Wood flour and molded wood flour products : manufacturing opportunities in Georgia

Project B-166-8
WOOD FLOUR
AND
MOLDED WOOD FLOUR PRODUCTS
Manufacturin g Opportunities in Georgia
Prepared for The Georgia D epart ment of Commerc
Ahit Massey, Director
by
Tze I. Chiang
Engineering Experiment Station Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia

Project B-166-8
WOOD FLOUR AND MOLDED WOOD FLOUR PRODUCTS Manufacturing Opportunities in Georgia
Prepared for The Georgia Department of Commerce
Abit Massey, Director 100 State Capitol Atlanta, Georgia
by Tze I. Chiang
I
Industrial Development Branch Engineering Experiment Station Georgia Institute of Technology
January 1960

Table of Contents

Foreword

i

Acknowledgments

ii

Summary

iii

Introduction

1

Why Wood Flour and Molded Products?

1

Scope and Purpose of the Study

1

Data Obtained

1

I. Molded Products

3

Some Characteristics of Molded Products

3

Molded Products and Their Market Status

3

II. Toilet Seats

6

The National Market

6

The Regional Market

9

Manufacturing Plant

11

III. Wood Flour

13

A Wood Flour Plant in Georgia

13

Problems in Developing a Wood Flour Plant

in Georgia

13

Wood species

13

Requirements in wood residues

14

Specialized managing experience

15

Investment and Return for a Wood Flour Plant

15

Tables

1. The U. S. Percentages of Resin Consumed for

Manufacturing Molded Products, 1957

5

2. The U. S. Shipments of Toilet Seats, 1956-58

6

3. Ratios of Toilet Seat Shipment to Water Closet

Bowl Shipment, 1956-58

8

4. Forecast of U. S. Toilet Seat Demand, 1960, 1965,

and 1970

8

5. The U. S. Toilet Seat Production and Shipment,

1956-58

9

Appendices

A. Multiple Correlation of Water Closet Bowl Shipment

to Residential and Non-Residential Constructions

21

B. Forecast for the U. S. Toilet Seat Market

22

c. Estimate of the Toilet Seat Regional Market) 1960

22

D. Available Wood Residues of Fifteen Woodworking

Concerns in Georgia) September 1959

23

Foreword As often happens) changes in the industry under study have taken place during the period in which this report was being prepared (August 1959 to January 1960.) In this instance) a substantial increase in the manufacturing capacity of existing toilet seat manufacturing facilities has taken place in Georgia. As a result) production now is approximately equal to the regiona 1 rna rke t. The opportunity for exporting toilet seats to the western part of the country still exists if a local wood flour supply can be developed. The need for a wood flour plant in Georgia actually has become more acute than ever as a result of the increase in manufacturing capacity. It is hoped that analysis of the feasibility of establishing a wood flour plant can be completed in the near future. In the meantime) inquiries regarding this report are invited.
Kenneth C. Wagner) Head Industrial Development Branch
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Acknmv l edgmen ts
The author is indebted to so many people in the different fields of work who have generously supplied information for this study. Without their cooperation, this report 1vould be impossible.
Special thanks are due to Mr. H. F. Royal and Mr. Robert Royal, of Royal Seats., Inc .. for their information about the toilet seat industry and their i11tercst in this study. Mr. F. J. Donohue, Monsanto Chemical Co.; Mr. M. E. Ginaven, The Bauer Bros. Co.; Mr. K. R. Sterrett, Sprout, \\laldron & Co., Inc. and Hr. A. J. Kirsch, American Cyanamid Co. provided data dealin~ with molded products and wood flour. Hr. R. W. Hutton, Toilet Seat Manufacturers Association, Inc.; Hr. E. A. Bogusz, Domestic Engineering Co._, and Hr. R. \\1. Hore, Hooker Chemical Corp., gave many useful data of the toilet seat indus try.
Thanks are due to Hr. W. G. Talley, Talley Veneer and Crate Co., Adel, Georgia, for providing lOO pounds of wood chips for the purpose of technical testing. Hr. J. R. Saucier, Georgia Forestry Commission, and the 56 chambers of commerce or the industrial development groups in the different localities in Georgia provided the names and addresses of various woodworking concerns for the mail survey.
The members of the Industrial Development Branch provided many
assistances in the study, The author is grateful to Dr. Walter P. Ken-
non for revie\ving the manuscript and his valuable comments. Mr. Robert
E. Van Geuns participated in the interviews during a trip to the New
York and Philadelphia cities. Dr. Kenneth C. Wagner extended much help in contact, consultation and editorial work. Mrs. Carolyn Plummer typed the manuscript and Mrs. Betty Jaffe patiently prepared the final report.
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S urnmary

Molding wood flour into articles creates a new field for the utiliza-

tion of wood waste. A low cost manufacturing method makes the products

competitive. Molded toilet seats are the major product made of wood flour.

Other molded products such as furniture part~, dishes, croquet balls, etc.

have had increasing sales in the last few years.

The toilet seat market consists of two segments--new construction and

replacement. These two segments of the market are equally divided at the

present. The market for new construction is indicated by the sales of water

closet bowls. The market for replacements is indicated by the ratio of the

sales of toilet seats and the sales of water closet bowls in each year. The

total toilet seat market is estimated at 9,106,000 units in 1960; 9,988,000

units in 1965; and 11,048,000 units in 1970.

The southeastern market for toilet seats is estimated at 979,000 units

in 1960. Local production capacity equals only 60 to 70 per cent of the

regional market. Therefore, a rather large part of the market is supplied

by manufacturers outside the region. There is a market to support an addi-

tional small plant with annual capacity of 150,000 units in the state. The

equipment costs for such a plant are estimated between $59,000 to $89,000.

A larger southeastern plant to reach the national market would be profit-

able if a low-cost supply of wood flour can be developed.

In Georgia, the current demand of wood flour for molding is estimated

between 2,000 to 3,000 tons annually. The supply comes largely from

Wisconsin and New York with a high transportation cost. If a supply with

low transportation cost can be developed, the use of wood flour in the state

can be more than doubled.

The problems of developing a wood flour plant in Georgia are wood spe-

cies, requirements of wood residuesJ and specialized technical skill in

managing a wood flour plant. Georgia has poplar and gum for wood flour.

The wood residue in the Atlanta area and at AdelJ Georgia, can meet most

conditions required for manufactureo The current need is a competent per-

son to take a lead in the pioneer work.

A plant model with 2JOOO pound capacity per hour is analyzed. A total

investment of $241,000 to $306,000 is estimated. The total production cost

per ton is estimated to range from $28 to $36, while the f.o.b. mill price

Per ton is $35. The payout period for fixed investment will be 21 years for

One shift
'

six years

for

two

shiftsJ

and

three years

for

three

shifts.

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r

INTRODUCTION

~h Wood Flour and Molded Products? Molded wood flour opens a new field for wood waste utilization as well

as a new area for product development. Wood obtained from waste can be
ground into very fine wood flour for such molding as chair seats J backs and armsJ desk tops, salad bowlsJ croquet balls, toilet seats, etc. Increasing
sales indicate that these products are being accepted. A new area in wood

waste utilization has been opened. A major advantage of molded wood flour, in comparison with other mate-

rialsJ is the lower manufacturing costs. The lower costs are due to a

cheaper raw material, less waste in processing, increased rate of production,

and fewer finishing operations.

Scope and Purpose of the Study

The motive of this report springs from the search for a wood flour supply in Georgia. In order to understand the related situation involved, one must have a clear picture of all products made of wood flour first. For this reason, a brief summary on molded wood flour products is introduced. The production and distribution of toilet seats, the major molded wood flour product, are analyzed. Finally, the demand of wood flour in the state is presented. For simplici tyJ molded wood flour products will be called 11 molded products. 11
The major purpose of this report is to point out the opportunities and problems involved in developing wood flour and molded products in Georgia. Information pertaining to market potentialsJ wood raw materials and requirements for successful manufacture are presented and discussed. These data will be useful to those who are looking for small manufacturing opportunities in rural Georgia.

Data Obtained

Six companies were interviewed in order to obtain information on marketing and production. Included were three toilet seat plants, one wood flour plant and two chemical corporations in the nation. Four machine manufacturing companies were consulted for production and equipment costs.
A state-wide mail survey was conducted in September 1959 in the hope of finding several Georgia locations where there are enough wood residues

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suitable for wood flour manufacture. The survey was confined to the large woodworking concerns which were recommended by the local chambers of commerce and the Georgia Forestry Commission or selected from the Georgia Manufacturers, 1958. A total of 77 questionnaires was mailed and 33 were returned.
A limited amount of literature dealing with wood flour and molded products was reviewed. Statistical data on households and construction were collected for the purpose of estimating market potentials.
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I. MOLDED PRODUCTS

Some Characteristics of Molded Products

Molded products are made by pressing wood flour mixed with a resin adhesive in a heated mold. The mold is hydraulically pressed until thermostat shaped articles are completed. Pressing cycles range from six to 15 minutes, depending upon density, thickness and shape of products. After molding is completed, very little finishing is required.
Not all products can be made by molding wood flour. Requirements of shape and properties limit to a great extent the product that can be made. In general, the shape must be reasonably flat, with no excessively thin areas and no great changes in cross sections. In comparison with solid wood products, molded products are generally denser, harder, and have a higher gloss. Flexural strength, screw holding power, and impact resistance vary according to manufacturing variables, such as wood species, particle size, resin, pressure, temperature, wood moisture and cure time. Thus, molded products are versatile and flexible in properties.
Depending on the properties needed, wood flour for molded products ranges generally in fineness from 40 to 80 mesh or more. Coarse wood flour mix gives greater impact resistance and is generally used for the core. A finer wood flour mix will produce a denser, smoother, and harder surface.

Molded Products and Their Market Status

The first molded product to appear was toilet seats in 1945.l/ Through the 1950's, production of toilet seats converted gradually from solid wood to wood flour molding. The conversion is almost complete at the present stage.

Owing to experience and the improved technology gained in toilet seat manufacture, the technique of wood flour molding is applied to the production of different products. The Monsanto Chemical Company lists various products in nine areas:

1. Housewares: 2 Furniture:

salad bowls, lazy susans, dishware, TV serving trays, flower pots, and trays.
backs, seats and tops of chairs and desks, tables, cabinet ends, bookcases, and various decorative pieces .

.!./Midyette, A. L., "Wood Particle Molding," Forest Products Journal,
Vol. VII, No. 1, January 1957.

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...---

3. Packaging:

drafting tools, delicate industrial parts, electronic tubes and capsules, gun cases, and other containers.

4, Electrical: switch boxes, fuse boxes, trans former shields, and motor bases.

5. Sporting Equipment:

croquet balls, bowling balls, and shuffleboard discs.

6. Toys and Novelties:

life-like automobiles, planes and other educational or construction toys.

7, Appliances: handles, bases and mounting boards for electric fans, lamps, and motors.

8. Accessories: toilet seats, hamper tops, counters and cabinets for bathroom use.

9. Industrial: pulley belt, equipment and machine supports, coasters, skids, protective machine guards, and core stock for floors.

The wood flour molding technique as applied to products other than toilet seats has only a few years' history. Requirements of properties and specifications are different. Some molded products can meet the market competition of other materials; other molded products have not been as successful. An improvement in molding technology will generate a greater expansion of the market for molded productso
Molded products with some degree of market success are bowling and croquet balls, shuffleboard discs, shoe heels, instrument bases, dishes and salad bowls, lazy susans, furniture components, paper roll plugs, hamper
trays, truck backs, toys and casket tops.1- / So far, toilet seats are still
the major product using \vood flour molding. Furniture components, however, have a potential for expansion. Table 1 indicates the market for various molded products by the respective percentages of resin consumed in 1957.
There are 30 wood flour molders in the United States.~/ Thirteen of
them are toilet seat manufacturers.l/ In the Southeast,4-/ there are three
wood flour molders--two manufacturing toilet seats and one manufacturing paper roll plugs. The manufacture of molded products is still in the early stages of development in this region

Vol.

.!./
IX

,

Donald No. 9,

AS. eW ptaetmsboen~,

"Granulated 1959.

Wood

Molding,"

Forest

Products

Journal,

-2/ -Ib-i-d.
11 There are 25 toilet seat manufacturers in the states, 13 of them are
Using wood flour as their raw materials.
~/ Includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, ana Tennessee,

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Table 1
THE U.S. PERCENTAGES OF RESIN CONSUMED FOR MANUFACTURING MOLDED PRODUCTS, 1957

Product
Toilet Seats Furniture Components Dishes Croquet Balls Lazy Susans Bowling Balls Paper Roll Plugs Shuffleboard Dishes Toys
Total

Percent of Total Resin Consumption
73.0
13 .o 4.8
3.4
3.1
1.7
0.5 0.3 0.2
100.0

Source: Forest Products Journal, Vol. IX, No. 9.

Due to the great diversity of molded products, it is impossible to make a meaningful estimate of market potentials for all products. Since toilet seats are the major product using wood flour molding and there is a plant in Georgia, they were selected for detailed study.

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II. TOILET SEATS

The National Market
The marketing figures of toilet seats are available from 1956 to 1958. (See Table 2.) The current demand for toilet seats is estimated at 9,000,000 units annually. In 1958, molded seats (sprayed and sheet covered) accounted for 79 per cent of the total market, plastic seats 20 per cent and other seats 1 per cent.

Table 2 THE U. S. SHIPMENTS OF TOILET SEATS, 1956-58

Year and Product

Shipment

Value

(No. of Units) ($1,000)

Total, 1956 Sprayed, molded or wood Sheet covered, molded or wood Plastic, solid and cored All other

7,422,045 5,064,930
657,585 1,439,145
260,385

29,047 15,191
3,919 8,902 1,035

% of
Shipment
100 68 9 19 4

Avg. Value Per Unit (Dollar)
3.91 3.00 5.96 6.19 3.97

Total, 1957

7,383,831

27,749

100

Sprayed, molded or wood

5,189,395

14,841

70

Sheet covered, molded or wood

584,413

3,234

8

Plastic, solid and cored

1,356,935

8,666

18

All other

253,088

1,008

4

total, 1958

8,292,723

28,702

100

Sprayed, molded or wood

5,949,785

15,231

72

Sheet covered' molded or wood

601,962

3' 132

7

Plastic, solid and cored

1,687,243

10) 096

20

All other

53,733

243

1

3.76 2.86 5.53 6.38 3.98
3.46 2.56 5.20 5.98 4.52

Source: ~ For Industry

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There have been two dominant trends in the market for toilet seats. The first was the decline in sales of solid wood seats and the expansion of molded seats. The second was the demand for plastic seats. These trends are noticeable in Table 2, although it covers only a three year period. All other seats such as solid wood, rubber and steel, declined from 4 to 1 per
cent, while sprayed molded seats increased from 68 to 72 per cent. However,
sheet-covered molded seats declined from 9 to 7 per cent. In the same period, plastic seats gained 1 per cent of the total market.
The expansion of molded seats at the expense of solid wood seats was largely due to lower molding cost compared with the cost of solid wood. The price of molded seats declined persistently while their demand increased. (See Table 2.) On the other hand, the value per unit of all other seats increased year after year, but their market declined drastically. The sales volume of plastic seats fluctuates inversely with price.
The market for toilet seats is composed of two separate demands--the demand for new cons true tion and the demand for rep 1 acemen ts. The demand of toilet seats in new construction is indicated by the total sales of various water closet bowls since each bowl requires a seat. The sales (shipment) of water closet bowls has a multiple correlation with residential and non-resi-
dential construction from 1946 to 1958.1/ Based on this relationship and a
projection of construction, the sale of closet bowls and those of toilet seats in new construction can be projected.
The demand of toilet seats for replacements is indicated by the difference of toilet seat sale and the sale of water closet bowls in each year. Table 3 indicates the ratios of toilet seat shipment (sale) and water closet
bowl shipment (sale) from 1956 to 1958. The ratio increased from 1.59 in 1956 to 1.96 in 1958. It indicates that the replacement market is increas-
ingly important and is approximately equal to the demand for the new construction market at the present time.
l/ See the details of the multiple correlation in Appendix A.
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Table 3
RATIOS OF TOILET SEAT SHIPMENT TO
WATER CLOSET BOWL SHIPMENT, 1956-58

Year

Toilet Seat Shipment
(No. of Units)

Water Closet Bowl Shipment (No. ofUnits)

Ratio

1956 1957 1958

7,422,045 7) 383) 831 8,292, 723

4,681,140 4,223,467 4,231,633

1.59 1. 75 1.96

Source: Facts For Industry

From this analysis of the new construction and replacement markets, total demand for toilet seats can be projected. Demand of toilet seats is
estimated at a little over 9,ooo,ooo units in 1960, close to 10,000,000 units in 1965, and 11,000,000 units in 1970. (See Table 4.) The forecast tends to be conservative due to the estimated 1:1 ratio of toilet seat
sales for new construction and for replacement. In following the trend,
this ratio is likely to be greater than 1:1 in the forecast period.

Table 4
FORECAST OF U. S. TOILET SEAl DEMAND,
1960, 1965, AND 1970 ~

Year

Total Demand
(1,000 Units)

For New Constructions
(1,000 Units)

For Replacements
(1,000 Units)

1960 1965 1970

9,106 9,988 ll} 048

4,553 4,994 5,524

4,553 4,994 5,524

~/ See the details in Appendix B.

The future market of toilet seats is optimistic for several reasons. First, new construction activities are expected to increase due to the eco~c and population growth of the nation. Second, the declining price of
WOlded seats will promote a greater replacement market. Third, the demand of toilet seats exceeded the supply in 1958. (See Table 5.) Most of the toUet seat plants are operated at full capacity; several are adding new

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Table 5
THE U. S. TOILET SEAT PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENT 1956-58

Year

Production (No. of Units)

1956 1957 1958

7,616,428 7,399,494 8,231,651

Source: Facts For Industry

Shipment

Shipment as a Percentage
of Production

(No. of Units)

7,422,045

97

7,383,831

99

8, 292,723

101

The Regional Market

ooo Th e mark et o f s~ x southeastern states1-I ~s est~mate d at 979 ,

units

in 1960. The estimate is based on construction expenditures and the number

of dwelling units. For the six states, the construction expenditures are

equal to 10 per cent of the U. S. total, and the number of dwelling units
is 11.5 per cent of the U. S. total.2- /

There are two toilet seat producers in the Southeast and 25 in the

nation. (See Map 1.) The current plant production capacity (October 1959)

in the Southeast can meet only 60 to 70 per cent of the regional market.

There is a market for plant expansion in the Southeast. The manufacture of

toilet seats is heavily concentrated around the Great Lakes and New England.

The large areas in the Northwest and Southwest have no toilet seat manufac-

ture.

A plant in the Southeast can sell to these areas as economically as a

northern plant if wood flour can be supplied locally. The flour supply in

the Southeast comes largely from Wisconsin and New England. High transpor-

tation cost puts the southeastern plants at a disadvantage in the market.

However, a supply of wood flour is developing in North Carolina, and Georgia

ia beginning to develop a supply. Local supply of wood flour will have a

direct impact not only on the toilet seat industry but also on the develop-

-nt of other molded products in the Southeast.

!./ Includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina
llnd Tennessee.
~/ See the details in Appendix C.

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Georgia can support one or two additional small toilet seat plants to supply the regional market. A plant capacity around 150,000 units annually will be adequate. Small towns with an ample supply of wood residues which can be used for wood flour manufacture are logical sites for a plant location. A larger plant in the state to supply the national market depends upon the possibility of acquiring low cost wood flour--presumably a local supply.

~nufacturing Plant

The design of the plant for manufacturing toilet seats depends upon the production volume, product properties, and the type of processing methods. Requirements for a small manufacturing plant are listed as follows:

1. Plant Capacity -- six molds and three presses with annual capacity of 168,000 units at 300 working days a year and three shifts a day.

2. Plant space -- about 3,000 square feet.
), Type of product-- molded seats (sprayed).
4. Equipment costs:
Three molding presses @ $10,000 Six molds@ $1,500 to $5,000 Auxiliary Equipment
Total

$30,000 $ 9,000 to $30,000 $20 000
$59,000 to $80,000

S. Materials:

Wood flour -- 80 mesh or finer; moisture content 5 per cent or less; wood species maple, white pine or others; cost, f.o.b. $40 per ton from North Carolina or Texas.

Resin -- Urea, phenolic or melamine depending upon product properties needed. Powdered resins used as binders cost from 21 to 43 per pound, delivered, depending on type.

6. Formulation:

Wood flour: Resin: Pigment:
7. Processing:

60 to 90 per cent of blend" 10 to 40 per cent of blend. as required.

Mold temperature

- 265 350 F.

Mold pressure

500 - 1,200 psi

Cure time

6 to 15 minutes

Raw material shrinkage 5 to 10 per cent
a. Labor -- 3 to 4 production workers per shifto

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Companies suggested as sources for further information are: Monsanto Chemical Company Plastic Division Springfield 2, Massachusetts American Cyanamid Company Plastic and Resins Division 30 Rockefeller Plaza New York 20, New York Hooker Chemical Corporation Durez Plastic Division North Tonawanda, New York
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III. WOOD FLOUR
~Wood Flour Plant in Georgia
According to current estimates, Georgia annually consumes 2,000 to 3 000 tons of wood flour with 80 mesh or finer for toilet seat manufacture
'
alone. This consumption can be more than doubled if a wood flour supply can be obtained at a low transportation cost. The current supply comes largely from Wisconsin and New York with a transportation cost equivalent to two thirds of the f.o.b. price.l/ A high transportation cost of wood flour coupled with a highly competitive pricing for the toilet seats puts the local seat producer at a disadvantage. The need for a local supply of wood flour already exists.
The production of wood flour is highly concentrated in the Great Lakes and New England states, which have the desirable wood species. In the South there are six producers--five in Texas and one in North Carolina. The North Carolina plant is in the development stage. In Texas wood flour is made from Ponderosa white pine, Douglas fir, and oaks. This wood flour is not currently used for molded products in Georgia. The newly developed wood flour from North Carolina is made of maple and poplar. North Carolina could become an important source of supply to Georgia users if a local supply is not developed.
Wood flour producers generally are specialized in one or two types, due to rigid and exact consumer requirements. For this reason, the wood flour assumed in this analysis is 80 mesh or finer, suitable for molded products.
Problems in Developing A Wood Flour Plant in Georgia
There has been a search for wood flour supply in Georgia by some private concerns, but several problems remain unsolvedo The problems involved are wood species, requirements of wood residues, and specialized managing experience. These problems are discussed separately.
Wood species. The most desirable wood species for wood flour are white pine, aspen, and hemlock. However, maple has been used predominately for
l/ "The cost of shipment of wood flour is somewhat more than for sawdust, wood flour being so classed and taking a higher rate when 75 per cent of the material passes through 60 mesh" as quoted from Wood Flour, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, Forest Service, U.S.D.A.; Report No. 1666-9, May 1956.
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toilet seats. Gum can be used if mixed with other species. Yellow pine cannot be used due to the high rosin content. Oak and dark hardwoods are not desirable from the color standpoint. Yellow poplar, according to a recent laboratory test by a chemical company, is not most satisfactory.
Southern yellow pine, gum, and yellow poplar are the dominant species in Georgia. There is little maple and white pine in the state. Although yellow poplar and gum are available in quantity, their usefulness for molded products is less desirable. However, Georgia wood-using industries import a considerable quantity of fir, maple, and white pine each year which are useful for wood flour. Research on wood flour under consideration by Georgia Tech's Engineering Experiment Station may also discover a method for removing some obstacles in utilizing local wood resources.
Requirements of wood residues. The profitability of the wood flour industry depends upon a favorable cost ratio between wood flour and other substitute materials. For example, molded products cost about $3.40 per cubic foot, while a general purpose phenolic molding is $19 per cubic foot.!/ In order to maintain this favorable ratio, the industry has to keep manufacturing costs such as raw materials, power, labor, etc., at a low cost. Sawdust and shavings are commonly used. They should be clean, dry, free of bark and separated by species. Otherwise, there is an increase in cost from usage of poor quality material. Available quantity and stability of supply are also prime considerations. A 10 to 15 ton supply per day will be requir2d for a minimum but economic sized operation.
From a mail survey conducted in September 1959, only one place in the state--Adel, Georgia--is presently in a position to meet most of the conditions listed above. The Atlanta area., however, is believed also in a position to meet the conditions. In other locations, two common phenomena appeared--wood residues were mixed and they are now burned as waste. An adequate treatment of wood residues in order to facilitate their utilization
~r wood flour seems to be needed by most woodworking concerns in the state.
Appendix D gives the available wood residues by 15 respondents who had ltated their supply quantitatively and qualitatively. A more detailed sur-
the raw materials for wood flour should be followed if such a need requested by any interested concernso
op. cit.
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Specialized managing experience. Due to different, rigid, and exact requirements of wood flour by customers, manufacture becomes a highly specialized business. Technical skill and experience in business are required for managing a new plant. Inducing competent persons in the industry to be interested in the local problems of molding may be a practical step to be taken in bringing in a wood flour plant in Georgia. rnves tment and Return for a Wood Flour Plant
An economic sized operation of a wood flour plant ranges from 1,000 to 2 000 pounds output capacity per hour. There is a market in Georgia to sup-
'port a plant of about 2,000 pounds per hour capacity. Therefore, this sized
plant is assumed for analysis. The pro duet is 80 mesh wood flour sui table for molded products.
All cost figures used in this study are approximations. It is assumed that the model plant is located either in the Atlanta area or at Adel, Geor~a, for a wood raw material supply. Equipment and operating cost data were obtained from machine manufacturers, but without a specific commitment or guarantee that a plant could be built and operated for the speci fie costs given. It should be pointed out, however, that each plant is a special problem with various conditions of raw material and other operating conditions.
For the model, the annual capacity is estimated at 7,200 tons on 300 working days a year and three shifts a day. Equipment costs plus transportation and erection are estimated at $162,500. Land and building are estimated at $27,000. All costs and returns are calculated on three different shift basis. The f.o.b. mill price of wood flour made by this model plant is $35 per ton. Variable costs are estimated at $23.67 per ton. Sales
would have to be 1,462 tons annually to cover the out-of-pocket costs and
2,535 tons annually to cover total costs. A summary statement of investment, sales, operating cost, and return
of this model is presented, followed by a break-even chart. After the sumllary statement and break-even chart, there are detailed statements of intome, expenses, and investment. The reader may go from the summary statellent to any degree of detail desired.
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ANNUAL SUMMARY STATEMENT
A MODEL WOOD FLOUR PLANT WITH A 2,000 POUND OUTPUT CAPACITY PER HOUR

Income (Schedule A)
Unit Sales at Capacity
Sales variable Costs
Variable Profits Out-of-Pocket Fixed Costs Cash Income Non-cash Fixed Costs (Depr.) Net Income

Per Ton $35.00 23.67 $11.33

Break-Even (Tons)
To Cover Out-of-Pocket Costs To Cover All Costs, Including Depr.

Investment
Fixed Investment (Schedule B) Working Capital (Schedule C)
Total

Per Cent Return
On Fixed Investment On Total Investment

~out Period
Period for Cash Income to Cover Fixed Investment

1 shift 2, 400 tons

2 Shifts 4,800 tons

3 Shifts 7,200 tons

$ 84,000 561808
$ 27,192 171253
$ 9,939 ll I 833
$- 1,894

$168,000 113 I 616
$ 54,384 17 I 253
$ 37,131 ll I 833
$ 25,298

$252,000 170 I 424
$ 81,576 171253
$ 64,323 111833
$ 52,490

1,462 2,535

1,462 2,535

1,462 2,535

$208,450 321480
$240,930

$208,450 641960
$273,410

$208,450 97,440
$305,890

-0.91% -0.79%

12.14% 9.25%

25 .18/o 17.16%

21 Years

6 Years

3 Years

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BREAK-EVEN CHART

300

280

260

240

22b

200

,....

0
8...~.

180

.~ ......

II) 160
1-
II)
u 0

0 140
z
<(

II)
w 120
-1
~

100

SHIFT

2 SHIFTS

3 SHIFTS

I

I

I

I

I <t'

y I
I

,":~ )

;''
,
, /
, /
vI BREAK-EVEN FOR
TOTAL COSTS

2,535 TONS ; ' :

, I
I

BREAK-EVEN FOR OUT OF POCKET COSTS 1,462 TONS

/ p

80

60

40

20

1,500

3,000

4,500

OUTPUT (TONS)

6,000

7,500

-17-

ANNUAL STATEMENT ON THE MODEL PLANT'S INCOME AND EXPENSE

Unit Sales at Capacity

Per Ton $35.00

1 Shift 2,400 tons

Schedule A

2 Shifts

3 Shifts

4, 800 tons 7, 200 tons

$ 84,000

$168,000

$252,000

Variable Costs
Wood (Schedule A-1) Labor (Schedule A-2) Overhead (Schedule A-3)
Total Variable Costs Variable Profits

$ 5.60 8.67 9.40
$23.67 $11.33

$ 13,440 20,808 221560
$ 561808 $ 27,192

$ 26,880 41,616 451120
$1131616 $ 54,384

$ 40,320 62,424 671680
$1701424 $ 81,576

Fixed Costs
Out-of-Pocket Fixed Costs Salaries (Schedule A-4) Insurance (Schedule A-5) Property Tax (Schedule A-5) Total Cash Income

$ 11' 000 2,084 4 169
$ 171253 $ 9,939

$ 11,000 2,084 4 169
$ 17!253 $ 37,131

$ 11,000 2,084 41169
$ 17 1 253 $ 64,323

Ron-Cash Fixed Costs
Depreciation (Schedule A-5) Net Income

$ 11,833 $- 1,894

$ 11' 833 $ 25,298

$ 11' 833 $ 52,490

-18-

Wood Cost

Schedule A-1

1 ton of sawdust or shelvings cost $5.00 at weight of 2,000 pounds with 6 per cent moisture and free of bark.
1 ton yield:
2,000 X 0.90 1,800 pounds (10 per cent process loss)

Cost per pound:

$5.00 11 800 pounds Cost per ton:

$0.0028

$5.60

Labor Cost

Machine operator Odd jobs

$1.50/hour $1.00/hour

Q.Eeration

No. Men

No. Shifts

Machine

4

3

Warehouse

2

2

Yard Total Labor cost per ton

2

2

$208 + 24 tons = $8.67

Variable Costs
Supplies Power: 400 H.P., 16 per kilowatt

Hours 96 32 32

Plant Manager Stenographer

Salaries

Annu~ Depreciation and Other Fixed Charges

Original

Building depreciation at 20 years

$ 20,000

lquipment depreciation at 15 years

162,500

Property taxes at 2 per cent of investment

208,450

1 per cent of investment

208,450

Total

-19-

Schedule A-2
Daily Cost $144 32 32 $208
Schedule A-3 $3.00/ton 6.40/ton $9.40/ton
Schedule A-4 $8,000 3,000
$11' 000 Schedule A-5 Annual Charge
$ 1,000 10,833 4,169 2,084 $18,086

Fixed Investment
Building Construction 5,000 sq. ft., $4/sq. _ft. Land and foundation Total

$ 20,000 7,000

Equipments All equipments and auxiliaries Transportation and errection Total equipment Total fixed investment, estimated Contingency (10 per cent) Total fixed investment

$125,000 37 z 500

4 months wood supply 2 months finished goods 2 months invoice payable
Total

Working Capital
1 Shift $ 4,480
14,000 14,000 $32,480

2 Shifts $ 8,960
28,000 28!000 $64,960

Suggested Organizations for Inquiring Purposes
Forest Products Laboratory Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Madison 5, Wisconsin
The Bauer Brothers Company Springfield, Ohio
Sprout, Waldron S. Company, Inc. Muncy, Pennsylvania

Schedule B
$ 27,000
$162,500 189,500 18!950
$208,450
Schedule c
3 Shifts $13,440
42,000 421000 $97,440

-20-

Appendix A
MULTIPLE CORRELATION OF WATER CLOSET BOWL SHIPMENT TO RESIDENTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Year

Shipment of Water Closet Bowls-Vitreous China
(thousand units)
y

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

2,136 2,559 3,357 3' 313 3,857 3,685 2, 939 3,126 3,786 4,596 4,681 4,223 4,231

Residential Construction (million dollars)
xl
5,126 7,735 10,278 10,001 14,445 13 J 124 13' 496 14,333 15' 715 18' 971 17,924 17,081 18,893

Non-Residential~/
Construction (million dollars)
x2
3,831 3,951 5,151 5,558 6,433 8,897 9,403 10,313 11' 196 12,223 13 J 393 14,196 13' 328

!:_/ Omitting highways, dams, and other heavy engineering construction.
Sources: Facts For Industry and Construction Review. Estimation Equation Y = 1,262.0465 + 0.209995X1 - 0.060339X2 Correlation of Coefficient (R) 0.91 Standard Error of the EstimateS = 296 thousand units.

-21-

Appendix A
MULTIPLE CORRELATION OF WATER CLOSET BOWL SHIPMENT TO RESIDENTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Year

Shipment of Water Closet Bowls-Vitreous China
(thousand units)
y

1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958

2,136 2,559 3,357 3,313 3,857 3,685 2,939 3,126 3,786 4,596 4,681 4,223 4,231

Residential Construction (million dollars)
xl
5,126 7,735 10,278 10,001 14,445 13' 124 13' 496 14,333 15' 715 18' 971 17' 924 17,081 18,893

Non-Res~"d . ent~ala- J Construction
(million dollars)
x2
3,831 3,951 5,151 5,558 6,433 8,897 9,403 10,313 ll' 196 12,223 13' 393 14,196 13,328

~/ Omitting highways, dams, and other heavy engineering construction.
Sources: Facts For Industry and Construction Review. Estimation Equation Y = 1,262.0465 + 0.209995X1 - 0.060339X2 Correlation of Coefficient (R) 0.91
Standard Error of the Estimate S = 296 thousand units.

-21-

Appendix B FORECAST FOR THE U. S. TOILET SEAT MARKET

Year
1960 1965 1970

Res~'dentiala- / Non-Res~'d ent~ ala- /

Construction

Construction

(million dollars)

20,400 23,300 26,300

16,457 19,231 20,900

Shipment of Water!?./ Shipment ofr:::_/

Closet Bowls

Toilet Seats

(thousand units)

4,553 4,994 5,524

9,106 9,988
11' 048

!!_I Forecast by Walter Kennon and William E. Durrett, Vitreous China
Sanitary Ware: ~ Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia, Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, July 1959.
b/ Forecast based on the multiple correlation with residential and nonresidential constructions.
c/ Forecast based on the current ratio of toilet seat shipment and water closet bowl shipment (2:1).

Appendix C ESTIMATE OF THE TOILET SEAT REGIONAL MARKET, 1960

The U. S. toilet seat market is estimated at 9,106,000 units in 1960. This figure will be equally shared by the new building market and the replacement market. The percentages of construction expenditures and the percentages of all dwelling units in the six southeastern states to the U. S. totals are presented in the following.

State

Construction Exeenditure!!._/

All Dwelling Un~. tsb-/

Alabama Florida Georgia North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee
Total

1.0 5.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 10.0

1.8 2al 2.1 2.3 L2 2.0 ll.5

!!._/Walter Kennon and William E. Durrett, op. cit.
/ 1950 Housing Census

Market for new constructions 4,553,000 X 10%

Market for replacements

4,553,000 X 11.5%

Regional total

455,300 units 523,595 units 978,895 units

-22-

Appendix D

AVAILABLE WOOD RESIDUES OF FIFTEEN WOODWORKING CONCERNS IN GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 1959

Name and Address

Wood Species

Separated by Species

Yes

No

Forms

Free of Bark

Yes

No

Talley Veneer & Crate Co., Adel

Gums, magnolia bay,

X

poplar, maple

A. R. Abrams, Inc., Atlanta

Maple, white pine, poplar, gum, fir

Sawdust, slabs,

X

chips

X

Sawdust, shavings

X

Suwannee Mill, Inc., Baxley

Gum, bay, poplar, maple, ash

X

Chips

X

International Furniture Co., Cornelia

Oak, gum, maple

X

Sawdust, shavings,

X

chips

Sparta Furniture Mfg. Co., Sparta

Poplar

X

Sawdust, shavings,

X

short ends

Campbell Lumber Co.,

Yellow pine, oak,

X

Sawdust, shavings

X

Atlanta

poplar

I

slabs

N
w
I

Richmond Lumber Co.,

Maple, gum, poplar

X

Augusta

Sawdust, shavings,

X

slabs, chips

Zimmerman Mfg, Co., East Point

Poplar, ash, gum, oak, hackberry

X

Sawdust

X

Chattanooga Furniture Co., Flowery Branch

Poplar, gum

X

Sawdust, s 1abs

X

Union Timber Corp., Homerville

Pine

X

Sawdust

X

Cordele Sash, Door & Yellow pine

X

Lumber Co., Cordele

Georgia Cushion &

Yellow pine

X

Wrapper Co., Woodland

Sawdust

X

18" blocks

X

George Allen Co.,

Yellow pine

X

Clyo

Lyles Novelty Works, Barnesville

Maple, magnolia, elm

Sawdust, shavings,

X

slabs

X

Sawdust, shavings

X

Monticello Bobbin Co., Sugar maple

X

Monticello

Sawdust, shavings

X

Appendix D (cont.)

Name and Address

Moisture Content Per Cent

Could Contract for a

Long Term Supply

Quantity Available Per Week

Yes No

Remark

Talley Veneer & Crate Co., Adel

50

300 tons or more: Gums 80%,

bay 10%, poplar & maple 10%

A. R. Abrams, Inc., Atlanta

6 to 10

21 to 28 truck loads

Suwannee Mill, Inc., Baxley

50

100 tons

International Furniture Co., Cornelia

6 to 10

140 tons

Sparta Furniture Mfgo Co., Sparta

8

20 tons

Campbell Lumber Co.,

Green 65 tons: yellow pine 80%

I

Atlanta

N

-1:'-
1

Richmond Lumber Co.,

Green Waste from 5,000,000 Bd. Ft.

Augusta

of lumber annually

Zimmerman Mfgo Co., East Point

10 to 12 1,500 pounds

Chattanooga Furniture Co., Flowery Branch

6 to 8

4 to 6 tons

Union Timber Corpo, Homerville

40 to 50 75 tons

Cordele Sash, Door &
Lumber Co., Cordele

Green 40 tons

Georgia Cushion &
Wrapper Co., Woodland

12 to 20

30 cords

George Allen Co., Clyo

Green

Waste from 40,000 Bd. Ft. of lumber weekly

Lyles Novelty Works, Barnesville

6

Several truck loads

Monticello Bobbin Co., Monticello

4 to 9

X
X
X X X X
X X X X
X

Similar materials in quantity are available in vicinity Free for hauling off
Similar materials more than 150 tons available weekly in vicinity
125 to 150 tons available at hand