Schoolground beautification

~choo&round~eaUhhcahon
"The house in which this sacred work of training the children of the republic for citizenship and social service, a work that has to do with Inind, soul and body, with the Inolding of character and the creation of ideals, should be a place worthy in all respects of such a work; a hOIne, not a hovel; a place of beauty, not a place of ugliness; a place of coInfort, not a place of discoInfort; a place of cleanliness, not a place of uncleanliness. About it the grass should grow green and the sun shine bright, the flowers bloOIn and the birds sing and thc trees wave their long branches; and the children, while listening to the lessons taught by Inen and books, Inay receive also, froIn the potent, silent influence of proper environInent, the sweet Inessage of peace, love, culture, and beauty."
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
M. D. COLLINS, State Superintendent of Schools

:f_
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT
OF
EDUCA~rIO.N
'Division oj Information and Publication L. L. PERRY, Director
1939

i.,--

TREES I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree. A tree whose hungry mouth is prest Against the sweet earth's flowing breast; A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray; A tree that may in summer wear A nest of robins in her hair; Upon whose bosom snow has lain; Who intimately lives with rain. Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree.
-JOYCE KILMER.
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-~- Dear Fellow-Teacher:

Atlanta, Georgia

The editors of many of our leading daily and weekly newspapers

who travel extensively over the state have commented upon the

beautiful school buildings and well-kept grounds, urban and rural,

in all parts of the state. Visitors from other states have also been impressed with the fact that Georgia teachers, pupils, and patrons

are becoming more and more aware of the importance of proper

school architecture and of the artistic and civic value of school

grounds-of trees, shrubs, and flowers as contributors to beauty, comfort, and contentment.

Even so, we cannot afford to ignore the fact that Georgia has far too many unsightly and uncomfortable school buildings, and that

there are school grounds almost everywhere awaiting the friendly

hand that will make them a joy forever.
In A Southerner Discovers the South, page 48, the author, Jona-
than Daniel declares, "Beauty is business and business is beauty."

Especially is this true in all things pertaining to our schools. Our

whole nation, fortunately, is becoming aware of this fact; but the puzzling question in Georgia and elsewhere, is: Why are school

grounds neglected in some localities where the home grounds are

carefully tended?

Wherever such a condition exists in Georgia, it is not due to a lack

of interest in educational matters; for our people are cordial in their

support of the schools and friendly to the profession of teaching. Probably some of us are so busy making a living that we haven't

found time to consider the importance of comfort and beauty in the

education of our boys and girls, even though we are eager for our children to have the best that life affords.

If your school grounds need attention, suppose you appoint a teacher and a member of your Parent-Teacher Association to study

the plans and suggestions contained in this pamphlet, and begin

now to create interest and to do constructive work in school ground beautification; and, of course, they will see to it, first of all, that the

State Flower-the Cherokee Rose-is planted, and that the Stars

and Stripes and the Georgia State Flag wave above the school grounds.

Your State Department of Education offers every service it af-

fords for the continuous promotion of this type of civic pride in

education.

Sincerely yours, L. L. P.
4

CONTENTS
I. VALUE OF SCHOOLGROUND BEAUTIFICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
(a) Educational Value of Tree Planting. (b) Civic Pride On The Schoolground.
II. SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS ON
SCHOOLGROUNDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
(a) Location and Soil. (b) The Choice of A Tree. (c) How To Plant A Tree.
III. BEAUTIFICATION AND CARE OF THE SCHOOL LAWN. . .. . . 5
(a) When to Plant. (b) Preparation. (c) Planting Distance. (d) Planting. (e) Watering and Weeding. (f) Cutting.
.
IV. WHAT TO Do ABOUT BULBS ON THESCHOOLGROUND. ..... 8
V. TRANSPLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
(a) Trees Suitable for Schoolgrounds. (b) Description of Most Common Plants from the Woods. (c) Deciduous Trees and Shrubs. (d) Plants-To be Obtained from Neighborhood. (e) Plants-To be Obtained from Nurseries. (f) Roses. (g) How to Transplant Evergreens.
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(CONTENTS CONT'D)
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VI. DECORATIVE WOODLAND TREES FOR SCHOOLGROUNDS .... 14 (a) Holly. (b) Gray-Beard. (c) Dogwood. (d) Honeysuckle. (e) Redbud. (f) Evergreen Magnolia.
VII. TREES AND FLOWERS SUITABLE FOR SCHOOLGROUNDS ..... 19 (a) Common Trees of Georgia. (b) List of Shrubs, Vines and Wild Flowers. (c) List of Flowers for Shady Places. (d) List of Flowers for Sunny Places.
VIII. GEORGIA'S HISTORICAL TREES AND FLOWER ............ 21 (a) The Cherokee Rose. (b) The Georgia State Flower. (c) The Legend of The Cherokee Rose. Cd) Three Rare Species of Georgia Trees. (e) The Live Oak-Georgia State Tree. (f) The Georgia Pine. (g) History of the Elberta Peach Tree. (h) Historical Use of Georgia Wood. Ci) Historical Trees of Georgia. (1) Other Historical Trees.
IX. BIRDS ON OUR SCHOOLGROUNDS. (a) What Birds to Expect on Our Schoolgrounds.
X. WAYS TO PROTECT SHRUBS.
(a) Principles of Pruning; (b) Controlling Insects and Disease.
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--~-

(CONTENTS CONT'D)

XI. ARBOR DAY.
(a) Setting Apart a Day as Arbor Day. (b) History of Arbor Day. (c) Why We Observe Arbor Day. (d) Activities for Arbor Day.
(1) Biblical Trees. (2) Suggested Outline for Study. (3) Quotations for Roll Call on Arbor Day. (4) Poems for Arbor Day.

XII. CLASSIFICATION OF SHRUBS.
(a) Conifers for Ornamental Use. (b) Small Trees Used as Ornamentals for Flowers or
Foliage. (c) Ornamental Shrubs. (d) Vines.
XIII. SHRUBS LISTED ACCORDING TO HEIGHT.
(a) Shrubs-3 feet in Height or Less. (b) Shrubs-3 feet to 6 feet Tall. (c) Shrubs-6 feet to 10 feet Tall. (d) Shrubs-10 feet to 15 feet Tall. (e) Shrubs-1S feet or More.

XIV. SHRUBS SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS LOCATIONS.
(a) Shrubs for Sunny Location. (b) Shrubs for Part Shade. (c) Shrubs for Shade. (d) Shrubs for Rock Gardens. (e) Shrubs for Dry Locations. (f) Shrubs for Wet Locations.
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--~- THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF TREE PLANTING
In this era of education the main purpose of the school is to create an attitude of respect and a desire to help in all well-directed activities for the improvement of the community. A clean and beautiful school building is a source of pride to citizens and a constant incentive to the students to attend school and do better work. There is no single movement that helps to beautify a schoolground and few things that educate the people of the community in public spirit and foresight as the care of trees.
Planting a tree is the beginning of a plan of work. The continuance of this plan is an all-year-round responsibility. The care of the trees is just as important as the actual planting. An individual planting a tree takes on a responsibility and this task can be definitely defined. Only in this way will Arbor Day and the purpose. of planting be achieved. It is not enough to plant a tree and say "Amen." Some one must see that it has water, light and soil fertility necessary to enable it to grow.
The care and observation of trees teaches an appreciation of beauty and the civic value of trees to a community. "The spirit of Arbor Day rules out the thoughtless, unsportsmanship habits of helping your.self regardless and substitutes the principle of helping your community, your state and your country." These give an insight into Mother Nature and insure in return a better understanding of Nature's secrets, and give to Young America a new awakening of life and living.
"He who plants a tree, plants hope," says Lucy Larcom, an American poet. An English essayist, Alexander Smith, adds: "A man does not plant a tree for himself, he plants for posterity." When you plant a tree on your schoolground, think of the unborn people who will be indebted to you. They will remember you kindly-the future men and women of our state.
Trees are man's best friend, they make the schoolground beautiful, they furnish useful products, they control the water supply on your school lawn, and prevent the soil from washing away, they lessen the rigor of climate, they protect birds and animals and show a cultural avenue to our appreciation of our inner life.
Teachers and children occupy the school building for seven to nine months each year and they need surroundings that are beautiful and homelike. Some schoolhouses lack protection from cold winds.
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--1:Trees; properly planted around a school building, mean a saving in fuel, which is getting to be an economic problem. "It is not too much to say that in nine cases out of ten, exposed schoolgrounds can be rendered more comfortable by trees being planted to break the wind."
Winter is not the only time of the year when trees protect man. In summer the shade gives beauty, freshness and joy. Live trees protect the soil, give comfort in winter and summer.
Trees modify rainfall and become a source of economic wealth. dead, the trees give fuel and building materials.
CIVIC PRIDE ON THE SCHOOLGROUND
Your schoolground is an example of the pride of your entire community. Are you proud of yours? Instead of a bleak and barren schoolground, the children should have the comfort and beauty afforded by trees. Artistic, well-kept grounds, as well as modern, sanitary buildings are effective factors in raising the standards of education.
An attractive school building is not enough. Do not stop until the yard is in harmony with the house. Strive to make the schoolyard the most attractive in the neighborhood. I t is the only place where some of our Georgia boys and girls can enjoy this opportunity. Children should be daily surrounded by influences that elevate them, that make them love flowers, trees and pleasing decorations. This will guide youth into reach of a degree of culture that nothing else will satisfy. When they grow up and have homes of their own they will keep them clean, neat and beautiful, fringed with shade trees and flowers. A child will never depart from this course if he is given the privilege of attending school where he is happy and where trees and flowers make their contribution to his environment.
It will not do simply to sing songs and give readings about trees on Arbor Day. In the past much more attention has been given to programs than to having the trees in the best condition and planting them right. Trees planted with ceremonious dignity on Arbor Day in December often die of neglect before September, and those that survive are often left to fight unaided for existence. Prepare your yard and plant your trees, and shrubs in the fall and hold your public exercise on Arbor Day.
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-~:To begin with, if your schoolground needs beautifying, it is often necessary to arouse public sentiment. Begin with the boys and girls and a committee of your most progressive Parent-Teachers Association members. The school boards, the teachers, the preachers, and the newspaper editors, should be the first to set things going. "Starting something" in this sense, isn't nearly so difficult as you might think. It is similar to planting a tree: you do your part and you'll be surprised to see how your idea will grow.
You will find, in talking the project over with the people of your neighborhood, you have mothers who have flowers, shrubs, trees around their homes that they will be delighted to give to the school projects.
The road to success for our boys and girls in learning the right use of what we have and the improvement of present opportunities. Luther Burbank said: "Trees, plants, flowers, they are always educators in the right direction, they always make us happier and better; and if well grown, they speak of loving care and they will respond to it as far as it is in their power. In all this world there is nothing so appreciative as children."
This type of civic pride will guide children to delight in their own efforts and lead citizens in the entire community to become more and more alive to beauty.
SUGGESTIONS FOR PLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS ON SCHOOLGROUNDS
Georgia is blessed with a great variety of native trees and shrubs, many of them exquisitely beautiful. They grow in profusion in almost every section of the state when given an opportunity. Still, some of the schoolgrounds lack the neatness and attractiveness which shrubs can give. After trees and shrubs are carefully planted, a small amount of attention is needed to make them grow.
LOCATION AND SOIL
Trees which do well in northern and mountainous sections of Georgia do not always thrive upon the sandy soil of South Georgia. Even in the same locality a marked variation will be found in the different
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--1~inds of trees growing upon different soils. A most instructive day can be spent by the teacher in looking through surrounding forests and grounds, and observing what species of trees are growing well in the same soil and under similar conditions as exist on the schoolgrounds.
THE CHOICE OF A TREE
1. General Considerations.
Trees for the schoolgrounds, along roadside and street, should be such as are least likely to suffer from injuries. They should be compact and symmetrical, free from objectionable habits, such as bad odor, root-sprouting and insect pests. If trees are planted for shade they should have a broad crown and dense foliage that should bud early in the spring and retain leaves long into fall. Trees, native to the region in which the planting is done, usually have more promise of growing successfully.
2. Size.
"Trees of almost any size can be successfuJly transplanted but in proportion to the size grows the difficulty, the amount of work, and the care necessary. As a rule the largest size should not exceed two to three inches in diameter at the base and ten to fifteen feet in height. Those half that size wilJ probably make better growth because less of the root-system wiJl be damaged or cut off in taking them up for transplanting." If pines are planted on the schoolground they should be set when they are very smaJl-not over one year old.
(Forestry Division, United States Department of Agriculture.)
HOW TO PLANT A TREE
1. Select a tree best suited to your purpose-shade, ornament, or fruit.
2. Bear in mind that the tree you are planting may provide shelter for, and be the pride of, future generations. Wrongly selected it may be unsightly and short-lived.
3. Rapid growth should not be the only factor in favor of a tree to be planted. Innumerable insects, fungoid diseases, and the necessity for frequent pruning are important considerations.
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'-1:4. Good roots in ample quantity are of vital importance to the
tree's successful growth. In digging, secure all the roots possible without damaging them, and immediately wrap in wet burlap; roots exposed to open air often die within a few minutes and once dead, they cannot be revived.
S. The larger the hole, the more thoroughly the soil should be prepared: The greater the care in planting, the more satisfactory will be the growth and future development of the tree.
6. Roots of evergreens especially, should be kept moist. The resinous sap hardens in the small roots from a few minutes exposure to sun and wind.
7. Grass sod is the deadly enemy of a newly set tree. No grass should be permitted within two feet of the trunk. The grass secures the first water that falls and in dry weather the tree suffers for want of moisture.
8. Digging the holes. A philosopher of the past century said, "The ground should be prepared to the full extent of the field," which assertion has never been disputed. The hole should never be less than four feet square and eighteen inches deep. The soil if not of good quality should be removed and good loam brought to fill the cavity. If the hole is smaller, the new roots strike the hard side of the excavation which they cannot penetrate and are thus turned back, coiling about as in a flower pot. It thus requires several seasons for trees to secure a thrifty growth. No fresh manure should be placed near the roots, but well rotted compost mixed with a fertile soil will produce a surprising growth.
9. Planting the tree. The roots should be spread out in natural position without any crowding and fine earth sifted in from the shovel by a shaking motion until all the roots are covered and the interstices well filled. When half filled, a bucket of water may be slowly poured in and the hole filled. If the soil is dry and drainage good, the surface should be somewhat depressed to maintain water in dry seasons.
-Adaptedfrom Aboriculture.
***
When a Japanese child is born a tree is planted, and this is tended carefully until the child's wedding day when it is cut down and its wood made into furniture for the new home.
-The Review.
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-~_ BEAUTIFICATION AND CARE OF THE SCHOOL LAWN
If you have an attractive schoolbuilding, why not have an attractive yard? You can have a beautiful yard without much expense if you choose with care the native shrubs and trees in the woods around you. If care in planting and simplicity in arrangement is exercised, you will always enjoy the natural effect. A well-arranged school yard will give much joy and happiness. Otherwise, your nerves will grow less sensitive to beauty and will become less useful in guiding your taste. This is the reason why so many people do not know when a thing is beautiful and when it is not. In some of our schools, the children have seen and lived with things that are not artistic and they have lost sight of the simple laws of art. One of the best ways to begin to improve your schoolgrounds is first, to plant your lawn.
Remember that the permanent effect is to be obtained from trees, shrubs, and grass, rather than flowers. Arrange shrubs, and trees in groups or masses, on the outside lines of the schoolground or next to the building. Plant some trees to provide shade for children. Place low shrubs next to building where they will not interfere with the light inside the building. There is nothing that will add to the appearance of the schoolground as much as a well planted green lawn.
Lawns are the background or foundation against which all the details of your schoolground will be reviewed. It should be in as large and unbroken stretch as possible, as this will produce a pleasing effect, tending to give an impression of great extent and also making the lawn easier to maintain. The borders should be irregular, for an irregular outline increases the apparent size of the ground by not revealing at one glance, its actual limits.
The surface of the lawn should be smooth enough to permit the easy running of the lawn mower, but many of the natural curves should be kept, and if the surface is inclined to be flat some efforts might be expended to elevate it.
WHEN TO PLANT
The opinion has been prevalent that grass planting should not be undertaken until the rainy season in June. A lawn, however, can be
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-planted any time of the year when there is enough moisture in the ground to germinate the seed. June is probably the best month, but is is not the only time. If large areas are to be set out and water is limited, the lawn should be planted in June. In towns or cities or in country places where water is obtainable, there is no reason why planting should not be done much earlier or much later. It is always advisable, however, to take advantage of the summer growing season.
PREPARATION
The area to be put in grass, if small, should be dug 6 to 8 inches deep, or plowed if large, and all foreign material removed. There will be broken roots, sticks, stones and perchance a few stumps. On the school grounds it is better to remove the troublesome part of the stumps by digging and cutting the tops off at least 16 inches below the surface. Stumps may be burned out, but this affects the nature of the soil, and there may be shrubs or trees close at hand which the heat may also injure. Building refuse, bricks, pieces of boards, laths, pieces of concrete, lumps of lime, and like materials should come out.
The land should then be graded. This does not mean that the ground need always be reduced to a dead level. Whether it is to be brought to a level or left undulating will depend on the length and breadth of the lawn. If small, it is best to reduce it to a level; but if large, undulations here and there in the surface may well be considered. It is easy and much more interesting to leave the ground undulating in places. The elevations should neither be so high as to interfere with keeping the moisture, nor the depressions so low as to accumulate water or to interfere with drainage. They should blend so imperceptibly into the general grade of the surface as to make it impossible to determine where they begin or end.
After the ground has been dug, freed from refuse, its outlines roughly marked out, and grades approximately established, a liberal dressing of fertilizer should be applied. As much as 500 pounds of commercial fertilizer, rich in ammonia, may be applied on every 100 square feet. The whole surface should then be worked over with a pronged fork, raked level, and brought to a finished grade. I t is then ready for planting or sowing.
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j~

PLANTING DISTANCE

It is best to allow reasonable spacing, that each individual plant may have opportunity to become well established before crowding takes place. Six to 12-inch spaces are commonly used. Carpetgrass should be set closer than centipede, because it does not cover so rapidly. All the southern lawn grasses, Bermuda, carpet, centipede and St. Augustine, are running; that is, the main stems do not stand upright but creep along the ground and root at the joints. Each plant set out, when established, becomes the center from which runners or stolons radiate, much as spokes from the hub of a wheel. When set early in the season they have the advantage of warm weather following, and spread much more rapidly than when set out late in the season. Consequently greater spacing may be allowed earlier settings.

PLANTING
St. Augustine-grass forms no seed and can be established only by cuttings. Centipede-grass seeds are not available and for the present at least must be propagated from cuttings. Seed of Bermuda and carpet grasses can be purchased, or cuttings may be planted.
If the area to be planted with anyone of the first four is small, it is nearly always best to use cuttings. On the other hand, if the area is large and either Bermuda or carpet-grass is to be used, seed may be considered. The more certain method of establishing a lawn is by planting cuttings.
If the soil is dry it should be well watered before planting. This is helpful in two ways. It makes planting easier because the ground is more readily opened and the soil does not run in to fill up the holes. Also, the plants or cuttings establish themselves more quickly in moist soil.
The ground is opened to receive the cuttings by thrusting a flat spade into the soil along a tightly stretched garden line. If the spade is used a continuous trough may be made or openings at desired intervals. As the openings are made the planter follows and thrusts the grass in place at proper intervals. As each plant is set it is packed with the foot, and when a row has been completed it should be gone over again and the plants firmly tramped into place. One man can

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-~'pen the ground for two planters, and with a fourth to prepare grass the work goes forward rapidly.
If large areas are to be planted with Bermuda grass, the ground, after being thoroughly prepared, may be opened with a small plow. The grass stems should be cut into short pieces on a block, with a hatchet, or run thru a feed-cutter from which all blades have been removed but one, and the cuttings scattered along the furrows in continuous rows without attention to spacing. They can then be covered by raking or hoeing the soil back into the furrow. This should be packed by tramping or by rolling with a heavy roller.
As soon as the planting of a fair sized section of the lawn is completed, the surface should, if uneven, be raked lightly, and the entire
lawn should be watered thoroughly. In planting grass it is essential
that the soil be kept sufficiently moist at all times until roots have developed. The settings are usually nothing but cuttings, and root formation must first take place before growth can begin. Hence careful attention to watering is necessary during the hot part of the day and in dry weather.
WATERING
A constantly uniform condition of soil-moisture is necessary to keep a lawn in good condition. Most garden owners underestimate the amount of water necessary thoroughly to wet the soil. Often an inch of rainfall is referred to as a very good rain, and even this is sometimes not enough to wet the ground thoroughly and to establish connection with the soil-moisture below. Watering should be thorough to procure a lasting benefit to the grass. It must also be borne in mind that lawns on light soils require more frequent waterings than do those located on stiffer and more retentive lands.
WEEDING
From time to time after planting, the prospective lawn should be gone over and all foreign plants or weeds taken out. This is necessary during the first few weeks after setting the grass. The sooner they are removed the better.
If grass has been planted in straight evenly spaced rows, much of the weeding may be done at first with a narrow hoe, and it will be
17

necessary to remove by hand only those weeds growing close to the --~:lawn grass. But as the lawn becomes thicker hand weeding only
should be done. The best hand weeding tool is a putty knife, or a steel table knife with the blade broken off about four inches long, and sharpened.
CUTTING
As soon as the lawn is well started the mower should be brought into use. Under the most favorable conditions this will be in about seven weeks after planting. The mower should be sharp. When used on soils where there is more or less free sand in the grass, it must receive frequent attention to keep it sharp. Lawns should be cut frequently so as to make raking up and removal of the clippings unnecessary. These contain plant-food which is returned to the soil as soon as they decay. Close cutting also unduly exposes the stems of running grasses, and injury may result.
WHAT TO DO ABOUT BULBS ON THE SCHOOLGROUND
Crocus on a lawn is a mistake unless you are willing to leave the grass unmowed around the plants. This gives crocus leaves time to mature and die down naturally. Sometime during the first part of July (or when the crocus leaves are yellowing) these neglected patches of grass can be cut. Any spot where bulbs are naturalized should be allowed to grow as hay until the leaves of bulbs have finished their function of supplying food for next season's flowers. Then the grass may be cut.
Tulips should not be taken up until the leaves begin to wilt and turn a grayish yellow. Take up the bulbs with the leaves and stem attached, if possible. Store them loosely in boxes, preferably kept in the shade, so that the leaves can dry out naturally. Clean the bulbs in August and sort them according to size, ready for October planting. Often, tulips can be left in the same place for several years and they will flower satisfactorily.
Bulbs which do not bloom usually need to be separated and reset in fertile soil and allowed to grow vigorously for a year or two, after which they will begin to bloom. In some cases, lack of water \vhf'n
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the buds are forming will blast them. Lack of food is also charged with doing this and so is disease. Hence, it may be wise to look at the bulbs, and to discard soft or diseased bulbs, or perhaps change to new and better varieties.
If you live where gladiolus thrips is common, and did not disinfect your corm in storage, by all means remove the husk and disinfect the corm in any good disinfectant solution. Bichloride of mercury, or corrosive sublimate, is satisfactory and easily obtained. Use at the proportion of one part to 1,000 parts of water, soaking the corms for 20 hours before planting. This will kill any thrips which live over winter. Corms free from insects and disease can be planted without removing the husk.
TRANSPLANTING TREES AND SHRUBS
Transplanting trees and shrubs is a means of quickly transforming natural desolation into attractive scenes. It is also a means of making possible the more economical production of food crops.
Essentials for Successful Transplanting are: A good plant with a well-developed root system and a healthy top.
Moving at the Proper Season: Deciduous plants, while dormant: evergreens when the ground is sufficiently warm and moist to stimulate the plant to the immediate formation of roots.
Proper Digging: Dormant deciduous plants to be dug with a minimum of injury to the roots, but without soil; evergreens with a ball of earth about the roots. Well-protected roots; that is, kept covered and moist, and the ball, if any, unbroken. An adequate hole, wider and deeper than the spread of the roots.
Proper Setting: Set at the depth at which it formerly grew, with the roots well spread. Suitable soil as to moisture, texture and fertilitv.
Correct Planting: The soil to be brought into close contact with the roots. Top pruning to balance the loss of roots or other injury; maintenance of adequate soil moisture until the plant is re-established. Various methods of handling are employed with different types and sizes of plants.
Plants: Soil, exposure, elevation, and climate of the region determine the plants to be used.
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_~ Classijication oj Plants: Woody plants may be divided into two -,- main groups-deciduous and evergreen. Deciduous plants are those
whose leaves die on the approach of winter-they grow practically everywhere and constitute the principal plant growth in most parts of Georgia. Evergreens are those holding their leaves during the winter or until after one or two new crops of leaves have grown, thus affording an abundance of green foliage throughout the year.
Transplanting Essentials: A good vigorous, healthy plant is of prime importance for success in transplanting. The plant should have a compact, but well-branched root system with plenty of fibrous roots and a top well formed for the purpose for which it is intended. A crooked top is unsightly and difficult to remedy, but a poorly developed root system is often worse, because it is upon the roots that the plant depends for support and sustenance. If the roots are poorly developed the whole plant is handicapped for lack of proper support. The plant should also be free from disease and insect infestation and it is much easier to keep a plant free from troubles than to eradicate them.
TREES SUITABLE FOR SCHOOLGROUNDS IN GEORGIA
All schoolgrounds should be well landscaped. There is little need to argue the worthwhileness of beautification. We are all agreed as to the very great value of this agency in teaching good attitude, civic pride, loyalty-loyalty to our school, to our community, to our State, to our National Government. We are all agreed that public funds are used for public education in order to have better citizenship. Beautiful school plants make no small contribution to that end. Our delay in beautification of school grounds is not due to lack of interest in this matter; but to lack of information as to how to do it-what to plant and where to get it, how to transplant and where to set it. The pupil should be associated with pleasant environment both in the classroom and on the schoolground.
1. There should be a definite plan with programs to follow for correct landscape beautification on each and every schoolground. This plan and program should be worked out by a committee who should keep in mind not only the proper thing to plant, but when and
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where to plant certain shrubs. Trees that grow to a great height should not be planted before windows of the school building.
2. The matter of grading and locating playgrounds, walks, drives and parking areas is most important and should come before the planting is done.

3. Below is a list of plants native to our state and which should have consideration in the general planting scheme:

Classifications:

r Native Elms
I Native Oaks

Shade Trees

~ Native Sugarberry

I Native Maples
iI Native Hickory
l Native Gums
Evergreen trees for American Holly

wind brakes, lawn Southern Magnolia

specimen and back- Hemlock

ground and screen I Red Cedar

planting

l Pines

Small deciduous

jWild Azalea Sweet Shrubs Hydrangea

Shrubs and Flower- \ Dogwood

ing trees

Crab Apple
l Red Bud

Evergreen Shrubs

r Gall Berry
jI Rhododendron Mountain Laurel Sweet Bay
Yucca
I !lex Opaca (Holly) l !lex Yupon (Holly)

Vines Roses

Evergreen Honeysuckle
jScarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle Trumpet Vine
I Virginia Creeper I Carolina Jasmine l Smilax
Cherokee Rose { Cultivated Types

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DESCRIPTION OF MOST COMMON PLANTS FROM THE WOODS
-,.-~
(Suitable for Schoolground Planting)
Magnolia: Tree, transplant when small; slow grower. Pin Oak: King of water oaks; evergreen below Macon; rapid grower. Cherry Laurel: Most beautiful, most serviceable evergreen tree to be had anywhere; found in abundance in woods of lower Piedmont Belt, will grow anywhere in the state; large trees, easily dwarfed. Mountain Laurel: Shrub, found in woods throughout northern part of state. Holly (Ilex Opaca): Small tree or shrub, depending on treatment; easily dwarfed; hard to transplant, but worth the trouble; found in all woods above coastal plain. Yupon: The holly of the Coastal Plains; evergreen shrub; beautiful orange to red berries; plant only in coastal region. Sweet Myrtle: Evergreen shrub: yellow-green; most beautiful foliage; hardy in southern half of state. Wood cedar: Tree or shrub; depending on treatment; evergreen, g-rows anywhere in state; found in most woodlands of state. To make shrub transplant young switch, cut off all limbs one to three inches from stem. These stubs will put out several limbs each. Let them grow six to ten inches. Recut with hedge shears. Shape to suit. The foliage gets' thicker as it is cut. Cut farther from main stem each time to preserve new stubs. Keep it cut and make it a beautiful plant.
DECIDUOUS TREES AND SHRUBS
Redbud (Judas Tree): Small tree or shrub, according to treatment; harbinger of spring; easily transplanted; suited to back corner or as an individual planting in front; grown anywhere.
Crabapple: Small tree; grows anywhere in state; another harbinger of spring; suited to hedge or background.
Dogwood: Small tree; can use in hedge, background, or individual planting; grows anywhere in state. Atlanta is noted for its 100,000
22

df;wood trees. They have white blooms in the spring and red berries in the winter.
Crepe-Myrtle: Plant only deep watermelon reds; all others are scrubs and should be in the brush pile; reds are difficult to get, due to demand for them; grows anywhere in state, can't plant in hedge or background.
Sweetgum and Blackgum: Hedge and background only; plant in clumps; beautiful sky-lines; beautiful leaf colors in fall; easy to transplant; grows anywhere in the state.
Maple: Subject to cherry scale; grows in all sections of state.
Mimosa: Small tree; said to be Sidney Lanier's favorite tree.
PLANTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM NEIGHBORHOOD
Gardenia (Cape Jessamine): Queen of shrubs; evergreen; very dark green; much better suited to northern part of state.
A mur River privet: Evergreen shrub; yellow green; lends itself to pruning; better suited to some small down town lot than to schoolgrounds. Better suited to northern part of state.
Pittosporum: Old time evergreen shrub; one of the very best; hardy; no enemies; will need very little pruning; fits space under windows.
Abelia: Evergreen shrub; no better has ever been propagated; easy to transplant; readily grows from cuttings; purple green; blooms from June to October; hardy; no enemies; fits space under windows; mix with dwarf spirea, putting abelia in front and spirea in back of same hole; beautiful combination; abelia is green in mid-winter while spirea is in bloom; blend of yellow-green leaves of spirea, gray and purple-green leaves of abelia, together with its flowers throughout late summer and early fall, make a most delightful setting. If dwarf spirea cannot be had, use cluster spirea. Do not use the brides-wreath variety.
Winter Honeysuckle: Large shrub; best suited to hedge or background; evergreen; yellow-green; and should be planted in northern part of state only; blooms Christmas time; very easy to propagate.
23

English Ivy: Evergreen vine; very dark; plant by old, short, sound --~- tree trunk, on rock pile, on rock wall; easy to propagate; very pretty
in its place. Do not plant on walls of school buildings.
PLANTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM NURSERIES
Nandina: Evergreen; gray-green in spring and summer; pink to red foliage in fall and winter; red berries in winter; small shrub suited to outer edge of planting around walls or steps; very pretty; very hard to propagate; easy to transplant; will grow from seed.
Thunbergia: Evergreen in middle and southern part of state; holds its leaves practically all winter in northern part: yellow-green foliage; blooms in mid-winter; very easily propagated; plant on outer edge of shrubbery around building.
Viburnum Tinis: Evergreen shrubs; foliage very dark and very beautiful; most beautiful plant of this group; very hard to propagate but worth the trouble.
Ligustrum Japonicum: Very large medium dark green shrub; evergreen easy to transplant, but hard to propagate; good plant for corner of building; grows anywhere.
Goldspire A rborvitae: Cone-shaped; golden-tipped; rather tall; the queen of all cedars; plant in wide space between windows; offers excellent color harmony as well as variety.
Berkman's Globe: Dark green; round; hardy; suited to a more formal planting; makes good plant on either side of steps; difficult to propagate, but easy to transplant.
Lawson Cypress: Very dark green; conical; soft and silky; one of the most beautiful of the entire biota family; very hard to grow; difficult to transplant, but worth the trouble.
Pfitzer Juniper: Very dark green; conical; low-growing; widespreading; very hardy; difficult to propagate; very easy to transplant; fits into corner at front of walks or driveways.
January Jasmine: Evergreen; semi-trailing shrub; blooms midwinter.
ROSES
Do not mix with other shrubbery. Have a small rose garden. Keep plenty of leaf mold in the soil; plenty of clay under. Red radi-
24

a~ is on"e of the best. Madam Charles Bell is another; shell colored. Madam Karl Druschki is perhaps the most beautiful hardy white rose to be had. Plenty of thorns on it. Should be set away from where small children play. The above are all low growing bush roses, except the Madam Karl Druschki which is somewhat tall. A good arrangement is to plant these in the center, Madam Charles Bell next (on account of color harmony), and the Pink Radiance next, with the Red Radiance on the outside. Plant in circle, spacing plants about six feet apart. Plant Cherokee rose on fence or trellis.
HOW TO TRANSPLANT EVERGREENS
Remove practically all leaves from holly and Yupon (holly) before digging. Must be dug with good ball of earth carefully wrapped and tied in burlap. Have holes previously dug. Get plants and set as soon as possible, fill in with good soil and small amount of clay. Do not pack soil around plants. See that plants are set in basin four to six inches below surface. Fill in to same depth on plant, leaving a large basin four to six inches below surface. Fill this basin with water. Rock tree slowly to get out air bubbles and settle soil around roots. Mulch with litter. Do not water plants daily. Wait several days. Then soak them. Best fertilizer is cottonseed meal and bone meal, halfand-half.
DECORATIVE WOODLAND TREES FOR SCHOOLGROUNDS
(Native to Georgia Soil)
HOLLY
Holly, covered with red berries that stay on it through the winter, is such an attractive plant that we have almost destroyed it. With the coming of Christmas time, the woods are searched for these trees and bushes. Autoists will go a hundred miles looking for well fruited holly to fashion into wreaths and decorations. They do not realize that this is one of our slowest growing plants and that it takes years for a bush to get big enough to make a show with its fruit. Nor do they understand that some holly plants do not have fruit, and these they overlook as they are seeking red berries or fruitful plants and that, when they destroy one of these fruitful plants, they lessen the chance that the holly has of reproducing itself. People should
25

gather hoIly carefully by trimming the ends of the limbs and not cut --'> down or ruin a whole plant to get a few berries.
So much of our wild holly has been destroyed that in some sections of the country farmers are making money growing it for Christmas in fields where it is cultivated and taken care of just as any other crop.
Georgia once was full of holly and in out-of-the-way mountain valleys and inaccessible localities elsewhere, you can still find a lot of it; but, along our highways and near our cities, it is almost gone.
The native holly is a broadleaved evergreen that may attain a height of fifty feet, but is seldom permitted to be more than a bush. It likes fertile, well drained soils and partially shaded locations. Its growth is slow and its wood very firm and almost pure white in color. When the plants attain sufficient size, the wood has a commercial value in the arts as it is used for inlaying.
Until people have learned to appreciate holly in the woods and to forbear its destructions, even in private yards, there is little use in setting it out in places where the public can see it and have access to it; for as soon as it fruits it will be gathered and find its way into a wreath or some other Christmas decoration.
The hoIly's salvation is to be found in cultivating it in patches and fields on the farms, to be conservatively gathered and sold, and in teaching our people a respect for public and private property along our highways and byways so that we can bring back this beautiful plant to Georgia. Plant several on your schoolground.
FRINGE TREE OR GRAY-BEARD
This is quite an interesting plant and is distributed from Dela ware, through Florida to Texas. Covering such a wide area, it has a large number of common names, such as White Fringe tree, American Fringe tree, Gray-Beard tree, Virginia Gray-Beard, Old Man's Beard, and Smoke tree, though the latter is more often applied to another plant. In old botanies it is spoken of as the Virginia Snow-flower, this being a direct translation of its scientific name, Chionanthus Virginica. Chio-nan-thus is a compound of the Greek words meaning "snow" and "blossoms," and "Virginica" shows that the plant was first found and named by botanists in Virginia.
The fringe tree belongs to the same family as the olive, and there are only two species of it in the world, according to the Cyclopedia
26

of. Horticulture, one in Eastern America and the other in China. Quite often we find that the plants of the eastern United States and of China are similar, showing that climatic conditions in the two countries are much alike. A great many of our best growing ornamental trees came from China, showing that plants can be exchanged between these two countries with every hope of success.
The gray-beard is a sun-loving plant. It is found in open spaces in the woods where there is plenty of light and also along streams and wood edges where soils are rather light and moist. The plant may be either a bush or a small tree reaching to twenty-five or thirty feet in height. During May it produces a wealth of pendulous snow-white blooms that look something like a beautiful fringe. Some of the trees do not produce fruit. Those that have dark bluish fruits in the fall are attractive at that time, though in the spring their flowers are not so large as the ones on plants that do not bear fruit.
This plant has not been very common in Georgia, and those that grew along our highways have been destroyed by people breaking them for flowers. Should you find a fruiting fringe tree, gather the seeds and sow them during the fall in light, moist soil. In a few years the little seedlings can be planted along the roads and about the yards, producing in time, showy, flowering plants for beautification of our state. Plant several on your schoolgrounds.
DOGWOOD
Our woods were once full of dogwood. It is likely that no other flowering tree is so well scattered over Georgia as this one, for it is found from the mountain sides to the Florida line. Those who have been so fortunate as to go over Neal's or Woody's Gap in the spring have seen it blooming from the valleys almost to the top of Blood Mountain, one of the highest peaks in our state. Then, again, it may be seen under the pines in the southern portions of Georgia, making great masses of white in the shadows of the forest. Have you seen Druid Hills in Atlanta at dogwood time? It is a beautiful sight and shows what a greater portion of Georgia would be like if we protected our native dogwood.
Seldom do we see dogwood growing in the full sunshine; it likes the shade and grows naturally in open woods. We could have a great quantity of dogwood in the woods and along our highways if people
27

would leave it alone or take the trouble to set a few plants now and --., then. Somehow it is so beautiful and attractive while in bloom that
many people cannot resist breaking off great branches of it to carry home. Unfortunately, it fades quickly and is usually withered when we get home, so we throw it away and it does nobody any good. Again, people dig them up and try to set the plants out. This is usually done at the wrong time of year and by folks who do not know how to handle plants; or they forget they dug it from the shady woods and plant it in the open sunshine, so the plant dies. If you want a dogwood tree, it is better to buy it from a nursery during the winter and get it planted before spring. It will then be likely to grow into a lovely bush.
The scientific name of dogwood is Cornus florida. It was found here by our English ancestors when they first came, and they named the dogwood because it was much like a plant they had at home by that name, the bark of which was made into a wash for mangy dogs. Few people know that quinine is found in dogwood, but as it is hard to extract, we do not use it for that purpose. The bark, with sulphate of iron will make ink, and a dye can be made from the bark of the roots. The wood is hard, firm and close grained, making fine tool handles, shuttles and things of that kind. Really the dogwood is a very useful plant and if allowed to attain sufficient size, becomes commercially valuable.
We should conserve the dogwood. As a matter of fact, we should plant more dogwood as it is one of our most beautiful trees in the spring, again adorning our woods in the fall with red berries and leaves and furnishing food to our birds; and when they are large enough, they have a monetary value.
Plant a dogwood and do your part in conserving Georgia's beauty and wealth. Plant several on your schoolgrounds.
***
AZALEA OR WILD HONEYSUCKLE
Before people robbed our woods, the path of spring through Georgia, from the sea to the mountains, was marked by a great abundance of beautiful flowers called "wild honeysuckle." When the Indians were here, this must have been a gorgeous season for they were the great conservers of things and never destroyed unless some use could
28

be made of the plants, and as the wild honeysuckles had no value tile woods abounded in them.
The useless destruction of these plants has progressed with civilization. During the last part of the eighteen-hundreds, bands of boys and girls would roam the woods about the cities and towns as far as they could on foot, and gather all the wild honeysuckle they could find. Other people did the same thing, driving horses and buggies, until only an occasional plant could be found, and then in some inaccessible and out-of-the-way place.
With the coming of automobiles the radius of depredation was extended. Some years ago a new mountain road was opened through a section abounding in azaleas. Within three years the autoists had denuded the hills and a blooming plant was a rarity. Just now it looks as if these azaleas and honeysuckles would be completely ruined, for, with the opening of curb-markets, the country people are bringing in each spring great quantities of these flowers for sale. H we keep on at the rate we are going, it will not be long before this marvelous beauty in Georgia will have been completely destroyed.
There are at least four species of these plants to be found in our woods and maybe more. The number of species gives them a wide adaptation, as they are found along creeks, on hillsides, as well as on poor and good soil. They all like a partial shade and open woods, the different kinds producing flowers of various colors. The azaleas belong to the great species of Rhododendron, and the number of common names that our species have, indicates their abundance, for they are called wild, purple or early honeysuckle or azalea, pinxter flower, election pink, swamp pink, honey or mountain azalea, besides other names not so often used.
The plants are slow growing and the various species run from four to ten feet in height; some bloom before the leaves, others with or after them. Practically all like acid soils and should be planted only on such soils and in partially shaded locations. Transplanting can be easily done any time during the fall and winter or early spring.
Let us do our part in protecting and planting azaleas. Plant several on your schoolground.
29

REDBUD OR JUDAS TREE
--~
One of the showy spring plants, well distributed throughout Georgia, but becoming much scarcer in the southern sections, is the Redbud or Judas tree, scientifically known as Cerecis canadensis. The distribution of this plant is extensive throughout the eastern section of the United States and extends into Canada, as the scientific name shows.
In early spring it produces a wealth of small sweetpea-like flowers along its branches before the leaves come out. These flowers are a purplish red in color and form most attractive masses in the landscape. The plant prefers a rich sandy or somewhat moist medium soil, but it grows well on other soils in Georgia. You see it most commonly along the roadsides and around the edges of the woods. It will grow, however, in the full sun as well as in partly shaded locations and open places in the woods. Its standing of sunlight makes ita better street or roadside plant than dogwood. I t is also easily transplanted during the winter, there being little trouble in removing wild plants in cultivated locations.
The tree is a fairly rapid grower and will attain an ultimate height of from twenty to thirty feet in favored locations. It may also be used as a background for shrubbery if care is taken to prevent the clashing of other flowers with its reddish purple bloom in the spring. After losing its leaves in the fall, it has a pleasing head and shape with bright twigs that add an attractive touch to the winter landscape.
Somehow the redbud has not been as much gathered from our woods as other plants, although sometimes you see it sticking out of automobiles as they go along the road. Maybe its size has, to a certain extent, protected it and its flowers are not attractive unless in a mass. It should be increased in Georgia. This can be easily done as it adapts itself to highway and street planting and does not grow tall enough to interfere with the wires that are, unfortunately, so often found along our roads. There is no reason why everybody who owns land should not set a few redbud trees this winter.
EVERGREEN MAGNOLIA
The Magnolia, or Evergreen Magnolia, is one of the best-known trees in the State. No other tree in our forest excels it in the combined beauty of the leaves and the flowers. Occuring naturally in
30

the rich moist soil on the borders of river swamps and pine-barren ponds and nearby uplands in the Coastal Plain. It has been widely cultivated for its ornamental value. In its natural habitat, it attains heights generally of 60 to 80 feet and diameter of four feet. The dense pyramidal head, or crown, is made up of numerous small spreading branches.
The bark is gray to light brown. The leaves are evergreen, thick, leathery, elliptical or oval, dark green and shiny above, or silvery beneath and from 5 to 8 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, with prominent midribs. They remain on the tree for about two years.
A large handsome flower appears at intervals during the summer. They are very attractive with their large pure white petals surrounding a splash of bright purple in the center (from the stamens) and their pleasing fragrance. The "Sweet Magnolia" of the south deserves the place given it in story and song.
The fruit consists of rounded or oval heads from three to four inches long, containing many seed, each enclosed in a sheath. These open in the fall and display the bright red "berries" dangling on slender threads.
The wood is moderately heavy and hard and of a creamy color. It is used somewhat for ornamental purposes.
Plant several on your schoolground.
***
THE BEST KIND TO PLANT
"Now, Jack, my boy, we will plant a tree, We'll set it out with care And you shall choose it, shall it be A walnut, spruce, or pear?"
"Now, whether birch or elm I do not care a dime, The kind of tree that I want to plant Is one that's good to climb."
-L. F. ARMITAGE.
31

COMMON TREES OF GEORGIA

-~..,

(Suitable for Schoolground)

COMMON NAME

White Ash

Sweet Bay Beech River Birch

Black Gum

Catalpa

Red Cedar

Chestnut

Chinaberry (umbrella) Chinquapin

Cypress

Dogwood

American Elm Hackberry White Hickory Holly

Ironwood Laurel Black Locust

Magnolia

Red Maple

Mulberry

'.'

OAK: Chestnut

" Live

" Red " Spanish " Water

White

,

Pecan

Persimmon PINE: (1) Shortleaf
(2) Longleaf (3) Table Mountain

(4) White

(5) Loblolly (6) Slash (yellow) (7) Pitch

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Fraxinus americana

Magnolia virginiana

, Fagus grandifolia

Betula nigra

Nyssa sylvatica

Catalpa bignonioides

Juniperus virginiana

Castanea dentata

Melia umbraculifera

Castanea pumila

Taxodium distichum

Comus florida

Ulmus americana

Celtis occidentalis

Hicoria alba

Hex opaca

Carpinus caroliniana

Kalmia latifolia

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia

Magnolia grandiflora

Acer saccharinum

Morus rubra

Quercus prinus

Quercus virginiana

Quercus rubra

Quercus falcata

Quercus nigra

,

Quercus alba

Carga pecan

Diospyros virginiana

Pinus echinata

Pinus palustris

Pinus pungens

Pinus strobus

Pinus taeda

Pinus echinata

Pinus rigida

32

(8) Pond

(9) Scrub (Spruce pine)

(10) Spruce (Cedar pine)

(11) Sand pine

POPLAR: Tulip

"

Carolina

Red Bud

Sweet Gum

Sycamore

Walnut

WILLOW: Weeping

"

Black

Pinus serotina Pinus virginiana
Pinus glabra Pinus c1ausa Liriodendron tulipifera Populus deltoides Cercis canadensias Liquidambar styraciflua Platanus occidentalis J uglans nigra Salix babylonica
Salix nigra

*Reference
1. Field Book of American Trees & Shrubs by Mathews. Published, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
2. Common Trees of Georgia. Department of Forestry, State Capitol, Atlanta, Ga.

LIST OF SHRUBS, VINES AND WILD FLOWERS

SHRUBS Azalea Rhododendron Sweet Shrub Thorn Apple Hawthorne Wisteria Wygelia

VINES Clematis Ivy Honeysuckle Trumpet Vine Virginia Creeper Wild Grape Yellow Jasmine

WILD FLOWERS Ageratum Aster Daisy Golden Rod Violet Wild Sunflower Wild Rose

Should school buildings face west and are exposed to the full sweep of the south side with dense shade on the north, the following list will assist you in planning your flower beds:

Aconitum (Monkshood)
Aquilegia (Columbine)
Anemone (Windflower)

FOR SHADY PLACES

Arisaema

Digitalis (Foxglove)

(J ack-in-the-pulpit, Dodecatheon

Indian)

(American cowslip)

Clarkia

Ferns

Daisy

Funkia (Day lily)

Dianthus (Pink)

Godetia

33

-:!_ Hede~a (English Ivy)
Hepatica Iris
(flag,fleur-de-lis)

Kalmia Lobelia cardinals
(cardinal flower) Mimalus
(Monkey-flower)

Mysotis (forget-me-not)
Nemophila Pansy Rhododendron

FOR SUNNY PLACES

Ageratum Ambrosia Aquilegia Calendula Candytuft Canna Carnation Centaurea Chrysanthemum Coreopsis Cosmos Cockscomb

Delphinium Dahlia Euphorbia Feverfew Four -0' clock Flax Foxglove Gaillardia Geranium Gypsophila Heliatrope Hol1yhock

Impatiens

Rudbeckia

Larkspur

Salvia

Lantena

Scabiosa

Linum

Snapdragon

Marigold

Sweet-sultan

Nasturtium

Sunflower

Peony

Stock

Petunia

Vinca

Phlox Drummondi Wallflower

Portulaca

Verbena

Pyrethrum

Zinnia

THE CHEROKEE ROSE
Flower of my native state, Heart of gold, breath of love, Stand around my door-yard gate; Stand by the way where lovers wait, And greet the voice of the cooing dove And greet the gleaming skies above.
Fragrant Rose of Cherokee, Cheer this state of yours and mine; From the highland regions to the sea Cheer up the gentle folks and me; Climb high among the oak and pine And beckon lowly herb and vine.
Verdant child from the Orient, Upon North Georgia soil and sand One time your leafy branches bent With fragrance by the Red Man's tent;
34

Then in a lover's gentle hand
._~-
You found a new congenial land.
Three times wooed and three times wonOnce the prize of the Cherokees Beneath the highland southern sun, A lover's pride among the trees, And now the belle of the Georgia breeze.
Flower of my native state, Fragrant Rose of Cherokee, Stand around my door-yard gate Until at last when I awaitThen come and steal away with me.
ELMER G. CAMPBELL
THE GEORGIA STATE FLOWER
Writing about the Cherokee rose, Mrs. Metta Andrews Green of Washington, Georgia, thus tells of this historic flower:
"If there is one thing I know and love as I do my own soul, it is the Cherokee rose.
"Haywood, in \Vashington, Georgia, my father's old place, my birthplace, and my home, is still rampant with Cherokee roses. They climb to the tops of trees, they cover fences, stumps, rocks, grow anywhere they can find a foothold.
"It is an evergreen, beautiful at all times, even when it sheds its foliage. At that time the leaves turn a bright yellow and the new ones come before the old are cast off. It is never barren. The new leaves come in clusters on short stems, and each ends in a long pointed, white bud. But its glory is not attained until these buds open into large white blossoms, resembling a single camellia japonica, with a tuft of yellow stamens and anthers in the center. They are short and grow in long sprays of garlands."
The history of the rose goes back to colonial days. The large plantations around Savannah and Augusta, as well as in Wilkes County, used to be surrounded with hedges of it. The most authentic record
I have of it is from the pen of the late P. J. A. Berckmans, founder
of the well-known Fruitland Nurseries, who lived near Augusta.
35

-:!_ Mr. "Berckmans says it was first cultivated in Georgia by Nathan Hall on his plantation near the Savannah River. Mr. Hall gave it the name of Cherokee rose, because he claimed it had been brought from the upper part of the state by Indian traders.
"Mr. Berckmans says it is of Asiatic descent, and gives the botanical name, but to us it must forever be our own Cherokee Indian Rose. We discovered Georgia and named it about the same time. However, those who believe the American Indian to be of Asiatic descent, in short, that the red men of America are the lost tribes of Israel, may find great satisfaction in knowing the Indians had a flower of Asiatic origin or at least a flower whose origin is in dispute as between the two."
Miss Millie Rutherford suggested this romantic, mysterious, historic rose for Georgia's official flower.
-JAMES CALLAWAY
***
The Cherokee Rose was adopted as the official state flower by the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs and confirmed by the State Legislature in 1916.
The following House resolution, by Messrs. Atkinson, Bale and Griffin, is, to wit:
"A resolution to adopt the Cherokee Rose as the floral emblem of the State of Georgia." Passed, Tuesday, August 15, 1916.
THE LEGEND OF THE CHEROKEE ROSE
Two hundred years ago, only Indians lived in Georgia. There was one tribe of them called the Cherokees who lived in north Georgia. The Creeks lived in the middle and southern parts of the state. Another tribe lived farther south in what is now called Florida, and were known as the Seminole tribe. Each tribe had a chief. Sometimes these tribes were at war with one another. The warriors were very strong and brave.
They mixed paints from berries and bark of trees, and painted their bodies bright colors to show they were going to fight. They built large fires, formed circles around them, and danced war dances.
Once during a battle the Cherokee tribe took the chief of the Seminole tribe prisoner. They were going to burn him alive but he
36

got very sick, and they decided to wait until he got well before burning him. While he was ill a beautiful Indian maiden of the Cherokee tribe nursed him. They fell in love with each other, so they decided to get married and slip away some night to his home, the land of the Seminoles.
Now, the Indian maiden knew that if she helped the prisoner to escape, and if she went with him to his people, she could never come back to her own people.
This made her very sad. She wanted to take something for remembrance to her new home. She ran back and broke off a piece of vine that was growing on her father's cabin.
It took the Indian chieftain and maiden many, many days to reach the home of the Seminoles. Sometimes they would have to climb trees to get away from the wild animals. Sometimes they would have to run very fast from the Indians. When they came to a spring they would drink the cool water. They picked berries and grapes for food. The chieftain would also kill rabbits and deer. Although it took them many days, the Indian maiden saved the little bit of vine and when they finally reached him home she planted it by their door. When it blossomed it was a beautiful white flower with a golden center.
And from that day to this it has been called the Cherokee Rose because it came from the land of the Cherokees.
***
'Tis education forms the common mind; Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined.
-ALEXANDER POPE.
***
.PRAYER OF THE TREE
Upon a tree in Portugal a traveler read this appeal: "Ye who pass by and would raise your hand against me, harken ere you harm me.
I am the heat of your hearth on the cold winter nights, the friendly shade screening you from summer sun.
My fruits are a refreshing draft, quenching your thirst as you journey on.
37

.-:!_

I am the beam that holds your house, the board of your

table, the bed you lie on, the timber that builds

your boat.

I am the handle of your hoe, your door, the wood of

your cradle and coffin.

Ye that pass by me, listen to my prayer: Harm me not."

-Author Unknown.

THREE RARE SPECIES OF GEORGIA TREES
Only one state in the Union contains more species of trees than does Georgia. This is possibly because of the great range of altitude, and the variety of climate and growing conditions.
Georgia is an interesting state in which to study trees. The Appalachian range, containing many peaks over four thousand feet in height, lies in the northeast and north-central portion. From there, the terrain breaks into the rolling Piedmont; then into the coastal plain, which extends to the Atlantic Ocean. There are high rocky hill sides, deep swamps; there are sandy barrens, and lands where open, clear farms are predominant.
The three species of trees in Georgia which are most interesting are not commercial timber trees; they even could be classed as the less beautiful trees of the state; but they are typical Georgia trees.
The first is the Georgia oak, which is found on Stone Mountain and Little Stone Mountain, and few other places in the State.
The second tree does not have a common name. It is known as the elliottia racemosa. It was found in Lincoln County many years
ago by P. J. A. Berckmans, an internationally known horticulturist
who established Fruitlands Nursery in Augusta. Mr. Berckmans sent one of the plants he had discovered to the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, England. He planted the other specimen at Fruitlands Nursery. Today both specimens are still alive. The one in Augusta is growing in part of the rough of the Augusta National Golf Club course.
By far the most typical and interesting plant is the franklinia, discovered over one hundred and sixty years ago by \Villiam Bartram, famous English Explorer. Bartram found the plant somewhere in
38

the Altamaha River swamps. He brought out cuttings, sent some
to the English Royal Botanical Gardens, and some to the Arnold Arboretum. The plant has never been found since. The original specimens discovered by Bartram seem to have disappeared from the face of the earth.
Cuttings have been made of the franklinia, and it now grows in cultivation, but it is understood that the wild strain is dying out.
A study of Georgia trees is extremely interesting. Certain trees will grow from a branch, stuck in the ground. Some trees produce their seed in the early spring and others in the late fall. The more information the student of trees of Georgia and of the South is able to acquire, the more interesting trees will become to him, and the more he will desire to perpetuate the South's greatest resourcethe trees.
CHARLES N. ELLIOTT, Director,
Division of State Parks, Historic Sites and Monuments, State of Georgia.
THE LIVE OAK
(The Georgia State Tree)
The state tree was the Pine until the General Assembly in 1937 passed a resolution changing to the Live-Oak.
The Live-Oak extends from southeastern Virginia through the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and southward in the Coastal Plain of Georgia.
It is a tree of striking character from its wide-spreading branches; sometime reaching more than 100 feet in spread; with a short stout trunk, 3 to 4 feet in diameter, dividing into several large limbs with nearly horizontal branches, forming a low, dense round-type of head. Its height is commonly from 40 to 50 feet. The bark on the trunk and large branches is dark brown tinged with red, and slightly furrowed. It grows to largest size on the rich hammocks and low ridges near the Coast and only a few feet above water level. It is one of the most desirable trees for roadside and ornamental planting in the Coastal Plain. It is of moderately slow growth but long-lived and handsome.
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__., The Leaves are simple, evergreen, thick, leathery, oblong, smooth --- above, pale and silvery white beneath, from 2 to 4 inches in length
and 1 to 2 inches in breadth.
The Fruit is an acorn about an inch long and one-third inch thick, borne on a long stem or peduncle; it is oblong, dark brown and lustrous and set in a top-shaped, downy cup of light reddish-brown color.
The Wood is very heavy, hard, strong, and tough, light brown or yellow with nearly white, thin sapwood. It was formerly largely used, and still is occasionally, for ship keels in building wooden ships.
The live oak sheds its leaves in the spring just before the new leaves open. In this period, the tree puts out catkins in great abundance. These catkins are light brown and have a soft velvety appearance and has a complete change of color. During blossom time the splendid forms of the trunk and the great limbs are revealed.
When the new leaves appear, the framework of branch and bough is concealed by leafage so dense as to be impenetrable to sun or eye. The tree has a symmetrical, shining, green dome.
ESSAY
THE GEORGIA PINE
Today I saw a big pine tree; I paused a while and lingered there To rest upon his earthen throne,
And a roaring welcome offered he. I said to him, in a playful airWhy stand you here all day and moan?
And then he whispered down to me, And this is what I thought he said"My voice is only a borrowed tone;
I laugh with those who burst with glee; And if one comes to shroud his dead, With him I lift my head and moan." -ELMER G. CAMPBELL.
The natural beauty of the stately pine has been recognized since the day in 1733 at Yamacraw Bluff when James Edward Oglethorpe landed at the present site of Savannah, Georgia. One could then go
40

.~_nnumbered miles through the shadow of the woods without emerging into sunlight. Perhaps it was this stately beauty which so impressed Oglethorpe that he located his colony on the banks of the historical Savannah river.
Down through the ages man has appreciated the value Df the pine. When Georgia was first settled every hillside was covered with magnificent trees of pine and hardwood. At that time the natural beauty was not recognized as a financial resource. The beauty of our forest, with interlocked boughs, gave a continuous feeling of freshness and restfulness, such as only the murmuring pine can express.
The fabulous wealth of the pine has brought untold fortunes to this great state.
We were confronted, first, by apparently limitless resources, therefore, little thought was given to re-planting our forests.
The Georgia pine is an indispensable resource. The State Department of Education, aware of its importance, ten years ago outlined and set in action a program in forest service. Georgia was the first state in the Union to consider this type of vocational education. Since the program was started, the Georgia Plan, or one similar to it, has been developed in many other states.
Georgia possessed the forests, its people had the vision-the result has been that our forests have become Georgia's greatest natural source of income.
According to the last government census on turpentine and resin, Georgia leads all other states in naval store products. Young and old, we strive to gain skill and accuracy in the future promotion of the resources of this wealth. Work-think, that we may develop new interest in processes and materials and find undiscovered ways of continuing the growth of this fabulous wealth-this indispensable resource-The Georgia Pine.
HISTORY OF THE ELBERTA PEACH TREE
Sixty-two years ago the Elberta Peach Tree was fir~t propagated in the nurseries of Samuel H. Rumph of Marshallville, Georgia. He inherited from his forefathers a love of horticulture. The Rumph family had growing on their plantation in Houston County, almost every kind of fruit that would grow in that climate. From this orchard, Mr. Rumph acquired a knowledge and love or horticulture
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-_1Jrom his grandfather. Before young Rumph was out of his teens he was managing a plantation of his own. He soon began to experiment with fruit trees, and one of the first things he did was to plant an orchard of his own.
In 1857, -I. C. Plant, of Macon, purchased from a representative of a Delaware Nursery, an assortment of budded peach trees. He sent these to Lewis Rumph, the father of Lewis A. Rumph and the grandfather of Samuel H. Rumph. These were set out in the family orchard near Marshallville, Georgia, and the trees grew to be large and prolific. The Chinese Cling especially bore beautiful fruit. The seeds from it were saved by the elder Mrs. Rumph and were given to her daughter, the mother of Samuel H. Rumph. He planted the seed, and from them grew one particularly beautiful tree which bore an exceptionally fine yellow freestone peach.
The fruit from this tree was found to possess the desired qualities: well flavored, large, showy, thick skinned, and proved to be a good shipper.
One day in 1875, when Mrs. Sue Veal of Barnesville, Georgia, a college mate of Mrs. Rumph, was visiting at "Willow Lake", Mr. Rumph was exhibiting to her one specimen after another of peaches, telling their names. Finally, he brought out a clear seeded peach with yellow flesh and a crimson colored covering.
Mr. Rumph remarked, "I have a peach for the Yankee now. He can break it open and eat it as he walks along."
While it was being admired Mrs. Veal asked its name. Mr. Rumph replied, "It has no name, it is my origination, I want you to name it." Mrs. Veal asked, "Do you mean it? I shall name it Elberta for your gracious and charming wife." She was Miss Clare Elberta Moore, the daughter of Benning T. Moore.
When several years of experiment had shown that this peach was a thoroughbred, and that it was true to its original qualities, it was put upon the market and it has become the most popular and profitable peach in the United States. Planning produced it-observation secured it-a Georgia man to the "manor born" did the planning and observing-it was named by a Georgia woman for a Georgia woman.
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A BALLAD OF TREES AND THE MASTER
By SIDNEY LANIER
Into the woods my Master went, Clean forspent, forspent, Into the woods my Master came, Forspent with love and shame. But the olives they were not blind to Him; The little gray leaves were kind to Him; The thorn-tree had a mind to Him When into the woods He came.
Out of the woods my Master went, And He was well content. Out of the woods my Master came, Content with death and shame. When Death and Shame would woo Him last, From under the trees they drew him last: 'Twas on a tree they slew Him-last. When out of the woods He came.
(The Sidney Lanier Oak under which he wrote The Marshes of Glynn stands in Brunswick, Georgia.)
HISTORICAL USE OF GEORGIA WOOD (Wood in Historical "Old Ironsides.")
The Constitution or "Old Ironsides" is one of the most famous vessels in the history of the United States Navy. It was launched in Boston, Massachusetts, 1797. This ship, a forty-four gun frigate of 1,756 tons, was first called the Constitution. It was built of live oak, red cedar, white oak, pitch pine, and locust, secured from states ranging from Maine to Georgia.
When the "Save the Constitution" committee undertook the gigantic task of finding ways and means to restore "Old Ironsides" exactly as she was a century ag-o , George Lanier, president of the West Point, Georgia, Manufacturing Company authorized the weaving of 12,500 yards of oceanic duck, the fabric required for a complete suit of new sails, so that the ship might unfurl her canvas to the breeze with the pristine glory of her warrior youth.
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The keel of the historical vessel was made from giant live oaks _.~- from Georgia.
Eugene W. Lewis, St. Simons Island, Georgia, had a very important part in furnishing Georgia timber to rebuild the ship. He personally gave the United States Navy permission to secure timbers from the Hamilton plantation, on St. Simons Island for the purpose. The United States Navy had the privilege of cutting as much timber from this famous old plantation as was necessary for the reconstruction.
This was especially fitting as some of the timber from which "Old Ironsides" was originally constructed came from this plantation.
The timber on St. Simons Island and Hawkins Island is famous for its extreme hardness and durability.
HISTORICAL TREES
Every land, every age, every state, has its tree-lore. These trees tell historical stories that are interesting to both young and old. In the United States are found many trees of the most useful ~pecies. Our nation has been nurtured in a literary way in a wooden cradle and its progress has been largely due to the contribution of the forest. The pioneers cut paths through the wilderness, from east to west, from north to south, and their harvest has gone into home and community buildings. On all sides there is abundant evidence that forests are essential to civilized man's welfare.
The individual tree, however, has its own nature story to tell and this story, when learned, plays an intimate part in the experience of the individual. So closely have trees been identified with man's welfar~ and progress that many counties and states have rosters of famous tree citizens.
***
HISTORICAL TREES OF GEORGIA
1. The Lanier Oak of Brunswick, Georgia, under which it is said Sidney Lanier wrote "The Marshes of Glynn" and other famous poems.
2. The Tree that Owns Itself. This is in Athens. It was owned by Colonel W. H. Jackson, and hoping to save it from the axe of
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_-. the .woodmeIl" he had a deed recorded as follows: "For and in consideration of the great love I bear for this tree (giving location) and a great desire that said tree be protected for all time, I convey to said oak tree entire possession of itself and all land within eight feet of it on all sides."
3. The Wesley Oak on St. Simons Island on the coast of Georgia stands at the gate of the churchyard of Christ Church, a magnificent Oak Tree and from its boughs hangs long grey moss. It was under this tree that John and Charles Wesley, pioneer Methodist in this country, preached and organized the first Sunday School of America. Within a few feet of this tree lies the body of Georgia's past historian, Lucius Lamar Knight.
4. The Treaty Poplar of Indian Springs, a monument of the famous treaties made in the immediate neighborhood between the United States and the Indians.
S. The Big Oak (Thomasville). In the city of Thomasville stands what is considered to be the largest tree in Georgia. Thomasville citizens have cared for this historic treasure. It stands near the intersection of two paved streets. At the time the contract for paving was let, the city outlined specifications covering protection for its care. The city makes provision for an application of 200 pounds of fertilizer to its roots each year and the tree is kept watered as is needed, in dry hot weather.
6. The Big Oak (Tuereus Virginia) at Brunswick, has a girth of 19 feet, has a branch of 47 feet, a branch spread of 133 feet and it is said to be 200 years old.
OTHER HISTORICAL TREES
1. The Charter Oak at Hartford which preserves the written guarantee of the liberties of the colony of Connecticut. When Connecticut was settled the King of England gave to the settlers a Charter. This Charter gave to them their rights and privileges. Later when the colonies were getting to be very successful, the king wanted to withdraw his Charter. The king later sent the governor of the New England Colonies to demand that the settlers give up their Charter. A meeting was held. The Governor, a representative from the king, came with troops and de manded the Charter. The leaders of the Connecticut settle-
45

--~_ ment hid the Charter in the hollow trunk of a great oak. Now a white marble slab has been placed where the Charter Oak stood. The street which passes near this tree is called Charter Oak Avenue.
2. The Washington Elm, Cambridge, Massachusetts, under which George Washington took command of the Continental Army. October 26, 1923, while workmen were removing dead branches, the tree fell. Several young trees have sprouted from the old roots, and these are protected by the same iron fence that was built around the original tree. A cross-section of the historic old tree, bearing an engraved plate, can be seen in a glass case in the south corridor of the second floor of the Georgia State Capitol. The plate bears a picture of the original tree, and these words: "Presented to the State of Georgia by the City of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1924. Under this tree Washington first took command of the American Army, July 3, 1775."
3. The Magnolia Tree near Charleston, South Carolina, under which General Lincoln held a council before surrendering the city.
4. The Eliot Oak of Newton, Massachusetts, under which John Eliot taught the Indians Christianity.
5. The Old Liberty Elm of Boston, planted and dedicated by a schoolmaster to the independence of the colonies, and the rallying point for patriots before, during and after the Revolutionary War.
6. The Ash and Tulip Trees planted at Mount Vernon by George Washington, first President of the United States.
7. The Elm Tree planted by General Grant on the Capitol Grounds at Washington.
8. The Penn Treaty Elm is another historical tree. It stood for years in the city of Philadelphia. Under this tree William Penn made his famous treaty with the Indians, smoked the peace pipe with them and promised to live on terms of Peace with them as long as he and his men lived. The location of this historical tree is near Beach and Hanover Streets in Philadelphia. A marble slab marks the spot.
9. The Lone Tree in Nebraska. It was a large cottonwood tree which was located on the North bank of the Platte River about three miles southwest of Central City, Nebraska, which is almost in the center of the United States, between New York and California. This tree was standing in 1849 when the great rush to the
46

.. West was made. The Lone Tree Ranch was established in 1859.
-~..., -
The nearby post office and railroad station are named for this tree. This famous tree was known to the Indians and in its shade many an Indian Chief held his council. "The Lone Tree Trail" was the best known camping ground on "The Old California Trail." This tree fell in 1865. In 1911 a stone monument in the form of a cottonwood stump was erected to perpetuate its memory. These words are cut on the monument: "On this spot stood the Original Lone Tree on the Old Trail."
10. The Largest Tree in the World is the great Chestnut at the foot of M t. Etna which is called the "Chestnut Tree of a Hundred Horses," and it is thought to be one of the oldest trees in existence. Five enormous branches rise from the trunk, which is 212 feet in circumference. A part of the trunk has been broken away and through its interior, which is hollow, two carriages can be driven abreast. California is noted as a land of wonderful trees, and Mariposa Grove is known far and wide as "The Big Tree Country." "Wawona" sometimes called "The Tunnel Tree" has a roadway cut through the solid heart which is 27 feet long, ten feet high and ten feet wide. The "Grizzly Giant" redwood contains enough lumber to build a box that would enclose the Masonic Temple of Chicago. According to actual measurement, the girth of this tree at a height of five feet from the ground is 98 feet 10 inches.
11. The Sacred Eo of Ceylon. This was one of the most famous trees in the world. On the night of October 7, 1887, a terrible storm raging on the island blew it down. The oldest written description of this wonderful tree known to exist is that by Fa-Hiam, a Chinese historian and traveler, who visited the tree in the year 414 A. D. It was then 702 years old, having been planted by King Devinpiatissa 228 years before our era began. If the above is correct, this Bo tree was more than 2,175 years old when the storm ended its career.
12. The Jackson Trees-Magnolias brought from "The Hermitage" and planted by President Jackson on the White House grounds in honor of his wife Rachel, shortly after her death. "Something green-in her memory," he said.
13. Lone Tree Tower, Courthouse, Greensburg, Indiana. The soft maple tree growing out of this tower, 110 feet above the ground
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-~_ is a freak of nature that is unparalleled. Formerly four trees grew out of this tower but the largest was removed in 1887 as it had begun to spread the blocks of stone around it. The others died soon after from the intense heat. The remaining tree has had a slow but steady growth and bids fair to live for many years. It is about fifteen feet high and four inches in diameter. I t is supposed that all the trees started by wind blowing the winged maple seed into the crevices where, taking root in the sediment of dust and being watered by the rain, they sprouted. The Lone Tree is about forty years old. (Note taken from a postcard published about 1918. An item about this tree was used by Ripley in Believe It or Not, about two years ago-1937.)
14. Cherry Trees From the Gardens of Baron Kawsaki, Japan. The climax of springtime in the nation's capital is the blooming of the Japanese cherry trees in the Potomac Park. About the middle of March winter has been routed and suddenly, almost overnight, it would seem, the cherry trees around the Tidal Basin put on their fluffy mantles of pink. These trees, brought half around the world, have given a new magic to \Vashington. Mrs. William H. Taft, when first lady of the land, had the first group of trees planted in Potomac Park. Recalling the glamorous impression of her trip through Eastern Japan in springtime, when the whole country seemed to be bathed in a sea of pink petals, she determined to repeat the miracle in our own country. The authorities of Tokyo sent word that their city would be honored to present Washington with some perfect shoots and not long after, three thousand of these plants arrived and were duly planted. An interesting fact is that these cherries are not fruit bearing trees but are really a variety of plum. The flower is a "hawthorne," of the porcelain jars of Nippon.-The J11entor, April-1928.
15. The Tulip Tree on King's Mountain Battlefield in North Carolina, on which ten Tories were hanged at one time.
BIRDS ON OUR SCHOOLGROUNDS
Due to our varied climate we have a wealth of birds on our schoolgrounds. It has been estimated that during the year there are 325 species in Georgia. Aside from our enjoyment of their grace and beauty and the melody of their song, statistics show that they are
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-9fgreat economic value in protecting our schoolgrounds and gardens from insect pests.
A young bird requires the equivalent of his own weight in food every day. Some require double their weight. Birds prefer a diet of wild fruits and berries, weed seed and insects. Some birds eat garden cherries and grapes but they over pay us by destroying canker works, lice and caterpillars. Even most of the hawks and owls pay big dividends.
E. H. Forbush, State Ornithlogist of Massachusetts, states that a single yellow throated warbler will consume ten thousand (10,000) tree lice in a day and that in the craw of a single purple martin were found two thousand (2,000) mosquitoes, and 30 cut worms in the craw of a black bird.
Birds destroy more insect pests on our schoolgrounds than we could ever hope to destory by spraying. Aside from their beauty and friendliness, birds repay our attentions ten-fold in protecting health and property.
How can we protect birds on our schoolgrounds? Give them what they like-besides worms and bugs, birds like wild berries. Plant wild cherries for the birds and your reward will be great.
The following list will furnish a supply of food for the birds the year around and will guarantee a yard full of feathered visitors and homemakers, even though you haven't time to indulge in the pleasure of feeding them by hand and making intimate friends of them. Aside from the power of these plants to attract birds, what could be lovelier than a grove of wild cherry, crabapple, dogwood, hawthorne, coral berry and snow berry?
These trees and shrubs are all hardy, and are really more beautiful than any others because they have first the bud, then the flower and then the berry. The varieties are so many that they furnish a complete supply of food for the birds, practically the year around.
It has been said that birds build their nests and raise their young around good people-check your schoolground and see what our feathered friends think of you.
People over the state of Georgia are becoming interested in replenishing the native birds of our woodland. Two thousand acres
49

of the beautiful Tate Mountain Estate have been set aside by Colo--:!~nel Sam Tate, widely known Georgian, to be used as an inviolate
bird refuge, and sanctuary for wild life.
Why not the State of Georgia set aside each of the 8,000 schoolgrounds as a bird sanctuary supervised by the boys and girls of the elementary and high schools.
The State and Federal Governments are taking proper steps to set off the swamp lands of the Okefenokee Swamp as a state and national park. Why not establish small welcome homes for our native birds on our school lawns, and give homes for millions of migrating flocks?
There are numbers of privately owned farms which are not commercial, but which could be used to replenish the wild life of the state. These farms may be found in Decatur, Milledgeville, Thomasville, Columbus, Albany and Sea Island.
THE MOCKING BIRD
By ELMER G. CAMPBELL
When I saw you spread your rollicking wings And match their emotions with a song
Such as only a lover sings I knew someone had named you wrongThou canst not mock with the tender soul From whence such earnest pleadings roll.
Once you called me in the night When the world all slept, save you and I
And the sleepy stars that shared their light From silent realms up in the sky, Then I learned from the strains I heard, That thou wert never a mocking bird.
***
WHAT BIRDS TO EXPECT ON YOUR SCHOOLGROUND
Following is a list of various birds which, according to the Department of Agriculture of the United States Government, have been
50

.15_nown to nest in bird boxes. Some (the wren, for example) take to birdhouses much more readily than others:

Bluebird Robin Chickadee Titmouse Nahatch House Wren Brown Creeper Bewick's Wren Carolina Wren Brown Thrasher Swallow Purple Mountain Song Sparrow English Sparrow House Finch Purple Grackle Orchard Oriole

Starling Phoebe Ash-throated Flycatcher Crested Flycatcher Flicker Golden-fronted Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Violet-green Swallow Tree Swallow Barn Swallow Hairy Woodpecker Saw-whet Owl Screech Owl Barn Owl Sparrow Hawk Wood Duck

WAYS TO PROTECT SHRUBS
PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING By JULIA E. ROGERS
1. Pruning the roots lessens the food supply, and so retards top growth.
2. Pruning the top invigorates the branches that remain, the root system being unchanged.
3. Removing terminal buds induces forking, thus thickening the branching system. It checks wood growth, and encourages the production of fruit and flowers.
4. Unpruned trees tend to wood production. S. Summer pruning reduces the struggle among leaves and twigs for light and produces stronger buds for spring. 6. Winter pruning removes superfluous buds, inducing greater health in those that are left to develop.
Sl

7..Dead wood should be taken out at any season and burned.
-._."
8. The best time to prune, generally speaking, is just before the growth starts in the spring.
9. Early winter pruning is undesirable because the healing of wounds must wait until spring.
10. Yearly pruning is better than pruning at less frequent intervals. Since the laws of plant growth are the same in all of the woody plants cultivated, there has grown up a group of principles which the amateur gardener soon finds to be true in the light of his own experience. Some of them follow:
Heavy top pruning of a plant causes more leaves and branches.
Heavy root pruning lessens vegetative growth but increases the production of flowers and fruit.
A pruned plant always tends to resume its natural habit.
The uppermost buds of a plant grow first. Heading-back of young growth forces the development of the side buds. Checking growth in a healthy plant induces flowers and fruitfulness-girdling a twig or twisting it causes the food which is manufactured by the leaves to remain in the injured twig rather than carried away to the trunk and roots.
CONTROLLING INSECTS AND DISEASES ON THE SCHOOLGROUNDS
INSECTS
From the standpoint of insect control, there are three types of insects: biting insects, which devour stems, foliage, or fruit; sucking insects, which insert a long beak into the tissues of the plant, sucking out the juices; and lopping insects, which lick moisture from the surface of the leaves.
FOR CONTROLLING BITING INSECTS
To control insects that eat the leaves or stems of plants, a stomach poison should be used. Lead arsenates are the most widely used of
52

any of the stomach poisons. Apply in liquid or dust form so that iii-feeding upon them, the insects will be killed. For a liquid spray, use about 3 ounces of powdered acid lead arsenate to 5 gallons of water.
SUCKING INSECTS
Sucking insects cannot be controlled with arsenicals, due to the peculiar method of feeding. A poison must be used that will either clog the respiratory organs, paralyze the nervous system, or else corrode the skin or covering of the insect, thus causing death.
Nicotine sulphate, miscible oils, oil emulsions, and soap solutions are the most common contact insecticides. A very effective spray can be made by using a teaspoonful of nicotine sulphate or black leaf 40 to one gallon of water. Add enough soap to make the water soapy. Spray plants for insects such as plant lice.
Another good spray for sucking or soft-bodied insects is ~ bar of Octagon soap stirred into 3 gallons of boiling water. Add ~ pint of good motor oil.
DISEASES
The fungi diseases comprise the molds, mildews, rust and smut. They are particularly difficult to combat because the spores by which they are spread are microscopic, and therefore the attack of the fungus goes unnoticed until it has gained a foothold and is difficult to dislodge. Fungus troubles differ markedly from insect attack in that they must be prevented, not remedied. The protective coating of spray must be applied in advance of the arrival of the spores so that when they alight on the foliage they will find a toxic substance there which will prevent germination.
Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphur solution can be used as effetive sprays. Either of these mixtures can be purchased from most seed stores with directions for spraying printed on package.
ARBOR DAY IN GEORGIA
A bill was passed by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, and approved by the Governor, December 16, 1890, setting apart the first Friday in December as "Arbor Day." The purpose of the
53

Act was to encourage tree-planting and the conservation of the for-:!- ests of Georgia. The bill, presented and passed, is as follows:
SECTION 1. The General Assembly of the State of Georgia do hereby enact:
That the first Friday in December in each year shall be set apart and consecrated as a day for treeplanting and shall be known throughout the State as "Arbor Day."
SECTION 2. Be it further enacted, by The General Assembly of the State of Georgia:
That it shall be the duty of the State School Commissioner to take the matter of the observance of "Arbor Day" by the public, under his general supervision, and through the County School Commissioners to cause the public schools of the State to observe "Arbor Day" as the superintendent and teachers may think best, in order to show the pupils the value and beauty of forestry by practical treeplanting on school, church, and other public lots and lawns, as well as on the public highways.
SECTION 3. Be it further enacted, by The General Assembly of the State of Georgia:
"That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are hereby repealed."
This bill was introduced Nov. 12, 1890, by Senator E. W. Lane, then of the Sixteenth District. The Act passed by the Senate Nov. 17, 1890 with no dissenting votes and passed by the House, Dec. 9, 1890 with only two dissenting votes.
Approved by Governor W.]. Northern, Dec. 16, 1890.
ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF ARBOR DAY
Arbor Day originated in the State of Nebraska, where it was first observed, April 10, 1872. The plan for devoting a day each year to
54

!~estudy and planting of trees-the day to be called "Arbor Day" -=was proposed by J. Sterling Morton. He was then a member of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture; later he was Secretary of Agriculture in President Cleveland's cabinet. To Morton belongs the honor of having instituted American Arbor Day; January 4, 1872, he introduced the following resolution which was adopted by the Nebraska General Assembly:
"Resolved that Wednesday the 10th day of April, 1872, be and the same is hereby especially set apart and consecrated for tree planting in the State of Nebraska, and the State Board of Agriculture hereby names it Arbor Day. And to urge upon the people of the state the vital importance of tree planting we hereby offer a special premium of one hundred dollars to the agricultural society of that county of Nebraska which shall upon that day plant properly the largest number of trees; and a farm library of twenty-five dollars worth of books to the person who on that day shall plant properly in Nebraska the greatest number of trees."
The result was that over a million trees were planted during that year in the State of Nebraska and the originator of the idea lived long enough to see Arbor Day adopted in nearly every state and territory. Besides this, thousands of the school houses have changed their cheerless surroundings to the comfort and beauty afforded by trees and shrubs.
At first the efforts to extend Arbor Day celebration were made chiefly through agricultural associations and town authorities, but about 1882 the plan of making it a school festival was inaugurated by Hon. B. G. Northup, Secretary of the Connecticut Board of Education.
As such, the observance of Arbor Day has spread throughout the United States and far beyond its borders; moreover, its scope and purpose have greatly broadened. From simple exercises and the planting of simple trees to beautify public grounds, it has become the occasion for impressing on the minds of school children the importance of forestry and the planting of seedling trees to reforest otherwise waste lands.
The time for celebrating Arbor Day varies in different states, ~ometimes even in different localities in the same state; but April
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or early May is the rule in the Northern States and December, Janu.-:!- ary and February are the months in the various Southern States.
The Georgia Legislature (1890-1891) passed a law making the first Friday in December Arbor Day in Georgia. It was also made the duty of the State Superintendent of Schools to direct public attention to its observance. The law further reveals: If for any reason the teacher finds a later date more suitable or convenient the exercises may be postponed, but they should not be neglected.
The school officials of the State are asked to observe the occasion as they may think best in order to show the pupils the value of forestry and beautification by practical tree-planting on school, church, lawn, highway and other public lots.
WHY WE OBSERVE ARBOR DAY
As the years go by, it is becoming more and more important that we observe and study the conservation of our trees.
1. We should remember that trees are public benefactors, and if we destroy the trees for commercial use we should learn the great importance of replanting trees in their places.
2. What is more important in teaching citizenship than to introduce into the thought of youth an appreciation of the beautiful and useful in nature!
3. A right attitude toward nature means more than merely planting a tree. It symbolizes tenderness, thoughtfulness, gentleness, orderliness, neatness and beauty.
4. Planting trees means progress.
5. Trees are public benefactors and we must study their general characteristics to appreciate their full meaning to us.
6. Trees, aside from their culture values, give to us fuel, woodpulp for paper, cork, fruits, turpentine, oils and medicines.
7. Trees beautify the streets, public grounds and homes, preserve the landscape, prevent the erosion of soil, break the force of the wind, and in rural sections are sometimes planted to prevent the spreading of fire.
56

.., There can be but little beauty in either home or schoolgrounds that a-re destitute of trees. Their welcome shade in summer, their restful colors and graceful shapes, wonderfully enhance the beauty of any landscape. All association with outdoor life and appreciation of the joy of living with nature are inseparably mingled with the silent companionship of trees. "But aside from their mission as pleasuregiving beautifiers of the earth, their use to the dwellers upon earth is so great as to be second only to that of the sun. The health-giving qualities of trees are shown in the fact that the atmosphere is purified by their' absorption of gases that are noxious to man, and the springs of water at their roots are purified by them. It is necessary for our material welfare that an interest in forest protection and extension thru tree planting be established."
-Colorado Arbor and Bird Day Notes-1903.

BIBLICAL TREES ARBOR DAY ACTIVITY

Match the trees and plants of the first column with the Biblical allusion as characters of the second column. The correctness of your answer can be checked by the "key" below: (Read entire chapter to obtain story):

1. Juniper Tree

I. Eve

2. Cedars of Lebanon

II. Elijah

3. Sycamore Tree

III. Jonah

4. A Fig Tree that was Cursed

and Then Died

IV. Zacchaeus

5. The Trees that Held A Political

Convention

V. Abraham

6. Palm Tree Branches

VI. Jotham

7. A Tree That Reached to

Heaven

VII. Jesus

8. A Green Bay Tree

VIII. Nebuchadnezzar

9. A Gourd Vine

IX. "The Wicked"

10. A Tree That Grew in the Center

of a Cultivated Area

X. "The Righteous"

11. A Tree Planted by Running

Water

XI. Solomon's Temple

12. A Thicket In Which a Ram

was Trapped

XII. Jesus

57

- --'"t_

REFERENCES

1. I Kings 19:4 2. Ezra 4. Matthew21:19 S. Judge 7. Daniel 4:10 8. Psalms 10. Genesis 3:3 11. Psalms

3:7 3. Luke 9:7,8 6. John 37 :35 9. Jonah 1 :3 12. Genesis

19:4 12 :3
4:6 22 :13

***
A TRIBUTE TO TREES
"Trees are man's great friends making the earth beautiful, furnishing useful products, controlling the water supply, preventing soil from washing, lessening rigors of climate, protecting birds and animals."

***
SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR STUDY
IDEAS FOR TREE PLANTING
A. ACTUAL PLANTING.
1. Plant Living Christmas Tree. 2. Plant Trees for Ornament or as Memorials. 3. Plant Trees along Highways. 4. Collect Tree Seeds for Planting. S. Start a Tree Seed Bed. 6. Start a Tree Nursery. 7. Plant a Camp Fire Forest or Grove. 8. Help to Plant a School or Town Forest. 9. Improve Forest Land on Camp Sites or Week End Cabin
Sites. 10. Set Out a Christmas Tree Plantation.
B. SPREADING THE IDEA.
1. Celebrate Forest Week. 2. Celebrate Arbor Day. 3. Celebrate Bird Day. 4. Arrange a Tree Exhibit. S. Have a Motion Picture :(>rogram. 6. Have a Lantern Slide Lecture. 7. Give a Play or Pageant.

58

C. RELATED NATURE ACTIVITIES.

1. Tree Census. 2. Tree Mapping. 3. Marking Trees. 4. Tree Games. 5. Nature Trails. 6. Bird Sanctuary and Community Bird Refuges. 7. Out-of-door Theatre. 8. Identification of Trees.

D. CONSERVATION.

1. Forest Fire Prevention. 2. Eradication of Insect Enemies to Trees. 3. Protection of Wild Life and Native Forests. 4. Intelligent Use and Care of Forests and Parks.

***

-C. Francis Loomis.

"Forests are made for weary men That they may find their souls again, And little leaves are hung on trees To whisper of old memories; And trails with cedar shadows black Are placed there just to lead men back Beyond the pitfall of success To boyhood peace and happiness."

-Selected.

QUOTATIONS FOR ROLL CALL ON ARBOR DAY
1. "I want no monument of stone. Let my children plant a pecan tree at my head and a walnut tree at my feet and when they bear and the nuts fall to the ground, let them be given to the school children, so that they may plant them." -Governor James Stephen Hogg.
***
2. "Do not rob or mar a tree unless you really need what it has to give. Let it stand and grow in virgin majesty, ungirdled and unscarred, while the trunk becomes a firm pillar of the finest
59

. temple, and the branches spread abroad a refuge of bright green
- -~..,.
leaves for the birds of the air." -Dr. Henry Van Dyke.
***
3. "I love sunshine, the blue sky, trees, flowers, mountains, green meadows, sunny brooks, the ocean when its waves softly ripple along the sandy beach and when pounding the rocky cliff with its thunder and roar, the birds of the field, waterfalls, the rainbow, the dawn, the noonday, and the evening sunset, but children above them all. Trees, plants, flowers, they are always education in the right direction, they always make us happier and better, and if well grown they speak of loving care and respond to it as far as it is in their power, but in this world there is nothing so appreciative as children, these sensitive, quivering creatures of sunshine, smiles, showers, and tears."
-Luther Burbank.
***
4. "The day we first know a tree by name will be the day when our interest and enjoyment in that tree will begin."
- Mary J. Curtis.

***
S. "It is better to know the habits of one plant or tree than the names of a thousand." -Ruskin.
***
6. "When we plant a tree we are doing what we can to make our planet a more wholesome and happier dwelling-place for those who come after us, if not for ourselves."
-Oliver Wendell Holmes.

***
7. "Kind hearts are the garden, Kind thoughts are the roots, Kind words are the flowers, Kind deeds are the fruits."

-Selected.

60

-:!.8. "Plant patience in the garden of thy soul The roots are bitter but the fruits are sweet, And when at last it stands a tree completeBeneath its tender shade the burning heat And burden of the day shall lose control; Plant patience in the garden of thy sou!!"
-H. Austin.
***

9. "The groves were God's first temples. Ere man learned

To hew the shaft, and lay the architrave,

And spread the roof above them, ere he framed

The lofty vault, to gather and roll back

The sound of anthems; in the darkling wood

Amid the cool and silence, he knelt down,

And offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks,

And supplication

"

- William Cullen Bryant.

***

10. "The true basis of national wealth is not gold, but wood. Forest destruction is the sin that has caused us to lose our earthly paradise. War, pestilence, storms, fanaticism and intemperance, together with all other mistakes and misfortunes, have not caused half as much permanent damage as that fatal crime against fertility of our Mother Earth."
-Oswald.
***

11. "The forest is crowded with trees all rising to the same level; each tree is battling with the rest for mastery; the roots fill up every inch of ground and the leaves alone spread out to catch every ray of sunlight." -Guiana Forest-Rodway.
***

12. "I wish our way had always lain among woods. Trees are the most civil society."
-Robert Louis Stevenson.

61

13.
-.-:!-

"'A tree is never without interest to those whose eyes have been opened to some of the wonders and perfections of nature. Nevertheless, there is a time in the year's round when each tree makes its special appeal. It may be in the winter, when every twig is outlined sharply against the cold sky, and the snow reflects light into the innermost crevices of its structure, that the elm is most admirable. When the dogwood has on its white robe in May and June, it then sings its song of the year. The laden apple-tree has a pure glory of the blossoms and another warmer, riper glory of the burden of fruit, but we think most kindly of its flowering time.

"Some trees maintain such a continuous show of interest and beauty that it is difficult to say on any day, 'Now is this tulip or this oak at its very finest!' "

-Horace McFarland.

***

WHITE BIRCH LADIES
The white birch ladies stand, Their silver singing books in hand, And sing soft tunes about the sun and wind and dew. And if you asked me if I knew The words they sangOh, I would say to you, "They all are printed plain as plain can be In every silver singing book That hangs upon a tree."
-Estelle Thomas.
(California)
From Poems of Trees: A Sidney Lanier Memorial,.
Volume IV.
62

POEMS FOR ARBOR DAY
SALUTE TO THE TREES
Many a tree is found in the wood And every tree for its use is good; Some for the strength of the gnarled root, Some for the sweetness of flower or fruit; Some for shelter against the storm, And some to keep the hearthstone warm; Some for the roof and some for the beam, And some for' a boat to breast the stream;In the wealth of the wood since the world began The trees have offered their gifts to man.
But the glory of trees is more than their gifts; 'Tis a beautiful wonder of life that lifts From a wrinkled seed in an earth-bound clod, A column, an arch in the temple of God, A pillar of power, a dome of delight, A shrine of song, and a joy of sight. Their roots are the nurses of rivers in birth; Their leaves are alive with the breath of the earth; They shelter the dwellings of man and they bend O'er his grave with the look of a loving friend.
I have camped in the whispering forest of pines, I have slept in the shadow of olives and vines; In the knees of an oak, at the foot of a palm, I have found good rest in slumber's balm; And now, when the morning gilds the boughs Of the vaulted elm at the door of my house, I open the window and make salute: "God bless thy branches and feed thy roots; Thou hast lived before, live after me, Thou ancient, friendly, faithful tree."
-Henry Van Dyke. (1852-1933)
63

TREES
- -~-;.
In the Garden of Eden, planted by God, There were goodly trees in the springing sod,--
Trees of beauty and height and grace, To stand in splendor before his face.
Apple and hickory, ash and pear, Oak and beech and the tulip rare,
The trembling aspen, the noble pine, The sweeping elm by the river line;
Trees for the birds to build and sing, And the lilac tree for a joy in spring;
Trees to turn at the frosty call And carpet the ground for the Lord's footfall;
Trees for fruitage and fire and shade, Trees for the cunning builder's trade;
Wood for the bow, the spear, and the flail, The keel and the mast of the daring sail;
He made them of every grain and girth, For the use of man in the Garden of Earth.
Then lest the soul should not lift her eyes From the gift to the Giver of Paradise,
On the crown of a hill, for all to see, God planted a scarlet maple tree.
-Bliss Carman. (1861-1929)
64

THE BRAVE OLD OAK
A song to the oak, the brave old oak, Who hath ruled in the greenwood long;
Here's health and renown to his broad green crown, And his fifty arms so strong!
There's fear in his frown till the sun goes down. And the fire in the West fades out;
And he showeth his might on a wild midnight, When the storms through his branches shout.
Then here's to the oak, the brave old oak, Who stands in his pride alone;
And still flourishes he, a hale green tree, When a hundred years are gone!
In the days of old, when the spring with cold Had brightened his branches gray,
Through the grass at his feet crept maidens sweet, To gather the dew of May.
And on that day to the rebeck gay They frolicked with lovesome swains;
They are gone, they are dead, in the churchyard laid, But the tree-it still remains.
Then here's to the oak, the brave old oak, Who stands in his pride alone;
And still flourishes he, a hale green tree, \Vhen a hundred years are gone!
He saw the rare times when the Christmas chimes Were a merry sound to hear,
When the squire's wide hall and the cottage small Were filled with good English cheer.
N ow gold hath the sway we all obey, And a ruthless King is he;
But he never shall send our ancient friend To be tossed on the stormy sea.
Then here's to the oak, the brave old oak, Who stands in his pride alone;
And still flourishes he, a hale green tree, When a hundred years are gone! -Henry Fothergill Chorley.
65

- -~-;,

WOODMAN, SPARE THAT TREE

Woodman, spare that tree! Touch not a single bough!
In youth it sheltered me, And I'll protect it now.
'Twas my forefather's hand That placed it near his cot;
There, woodman, let it stand, Thy ax shall harm it not!

That old familiar tree, Whose glory and renown
Are spread o'er land and sea, And wouldst thou hew it down?
Woodman, forbear thy stroke! Cut not its earth-bound ties;
0, spare that aged oak, Now towering to the skies!

When but an idle boy I sought its grateful shade;
In all their gushing joy Here too, my sisters played,
My mother kissed me here; My father pressed my hand-
Forgive this foolish tear, But let that old oak stand!

My heart-strings round thee cling, Close as thy bark, old friend!
Here shall the wild bird sing, And still thy branches bend.
Old tree! The storm still brave! And, woodman, leave the spot;
While I've a hand to save, Thy ax shall hurt it not.
-George Perkins Morris.

66

ARBOR DAY
(Air "My Maryland") Again we come this day to greet,
Arbor Day, sweet Arbor Day. With willing hands and nimble feet,
Arbor Day, sweet Arbor Day. No sweeter theme our time can claim,
No grander deed points us to fame, No day more proud than this we name,
Arbor Day, dear Arbor Day.
Bring forth the trees. Prepare the earth, For Arbor Day, sweet Arbor Day.
With song we celebrate the birth, Of Arbor Day, sweet Arbor Day.
And when our joyful task is done, And we our need of praise have won,
The glorious work's but just begun, For Arbor Day, dear Arbor Day.
-Seymore S. Short.
***
THE TREE
I love thee when thy swelling buds appear And one by one their tender leaves unfold, As if they knew that warmer suns were near, Nor longer sought to hide the winter's cold: And when with darker growth thy leaves are seen To veil from view the early robin's nest I love to lie beneath thy waving screen With limbs by summer's heat and toil oppressed; And when the autumn winds have stripped thee bare,
67

-~:!-

And 'round thee lies the smooth untrodden snow,

When naught is thine that made thee once so fair,

I love to watch thy shadowy form below,

And through thy leafless arms to look above

On stars that brighter beam, when most we need their love.

-Jones Very.

***
FAIRVIEW ROAD

The streets of heaven are paved with gold, So we are told; But I know an earthly avenue Where, when Queen Autumn passes through, Sir Walter Raleigh maples fling Down cloaks of gold, adventuring If haply they may pave a street Fit for a gentle woman's feet. The sly queen sighs as she trips along And the shivering trees sing a lonely song.
-Wightman F. Melton.

***
APPLE-SEED JOHN
Poor Johnny was bended well nigh double With years of toil, and care, and trouble; But his large old heart still felt the need Of doing for others some kindly deed.

"But what can I do?" old Johnny said: "I who work so hard for daily bread? It takes heaps of money to do much good; I am far too poor to do as I would."

The old man sat thinking deeply a while, Then over his features gleamed a smile, And he clapped his hands with a boyish glee, And said to himself: "There's a way for me!"

68

He worked, and he worked with might and main, But no one knew the plan in his brain. He took ripe apples in pay for chores, And carefully cut from them all the cores.
He filled a bag full, then wandered away, And no man saw him for many a day. With knapsack over his shoulder slung, He marched along, and whistled or sung.
He seemed to roam with no object in view, Like one who had nothing on earth to do; But, journeying thus o'er the prairies wide, He paused now and then, and his bag untied.
With pointed cane deep holes he would bore, And in every hole he placed a core; Then covered them well, and left them there In keeping of sunshine, rain, and air.
Sometimes for days he waded through grass, And saw not a living creature pass, But often, when sinking to sleep in the dark, He heard the owls hoot and the prairie-dogs bark.
Sometimes an Indian of sturdy limb Came striding along and walked with him; And he who had food shared with the other, As if he had met a hungry brother.
When the Indian saw how the bag was filled, And looked at the holes that the white man drilled, He thought to himself 'twas a silly plan To be planting seed for some future man.
Sometimes a log cabin came in view, Where Johnny was sure to find jobs to do, By which he gained stores of bread and meat, And welcome rest for his weary feet.
69

---:!-

He had full many a story to tell,

And goodly hymns that he sang right well;

He tossed up the babes, and joined the boys In many a game full of fun and ~oise.

And he seemed so hearty, in work or play, Men, women, and boys all urged him to stay; But he always said: "I have something to do, And I must go on to carry it through."

The boys, who were sure to follow him 'round, Soon found what it was he put in the ground; And so, as time passed and he traveled on, Ev'ry one called him "Old Apple-Seed John."

Whenever he'd used the whole of his store, He went into cities and worked for more; Then he marched back to the wilds again, And planted seed on hill-side and plain.

In cities, some said the old man was crazy; While others said he was only lazy; But he took no notice of gibes and jeers, He knew he was working for future years.

He knew that trees would soon abound Where once a tree could not have been found; That a flick'ring play of light and shade Would dance and glimmer along the glade;

That blossoming sprays would form fair bowers, And sprinkle the grass with rosy showers; And the little seeds his hands had spread, Would become ripe apples when he was dead.

So he kept on traveling far and wide, Till his old limbs failed him, and he died. He said at the last: "'Tis a comfort to feel I've done good in the world, though not a great deal."

70

-:!_ Weary travelers, journeying west, In the shade of his trees find pleasant rest; And they often start, with glad surprise, At the rosy fruit that round them lies.

And if they inquire whence came such trees, Where not a bough once swayed in the breeze, The answer still comes, as they travel on: "These trees were planted by Apple-Seed John."

***

-Lydia Maria Child.

MEMORIES OF A COUNTRY GARDEN

There lives a picture in my mind Of an ancient, red brick wall; Against whose crumbling face there grew Bright Hollyhocks, so tall.

They appeared to me so dignified, Like soldiers on parade; With medals on their uniforms, Of every hue and shade.

I dared not be familiar, With flowers prim and staid; Of those along the boxwood paths, I never was afraid.

The Buttercup and spicy Pink, Were favorites with me: The Pansy with its baby face, I thought could really see.

Violets were everywhere, Peeping thru the grass: They were polite, would nod to me, Every time I'd pass.

This garden knew no landscape, No set allotted places: Yet Lilac, Snowball, Hawthorne, Were set in choicest spaces.

71

-~..,.

There is a shrub-Mock Orange.

A right poetic name;

Syringa's what we called it,

At least it looks the same.

Roses trailed along the fence, And o'er the smoke-house wall; They bloomed wherever they were set, From Spring till frosty Fall.

The flower-yard of my childhood, Knew no color scheme; Just fragrance and a beauty, That lives in memories' dream.
-Mrs. T. R. Crawford, Garden Division Clarkston Civic Circle, Clarkston, Ga.

72

---:!-

CLASSIFICATION OF SHRUBS

H. W. HARVEY Georgia Agricultural Extension Service
University of Georgia

CONIFERS FOR ORNAMENTAL USE
Coniferous evergreens are useful for screen or specimen planting. Many are suitable for formal planting.
Abies species (fir) blue-green conic, 80 to 100 feet tall. A. fraseri is a native of the mountains of North Carolina, compact, pyramidal, dark green, suitable for mountain sections of Georgia.
Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar) blue-green, pyramidal, 70 to 80 feet tall, is satisfactory if kept in vigorous condition; otherwise, it may be attacked by a tiny borer. C. atlanticus (Mt. Atlas cedar) and C. labani (cedar of Lebanon) are stiffer in habit of growth and less in demand, but hardier than C. deodara.
'Cephalotaxus harringtonia (plum yew) dark green, conic, 10 to 15 feet tall; var. fastigiatais bushy, 6 to 8 feet tall; C. drupacea (Japanese yew) is spreading, almost trailing, and may be used in rock gardens.
Chamaecyparis species (Retinospodra) vary greatly in size, shape and color. Usually they are conic or pyramidal. C. Lawsoniana (Lawson's cypress) columnar tree to over 100 feet in height, foliage dark green, staminate catkins red; hardy, desirable evergreen, many varieties in cultivation, remarkably free from pests. C. obtusa nana is drawf, compact, 4 to 5 feet. C. pisifera (pea-fruited cypress) is bright green, variety argentea, silvertipped; var. aurea, golden; var. plumosa, (Plume cypress) bright green, 10 to 15 feet; var. squarrosa sieboldi, rather dwarf, foliage heath-like, bluish, with a bronzy purple cast in winter. C. squarrosa veitchi (silver cypress) is similar to seiboldi in texture of foliage, but is taller, 15 to 25 feet.
Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar) pyramidal bright green, rather stiff, 80 to 100 feet, hardy.
Cunninghamia lanceolata (Chinese pine) bright green curving lance-like foliage, a symmetrical tree of 80 feet in height, suitable for background border or for a specimen, except in mountain section.
73

",~

---:!- Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress), a pyramidal tree to 40

)~~,

feet or more, foliage blue-green, makes a handsome specimen or bor-

~~

der plant; C. sempervirens, makes a tall tree to 80 feet, dark-green

foliage; var. fastigiata (Italian cypress) is columnar in habit and is

useful for formal planting for accent. Cypresses prefer deep loamy

sand but are quite tolerant regarding location and soil.

Juniperus communis (Cedar) varies greatly in height according to variety. The English juniper is erect, compact to 40 feet tall; var. hibernica (Irish juniper) not so tall, to 10 feet, foliage bronzes in cold weather; var. suecica (Swedish juniper) to 40 feet, light blue-green,
columnar; var. depressa bright green, procumbent. J. squamata (trailing juniper) foliage gray-green, makes a good bank cover. J.
chinensis, (Chinese juniper) furnishes several varieties that are desirable and varying in height and shape; var. albo-variegata is dense, pyramidal, white tipped branchlets to 15 feet tall; var. pfitzeriana is open vase-shaped in habit; var. procumbents is more open than the preceding; var. pyramidalis, narrow pyramidal shape, blue-green needle-shaped foliage.

J. virginiana (red cedar) in its various forms is in constant use. It is not desirable in apple producing sections since it is winter host .of the cedar apple rust. There are white variegated and gold variegated
forms, spreading too, and dwarf forms similar to J. sabina var. pro-
cumbents.
Libocedrus decurrens (incense or white cedar), 75 feet tall, stately, compact, upright tree, dark green foliage.

Picea species (spruce), tall pyramidal trees suitable only in northern part of the state. Some of the varieties of P. pungens are most striking; var. argentea has silvery foliage, so has kosteri. Both of these are spoken of as blue spruces. Only one of the species is dwarf, their usual height ranges from 30 to 150 feet.

Pinus species (pine) are usually tall. Native pines are well known and suitable for lise in their range. P. excelsa is similar to P. strobus (White pine) but the blue-green foliage is longer, coarser. P. montana var. mughus is rather dwarf, spreading, foliage bright green. P. sylvestris (Scotch pine), a dense pyramidal tree, has short, dullgreen foliage, makes a good screen, but is not especially desirable as an ornamental. All do best in the upper part of the state.

Podocarpus macrophylla (yew podocarpus), an evergreen tree to 50 feet high, usually grown here as a shrub, leaves long-narrow, dark

74

green; fruit, a seed borne on a fleshy violet colored receptacle. It n~eds well drained loamy soil in an open or protected location. Coastal Plain.
Taxus (yew), there are several species of Taxus from 3 to 60 feet tall, useful as ornamentals. The trees are stocky, usually with dark green foliage. T. baccata, var. erecta is bushy with small leaves; var. ericoides is dwarf with slender branches and narrow leaves; var. fastigiata is very compact, columnar and is most useful in formal plantings. T. cuspidata (Japanese yew) is SO feet, has thicker foliage than baccata; var. nana is dense, shrubby; var. densa is almost hemispherical, bushy. T. canadensis, spreading, 3 feet high. The leaves are shorter, less crowded and a lighter green than those of baccata, bronzing during the winter. The yews grow in average soil and conditions. The foliage is poisonous to horses and cattle.
Thuya species (arbor-vitae) T. occidentalis, the American arborvitae, may attain a height of 25 to 30 feet; is pyramidal, var. e1egantissima is small, compact, golden, var. globosa, 4 to 6 feet tall, is round headed, dark green; var. pumila, 4 to 5 feet, compact, globe-Ike, bright green.
T. orientalis, the Asiatic arbor-vitae, has the foliage in vertical planes; var. aurea conspicua is tall, conic, compact, golden; var. aurea nana is lower growing, compact, symmetrical, golden, most useful for formal plantings; var. pyramidalis is a compact pyramidal arborvitae, slow growing, bright green, holding the color throughout the winter; var. sieboldi has pendulous thread-like branches. It may attain a height of 15 feet and is desirable if one wants a novelty.
SMALL TREES USED AS ORNAMENTALS FOR THEIR FLOWERS OR FOLIAGE
Acer palmatum (Japanese maple). There are several varieties 15 to 20 feet in height, varying from the finely cut leaf to leaf almost entire, and in color from green through shades of red to purple. All are more or less attractive in flower and fruit, and can be used to advantage in borders where one wants spots of color.
Albizzia julibrissin (silktree). This is the commonly called mimosa, a name of another plant altogether. It is a low spreading tree, reaching a height of 40 feet. Leaves are light green, double pinnate turning bright yellow in early fall. The blossoms, pink in globular
75

heads, are borne for several weeks, beginning about May. The fruit -:?- is a thin papery pod.
Amelanchier canadensis (downy shadblow) grows to a height of 15 to 40 feet and spreads 10 to 20 feet. The leaves are bright bluish green. Flowers white in early spring, fruit bluish. Fall colors are red and yellow. It does well in average soil with average moisture. It is usually found along streams.
Amygdalus persica (peach) attains a height of about 15 feet. There are several varieties of flowering peaches. White, pink and crimson. They are apt to be short-lived because attacked by all the pests of the orchard, and so need constant care. They will grow in any location of average fertility and moisture and are useful in the background of borders.
Asimina triloba (papaw) grows to 40 feet in height with a spread of 20 feet. Bright green leaves turn yellow in autumn. The blossoms are greenish to dark red and the fruit is reddish brown. It wants average to rich woodsy soil, fairly moist. It is rarely used but works nicely into the woods garden. Shrubby in southern range.
Cercis canadensis (redbud) 10 to 20 feet high it grows, with early light violet blossoms before the heart shaped bright green leaves which turn yellow in the fall. The thin brown pods hold on after the leaves fall. It is easily transplanted and does well in part shade or open sun. There are imported species with slightly larger blossoms.
Chilopsis linearis (desertwillow) 10 to 15 feet tall, has long narrow leaves and makes only a light shade. The blossoms in small clusters are shaped like catalpa blossoms and are beautifully crimped and lavender striped. The fruit is a long cylindrical pod which browns and may hold all winter. It will grow in thin soils and dry locations.
Chionanthus virginica (fringetree) "grancy graybeard" grows to 30 feet tall with a spread of half its height. The masses of white blossoms in early spring suggest the common name. The fruit is dark blue. Foliage is dark green, turning yellow in fall. It grows in average conditions of soil and moisture, stands some shade and is useful in the woods, garden or border.
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor-tree) is a handsome evergreen attaining a height of 40 feet. New leaves are pink shading to bright shining green. The flowers are small yellow and the fruit a small dark drupe. Camphor-trees grow in average to dry soils, are useful for screen or shade. Hard frosts injure them.
76

A Cliftonia monophylla (titi, buckwheat tree) is evergreen, 30 to 40 feet tall, small leaves, small terminal spikes of fragrant white blossoms. It grows naturally in peaty, wet soil, but will transplant to dryer location. Native of south Georgia.
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood) is one of the most popular of the small trees, 15 to 2S feet, leaves lighter beneath, coloring beautifully in the fall to crimson, flowers inconspicuous, the showy parts four white or pink bracts, fruit scarlet. It grows in varied locations all over the state. A pink flowered variety is a favorite with some people, but is not so common and should be bought only from reliable nurserymen who propagate by grafting.
Crataegus species (red haw or hawthorn) vary greatly from 3 to 30 feet. The tree forms may be used for shade on a small lot or in the border in part shade or full sun. C. crus-galli, 30 feet, cockspur thorn, has leaves bright shining above, lighter green beneath. Flowers May-June, fruit red. C. viridis, to 3S feet, spreading, round headed, leaves dark green, shining, flowers April-May, fruit red. October through winter. C. spathulata has small rather dull green leaves, is a mass of white in blossom and gleaming with red in the fall. C. apiifolia has the daintiest of lacy leaves, slender twigs and thorns. It has an abundance of white flowers and bright red fruit. The first two are the tallest; the other two attain heights of 15 to 20 feet in rich moist soil. C. aestavale, the mayhaw of south Georgia, grows in wet, rich soil. It is one of the earliest to blossom and the fruit makes the finest of jellies. There are several other native species, all of them desirable.
Gordonia lasianthus (loblolly-bay) is usually shrubby in cultivation, but wild may grow to 50 of 60 feet in height. It has large leaves, dark and shining above, lighter green beneath. The blossoms are white, in July and August. It likes peaty, wet soil but will grow on higher ground. It is native along the coast and lower coastal plain and may be used in this region in border plantings.
Halesia tetraptera (silverbell) 2S to 40 feet high, has soft green foliage, yellow in fall. White bell shaped blossoms in early spring and brown four-winged fruits which hold into winter. It is usually found in moist rich soil, but will transplant to average conditions. H. diptera, smaller, to 30 feet, leaves broader, softer, flowers deeply lobed, and fruit two-winged. Both native.
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_:!_ Ilei opaca (holly) 20 to SO feet high in rich moist soil, may be found anywhere in the state. It is one of the handsomest evergreens we have, bright green spiney leaves, small white blossoms and red fruit. Occasionally a yellow fruited tree is found. Other species natives of the Coastal Plain are: I. cassine (dahoon holly) is a smaller tree with smooth leaves; I: vonitoria , dark, oval leaves and dark red fruit; I.
myrtifolia, tiny leaves, .Y2 to 2 inches long and 7B to .>i inch wide,
light red or sometimes yellow fruit. The last two can almost be called shrubs; both can be sheared to make dense hedges. There are also several deciduous hollies growing in different parts of the state.
Illicium anisatum (anistree) 10 to 20 feet tall evergreen having an aromatic odor. The blossoms are small yellow or purplish, the fruit brown. May be used in coastal plain.
Laurocerasus caroliniana (cherry-laurel) 20 to 40 feet evergreen with bright glossy green foliage, small white blossoms and small dark blue fruit. It thrives in almost every location, is useful for shade, for screen planting and makes an excellent hedge.
Magnolia glauca (sweetbay) 15 to 30 feet evergreen, growing usually in swampy locations, can be transplanted to higher ground, but with some difficulty. Foliage shiny green above, silvery beneath, blossoms white, fragrant in early spring. Chinese magnolias; M. Soulangeana are often shrubby, but may attain 20 feet of height. There are three varieties, alba, rubra, nigra. The blossoms appear early in spring before the leaves. They seem to be difficult to propagate and are not very common.
Malus angustijolia (Southern crab) found in all parts of the state, attains a height of 20 to 30 feet, loaded with pink blossoms, it is a sight to delight every passerby and its fragrance is enjoyed even when the tree is out of sight. It grows in almost any location, no matter what the soil or moisture, and may be used in the border of the garden as one may choose. The yellow green fruit is spicey fragrant and may be used for preserves if so desired.
Myrica cerifera (southern wax myrtle) may attain a height of 40 feet, long dark green leaves, paler beneath; flowers inconspicuous in March-April, and gray fruit, which may remain all winter. It does well along the coast in sandy moist locations.
Osmanttzus americana (American tea olive) a desirable native evergreen, grows to a height of 40 feet in crowded locations. The white
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blossoms, rather inconspicuous, are faintly fragrant, the fruit a small biue-black drupe. It grows in average conditions in the Coastal Plain and can be used as a screen or hedge or specimen.
Ostrya virginica (hophornbeam) is a dainty, graceful native, growing to a height of 30 to 40 feet. The foliage is light green on slender, dark brown twigs. The blossoms are inconspicuous, but the hoplike fruits, green, then brown, add interest to the tree. In the open, it makes a round headed beautifully symmetrical, slow-growing tree, and is especially suitable for small premises.
Oxydendron arboreum (sourwood) may attain 50 feet in height in wet crowded woodland, but with room to spread, it makes an oval head. The new foliage is pinkish, turning to bright green, to scarlet in the fall, shedding in early winter. The blossoms are small white, fragrant, borne on terminal racemes, the fruit brown. It may beused in the border background or as a specimen.
Persea borbonia (redbay) a native evergreen growing 30 to 40 feet high, has smooth dark green leaves, rusty beneath. The blossoms are small, white, and the fruit a small blue drupe. It is found in peaty moist soils, but transplants to higher ground. It is a handsome evergreen and useful in the border or near the water garden.
Poinciana regia (royal poinciana) a foreign tree to 40 feet, with wide-spreading top, leaves double pinnate, flowers large scarlet, pod large. This plant is tender and is likely to be killed back in winter, hardly possible of cultivation except in the lower Coastal Plain.
Prunus species include apricot, plum and cherry. Many of the native species may be grown as ornamentals as well as for their fruits, which enhance the beauty of the plant as long as they remain and in case of the cherries, are most attractive to the birds. Some of the Japanese plums have colored foliage and are desirable on that account. Any of these may be massed in border plantings, but close attention should be given to spraying, as they are subject to insect pests common to their neighbors in the orchard.
Robinia pseudoacacia (common locust) is seldom seen as a large tree, but usually to a height to 30 to 40 feet. It has dark brown thorny branches, light green compound leaves and in April to June, depending on location, clusters of pea-shaped, fragrant white flowers, followed by reddish brown pods, which hold late in the winter. It is adapted to any location and is useful in the border or as a specimen.
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.~ Salix babalonica (weeping willow). A native of China, grows to a 'beight of 30 to 40 feet. It is desirable because of its pendulous olive green branchlets, which sway so gracefully with every passing breeze.
It grows most luxuriantly near water, but will stand dryer locations with varied soil. It may be used as a specimen anywhere but is most desirable in relation to the water garden.
Sassafras variifolium (sassafras). One species native to eastern N. America, is thought of usually as a shrub but sometimes grows to a considerable height. It is desirable on account of its brilliant fall foliage and bright colored fruits, dark blue set in a basal scarlet cup formed by the thickened calyx. It may be used as the border background or as a specimen.
ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS
Abelia grandiflora (glossy abelia) reaches a size of 3 to 6 feet, with a pink blossom lasting from June through October. An evergreen with leaves edged with bronze in the fall; a native of China, it requires, in our climate, an average soil and average amount of moisture in an open exposure and is one of the best shrubs for base plantings. Exceptionally free from pests.
Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (castor-aralia), a thorny plant from Japan, growing to a height of 5 to 10 feet, with arching branches and bright green leaves. The flowers are small greenish and no fruit. It is a good border or base plant and good for hedging; stands shearing well, and makes a dense growth. It grows on rocky or sandy soil with little moisture.
Aesculus georgiana (buckeye) is a native shrub, dwarf habit to 6 feet tall, foliage pale yellow-green. Flowers May and June, red and yellow petals set in red calyx. Not so common as A. pavia (red buckeye), which attains a size of from 5 to 20 feet, blossoms purple to dark red in May and June. Its fall coloring is yellow as to leaf and brown as to fruit. Found generally throughout the woodlands of Georgia. Both are good for a shady border where rapid growth is not a premium. Its requirements are an average soil with average moisture in a shaded to open place.
Amorpha fruticosa (false indigo) grows from 5 to 20 feet tall, with a purple blossom in May, and a red leaf and fruit in fall. A shrub of
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(}pid growth, it is good for mass in borders. It requires average soil and moisture in an open place.
Andromedafloribunda (See pieris).
Aralia spinosa (devils-walkingstick) reaches a height of 15 to 25 feet with a greenish-white blossom from July to August. In fall its large leaves are yellow. It is a good border plant in Piedmont and Coastal Plain sections and when used, requires average soil and moisture in a partly shaded to open exposure. The plant is found in general woodlands and is of rapid growth.
Aronia arbutifolia (chokeberry) grows from 4 to 10 feet, has white flowers coming in March through April. Fall leaves are a reddishbronze. A. atropurpurea has purplish black fruit, and A. melanocarpa black fruit. All are native of the woodlands, make rapid-growing border plants which are attractive with the different colors of the fruit of three species. They require average soil, not too moist, open exposure.
Aucuba japonica (Japanese aucuba) reaches a height of 4 to 10 feet. an evergreen with a purple blossom and red fruit. It is a native of China, requiring here average soil and moisture, in a partly shaded exposure. It is a slow grower, but withstands smoke and dust.
Azalea species (native honeysuckle) grow to a height of 4 to 8 feet. They all want peaty soil with a reasonable amount of moisture which may be conserved by heavy mulching with leaves. Usually they want at least part shade. A. calendulacea (flame azalea) is native to the upper Piedmont and mountains. A. nudiflora (pink honeysuckle) is fragrant and showy, rather slow-growing. A. viscosa (swamp azalea) has white flowers, clammy, in May and June. All have bright green foliage which is quite persistent, but finally turns brown and falls. The fruit of all is brown. They are useful in the wild garden, for base or border plantings with north or east exposure, where they can be kept well mulched.
Azalea species (imported) want cultural conditions like the native azaleas. The Japanese species are more hardy than the Indian. A. amoena is quite dwarf, small, dark green, shining leaves which bronze in cold weather, claret-colored blossoms in early spring. A. hinodegira is taller, with heavier foliage and an abundance of bright carmine blossoms in early spring. A. kaerrtpferi is a newer Japanese azalea, evergreen, flowers abundantly in shades of pink and salmon. A.
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indica (Indian azalea) attains 10 to 12 feet in height. All the variA eties have handsome foliage and flowers in early spring, varieties rec-
ommended by Berckmans as especially hardy are formosa, vita fortunii, phoenicea and felder's white. All of the azaleas are desirable for their masses of spring flowers and are most effective planted in large groups where there is plenty of room. They can be planted for a naturalistic effect in open woods, or used in base or border plantings, under similar conditions to those of native species.
Baccharis halimifolia (sea myrtle) grows to 3 to 12 feet high, upright, leaves light green as are the new twigs. The flowers are small, white or yellowish in large panicles. It is in fruit that it makes its best show in early fall, when it seems to be covered with snow-white flowers. It grows well along the seashore and has spread inland, the seed being wind-blown. In its lower range, it is practically evergreen.
Bambusa species (bamboo). There are over two hundred species ranging from the creeper to the hundred foot tree. Bamboos make splendid screen plantings. B. tessellata 3 to 4 feet tall, has largest
leaves of all hardy bamboos. B. pygmaea is >-2 to a foot tall; spreads
rapidly. Arundinaria is another genus of bamboo. A. nitida, 6 to 10 feet, is most dainty, but needs shade. Bamboos want rich soil and an average amount of moisture.
Benzoin aestivale (spicebush), height from 8 to 10 feet, yellow flower from March to April, appearing before the leaves, with red fruit and yellow fall foliage. It is an aromatic shrub, native in the mountain section, good in borders. It must have loamy soil, with average moisture and an open exposure.
Berberis thunbergia (J apanese barberry) grows from 2 to 4 feet in height, yellow blossom in April and May. Fall foliage red and red fruit. This is a low, slow-growing, thorny hedge, native of Asia, and requires in this country an average dry to moist soil, with an exposure partly shaded to open. B. sargentiana (sargent barberry) is an evergreen growing somewhat taller than thunbergia. Its requirements are much the same as those of B. thunbergia. Other species and varieties are desirable in some sections of the state.
Buddleia lindleyana (butterfly bush), reaches a height of 3 to 8 feet with lilac flowers from July through August, and a yellow fall foliage and brown fruit. A native of China with handsome flower cluster, it requires average soil and moisture and an open exposure. May be killed back to the ground in very cold weather.
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..,Bumelia lanuginosa (false buckthorn), large shrub or small tree, foliage bright glossy green above, silvery beneath, rather persistent, blossoms white, small, in clusters; fruit dark blue to black. Native, found sparingly over the state. Will grow in dry sandy or rocky locations. It can be used in a border or as a hedge.
Buxus sempervirens (boxwood), is an evergreen native of Eurasia, most satisfactory for formal use. The blossoms and fruit are inconspicuous. It grows under average conditions of soil and moisture in almost any exposure, except perhaps, dense shade. The tree box may attain a height of 20 feet but the dwarf form, variety suffruticosa, is extremely slow growing and seldom is seen over 5 feet tall, with a corresponding spread.
Callicarpa americana (beautyberry), reaches a height from 3 to 6 feet, has a lilac blossom in May and June, yellow leaves and lavender fruit in fall. Habitat general. It is stiff in winter, slow-growing, suitable in borders, grows in an average soil with average moisture, in part shade or sun.
Callistemon lanceolatus (bottlebrush), medium to tall evergreen shrub growing to a height of 15 feet, narrow leaves. reddish when young; bright red flowers, in long cylindrical spikes, produced in April and holding for several weeks. Useful in a border for accent, or as a specimen in the lower Coastal Plain.
Calycanthus floridus (sweetshrub), grows from 3 to 5 feet, with a reddish brown bloom from April to June and a yellow fall foliage. This shrub, too, has a general habitat, is stiff in winter and good for borders. However, it is of rapid growth and takes an average, moist soil in a shaded to open exposure.
Camellia japonica (japonica) grows from 4 to 25 feet high. There are many varieties, the flowers ranging in color from white to red. Some varieties borne in December through January. It is an evergreen of slow growth and is not dependable above Coastal Plain. It is a native of China and Japan. Used in home plantings, it requires an average soil, preferring sandy or loamy acid soil with a reasonable amount of moisture, in a partly shaded exposure.
Caryopteris incana (common bluebeard or bluespirea), a freeblooming dwarf shrub, foliage gray-green, flowers lavender-blue from June until autumn. There is also a white variety. Like lantana, it may be cut back to the ground in the upper Piedmont sections. Can be massed in base or border plantings.
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Cassia laevigata (smooth senna), from 6 to 8 feet tall, foliage light. .:!. It produces an abundance of orange-yellow pea-shaped blossoms from
July until fall. It looks well massed in a border planting.
Ceanothus americanus (Jersey tea), height from 2 to 3 feet, has white flower from May to July, with yellow fall leaves. It is good for a base or a margin border; is of slow growth. It takes a dry sandy soil in an open place or in part shade.
Cephalanthus occidentalis (buttonbush), reaches a height of 3 to 10 feet, has white blossoms in globular form appearing from May to July, and a yellow fall leaf. It is a rapid-growing border shrub and requires a moist to wet sandy soil with open exposure.
Clethra alnifolia (summersweet), height 3 to 10 feet, blossoms in fragrant white spikes appearing from June to July, its fall coloring yellowish brown. It is a native shrub, slow in growth; is good massed in a low border and requires a wet to average moist soil in a shaded to open exposure.
Cotoneaster macrophylla (Cotoneaster), 1 to 3 feet in height, has a white flower from June to July. It is an evergreen with a red fruit, native of southwestern China and takes an average soil with average moisture. C. acutifolia is a good rock garden shrub. Several other species are taller.
Cornus amomum (silky dogwood), reaches a height of 3 to 10 feet, has white bloom in May and June, with red fall foliage, blue fruit and grayish-purple bark. It is a native of the Piedmont and mountain section; is good in low borders. It likes an average to moist soil in a shaded to open exposure. There are several other shrubby species, native in south Georgia, so the genus covers the state.
Crataegus ,species (hawthorne), grows from 3 to 30 feet; has white blossoms from April to May, a bronze fall leaf and orange or red fruits. Its many species are attractive massed or single. It is slow-growing and requires average soil and moisture in an open exposure. C. uniflora is low-growing, has yellow fruit. C. vailiae, 10 to 12 feet, bright green leaves, small white flowers, fruit dull red.
Cydonia japonica (J apan quince), 3 to 6 feet tall, spreading spiney branches, leaves shining dark green, flowers in all shades from white to dark red in early spring before the leaves. Fruit hard, yellowish green, fragrant. The shrub grows in almost any location with average conditions of soil and moisture. It is subject to scale and plant lice.
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.~Cyrilla racemiflora (leatherwood, black titi), usually a shrub to 20 fe-et but in crowded locations occasionally to 30 feet, leaves bright green, shining, turning to brilliant yellow and red with age, evergreen or with leaves very persistent; flowers, tiny white, in long racemes in summer; fruit brown, a tiny globular capsule holding all winter. It thrives best in moist sandy soil and in shady locations of the Coastal Plain.
Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom), an imported shrub 8 to 10 feet tall with slender green twigs which give it the effect of an evergreen. The trifoliate leaves are small, the flowers bright yellow, pea-shaped, scattered along the branches in spring and early summer, are followed by brownish black pods, these characters, the plant's freedom from pests, and the fact that it will grow in waste places under any condition, makes it most satisfactory. It can be used for a screen, for base or border planting. Massed, it is very effective. It is sometimes erroneously advertised as genista.
Deutzia crenata (deutzia), from 3 to 6 feet in height with whitishpink blossoms from April through May, a yellow fall foliage. It makes a rapid growth, and is good in border or base planting. Habitat Japan-China, it needs average soil, and moisture in an open exposure. D. gracilis is low-growing and has white flowers. D. lemoinii is also dwarf. Generally, deutzias seem to do best in upper part of the state.
Duranta piumieri (golden chain), is a tender shrub to 15 feet high, lilac flowers in slender racemes; fruit yellow. Sandy soil, in protected location with average moisture.
Elacagnus pungens (thorny eleagnus), an evergreen of from 5 to 20 feet in height, it has a yellow blossom in December and January, a red edible fruit. Makes a good screen, grows rapidly, tending to climb. A native of Japan that takes average soil and moisture in an open exposure. Apparently it has no pests and its delightful fragrance in midwinter makes it an especially desirable shrub.
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), a rapidly growing evergreen with a white blossom in November and December and a yellow, edible fruit, reaches height of from 10 to 20 feet and makes good screen or border. Its native habitat is China and Japan and it requires average soil and moisture in an open exposure. It does not perfect fruit in upper Georgia, but will grow there.
Escallonia montevidensis (escallonia), an attractive evergreen of rapid growth which reaches a height of from 10 to 15 feet, has an
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abundance of white blossoms in terminal panicles during] une and -~_ ]uly, and produces a red fruit. It is a native of South America and
grows well in average soil and moisture in an open place, except in the mountain section.
Ellonymus americanus (brook euonymus), a rapidly growing halfevergreen, from 3 to 8 feet tall with a greenish-white blossom in May, red and yellow autumn foliage and red fruit. It grows practically anywhere in the state, is good for a base or border in a wet soil and shaded exposure. E. japonica (evergreen burning bush), may be used as hedge or a base or border planting. Grows from 4 to 8 feet, has a white blossom appearing in ] une, and a red fruit which is held well into the winter. A native of Japan, it requires average soil and moisture in an open to shady exposure. Subject to scale. E. radicans is a trailer and climber, there are variegated varieties of both.
Exochorda grandiflora (pearlbush) , a rapidly growing shrub, good for mass in border, it grows to from 4 to 10 feet tall, has a white blossom in April, yellow leaf and brown fruit in fall. A native of China requiring average soil and moisture in an open exposure.
Feijoa sellowiana (pineapple guava), a native of South America growing to a height of 15 feet. It is desirable for borders on account of its gray-green foliage, its showy blossoms in late spring, four peachtinted petals and numerous dark red stamens. The fruit is dull green, ripening in late autumn, sometimes has a touch of crimson on the cheek. It is edible fresh or may be made into jam or jelly. It likes a rich loamy, well-drained soil, with a reasonable amount of moisture. It has no pests.
Forsythia species (golden bell), height from 4 to 10 feet, its yellow blossom appears from March to April; its fall leaf is bronze. It is a native of China and Japan, of rapid growth, good for base or border planting. Requires average soil and moisture in a shaded to open place.
Gardenia florida (cape-jasmine). Native of China and Japan, good for base or border in Coastal Plains. Grows from 3 to 8 feet, has white blossom appearing from May through September, is an evergreen. Requires average soil and moisture in an open place. Subject to white fly. G. radicans is a dwarf species that is desirable where there is not room for the larger plant.
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.., Gaylussacia species (huckleberry), low-growing native shrub, the fruit containing ten hard seeds. It is little used as an ornamental. G. brachycera is evergreen with pinkish blossoms in May and June and blue fruit in July and August. G. baccate (black huckleberry), 2 to 3 feet tall, leaves yellow, green above, pale beneath, nodding reddish blossoms in May and June, black, rarely white sweet fruit in July and August in Piedmont and northern part of state. G. dumosa is the handsomest, creeping stems, erect branches 2 feet high, leaves shining, leathery, blossoms white or pinkish in May and June; fruit black, rather tasteless, in August and September, in all parts of the state. All prefer moist, peaty soil, shady, but baccate thrives in drier, sunnier locations.
Genista (See cytisus).
Hamamelis virginica (witch hazel). This border plant of rapid growth can be found anywhere. Growing from 6 to 25 feet, its yellow blossoms come in October and November, fall foliage is brown, fruit brown. Grows in average soil and moisture, in shade or open spots.
Hibiscus syriacus (althea). Rapidly growing shrub for hedge or border, attains height of from 6 to 12 feet. Its vari-colored blossoms appearing in June and July, its fall foliage brown and fruit brown. It is a native of Asia and takes average soil and moisture in an open exposure.
Hydrangea arborescens (smooth hydrangea), grows from 4 to 10 feet, its lasting showy white blossoms appearing from May through July, its fall leaf yellow. Found generally throughout the state, it is a rapidly growing base or border plant and requires a rich to average soil, average moisture in partly shaded to open exposure. H. quercifolia (oakleafed hydrangea). Slow-growing shrub of from 4 to 8 feet, white blossoms appear from May to June, leaves are yellow in fall. Of general habitat, it is good massed in border, having same soil requirements as H. arborescens.
Hypericum species (St. Johnswort). A semi-evergreen in south, grows quickly from 1 to 6 feet, has a yellow blossom from July to September, with brown fall foliage and fruit. Found generally throughout the state, it requires average soil and moisture, in a partly shaded to open location as a margin border plant.
!lex glabra (gallberry or inkberry), is a black fruited holly, height from 4 to 8 feet. The blossom is small, white, appearing in May. It is a slow-growing evergreen with a black fruit. A native of the Coastal
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.~art shade. L.axiilaris is also evergreen. L. racemosa, deciduous; grows in coastal region.
Ligustrum amurense (privet), is commonly used for hedges. It is an evergreen of rapid growth from 10 to 25 feet in height, with heavyscented white flowers in May and June, and a dark bluish fruit. It is an easily grown shrub, native of Asia. Needs average soil and moisture in an open location. L. coreaceum, L. lucidum, L. nepalense are all quite commonly used in base and border plantings. Subject to attacks of white fly.
Lonicera jragrantissima (honeysuckle), a rapidly growing semievergreen, good for border or base, reaching size of from 6 to 10 feet. Its flower, coming from February to July, is white, its fall foliage yellow and fruit red. A native of Asia, it requires average soil and moisture in an open exposure. L. morrowi and L. tatarica both produce an abundance of red fruit which is retained well into the winter. They are exceptionally desirable for the border.
Lyonia nitida (See pieris lucida). L. ligustrina (he-huckleberry) is a deciduous native shrub to 10 feet, with bright green foliage and racemes of small white globular flowers. It is well worth using in shady borders in the Coastal Plain.
Mahonia beali, (hollygrape), an evergreen of slow growth, reaching a height of 4 to 6 feet with yellow flower from January to February, and blue fruit. A native of southeastern Asia, it is good massed in a shaded to open northern exposure. Requires average soil and moisture. M. aquifolium is not quite so stiff, either branches or leaves. The leaves are often bronze, especially in cool weather.
Michelia juscata (banana shrub). Height from 6 to 15 feet, flower yellow, appearing from April to June. An evergreen, native of China, slow of growth in Piedmont section, it may be used in border or as specimen. Requires an average soil and moisture in open place.
Myrica carolinensis (bayberry waxmyrtle), a slow growing evergreen which does well near the coast as a border screen or hedge. It reaches a height of from 5 to 8 feet, has an inconspicuous flower in March and April, a gray fruit which holds late in winter. A native of Coastal Plain which requires a sandy soil, average moisture in part shade to open location. This species is usually listed in catalogs as cerifera, which is quite similar, but larger, ranges farther north, and bears larger fruit. M. pumila is a dwarf species, 2 to 3 feet high. Native in the southeastern part of the state.
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Nandina domestica (nandina). A native of China and Japan, this -1_makes a handsome base or border plant. It is semi-hardy, grows from
3 to 8 feet, has white blossom in April and May, pink fall foliage with red fruit which holds all winter. Requires average soil and moisture in a shaded to open exposure.
Nerium oleander (oleander). A native of southeastern Asia, grows from 7 to 15 feet, has white or red blossoms from April to July. An evergreen of rapid growth that needs protection. It does well in average soil and moisture in an open site, but will not stand cold weather.
Osmanthus aquifolium (tea olive), a slow growing evergreen with fragrant white blossoms from April to July, reaching a height of from 10 to 20 feet. A native of southeastern Asia, good in base or border planting, it needs average soil and moisture and an open exposure. O. fragrans, fragrant tea olive, is less hardy and more fragrant. May need protection north of Piedmont section.
Philadelphus coronarius (mockorange), a European shrub, desirable for base or border, reaches height from 4 to 10 feet, has fragrant white blossoms from May to July, a yellow fall foliage, brown fruit, and is of rapid growth. Takes average soil and moisture and open exposure. P. indorus (mockorange) is a native, not fragrant, good in borders, partly shaded.
Photinia serrulata (low photinia). From 10 to 18 feet tall, white blossom in February and March, an evergreen with red fruit, it makes a handsome border or screen. Needs average soil and moisture in open location. A native of China.
Physocarpus opulifolius (common ninebark). A native shrub growing to 10 feet high with arching recurved branches, is desirable in base or border plantings because of its beautifully shaped bright green leaves, clusters of white flowers in May and June, and its inflated pods, yellow-green, reddening in late summer and fall. It grows in almost any soil or location and is quite free of disease or insect pests.
Pieris lucida (fetterbush). Lyonia nitida, an evergreen of slow growth, reaching height of 2 to 8 feet, with flowers appearing in February and March, fruit brown. May be used massed in borders with deciduous shrubs and likes a sandy, wet acid soil, shaded or partly shaded. A native of the Coastal Plain. Pieris floribunda (mountain andromeda), is a dense evergreen, shrub 2 to 6 feet high. The leaves
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~re dark green, flowers thickly set on terminal clustered racemes. It
IS a native of the mountain section and does best in moist, peaty soil
in part shade. P. mariana (staggerbush), is a deciduous native of south Georgia, 2 to 4 feet high, leaves bright green, flowers larger than the preceding species, white or pale pink; moist, sandy soil, part shade.
Pinckneya pubens (fever tree). This striking plant rapidly attains height of 10 to 20 feet. It blossoms in May and June. The showy parts of the flower are leaf-like segments of the calyx. In fall the foliage is yellow and the persistent fruit dark brown. It is a native of the Coastal Plains, growing in swampy places, and when transplanted likes a sandy to average soil, moist or wet, in part shade.
Pittosporum tobira (Pittosporum), a Japanese evergreen of from 8 to 10 feet with white blossoms in March and April. In Piedmont region, is ordinarily deciduous. In seaside region used as a base or border plant, requires average soil and moisture in the open.
Poincirus trifoliata (mockorange) (citrus trifoliata), attains a height of 10 to 15 feet. The green twigs give it the effect of an evergreen. It is most desirable as a hedge and is beautiful with its mass of white flowers in March and often again in the summer. The golden fruit holds well into the winter. Almost any location suits it.
Poinsettia pulcherrima (poinsettia), is shrubby in the coast counties of Georgia and those next to the Florida line. Above there it is liable to winter-killing. Foliage is light green, flowers inconspicuous, the bright color is in the bracts in the flower clusters. Poinsettias want average soil and moisture. They may be planted in the open, base or border, where they have a sunny exposure.
Prunus glandulosa (flowering almond). A Japanese native of 4 to 5 feet in height, with pink blossoms in April and May and yellow autumn foliage, it is good for color in base or border planting. Requires average soil and moisture in open. Slow of growth.
Punica granatum (pomegranate). A fast growing, attractive green shrub from 6 to 12 feet in height, with a red flower in April and May, yellow autumn foliage, and pink or red fruit which is good in several varieties. A native of Eurasia, needs average requirements in soil and moisture and an open location.
Pyracantha coccinea (firethorne); var. Lalandi, is a rapid-growing evergreen plant, good against walls or in borders. Reaches 6 to 15
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feet in height, has white blossoms in April and May, bronze evergreen -~_ fall leaves, with orange fruit remaining on the plant all winter. It is
a native of Eurasia and needs average soil and moisture. P. yunanensis, lower-growing, more spreading, has red fruit. Several other species are being tried at various experiment stations. Subject to scale and lacebug infestation.
Palm species. Several hardy in Coastal Plains region and lower Piedmont belt, especially in protected locations.
Rhamnus caroliniana (buckthorn). Height from 8 to 10 feet, flower appearing from April to June, inconspicuous, fall foliage brown, fruit black. Of rapid growth, it is a good background in border, does well in sandy to average moist or wet soil, in shade or open.
Rhododendron maximum (rosebay, great laurel). A slow-growing evergreen shrub of which there are many varieties and colors. A native of the mountain section, it likes a peaty, acid soil, banks of leaves, to be kept moist or wet, in a shaded location. Height from 5 to 25 feet, flower appearing in June and July, a light pink. fruit brown. R. catawbiense (catawba R.) R. minus (Piedmont R), grow under similar conditions.
Rhodotypos kerrioides (jetbead). A native of Japan, grows 4 to 6 feet tall. The leaves and twigs are bright green, the blossoms are white, produced in April and the fruit black, is retained during the winter. It will stand quite a bit of shade and is useful for the north side of a building or border planting. It also adapts itself readily to varied soil and moisture conditions and is reasonably free from pests.
Rhus cotinus (smokebush). Height from 10 to 15 feet, flower yellow-green, coming in June, fall foliage red, fruit purple. It is slow of growth and good single or massed in plantings. Habitat general, requires sandy to average soil, dry to average moisture in open spaces. R. glaba (smooth sumac) is also tall, twigs coarse, smooth, large conic clusters of red fruit. R. copilina (staghorn sumac) so called on account of the velvety twigs, R. taphrina has winged leaf-stems, leaves are glossy green. R. aromatica is low-growing, fragrant and makes a good bank cover. All have yellow-green flowers from April to June. The fall colors are red foliage and fruit, and they are very handsome in mass in border. Of general habitat, the requirements in planting are the same as those of Rhus cQtinus. R. vernix (poison sumac), R. toxicodendron (poison ivy), R. quercifolia (poison oak) all are
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ppison. 'All have whitish flowers and fruit. The two last are "three leaved."
Robinia hispida (rose-acacia), is a showy native shrub 2 to 3 feet tall, spreading by underground shoots. The leaves are bright green, shedding rather early. The flowers peashaped, rose-colored, in close set racemes, are produced in midspring. It is desirable on account of the flowers. It grows under varied conditions and is useful in the border.
Rosa species (wild rose). A rapidly growing plant which tends to climb on support, reaches size of 1 to 6 feet, its fragrant pink flowers appearing in April and May. Fall foliage yellow and fruit red. Requires average to moist soil and partly shaded to open exposure.
Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), a slow-growing, attractive evergreen shrub of from 2 to 4 feet in height, good for dry, rocky places. Its blossom is light blue and blooming period is in February and March. A native of Europe, requiring average soil, dry to average moisture in open location.
Ruscus aculeatus (butcher's-broom). Imported from S. Europe, attains a height of 3 feet. The leaf-like branches and spiney tipped bracts are green, the flowers small, white and the fruit red. It is rather stiff and makes quite an effective hedge, trimmed or not. It is also useful planted in exposed points to protect other shrubs.
Sabal etonia (scrub palmetto), from 4 to 5 feet in height, slow of growth, good for mass, in base or border, combined with shrubs. It has a brown fruit; is native of Coastal Plain and does best in a sandy, moist or wet soil, in part shade to open. S. palmetto (Carolina or cabbage palm) of slow growth, attains height of from 20 to 80 feet. A sub-tropical plant, good for street planting, requires sandy soil, average to moist', in part shade to open.
Salvia greggi (autumn sage), grows 3 to 4 feet tall tending to a spreading habit. The foliage is gray green. The carmen flowers are borne from early spring to late fall. It is a native of West Texas and will grow in light dry soils. It is desirable for use on dry slopes or in the border plantings.
Sambucus canadensis (American elder), reaches a height of 10 to 12 feet; has white flower in April and May, yellow fall foliage, and purple fruit. This rapidly growing shn,lb is handsome massed in borders and attracts birds. It is found generally throughout the state and takes an average soil, average to moist, in shade or open location.
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Spiraea species, about seventy, with numerous varieties, are usually A hardy, requiring moderate moisture and reasonably fertile soil. Most
of those commonly grown in Georgia are natives of Asia. AB are useful for base or border plantings. The early flowering spireas are listed in order. S. thunbergi, 3 to 5 feet taB, single, white flowers in February and March, leaves pale green, narrow, turning to orange red in the faB; S. prunifolia (brides wreath) to 6 feet taB, has bright green leaves, turning to shades of yellow and orange in the faB, flowers white, densely double; S. van houtte (bridal wreath) to 6 feet, leaves dull green, pale bluish beneath, flowers white in umbels on long arching branches, a most graceful plant; S. reevesiana (Reeves spiraea), leaves similar to van houtte, but longer, flowers white, in dense umbels-var. floro-pleno with double flowers and narrower leaves, is most desirable.
In the summer flowering species: S. bumalda, 2 feet tall, leaves bright green, flowers pink; variety anthony waterer is best known and liked, leaves often white variegated, flowers deep pink in rather dense corymbs; variety froebeli, slightly taller, leaves broader, flowers deep pink; S. albaflora, low, rather stiff, leaves bright green, lanceolate; flowers in a large dense terminal corymb, with many smaller ones borne on short branches below.
A third group bears its flowers in panicles from early June until fall. S. alba (meadow sweet) is a native, to 6 feet tall, branches reddish brown, leaves narrow, oblong, serrate; flowers in leafy panicles, white. S. billiardi is a hybrid of garden origin to 6 feet high, leaves graygreen tomentose beneath, flowers light pink. S. tomentosa (hardback), another native, to 4 feet, stiff, brown, tomentose branches, leaves oblong, acute, densely yellowing or grayish tomentose beneath, flowers deep pink to purple in long, dense brownish tomentose panicles. This last wants peaty or sandy soil. All of this group are good for planting in wild borders where there is considerable moisture. Several species are suitable for rock gardens, viz.: S. decumbens, S. betulifolia, S. corymbosa, S. densiflora, and S. bulata. The first three are white flowered, the last two pink.
Staphylea trifolia (American bladdernut). Height 6 to 15 feet, white blossom appearing in April and May, yellow autumn leaf and brown fruit. A native of the Piedmont, this rapid growth border plant is attractive in blossom and in fruit. It requires an average to moist soil, in a partly shaded or open spot.
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Stephanandra flexuosa (cutleaf stephanandra), a tender shrub 3 to. 4 feet tall, has graceful drooping branches. The new leaves are red-tinted, later glossy green, deeply serrate, and autumn tones, reddish-purple. The white blossoms are produced in soft feathery racemes in May. It grows well under average conditions and is desirable for base or border plantings. It will stand some shade.
Stewartia malaehodendron (Virginia stewartia), a tall growing native shrub of south Georgia, reaching a height of 6 to 12 feet, leaves oval-oblong, light green, turning to orange-scarlet and dark red in fall; flowers large white with purple center in May and June, a beautiful, showy plant. S. pentagyna, 6 to 15 feet, leaves bright green, gray-green beneath, flowers white, wavy-margined, stamens white, anthers yellow. Stewartias want deep, rich, peaty loam, with moderate moisture, in open or lightly shaded locations.
Styrax americana (American snowbell), is a native shrub 8 to 12 feet high with bright green foliage, loose racemes of white, faintly fragrant blossoms in April. There are several imported species; S. japonica, S. obassa are quite fragrant; S. wilsoni is a Chinese variety. They are desirable for shady locations in average soil in the border.
Symphoricarpos raeemosus (snowberry), a rapidly growing plant with a showy white fruit, a pink blossom appearing in May and June, good under trees. It reaches a maximum height of 3 feet. Requires average to moist soil, in partly shaded or open exposure. S. vulgaris (coralberry), rapid growth, reaches height of from 2 to 5 feet, has pink blossom in June and July, brown fall foliage and purple fruit. It is good as a base or border plant with average requirements as to soil and moisture in part shade to open.
Symplocos tinetoria (common sweetleaf), height 15 to 20 feet, flowers yellowish white, appearing in March and April, fall leaves bronze and fruit light brown. A slow-growing plant, good in borders with other shrubs. It grows generally throughout the state under varied conditions of soil, moisture and exposure.
Syringa species (lilac), height 6 to 10 feet, flowers lavender, appearing in March and April, fall leaf yellow and fruit brown. It is a rapidly growing native of Eurasia, to be had in many varieties and its requirements are a rich to average or moist soil in part shade or open.
Tamarix gallica (French tamarix), a native of Europe, grows rapidly in Coastal Plains region to height of 8 to 10 feet, has pink or white
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blossoms in April and May, blue-green fall color. Especially good at -:!_ seaside, it needs average, dry or moist soil in open exposure.
Thea sinensis (tea). This native of Asia, not dependable above Coastal Plains, grows from 10 to 25 feet in height, has a white blossom from November to February, is an evergreen with a brown fruit. Requirements are an average or moist soil in part shade or open.
Ulex Europaeus (common gorse), an imported shrub 2 to 4 feet high, foliage sealey or narrow, almost spiney; flowers yellow, usually clustered toward the ends of the branches in April and May, sometimes again in October. It may be used as an edging and kept sheared. It will grow under trying conditions of soil and moisture. There is a smaller variety, U. nanus, that fits well in the border.
Vaccinium species (blueberry), a rapid growing native shrub, good for fruit and ornament. The foliage varies somewhat in shades of green, but the fall colors of all are brilliant. The white bell-shaped flowers are borne in April and May, the fruit dark blue or black, often covered with a whitish bloom. V. corymbosum is the high bush blueberry 4 to 12 feet high. V. pennsylvanicum is low, 2 to 3 feet high. V. arboreum (sparkleberry) grows to 15 feet. It is beautiful in flower masses of lily-of-the-valley-like flowers, sometimes pink tinged. Fall colors bronze to dark wine, fruits shiny black. All except arboreum want a peat soil with reasonable moisture and are desirable in the border planting.
Virburnum species. Native and imported, are desirable for blossoms of all, and fruits of many of them. V. acerfolium (mapleleaf V) is low-growing, the leaves are bright green and fruit black. V. dentatum (arrowwood) grows to 10 to 12 feet, leaves serrate, flowers white, fruit bluish black. V. lentago (nannyberry), 10 to 25 feet high, white blossoms in April and May, black fruit and autumn foliage bronze. V. scabrellum (possum haw), a native of damp woodlands, to 6 feet tall, leaves rather large, dark green, scruffy when young, flowers white or yellowish white, rather ill-scented, but handsome in a border. V. rufidulum (black haw), 20 to 25 feet tall, winter buds reddish pubescent, leaves bright green, flowers in small cymes, white; fruit bluish-black. V. odoratissimum (sweet virburnum), an imported plant to 10 feet high, spreading, leaves large bright evergreen, blossoms white, fragrant, in large paniciles; fruit red, becoming black. V. oppulus (cranberrybush), deciduous, desirable on account
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gfthe winter effect of the red fruit. Variety sterile is the common snowball. All of them grow in average conditions and locations and are suitable for the border. V. tinus (laurustinus) is an evergreen, pyramidable shrub to 10 feet high. The foliage is dark shining green. The flowers are white, with a pinkish tinge, fragrant; fruit black. It is desirable in the base or border planting in almost any soil or condition. It is quite free from pests.
Vitex agnus-cactus (lilac chaste-tree). Tall shrub to 15 feet, arching-spreading, sage-green foliage, spicey fragrant, blossoms blue, in long spikes appearing late in summer, fruit a dry brown little drupe. There is also a white flowered variety. V. negundo is similar to the preceding but more hardy. They are valuable for their late blossoming and their adaptability to any kind of soil or exposure.
Weigela rosea (weigela), a plant of slow growth, rather stiff but good in borders. Native of China, it grows from 5 to 6 feet, has pink or white flowers in May and June, yellow foliage, brown fruit. Average requiremen ts.
Xolisma jerruginea , a native evergreen of south Georgia, 5 to 15 feet high, leaves thick, rough, pale beneath with revolute margins, scruffy, especially the new ones; flowers globular, white or rusty, fragrant, February and March. Var. arborescens is taller. Var. fruiticosa, shrubby, with flowers urceolate, good in shady or open locations, moist, peaty or sandy soil, for base or border planting.
Yucca aloijolia (Spanish-dagger). Height 8 to 10 feet, flower yellowish white, appearing from May through July, fruit dark purple. Slow of growth, a native of Coastal Plains region, this plant does well in lower Piedmont section in border of hedge. Requires a sandy to average, dry to average soil and open exposure. Y. filamentosa (bear grass) grows 1 foot in height, flower yellowish white from May through July, with purple fruit. Of general habitat, it is slow in growth, is good in base or border, likes same soil, moisture and location as Yucca aloifolia. It has a tall flower stalk of from 6 to 8 feet.
VINES
Actinidia chinensis, a vigorous climber, large heart-shaped leaves, hairs of young branchfets and leaves bright red, flowers creamy white 1~ to 2 inches across, fruit hairy, edible. Propagation by seeds, actinidias do well in moist, rich soil, in full sun or part shade.
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-._.,. Akebia Quinata, a light semi-evergreen climber to 12 or more feet, leaflets five, small, flowers purple, fruit dark-purple with a bluish bloom. Propagation by seed, layers or cuttings. Sunny locations with well drained, sandy-peaty soil are most suitable.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia (five-leaved ivy, virginia creeper), a hardy native climber, leaves bright green, flowers small greenish white, fruit small blue-black berry. Leaves turn to beautiful shades of red in autumn. A. tricuspidata (Japanese or Boston ivy), a rapid high growing deciduous vine, the leaves of the new grown are delicately colored, becoming a rich dark green with maturity, and flaming red in fall; var. veitchii is most commonly grown and is suitable to almost any location where there is not excessive heat.
Antigonon leptopus (coral-vine), quick growing tuberous-rooted plant, most striking when in full blossom with the long racemes of rose pink flowers. The stems die to the ground in winter, and in the upper part of the state the roots need protection of a heavy mulch of straw or leaves. It thrives in full sun in average conditions of soil and moisture. Does best in Coastal Plain.
Aristolochia macrophylla (Dutchman's pipe), a high climbing woody twiner, with large leaves which afford a dense shade, the peculiarly shaped flower suggests the common name. It does best in a rich soil with average moisture in a sunny situation.
Bignonia capreolata (cross-vine), one of the trumpet vines, native, evergreen or with leaves persistent and bronzing in extreme cold; flowers in April, clusters of brick-red, yellow-throated, musky-scented flowers. It likes best, moist, peaty soil with considerable shade.
Clematis virginiana (virgins bower), is a hardy deciduous native plant bearing an abundance of white flowers. The feathery achenes in the fall give it the appearance of continued flowering. It will grow satisfactorily under almost any conditions. C. reticulata, found in south Georgia, has bluish, fleshy, bell-shaped blossoms in late summer. C. paniculata, a Japanese species, is probably the most widely grown, flowers are creamy white, fragrant, early fall. It likes full sun with average conditions of soil and moisture. The number of hybrids and varieties includes many shapes and sizes of foliage and colors of
flowers. Jackmani is purple, Lawsoniana Henryi, large, creamy
white, and Madame Andre, violet red.
Cocculus carolinus (carolina moon-seed; sarasparilla vine), a fast growing semi-woody twining plant, leaves bright green, entire or
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slightly' 3 or S lobed; flowers inconspicuous, greenish, fruit scarlet.
It grows in average field soil, often along fence rows.
Euonymus radicans (trailing or climbing euonymus), is a good evergreen for shady locations, either on walls or for a ground cover; var. variegata has beautiful white and green foliage.
Ficus pumila (climbing fig), an evergreen which clings tight to a wall making a soft flat covering. It is not hardy north of Macon and Augusta. When killed back by frost it should be immediately cut back and dead branches stripped from the walls.
Gelsemium sempervirens (yellow jasmine), a native evergreen twining plant, flowers in early spring, yellow, fragrant; grows in rich loamy soil in shady locations; poisonous if eaten.
Hedera canariensis (algerian ivy), high climbing evergreen with large light green roundish leaves, flowers yellowish green, fruit blueblack. Hedera helix (English ivy), hardy evergreen, suitable for covering walls or shaded ground where grass will not grow; leaves three to five lobed, dark green; flowers and fruit as above; adapted to almost any soil, but does not climb readily on south and west walls exposed to the heat of the sun.
Humulus lupulus (common hop), is a perennial herbaceous vine producing shoots 2S to 30 feet long in a season; leaves rough threelobed; flowers forming a leafy cone-like catkin; useful for summer screen or arbor. H. japonieus is much like the former but not bearing hops. A variegated variety with streaks and splashes of white in the foliage, is most effective as an ornamental.
Ipomoea species (morning glory), are annual or perennial herbaceous vines commonly used for summer effects; a variety of colors and size of flowers. The moon flower has large leaves, flowers 2 to 4 inches broad, white or blue. Sunny situations in almost any soil suit these vmes.
Jasminum officinale (jessamine), a slender, light climber from Persia, which needs a support. Leaves light green, persistent, flowers small, white, fragrant, in terminal, leafy clusters of 2 to 10. J asiminums are not particular as to conditions of soil, moisture or situation. This is the jessamine of poetry.
Kadsura japonica, a handsome evergreen from Japan, leaves dark green, young leaves and stems red; flowers are rather inconspicuous,
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but the clusters of red fruit against the dark green of foliage make it -1_ a striking plant during the fall. Not suitable above Coastal Plain.
Lonicera sempervirens (trumpet honeysuckle), an evergreen climber, with lustrous green leaves and terminal clusters of reddish trumpetshaped flowers 1:Y2 to 2 inches long. It is not so rank a grower as L. japonica, which is so common all over the state. This species makes a good ground cover for banks and shady situations. The usual form has white fragrant flowers, yellowing with age. Occasionally we find flowers purple tinted.
Memspermum canadense (moonseed), is a semi-woody twining plant with bright green variously shaped leaves, inconspicuous greenish flowers and small bluish-black fruits. It wants rich, low ground.
Passiflora incarnata (passion flower, maypop), a common perennial vine little used for ornamental purposes in the state; bright green foliage, bluish or purplish flowers, fruit yellow when ripe; edible.
Pueraria thunbergiana (kudzu), a hardy, rank growing vine, woody with age; three leaflets, hairy, flowers peashaped, purple; fruit a large flat pod. For quick results there is nothing can surpass it, but it needs severe pruning to keep it in bounds; grows under almost any condition of soil, moisture and sun.
Tecoma radicans (trumpet-creeper), a woody vine, deciduous, leaves pinnate; fruit pod. The trumpet vine will cling to any surface wall or stump or tree. It can be used in conjunction with Hedera to advantage of both. Contrary to a common idea, Tecoma is not pOlson.
Trachelospermum jasminoides (star jasmine, confederate jasmine), a tender evergreen with lustrous dark green foliage and small white fragrant flowers in summer. It is a most desirable vine for screen or arbor planting. It will do well under average conditions of soil and moisture, in the lower Coastal Plain.
Vinca major (periwinkle of running myrtle), a trailing vine, a good ground cover for shady situations, leaves shining bright green; flowers blue. V. minior is smaller in every way, leaves darker green and standing more cold; flowers lilac-blue. There are varieties with white, purple and double flowers. Vinca will stand considerable neglect; is good on walls and rockeries.
Wistaria chinensis, a hardy, vigorous growing deciduous twining plant used on arbor or trellis, or naturalized with trees for its sup-
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port, wistaria is most satisfactory. It will do reasonably well in any sllnny situation with average soil and moisture. W. frutescens, a slender growing deciduous twining native plant with compound leaves; leaflets 9 to 15; flowers light purple in small rather compact clusters, which scarcely compare with those of the cultivated species. It is found in scattered locations over the state.

SHRUBS USUALLY ABOUT 10 TO 15 FEET HIGH

Arrowwood Banana shrub Bladdernut Bottlebush Chaste-tree Cranberrybush Elaeagnus Elder English laurel Escallonia Fragrant tea olive Firethorne Hawthorne Hollyleaf tea olive Indian azalea Loquat Low photinia Mockorange Oleander Privet Sea myrtle Smokebush Sparkleberry Stewartia Tallligustrum Tea Xolisma

Virburnum dentatum Michelia fuscata Staphylea trifolia Callistemon lanceolatus Vitex agnus-cactus Virburnum opulus Elaeagnus pungens Sambucus canadensis Laurocerasus officinalis Escallonia montevidensis Osmanthus fragrans Pyrancantha lalandi Crataegus vailiae Osmanthus aquifolium Azalea indica Erioboryta japonica Photinia serrulata Poincirus trifoliata Nerium oleander Ligustrum armurense Baccharis halimifolia Rhus cotinus Vaccinium arboreum Stewartia malachodendron Ligustrum lucidum Thea sinensis Xolisma ferruginea, var. arborescens

SHRUBS \VHICH MAY ATTAIN A HEIGHT OF 15 FEET OR iMoRE

Black haw Black ti ti Buckeye

Virburnum rufidulum Cyrilla racemiflora Aesculus pavia

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Cabbage palm ':!. Crape myrtle
Devils-walkingstick Elaeagnus False buckthorn False indigo Hawthorne Hollyleaf tea olive
Japonica
Loquat. Low photinia Nannyberry Pinckneya Privet Sweetleaf Tallligustrum Tea \Vi tch hazel

Sabal palmetto Lagerstroemia indica Aralia spinosa Elaegnus pungens Bumelia lanuginosa Amorpha fruticosa Crataegus species Osmanthus aquifolium Camellia japonica Eriobotrya japonica Photinia serrulata Virburnum lentago Pinckneya pubens Ligustrum amurense Symplocus tinctoria Ligustrum lucidum Thea sinensis Hamamelis virginica

SHRUBS SUITABLE FOR VARIOUS LOCATIONS

SHRUBS FOR SUNNY LOCATION

(Common Name)
Abelia Althea Bayberry Banana shrub Bear grass Burning bush Butterfly bush Buttonbush Cape-jasmine Chaste-tree Chokeberry Coralberry Crape myrtle Elderberry Elaeagnus English dogwood Escallonia

(Botanic Name)
Abelia Hibuscus Myrica Michelia Yucca Euonymous Buddleia Cephalanthus Gardenia Vitex Aronia Symphoricarpos Lagerstroemia Sambucus Elaeagnus Philadelphus Escallonia

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.. False indigo Firethorne Flowering almond Flowering quince French mulberry Gallberry Globe flower. Golden bell Hawthorne Honeysuckle Huckleberry January Jasmine Japan medler Jersey Lilac Loquat Nandina Ninebark Oakleaf hydrangea Oleander Palm Pearlbush Photinia Pittosporum Pomegranate Privet Rose Rosemary Snowball Snowberry Spanish-bayonet Spice bush Spirea Sumac Sweetleaf. Tamarix Tea Tea olive Weigela

Amorpha Pyracantha Prunus Cydonia Callicarpa Ilex Kerria Forsythia Crataegus Lonicera Gaylussacia
Jasiminum
Eriobotyra Ceanothus Syringa Eriobtrya Nandina Physocarpus Hydrangea Nerium Palmetto Exochorda Photinia Pittosporum Punica Ligustrum Rosa Rosmarinus Virburnum Symphoricarpos Yucca Benzoin Spiraea Rhus Symplocos Tamarix Thea Osmanthus Weigel a
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SHRUBS LISTED ACCORDING TO HEIGHT

SHRUBS USUALLY ABOUT 3 FEET IN HEIGHT OR LESS

(Common Name)
Azalea Bamboo Barberry Bear grass Blueberry B1 u e s p i r e a Boxwood Butcherbroom Cape-jasmine Cotoneaster Deutzia Fetterbush Gorse Huckleberry Jasmine, naked Jersey tea Rose Rose-acacia Rosemary Snowberry Spirea Spirea Spirea Spirea Spirea Spirea Spirea Spirea Spirea St. J ohnswort Sumac Sweet myrtle Sweetspire Trailing euonymus Xolisma

(Botanic Name)
Azalea amoena Bambusa pygmea Berberis thunbergi Yucca filamentosa Vaccinium pennsylvanicum Caryopteris incana Buxus sempervirens, var. suffruticosa Ruscus aculeatus Gardenia radicans Cotoneaster species Deutzia gracilis Pieris mariana Ulex europaeus Gaylussacia species J asminum nudiflorum Ceanothus americanus Rosa species Robina hispida Rosmarinus officinalis Symphoricarpos racemosus Spiraea albaflora Spiraea anthony waterer Spiraea betulifolia Spiraea bumalda Spiraea bulata Spiraea corymbosa Spiraea decumbens Spiraea densiflora Spiraea froebeli Hypericum species Rhus aromatica Myrica pumila Itea virginica Euonymus radicans Xolisma ferruginea, var. fruitcosta

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SHRUBS USUALLY ABOUT.) TO 6 FEET TALL

.-:!(Common Name)
Abelia Andromeda Aucuba Autumn sage Azalea Bamboo Barberry Brook euonymus Buckeye Cape-jasmine Chokeberry Coralberry Cutleaf stephanandra Deutzia Drooping leucothoe Fetterbush Fetterbush Firethorne Flowering almond.. . French mulberry Gallberry Globe flower Golden bell Hawthorne Hollygrape Hollygrape Honeysuckle Japan quince J a8mine J etbead Laurel. N andina Palmetto Poinsettia Privet Spirea Spirea Spirea

(Botanic Name)
Abelia grandiflora Pieris floribunda Aucuba japonica Salvia greggi Azalea hinodegira Bambusa tessellata Berberis sargentiana Euonymus americanus Aesculus georgiana Gardenia florida Aronia species Symphoricarpos vulgaris Stephanandra flexuosa Deutzia lemoini Leucothoe catesbaei Lyonia nitida Pieris lucida Pyracantha yunanensis Prunus glandulosa Callicarpa americana Ilex glabra Kerria japonica Forsythia suspensa Crataegus uniflora lVIahonia aquifolium lVIahonia beali Azalea species, native Cydonia japonica J asminum species Rhodotypos kerrioides Rhododendron minus Nandina domestica Sabal etonia Poinsettia pulcherrima Ligustrum coreaceum Spiraea alba Spiraea billiardi Spiraea prunifolia

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Spirea ':!. Spirea
Spirea Spirea Sumac Summersweet Sweetshrub

Spiraea reevesiana Spiraea thunbergi Spiraea tomentosa Spiraea van houttei Rhus taphrina Clethra alnifolia Calycanthus florid us

SHRUBS USUALLY ABOUT 6 TO 10 FEET HIGH

Althea Bamboo Blueberry Boxwood Broom Burning bush Buckthorn Butterfly bush Buttonbush Castor-aralia Chokeberry Deutzia English dogwood False indigo Firethorne Glossy holly Golden bell Golden chain He-huckleberry Honeysuckle Honeysuckle Laurel Laurel Laurustinus Lilac Mountain-laurel , Nepal privet Ninebark Oakleaf hydrangea Pearlbush Pineapple guava

Hibuscus syriacus Arundinaria nitida Vaccinium corymbosum Buxus sempervirens Cytisus scorparius Eunonymus japonica Rhamnus caroliniana Buddleia lindleyana Cephalanthus ococidentalis Acanthopanax pentaphyllum Aronia species Deutzia crenata Philadelphus coronarius Amorpha fruticosa Pyracantha yunanensis Ilex lucida Forsythia virridissima Duranta plumieri Lyonia ligustrina Azalea, native species Lonicera species Rhododendron catawbiense Rhododendron maximum Virburnum tinus Syringa species Kalmia latifolia Ligustrum nepalense Physocarpus opulifolius Hydrangea quercifolia EXQchorda grandiflora Feijoa sellowiana

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Pittosporum

J:>omegranate

Fossum haw

Redtwig dogwood

Smooth hydrangea

Smooth senna

Spanish-dagger

Spicebush

Stewartia

Sweet myrtle

Sweet virburnum _

Tamarix

__

Witch hazel

_

Pittosporum tobira Punica granatum Virburnum scabrellum Cornus amomum Hydrangea arborescens Cassia laevigata Yucca aloifolia Benzoin aestivale Stewartia Myrica carolinensis Virburnum odoratissimum Tamarix gallica Hamamelis virginica

SHRUBS FOR PART SHADE

Abelia

Boxwood

_

Bladdernut.

Buckeye. . . . . . ..

Buckthorn

Burning bush

Chokeberry

Coralberry

Devils-walkingstick

Dogwood _

Elder

English dogwood

French mulberry

Golden bell. . . .. .

Holly

_

Hollygrape

Honeysuckle

Huckleberry

Japonica

_

Japan quince

Jersey tea

_. .

Lilac

Mountain-laurel

Naked jasmine '

Nandina

Abelia Buxus .Staphylea .Aesculus Rhamnus Euonymus Aronia Symphoricarpos Aralia Cornus Sambucus Philadelphus Callicarpa Forsythia Ilex Mahonia _ Azalea Gaylussacia Camellia Cydonia Ceanothus Syringa Kalmia Jasminum Nandina

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Oakleaf hydrangea Pinckneya ':!. Palm Rose Smooth hydrangea Snowball Snowbell Snowberry Summersweet Sweetleaf. Sweet myrtle Sweet shrub Sweet spire Tea Witch hazel

Hydrangea Pinckneya Palmetto Rosa Hydrangea Virburnum Styrax Symphoricarpos Clethra Symplccos Myrica Calycanthus Itea Thea Hamamelis

Aucuba Blackhaw Blueberry Boxwood Brook euonymus Buckeye Buckthorn Cutleaf stephanandra Drooping leucothoe Fetterbush Hollygrape Honeysuckle Laurel Mountain laurel Redtwig dogwood Smooth hydrangea Snowbell Stewartia Summersweet Sweet shrub Sweet spire Witch hazel

SHRUBS FOR SHADE
Aucuba Virburnum Vaccinium Buxus Euonymus Aesculus Rhamnus Stephanandra Leucothoe Lyonia Mahonia Azalea Rhododendron Kalmia Cornus Hydrangea Styrax Stewartia Clethra Calycanthus Itea Hamamelis

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Bear grass Cedar Cotoneaster Periwinkle

SHRUBS FOR ROCK GARDEN
Yucca Juniperus Cotoneaster Vinca

Bear grass Barberry Jersey tea Palm Rosemary Spanish-bayonet Sumac Tamarix

SHRUBS FOR DRY LOCATIONS
Yucca Berberis Ceanothus Palmetto Rosmarinus Yucca Rhus Tamarix

SHRUBS FOR WET LOCATIONS

(Common Name)
Blueberry Buckthorn Drooping leucothoe Fetterbush Laurel Pinckneya

(Botanic Name)
Vaccinium Rhamnus Leucothoe Lyonia Rhododendron Pinckneya

SHRUBS FOR MOIST LOCATIONS

Bladdernut Blueberry Buttonbush Chokeberry Coralberry Drooping leucothoe Elder English dogwood F~tterbush French mulberry Holly Honeysuckle

Staphylea Vaccinium Cephalanthus Aronia Symphoricarpos Leucothoe Sambucus Philadelphus Lyonia Callicarpa Hex Azalea

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Japonica

Lilac

Mountain-laurel

Palm

Redtwig dogwood

Rose

Smooth hydrangea

Spicebush
St. Johnswort

Summersweet

Sweetleaf.

Sweet myrtle

Sweet shrub

Sweet spire.. .

.

Tea

Camellia Syringa Kalmia Sabal Comus Rosa Hydrangea Benzoin Hypericum Clethra Symplocos Myrica Calycanthus Itea Thea

SHRUBS FOR THE SEASHORE

Bamboo Bear grass Blueberry Chokeberry Crape myrtle Devils-walkingstick Drooping leucothoe Fetterbush French mulberry Holly. . . Honeysuckle Nandina Oleander Palm Pittosporum Spanish-bayonet Summersweet Sweet myrtle Tamarix Tea olive

Bambusa Yucca Vaccinium Aronia Lagerstroemia Aralia Leucothoe Lyonia Callicarpa Ilex Azalea Nandina Nerium Sabal Pittosporum Yucca Clethra Myrica Tamarix Osmanthys

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"Bibliography"

.:!.

REFERENCES ON ARBOR DAY

1. Arbor Day. Carnegie Library. Association. Arbor Day in poetry; poem chosen by a Committee of the Carnegie Library School Association. 4 p 1., 61 numb., 26cm.

2. Connecticut Educational Dept. Arbor and Bird Day manual for April-1917 (Hartford) Published by the author, 1917. 15 p. Connecticut School document, no. 6.

3. Georgia Educational Dept., State of Georgia, Arbor Day, December 6, 1907 suggestive program-16 - - N. P. N. D. Bound with Georgia General Assembly compilation.

4. Kellogg. New Arbor Day exercises: Songs, recitations, addresses and quotations for celebrating Arbor Day out of doors and in the schoolroom-Kellogg, N. Y. C-1901, Page 26.

5. Kellogg. Arbor Day Program - No.1 for mixed grades. Phil. Penn Publishing Co. n. d. 38 page. Contains music.
6. McCaskey, J. P., Compo
Arbor Day. (See his Lincoln Literary collection. C-1897pp. 242-258.)

7. New Arbor Day exercises: Songs, recitations, addresses and quotations for celebrating Arbor Day out of doors and in the schoolroom. Kellogg, C-1901.

8. New York State Educational Department. Arbor Day annuals; compiled under the direction of commissioner of education. New York State Educational Department. Albany, 1908.

9. Arbor Day. Peaslee, John Bradley. Thought and experiences in and out of school. . . accomplished by letters from Longfellow, Holmes, and other American authors. Curtis and Jennings, Cincinnati, 1900, 1899. 1 p, 396 p - 12.

111

10.
- -~:!-
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Arbor Day. Schanffler, Robt. Haven, ed. Arbor Day in history, observer, spirit and significance; with practical selections on tree planting and conservation, and nature anthology, edited by Robert Haven Schanffier, Moffat, Yard and Company, New York, 1909. XXIX p. 360 - 19 c m. (Half-title: "Our American Holidays") $1.00.
N. J. Dodd, 1927 - p. 360.
"Our American Holidays." Arbor Day. Library of Congress S. D. 363.53 (C) November, 1909, 2c November 26, 1909. Moffat, Yard and Company, New York.
Arbor Day. Southern Educational Journal. Arbor Day p. 29. Atlanta, 1907.
Arbor Day. U. S. Agriculture Dept. Arbor Day: Its history and observance by: N. H. Egleston, Washington, 1896.
Arbor Day. Wisconsin-Public Instruction Dept. State Superintendent. Arbor and Bird Day annuals.
Tree Planting. Trees. Trees in Literature. Trees in Poetry.
Arbor Day in Poetry. Carnegie Library School Associations.
Poems of Trees: A Sidney Lanier Memorial,
Volumes L, II., IlL, IV., V., VL, VII.
Wightman F. Melton, Compiler and Editor.
Arbor Day Program. Kellogg, A. M.
Southern Forestry. Elliott & Mobley. Turner-Smith & Co., Atlanta, Ga.

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