State of Georgia survival plan study, project proposals for Atlanta and its support area, general outline of the overall project and specific proposals for phases I and II [1956]

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STATE OF GEORGIA SURVIVAL PLAN STUDY
PROJECT PROPOSALS

for
CHATTANOOGA
t

MACON

AUGUSTA

AND ITS SUPPORT AREA

UNASSIGNED FOR
MOBILE SUPPORT
TALLAHASSEE

SAVANNAH
GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE OVERALL PROJECT
AND

SPECIFIC PROPOSALS FOR PHASES I AND II

STATE OF GEORGIA
DEP.ARTMENT OF DEFENSE Civil Defense Division
Office of the State Director Atlanta
Maj. Gen. George J. Hearn State Director
Thomas H. Goodman . Regional Administrator, Region III
Federal Civil Defense Administration Thomasville, Georgia
Dear Judge Goodman:
I am submitting for your consideration the State of Georgia
Survival Plan Study Project Proposal !E Atlanta-and ItS Support
Area. - -
Details and scope of Phases I and II are contained in appropriate sections of this Project Proposal.
The State's three leading institutions of higher learning, University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, have agreed to participate in the conduct of this Project.
I am looking forward to an early beginning of the actual study phase after necessary agreements have been completed.
Cordially yours,
George J. Hearn Director

Table of Contents

Part

I INTRODUCTION AND INITIAL EXCHANGE OF CORRESPONDENCE

FCDA Press Release, September 18, 1955

1

Letter from the State Civil IDefense Director to the

Administrator of FGDA, August 12

3

Letter from the Governor of Georgia to the Aaminis-

trator of FCDA, August J-5

4

Letter from the Administrator o FCDA to the State Civil Defense Director, August 26

Telegram from the Administrator of FCDA to the

Governor of Georgia, September 9

6

Telegram from the Administrator of FCDA to the

Mayor of Atlanta, September 9

7

Letter from the Governor of Georgia to the State

Civil Defense Director, September 9

8

Telegram from the Governor of Georgia to the Adminis-

trator of FCDA, September lS

9

Telegram from the Mayor of Atlanta to the Adminis-

trator of FCDA, September lS

10

Letter from the Atlanta City Clerk to the Governor

of Georgia, September 26

11

Resolution adopted by the Board of Aldermen of

Atlanta, as approved September 21

12

II PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR ATLANTA AND ITS SUPPORT AREA

Section 1. General Provisions; Objective and Purpose 13

Section 2. Scope of Project

15

Section 3. Proposed Method of Conducting the Project J.7

Section 4. Proposed Schedule of Performance

18

Section S. Estimated Cost

19

Section 6. Advances and Reimbursement

20

Section ?. Amendments and Revisions

21

i

Table of Contents (Continued)

---Part

. _ Page

III STUDY AREAS, ESTIMATES OF COST, AND DETAILED JUSTIFICATION

Directing, Coordinating, Analyzing, and Presenting -

Phase II, Study Phase

22

Bureau of Business Research - Staff Cost

22

Stuqy Areas 1 and 2. LOCATION AND ANALYSIS OF POPULATION 24

Budget Estimate and Justification

24

Study Areas 3, 4, 5, and 6e

2.5

Georgia Institute of Technology - Budget Estimate

and Justification

25

Study Area 3. TRANSPORTATION AVAILABILITY

2.5

Task I. Railroad Equipment

25

Task IIo Automobiles

26

Task IIIo Buses

a6

Task IV o Trucks

26

Task v. Miscellaneous Transportation Equipment

2.6

Time Estimate, Status of Work, and Budget Estimate

2.7

Study Area 4. IilOVEiv1ENT CAPABILITIES

28

Task I. Rail

4.8

Task II. Highway

2.8

Time Estimate, Status of Work, and Budget Estimate

29

Study Area 5o TRAFFIC CONTROL

30

Task I~ Detailed Analysis of Roadway Escape Radials 30

Task II.. Surveillance of Highways

30

Task IIL Miscellaneous Considerations

31

Task IV o Summary

31

Time Estimate and Status of Work

31

Budget Estimate

32

ii

Table of Contents (Continued)

Part

Study Area 611 CO.MI\WNICATIONS REQUIREMENTS AND INTERliJAL

ALERTING CAP ABILITIES

32

Communication Requirements:

32

Task I.

3a

Task II.

32

Task III.

33

Task IV.

33

Task V.

33

Task VI. Internal Alerting Capabilities

33

Time Estimate

33

Budget Estimate

34

Total Budget Estimate for Study Areas 3.:; 4, 5,

and 6ao

34

Study Areas 7, 8, and 9. SHELTER AVAI1.4.BILITY, ASSEMBLY

AND RECEPTION AREA ANALXS~S, AND INDUSTRIAL POPULATION

RECEPTION

. 35

Department of Geography and Geology - Budget Estimate

and Justification

35

r. Propos.al

35

II. Propos.ed Procedure:

35

Afj Classification of Settlements

35

1~ Housesites

35

2o Associated Buildings on Each Settlement 36

B. Mapping

L Forests

2.. Pastures

3. Cultivated Fields (Cropland)
4. Bush, Brush, and Idle Land
5. Other Land
iii

Table of Contents (Continued)

Part

Page

c. Urban Area Analysis

J?

1. Water Supply and Sanitation Evaluation

37

2.. Industrial Population Reception Capacity 37

3. .urban Housing Reception Capacity

38

D. Scheduling of Project

38

III. Project Budget

38

A. Personnel

38

B. Equipment

39

C. Travel

39

Study Area 10. POLITICAL JURISDICTION COORDINATION

40

Budget Estimate and Justification

40

Study Areas ll, 12, and 15.

41

Budget Estimate and Justification

41

A~ CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMENT

41

B. SERVICE COORDINATION

42

C. UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT RESOURCES

42

D. Personnel Breakdown

43

E. Travel Expense

43

Study Area 13. PROMOTIONAL ANALYSIS

44

University of Georgia - School of Journalism -

Budget Estimate and Justification

44

Study Areas 14, 16, and 17.

45

Emo~ University - Budget Estimate and

Justification

45

SPECIAL ASSISTill~CE GROUPS ~ID INSTITUTIONAL

REQUIREMEI\1TS

45

LOGISTICAL SUPPORT

46

RETURN AND)OR RESETTLEMENT ANALYSIS

47

iv

Table of Contents (Continued) Part
IV THE CURRENT CIVIL DEFENSE PICTURE IN THE STA'I'E OF GEORGIA
Section 1. Character of the Land, Resources, Targets A. GEOGRAPHY B. TRANSPORTATION -- RAIL, HIGHWAY AND AIR C. COMMUNICATIONS D. MILITARY E. INDUSTRY F. TARGET CITIES

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49 49 49 49 50 50 50 51

Section 2. The State Civil DefePBe Organization

51

THE STATE OPERATIONS PLAN, GENERAL ORDER 13

52

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Part 1

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INTRODUCTION AND INITIAL EXCHANGE OF CORRESPONDENCE

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FCDA Press Release

September 18, 1955

Federal Civil Defense Administrator Val Peterson, today, announced that invitations have been extended to 15 of the nation's major cities to participate in the agency's National Survival Plan project, for which funds were recently authorized by Congress.
The cities are:

New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Washington, Boston, Baltimore, Cleveland, Detroit, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Houston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, San Francisco, including the Oakland, California area, and Denver.

The Survival Plan project envisages eventual evacuation, shelter and care studies in and near the nation's critical target cities, and in additional cities located near important militar,y establishments.
The cities announced today are the first to be selected for participation in the project. Others will be announced in the near future as additional arrangements are completed.

In aelecting.these cities, the FCDA announced, first importance was given to population, with other criteria such as criticalit,y, readiness, and representativeness also being considered.

Of the 15 cities, 10 have population of more than l,ooo,ooo.

Washington, D.C., was selected because of its importance as
the center of national government. Houston and Atlanta were chosen as representative of southern cities, with Houston, particularly, presenting the problem of homes in which few basements are avail-
able for use as shelters. Milwaukee, where the first traffic phase of a civil defense study was conducted by FCDA in 195!~, was selected ~because it offered the possibility for early completion of the first complete Survival Plan project. Denver was selected as representing a mid-continent city with a population of about 5oo,ooo.

The FCDA revealed that its seven Regional Administrators have been instructed to contact as rapidly as possible the principle officials of the states and cities involved in the first selections for the studies, and to assist them in the preparation of project proposals outlining their plans for the undertaking and organizing of local Survival Plans.
In its instructions to the Agency's regional officials, the
FCDA emphasized the following points.

1. The selection of the original 15 cities does not mean that they will be the only cities in a particular atate eligible to participate.
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2:. The identification of 11citiesn means not only the geographical limits of specific municipalities, but the adjoining metropolitan and reception areas as well..
Invitations to other areas to participate in the program will be made on the basis of the willingness of the State and political subdivision to undertake the study, and administrative capability to conduct the studies, and the existence of a sufficiently welldeveloped Civil Defense plan and organization to insure adequate results.
There has as yet been no determination of how many cities will be able to undertake studies, or of how many can be completed with the funds appropriated.
In the studies, FCDA will finance the major :r:a rt of the out-
of-pocket cost, but the states and cities are expected to help by providing leadership, organizational competence, and available data.
Information sought will include determination of evacuation feasibility for each city and how it can be attained, what shelter capabilities are, how many people can remain in existing shelter in areas outside zones of possible total destruction, v.rhat future shelter requirements will be, and the long-range problems of caring for evacuees.
To be eligible for funds, cities are expected to agree to meet standards established, to produce action programs based on the studies' conclusions, and to give these programs real operational tests.
In announcing selection of the first cities to participate in the program Governor Peterson declaredt
I~We will do our utmost to guide and assist the States and Citiea in the development and formulation of the basic data esaential for evacuation planning and the completion of operating plans for the evacuation of persons from urban areas threatened with attack, and their reception in areas deemed to be safer.
l1These operating plans, when coordinated by the States and FCDA Regional Offices, will constitute the basic material necessary for the developwEnt of a National Survival Plan.
'1With these studies, we have reached a point in our struggle for civil defense where we can feel we are launching a realistic approach rather than an aspiration to survival under H-bomb attack.u
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STATE OF GEORGIA
DEa:?A..."tTMENT OF DEFENSE Civil Defense Division Office of the State Director
Atlanta
Maj. Gen. George J. Hearn State Director
12 August 1955
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Honorable Val Peterson, Administrator Federal Civil Defense Administration
Washington 25, D. c.
Dear Governor Peterson:
In allocating the $8,000~000 recently authorized by Congress for evacuation studies of certain critical target areas, I urge that you give the Atlanta critical target area serious consideration.
With O'LIT limited budget we have accomplished a great deal in our evacuation plans for Georgia. We promulgated our State Plan for
Evacuation on l January 1955 (General Order No. 13), and since that
time have held five area conferences, one in each target city, for the purpose of studying this plan. To date, two target cities have completed their evacuation plan and two other target cities are progressing nicely with theirs. By making a comprehensive evacuation study of the Atlanta area we would have criteria for correcting our other city plans and the State plano
We have contacted the Georgia School of Technology (Tech) and the University of Georgia relative to their accomplishing this survey and they have agreed to undertake same.
We are preparing a proposal in connection with the evacuation study of the Atlanta area which we will submit at a later date.
Governor Griffin has assured me that eve1y department of the State will cooperate wholeheartedly in this survey in the event Atlanta is selected as one of the critical target areas to be studied.
With best wishes and kindest personal regards, I remain,
Sincerely yours,
George J. Hearn Director
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STATE OF GEORGIA

Executive Department Atlanta

Marvin Griffin Governor
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15 August 1955

Honorable Val Peterson, Administrator Federal Civil Defense Administration
Washington 25, D. c.

Dear Governor Peterson:

It has come to my attention that you plan to make evacuation studies in some of the critical target areas. I would like to request that you give serious consideration to making such a study in Atlanta, Georgia, which is a critical target area.

I feel that our State Civil Defense organization is second to none and we have made much progress. Two of our target cities have co~ pleted their evac.uation plan and others are well on the way to completion. We have also completed our State Plan.

If you would make the stuqy of Atlanta Metropolitan Area, which
has a population of some 8oo,ooo, we would have something to go on
in correcting our other city plans and the State Plan.

I am sure you realize that our problems are different from some of the critical target cities locate~n the North and East. The majority of our population live in one~family homes compared to apartments in the North and East. Another problem is our highways. With the exception of one short four-lane highway, all our highways into and out of Atlanta are two-lane.

If you see fit to aelect Atlanta as one of the cities to he atudied, I pledge to you the support of all State agencies.

With best wishes, I am,

Sincerely yours,

MARVIN GRIFFIN

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FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADM\INISTRATION
National Headquarters Battle Creek, Michigan
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August 2.6, 1955
Major General George J. Hearn Director, Department of Defense Civil Defense Division
959 E. Confederate Ave., S.E.
Atlanta 2, Georgia Dear General:
Thank you for your letter of August 12, 1955 and for your
interest in our proposed evacuation stuclies. I am enclosing an advance copy of Survival Plan Manual,
Ma7-l. Also, I have asked Mr. Tom Goodman, our Regional Administrator, to discuss the development of the Survival Plan Project Proposal with you. V~en this is completed we will be glad to review it and further discuss the matter with you.
Kindest regards,
Sincerely,
Val Peterson
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Telegram to Hon. s. Marvin Griffin
Governor of Georgia

September 9, 1955

THE FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE ADMINISTRA.TION HAS SELECTED TBE CITY OF ATLANTA IN YOUR STATE, TOGETHER YJITH ITS ADJOINING .METROPOLITAN MID RECEPTION AREAS, TO BE INVITED TO Bi\RTICIPATE IN THE SURVIVAL PLAN PROGRMJ.I. THE STATE OF GEORGIA MUST JOINTLY WITH THE CITY OF ATLANTA ACCEPT THIS INVITATION IN ORDER THAT FEDERAL FUNDS MAY BE :MADE AVAILABlE UNDER THE REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURES STATED IN THE .ADVANCE COPY FURNISHED YOU OF THE SURVIV_/lli PLAN MANUAL 1'.127-1. IF, AFTER CONSULTATION YVITH THE :MAYOR OF ATLANTA, THIS INVITATION IS ACCEPTED,. THE PREPARATION OF TEE PROJECT PROPOSAL DESCRIBED IN THE SURVIVA1 PLAN MA.NUAL SHOUlD BE STARTED IMMEDIATELY. REGIONAL AND HEADQUARTERS STAFF OF THIS AGENCY VHLL BE AVAILABLE TO ASSIST YOU IN THE PREPARATION OF THE NEDESSARY DOCUivlEN'IS. IN COOPERATION WITH THE MAYOR OF ATLANTA YOU WILL BE EXPECTED TO _1\SSUME THE INITIATIVE IN MAJ(ING NECESSARY PRELI1ITNARY IIITERSTATE AND INTERJURISDICTIONAL AF.RANGEMENTS FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE PROJECT.
VAL PETERSON

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Telegram to Han. Wm. Be Hartsfield Mayor of Atlanta

September 9, 1955

THE FEDERAL CIVIL DEFENSE AD:NITNISTRJ:_TION HAS SELECTED THE CITY OF ATLANTA TOGETHER WITH ITS ADJOINING METROPOLITAN AND RECEPTION AREAS, TO BE INVITED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SURVIVAL PLAN PROGRAtv1. THE STATE OF GEORGIA MUST JOINTLY wiTH THE CITY OF ATLANTA ACCEPT THIS INVITATION IN ORDER THAT FEDERAL FUNDS "J,tf.AY BE MADE AVAILABLE UNDER THE REGUT...ATIONS AND PROCEDURES STATED IN THE PJJVANCE COPY FURNISHED YOU OF THE SURVIVAL PLAN MANUAL M27-l. IF, AFTER CONSULTATION "\VITH THE GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA THIS INVITATION IS ACCEPTED, THE PREPARATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL DESCRIBED IN THE SURVIVAL PLAN MANUAL SHOULD BE STARTED DliMEDIATELY. REGIONJ~L AND HEADQUARTERS STAFF OF THIS AGENCY YFILL BE AVAILABIE TO ASSIST YOU IN THE PREPARATION OF THE N.SCESSARY DOCTh.iENTS. IN COOPERATION WITH THE GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA, YOU WILL BE EXPECTED TO ASSUME THE INITIATIVE IN 1\fJ.AKING NECESSARY PRELIMINARY INTERSTATE AND INTERJURISDICTION.PJ.. ARRANGEIVIENTS FOR THE CONDUCT OF THE PROJECT.
VAL PETERSON

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Marvin Griffin Governor

STATE OF GEORGIA Executive Department
Atlanta
September 9, 19SS

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Adjutant General George Hearn Department of Defense
9S9 Confederate Avenue, S.E.
Atlanta, Georgia
Dear General Hearn:
Enclosed are three copies of a telegram that I received Friday from Honorable Val Peterson, Director of the Federal Civil Defense A<irninistration9 It.. is reques~ed that the Department of Civil Defense, State of Georgia, conduct an i.rnmediate study to determine whether the State v.rishes to participate in this project.
Please report your suggestions and plans to me as soon as possible.
With warm regards, I remain,
Sincerely,

Marvin Griffin

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Telegram to Hon. Val Peterson, Administrator Federal Civil Defense Administration

15 September 1955

AFTER CONFERENCE ~ITH ~~OR OF ATLANTA THE STATE OF GEORGIA AND CITY OF ATLANTA ACCEPT WITH APPRECIATION THE INVITATION TO PARTICIPATE IN SURVIVAL PLAN PROJECT.
M~VIN GRIFFIN, GOVERNOR OF GEORGIA

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Telegram to Hono Val Peterson, Administrator Federal Civil Defense Administration

15 September 1955

AFTER CONFERENCE VVITH GOVERNOR GRIFFIN AND STATE DIRECTOR, THE CITY OF ATLANTA WILL BE GLftn TO JOIN IN STUDY OF SURVIVAL PLAN !PROGRAM.
WILLIAM B. HARTSFIElD, MAYOR OF ATLANTA

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CITY OF ATLANTA
Department of City Clerk Atlanta 3; Georgia

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September 26, 1955

His Excellency The Governor State of Georgia State Capitol
Atlanta 3, Georgia
Dear Governor Griffin:
Pursuant to request therein, attached is copy of resolution by Committee on Civil Defense, adopted by The Board of Aldermen of the City of Atlanta on September 19 and approved September 21,
1955, authorizing the Mayor to enter into an appropriate agreement
with the Federal Government and the State of Georgia upon request that the City of Atlanta participate and engage in an overall study and evaluation of Civil Defense practices, et cetera; also, autho~ izing the Mayor to do any and all things necessar,y to carry out the spirit and intent of this agreement.
Yours sincerely,

JLR:E Enclosure (1)

Clerk of Board of Aldermen.

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OFFICE OF CITY CLERK ATLANTA, GEORGIA

RESOLUTION BY COMMITTEE ON CIVIL DEFENSE:
ffiEREAS, the Honorable Val Peterson, Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration, and the Governor of Georgia have requested the City of Atlanta to participate and engage in an overall study and evaluation of civil defense practices, and particularly the problems of mass evacuation, both aa it affects Atlanta and the surro1111ding areas, and
ffiEREAS, the Federal Government has provided the funds for such study in several key cities of the Nation, including Atlanta.
THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE MAYOR AND BOARD OF ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF ATLANTA that the Mayor be and he is hereby authorized to enter into an appropriate agreement with the Federal Government and the State of Georgia. The Mayor is also authorized to do any and all things necessary to carry out the spirit and intent of this agreement.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that a copy of this resolution be sent
~ to the Governor and all Department Heads of the City of Atlanta,
~ with instructions to cooperate in carrying out said agreement. ADOPrED BY THE BOARD OF .ALDERMEN September 19, 19.5.5 APPROVED September 21, 195.5
A true copy. Signed J. L~ Richardson Clerk of Board of Aldermen

PART II
PROJECT PROPOSAL
FOR
ATLANTA AND ITS SUPPORT AREA
SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS, OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE
ThewFederal Civil Def~nse Administration has designated the City of Atlanta, Georgia, aa a target area of such criticality a$ to warrant the conduct of a Survival Project.
Aa a result of such designation, and following conferences between representatives of FCDA and officials df the above named city and state, it was agreed that ~ ~oject Proposal would be developed.
On September 15, 1955, the Governor of Georgia met with the
]fuyor of the City of Atlanta and officials of all cities whose juriadictions are within the evacuation area as defined in FCDA Regulations.
All political jurisdictions having an interest in the Project have been consulted, participated in the development of this Project Proposal, and have agreed to participate in the conduct of the Project.
Atlanta and its supporting area includes 43 counties in the
State of Georgia.
The CommandiNg General of the Third Army Headquarters at Atlanta,
which includes the Third Army Quarte~asterD~pot, and the Commanding Officer of Dobbins Air Force Base, Marietta, Georgia, have participated in the planning aessions and have agreed to assist in the conduct of the Project, wherever appropriate.
The State of Georgia is ready to join with the States of Alabama, Florida, South Carolina, Tennessee, and North Carolina to coordinate and integrate its plans wherever necessary to insure uniform operations. Georgia new haa signed Mutual Aid Pacts with all states named above with the exception of North Carolina. North Carolina has informally agreed to provide mobile support.
To assure the maximum coordination of effort in the conduct of this Project, the Governor of Georgia has designated the University of Georgia to s~pervise and coordinate this Project.
The State of Georgia agrees to coordinate the operations plan developed under this Project with such other Projects as may be undertaken within or without the State boundaries.
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It is understood by the State of Georgia and all of the political subdivisions involved, that the objective of the Project is to formulate and test plans for the evacuation and shelter of the population of Metropolitan Atlanta, as well as plans for the reception and care of the evacuees im surrounding ~eas. Plans for the return and resettlement of tl1e evacuees are to be made.
The plans are to be developed to a state of operational readiness.

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SECTION 2.. SCOPE OF PROJECT

Phases I and II - Areas of Study
On January 1, 1955~ the State of Georgia issued General Order
ll3 a state-wide, comprehensive operational plan for civil defense. This plan includes preliminar,y assumptions of attack, definitions of support~ and service requirements. General Order 13 assigns evacuation and reception point$ for each of the target cities vdthin the State and establishes for them traffic control plans for evacuation. While these plans deal in generalities~ they specifically define the areas requiring further study,
In view of the above, it is considered that sufficient in-
formation has been accumulated for the completion of Phase 1 of the study for Atlanta. Phase I, as defined by FCDA, consists of such a preliminary study as will determine the details and methods to be used in the completion of the overall survival plan study. The presentation of this Project Proposal indicates the completion of the first phase.

Phase II, which calls for detailed surveys and analyses in each of the study areas visualized in Phase I~ is now ready to be undertaken. Submitted herewith is as comprehensive a proposal as possible under the circumstances for each of the Study Areas to be undertaken under Phase II of this Project.

The Areas of Study and Planning will be those outlined in
FCDA Manual M27-l; the entire Project will be conducted in accordance with the Regulations contained in FCDA l~nua1 M27-l, and with the suggestions offered in FCDA Work Book ~.!127-2.

Should additional study areas materialize during the development of this Project, they will.be added accordingly, as are
mutually agreed upon by FCDA and the State of Georgia.

B. Phase III - Operational Survival Pla~.

The State of Georgia and City of Atlanta agree, iw~ediately upon the completion of Phase II, to present to FCDA a separate Proposal covering Phases III and IV of this Project. Phase III will provide for the development and testing of an Operational Survival Plan which will include the following:

. 1. Organization and preparation of all service ,responsibilities as prescribed by FCDA Survival Plan Mm ual M27..;1.
a. Training and conditioning the public to a state of readiness
to participate voluntarily in the Operational Survival Plan.

3~ Moving the population from the urban area to assembly areas beyond the outer edge of the assumed area of major damage.
4. Receiving and caring for evacuated population in assembly
and reception areas.
Eventual return and resettlement of evacuated population~
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Phase rJ' Test Exercise The State of Georgia, the City of Atlanta, and all other politi~al subdivisions concerned, jointly agree that within six
(6) months after the completion of the Operational St~vival Plan
(Phase III), a test or series of tests will be held to evaluate the feasibility of the Operational Survival Plan as developed. The specific actions to be taken in this regard will be covered by the Project Proposal for Phases III and IlJ', when submit-t;ed.
16

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Seci;;ion 3, . froposed Method of. Conducting The Project.

The State of Georgia, the City of Atlanta, the University of

Georgia, and other app~opriate state and cit~ governmental agencies

and/or other organizat~ons and agencies, will develop the material

necessary in the appropriate Study Areas as set forth_in F~d~ral

- civil Det'ense Admin;i.s.tration Survival Plan Manual (M27l-l}i

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For further details of the scope, metnod, and estimated costs of each Study Area assigrted under Phase II, see Part III of this Project Proposal.

The Director .sf the 13ure~u E B.usiness .Research; College .!:
Business Administration; V:qiye:r~?ity of Georgia will be the Project Manager. He, with appropriate Bureauof BusineS'S'"Research staff, will coordinate and direct the activities of the several s.taffs and subcontractors required for this pvoject. The acceptance of this Proposal by the University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology, and E.!Jio.ry Universi:ty Wil1' serve in, lieu of' my furtl!le:v o~ntractual
agreements

Faculty members and other personnel ot the University of Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology,. and Emory University vdll participate ip Phase II of this Project.

The Project Manager will prepare monthly reports for sub mission by the State of Georgia Civil Defense Director to FebAj Region III.

All participants in this Project for the State of Georgia are being urged to avail themselves of the oppottunity to attehd. the Gi'Vil Defense Staff College Course seiiedilled at the
University of Gebtgia drt February 6-10, 19B6~ It is believed
that this orientation will be of considerable assistance to them in providing necessary background and sympathethic conduct of this study,

Furthermore, the Project Manager, his subcontractors, and staff will do everything possible to publicize the course of their activities in this study, with a view to informing the public as to what is being undertaken for the benefit of the public and to provide for them sufficient background and guidance for their enlightment and cooperation.

The Project Manager and his staff in the BtiTeau of Business
Research of the College of Business Administration, University
of Georgia, will serve as a clearing house for publicity. To ~oordinate all publicity eminating from any and all participants l.n ~his Project, the Project Manager will be the official source of l.nformation.

17

Section 4. Proposed Schedule of Performance
A. The presentation of this Survival Plan Study Project Proposal for Atlanta and Its Support Area a~tS:approval by the FederarCivil Defense Administration will complete Phase I.
Phase II will be completed 15 months after March 1, 1956, if this project can be put into effect on or before February 1, 1956. If this project is put into effect between February 1 and March 15,
some participants will require extra time to recruit additional personnel, and it is requested that the completion date for the
whole project be 15 montbs a;tter June 1, 1956.
B. It is contemplated that the following atudy areas in Phase II will lo.e completed as follows:
1. Study Areas 1 and 2. (4.1 and 4.2)
LOCATION AND ANALYSIS OF POPurL&TION Six months
2. Study Areas 3, 4, 5, and 6 (4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, and 4.11)
TRANSPORTATION AVAILABILITY MOVEMENT CAPABILITIES TRAFFIC CONTROL CO~vnJNICATIONS REQUIREMENT AND
INTElli~AL ALERTING SYSTEM Twelve Months
3. Areas 7, 8, and 9 (4.10, 4.9,) and 4.17)
SHELTER AVAILABILITY ASSEMBLY AND RECEPI'ION AREA ANALYSIS INDUSTRIAL POPULATION RECEPTION
Twelve Months
4. Area 10 (4.8)
POLITICAL JURISDICTION COORDINATION Nine Months
Areas 11, 12, and 15 (4.19, 4.7, and 4.14)
CONTINUITY OF GOVER~TI~NT SERVICE COORDINATION UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENT RESOURCES
Nine Months
Six Months
Areas 14, 16, and 17 (4.12, 4.13, 4.15, and 4.18)
SPECIAL ASSISTANT GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONAL REQUIREMENTS
. LOGISTIC SUPPORT RETURN AND/OR RESETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
Twelve Months
18

Section 5. Estimated Cost

The following are estimates of the maximum cost of Phase I Phase II of this Project:

~ Phase I. Preparation of this Proposal

~. Personal services

$1,867.00

2. Travel (including convening interim working committee composed of members from Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, and University of Georgia

192.03

3. Supplies, communications, etc. 63.97

4. Cost of reproducing
Project Proposal Phase I - Total

626.oo

Phase II - Studies and Surveys~~ The Georgia Civil Defense Administration. will allocate the following amounts:

2.,749.2Q_

1. University of Georgia

3.:84,556

2, Georgia Institute of Tech-

nology

82,000

3. Emory University

132,885

Phase II - Total
c. Total estimated cost Phases I and II

599,441 $602.,190

~~ Reference is made to FCDA Manual, M27-1, Article 1705.ll,
HCosts and Reimbursements,n Section D (regular employees). This article shall not be construed to include faculty and staff rrembers of the University System of Georgia, even though they are employees of the State of Georgia. Exceptions of this provision in the regulations shall allow the faculty and staff members of the University System of Georgia to be reimbursed for part-time work which they will do on this study.
~~ Traveling expenses in accordance with Standardized Government Travel Regulations for personnel being reimbursed is estimated not to exceed 10 (ten) cents per mile for automobile travel and a maximum of 12 (twelve) dollars per day for food and lodging,

19

Section 6. Advances and Reimbursement
A. Expenses incurred by the Project Manager and his interim
working committee, necessary to the preparation and presentation of this Project Proposal, are included in the total costs for Phases I and II of the Project and will be reimbursable upon coms-cunation of the agreement for Phases I and II and receipt of the advance of funds. This is in accordance with Provision 1705.11 (b) of the FCDA
Regulations issued under Section 40lQ64 Stat. 1254; 50 U.S.C.
App. Supp. 2253. B. The State of Georgia applies for a 25% advance on the total
estimated cost agreed to upon the final execution of the Project Agreement for Phases I and II to meet such expenses as may be incurred by the State or approved contractors. It is requested (see s_eparate letter attached) t:b.at FCDA make this amoun-b payable to the State Treasurer for such reimbursements as are approved by the Georgia State Civil Defense Administration~ It is understood by the State of Georgia that disbursements made in this connection are subject to post-audit by the FCDA.
Co Additional advances on the total sum alloted this Project will be requested periodically through the State of Georgia by the Project Manager in order to maintain an adequate working fund pursuant to the completion of this entire Project.
20

p i!Q!ZJI,b li$$ij(,,$J"'' ,.

. -......

Section 7. Amendments and Revisions
Changes in the several proposals, agreements, contracts, and allocations, including the estimated t~~e limits and costs, are subject to change as may be mutually agreed upon by the State of Georgia and FCD.A.
Presented jointly by the Georgia State Office of Civil Defense, The University of Georgia, The Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University:

Director, Georgia State Department President, University of Georgia of Givii Defense

President, Georgia Institute of Technology

Approved for the City of Atlanta:

M ~W:' J.., yo~ :r -

Approved for the State of Georgia.:

Governor

Accepted by the u.s. Government:

Administrator, Federal Civil Defense Administration

2J.

Part III

STUDY AREAS, ESTIM.ATES OF COST, AMJ DETAILED JUSTIFICATION

Direc~ing, Coordinating, Analyzing, and Presenting - Phase II, Study Phase

Office of the Bureau of Business Research University of Georgia Athens, Georgia

lo Estimate of costs for the 15 month period starting March 1, 1956, or June 1, 1956.

(1) Personal aervices (15 months)

$37~250

(2) Institutional overhead (50% of personal

aervicea)

187 625

(3) Travel

3,000

(4) Supplies, cormnunications, printing (5) Rental and/or purchase of equipment
Total

8,625
2.9 O~?__

Justification of the above estimated cost:

The Director of the Bureau of Business Research vdll devote half-time of his services to general supervision and direction.

The Bureau will use two full-time men as follows:

(a) One to devote his time to Research and ~dolo~r in
ne Civil Defense. He will explore and utilize the Research and
Methodology of the participants in this project; will explore
and utilize the research and methodology in Civil Defense as
practicad. in other sections of the country and the world, and he
will disseminate such techniques and ideas, as are deemed appropriate, among the research group participating in this pro-
ject~ As a result of such close coordination and exchange of
knowledge all efforts will be maximized and best end results attained. Throughout the period of this proj.ect he will also be planning the presenting of the final report of Phase II, Study Phase.

(b) Another full-time man will devote his time to Progress Analysis and Reports. He will develop a reporting method-which will cover the broader aspects of the research progress; he will prepare at irregular intervals, as required, such :rleports which deal with certain topics covered by this project,; he will maintain close contact among Federal, State, and Local Civil Defense authorities ~ith respect to progress by the participants in this project; he will plan with the person in charge of Research and Methodology all necessary details which lead to a well thought out and organized final report on the complete project which, when accepted by Federal Civil Defense Administration, vdll be the formal conclusion of Phase II, the Study Phase.
22

Printing of text, tables, and maps vrill entail costs which
are estimated at approximately three-fourths of item (4) in the
above estimates Clerical and ~tenographic help will be needed to handle
detailed work of the- Project Manager as vrell as the work of the
two full-time staff men over the 15 month period.
One full-time administrative assistant and accountant will be assigned to full time duty in the office of the State Director of Civil Defense to assist in handling the fiscal operations in administrating this Project ..
Inasmuch as many areas of this Project will requj_ra twelve
(12) months to complete, it will be necfessar;:r ~o allovr additional
time by the Btl:ceau of Business Research Jso 8.!.: ::t:J.:r:&e and pr ;:;sent the finc:>.l reports" Tbe Bureau, therefore 3 aE.:c:: icw fift8an months t.ime to complete iJ0s function in this Project(\
2)

STUDY AREAS 1 AND 2_ (4.1 and 4.2)
-LOCATION AND ANALYSIS OF POPULATION

The Bureau of Business Research, College of Business Administration, University of Georgia, will undertake to estimate (a) average daytime population and (b) average nighttime population by Gensua tracts for the City of Atlanta and by areas such as towns for locations other than Census tracts in the four-county area of Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, and Fulton counties.
Inasmuch as in the near future the u. S. Bureau of the Census
will furnish techniques for more accurate eatimates of population, the estimates prepared by the College of Business Administration will be preliminar,r in order that the whole project may proceed without delay.

1. Estimates of Costs for a six month period starting with June 1, 1956.

(1) Personal services

$~400

(2) Institutional overhead (50% of personal
services) ~700

(3) Travel

~000

(4) Supplies, communications

650

Total

Justification of the above estimated cost:

It will be necessary to start with the 1950 Census. of Population and to estimate the 1956 population on the basis of data available at the Georgia State Department of Health, the individual county health departments, the building permits and construction records by designated areas, city records on downtown office space, estimated
car and bus passengers entering the central target area, industrial population data from the Georgia Employment Security Agency, and
other sources such as Georgia Power Company, Water Works Departments, Welfare Agencies, etc.

Estimates will be made on the basis of Census Tracts and also for remaining towns or suburban areas within the four-county area of Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, and Fulton counties.

Suitable population maps will be prepared to show population density in the areas referred to above.

STUDY AREAS 3, 4, 5, AND 6 (4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, and 4.11)

TRANSPOR'llA'tiON AVAILll.BILITY MOVEMENT CAPABIJ,IT.IES
TRAFFie CONTROL Cel1iiD'IillUCATIONS REQUIREi.'1ENTS
and . INTERNAL ALER'l:'II9'G SJSTEM

1. The Georgia Institute of Technology will undertake the above areas
of study to be completed in 12 months starting with June 1, 1956. The
estimated cost of the combined studies listed above is:

(1) Personal Services

47,37.5~00

(2) Institutional overhead

24,870.00

(3) Travel

s,ooo.oo

(4) Supplies~ communications, etc.

. 12755600

Total

$82,ooo.oo

Justification of the above estimated cost:

Study .Area .1 (4.3)

Transportation Availability

It is proposed to cover in this study the two major means of transportation, rail and highway, identifying all types of transportation equipment by location and/or o-wnership. This information will be related to both drainage areas a!'1d to movement roubes, on a daytime-nighttime basis. The methods used in making this survey, particularly where sampling techniques are used, will be clearly outlined so that future revisions can be easily made. A literature search and visitation program will be conducted at the start of
, this study to determine the essential information to be included in the inventory.
L
: _ Task I Railroad Equipment

An inventory will be made for all rail lines and will be broken _. down on a daytime-nighttime basis. The information to be included ~ will be the average number and location of

(1) Empty cars by type

(2) Loaded cars ready for immediate movement

(3) Engines

'

(4) Operating personnel

~ aps will be developed showing the rail lines together with other ~ ~nformation pertinent to this stud,y.

25

Task II Automobiles
Automobiles will account for the largest share of the available transportation equipment for evacuation purposes. The number available is quite large and is constantly changing. For these reasons, sampling techniques must be used to expedite the collection of these data.
The Atlanta Traffic Depa1tment has traffic count data and parking lot inventories for the 11'downtown section" of Atlanta. Some additional data are still required here, although this area is considered to be fairly well inventoried. All of the areas surrounding this 11dov.mtovm sectionn must be inventoried. It is planned to do this by the use of arry traffic count data which we may be able to obtain, but primarily by a sample survey of the residents of these areas. Methods used in this study will be clearly stabed to facilitate future revisions.
This inventory, giving the number and location of automobiles on a daytime-nighttime basis will include the following:
(1) Public and private parking space inventories
(2) Number and area of operation of taxicabs
(3) Average emergency loading per vehicle
(4) Information on gasoline supply in the vehicles
Task III Buses (Gasoline and Electric Powered)
The number of bus companies in the Atlanta Area is quite small. Therefore, a complete inventory of this equipment is anticipated. Due to the nature of bus schedules, this inventory will be made on a time-of-day basis rather than on a simple daytime-nighttime basis, The information to be collected in this inventory will include:
(1) Number, location and type (gas or electric)
(2) Emergency capacity
(3) Availability of operating personnel
(4) Information on fuel supply in the vehicles
Task J]J Trucks operate
Since a relatively large humber of trucking companies/in Atlanta Metropolitan Area, the small companies or individuals will be handled on a sample basis. This inventory will include the same information as specified above for Task III (Buses), as well as any additional information deemed pertinent to future use of this information.
Task V Miscellaneous Transportation Equipment
. Miscellaneous equipment will include motorcycles, scooters, b~cycles, ambulances, wreckers, cranes, etc. Certain of the items included in this task do not pertain specifically to transportation. However, they can be easily collected here for use in :other study
area~.
26

~he invento~J of most of the items included here will be made on a sample basiso The specific infonaation collected will be that necessary to evaluate the potential carrying capacities of the transportation equipment.

Time Estimate and Status of Work

It is estimated that this survey can be completed in approximately six months, assuming that all tasks are pursued simultaneously..

Task I (Rail) and Task III (Buses) have almost been aompleted by volunteer groups. However, some additional effort will be required to make them compatible with the overall s.urvey.

Task II (Automobiles) is quite a formidable undertaking. A start has already been made on this task by the Atlanta Traffic Department, but a considerable amount of work still remains to be done.

Task rl (Trucks) is virtually untouched and will require extensive effort to complete, The trucking companies have been hesitant to cooperate in past surveys because of legal implications involved in signing the questionnaires sent to them, Solution of this problem should permit this task to move forward,

Task V (Miaoellaneous Transportation Equipment) is also untouched for the most part and again extensive effort will be required, even if sampling methods are used.

Budget Eatimate

6 Months

Direct Salaries and Wages

$10,825.00

Faculty Research Associates
250 hours @avg. of $4.50/hr. $1,125.00

Research Engineers 1400 hours @avg. of $3.00/hr, 4,200,00

Miscellaneous personnel, such as Clerical, Drafting, Statistical, etc.,
2750 hours @ avg. of $2.00/hr, 5,500oOO

Overhead at 52.5 per cent of Direct Salaries
and Wages as established by the Navy Cost
Inspection Service upon advisory audit by the ft~my Audit Agency

Travel

Local area survey

1,ooo. oo

Visits to other cities

1,000.,00

Materials and Supplies (maps, drawing materials, etc,)

5,680o00 2,000<:)00

Total Budget Estimate for 6 Months $19,000.00 27

Study Area 4

Movement Capabilities

It is proposyd in this stuqy to determine the optimum allocation of the inventoried transportation equipment to the existing roads and railways and to estimate their potential capacities on a daytime nighttime basis~ Included in this study will be an indication of the loading poj_nts for the various transportation equipments~ The results
will be presented in the form of a base map which will be related to the drainage areas established by the Bureau of the Census.

A literature search and visitation program will be conducted at
the start of this stuqy to learn how this problem of evacuation has been handled by other cities.

Task I Rail

The recommendations for the use of the railroads in the evacuation of personnel will include the following:

(1) Loading points

(2) Evacuation routes and destinations

(3) Eatiw.ated capacities by routes under ideal, probable and foul weather performance
(4) Time requirements for reaching loading points, loading, and
travel to evacuation cen-t;ers

Task II Highway

The recommendations for the use of the highways in the evacuation of the personnel will include the following:

(l) Specification of radials that can be used for evacuation

(2) Specification of feeder routes to each radial

(3) Capacity of radials under ideal, probable and foul weather performance

(4) Sununary of haz.ards, merging points and miscellaneous bottle-
necks on each radial together with possible remedies for each

(5) Summary of points of possible physical breakdovm and features that may offer possible targets for sabotage together with possible remedies for each

(6) Study of needs for emergency eq1ipment and methods of routing same; this will include consideration of designating some radials for inbound movement of emergency equipment,

(7) Determination of special ~oading zones where necessary as vr.ell as assembly points

. ;~

28

(8) Locations for voluntary, compulsory by-passes and distributor routes

(9) Recommendations on the type of media for public understanding and voluntary compliance with traffic regulations

In preparing the above recommendations; particular attention will be given to the requirement for compatibility between the use of road and railways for evacuation, A plan which optimizes the joint usage of these facilities will be developed, Linear programming tec~Diques will be used if all of the necessary information can be obtained. Consideration will also be given to the personnel requirements necessary to carry out the above recommendations so that they will not exceed the estimated available supply.. The effects of panic and hysteria will be investigated and will be considered wherever possible in making our recommendations.

Time Estimate and Status of Work

Certain of the work involved in this study area can commence
at the start of the contract while other portions will require the
information to be supplied from Study Atea Ja It is estimated that
12 months will be required to complete all parts of this study area.

Task I (Rail) has already been worked out in some detail. Some additional work will be required, however, particularly to make it compatible with the recommendations developed in Task II (Highways).

Task II (Highways) has been partially undertaken by the Atlanta Traffic Department. Using their work as a basis., additions and changes
will be made in light of the detailed inventory to be obtained in Study Area 3. Consideration must also be given to relating this information to the defined drainage areas and to coordinate the highway plan V'Ji. th the railway operations. No work on :r:arts (2), (5), (6), ( 7), and ( 9) of this task has been uncovered and thus a complete study of these points will be required.

Budget Estimate

12 Months

Direct Salaries and Wages

Faculty Research Associates 650 hours @ avg. of $4o50/hr. $2,925.00

Research Engineers soo hours @ avg. of $3.00/hr. l,soo.oo

Miscellaneous personnel, such as

Clerical, Drafting, Statistical,

etc.,

1500 hours @ avg. $2.00/hr.

3,ooo~oo

Overhead at 52.5 per cent of Direct Salaries and Vfages as established by the Navy Cost Inspection Service upon advisory audit by the Army Audit Agency
Travel

3,900.00 2,ooo.oo

29

Local area survey Visits to other cities

1,000~00
l,ooo.oo

Materials and Supplies, (maps, drawing materials,

etc.)

675G00

Total Budget Estimate for 12 months $14,ooo.oo

Study Area 5
Traffic Control
In this study, the recommended utilization of transportation
facilities outlined in Study Areas 3 and 4 will be analyzed to
establish the control, communication a~d co~~and points and any others presenting special problems, and to estimate the manpower requirements for controlling these facilities under ideal performance, probable performance and foul weather performance. The results of this study will be reduced to a base map with appropriate overlays.
A literature search and visitation program will be conducted at the start of this study to determine how other cities have handled their traffic control problems. The points to be included in this study area are given in the four tasks listed below.
Task I Detailed Analysis of Roadway Escape Radials
(1) Determine what intersections will require manpower
(2) Determine what intersections can be temporarily or permanently blocked to aid the proper flo1v of traffic
(3) Determine areas for locating static blocks and methods of control
(4) Survey road clearance and facilities and develop re-
quirements
(5) Determine kind and number of various highway directional
markers
(6) Determine requirements for improvements to various escape routes and estimated cost of each project
(7) Determine the time necessar,y to fill radials to capacity
Task II Surveillance of Highways
(1) Develop requirements for proper surveillance of highways
(2) Develop requirements for flligh-'Ger than car11 equipment for road reconnaissance
(3) Develop feasibility of organlzlng standby personnel 9r r.r;flying squadron&~, wrecker pools, etc.
30

Task III Miscellaneous Considerations
(1) Locate Highway Traffic Control Center (HTCC) and Highway Traffic Reporting Point (RTRP) and requirements in manpower
(2) Develop requirements for continuing planning program in traffic control
(3) Study organization and mobilization procedures for supervision personnel
(4) Study legal authority, police power and recommendations for
necessary legislation
(5) Determine the requirements for mobile escort for support
workers coming into the city after an attack
Task r:J Summary
(1) Present the following in the form of maps and overlays:
a~ Escape routes
h. Assembly areas
c. Reception area
d. Location of HTCC and HTPRts
e. Highway condition map
f. Merging points and anticipated bottlenecks
g. Required telephone locations
h. Parking areas
i. Service areas
j Traffic control personnel
(2) Recapitulation of all manpower requirements for traffic control
Time Estimate and Status of Work
It is estimated that this study can be completed in approximately nine months, cow~encing three months after the start of Study Areas 3
and 4.
Point (1) of Task I (Detailed Analysis of Roadway Escape Radials) has been started by the Atlanta Traffic Department. However, bhe remainder of this task has not as yet been undertaken. Literally no work has been done on the remaining tasks.
31

Budget Estimate

9 Months

Direct Salaries and Wages

$8,375.00

Faculty Research Associates 750 hours @ avg. of $4.50/hr. $3,375.00

Research Engineers 1000 hours @ avg. $3.00/hr.

3,0oo.oo

Miscellaneous personnel, such as

Clerical, Drafting, Statistical,

etc.,

1000 hours @ avg. ~>2.00/hr

2,000o00

Overhead at 52.5 per cent of Direct Salaries and Wages as established by the Navy Cost Inspection Service upon advisory audit by the Army Audit Agency

4,39).00

Travel

1,ooo.oo

Local area survey

Visits to other cities

Materials and Supplies (maps, drawLng materials, etc.)
Total Budget Estimate for 9 Months

230o00 rPlii,ooo.oo

Study Area 6
Communications Requirements and Internal Alerting Capabilities
It is proposed to mru(e a complete survey and develop requirements to maintain communications with all Civil Defense Services, supervisory personnel and traffic control; and to provide for continuous public information to civil population. This includes requirements for adE;!quate warning systems and covers all phases, pre-attack, attack and post-attack.
Methods of Approach
Communication Requirements
Task I
A literature search and visitation program will be conducted to
ascertain the state of the art in communications planning for civil defense operations.
Task II
A survey will be made of the communication facilities avaj_lable from such activities as:
32

a. State and local government services
b. Commercial services and public utilities
c. Disaster communication service
d. Radio amateurs
Task III
A study will be made to determine the strategic us_eability and technical integrability of all the above facilities under va~Jing tactical situations. Consideration will be given to mobilization time delay as a function of time-of-day-or-week and to operational effectiveness under conditions of partial destruction.
Task IV
Both minimal and adequate communication requirements will be determined for providing effective control, administration, and public information service during evacuation, refugee occupation_, and return and resettlement operations.
Task V
A complete communications plan will be proposed in which the requirements of task IV above may be fulfilled by the resources of III above with minimum supplementatione Both minimum requirement and adequate requirement communication systems will be included.
Internal Alerting Capabilities
Task VI
The existing system will be studied to determine its effectiveness in alerting both civil defense operational personnel and eqJ. ipment as well as the general public. Consideration will be given to alerting effectiveness as a function of ti.rne-of-day-or-week and under conditions of Jartial destructione Both minimum and adequate supplementation to the existing system will be proposed.
Time Estimate
It is estimated that the entire program can be completed within one year.. Specific phase time estimates are as follows:
A. Task I and Task II can be conducted concurrently and will require approximately two man-months each. S\tpplementary part-time personnel may be required to complete Task II~
B~ Following (A) above, Task III and Task lV should be accomplished in three to five months, depending on the progress of and coordination necessary with personnel pursuing the other study areas of this program.
c. Following (B) above, Task V should be accomplished in three
to four months, depending, as in (B) above, on the progress and coordination necessary with personnel pursuing the other study areas of this pr.ogram.
33

Do Task VI may be conducted relatively independently of, but concurrently with, items A, B, and C above and it is estimated that a maxim~m of six man-months will be required.

Budget Estimate

12. Months

Direct Salaries and Wages

$20,750.,00

Faculty Research Associates 1500 hours@ avg. of $4~50/hr. $6,750.00

Research Engineers 4000 hours @ avg. $3o00/hr.

12,000.00

Miscellaneous personnel, such as Clerical, Drafting, Statistical, etc.
1000 hours @ avg. ~~2.00/br.

2_,000;,00

Overhead at 52~5 per cent of Direct Salaries and Wages as established by the Navy Cost Inspection Service upon advisory audit by the Army Audit Agency

Travel Local area survey Visits to other cities

1,ooo.oo 2,ooo.oo

Materials and supplies (maps;, dravving materials, etc.)

Total Budget Estimate for 12 Months

10,895.00 3,000.00
355.00

Total Budget Estinate for Study Areas 3, 4, 5 and 6

Direct Salaries and Wages

Faculty Research Associates 3150 hours @ avg. of ~~4 ..50/hr. $14,175.00

Research Engineera 6900 hours @ avg. of $3.00/hr.

20, 700o00

Miscellaneous personnel, such as Clerical, Drafting, Statistical, etc. 6250 hours @ avg. $2.00/hro

12,500oOO

Overhead at 52~5 per cent of Direct Salaries and Wages as established by the Navy Cost Inspection Service upon advisory audit by the Army Audit Agency

12 Months 24,870.00

34

Travel

Local area survey

3,5oo .. oo

Visits to other cities

4,500.00

Materials and Supplies (maps, drawing materials, etc.)

Total Budget Eatimate for 12 Months

8,ooo.oo
1,755 ..00 $82,000.00

.A.REluS 7, 8 AND 9 (1~910, 4~9, and 4c.l7)

SHELTER AVAinABThiTY ASSE}ffiJLY AliJD RECEPTION AREA ANALYSIS
INDUSTRIAm POPULATION RECEPTION

1. The Department of Geography and Geology; of the University of Georgia, will undertake the study of these three areas. The work will be completed twelve months (see extension d time request under justification) from June 1, 1956-atan estimated cost as
follows:

(1) Personal services

$123,100

(2) Institutional overhead

61,550

(3) Travel

~6,550

(4) Supplies, co~~unications, and equipment 12,000

Total

$223,200

2. Justification of the above costs

1. The Department of Geography and Geology of the University of
Georgia proposes to assume responsibility for study areas 7 (shelter availability), 8 (Assembly and Reception Area Analysis), and 9
(Industrial Population Reception) under the projected contract with
Civil Defense authorities. These segments of the stu~f contain
considerable interrelationship. Their pursuit in the field can
be expedited if they are handled in a coordinated manner.

II. ~oposed Procedure:

A~ - The most basic aspect of areas 7 - 8 - 9 is the evaluation of aettlements beyond the assumed radius of evacuation and damage. 11Evaluation of settlements!I, in this instance means mapping and classification of rural settlements to indicate each of the following qualities:

1. Housesites - sizes, approxiw~tion of condition, negro/white occupancy, sanitary facilities, water supply, electric power, etc.

l.,a - Non-residential rural structures: stores.2 filling stations, churches, schools, etc. including utilities available.
35

2, Associated buildings on each settlement:

(1) Barns, sheda, other outbuildings suitable for human

shelter on an emergency basis and as enroute $helter.

(2) Barns, sheds, chickenhouaes; other outbui~dings

suitable for use for, a) perishables and foodstUffs storage, b) bulk non-pe~ishables storage, c) motor pool

.. '

;.,

''i.

and other vehicular collection pdint$

.

(3) Farm ponds and minor permanent streams whibh could

~;.
:.t

serve as emergency w.ater supplies while enroute or after

evacuation

B. Associated with settlement evaluation in rloh~urban areas should be mapping of culvertsj bridges, roadside ditches (and their size and areal extent) td determine their location and capacities for shelter during evacuation~ In addition, all landuse directly adjacent to each road is to be mapped to indicate location of and areal extent of:

lo Forests: 1 a: non-commercial forest in thin stands not suitable for shelter purposes but easily available as firewood via hand
toolso 1 bt commercial and potentially commercial forest of sufficient crown density to offer prospects of shelter. 1 c: roadside turnoffs into forests of 1 b class and their probable passability at various seasons. 1 d:. roads and lanes irn woodland 1 b, suitable for autoa.

2. Pastures; 2 ~: sodded pasture suitable for vehicular traffic capable of serving as storage area for motor pool, or as turnoff area for low-priority traffic, or as assembly area. 2 b: location of reliable all-weather turnoffs into sodded pastures . ~ c: rotation or other pastures insufficiently sodded to support light vehicles at all seasons. Turnoffs into same. Passability and utility by seasons, if any.
3o Cultivated Fields (Cropland): 3 a: cropland that coul"C:f'"reasonably be expected to be passable for light vehicular traffic during sma~r season. Location of reliable turnoffs. 3 b: cropland that reasonably could not be used as turnoff, or for light vehicular traffic at any season due to poor drainage, potential flooding, excessive slope, barriers such as oversteepened terraces or lack of turnoffs due to ditches, etc.
4. Bush, Brtwh, and Idle Land:
Location, utility for vehicular traffic of non-productive roadside land whose temporary occupance would not impair farm production or damage improved farm property. Turnoffs into same.
5. Other Land:
All other roadside landuse considered impassable for any vehicles because of inherent physical qualities or cultural characteristics.

36

Note: Extraction and recompilation of data 'from. sections fL. and B should provide the basic information required to assess shelter availability in rural areas, and to determine the saturation land of rural settlements for displaced population on both emergency shelter and longer-term reception housing bases$ It also should provide much of the information basic to studies in logistics, transport, service coordination, communications requirements, and traffic control. Until the reception area potential is known in terms of population absorption and its distribution and accessibility, little else can be plannedo
c.- Urban Area Analysis: The purpose to this section is to assess
the capacity of urban areas in the reception area to absorb population and support it on (a) an emergency short-term basis and (b) on a longterm basis pending resettlement of the evacuation area. There are 208 agglomerated settlement oenters in the reception area, excluding
Atlanta, and their median population is roughly 575. In other words,
the bulk of the urban areas are too small to have already assessed their population housing potential carefully. We assume at this stage that a combination of block-mapping, and tax digest and watersupply data from public officials, will proVide st~ficiently accurate evaluation of the housing potentials of urban residential areas. In smaller towns and villages additional surveys of available structures may have to be made. It is not now clear to us how much of Atlanta proper could, safely, be assumed to be habitable after attack; we are therefore assuming that none of Atlanta would be. life see the urban area analysis phase breaking down into the following phases:
1. Water Supply and Sanitation Evaluation: There are at least five water supply problems to be considered. la: ratio of supply-source volume to present population and proposed evacuation population. lb: ratio of treating plant capacity to proposed resident plus evacuation population. lc: predictable seasonal variations in the supply-source, This is especially critical in the Piedmont Area because of a combination of climatic, runoff, slope and subsurface characteristics inherent in the geography of this area. Unfortunately, many of the towns of the area are consuming close to their seasonal min:Lmal supply rates at the present time. ld: nearby supplemental water sources: adjacent ponds, streams, industrial wells; equipment necessary to use of same. le: sanitation and sewage-disposal plant limitations; including limitations of personnel.
2. Industrial Population Reception Canacity:
Identification of areas !or reception of industrial groups will depend upon information drawn from sections A, B, and C-3, plus field work and research independent of these. Presently, we assume that it will be desirable to place industrial population in areas containing industries of like nature to that in which they are employed. This would provide the possibility of 3-shift, 24-hour operation of factories outside the target area., In instances wherein no like industr,y exists in the reception area, it is pres~~ed desirable to locate such industrial populations in areas containing factories that can utilize their basic skills with a minimum of time loss. It is further presumed that industrial populations would have a priority claim on housing span adjacent to cognate factories in the reception area.
37

3e Urban Housing Reception Capacity: 3a: urban residential population reception capacity, mapped on
a block-zone basiS, for each of the 208 urban settlements in the reception area. Block-zone mapping of electricity, phone, water supp~ and sewage availability.
Jb: Urban Eublic population reception capacity; mapped on an individual facility basis. To include court houses, city halls, YI.TV and YMCA's, churches, hospitals, public auditoriums, public and private schools, farmers markets.
3c: Urban commercial population reception capacity, mapped on an individual facility basis. To include hotels, tourist courts, theatres, non-essential office buildings, livestock pavil:Lons and sales barns, warehouses for imperishables, non-essential retail stores, etc.
3d: Urban assemb~ area capacity: vehicular capacities of potential assemb~ areas in or directly adjacent to urban areas such as drive-in theatres, athletic fields, public parks, airports, fairgrounds, racetracks, industrial parking lots, suburban playgrounds, large school yards, etc.
D. Scheduling of Project
We estimate the project involves 208 urban centers, 335,000 dwelling units, over 13,000 square miles of area, and over 17,000 miles of rural roads. The enormous amount a data to be gathered from the field is appalling. The mapping phase will require about 150,000 miles oft ravel in teams of three, and v.rill, alone, necessitate about 1800 man-days of field work. After it is gathered it must be converted into a large number of maps and overl~s which, to be useful, must be on a large scale. Scheduling obvious~ necessitates a large field force during the first phase of the project; the second phase-which may well take even longer - would consist of map and overl~ compilation. Final tabulation of the data assembled will be reduced to workable averages and general estimates for practical adaptability.
The two-phase nature of the project will necessitate employment of geographers who are, each and every one, skilled in both field and cartographic aspects of geographical reseCl!I'ch. Such people are not available for the asking. To staff this project, we vall
need to know not later than 1 March, 1956, that the contract is
in hand if work is to commence on 1 June, 1956. The project will take, at a minimum, one year. It could well require 15 months, depending upon the complexity of the data that comes in from the field.
III. Project Budget. (12 months).
A. Personnel: lo Project Director --------------------------------9,000 a) Ass 1t. to Director, Cartographic (part-time) ----------------2,600 b) Ass 1t. to Director, clerical-stenographic (full-time) ---------------2,800 2o Ass 1t. Director, Field Crews ----~-----------------6,500
3. Asst. Director, Cartographic Crew ----------------6,500
4. Geographer-In-Charge, 1iiat~?.r Supply
(part-time) ----------------2,600
38

5s Geographer-InCharge, Industrial Population
AnalYsis {part-time) ------ 2,600
6. Geographer-In-Charge, Urban Reception Potential (full-time) ------ 6,500
7 Field Crew Leaders (6) @ 4,ooo -----------------24,000
8. Field Geographer-Cartographers (15) @ 4,000 ----60,000
9 Institutional overhead: ------------------------61,550

Total:

~l84,6.5o

B. Equipment: Field mapping equipment, basemaps, air photos, acetate,
cartographic supplies, cartographic instruments, tables, drafting
instruments ------------------------------------------ 12,000
C. Travel:
le Mileage reimbursed to privatelY owned autos @ 7.5
150,000 milBs ------------------------------- 11,2.50
2e Field expenses: lodging; @ $4.50 ave rage dailY for 1800 man-days -------------------------- 8,100
.}. Field expenses: meals, @ $4.00 dailY for 1800 man-d~s ------------------------------ 7,200 Estimated Project total: $223,200

39

STUDY AREA 10 (4.8)
POLITICAL JURISDICTION COORDINATION

Dr~ Saye of the Political Science Department, and Dr. Gregor Sebba of the College of Business Administration, the University of Georg~~, will undertake this study. Under this study~ it is proposed to analyze problems of an entire evacuation area by city-county-statefederal relationships both legal and political. A study will be
made of the possibility for establishing a permanent. 11Evacuation Authority11 under a 11Unified Command" over actual operations, with the consideration that such command will have jurisdiction over all geographical areas involved.

1. The estimated cost over a 9-month period is

(1) Personal services

~~12, 934

(2) Institutional overhead

6~467

(3) Travel

1~500

(4)uSupplies, communications, etc.

600

Total

$21,501

2, Justification of the above estimated cost

Before attempting to formulate any specific plan for HPolitical J'l.lFisdiction Coordination11 ~ those in charge of this project will have to do a great deal of research into the problems involved. In the end, it may well be that the HUnified Command11 referred to in the project outline will be largely mi~itar,y in character. Early in the study~ consultation should be made with the armed services;
hence the item of $1500 for travel, One or more conferences in
Atlanta where a group of officers concerned will be invited to hear reports on plans being formulated and encouraged to offer criticisms appear essential.

The study shall encompass:

1. Research into all legal aspects of political jurisdiction
coordination and report of situation.
2. Determine existing barriers.
3. Requirements for correction.
4. Method of administration.
5. A thorough study of martial law and militar,y law and how
best to coordinate efforta, 6, Requirements for correcting by legislation shall include
natural disaster9
7. Breakdown legislation to that required of the State and
that required at the local level.

STUDY AREAS 11, 12, AND 15 (4.19, 4H,~ and 4.14) .

CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMENT
SERVICE. OOORDIN!TION
UTILIZATION OF GOVERNMENI' RESOURCES

1. The Bureau of Public Administration of the University of Georgia will undertake the stuqy of these three areas. The project will take approximate~ nine months and the estimated cost is as follows:

(1) Personal services

$23,000

(2) Institutional overhead

11,500

(3) Travel

4,000

(4) Supplies, communications, and
equipment

4,ooo

(5) Rental of equipment

Total

1,000 $43,500

2. Juatification of the above costs

Since these study areas are interrelated in many aspects, it is felt that the most efficient manner of approach vmuld be a aimultaneous ana~sis of all three with the Bureau of Public Administration supervising and coordinating the activities of a field ataff. This field staff will be compnised of research specialists in the various stuqy areas. The following paragraphs outline the basic mode of attack
that will be used.

A. Continuity of Government

(1) The most time-consuming aspect of this study area involves the selection of relocation sites for governmental agencies - federal, state, and local. These sites must be studied not only from the view-
point of minimum space requirements (both on a temporary and permanent basis), but also from the need or office equipment, communications, housing for personnel, utility services, rehabilitation, zoning, and the like. This phase of the study will involve a tremendous amount of travel and mapping.

(2) A thorough stuqy of all government agencies in each echelon will be required in order to establish a classification of essential units (essential is here equated with the absolute minimum needed for emergency functioning). This must be accompanied by proposed alternatives for the coordination of these essential segments on an emergency and long term basis, and for the settlement of jurisdictional
problems that will arise through the relocation and re-establishment of government agencies.

A thorough atudy into the laws of succession on all levels will
perforce be necessitated, and, where needed, changes and additions to these laws will be suggested.

(3) The records and record systems maintained by all government agencies in this area will be studied and analyzed in order to ascertain what records are essential to the continued functioning of auch agencies. The possibilities of duplicating the most vital record? for storage at alternative locations will be investigated.
This study will require the services of at least four research specialists. in the fields of site location, governmental structure and services, and records.
B. Service Coordination
This area will involve three major steps. The first will consist of an inventor,y of existing services and agencies in the target and support areas. This inventory will be based on a standard classification establish by civil defense authorities. It should be emphasized
that this inventory is m agencies and services and will not include
any inventory of equipment, facilities and personnel. It is assmned that this has already been done or will be done in Phase III of this survey.
The second step will consist of a determination of the most efficient means of supervising and coordinating the activities of these agencies both before and after the attack. Central and z.onal control points in the target area and in the reception area must be located and staffed with technical and administrative personnel. Uniform message systems and codes must be checked. Planning to assure minimum confusion and maximum cooperation between the target area and areas outside must be undertaken. The possibility of establishing area-wide and sta:te-wide committees to coordinate plans for evacuation and relocation will be considered. Mutual aid plans will be analyzed and evalugted. Forms and records vvill be reviewed and alterations will be suggested where necessary.
The third step will consist of an analysis of how quasigovernmental (Red Cross, Community Chest) and private groups (fraternal, religious, and social groups) can be utilized. These groups offer a possible pool of rersonnel and experience in disaster areas that can possibly be useful in an emergency.
C. Utilization of Government Resources
This area will involve an organization and methods study of all government agencies in the target area and in the support areas. The structure, jurisdiction, operations and procedures, personnel, immediate and long range plans, program content, budgets, training programs, equipment, and the like will be inventoried in order to get a valid picture of how such agerr.:ies can be fitted into a Civil Defense Program.
Each agency will be subjected to a critical analysis which vrill be pointed toward suggesting emergency plans for expansion or contraction, exchange of personnel, elimination of duplication, and coordination of activities. Emergency personnel, in terms of number and training required, and the types of equipment and facilities necessitated by expanded or altered programs will be studied.
42

The legal aspects of expanding agencies, altering program content, changing personnel requirements, submerging one agency into another, establishing uniformity in commtmications, and creating over-all-unification and command will be investigatedi Where necessary, amendments, revisions, or repeal of existing laws will be suggested.
The amount of staff work and travel involved in this area will be considerable as extended visits will have to be made to each agency studied.

D. Personnel Breakdown Bureau of Public Administration Supervision Research staff - 6 Secretarial aid

~ 2,900
18,000 3,000

E. Travel Expense

Since most of the work involved in these areas will be in the field the travel expenses include lodging and incidental costs.

STUDY AREA 13 (4.16)
PR6M6'r IONAL llliAL)YSL9

The University of Georgia School of Journalism will undertake this :r,roject,.

1. The estimated cost over a 6-month period is

(1) Personal services (2) Institutional overhead

~P(}L 70
3_,085

(3) Travel
(4) Supplies, communications, etc. (5) Rental of equipment

~250
~200
400

2. Justification of the above estimated cost

In the conduct of the Promotional Analysis study, a thorough

study will be made of the use of radio$ television, newspaper,

press services, personal contacts, bulletin board, and other media

of communications. The resources and contacts of the School of

Journalism, which arenationally known, will beused in this -

project. - -

-

- - -- -- --

44

STUDY AREAS 14, 16, AND 17 (4.12, 4.13, 4.15, and 4.18)

SPECIAL ASSISTANCE GROUPS AND INSTITUTIONAL REQ~ffiNTS
LOGISTICAL SUPPORT RETURN AND/OR RESETTW1ENT ANALYSIS

1. The School of Business Administration of Emor,y University will undertake the study of these three areas. On the assumption that firm and final arrangements for undertaking the projects can be
concluded by March 15, it is estimated that the proposed studies could be completed by approximately June 1, 1957. If the project
is not inaugurated in time to permit the planning necessar,y for most efficient use of available personnel during the summer of
1956, then some adjustment may be required in projected plans for
staffing the study and contemplated date for completing these areas of study.

The project will take approximate~ twelve months and the estimated cost is as follows:

(1) Personal services

$70,200

(2) Institutional overhead

35,100

(3) Travel

12,745

(4) Supplies, services, equipment,
and communications
Total

14,840
~132,865

2 Justification of the above costs

Study of

Special Assistance Groups and Institutional Requirements

The first part of this study, dealing with "Special Assistance Groups 11 will locate and analyze target area concentration of such dependent groups as the aged, disabled and handicapped, and mothers with small children. Where appropriate, any significant variations in such concentrations, as between day and night or seasonally, will be identified. Groups requiring special assistance will be classified to identif,y components requiring special consideration with respect to problems of alerting, movement, reception and care.
The second part of this study will locate institutions w.itbin the target area whose populations require special planning with respect to such matters as alerting, movement, reception and care. ~JPeS of institutions to be surveyed include schools, children's homes and orphanages, churches, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing homes, homes for the aged, prisons, correctional institutions, industrial facilities and public gathering places. The study will identify major variations in institutional concentrations of population as between day and night, different days of the week and seasonally0
45

-------------------~1 Account will be taken also of projected changes in institutional concentrations of population (e.g., estimates of future school enrollment).
Location and enumeration of dependent groups and institutional concentrations of population vvi thin the target area will be coordinated with those undertaking responsibility for the study areas dealing with Location and Analysis of Population. City, county, and state agencies and records will be consulted to secure available data on location, size and characteristics of the special groups being surveyed. Local field surveys will be undertaken, where necessar,r, to supplement inforrnation secured from already established sources.
Particular arrangements and requirements incident to evacuation, reception and care of dependent groups and populations from specialized types of institutions will be determined by canvassing the private and public agencies having knowledge of and experience with such
problems~
Close coordination will be established with participants in other study areas where estimates and planning should take account . of problems and requirements of special assistance and institutional groups. It is anticipated that findings in this study area will be of value in planning such matters as movement routes, transport availability and requirements, shelter availability and needs, assembly and reception area facility needs.
Vlhere the data can be presented in this way, results of the study will be reduced to base rraps with appropriate overlays and supported by statistics, as well as being presented as a narrative interpretat ion.
Study of Logistical Support
One part of the logistics study will involve estimates of physical resources such as food, clothing, fuel, medical supplies, engineering supplies and eq1ipment, and other basic necessities which will be required to support evacuation from the target area. Another portion of the study will be concerned with estimates of
resource supplies and equipment, pre-attack. A third part of the
stuqy will develop techniques for estimating resource losses resulting from an assumed attack pattern.
The analysis will also consider measures for identification, requisition, or procurement, allocation, mobilization, transport, reception and distribution of major resource items in connection with emergency operations.
It is contemplated that military and other agencies experienced in estimating and supplying requirements of large populations under emergency conditions will be helpful sources of data for this study.
46

From the outset, close coordination will be required between the logistics study and several other major study areas. Estimates of availability of trained and untrained manpower resources must be coordinated with the population study gxaups. Coordination will also be required with those making studies of communication and transport availability (for mobilization and movement of resources) and with welfare, safety, health and other study groups, particular~ those concerned with Assembly and Reception Area Analysis, and with Utilization of Government Resources.
Data developed in this stuqy will be presented by use of base maps and overlays, and in statistical and narrative form.
Study Area Return and/or Resettlement Analysis
This study will be concerned with identifying the problems incident to eventual return of evacuees to the target area or resettlement elsewhere. Careful analysis will be made in support of recommendations relating to methods and procedures for solving such problema in the post-attack period.
Research will be undertaken to secure the best possible estimates of what reaction pattern may be expected on the part of various groups and classes of evacuees. Records and other documents of government, civil defense, militar.y, occupation and other agencies ~11 be searched to obtain information on the observed reaction and performance of populations subject to devastation and displacement during war or major natural disasters. Study will be made of return and resettlement problems arising after World iJar II and of the solutions attempted.
The analysis will include recommended methods and procedures for determining such matters as degree of habitability of structures in devastated area, what areas can be rehabilitated, methods of reconstruction, and the logisticaL support which return and rehabilitation will require.
Attention will be given to methods of providing medical care, combating sanitation and health problems, locating missing persons, and of establishing registration and information centers.
The study will also deal with methods of family rehabilitation, including possible means of giving temporar.y and longer range financial assistance and of establishing procedures for employment counseling and reemployment.
In preparing recommended solutions for return and resettlement problems appropriate public and private agencies will be consulted to determine their experience and procedures in solving similar problems. Construction companies will be canvassed to determine most feasible m~thods of planning possible reconstruction activity as well as organizational methods among construction companies for pooling their efforts to handle the total problem of reconstruction.
47

As the study progresses, coordination will be maintained with those concerned with reception and assembly area analysis with respect to capability of reception areas to care for evacuees in relation to time schedules for various phases of return and/or resettlement.
48

Part TV
THE CURRENT CIVIL DEFENSE PICTURE IN THE STATE OF GEORGIA
Section 1. Character of the Land, Resources, Targets
A. GEOGRAPHY
Georgia is the largest state east of the Mississippi River.
The total area is 58,876 aquare miles; of this, 358 square miles
are water. Extreme length of Georgia, north and south, is 315 miles. E~treme width, east and west, is 250 miles. There are parks throughout the state that may be used in the event of attack, as assembly and rendezvou~ areas.
The 1950 census showed a total population of 3,444.,57-81 t-he estimated population on July 1, 1954, was 3,660,000. The state ranked 13th in total population in both 1950 and 1954. The per cent increase from 1940 to 1950 was 10e3; 1950 to 1954, 6~4. It will no doubt be shown that Georgia has maintained its rapid growth since mid-year 1954.
B. TRANSPORTATION
R~il
Georgia had a total of 6,021 miles of railroad on December 31, 1951. There were 20,641,000 tons o~ revenue freight terminated in the state in 1950.
Atlanta is served by 8 rail. companies. It has the largest rail center and the largest r~l switching center in the southeast. It normally handles 84 passenger trains per day. The Railway Express Agency transports in and out of Atlanta more express shipments per capita than any other city in the United States - an average of 4,800 cars per month. OVer 275 merchandise and package trains originate in and move out of Atlanta daily over 15 lines, exclusive of solid carloads originating in Atlanta.
Highway
In 1953, there were 15,097 miles of state highways in Georgia; 13,675 miles were surfaced. There were 848,514 automobiles, 6,314 busses, and 226,575 trucks registered in the state. In this same year 913,975,000 gallons of motor fuel were consumed.
There are 658 regularly scheduled highway busses in and out of Atlanta daily. Approximately 200,000 automobiles a.nd trucks are registered in Fulton County.
Air
On December 31, 1954, there were in the State of Georgia 1,255 civil aircraft, of which 752 were active. The state had a total of 108 airports.
49

Airports in or near Atlanta are the Municipal Airport, Atlanta Naval Air Station, Dobbins Air Force Base, Fulton County Airport, a~ Parkaire Field.
Atlanta ranks 6th in air transportation, with 243 regular~ scheduled flights dai~. In 1954, there were 211,674 landings and take-offs at the Atlanta Airport; over 1,250,000 passengers traveled in or out of the Atlanta Te~al b.Y Eire
Air express totaled 18,372,776 pounds in 1954. Also, 20,254,216 pounds of air freight and 13,638,687 pounds of air mail were handled.
C. COMMUNICATIONS
In Georgia, there were 596,000 telephone stations in service at the end of 1952. This included 179,000 business telephones, and 417,000 residential telephones. At this same time, there were 2,408,000 miles of wire cable and 172,000 miles of aerial ~~e in service in the state. On January 1, 1955, there were 118 commercial broadcasting stations in the state: 89 AM, 16 FM, and 13 TV.
There were 266,099 telephone stations in service in the Atlanta metropolitan area on October 31, 1955. In Atlanta is
located the largest telephone center in the South, 3,630 toll
circuits. It is Olb.e of the lrgest tel.ephoM'A3ritc.liWlg centera in the world. It is also the largest TV and communications awitching center in the South. It is one of the largest telegraph centers in the world; also a major reperforator center. There are 10 radio stations and 3 TV stations. It is the nation's 3rd ranking communications center.
D. MILITARY
Headquarters of the Third Army are located in Atlanta. The Third ~ ~uartermaster Depot is in the southeast section and the Naval Air Station on the north.
E. INDUSTRY
Georgia produce~ about 75 per cent of the nation's naval
stores and about 50 per cent of the world's. Savannah is the
world's leading naval stores market. Georgia is also an important lumbering area. Wood products include lumber, paper, pulp, furniture, and boxes. . Textile plants manufacture cloth, tire cord fabric, yarn, thread, clothing, hosiery, and bedspreads. Other important industries are seafood canning; meat packing; processing of dair,r products and other foods; metal fabricating~ including the manufacturing of machinery, motor vehicles, and foundry products; fertilizer mixing~ and brick and tile manufacturing.
50

Three major automobile assembly plants are also located in or near Atlanta; the Chevrolet Plant; the Ford Motor Company Plant; and the Buick, Oldsmobile, and Pontiac Assembly Plant. These plants were all instrumental in the production of wartime materials during World War II and, no doubt, would play an important part in any future attack. There are many other industrial plants in the JiJ;tlanta area capable of wartime production such as the Scripta Plant which is famous for its production during World "\llfar II. There are 3~300 nationally known business organizations and 1,640 factories.

F TARGET CITIES

Georgia haq one Critical Target City and four Target cities.
The Critical Target City is Atlanta. The Target cities are Augusta, Columbus, Macon, and Savannah. The Critical Target city of Atlanta is known to CiYil Defense personnel as the Atlanta Metropolitan Area of Civil Defense and is composed of four counties: Fulton, Cobb, Clayton, and DeKalb. The population of these four counties is better than 800,000; more than 300,000 work in the A, B, and G rings. Nearly one-half of the population
in the A, B, c, and D rings is. colored.

The 1950 population of the metropolitan areas of the Target cities was: Augusta, 162,013; Columbus, 170,541; Macon, 135,0431 Savannah, 151,481.

Near the s.tate borders are located other important cnJ.es

designated as Target or Critical Target cities~ They are
Birmingham, Alabama; Chattanooga, Tennessee; the u.s. Atomic

Energy Commission Plant, .Aiken, South Carolina; Jacksonville,

Florida; and Tallahassee, Florida.



Section 2. The State Civil Defense Organization

Closely following congressional action, the Georgia State legislature passed the State Civil Defense Act of 1951 and, in 1953, extended this Act to include natural disaster. The Act
established authority for organizing a Civil Defense organization in every town or community of at least 1,000 population and gave
the Director the right to include other towns of lesser population where this was deemed necessary.

A small full-time staff is employed by the State Civil Defense organization located in Atlanta, and a staff of four Area Directors service the state in its breakdown of areas: Northern, Central, Southeastern, and Southwestern.

A majority of cities throughout the state now have plans in 1rriting and are continuing to develop these.

The state of Georgia has mutual aid compacts with South Carolina, Florida, Alabama> and Tennessee.

A majority of the cities in Georgia have participated in the Federal Civil Defense Contributions Program with the purchase of 2-6 fire trucks, fire hose, training equi.pment, communications equipment, rescue trucks, and first aid materials. A program of on-the-spot check of the fire trucks has been established.
At the University of Georgia two Civil Defense Aili~inistration schools have been completed and a third one is scheduled for February, 1956.
The Georgia State Fire College conducts annual training schools in Atlanta for the firemen throughout the state, and this is attended by la~ge groups. These men, in turn, are training volunteer firemen in their o-wn home towns. Many of the cities have established basic Civil Defense training courses. They are taking advantage of the Red Cross home nursing and first aid courses3
The United States Health Department has completed one major health s.chool in cooperation with the Georgia State Health Department. There are two more of these courses scheduled before the end of the year The state is now in the process of develop-
ing a welfare survey.
The State Highway Maintenance Department has assumed responsibility for Rescue and Engineering Service and has procured one rescue truck for each of the five divisions of the department& In addition to the trucks assigned to the department, other rescue trucks are stationed at Savannah, at Dalton, and in DeKalb County.
Fire trucks purchased under the Contribution Program have been instrumental in combating several large multi-alarm fires in cities adjacent to their own. One problem has been communicationa between fire companieso This situation is now being alleviated by a system of inter-city communications whereby one fire or police department can talk to another department in another city. This, again, is being made possible by the Federal Civil Defense Administration's Contributions Program.
Georgia Civil Defense forces participated in recovery work when two tornadoes struck Col~~us, three tornadoes the Macon area, and one hurricane the Savannah area. The answers to many problems were forthcoming through these emergencies and definitely defined lines along which to approach the study of the problem of attack.
THE STATE OPERATIONS PLii.N, GENERAL ORDER 13
Goordi.n<Ibtion amDng G~orrununit:i,es and, juri__sd:i,ct'ionaJ authorities
.was. deem.ed ne.c:e_:~B-ary im 1954, and IN. with the com;tng of Ja:nU;azy ],._,.
1955, th:e Start.e OiViillDefell&e- iss-:t:ted t}J...e first Operational Plan
for the state, known as General Order 13. This plan was revised on January 1, 1956, and will serve as a preliminary state-wide operational civil defense plan until a total operational aurvival plan can be developed. The plan states, 1lWe fully realize this is not the ultimate plan and from time to time, coincidental with the changing situation and the development of local planq, this
52

vehicle will change in character to conform 'With all new procedure.'1 Generally, the plan describes the purpose, general aas.umptions, type of attack, size of attack, bomb size and physical damage, probable targets, support; warning, dispersal of population, and natural disaster. It defines several Civil Defense activities, Critical Target Areas and Target Areas, possible secondary targets, the assumed type of bomb, and probable damage within the several areas. It also defines the area to be evacuated. There is a definition of warnings, and explanation of communication for the state, and a description of the Disaster Net of 16 statesponsored radio stations in our largest cities to permit direct communication with State Control Headquarters in times of disaster. In addition to State Headquarters, alternate and second alternate headquarters have been located some miles away from Atlanta. COimnunications equipment is on order and will be installed in these headquarters as soon as it arrives.
The state of Georgia has the first RACES Plan that was approved for any state in the union, and has had five full years' experience through the running of weekly drills on this Net and through participating during natural disasters. This Net now has 132 amateur radio operators with a surplus of 1396 ama;teur radio operators standing by. other communications equipment is in the State Patrol and Sheriff's Departments with approximately 800 mobile units. The Highway Maintenance Department has 200 units. A Disaster Net station is established to communicate with Civil Air Patrol. Police Nets throughout the s..tate have been established between 48 cities, and work is being completed on the 49th city. This will enable direct co:rmnunication between Police Departments. Fire Department Nets are being established as rapidly as possible throughout the state. Communications have been established with the National Guard. Health Department communications consist of two panel trucks equipped with handi-talkies for radiation detection work from the Atlanta office and there is also one truck in each of the Health Department Divisions of the state. These trucks are also equipped with monitoring devices.
Of course, telephone, TWX, and telegraph are considered in this plan. Because of the frequency allocation for the Disaster Net, considerable difficulty has been encountered in communicating on this Net in times of disaster. Further study should provide information needed to secure a better frequency upon which to operate.
The Highway Maintenance Department with all of its facilities is responsible for engineering and rescue. Communications are now being installed in the Highway Maintenance Division so that there will be at least one radio-equipped automobile in each of the 159 counties in the state~
53

The Transportation Service is under the Public Service Commission and a transportation survey of organi~ed transportation facilities is now being made. All Police Service is under
the direction of the Georgia State Patrol. A Traffic Control
Plan has been developed.
General Order 13 also describes Mutual Aid, and a pattern for the Target Cities to use in the establishment of rende~vous area indicates that these areas may be brought in closer to the Target Area or moved further out. Around each of the Target Cities in the state, an automatic mobile and fixed support area has been established. This usually consists of the countiea adjacent to the Target Area. Realizing that in an attack it would be almost impossible to take action from the Target City or the state level immediately, the counties outside the Target Area have been ordered to carr,y on fixed and mutual aid operations without further orders until such a time as state organizations could begin to function. Mobile support and fixed support are described in maps in General Order 13, evacuation areas also have been established on maps. All of the counties throughout the state have been given some idea of the number of evacuees they should prepare for, but they have been told that they may have to care for more. Therefore, their plans and preparations should cover better than twice the number of people allocated to them.
A serious problem that has developed in Georgia is that along our eastern border. There are many targets that an eneiDlf may seek out. For instance, Clark Hill Dam, a nydro-electric plant: the
u.s. Atomic Energy Commission Plant in Aiken, South Carolina,
where many people from Augusta work. The City of Augusta, the City of Savannah, the vecy important docks at Savannah and the coastline below Savannah subject to bombardment, indicate that all of this area may have to be evacuated westward. We reason that evacuation from Savannah into South Carolina would be practically impossible due to the AEC Plant just north of this area. The same applies to Augusta. Therefore, if Norfolk, Virginia evacuated southward, the.y would in all probability take up the area in North and South Carolina that was useable for evacuation purposes. General Order 13 describes an area in the southern part of the state as an unassigned area for mobile support use. We now find that Turner Air Force Base, being a large militar,y Air Force Base, and the Ci~ of AlbanY located adjacent to this Base may also have to be evacuated. So with Albany, Macon, and Columbus located near Atlanta, a serious study will have to be given to the placement of evacuees from Atlanta.
The remaining portion of General Order 13 covers the state of Georgia Traffic Control Plan. There has been one Traffic Control School conducted at the Georgia School of Technology by authorities from the Northwestern University Traffic Inatitute for police people in our state. Voluntar,y by-passes, compulsory by-passes, and distributor routes have been established around the Target and Critical Target cities in the state. Thought has been given to the movement of food and other produce to, through, and around these cities. In an emergency, the South can become one of the nation's breadbaskets, and we can deliver food to northern areas. With the intercommunication s.ystem 1
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county and city police will enforce the voluntary and compulsory by-passe~ and the outward radials, while the State Patrol and Sheriffs will form a mobile group that ~ay be able to be moved anywhere in the state in the event they are needed. Definite assignments have been given to all the Police Departments throughout the state.
To continue to pursue the problems of civil defense in Georgia, technical and financial assistance is needed. If an allocation from the federal government is made to the state to continue this work, beginning with a study for Atlanta, all state agencies will cooperate. Full advantage will.be taken of any materials that have been developed. Further, proper additional legislation will be introduced to baek up whatever the revised operational survival plan may require.