringer of bank trees to protect the stability of the feature and to provide some woody debris input is desired, but a larger streamside management zone (SMZ) for shade or for chemical adsorption and filtration is not necessary. Determining all the relevant water body characteristics in a single site visit can be difficult. For guidance in determining the appropriate floodplain feature, see Figure 2-D. (The corresponding BMPs for each can be found in Table 2-B: Summary Characteristics of Floodplain Features and the Corresponding BMPs, on page 18.) These water types are: s Tributaries that originate in uplands and flow across floodplain: These usually well-defined channels with sandy substrate originate in the uplands and flow across the floodplain to the main river in continuous channel features. s Springs and Seeps: Water emerges from these features within the flood-
15

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality
plain and flows all or part of year in most years. Channel structure and substrate of springs are usually well defined and sandy, but those of seeps are less defined and mixed. If they flow all year long, treat them as perennial streams or otherwise as intermittent. s Continuous side channels and Braided streams: These less distinct channels and banks flow intermittently and are connected to the main channel network at both ends. The channels often contain mixed substrates (sand, organics, fine sediments). Treat each channel individually, depending upon whether the stream is perennial, intermittent or ephemeral. These unique streams require highly site-specific management planning and recommendations. In some cases, the potential for wind throw of trees left in the SMZ will dictate variances in the removal of the canopy cover. Seek the assistance of a qualified professional. s Drainage channels: These less distinct channels begin on the floodplain and usually flow intermittently during periods of high water tables via a continuous linear drainage system to the main river. The channels often contain mixed substrates (sand, organics, fine sediments). s Floodway and River bottom flats: Area of floodplain with significant water velocities during frequent overbank flows (flows less than the two-year low flow). Evidence of scour and debris movement can be found. The floodway is usually identified on FEMA floodplain maps. Smaller floodway or riparian areas in minor streams are also called river bottom flats. s Discontinuous side channels: Channel features that may or may not be connected, on at least one end, to medium or higher flow energy channels. May have distinct or indistinct channel features, but the channel features disappear and reappear. s Backwater paleo channels: Usually well-defined deep channel features that are remnants of earlier river and side channel configurations. Mixed channel substrates (sand, organics, fine sediments). Flow usually backs into these features from the main river. Organic debris is often found piled against the "wrong" side of obstructions. s Backwater swamps. Backwater swamps are wetland areas formed in old overflow channels on the margins of floodplains at the base of the adjacent slopes. They feature wetland vegetation, hydric soils, and fine and organic substrates, but they may show evidence of scour and debris movement.
16

Figure 2-D. Decision Tree for Application of Forestry Best Management Practices to Floodplain and Riparian Landforms in Georgia.
Note: 1. All flow regimes are based on normal flow
conditions. Appropriate adjustment should be made for excessively dry or wet conditions. 2. Refer floodplain feature descriptions or characteristics (written section and Table 1) for more detailed information.

17

18

Table 2-B. Summary Characteristics of Floodplain Features and the Corresponding BMPs.

Hydroperiod Floodplain Feature

Flow Energy1

Channel Characteristics (Bank Structures,
Substrate Materials, and Other Features)

Biological Values

Floodplain Protection Measures / SMZs2

Perennial

tTributaries originating in uplands and flowing across floodplain
tSprings

High- Well defined channel, sandy Medium substrate.

Aquatic fauna

Perennial stream BMPs

Intermittent

tTributaries originating in uplands and flowing
across floodplain v Seeps, tContinuous side
channels, tBraided stream, or tDrainage channels

Medium -Low

Less distinct channel, mixed substrate (sand, organics, fines). These may be connected to the mainstem directly or indirectly.

Aquatic and terrestrial fauna, Off channel rearing habitat, High-flow refugia

For tributaries, intermittent stream BMPs. For other floodplain features, at minimum, leave 50% canopy cover within banks and leave bank trees.

tFloodway tRiver bottom flats

HighMedium

Area of floodplain. Occasional evidence of scour and debris movement.

Terrestrial fauna

N/A

Ephemeral

tDiscontinuous side channels

Medium -Low

Channels appear and disappear, and may or may not be connected on at least one end.

Terrestrial fauna

Leave bank trees if one end is connected and/or has a clearly defined bank.

tBackwater paleo channels

Medium -Low

Well defined, deep channel. Mixed substrate (sand, organics, fines). Debris piled on "wrong" side of obstructions.

Terrestrial fauna, High flow Maintain trees on banks, maintain

refugia

channel stability

tBackwater swamps

Medium -Low

Located on floodplain margins. Usually no channel. Wetland vegetation. Hydric soils. Organic and fine substrate. Sometimes evidence of debris movement.

Aquatic and terrestrial fauna, Off channel rearing habitat, High-flow refugia

Treat as wetlands. Leave stringer trees if defined banks apparent

Ponded

tIsolated depressions

Low

No channel. Wetland vegetation. Hydric soils. Organic and fine substrate.

Aquatic and terrestrial fauna, Off channel rearing habitat, High-flow refugia

Treat as wetlands. Leave stringer trees if defined banks apparent.

tOxbows tPonds

Low

Deep (>2 feet) standing water. Aquatic and terrestrial

Wetland vegetation. Hydric soils. fauna, Off channel rearing

Organic and fine substrate.

habitat, High-flow refugia

Treat as lakes or ponds. Leave stringer trees on banks.

1 Flow energy under normal flow conditions. 2 Floodplain protection measure includes SMZs (GA Forestry BMP manual Pg. 8, 63) and special management areas (GA Forestry BMP manual Pg. 12). 3 Follow EPA/COE memorandum to field (GA Forestry BMP manual Pg. 34) 4 See wetlands section of GA Forestry BMP manual.

Mechanical Site Prep. w/in SMZs3
No
No
Low impact Low impact
No
N/A4 N/A4 N/A4

Herbicide, Fertilizer, and Burning w/in
SMZs
Not allowed
Not allowed
Avoid
Avoid
Avoid
Only wetland approved herbicides Only wetland approved herbicides Only wetland approved herbicides

s Isolated depressions: Feature wetland vegetation, hydric soils, fine and organic substrates, no evidence of fluvial scour.
s Oxbows and Ponds: Ponded deep water (>2 feet deep), fine and organic substrates, no evidence of fluvial scour.
As a rule of thumb, if the following conditions exist, corresponding BMPs should be considered for all flooplain features. If the area has: s PERENNIALORINTERMITTENTWATERmOWSESTABLISH3-:S s POTENTIALSURFACERUNOFFINPUTSFROMADJACENTLANDSEXCEPTIONOFmOODING
establish SMZs. s STEEP UNSTABLE ANDORWELLDElNEDBANKSPROTECTBANKSBYBANKTREESOR
undisturbed zone. s WETORPONDEDDEPRESSIONAREASSHADEWATERBYBANKTREES s PROLONGEDmOODINGAREASTREATASAWETLANDANDAPPLYWETLAND"-0S s SURFACEWATERDONOTSPRAYANYCHEMICALS
Note: All flow regimes described above are based on normal flow conditions. Appropriate BMP adjustments should be required during excessively dry or wet conditions.
2.2.3 Headwater Areas
Headwaters include two types of conveyences: ephemeral areas and gullies. Refer to Figure 2-E, Headwater Decision-Making Tree on page 20 to determine conveyance type. See Table 2-C: Headwater Stream Types and the Hydrological and Biological Characteristics, pg. 21.
2.2.3.1 Ephemeral Areas
Ephemeral areas are depressions or swales (sometimes called drains, draws, or dry washes) that have no defined continuous channel, and that are well-connected to intermittent or perennial streams. Ephemeral areas are characterized by water tables that often rise to the surface during high water table months, and these areas produce surface flow for short periods during and following rainfall. Forest floors in ephemeral areas are intact, and hydrophytic vegetation may or may not be present. Aquatic insects are usually not present in these areas. Soils in these areas may quickly become saturated during rainy or thawing periods. Soils in ephemeral areas feature finer textures and higher organic contents
19

Section 2.0 Planning for Water Quality
Figure 2-E. Headwater Decision-Making Tree
than soils in adjacent uplands. Fluvial power is generally low, but there may be evidence of small debris jams of leaf litter and other small organic matter deposited after surface flows. These areas are usually not identified on USGS or NRCS maps. Water from ephemeral areas may carry sediment and other contaminants directly into streams. Ephemeral Wetlands are a part of Ephemeral Areas, which exhibit partial or full wetland characteristics.
Silvicultural activities should: s -INIMIZESOILDISTURBANCE LITTERLAYERREMOVAL ANDAVOIDHIGH INTENSITYlRE
within ephemeral areas. These activities can increase the possibility of introducing pollutants to intermittent or perennial streams. s #OVERINADVERTENTLYEXPOSEDSOILSWITHlogging debris, grass, or mulch. s -INIMIZEEQUIPMENTTRAFlCKINGWITHINANDAROUNDephemeral areas. Should trafficking be justifiable due to site constraints, take precautions to minimize soil disturbance and litter layer removal. Placement of logging debris or logging mats in traffic areas may be appropriate. Debris, mats, and other soil protecting structures should not interfere with the natural flow of water. 20

Table 2-C. Headwater Stream Types and the Hydrological and Bioloical Characteristics.

Characteristics Hydroperiod

Perennial
Year-round (>90% of the time)

Intermittent
During the wet season

Ephemeral Area
Short period after a
rain event

Ephemeral Wetland
Moist year-round, wet during the wet season

Gully
Immediately after a
rain event

Channel definition Well defined

Somewhat defined

Somewhat not defined

Not defined

Clear

Sediment and litter movement

Clearly observable

Partially observable

Minimum

Minimum

Clearly observable

Streambed scouring Evident

Somewhat evident

Not evident

Not evident

N/A

Water pools

Present

Transition

Absent

Mostly absent

Absent

Stream shape

Sinuous

Less sinuous

Mostly straight

Not observable

Straight

High water marks

Present

Transition

Absent

Transition

Absent

USGS topographic map marker

Solid or dotted blue line

Dotted blue line or concave
contour line

Concave contour line

Concave

N/A

contour line

Energy level

High

Medium

Low

Very Low

High-Low

Erosion potential Low-Medium

Low-Medium

Medium-Low

Non

High

Vegetation

Wetland plants at edge or in
a stream

Wetland and mesic plants at edge or in a stream

Mesic plants around and in an area

Wetland and mesic plants in and around an area

No vegetation in an active gully

Aquatic insects

Present

Present

Transition

Transition

Absent

Fish

Present

Transition

Absent

Absent

Absent

s !VOIDDIRECTTIE INOFTURNOUTSANDOUTFALLOFwater barsBREAKSTOephemeral areas. Extra care should be taken where a skid trail crosses an ephemeral area.
s 3EE3ECTION PAGE FORherbicide application. s 3EE3ECTION PAGE FORFERTILIZERAPPLICATION

2.2.3.2 Gullies
Gullies are narrow ravines, often caused by past land cultivation. They are typically V- or U-shaped channels that may or may not have exposed soil surfaces within the channel. They carry water only during and immediately following rainstorms or thawing events. Dry wash, draw, swale, arroyo, and gulch are other common names for gullies. Old agricultural gullies often have mature trees growing within their banks. Gullies often occur in uplands, upper slopes of ephemeral areas, at relatively steep stream-sideslopes, or on exposed erodible soils. Gullies may or may not be directly connected to ephemeral areas, intermit-
21

tent, or perennial streams. Because of their short hydroperiod, gullies do not generally provide suitable habitat for aquatic flora and fauna.
'ULLIESWITHACONTRIBUTINGAREACATCHMENTWATERSHEDABOVETHEgully) larger than 0.2 acres and directly connected to ephemeral areas, intermittent or perennial streams may require special attention because they can be activated by forestry operations. For these types of gullies, the following BMPs are recommended, but soil, slope, and other topographic characteristics should be considered to address local conditions: s 0ROTECTSOILANDLITTERLAYERSWITHINAgully and the banks during forestry
operations1. Low impact operational methods should be used for harvesting and site preparation in and around a gully. s 0LACEMENTOFlogging debris and slash in a gully is recommended to provide hydraulic resistance to flow and thus promote sediment deposition2. s !VOIDHIGH INTENSITYprescribed burning in a gully to protect decomposed litter layers from burning and minimize exposure of mineral soils. s -INIMIZETRAFlCKINGWITHINANDAROUNDGULLIES ESPECIALLYWITHINAND adjacent to severely eroded areas. s !VOIDDIRECTTIE INOFTURNOUTSANDOUTFALLOFwater barsBREAKSTOGULLIES s 3EE3ECTION PAGEFORherbicide application. s 3EE3ECTION PAGEFORFERTILIZERAPPLICATION 1 Leaving some trees and shrubs on the banks and inside of gullies may serve as a marker
for subsequent harvesting, site preparation, planting, herbicide application, and other forestry operations. 2 Avoid creating an impoundment behind logging debris or slash placed in a gully.
2.2.4 Lakes, ponds, and other bodies of flowing water
Follow the BMPs recommended for perennial streams if they could potentially move sediments or other pollutants off site.
2.2.5 Protected Mountain Tops
Forestry activities on mountain tops above 2,200-ft. elevation with slopes greater than 25% including the reforestation requirement shall comply with BMPs. (See Appendix Section 8.2.3.4 with map, page 63.)
22

2.2.6 Protected River Corridors
Forestry activities within the 100-ft. buffers along those rivers at a point and below where the flow is 400 cubic feet per second (cfs) shall comply with BMPs. (See Appendix Section 8.2.3.3 with map, page 62.)
2.2.7 Sinkhole
A geologic feature, typically found in Karst geology, that might provide a direct connection between land surface and groundwater. Treat as perennial streams.
2.2.8 Water Supply Reservoir/Watershed
(See Appendix Section 8.2.3.1 with map, page 60.) s &ORGOVERNMENT OWNEDIMPOUNDMENTSORINTAKESWITHINA SQUAREMILE
or larger watershed, forestry activities within a 150-ft. buffer adjacent to all reservoirs and 100-ft. buffer adjacent to all perennial streams within a sevenmile radius above intakes shall comply with BMPs. s &ORGOVERNMENT OWNEDIMPOUNDMENTSORINTAKESWITHINAWATERSHEDOF less than 100-square miles, forestry activities within a 150-ft. buffer adjacent to the reservoir, a 100-ft. buffer adjacent to perennial streams within a seven-mile radius, and a 50-ft. buffer adjacent to all perennial streams above the seven-mile radius shall comply with BMPs.
2.2.9 Wetlands
For regulatory purposes, wetlands are defined by the presence or absence of specific plant communities, hydric soils and hydrologic conditions. Because of the generally wet soil conditions associated with forested wetlands, these areas are sensitive to forestry activities. For instance, bottomland hardwood sites, Carolina bays, cypress domes, other swamps, and some pine savannas differ from upland forest types because their soils are wet most of the year. They frequently are connected directly to a larger aquatic system, often have overbank flow from nearby stream flooding, and may accumulate sediments and nutrients from upstream erosion and runoff.
To properly manage forested wetlands: plan for regeneration; consider the areas beyond the actual harvest site; and remember that special harvesting
23

techniques may be necessary to protect water quality. Any stream channels should be identified and the appropriate SMZs established. The BMPs that apply to any other forest type generally apply to forested wetlands. For more information on harvesting and site-preparing wetlands, refer to Section 4.7 page 42 and Section 5.2 page 46.
Benefits of Planning
Forest managers, landowners, foresters, timber buyers, loggers, site preparation and reforestation contractors should clearly identify water bodies, Special Management Areas and streamside management zones (SMZs) in the field to decide which BMPs apply, when and where to apply them, and to carefully design access roads, log decks, and stream crossings. They should supervise these operations to make sure BMPs are followed where necessary, so that water quality is not compromised.
Forest health issues such as fire management, integrated pest management, disease control and natural disasters may also require a qualified professional to prescribe appropriate actions.
4HEBENElTSOFAWELLWRITTENPLANANDORWRITTENCONTRACTINCLUDEBETTER communications of expectations between the landowner and forestry professionals; maximum return from the harvest; potential longer term productivity; better infrastructure; economic efficiency; minimal environmental impacts; compliance with federal, state and local laws; and avoidance of fines or penalties. For information regarding sample contracts and management planning, contact the GFC. Planning for the protection of water quality makes good sense.
24

Notes: 25

Section 3.0
Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings, Maintenance, Retirement
Access roads are an essential part of any forest management operation and provide access for other activities on forestland. With proper planning, location, construction, and maintenance techniques, wellconstructed access roads allow for productive operations and cause minimal soil and water quality impacts. However, poorly located, poorly constructed, or poorly maintained access roads, especially at stream crossings, can result in sediment-laden streams, changing stream-flow patterns, degraded fish and aquatic organism habitats, and adversely affected aesthetics.
There are two types of access roads typically constructed in the state. In mountainous and hilly terrain, the broad-based dip road is used. In the flatwoods and along major flood plains, the crown and ditch road is commonly used.
3.1 BMPs FOR ROAD LOCATION Identify federal, state and local laws, regulations or ordinances that apply to
road purpose, construction, and maintenance prior to construction and operation. Include needed considerations and measures to meet requirements. Use soil surveys and topographic maps to identify soils, stream locations and other natural features (rocky areas, steep slopes, wet areas, etc.) on the property that might pose problems. Locate potential control points, i.e. log decks and stream crossings on topographic maps prior to designing access roads in the field. New permanent access roads should follow the contour as much as possible with grades ideally kept below 10%. An engineer's divider can be used to lay out roads with the desired grade on a topographic map. Grades can run up to 12% for short distances. If soil is highly erosive, reduce grades. Plan to install water control structures. Temporary access roads should follow the contour as much as possible. Grades can run up to 25% for short distances provided that water control structures are properly installed. Except for planned stream crossings, locate new roads outside of SMZs. Minimize stream crossings. Where crossings are necessary, see Section 3.3, page 30. Minimize the number, length, and width of access roads. Locate new access roads on high ground, preferably on the sides of ridges, for proper surface drainage.
26

Locate new access roads on southern or western sides (aspect) of ridges if possible, to expose the roadbed to more sunlight.
Conduct site reconnaissance to verify road layout with potential soil problems, stream locations, sensitive areas (see Section 7.4, page 57), and watershed conditions.
Evaluate the condition of existing roads and potential water quality impacts. If necessary, plan for improvements or replace with new routes.
3.2 BMPs FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION Construct access roads only wide enough (usually 12-16 feet) to safely handle
equipment that will use the road. Schedule construction during favorable weather. Maximize sunlight exposure along roadsides where surface drainage is
a problem. On permanent access roads with three percent or more grade, broad-based dips
should be installed at proper intervals; at 30-degree angles across road surfaces; have reverse grades of three percent; and the bottom of the dips should be outsloped about three percent. If necessary, outfall of dips may need sediment barriers such as rock, hay bales, or silt fence installed. (See Figure 3-A for a schematic of a broad-based dip road and Table 3-A for recommended spacing of dips.) On temporary access or spur roads that have little traffic at low speeds, rolling dips can be installed. They resemble "stretched out" water bars. See Figure 3-B and Table 3-A for spacing. Figure 3-A: Recommended Spacing for Broad Based Dips in Permanent Access Roads and Rolling Dips in Temporary Access Roads
Spacing: See Table 3-A
27

Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings, Maintenance, Retirement

Road Grade (percent)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12

Distance Between Dips and Turnouts (feet)

235

200

Figure 3-B:

180

Rolling Dip

165

155

150

145

140

135

Table 3-A: Recommended spacing for Broadbased Dips in Permanent Access Roads and rolling Dips in Temporary Access Roads

Source: Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University.
On crown and ditched roads, install water turnouts at proper intervals. See Figure 3-C and Table 3-B. Turnouts should never tie directly into streams or water bodies. If necessary, outfall of turnouts may need sediment barriers such as rock, hay bales, or silt fence installed.

Figure 3-C: Design and Installation of Turnouts

Table 3-B: Spacing of Turnouts

Road Grade (percent)
2 5 6 10 11 15 16 20

Spacing (feet)
500-300 300-200 200-100 100

Source: Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University.

28

Keep roads free from obstructions and logging debris. Roadbeds on erosive soils should be stabilized with appropriate measures. Stabilize exposed soil on shoulders of permanent or temporary access roads
located within SMZs, wetlands or at stream crossings as soon as possible with any one or combination of the following: seed and mulch; silt fence; hay bales; excelsior blankets; geotextiles.
1. See Section 6.4 for grassing recommendations. 2. Type A (36 inch) or Type B (22 inch) silt fence can be used. Wooden
stakes should be fastened to the fence every six feet on the down slope side. The bottom edge of the fence should be installed in a four-inch deep trench with the bottom two inches of the fence facing upslope in the trench. See Figure 3-D. 3. Hay bales should be placed on sides in four-inch deep trenches and staked down. See Figure 3-E. Figure 3-D: Silt Fence Installation
Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Figure 3-E: Installation of Hay Bales
Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
For more information refer to Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission's Field Manual for Erosion and Sediment Control in Georgia, page 79. 29

Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings, Maintenance, Retirement
3.2.1 Practices to Avoid during Road Construction
s 2OADCONSTRUCTIONINSIDETHE3-: EXCEPTATPLANNEDSTREAMCROSSINGS Insloping of roads. Where unavoidable, use cross-drain culverts positioned under
the road at a 30 degree angle and spacing as in Table 3-B for proper inside road drainage. Place riprap at culvert outfall to prevent washing. See Figure 3-F. Using ditches on steep roads. Some ditches may have to be lined with rock to prevent gullying and sedimentation. Turnouts tied directly into perennial and intermittent streams or ephemeral areas.
Figure 3-F: Cross-drain Culvery Design and Installation

Source: Georgia Forestry Commission

Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

3.3 STREAM CROSSINGS FOR ROADS
Stream crossings are often necessary for access to forestlands. From a water quality standpoint, stream crossings are the most critical aspect of the road system. Failure of a stream crossing, due to improper planning or construction, can result in erosion and introduction of sediment into a stream, adversely affecting water quality.
Where crossings are necessary, planning should address the type of road and road-use pattern, stream channel characteristics, stream flow levels and the aquatic organisms in the stream. Minimizing impacts is critical. Permanent and temporary stream crossings should be based on expected applicable
30

storm-flow return intervals and watershed acreage above the crossing. See Table 3-C, page 34.
3.3.1 Clean Water Act Provisions and Requirements for Stream Crossings
The Federal Clean Water Act, Section 404, (40 CFR Part 232.3), exempts normal, established, ongoing silvicultural activities from the permitting process for discharges of dredged or fill material in jurisdictional wetlands. However, fifteen (15) baseline provisions for forest road construction and maintenance in and across waters of the U.S. (lakes, rivers, perennial and intermittent streams, wetlands, sloughs and natural ponds) are mandated to qualify for the forest road exemption:
1. Permanent roads, temporary access roads and skid trails (all for forestry) in waters of the U.S. shall be held to the minimum feasible number, width and total length consistent with the purpose of specific silvicultural operations, and local topographic and climatic conditions;
2. All roads, temporary or permanent, shall be located sufficiently far from streams or other water bodies (except for portions of such roads that must cross water bodies) to minimize discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S.;
3. The road fill shall be bridged, culverted or otherwise designed to prevent the restriction of expected flood flows;
4. The fill shall be properly stabilized and maintained during and following construction to prevent erosion;
5. Discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S. to construct a road fill shall be made in a manner that minimizes the encroachment of trucks, tractors, bulldozers or other heavy equipment within waters of the U.S. (including adjacent wetlands) that lie outside the lateral boundaries of the fill itself;
6. In designing, constructing and maintaining roads, vegetative disturbances in the waters of the U.S. shall be kept to a minimum;
7. The design, construction and maintenance of the road crossing shall not disrupt the migration or other movement of those species of aquatic life inhabiting the water body;
8. Borrow material shall be taken from upland sources wherever feasible; 9. The discharges shall not take or jeopardize the continued existence of a
threatened or endangered species as defined under the Endangered Species
31

Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings, Maintenance, Retirement
Act, or adversely modify or destroy the critical habitat of such species; 10. Discharges into breeding and nesting areas for waterfowl, spawning and
wetlands shall be avoided if less harmful alternatives exist; 11. The discharge shall not be located in the proximity of a public water supply
intake; 12. The discharge shall not occur in areas of concentrated shellfish production; 13. The discharge shall not occur in a component of the National Wild and
Scenic River System; 14. The discharge of material shall consist of suitable material free from toxic
pollutants in toxic amounts; and, 15. All temporary fills shall be removed in their entirety and the area restored
to its original elevation.
Note: The ultimate determination of whether activities are exempt can only be made by the US Army Corps of Engineers and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
There are three types of stream crossings to consider in forest management operations: bridges, culverts, and fords.
Bridges, whether permanent or temporary, typically create the least disruption to stream flow and have less effect on fisheries than other streamcrossing methods.
Culverts can be either temporary or permanent. Culvert sizing is critical to minimizing problems. Consider both the purpose of the crossing and the duration of use. Sizing may increase if the need is permanent.
Fords can be used for haul roads only where the streambed is firm, banks are low and stable and the stream is shallow.
3.3.2 General BMPs For Stream Crossings
In addition to the 15 CWA mandated provisions Approaches to all permanent or temporary stream crossings should be
made at gentle grades of slope (three percent or less) wherever possible. Approaches should be made at right angles to stream flow where practical. Approaches should have water control structures, such as water turnouts or
broad-based dips, on both sides of a crossing to prevent road runoff from
32

entering the stream. s )FNECESSARY APPROACHESSHOULDBESTABILIZEDWITHROCKEXTENDINGATLEAST
50 feet from both sides of the streambank during the operation. For temporary access roads, temporary bridges or spans are favored over
culverts or fords. s 7ETLANDSlLLROADSSHOULDBEBUILTOUTSIDETHE3-: EXCEPTWHENCROSSING
the channel. Cross-drainage structures (culverts, bridges, portable spans, etc.) may be necessary in the fill road to allow for surface water movement across the site. s %XPOSEDSOILAROUNDPERMANENTORTEMPORARYSTREAMANDWETLANDSCROSSings should be stabilized with any one or a combination of the following: seed and mulch; hay bales; rock; silt fence; geotextilesANDORexcelsior blankets. (See Section 3.2, page 27)
3.3.3 Specific BMPs for Bridges Use bridges to cross streams with 300 + acre or larger watersheds if other
alternatives are not suitable for containing storm flows. Remove temporary bridges and stabilize approaches and streambanks
when operations are completed.
3.3.4 Specific BMPs for Fords Use fords only for haul roads (not skid trails). Locate fords where stream banks are low and the bottoms are relatively
hard and level. Where necessary, establish a smooth, hard-surface, low water crossing. For a
permanent ford use gravel or rock filled geowebb, or concrete pads. For temporary fords use dragline mats or logs to armor (protect) the stream bottom. Material should not significantly impound stream flow, impede fish passage or cause erosive currents. Remove temporary crossings from the channel when operations are completed.
3.3.5 Specific BMPs for Culverts
s 7HEREFORDSORBRIDGESARENOTAPPROPRIATE USEculverts to cross streams with approximate 300-acre or less watersheds, depending on physiographic region, including braided streams in broad flats. See the figure on the
33

Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings, Maintenance, Retirement

inside cover of this manual. When crossing streams with a watershed larger than 300 acres, consult a
qualified professional. Size permanent culverts so that the cross-sectional area will accommodate
expected 25-year, 24-hour storm flows. See Table 3-C for recommended diameters. Size temporary culverts so that the cross sectional area will accommodate the two-year, 24-hour storm flows. See Table 3-C for recommended diameters.

Table 3-C: Recommended Diameters for Permanent/Temporary Culverts

Drainage

Lower

Area Coastal Plain

Upper Coastal Plain

Piedmont

(acres)

(inches)

(inches)

(inches)

Mountains and Ridge and Valley
(inches)

PERMANENT

BASED ON 25-YEAR, 24-HOUR STORM FLOWS)

10

24

15

30

24

50

36 or (2-30")

18

48 or (2-36")

48

100

48

24

54 or (2-42") 60 or (2-48")

200

60

36

72 or (2-54")

72

300

2-48"

54

84 or (2-60") 78 or (2'60")

Drainage Area
(acres)

Lower Coastal Plain
(inches)

Upper Coastal Plain
(inches)

Piedmont (inches)

Mountains and Ridge and Valley
(inches)

TEMPORARY

BASED ON 2-YEAR, 24-HOUR STORM FLOWS)

10

15

15

18

15

50

18

15

30

24

100

24

18

36

30

200

30

24

42 or (2-30")

36

300

48

30

48

42

Under normal conditions, two alternative methods are acceptable: 1. Smaller multiple culverts can be substituted to provide for the same cross-
sectional area of pipe required as shown in the table above. 2. A combination of a smaller culvert(s) with rock surfaced road dips constructed
in the roadbed to handle the run-around flow from larger storm events. See Figure 3-G.

34

Figure 3-G: Combination of Smaller Culvert and Rock Surfaced Road Dip
Culverts less than 15 inches in diameter are not recommended. Multiple culvertsSHOULDBESPACEDADISTANCEOFATLEASTTHEculvert's
diameter apart. Place the culvert in a straight section of the stream, free of obstructions. Place the bottom of the culvert at the same elevation as the bottom of the
stream. (See Figure 3-H, page 35, for proper culvert installation.) Figure 3-H: Stream Culvert Installation with Specifics of Slope, Placement, Fill, etc.
Source: Bureau of Forestry, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
35

Section 3.0 Road Location, Construction, Stream Crossings, Maintenance, Retirement
Place fill dirt around the lower half of the culvert and pack during installation. 0LACEATLEASTINCHESORATLEASTTHEculvert's diameter, whichever is
greater, of fill dirt over the top of the culvert so that the fill over the culvert is the high spot in the stream crossing. This creates an emergency runaround for high flows. The culvert's ends should be long enough to achieve no more than a 2:1 slope on the fill. Stabilize fill at ends of a culvert with riprap, geoweb, excelsior blankets, gabions, headwalls, grass seed and mulch, hay bales, etc. Periodically inspect culverts and remove any debris inside. Remove all temporary culverts and fill material used in stream or wetland crossings and stabilize streambanks when operations are completed. (See Section 3.2 for stabilization recommendations.)
3.3.6 Practices To Avoid When Constructing Stream Crossings Using steep approaches greater than three percent into the stream channel. Crossings at bends in the stream. Using fords in streams for skid trails. Constructing hard surface crossings on streams with mucky, muddy or
unstable bottoms. Using asphalt materials for low-water crossings. Anything that impedes the free or expected flow of water. Temporary crossings of logs and brush "topped" with soil. Using undersized culverts.
3.4 BMPs FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND RETIREMENT OF ROADS Maintain existing roads in accordance with BMPs.
s -AINTAINPOINTSOFINGRESSFROMCOUNTYROADSORHIGHWAYSTOPREVENTTHE introduction of mud and debris onto these roads.
Minimize road grading and reshaping on hilly or mountainous terrain unless required to repair damaged road sections.
Keep outfall of broad-based dips, water bars, and water turnouts open at all times during logging operations. If necessary, install sediment barriers such as rock, hay bales, or silt fence just below outfall.
Retire temporary access roads, log decks, skid trails BYRE SHAPINGANDOR
36

constructing water bars at recommended intervals. Stabilize as necessary by seeding and mulching or scattering logging debris over the road surface. (See Figure 3-I and Table 3-D for spacing recommendations.) Periodically inspect retired roads to assure stabilization techniques are still effective and permanent stream crossings are clear and operating properly.
Figure 3-I: Profile of Retired Temporary Access Road Showing Water Bars

Source: Cooperative Extension Service Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University
3.4.1 Practices To Avoid During Road Maintenance and Retirement
s %XCESSIVETRAFlCONWETROADS

Table 3-D. Recommended Maximum Spacing for Water Bars When Retiring Temporary Access Roads

Road Grade

Distance Between Water Bars

(percent)

(feet)

2

245

5

125

10

80

15

60

20

50

25

40

37

Section 4.0
Timber Harvesting
Timber harvesting encompasses several operations. In addition to cutting trees, it typically includes the layout of access roads, log decks, and skid trails and the construction and stabilization of these areas. Timber harvesting can be accomplished while protecting water quality and site productivity and improving the composition and quality of future forests. Evolving timber harvesting technology, equipment, and procedures will provide for better protection of Georgia's waters.
Potential water quality impacts can be avoided or minimized if the harvest plan addresses seasonal weather conditions, stand composition, soil type, soil moisture, topography, and type of equipment used. In order to maintain the integrity of stream banks, water flow, and stream biology, it is important to stay out of streams. Specific BMPs for log decks and skid trails are provided in this section. BMPs for roads are presented in Section 3.
4.1 LOG DECKS
Log decks, also called brows and landings, are areas of concentrated equipment and traffic resulting in a high degree of soil disturbance, soil compaction, and rutting. Storm water runoff and surface erosion may increase on these exposed areas and, depending on their locations, could impact water quality. Runoff may contain toxic materials from fuels and lubricants. The following BMPs should be implemented to prevent runoff from reaching nearby watercourses.
4.1.1 BMPs for Log Decks
s ,OCATElog decks when planning the road system. s -INIMIZETHENUMBEROFlog decks necessary for the operation. s -INIMIZETHESIZEOFlog decks to minimize the affected area. s ,OCATElog decks uphill and skid up to them. This results in a cone-shaped
pattern of skid trails, which disperses water running downhill. If trees must be skidded downhill, erosion can be minimized using smaller log decks with fewer, shorter and less-traveled skid trails leading to any one deck. To disperse water, install water bars with water turnouts in skid trails prior to final approach to deck. s ,OCATElog decks in a stable, well-drained area away from gullies when possible. s 7HENTHEHARVESTISCOMPLETED STABILIZEASNEEDED USINGwater bars, logging slash or vegetative cover. (See Section 6.4 for seeding recommendations.)
38

Control and minimize site-damaging effects to soil stability and water quality, such as rutting, puddling and compaction from harvest equipment.
4.1.2 Practices to Avoid for Log Decks
s ,OCATINGlog deck within the SMZ. s !LLOWINGDECKSTOCONCENTRATESTORMRUNOFFONTOROADS TRAILS ETCLEADING
to a watercourse.

4.2 SKID TRAILS
Skid trails are for temporary use during the timber harvest. You should strive to control and minimize site-damaging effects to soil stability and water quality, such as rutting, puddling, and compaction from harvest equipment. If trails will remain after the harvest for vehicular access, upgrade them to road building standards.

4.2.1 BMPs for Skid Trails
s Skid uphill to log decks on ridges or hills. s (AVEPERIODICBREAKSINGRADETO
help disperse surface flow. s 5SETEMPORARYCLOSURETECHNIQUES
such as water bars or covering with logging slash, if significant erosion may occur before permanent closure techniques are installed. s 2ETIRE ASNEEDED ASSOONASPOSSIBLE with properly installed water control structures. For water bars see Figure 3-I, page 37, and Table 4-A for proper spacing. s 7HENGRADESEXCEED USEwater bars with water turnouts.

Table 4-A. Spacing of Water Bars on Skid Trails and Firebreaks

Grade of Skid Trail Distance Between

or Firebreak

Water Bars

(percent)

(feet)

2

250

5

135

10

80

15

60

20

45

25

35

40*

30

* Use grades of 40% and steeper only for short stretches.

4.2.2 Practices to Avoid With Skid Trails
s 4RAILSOVERGRADEEXCEPTFORSHORTSTRETCHES s "LADEDTRAILSUNLESSREQUIREDONSIDESLOPESTOCREATETHEAPPROPRIATE
grade for safe operations. s 5SINGSTREAMANDDRAINSWITHDElNEDchannels as skid trails. s -AINskid trails within SMZs.
39

Section 4.0 Timber Harvesting

4.3 SKID TRAIL STREAM CROSSING
In certain situations, crossing a stream with a temporary skid trail may be preferable to a permanent road crossing. Factors to consider include the value of the timber to be accessed relative to the cost of a permanent crossing, topographic features limiting construction of permanent crossings, and the size of the stream ANDORTHEUPSTREAMWATERSHED2EGARDLESSOFTHEFACTORS THECONSIDERATIONSFOR protecting water quality are critical to maintain the integrity of the stream bank, to use water-permeable fill materials that are easy to recover in the restoration process, and to minimize the amount of fill dirt entering the stream.

4.3.1 BMPs For Skid Trail Stream Crossings
s &OLLOW&EDERALMANDATES3EE3ECTION PAGE s -INIMIZETHENUMBEROFCROSSINGS s #ROSSSTREAMATRIGHTANGLES s -AINTAINSTREAMBANKINTEGRITY s !PPROACHSTREAMSATGENTLEGRADESOFSLOPE IDEALLYATLESSTHANTHREEPERCENT s 5SEOFTEMPORARYBRIDGESORSPANSRATHERTHANTEMPORARYculverts. s )FTEMPORARYculverts are used, make sure they are properly sized for the
watershed. (See Table 3-C, page 34.) s 3TABILIZEculvert fill during and after construction using any one or a combi-
nation of: hay bales; seed and mulch; silt fence; rock; excelsior blankets; geotextiles; etc. (See Section 3.2, page 27) s 5SELOGSORSTEMSASlLLOVERTEMPORARYculverts instead of fill dirt whenever possible. s 2EMOVEALLTEMPORARYlLLSANDRESTORETHEchannel to its original elevation. Stabilize approaches during and after construction.

4.3.2 Practices to Avoid For Skid Trail Stream Crossings
s 3TREAMCROSSINGSWHENEVERPOSSIBLE s 5SEOFFORDS s "LOCKINGSTREAMmOW s "LOCKINGTHEMIGRATIONOFAQUATIC
organisms. s 5SINGsloughs as skid trails.
40

Portable steel bridge

s 2ANDOMCROSSINGSWITHMECHANIZEDEQUIPMENT s ,EAVINGLOGSORSTEMSINSTREAMCROSSING
4.4 RUTTING
During harvesting, some soil disturbance and rutting is inevitable, due to the mechanized nature of most harvesting systems. Excessive or inappropriate rutting can impact water quality when it causes sediment or silt-laden runoff to enter a stream or when it interrupts or changes the natural flow of water to the stream. Rutting that results in the discharge of sediment to a stream may violate federal and state water-quality laws.
4.4.1 BMPs to Minimize Rutting
s 5SELOWGROUNDPRESSUREEQUIPMENT LOGGINGMATS OROTHERTECHNIQUESON saturated soils where practical.
s -INIMIZETHEGRADEOFskid trails. s &OLLOWTHE"-0SRECOMMENDEDFORskid trails in Section 4.2, page 39.
4.4.2 Practices to Avoid For Rutting
s &ACILITATINGTHEPOTENTIALMOVEMENTOFsediment to a stream or water body. s "REAKINGDOWNTHEINTEGRITYOFASTREAMBANK
4.5 EQUIPMENT WASHING AND SERVICING
Improper equipment washing and servicing can introduce hazardous or toxic materials to the harvest site, which can affect water quality.
4.5.1 BMPs for Washing and Servicing Equipment
s 7ASHANDSERVICEEQUIPMENTAWAYFROMANYAREATHATMAYCREATEAWATER

Natural pole bridge

Portable timber bridge

41

Section 4.0 Timber Harvesting

quality hazard, especially within SMZs and along ephemeral areas.



Dispose of oils, lubrications, their containers and other wastes ac-

cording to local, state and federal regulations.

s 2EMOVEALLUSEDTIRES BATTERIES OILCANS ANDTRASHFROMLOGGINGOPERA-

tions before leaving the site.

s #LEANUPANDORCONTAINFUELANDOILSPILLSIMMEDIATELY#OMPLYWITH

state and federal regulations when reporting spills. Report any fuel, oil

or chemical spills to the DNR EPD HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES OFFICE.

(1-800-241-4113)

4.5.2 Practices to Avoid When Washing and Servicing Equipment
s 7ASHINGORSERVICINGEQUIPMENTWHEREITCOULDAFFECTWATERQUALITY

4.6 PROTECTING STREAMSIDE MANAGEMENT ZONES (SMZs) DURING HARVESTING

4.6.1 BMPs for Harvesting Streamside Management Zones
In addition to the BMPs listed in Section 2.1, page 8: s 5SETECHNIQUESTHATMINIMIZESOILDISTURBANCE SUCHASBACKINGTREESOUT
with machine using low ground pressure equipment, using equipment with booms, or cable winch. s -AINTAINTHEINTEGRITYOFSTREAMBANKS s -INIMIZETHEEXPOSUREOFMINERALSOILBYSPREADINGLOGGINGSLASHANDUSING it to drive over.

4.6.2 Practices to Avoid When Harvesting Within SMZs
In addition to the avoidance guidelines listed in Section 2.1, page 8: s 5SINGTREESORDE LIMBINGGATESINTHE3-: s ,EAVINGTOPSINSTREAMchannels. s 2UTTING

4.7 PROTECTING WETLANDS DURING TIMBER HARVESTING

4.7.1 BMPs FOR HARVESTING FORESTED WETLANDS
In addition to the recommendations in Section 2.2.9, page 23:
42

s 0LANTHETIMBERHARVESTFORTHEDRYSEASONOFTHEYEARWHENPOSSIBLE s 5SESITE SPECIlCEQUIPMENTANDMETHODSTOMINIMIZEWATERQUALITYIM-
pacts, including high-flotation, low-pressure harvesting equipment, shovel logging or cable yarding. s #ONCENTRATEskid trails and use logging slash, mats or other techniques to minimize soil compaction and rutting. s 5SEPRACTICESCONDUCIVETORAPIDregeneration. s &OLLOWFEDERALLYMANDATEDSTREAMANDWETLANDCROSSINGS3EE3ECTION 3.3.1, page 31.)
4.8 MAT (SHOVEL) LOGGING
s -INIMIZETHEWIDTHOFskid trail mats. Mats should not exceed an average 20 feet in width, except for sections of the trail where it is necessary for equipment to pass; in these sections the minimum width may be doubled.
s -INIMIZETHENUMBEROFskid trail mats. Typically, trails should not be spaced closer than 200 feet, on average. Where conditions prohibit tracked machines from operating off the mat and to minimize site disturbance, spacing may be reduced to 50 feet. However, under no conditions should skid trail mats exceed 25% of the harvest area.
s 4IMBERFORskid trail mats should be laid down in the direction of the trail under normal conditions.
s 5SEONLYONELAYEROFTIMBERFORskid trail mats, except where multiple layers are necessary to prevent site disturbance.
s 7HEREMULTIPLELAYERSOFTIMBERARENECESSARYTOCONSTRUCTTHEskid trail mat and to maximize weight distribution, the bottom layer may be laid down perpendicular to the trail, and may exceed 20 feet in width.
s -ERCHANTABLEMATERIALINskid trail mats should be removed after logging operation is complete.
s &ORSTREAMCROSSINGSWITHskid trail mats, refer to the stream crossing section of the BMP Manual.
43

Section 5.0
Site Preparation and Reforestation
Site preparation facilitates the regeneration process and is the first step toward successful regeneration. Typical methods prepare harvested and non-forested areas for desired tree species and stocking. Site preparation may be used for both natural and artificial forest regeneration. Methods chosen should reduce logging debris, lessen logging impacts, control competing vegetation, and enhance seedling survival.
The site preparation technique used depends on soils, slope, condition of the site, vegetation, crop tree species, cost, location and landowner goals. Analyze the erosion potential of the site prior to any site preparation. Topography, soil type and residual ground cover determine erosion potential.
Topography The steepness and length of the slope are major considerations when determining the treatment intensity. Intensive treatments that are acceptable in areas of little or no slope may be unacceptable in areas of steep slope.
Soil Type Soil types or mapping units differ in texture, slope, stoniness, erodibility, wetness or other characteristics that affect the use of the soils by man. Soil surveys describe these limitations as slight, moderate, or severe. Any limitations should receive extra attention in order to prevent soil degradation.
Residual Ground Cover The amount, species and size of ground vegetation, logging debris and other organic matter should be a consideration in prescribing the type and intensity of the treatment.
Site preparation techniques can be grouped into three categories: mechanical, chemical, and controlled burning. Combinations of these techniques are common.
5.1 MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION
Mechanical site preparation includes shearing, raking, subsoiling, chopping, windrowing, piling, bedding and other physical methods to cut, break apart or move logging debris, or to improve soil conditions following harvest. This category is often described by its impact on the soil. Methods vary from low intensity to high intensity. High-intensity methods such as disking and bedding expose the soil on more than 50% of the site. Chopping is a low-intensity method. Erosion potential usually increases with higher-intensity methods, especially in areas with steep slope. Therefore, high-intensity methods are appropriate for flat and gentle slopes, used with caution on moderate slopes, and avoided on steep slopes. Low-intensity
44

methods are preferred on moderate to steep slopes.
5.1.1 BMPs FOR MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION
s 4HOROUGHLYPLANTHEsite preparation before beginning the job to ensure that the best treatment is implemented.
Use the minimum intensity of site preparation required. On slopes of 6%-10%, intensive mechanical methods should follow the
contour of the land. On slopes of 11%-20%, mechanical methods other than chopping should
follow the contours of the land. On soils with moderate to severe erosion potential, strips of untreated areas or windrows should be left to slow water and soil movement down the slope. On slopes of 21%-30% with severely erosive soils, use only low-intensity mechanical methods that follow the contour. Drum chopping should be perpendicular to the slope. On slopes greater than 30%, use only hand tools (chain saw felling). Where accelerated erosion is likely, use methods that leave logging debris and other litter scattered evenly over the site. When constructing beds on slopes greater than five percent, follow land contours. Protect forest floor and limit soil disturbance in stabilized gullies that are not eroding.
5.1.2 Practices to Avoid During Mechanical Site Preparation Any mechanical methods except drum roller chopping or spot cultivation on
slopes greater than 30%. Drum chopping should not follow the contour. Intensive mechanical methods on slopes greater than 20% with severe
erosion potential. Windrow construction that could direct runoff into waterways. Mechanically preparing sites when soils are saturated. Mechanical methods in SMZs. Blocking any drainage with beds, windrows, or similar structures. Bedding that channels surface runoff into waterways and roadbeds. Moving soil into windrows and piles. Re-activating stabilized gullies.
45

Section 5.0 Site Preparation and Reforestation
5.2 MECHANICAL SITE PREPARATION IN WETLANDS
Forested wetlands offer unique challenges for site preparation. The EPA and Army Corps of Engineers have determined that major drainage in jurisdictional wetlands will require a Section 404 permit from the Army Corps of Engineers. Also a 404 permit may be required for mechanical site preparation for pine establishment in the following forested wetland types, unless they no longer exhibit their unique distinguishing characteristics due to past practices: 1. Permanently flooded, intermittently exposed and semi-permanently
flooded wetlands: Examples include Cypress-Gum Swamps, Muck and 0EAT3WAMPS AND#YPRESS3TRANDS$OMES 2. Riverine Bottomland Hardwood wetlands: Seasonally flooded or wetter bottomland hardwood sites within the first or second bottoms where overbank flooding has resulted in alluvial features such as natural levees. Soils are listed in NRCS surveys as poorly or very poorly drained. Bottomland hardwoods do not include sites in which greater than 25% of the canopy is pine. 3. White Cedar Swamps: Wetlands greater than one acre in headwaters and greater than five acres elsewhere, underlain by peat of greater than 40 inches, where natural white cedar represents more than 50 % of the basal area and where the total basal area for all tree species is 60 square feet or greater. 4. Carolina Bay wetlands: Oriented, elliptical depressions with a sand rim, either underlain by (a) clay-based soils and vegetated by cypress or (b) peat of greater than 20 inches and typically vegetated with an overstory of Red, Sweet, and Loblolly Bays. 5. Non-riverine Forest wetlands: Rare, high quality (undisturbed) wet forests, with mature vegetation, located on the Southeastern coastal plain, whose hydrology is dominated by high water tables. Two forest community types fall into this group: Wet Hardwood Forests -- interstream flats comprising ten or more contiguous acres typically found on the margins of large peatland areas that are seasonally flooded or saturated by high water tables. Soils are listed as poorly drained mineral soils. Vegetation is dominated (greater than 50% of basal area) by mature swamp chestnut oak, cherrybark oak, or laurel oak, alone or in combination. Swamp Forests -- flats comprising five or more contiguous acres found on sites that are seasonally to frequently flooded or saturated by high water tables. Soils are listed as very poorly drained. Vegetation is dominated by
46

mature bald cypress, pond cypress, swamp tupelo, water tupelo, or Atlantic white cedar, alone or in combination.
Note: Sites dominated by red maple, sweetgum, or loblolly pine alone or in combination are not considered to be of high quality, and therefore do not require a permit.
6. Low Pocossin wetlands: Central, deepest parts of domed peatlands on poorly drained interstream flats, underlain by peat soils greater than 40 inches, typically vegetated by a dense layer of short shrubs.
7. Wet Marl Forest: Hardwood forest wetlands underlain with poorly drained marl-derived, high pH soils.
8. Tidal Freshwater Marshes: Wetlands with dense herbaceous vegetation located on the margins of estuaries or drowned rivers and creeks regularly or irregularly flooded by freshwater.
9. Maritime Grasslands, Shrub Swamps, and Swamp Forests: Barrier island wetlands in dune swales and flats, underlain by wet mucky or sandy soils vegetated by wetland herbs, shrubs, and trees.
These forested wetland areas are more precisely described in an EPA and Corps November 1995 memorandum concerning Application of Best Management Practices to Mechanical Silvicultural Site Preparation Activities for the Establishment of Pine Plantations in the Southeast. Consult a qualified professional for additional information to determine if one of these wetland types is on a site.
5.2.1 Other Wetlands
Other jurisdictional forested wetlands do not require a Section 404 permit if conducted according to the following six federally mandated minimum BMPs.
5.2.1.1 Federally Mandated BMPs for Mechanical Site Preparation in Wetlands
1. Position shear blades or rakes at or near the soil surface. Windrow, pile and move logs and logging debris by methods that reduce dragging or pushing through the soil to minimize soil disturbance associated with shearing, raking and moving trees, stumps, brush and other unwanted vegetation.
2. Activities should avoid excessive soil compaction and maintain soil tilth.
47

Section 5.0 Site Preparation and Reforestation
3. Arrange windrows to limit erosion, overland flow and runoff. 4. Prevent disposal or storage of logs or logging debris in SMZs. 5. Maintain the site's natural contour and ensure that activities do not
immediately or gradually convert the wetland to a non-wetland. 6. Conduct activities with appropriate water management mechanisms to
minimize off-site water quality impacts.
5.3 CHEMICAL SITE PREPARATION
Herbicides are a valuable tool in forest management and are used to control competing vegetation in the establishment and management of natural and planted pine stands. If conducted properly, herbicide treatments are acceptable site preparation methods on all slopes.
Proper planning and execution are key to safe herbicide use. Follow label directions and applicable state and federal laws in the storage, transportation, handling and application of all herbicides. Apply restricted-use herbicides only under the supervision of a certified pesticide applicator.
5.3.1 BMPs For Chemical Applications
s %STABLISHAPPROPRIATEBUFFERSALONGperennial and intermittent streams and flowing bodies of water.
s #ONSIDERWEATHERCONDITIONSSUCHASTEMPERATURE WINDSPEEDAND precipitation, equipment capabilities and pesticide formulations to avoid pesticide drift into the SMZ.
s #ONDUCTALLON SITEpesticide handling, such as tank mixing, loading and rinsing equipment, away from streams, ponds, wells and roadside ditches.
s $ISPOSEOFpesticideCONTAINERSANDOREXCESSpesticides according to label requirements and local, state and federal regulations.
s #LEANUPANDORCONTAINALLpesticide spills immediately and comply with local, state and federal regulations for reporting hazardous materials spills. Report spills to the DNR EPD Hazardous Substance Office (1-800-241-4113).
5.3.2 Practices to Avoid During Chemical Applications
s !PPLYINGApesticide directly to water bodies (streams, lakes, and swamps), unless it is specifically prescribed and labeled for aquatic management.
s "ROADCASTAPPLICATIONSOFpesticides within SMZs.
48

5.4 SITE PREPARATION (CONTROLLED) BURNING
Controlled fire is often used alone or in conjunction with chemical or mechanical site preparation to prepare sites for regeneration. A properly executed site prep burn only slightly increases the chance for erosion. Fires that expose significant mineral soil on steep slopes, however, may increase erosion potential. Other factors also must be taken into consideration. If in doubt about appropriate site preparation treatment, consult a qualified professional.
5.4.1 BMPs for Site Preparation Burning
s 5NLESSPROTECTEDBYNATURALBARRIERS THEAREATOBEBURNEDSHOULDBEPROTECTed by firebreaks installed following BMP recommendations. (See Section 5.5)
s -OISTURELEVELSWITHINTHESOIL FORESTFUELSANDTHEAIRSHOULDBESUFlCIENT to prevent major exposure or damage to the mineral soil, especially on moderate to severely erosive soils.
s %XCLUDEHIGH INTENSITYsite preparation fires from the SMZ. Cool, low-intensity, hazard-reduction fires that do not consume the duff layer are allowed.
5.5 PRE-SUPPRESSION FIREBREAKS
Pre-suppression firebreaks aid in site preparation (controlled) burning, prescribed burning and in controlling wildfires. Proper planning and BMP implementation for pre-suppression firebreaks can minimize sediment delivery to surface water. Aerial photographs, topographic maps, or county soil survey maps should be used to locate tract boundaries, streams, wetlands, rock outcrops, gullies, cemeteries, etc. that require extra precautions.
5.5.1 BMPs for Firebreaks
s 7HEREPOSSIBLE USENATURALBARRIERSSUCHASROADS STREAMS ANDlELDS as firebreaks.
s )NSTALLfirebreaks on the contour as much as possible. s 7HENfirebreaks cannot be installed on the contour, use a gradual grade. s 5SEBLADEDORHARROWEDfirebreaks instead of plowed firebreaks whenever
possible. s /NSLOPESEXCEEDINGTHREEPERCENT INSTALLwater bars with water turnouts in
firebreaks according to the BMP recommendations for skid trail retirement. (See Table 4-A page 39.)
49

Section 5.0 Site Preparation and Reforestation

s 5SEHANDTOOLS or back blade firebreaks away from the edge of streams, roads, or gullies.
s )NSTALLwater bars and water turnouts at approaches to streams, roads, and gullies to prevent channeling water from firebreaks into these areas.
s 4REATACTIVEgullies the same as streams, using appropriate buffers and plowing practices.

5.5.2 Practices to Avoid During Firebreak Construction
s Firebreaks that channel surface runoff into streams, roads, or gullies. s 0LOWINGINSIDETHE3-:

5.6 REFORESTATION
Reforestation can be accomplished artificially or naturally. Natural regeneration and hand planting generally pose less of a threat to water quality than mechanical methods. Complete artificial regeneration projects as quickly as practical. A qualified professional can provide advice on reforestation choices.

5.6.1 BMPs for Reforestation
s (ANDPLANTONSLOPESWITH severely erosive soils.
s -ACHINEPLANTONTHEcontour on slopes between 2% and 20%.

5.6.2 Practices to Avoid During Mechanical Reforestation
s -ACHINEPLANTINGUPANDDOWN slopes greater than five percent.
s -ACHINEPLANTINGWITHIN3-:S

Mechanical Tree Planting

50

Notes: 51

Section 6.0
Management and Protection
6.1 PRESCRIBED BURNING/HAZARD REDUCTION
Prescribed burning is used to reduce hazardous accumulations of forest fuels, manage competing plant vegetation, improve wildlife habitat and perpetuate certain endangered plant and animal ecosystems. When properly planned and conducted, prescribed burning has minimal impacts on water quality. These burns should follow federal, state, county and local regulations.
6.1.1 BMPs for Prescribed Burning Follow same BMPs as in 5.4 and 5.5 page 49.
6.2 WILDFIRE SUPPRESSION
Wildfires are suppressed aggressively with the safety of personnel and equipment a primary concern. After suppression, when safety allows, BMPs should be installed during mop up or as soon as possible.
6.2.1 BMPs for Wildfire Suppression Firebreaks Locate camps and staging areas on upland sites. Stabilize areas designated for water supply points and dip sites for helicopters
to prevent excessive rutting from support equipment. -IXANDORHANDLElRERETARDANTS LUBRICANTS ETCAWAYFROMSTREAMS
ponds, wells and roadside ditches. Repair wildfire suppression firebreaks as soon as practical after the fire is
under control to meet BMPs for pre-suppression plowing.
6.3 FERTILIZATION
Forest fertilization is a valuable silvicultural practice that enhances tree survival and growth. The primary nutrients applied are nitrogen and phosphorus. Plan any forest fertilization to prevent direct applications and runoff into water bodies. When conducted properly, forest fertilization poses little threat to water quality. Fertilizer applications should not result in the exceeding of state water quality standards for nitrates and phosphorous for lakes. For more information, contact the DNR EPD Water Protection Branch for those standards.
6.3.1 BMPs for Fertilization Consider weather conditions (such as temperature, wind speed and precipi-
52

tation) and equipment capabilities to avoid fertilizer drift into the SMZ. Conduct all on-site fertilizer handling, such as mixing and loading, away
from streams, ponds, wells and roadside ditches. #LEANUPANDORCONTAINALLfertilizer spills immediately and comply with
any local, state and federal regulations for reporting spills of hazardous materials. Dispose of fertilizerCONTAINERSANDOREXCESSfertilizer according to local, state and federal regulations and label requirements. In case of accidental spills, call 1-800-241-4113.
6.3.2 Practices to Avoid When Applying Fertilizers Applying fertilizer directly to water bodies (streams, lakes, and swamps) un-
less specifically prescribed and approved for aquatic management. Applications of fertilizer within SMZs.
6.4 REVEGETATION AND STABILIZATION OF SITES
Forest management often creates openings in the form of roads, stream crossings, log decks, skid trails, and firebreaks. Establishing a vegetative cover as soon as possible on these sites reduces erosion and prevents sedimentation. In addition to protecting the soil, vegetative cover can enhance wildlife habitat. Establishing a vegetative cover may include selecting the proper plant species, preparing the site, liming, fertilizing, seeding and mulching. This section provides managers with a variety of seeding mixtures that stabilize sites quickly and also provide benefits to wildlife. Table 6-A on page 54 provides a quick reference to help with the selection and establishment of seeding mixtures. Selection of plant species, establishment methods and maintenance procedures should be based on site characteristics, including climate, soils, aspect and land-use objectives.
6.4.1 Land Preparation
Site preparation, such as smoothing or reshaping rutted roads and landings, may be necessary before conventional equipment can prepare seedbeds, which are important for vegetation establishment. Disc harrowing and dragging will firm and smooth soil and promote good germination. Heavily compacted areas may require sub-soiling, ripping or disking to allow water infiltration and to provide a suitable seedbed for root growth.
53

54

Table 6-A. Seeding Mixtures for Erosion Control Plantings

Fall Plantings

Planting Date

Recommended Planting1

Seeding2 Rate (lb/acre)

Coastal

Piedmont

Mountains

Fertilizer (lb/acre)

Ladino Clover3

5

Red Clover

10

September 15

September 1

August 1

Ryegrass

15

to

to

to

500

Rye

30

November 15

November 1

October 15

10-10-10

Wheat

30

Crimson Clover

15

September 15

September 1

September 1

500

Hairy Vetch

15

to

to

to

10-10-10

Wheat

60

November 15

November 1

October 15

Arrowleaf Clover or

15

Crimson Clover

Ryegrass

Wheat

15

40

September 15 to
November 15

September 1 to
November 1

September 1 to
October 15

500 10-10-10

Wheat or Rye

50

September 1

September 1

September 1

Unhulled

to

to

to

500

Bermuda in

10

December 15

December 1

November 15 10-10-10

sandy soil or

Fescue in

25

clayey soil

Spring Plantings

Planting Date

Recommended Planting

Seeding Rate (lb/acre)

Coastal

Piedmont

Mountains

Fertilizer (lb/acre)

Ryegrass

20

Kobe Lespedeza

30

Feb. 15 to
April 1

Feb. 15 to
April 1

March 1 to
April 15

500 10-10-10

Bahiagrass

25

Brown Top Millet

25

March 25 to
July 1

April 15 to
July 1

XXXXXX

500 10-10-10

Bermuda grass

10

Brown Top Millet

25

March 15 to
July 1

March 15 to
July 1

April 15 to
July 1

500 10-10-10

Footnotes for Erosion Control Plantings Table 1) To maximize wildlife value, avoid plantings with Fescue, weeping love grass, Bermuda grass, and sericea Lespedeza. 2) Seeding depths should be 1/4 inch unless otherwise noted. 3) For mixtures including Ladino clover, lime at the rate indicated by soil test or at the rate of 2 tons per acre.

Wildlife Value
Excellent

Remarks
Well drained clayey or loamy soils. Perennial clover can persist for several years. Inoculate clover seed. Maintaining pH above 6.0 is critical.

Excellent Good

Well drained clayey or loamy soils. Inoculate clover. Tolerates lower soil pH. Disk lightly in September to encourage re-seeding and overseed with wheat.
Well drained sandy or loamy soils. Inoculate clover. Disk lightly in September to encourage re-seeding of clover and overseed with wheat and rye.

Cool season annuals provide value for wildlife during Poor fall and winter of first year. Maintain by mowing for
weed control and fall fertilization.

Wildlife Value
Excellent

Remarks
Low maintenance, reseeding annuals. Inoculate Kobe Lespedeza.

Good Fair

Include hulled Bermuda at a rate of 10 lb. per acre on sandy sites. Kobe Lespedeza can be added at 10 lb. per acre to increase wildlife value.
Does well in dry, sandy sites.

6.4.1.1 Fertilizer and Lime
A soil test can determine fertility and pH. If a soil test is not available and lime has not been applied in the past three years, apply it at the rate shown in Table 6-B. Lime and fertilizer are most efficient when incorporated into the soil. Spread them uniformly over the site prior to land preparation and mix them completely with the soil. Lime takes several months to react with the soil and become fully effective.
&ORESTSOILSARETYPICALLYLOWINPHOSPHOROUSANDORPOTASSIUMANDUSUally require lime. Clovers are not productive in acid sites (below pH 6.0) with low fertility unless fertilizer and lime are added.

Table 6-B. Rate of Lime to Use When a Soil Test is Unavailable

Soil Texture Sands and loams Clayey, acidic Clayey, alkaline

Tons/Acre 2 3 0

Pounds/1000 sq. ft. 100 150 0

Base additional applications of lime on soil test recommendations.

6.4.1.2 Seeding and Mulching
Seeding can be done in a number of ways. The most common method utilizes a farm tractor and a broadcast seeder. On steep or severely erosive sites, use a hydroseeder. Seed should be covered by pulling a section harrow, cultipacker, or brush.
Mulch should be used on slopes greater than five percent, on sites where vegetation will establish slowly, or on deep sands or heavy clay soils. Mulch helps prevent erosion and allows vegetation to become established. Structural measures such as a diversion, which moves concentrated runoff, usually require mulch. Where there is a danger of mulch being blown or washed off-site, anchor it by running over the mulched area with a disk harrow with the discs set to run straight. On steep slopes, anchor mulch with netting and tack-down staples or spray it with a tackifier.

55

Section 7.0
Additional Management Objectives
The Best Management Practices recommendations in this publication are directed at maintaining water quality, which is critical for the conservation of all natural resources. Forest management practices such as timber harvesting, site preparation, tree regeneration, and within-stand treatments may be conducted in ways that enhance fish and wildlife habitat, aesthetics and recreational opportunities, while accommodating sensitive sites and endangered species. Landowners may have other resource objectives that can be achieved only through the use of practices that vary but are consistent with the protection of water quality. The following comments describe additional management options that landowners may wish to consider.
7.1 WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
s #OMPAREYOURCURRENTHABITATCONDITIONSANDTHOSEONADJACENTLANDSTO your wildlife management objectives before making land management decisions.
s 3OMElSHANDWILDLIFESPECIESBENElTFROM3-:SWIDERTHANTHEMINIMUM widths specified for water quality BMPs.
s -ANAGEFORADIVERSITYOFFORESTTYPESANDAGECLASSESTOENHANCEWILDLIFE habitat quality.
s -AINTAINMATUREMASTPRODUCINGHARDWOODSINGROUPSORSTANDS s ,EAVECORRIDORSOFTREESCONNECTINGMATUREFORESTSTANDSTOPROVIDEFOOD
cover and travel avenues for wildlife while adjacent stands are regenerating. s ,EAVESNAGS DEADANDDOWNWOODYDEBRIS BRUSHPILESORwindrows through-
out timber harvest areas. s 5SEprescribed fire, which is one of the most cost-effective forest and wildlife
management practices. s 5SEWILDLIFE FRIENDLYPLANTINGSFORlog decks, roads and skid trails following
logging operations. s &ORMOREINFORMATIONONANYOFTHEABOVERECOMMENDATIONS CONTACTTHE
Georgia DNR Wildlife Resources Division.
7.2 PROTECTED SPECIES
The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division have publications with listings.
56

If you suspect the presence of an endangered species, contact the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for verification and management considerations.

7.3 AESTHETICS

s #ONSIDERaesthetics during forest

management activities and be

aware that appearance may

influence public opinion.

s 5SEFORESTMANAGEMENTMETHODS

that can minimize visual impacts

such as single tree and group

selection, seed tree and shelterwood

regeneration, and small patch clearcuts.

s ,EAVECORRIDORSOFTREESALONGWELL traveled public roads to enhance visual quality.

Aesthetics can influence public perception of forestry.

s 3HAPEHARVESTAREASWITHNATURALFEATURESOFTHELANDSCAPE

s 2E SEEDBARESOILAREASPROMPTLY

s -AINTAINAMIXEDTREESPECIESCOMPOSITION

s $URINGARTIlCIALregeneration, establish tree rows parallel to the road and

avoid 90-degree angles.

s -INIMIZETHEhSKYLININGvOFRESIDUALSNAGSANDCULLTREES

s &ORMOREINFORMATION SEETHE!MERICAN0ULPWOOD!SSOCIATIONSForestry

Aesthetics Guide, Image and Opportunity.

7.4 SENSITIVE SITES
s #ONSIDERPROTECTIVEMANAGEMENTPRESCRIPTIONSFORUNIQUECULTURAL.ATIVE American sites), ecological (protected species), archeological (civil war breastworks), geological (rock formations), or historical (old forts and cemeteries) sites. They may need special consideration to manage their values. Contact the DNR.

57

Section 8.0
Appendix
8.1 FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS AFFECTING FOREST LANDOWNERS
8.1.1 The Federal Clean Water Act, Section 404, 40 CFR Part 232.3
s %XEMPTSNORMAL ESTABLISHED ON GOING silvicultural operations from permitting.
s 2EQUIRESsilvicultural operations to adhere to BMPs and 15 baseline provisions for forest road construction and maintenance in and across waters of the U.S. (lakes, rivers, perennial and intermittent streams, wetlands, sloughs and natural ponds) in order to qualify for the silvicultural exemption from the permitting process. See Section 3.3.1 page 31.
s 2EQUIRES!RMY#ORPSOF%NGINEERSPERMITFORTHECONVERSIONOFFORESTED wetlands to other uses such as agriculture or development.
s !-EMORANDUMOF5NDERSTANDINGDATED.OVEMBER BETWEENTHE Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires permits for the conversion of specific high-quality bottom land hardwood wetlands to pine plantations by mechanical site preparation methods. It also mandates the use of six BMPs in other jurisdictional wetlands. See Section 5.2.1.1, page 47.
s 0ROVIDESFORCIVILANDCRIMINALPENALTIESUPTO PERDAY
8.1.2 USDA Programs
Participation by landowners in various loan, price support, agriculture, forestry incentive and assistance programs subject them to rules and regulations regarding the Federal Farm Bill (Swampbuster and Sodbuster Provisions). s 0ROHIBITSLANDOWNERSFROMCONVERTINGFORESTEDwetlands to agricultural uses. s 0ROVIDESFORPENALTIESINCLUDINGPROGRAMPAYMENTSPLUSINTERESTTOBEPAID
back from the time of the conversion, loss of benefits and loss of eligibility in future programs.
8.2 STATE LAWS and REGULTIONS AFFECTING FOREST LANDOWNERS
8.2.1 The Georgia Water Quality Control Act (O.C.G.A. 12-5-29)
s -AKESITUNLAWFULTODISCHARGEEXCESSIVEpollutants (sediment, nutrients, pesticides, animal waste, etc.) into waters of the state in amounts harmful to
58

public health, safety, or welfare, or to animals, birds or aquatic life or the physical destruction of stream habitats. See Section 1 or glossary for definition of waters of the state. s 0ROVIDESFORCIVILANDCRIMINALPENALTIESUPTO PERDAY
8.2.2 (Excerpt from Georgia Rules and Regulations for Water Quality Control Chapter 391-3-6-.03 Water Use Classifications and Water Quality Standards) Amended.
General Criteria for All Waters. The following criteria are deemed to be necessary and applicable to all waters of the state:
Turbidity. All waters shall be free from turbidity, which results in a substantial visual contrast in a water body due to a man-made activity. The upstream appearance of a body of water shall be as observed at a point immediately upstream of a turbidity-causing man-made activity. That upstream appearance shall be compared to a point, which is located sufficiently downstream from the activity so as to provide an appropriate mixing zone.
For land disturbing activities, proper design, installation, and maintenance of best management practices and compliance with issued permits shall constitute compliance.
Temperature: Not to exceed 90F. At no time is the temperature of the receiving waters to be increased more than five degrees Fahrenheit above intake temperature, except that in estuarine waters the increase will not be more than one-point-five degrees Fahrenheit. In streams designated as primary trout or smallmouth bass waters by the Wildlife Resources Division, there shall be no elevation of natural stream temperatures. Streams designated as primary trout waters are waters supporting a self-sustaining population of rainbow, brown or brook trout. In streams designated as secondary trout waters, there shall be no elevation exceeding two degrees Fahrenheit natural stream temperatures. Streams designated as secondary trout streams are those with no evidence of natural trout reproduction, but are capable of supporting trout throughout the year.
Trout streams are classified in accordance with the designations and criteria established by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division. This list may be updated every two years. For the most current list, visit www.gaepd.org or call the Georgia EPD at 404-656-4708.
59

Section 8.0 Appendix

8.2.3 The Georgia Growth Planning Act (O.C.G.A. 12-2-8)
s !UTHORIZEDTHE'EORGIA$EPARTMENTOF.ATURAL2ESOURCESTODEVELOPMINImum planning standards and procedures that local city and county planning and zoning jurisdictions could adopt and enforce pertaining to the protection of river corridors, mountain tops, water supply reservoirswatersheds and wetlands.
s 2EQUIRESLOCALGOVERNMENTSTOUSETHESEMINIMUMSTANDARDSINDEVELOPing and implementing local comprehensive growth development plans.
s Silvicultural practices are exempt from permitting requirements according to the guidelines, but the activity must comply with BMPs within these sensitive areas. The rules for environmental planning for each of these sensitive areas are:

8.2.3.1 Water Supply Reservoir/Watershed (Chapter 391-3-16-. 01)
s 0ROVIDESLOCALGOVERNMENTSCRITERIATOALLOWDEVELOPMENTOFAwater supply reservoir or watershed without contaminating the water source to a point where it cannot be treated to meet drinking water standards.
s 4HECRITERIAESTABLISHESBUFFERZONESANDREQUIREMENTSFORLANDDISTURBING activities along perennial streams and lakes and applies to existing and future water supply reservoirs and watersheds. See Figures 8-A and 8-B.
s ,OCALGOVERNMENTSMAYEXEMPTSPECIlCFORESTRYACTIVITIESFROMTHE stream and lake corridor buffers, provided the activity complies with Best Management Practices.

Figure 8-A. Water Supply Reservoir/Watershed Buffer Zones

(> 100 sq. mi.)

(< 100 sq. mi.)

50' BUFFER + 25' SETBACK

7-MILE RADIUS
100' BUFFER + 50' SETBACK 150' RESERVOIR BUFFER RESERVOIR

7-MILE RADIUS
100' BUFFER + 50' SETBACK 150' RESERVOIR BUFFER RESERVOIR

60

Figure 8-B. Water Supply Intake Watershed (< 100 sq. mi.)
50' BUFFER + 25' SETBACK
7-MILE RADIUS
100' BUFFER + 50' SETBACK WATER SUPPLY INTAKE
8.2.3.2 Wetlands Protection Act (Chapter 391-3-16-. 03)
s 2EQUIRESLOCALGOVERNMENTSANDREGIONALDEVELOPMENTCENTERSTO acknowledge the importance of wetlands for the public good in the land-use planning process.
s 7HEREwetlands exceed five acres, local governments are encouraged to protect them.
s 4IMBERPRODUCTIONANDHARVESTINGARECONSIDEREDACCEPTABLEUSES
8.2.3.3 River Corridor Protection Act (Chapter 391-3-16-. 04)
s 2EQUIRESLOCALGOVERNMENTSANDREGIONALDEVELOPMENTCENTERSTOUSESTANdards for the protection of river corridors in developing and implementing local comprehensive development plans.
s !PPLIESTOANYperennial river or watercourse, at that point and below, where the average annual flow is at least 400 cubic feet per second (cfs) as determined by appropriate U.S. Geological Survey documents.
s 0ROTECTEDBUFFERSINCLUDEALLLANDWITHINFEETHORIZONTALLYONBOTHSIDES of the river, as measured from the riverbanks.
s 0LANSSHALLALLOWFORTIMBERPRODUCTIONANDHARVESTING PROVIDEDTHE activity complies with Best Management Practices.
s 3EEMAP&IGURE #
61

Section 8.0 Appendix

Figure 8-C. State Designated Protected Rivers, 1992

River corridors with mean annual flow greater than four hundred cubic feet/second

Source: U.S. Geologic Survey
8.2.3.4 Mountain Protection Act Chapter 391-3-16-. 05)
s 2EQUIRESLOCALGOVERNMENTSANDREGIONALDEVELOPMENTCENTERSTOUSE planning standards for the protection of mountain areas in developing and implementing local comprehensive plans.
s !PPLIESTO all land area 2,200-feet or more above mean sea level that has a percentage slope of 25 percent or greater for at least 500-feet horizontally,
62

and shall include the crests, summits, and ridge tops that lie at elevations higher than any such area. s &ORESTRYPRACTICESAREALLOWEDONPROTECTEDMOUNTAINS PROVIDEDTHE activity complies with Best Management Practices. s 3EEMAP&IGURE $ Figure 8-D. Generalized Map of Areas Subject to "Mountain Protection"
Source: U.S. Geologic Survey
8.2.4 Coastal Management Act (O.C.G.A. 12 -5-260)
s 2EQUIRESEXISTINGAUTHORITIESINTHE COUNTYCOASTALAREATOEXECUTETHE full range of policies and management techniques identified as necessary for coastal management purposes.
s 3EEMAP&IGURE % Figure 8-E Coastal Zone Management Program Area,1997
Source: Georgia Coastal Resources Division
63

Section 8.0 Appendix
8.2.5 Metropolitan River Protection Act (O.C.G.A. 12-5-440)
s 2EQUIRESTHE!TLANTA2EGIONAL#OMMISSION!2# TOADOPTA0LANTHAT would protect the land and water resources of the Chattahoochee River Corridor from Buford Dam to the southwest edge of Fulton County.
s %STABLISHESA FTBUFFERINWHICHLANDDISTURBINGACTIVITIESAREREGULATED s 2EQUIRESA FTBUFFEROFNATURALVEGETATIONBELEFTINITSNATURALSTATE
along the banks of the river and 35-ft. along the banks of other tributaries. s /UTSIDEOFTHESEBUFFERSANDINAREASZONEDFORAGRICULTURE FORESTRYPRAC-
tices are exempt from permitting. However in residential or commercial areas, a plan must be submitted and approved by the ARC when removing healthy trees over two inches in diameter at breast height. s %STABLISHESCIVILPENALTIESOF PERACREPERDAYORPARTTHEREOFON which such violation occurs.
8.2.6 Georgia Forest Fire Protection Act (O.C.G.A. 12-6-90)
s 2EQUIRESANYPERSON lRM CORPORATION ORASSOCIATIONENTITLEDTOBURNANY woods, lands, marshes, or any other flammable vegetation, whether in CULTIVATEDORUNCULTIVATEDAREAS TONOTIFY PRIORTOBURNING ANDOROBTAINA permit from the county office of the GFC wherein such burning is to be made.
s !NYPERSONWHOMAKESABURNANDFAILSTOGIVENOTICEANDOROBTAIN required permit shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
8.2.7 Erosion and Sediment Control Act (O.C.G.A. 12-7-1)
s 0ROVIDESPERMITTINGBYLOCALISSUINGAUTHORITIESFORLANDDISTURBINGACTIVITIES s %XEMPTSCOMMERCIALFORESTRYACTIVITIES INCLUDINGHARVESTING FROMPERMIT-
ting and minimum requirements of the act. s (ARVESTINGINCONSISTENTWITH"-0SMAYBEINTERPRETEDASBEINGINASSOCIATION
with land conversion activities and trigger Erosion & Sediment Control permits and requirements.
8.2.8 Oil or Hazardous Material Spills or Release Act (O.C.G.A. 12 -14-1)
s 2EQUIRESPRODUCERSOFHAZARDOUSSUBSTANCESINCLUDINGUSEDMOTOROILSOR fuels to collect those substances and deliver to registered handlers.
s 2EQUIRESTHATINTHEEVENTOFACCIDENTALSPILLS THESPILLBECONTAINED contaminated soils be collected and delivered to approved waste handling facility, and EPD be notified. (1-800-241-4113)
64

8.2.9 State Board of Registration for Foresters Standards of Practice (O.C.G.A. 43-1-19) Chapter 220-5.01
s )TISTHERESPONSIBILITYOFEACHregistered forester to practice professional forestry in a manner which protects the public welfare and safety and which meets generally accepted standards of practice.
s 'ENERALLYACCEPTEDSTANDARDSOFPRACTICESHALLINCLUDE BUTARENOTLIMITED to, adherence to Best Management Practices published periodically by the Georgia Forestry Commission and available from the Board office.
s &AILURETOPRACTICEPROFESSIONALFORESTRYINACCORDANCEWITHGENERALLY accepted standards of practice shall constitute unprofessional conduct and shall be grounds for disciplinary action as provided for by law.
8.3 LOCAL LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND ORDINANCES AFFECTING FOREST LANDOWNERS
Certain counties have adopted local laws and ordinances, which affect forestry activities. These come under the following categories:
8.3.1 Road Protection
May require permits and bonds before harvesting can begin. The Georgia Forestry Association, the Georgia Forestry Commission and the University of Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Extension Service maintains current list of those counties.
8.3.2 Zoning
Timber harvesting, in other than agriculture zones, may require permits and specific harvesting requirements.
8.3.3 Timber Tax Collection
Certain counties require permits or notification for timber harvest for the collection of timber tax.
8.3.4 Watershed Protection
Some counties require permits and plans for the removal of timber in floodplains.
8.3.5 Local Land Use Plans
See Comprehensive Growth Planning Act under State Laws. Landowners, forest managers and operators should check with local authorities before undertaking forestry activities.
65

Section 8.0 Appendix

8.4 GLOSSARY

Access Road A permanent or temporary woods road over which timber is transported from a

felling site to a public road. Also known as a haul or system road.

Aesthetics The study or practices designed to maintain the beauty of forests.

Aspect The compass direction that the slope of the land faces (north, northwest, south, etc.)

Back blading The practice of laying the bulldozer blade on the ground while operating a crawler

tractor or other bulldozer equipment in reverse. This practice is commonly used for smooth-

ing rough soil or for pulling soil or debris away from an area when pushing is not practical.

Backwater paleo channels Usually well-defined deep channel features that are remnants of

earlier river and side channel configurations. Mixed channel substrates (sand, organics, fine

sediments). Flow usually backs into these features from the main river. Organic debris is

often found piled against the "wrong" side of obstructions.

Backwater swamps Backwater swamps are wetland areas formed in old overflow channels on

the margins of floodplains at the base of the adjacent slopes. They feature wetland vegeta-

tion, hydric soils, and fine and organic substrates, but they may show evidence of scour and

debris movement.

Basal Area The area of the cross-section of a tree stem near its base, generally at breast height

(4 feet above the ground), inclusive of bark. Expressed in square feet per acre. Stand basal

area is generally expressed as the total basal area per unit area.

Bedding A site preparation technique in which a small ridge of surface soil is formed to provide

an elevated planting or seedbed. It is used primarily in wet areas to improve drainage and

aeration for seedlings.

Best Management Practices (BMPs) Methods, measures or practices to prevent or reduce

water pollution, including but not limited to, structural and non-structural controls, opera-

tion and maintenance procedures, and other requirements, scheduling, and distribution of

activities. Usually BMPs are applied as a system of practices rather than a single practice.

Braided stream A stream flowing in several dividing and reuniting channels resembling the

strands of a braid. The divisions are caused by obstruction from sediment deposited by the

stream.

Broad-Based Dip A surface drainage diversion built into the bed of a permanent haul road that

consists of a long approach section, a low, out-sloped middle section, and a short terminal

section with a reverse grade. They are specifically designed to intercept and divert surface

water flow out of a dirt road while allowing vehicles to maintain normal haul speeds. Also

called a rolling dip.

Broadcast Burn A controlled fire within well-defined boundaries to reduce forest fuel hazards.

Brush Barrier A linear pile of limbs, tops, logs, and other forest debris which is arranged along

the lower edge of a road, log deck, or site prepared area to slow, diffuse, or intercept sedi-

ment moving off the disturbed site.

Buffer Strip A transitional area between two different land uses which mitigates the effects of

one land use on another. For water quality purposes they are intended to filter surface runoff

and trap sediment and associated pollutants before entering water bodies. Some state and

local regulations require them.

Canal A man-made waterbody constructed for the purpose of flood control.

Canopy cover Indices of percent ground surface shaded by a combination of overstory and

66

midstory trees.

Channel A natural water-bearing trough cut vertically into low areas of the land surface by erosive action of concentrated flowing water.
Chopping A mechanical treatment in which vegetation is concentrated near the ground and incorporated in the soil. Chopping may be used to facilitate burning.
Clearcutting A silvicultural system in which all merchantable trees are harvested over a specified area in one operation.
Continuous Side Channels These less distinct channels and banks flow intermittently and are connected to the main channel network at both ends. The channels often contain mixed substrates (sand, organics, fine sediments).
Commercial Forest land Forest land bearing or capable of bearing timber of commercial character, currently or prospectively available, and not withdrawn from such use.
Contour An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same elevation. Also a line drawn on a map connecting points of the same elevation.
Controlled burning (fire) See prescribed burning Cross-Drain Culvert A metal, wooden, plastic or concrete conduit through which ditch flow is
directed underneath the road surface to the opposite side of the road. Culvert A metal, concrete or plastic pipe, or a constructed box-type conduit through which water
is carried under roads or trails. Discontinuous side channels Channel features that may or may not be connected, on at least
one end, to medium or higher flow energy channels. May have distinct or indistinct channel features, but the channel features disappear and reappear. Ditch A man-made feature constructed for the purpose of minor surface water drainage. Drainage channels These less distinct channels begin on the floodplain and usually flow intermittently during periods of high water tables via a continuous linear drainage system to the main river. The channels often contain mixed substrates (sand, organics, fine sediments). Dry Wash A stream bed that carries water only during and immediately following rainstorms. Sometimes referred to as a gully or ephemeral stream. Duff Partially decayed organic matter on the forest floor. Ephemeral area Depressions or swales, sometimes called drains, draws, or dry washes, that have no defined continuous channel and that are well-connected to intermittent or perennial streams. Please see page 19 for a more detailed description. Erosion The process by which soil particles are detached and transported by water, wind and gravity to a point downslope or downstream. Estuary An inlet or arm of the sea where the tide meets the current at the mouth of a river. Excelsior blanket A machine produced mat of curled wood excelsior bonded with polymer netting. Fauna The animals of a specified region or time. Felling Cutting down standing trees. Fertilizers Any substance or combination of substances used primarily as a source of plant nutrition or soil amendments. Firebreaks (Fire Lines) Artificial barriers that contain fires within an area that typically are ESTABLISHEDBYPLOWINGANDORHARROWING Floodway and River bottom flats Area of floodplain with significant water velocities during frequent overbank flows (flows less than the two-year low flow). Evidence of scour and debris movement can be found. The floodway is usually identified on FEMA floodplain maps. Smaller floodway or riparian areas in minor streams are also called river bottom flats. Flora The plant of a specified region or time. Forest Chemicals Chemical substances or formulations that perform important functions in forest management, including fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and repellents. Gabion Large, multi-celled, welded wire or rectangular wire mesh boxes, used in stream channel re-
vetments, retaining walls, abutments, check dams, etc to stabilize steep or highly erosive slopes. 67

Section 8.0 Appendix
Geotextiles Fabrics used to improve the load bearing capacity of roads with weak base material. Geowebb A heavy-duty polyethylene cellular confinement system used to improve and stabilize
structural fill in roads and embankments. Gully Narrow ravines, often caused by past land cultivation. Please see page 21 for a more
detailed description. Harrowing (Disking) A mechanical method of scarifying the soil to reduce competing vegeta-
tion and to prepare a site for seeding or planting. Herbicide Any chemical or mixture of chemicals intended to prevent the growth of or promote
THEREMOVALOFTARGETEDTRESS BUSHES ANDORHERBACEOUSVEGETATION Humus layer The organic layer of the soil formed by the decay of organic matter. Hydric Soils Soils exhibiting a considerably wet nature, typically characterized by dark or gray
mottled colors and associated with wetlands. Hydrology The scientific study of the properties, distribution and effects of water on the earth's
surface, in the soil and underlying rocks and in the atmosphere. Inslope The feature of a road surface, established during construction or maintenance, that
slants the roadbed to the inner or uphill side to facilitate drainage of storm runoff from the road in more concentrated flow into a ditch line. Integrated Pest Management The maintenance of destructive agents, including insects, at tolerable levels by the planned use of a variety of preventive, suppressive, or regulatory tactics and strategies that are ecologically and economically effective and socially acceptable. Intermittent stream A watercourse that flows in a well-defined channel during wet seasons of the year but not the entire year. They generally exhibit signs of water velocity sufficient to move soil material, litter and fine debris. Aquatic insects often are difficult to find or not present at all. Log deck A place where logs or tree-length material is assembled for loading and transporting. Logging Debris The unused and generally unmarketable accumulation of large limbs, tops, cull logs, and stumps that remain after harvesting. Mulching Any loose covering of forest soil with organic residues such as grass, straw or wood fibers that checks erosion and stabilizes exposed soil. Non-point source (NPS) pollution Water pollution that is (1) induced by natural processes including precipitation, seepage, percolation and runoff; (2) not traceable to any discrete or identifiable facility; and (3) better controlled by using BMPs. Outslope The feature of a road surface, established during construction or maintenance, that slants the roadbed to the outer or downhill side to facilitate drainage of storm runoff from the road in more diffuse flow than occurs at dips and water bars. Outsloping is a contrasting road design to the crowned roadbed or to an inslope toward a ditch line. Perennial Stream A watercourse that flows in a well-defined channel throughout most of the year under normal climatic conditions. Some may dry up during drought periods or due to excessive upstream uses. Aquatic insects are normally present and easily found. Pesticide Any chemical substance used to control undesirable insects, diseases, vegetation, animals or other life forms. Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and nematicides are considered pesticides. Pollutants Natural or manmade waste material that contaminates air, soil or water. Precipitation Any form of water that falls to the ground from the atmosphere, including drizzle, rain, snow, snow pellets, ice crystals, etc.
68

Prescribed Burning (fire) The use of planned fire that is deliberately set under specific fuel and weather conditions to accomplish any variety of management objectives and is under control until it burns out or is extinguished.
Protected Mountain Top Mountain tops above 2,200-ft. elevation and greater than 25% slope. Protected River Corridors One hundred-foot buffers along those rivers at a point and below
where the flow is at 400 cubic feet per second (cfs). Qualified Professionaln!PERSONWHOSETRAININGANDEXPERIENCEQUALIlESHIMHERTOMAKE
forestry and water quality recommendations. Examples include foresters, hydrologists, soil scientists, forest engineers, fishery and wildlife biologists, or technically trained individuals such as those who have completed the Master Timber Harvesters workshops. Raking A mechanical site preparation method to remove trees and shrubs by raking and piling debris. Raking usually moves less soil into windrows than bulldozing. Regeneration A young tree crop that replaces older trees removed by harvest or disaster; also the process of replacing old trees with young ones. Registered Forester A person who is registered and licensed to engage in professional forestry practices as determined by the Georgia State Board of Registration for Foresters. Restricted Use Pesticide A pesticide that is applied only by certified persons for specific uses. Retirement of Roads Preparing a road for a long period of non-use by methods including mulching, seeding and installing water bars. Riprap Rock or other large aggregate that is placed to protect streambanks, bridge abutments or other erodible sites from runoff or wave action. Rotation Period The period of time needed to establish, grow and harvest a crop of trees at a specified condition of maturity. Sediment Soil particles that have been detached and transported into water during erosion. Seed Tree Cut A timber harvesting method that provides for the natural regeneration of a site by leaving single trees, or small groups of seed-bearing trees, evenly distributed throughout the harvest area. Generally results in an even-aged stand Seep or spring A place where groundwater flows slowly to the surface and often forms a pool; a small spring. Selection cut Removal of select trees in a forest stand based on some economic or physiological criteria. Generally results in an uneven-aged stand. Shearing A mechanical site preparation method of removing large numbers of stems too large for disking or drum chopping. Shear blades, mounted on crawler tractors, are angled or V-shaped, have straight or serrated edges and have a "stinger" for splitting larger trees and stumps. Shelterwood Cut Removal of mature timber in a forest stand in a series of harvests that extend over a relatively short portion of the rotation. This cut encourages essentially even-aged reproduction under the partial shade of seed trees. Side cast The act of moving excavated material to the side and depositing it. Silt fence A lofty web of mechanically or melt bonded polymer netting, monofilament or fibers that are entangled to form a strong and dimensionally stable matrix to catch storm runoff and soil particles. Silviculture The science and art of growing forest crops. More particularly, the principles, theories and practices for protecting and enhancing the regeneration, growth, development and use of forests for multiple benefits. Sinkhole A geologic feature that may provide a direct connection between land surface and groundwater. Site preparation A forest activity to remove unwanted vegetation and other material, and to cultivate or prepare soil for reforestation.
69

Section 8.0 Appendix
Skid The short-distance moving of logs or felled trees along the surface of the ground from the stump to the point of loading.
Skid Trail A temporary, non-structural pathway over forest soil for dragging felled trees or logs to a log deck.
Slough A poorly defined channel in a swamp, bog, marsh, or riverine system, often without a clearly defined inlet or outlet.
Staging area An area designated for the concentration of vehicles and equipment for a specific activity.
Streamside Management Zone (SMZ) A designated area of varying width adjacent to the banks of streams and bodies of water where management practices that might affect water quality, fish, or other aquatic resources are modified.
Sub-soiling A mechanical site preparation method for ripping apart compact soils or soils with plow pans, hard pans, or fragi-pans under the soil surface.
Thermal Pollution A temperature rise in a body of water sufficient to harm aquatic life. Trout stream A perennial stream and its tributaries inhabited by trout. Streams designated as
Primary Trout Waters are waters supporting a self-sustaining population of rainbow, brown or brook trout. Streams designated as Secondary Trout Streams are those with no evidence of natural trout reproduction, but are capable of supporting trout throughout the year. Turbidity An optical measurement of water clarity. Water bar A hump or small dam-type surface drainage structure used to close abandoned roads, skid trails, and fire lines. Water Control Structure Any structure used to regulate surface or subsurface water flows. Watershed All land and water within a drainage divide. Waters of the State Any and all rivers, streams, creeks, branches, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, drainage systems, springs, wells and other bodies of surface or subsurface water, natural or artificial, lying within or forming part of the boundaries of the state, which are not entirely confined and retained completely upon the property of a single individual, partnership or corporation. Waters of the U.S. Includes lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mud flats, sand flats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural ponds. Water Supply Point An easily accessible location used to pump water into fire-suppression vehicles. Water Supply Reservoir/Watersheds Governmentally owned impoundments of water and the watersheds above such impoundments used primarily to provide water to one or more governmentally owned public drinking-water systems. Water Turnout The extension of an access road's drainage ditch or skid trail's or fire line's water bar into a vegetated area to disperse and filter storm water runoff. Wetlands Areas inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands possess three essential characteristics: hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils and hydrology. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, river floodplains, Carolina bays, cypress domes and stringers, pine hammocks and similar areas. Windrow Logging debris and unmerchantable woody vegetation that is piled into rows to decompose or be burned.
70

8.5 CONTRIBUTORS
Persons who contributed to the development of this document

Joe Allen, Southeastern Wood Producers Association
Glenn Atkinson, International Paper Company
Rich Aubuchon, USDA Forest Service Lynda Beam, Private landowner Barry Beers, Prudential Timber Investments Bill Breiner, Bill Breiner Forestry John Britt, Mead Coated Board, Inc. Ginger Brown, USDA Forest Service Dr. Kim Coder, UGA Warnell School of
Forestry and Natural Resources Alan Dozier, Georgia Forestry Commission Jeff Durniak, GA Wildlife Resources Division Willard Fell, Georgia Forestry Commission David Ferrell, USDA Natural Resource
Conservation Service John Godbee, F&W Forestry Micah Goldstein, Georgia Pacific
Corporation Frank Green, Georgia Forestry Commission Dr. Dale Greene, UGA Warnell School of
Forestry and Natural Resources *OHN'REIS 53$!&OREST3ERVICE53%0! Jim Griffith, Georgia Farm Bureau Greg Guest, Georgia Pacific Corporation Bill Hansen, USDA Forest Service Tom Harris, UGA Warnell School of Forestry
and Natural Resources Mike Hurst, USDA Forest Service Bob Izlar, UGA Warnell School of Forestry
and Natural Resources Dr. Ben Jackson, UGA Warnell School of
Forestry and Natural Resources Rhett Jackson, UGA Warnell School of
Forestry and Natural Resources Meg Jones, The Nature Conservancy Frank Jordan, Attorney; Private landowner;
Assoc. of Conservation Districts George Kellogg, International Paper Company Lynn Klein, Georgia Pacific Corporation Bob Lazenby, Georgia Forestry Commission Drew Marczak, Plum Creek Dennis Martin, Georgia Forestry Commission

Ted Mikalsen, Georgia Environmental Protection Division
Dr. Karl Miller, UGA Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources
Masato Miwa, International Paper Company Dr. David Moorhead, UGA Warnell School of
Forestry and Natural Resources Dr. Larry Morris, UGA Warnell School of
Forestry and Natural Resources Stuart Moss, F & W Forestry Service Jamie Nettles, Weyerhauser Corporation Dr. Wade Nutter, Nutter, Overcash, and
Associates Bill Oettmeier, Jr., Superior Pine Products Lee Ogden, UGA Warnell School of Forestry
and Natural Resources Rob Olszewski, Plum Creek David Pattison, Stone Container Corporation Hillrie M. Quin, Jr., The Conservation Fund;
The Georgia Conservancy Steve Raper, Temple-Inland Forest Pat Reddish, Newport Timber Travis Reed, Reed Logging, Inc. Dick Rightmyer, USDA Forest Service Mark Roberts, Roberts Timber Company Scott Robinson, Georgia Wildlife Resources
Division Betty Rothamael, Georgia Wildlife Federation Andrew Schock, The Nature Conservancy Monty Seehorn, retired Dr. Barry Shiver, UGA School of Forest
Resources Pat Straka, Monsanto Jonathan Streich, The Nature Conservancy Reggie Thackston, GA Wildlife Resources
Division Steve Tomlin, International Paper Company Jeff Vowel, Florida Division of Forestry Larry Walker, Weyerhauser Corporation Bill White, Georgia Soil and Water
Conservation Commission Carlton Windsor, Rayonier Mike Zupko, Georgia Forestry Association

71

References For other natural resource information, contact any of the following organizations:

STATE AGENCIES:
Georgia Forestry Commission P.O. Box 819 Macon, Ga. 31202 1-800-GA-TREES 478-751-3500 www.gatrees.org

Georgia Department of Natural Resources Environmental Protection Division NonPoint Source Pollution Program 4220 International Parkway, Suite 101 Atlanta, GA 30354-3902 404-675-6240 www.gaepd.org

Georgia Soil and Water Conservation Commission P.O. Box 8024 Athens, GA 30603 706-542-3065 www.gaswcc.org

University of Georgia Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources Athens, GA. 30602 706-542-2686 770-918-6401 www.forestry.uga.edu

University of Georgia Forest Resources Cooperative Extension Service School of Forest Resources Athens, GA 30602 706-542-3446

Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Division 2070 US Highway 278 SE Social Circle, GA. 30025 770-918-6400 www.georgiawildlife.org

FEDERAL AGENCIES:
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Southern Region 1720 Peachtree St.,NW Atlanta, GA 30367 404-347-4178 www.fs.fed.us

Natural Resources Conservation Service State Office Federal Building, Box 13 355 E. Hancock Street Athens, GA 30601 706-546-2272 www.ga.nrcs.usda.gov

USDA Forest Service Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest 1755 Cleveland Hwy Gainesville, GA 30501 770-297-3000 www.fs.fed.us/conf

United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Region 4 1875 Century Boulevard Suite 200 Atlanta, GA 30345 www.fws.gov

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wetlands, Coastal and Water Quality Atlanta Federal Center 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, GA 30303 404-562-9355 www.epa.gov/wetlands/awm

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Savannah District P.O. Box 889 Savannah, GA 31402 912-652-5822 www.usace.army.mil

PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS:
The Association of Consulting Foresters Georgia Chapter c/o Forest Resource Consultants 717 North Avenue Macon, GA. 31211 478-745-4910 www.acf-foresters.org

The Atlanta Regional Commission 40 Courtland St NE Atlanta, GA 30303 (404) 463-3100 www.atlantaregional.com

The Conservation Fund 4500 Hugh Howell Road, Suite 470 Tucker, GA. 30084 770-414-0211 www.conservationfund.org

The Georgia Conservancy 1776 Peachtree Street, NW Suite 400 South Atlanta, GA 30309 404-876-2900 www.gaconservancy.org

The Georgia Farm Bureau P. O. Box 18002 Macon, GA 31298 912-746-5263 www.gfb.org

The Georgia Forestry Association 551 N Frontage Rd Forsyth, GA 31029 478-992-8110 www.gfagrow.org

The Georgia Wildlife Federation 11600 Hazelbrand Road Covington, GA. 30014 770-929-3350 www.gwf.org
The Southeastern Wood Producers Association P. O. Box 9 Hilliard, Fl 32046 904-845-7133 www.sewpa.com
72

The Nature Conservancy 1330 W. Peachtree St, Suite 410 Atlanta, GA 30309 404-873-6946 www.nature.org
PHOTOGRAPHS COURTESY OF:
Georgia Environmental Protection Division Georgia Wildlife Resources Division The Nature Conservancy of Georgia Weyerhaeuser Corporation

The Society of American Foresters Georgia Division P.O. Box 2945 LaGrange, GA 30241 706-845-9085 www.gasaf.net
Georgia Forestry Commission Georgia-Pacific Corporation NC Forest Service