Small town industry patterns and trends

Project B-166-6
SMALL TOWN INDUSTRY PATTERN~ AND TRENDS
Prepared for The Georgia Department of Commerce
A1it Massey, Director
by
Robert E. V an G('uns
.
Engineering Experiment Station Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia

Project B-166-6
SMALL TOWN INDUSTRY PATTERNS AND TRENDS
Prepared for The Georgia Department of Commerce
Abit Massey, Director 100 State Capitol Atlanta, Georgia
by
Robert E. V an Geuns
Industrial Development Branch Engineering Experiment Station Georgia Institute of Technology
March 1960

I
! I

Table of Contents

Foreword

i

Acknowledgments

iii

Summary

v

Introduction

l

I.

The Approach

3

II. Industry Patterns in Small Towns

7

A. Sources of Basic Data

7

B. Comparison of Georgia and North Carolina

Small Towns With Those of Parts of Illinois)

Michigan) and Wisconsin

10

C. Industries With 100 or More Employees in Ohio

Small Towns

12

D. New Industries Coming in Recent Years to Georgia)

North Carolina) and Pennsylvania Small Towns

13

III. Suggestions for Product Lines or Individual Products

15

Tables

1. Leading Georgia Industries Ranked According to 1954

Value Added by Manufacture

4

2. Number of Industrial Establishments by Types) Southeast

and Northeast

8

3. Total Employment for Different Types of Industry) South-

east and N0rtheast

9

4. Number of Manufacturing Plants by Types as Per Cent of

Total for Different States

11

5. Industry Concentration in Metropolitan Areas

12

6. New Industries January 1957-June 1959

14

Appendices

1. Industries in Towns of lOJOOO or Less

19

2. Small Scale Manufacturing Possibilities for Small Towns

33

3. Pattern of Industrial Growth

37

4. Big City Vs. Small Town as a Plant Location

45

5. Assembly Type Plants in Georgia

47

6. Reports of the Industrial Development Branch) Engineer-

ing Experiment Station) Georgia Institute of Technology)

February) 1960

51

Foreword
This study is one of too few completed in recent years in the industrial development field which explores new directions in which local communities and those desirous of manufacturing products in Georgia might look for opportunities. Too often the press of day-to-day activities requires that industrial development groups work only with the prospects actively seeking information. And when there are no such prospects, pressures immediately arise to go out and find some. Investigations of the sort reported here by Mr. Van Geuns therefore all too rarely can be carried out.
The additional work required to determine the extent to which these preliminary findings can be profitably pursued by local development groups seeking industries which are suitable for their communities will, we hope, be possible within the near future. The fact that the study points up so many possible op~ portunities in industries ordinarily not considered likely prospects for the smaller town certainly indicates the desirability of further analysis to determine precisely which types of operations can best be brought to Georgia's smaller towns.
Anyone who has an opportunity to pursue the leads presented here is urged to relay his findings to us. Comments or questions regarding the study are invited.
Kenneth C. Wagner, Head Industrial Development Branch
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Acknowledgments We want to thank Mr. Marshall Miller for analyzing many directories of manufacturers, Miss Vivian Conklin for contributing the listings of new industries which came to small towns in Georgia and North Carolina during 1958 and the first half of 1959, and especially Mr. John Peterson for supplying the author with some valuable literature and commenting on a first draft, which caused it to be entirely rewritten. The responsibility for the views presented here remains, however, entirely the author's.
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I!

Summary
Because of reasons stated in the Introduction (and in more detail in the first part of Chapter II) the conclusions which follow can at best be considered tentative only. It will be found that the value of this report does not consist so much in indicating specific routes which a prospective manufacturer can follow automatically but in stimulating his thinking by supplying him with a great number of assorted facts and suggestions. It is recommended especially that he go through the product listings of Chapter III, and Appendices 1 and 2, not once, but several times; not necessarily because he will find there a product which he may want to make, but because the great variety of products shown might suggest to him excellent possibilities well suited to his particular circumstances.
The fact that the products listed in Chapter III are made in small towns elsewhere does not necessarily mean that they can be profitably produced in small Georgia towns. Once a tentative choice is made, the market, the distribution channels, the raw material situation, the production costs, required skills and other factors will have to be carefully studied. In Appendix 6 are listed the reports published by the Industrial Development Branch, some on specific industries or products. These are available free of charge.
One salient conclusion of the study is that the variety of products made in small towns (under 10,000 inhabitants) of industrialized regions is bewildering. It would seem that there is almost no product which is not produced in a small town. There is one factor worth remembering--that is, that the minimum size of plant in some industries is so big that its corning to a small town would automatically lift that town out of the small town category, as defined here, by attracting personnel from nearby communities. In other words, a certain industry might never be found in a town of under 10,000 inhabitants, but the town it is no~ in might have been in that category before the industry carne there. A case in point might be a synthetic fiber plant.
In line with the present pattern of Georgia 1 s industrial growth, good opportunities appear to exist for the following:
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1. light metalworking: a. parts for assembly type plants in the area (see Appendix 5); b. tools, dies, jigs, and fixtures for these plants; c. specialized equipment for important Georgia or southeastern agricultural activities, like cotton pickers, automatic feeders for broilers, peanut shelling equipment, different types of harvesting equipment, chain saws, dairying equipment, etc.;

d. die casting, precision casting;
2. plastic products of many different kinds; 3. wood products like furniture, molded wood products, wood and char-

coal briquettes, etc.;
4. electronic equipment, instruments; 5. formulated chemical products like paints,

cosmetics,

toilet prepa-

rations, and some drugs (opportunities mainly for small towns close to met-

ropolitan areas); 6. electrical equipment.

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INTRODUCTION This report has attempted to determine what might be promising manufacturing opportunities for small, rural Georgia towns. This is accomplished mainly by studying the situation in small towns of more industrially developed regions, and relating the findings to the general pattern of industrial growth. Its purpose is not to prove or disprove some economic theory but to stimulate the thinking of entrepreneurs, businessmen, and industrial developers, chamber of commerce executives, and sustain the prospective manufacturer's wavering courage by showing him that what he intends to do has been already successfully accomplished somewhere else. Because part of the source material which has to be used was not too reliable, and also because of the limited time and money available for this study, it cannot pretend to be more than exploratory. It is hoped that in the future more work in this direction can be done. Such further comparative investigations will almost certainly be found rewarding and productive of practical results.
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---
I. THE APPROACH
This report tries to determine the types of industry which should be developed or sought in small Georgia towns so as to insure the most vigorous growth of the total Georgia economy. The approach used is the comparison of industries in small Georgia (and North Carolina) towns with those in similar towns of more industrialized regions or states.
Such a comparison is meaningful only if it has first been established that industrial growth follows a fairly definite pattern. Otherwise, there would be no reason for not concluding that the towns used for comparison represent an industry pattern which might never occur during the industrial growth of small Georgia towns.
In Appendix 3 statistical support is offered to show that there is indeed such a pattern. It should be stressed, however, that important exceptions will occur, especially in directed economies, and that this pattern is by no means a law of nature or of economic growth. It is at best a phenomenon frequently observed in growing communities.
This pattern of industrial growth is somewhat as follows: 1. During the initial stages of industrial development, the food (in this country flour milling) and textile-apparel industries dominate. In forested regions woodworking might be equally important. 2. During the later stages the metalworking industries (metallurgy, metal products, machinery, including electrical machinery; transportation equipment); and the chemical industry (including plastics) increase their relative importance, finally becoming dominant, whereas the relative importance of textile-apparel and woodworking industries (sometimes also the food industries) decreases. 3. At a still later stage the electronics and instrument industries begin to increase in relative importance. It should be noted that reference is made to "relative" increase or decrease in importance. In an absolute sense all these industries might still expand, but the rate of expansion in the metalworking and chemical industries will be greater and for the textile-apparel and woodworking industries smaller than for industry as a whole. This gradual industrial growth, in several stages, is accompanied by: 1. an increase in per capita income;
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2. an increase in population density (more people per square mile); 3. an increase in industry concentration, as reflected in such measures as value added by manufacturing per square mile. (See Appendix 3,
Table 9.) Looking at Georgia manufacturing statistics for 1947 and 1954, Table 1
shows a decrease of the relative importance of the textile-apparel and woodworking industries and a considerable increase in the relative importance of the metalworking industries. That is a healthy sign. The small towns can definitely benefit from this tendency and at the same time strengthen it by attracting and developing small metalworking industries which will supply the larger assembly type industries which have sprung up in the large centers, notably Atlanta. (Ford Motor Co. at East Point, General Motors at Doraville, Lockheed Aircraft Corp. at Marietta all are in the Atlanta area.) This point is discussed in more detail in the next chapter.

Table 1

Leading Georgia Industries Ranked According to 1954 Value Added by Manufacture

Industry Textile and apparel Food and kindred products Transportation equipment (1) Paper and pulp Forest products and furniture
Chemicals Machinery (2) Printing and publishing Metals and metal products, except
machinery (3) Stone, clay and glass
Total of metalworking industries (1. 2 and 3)

Value Added

("/o 0 f To t a l L _

1947

1954

46.3

37.7

12.9

16.3

withheld

13.2

5.3

10.0

10.9

8.2

7.6

5.0

2.7

3.8

3.3

3.8

o.s
2.6
3.5 + withheld

2.5 2.5 19.5

Source: Census of Manufactures, 1954

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Note: The Georgia chemical industry decreased in relative importance between
1947 and 1954. That is mainly caused by the fact that fertilizer and gum and wood chemicals production are such important segments of it. Fertilizer production decreased because of the decreasing cotton acreage, and gum and wood chemicals is a line which does not show much growth and well may show a decline in the near future. Other opportunities exist in the chemicals field, however. For this reason the Industrial Development Branch is actively pursuing a study of chemical industry possibilities in Georgia.
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I ,
I I
. !

II. INDUSTRY PATTERNS IN SMALL TOWNS
A. Sources of Basic Data
The main reason for comparing manufacturing in small Georgia and North carolina towns with that of small towns in more industrialized regions has been explained in the first chapter. Another reason is that such a study will not only indicate general types of industrial activity but might show what types of products can and cannot be profitably produced in small town surroundings. Furthermore, it might even suggest specific products.
This latter object cannot be achieved using data from the 1954 Census of Manufactures. There statistics for individual counties are broken down by major (two digits) industries only; in other words, they do not go beyond a very broad classification.
Directories of manufacturers for industrial states, on the other hand, especially those for states in the main manufacturing belt, are extremely detailed, listing thousands of different products. They do not always indicate, however, the number of employees for each firm. Therefore, the choice remained of either (1) using Census data which permit the ranking of the industrial activities by number of employees or value added, but only suggest very broad fields of endeavor for small Georgia towns; or (2) using those directories which permit only ranking industries by number of establishments but might indicate what types of products are suitable or unsuitable for small town manufacture and might even suggest specific products.
Because the approach here is primarily a practical one and this report is directed to the manufacturer, prospective manufacturer, entrepreneur, industrial development and chamber of commerce executives, and not to the theoretical economists, directories of manufacturers were chosen. This was done in full realization that ranking of industries by number of establishments (the only ranking possible using directories) is not too satisfactory. In order to compensate somewhat for this shortcoming, data on per cent of the total number of establishments and number of employees for the states studied here were compiled from the 1954 Census. These are shown in Tables 2 and 3. They will at least indicate in what direction per cent figures for number of establishments for small towns will differ from per cent figures for number of employees for the same towns.
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Table 2 NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS BY TYPES,
SOUTHEAST AND NORTHEAST

-State

Electrical
SIC No. 36

Metalworking Furniture

SIC

SIC

No.

No.

33,34~.

25

3 5) 3 7

Food
SIC No. 20

TextilesApparel
SIC No. 22, 23

Stone_, Clay
SIC No. 32

Percentage of Total

Southeast

Alabama

o.7

Florida

1.5

Georgia

o.9

North Carolina

0. 7

South Carolina

0.2

Tennessee

1.7

17.9

4.7

23.9

10.9

8.5

17.6

8.1

19.8

7.4

8.4

12.2

5.3

23.3

18.5

6.9

9.9

9.7

19.2

28.0

5.3

9.1

3.6

23.6

26.7

6.0

20.2

8.7

33.8

15.1

8.8

-No-rt-h

Illinois

4.3

Michigan

2.0

Ohio

2.6

Pennsylvania

2.1

Wisconsin

2.3

30.8

3.8

12.8

7.9

3.6

47.2

3.4

14.2

2.8

4.4

38.0

2.8

15.1

4.0

6.3

22.8

3.6

16.8

20.0

5.4

26.2

2.5

31.0

4.0

4.2

Source: Census of Manufactures, 1954

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Table 3
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF INDUSTRY, SOUTHEAST AND NORTHEAST

~

Electrical

Metalworking Furniture Food

SIC

SIC

SIC

SIC

No.

No.

No.

No.

36

33,34

25

20

35,37

Percentage of Total

Southeast

Alabama

1.3

Florida

0.8

Georgia

0.9

North Carolina

2.7

South Carolina (not disclosed)

Tennessee

1.6

32.4 14.7 13.7
3.2 1.8
17 .o

1.0

8.2

4.1

26.7

2.5

12.4

8.1

6.1

1.2

4.4

4.0

11.0

TextilesApparel
SIC No. 22,23
33.3 5.6
50.2 59.7 72.2 24.4

Stone, Clay
SIC No. 32
3.8 4.7 2.6 1.6 2.0 3.4

North Illinois Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin

ll.8 2.1 7.0 7.4 8.4

39.6

2.3

11.9

5.2

2.8

71.2

2.1

5.7

1.3

1.7

53.0

1.7

6.5

3.0

5.1

40.8

1.6

s.o

18.2

4.6

40.9

2.5

14.9

3.8

1.1

Source: Census of Manufactures, 1954

Note:

and
The

The totals of Tables 2 and 3 do not include SIC classifications 2411 2421, logging camps and contractors and sawmills and planning mills. column "Woodwork" of Table 4 does not include these categories either.

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Another weakness of many directories is that they do not always make a clearcut distinction between manufacturers and distributors. Because this study uses only comparative figures, which are per cent of totals, the influence of such errors in classification will probably not be too serious. Because of these inadequacies of our basic sources of information, this study has to be considered as exploratory only, however.
B. Comparison of Georgia and North Carolina Small Towns With Those of Parts of Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
Table 4 shows the pattern of industry (based on number of establishments for a sample of small Georgia and North Carolina towns and similar towns in Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. "Small town" is defined here as any town or village with 10,000 or less inhabitants.
One characteristic of Georgia is its large forest area (approximately two thirds of its total acreage). In order, therefore, to avoid the objection of comparing regions which are dissimilar in such an important characteristic, towns were selected in the northern states in those regions which have extensive forests--that is, the northern parts of Wisconsin and Michigar and the southern tip of Illinois. This choice has another advantage: None of these forested districts is within the main manufacturing belt proper.l/ In other words, the comparison is less extreme, and therefore probably more useful.
The most striking difference in the industry pattern between North and South is the much higher relative number of establishments in the textileapparel industry in the South and the much higher relative number of metalworking firms in the North. This is in line with what was pointed out in Chapter I. It shows, furthermore, that the pattern for small towns is similar to the pattern for the whole corresponding region. It is interesting to note that the small towns within 25 to 30 miles of population centers (more than about 50,000 inhabitants) have more metalworking than woodworking establishments; whereas for the isolated towns the figures are almost the same with the woodworking plants having a small advantage.
This predominance of metalworking in the North against textile-apparel in the South is, of course, not unexpected. Nevertheless, it was worthwhilE
1/ "Economic Geography," by Dicken, Heath and Co., 1955, fig. 37.1.
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Table 4
NUMBER OF MANUFACTURING PLANTS BY TYPES AS PER CENT OF TOTAL FOR DIFFERENT STATES

State

Electronics

Electrical

Plastics

Woodwork

Metal

Furniture

Food

Textile Apparel

Sand Stone Clay Cement

Miscellaneous

Florida

Metropolitan

--

Isolated

--

--

--

12.5 15.6

3.1

14.1 3.9 14.1

36.7

--

--

14.7 ll.O

5.5

23.9 2.8 16.5

25.7

Georgia

I t-' t-' I

Metropolitan

--

Isolated

--

--

l.l

14.3

5.5

o.o

26.4 25.3 17.6

ll.O

--

o.o

15.9

6.5

2.9

26.8 18.1

6.5

23.2

North Carolina

Metropolitan

3.6

Isolated

o.o

o.o

o.o

10.7

7.1

14.3

3.6 42.9

3.6

14.3

1.2

o.o

1.2

6.0

20.5

26.5 27.7

7.2

9.6

Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin (Forested parts)

Metropolitan

--

--

--

Isolated

--

--

--

ll.l 25.2

46.3 23.6

o.o

9.3 6.5 12.0

3.1

15.0 4. 7 ll.O

14.8 17.3

Ohio (more than 100 employees)

Metropolitan

0.7

Isolated

--

2.1 12.1

0.7

0.7 30.3

4.9

16.2 1.4 13.3

0.8

0.9 33.1

1.6

12.1 8.1 20.2

29.6 12. 1

Oregon, Washington

Isolated

o.o

o.o

o.o

31.2 18.8

--

18.8 --

22.9

8.3

to establish this fact for small towns, because of the belief frequently encountered in the Southeast that metalworking activities are not suitable for small towns, especially when they are not supported by a heavy metal industry in the nearby metropolitan areas.
To investigate this last point, statistics were compiled on manufacturing activities in small isolated towns in Oregon and Washington. Neither Portland nor Seattle has an important heavy metal industry. Table 4 shows the results. Note also that there is a much higher percentage of metalworking plants in the northwestern towns than in Georgia small towns and the percentage is not far below that of small isolated towns in Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. In addition, there is a higher percentage of woodworking plants. This compensated for the absence of the textile-apparel industry. In other words, metalworking in small towns can develop without the support of a metropolitan heavy metal industry in the same area.
c. Industries With 100 or More Employees in Ohio Small Towns

Some people seem to feel that the chances for a small town to attract a

sizable industry are very slim and that such industries are limited to pulp

manufacturers, lumber yards, textile-apparel producers and the like. There-

fore, plants which employ more than 100 employees in the small towns of a

highly industrialized region were studied. The choice was Ohio, for the fol-

lowing reasons:

1. Ohio is a highly industrialized state.

2. Ohio has an area of the same order of magnitude as Georgia; 41,000

as compared 58,000 square miles.

3. Ohio is not completely dominated by one (or two) gigantic metropolisel

as Illinois is by Chicago, as Michigan is by Detroit, as New York is by New

York City, and Pennsylvania is by Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. It is, of

course, true that Atlanta has a dominating influence in Georgia, but not to

the same extent in manufacturing, especially, as the examples above. Table 5

shows this.

Table 5

Metropolitan Areas

Chicago Detroit Cleveland Atlant:,!

All manufacturing employees as percentage of state total

80.1

53.8

23.0

25.9

Value added by manufacture as percentage of state total

81.6

54.2

23.6

34.7

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The data of Table 4 indicate a high per cent of metalworking industries. The isolated towns have, furthermore, strong electrical machinery and appliances industries, while the metropolitan oriented towns have strong food and miscellaneous industries. Both groups have well developed sand, stone, clay and cement industries.
This tabulation shows again that small towns can have not only metalworking industries but sizable ones as well.
The relatively large number of electrical machinery and appliance manufacturers in isolated small towns in worth noting.
n. New Industries Coming in Recent Years to Georgia, North Carolina, and
Pennsylvania Small Towns
Besides comparing actual conditions in the Southeast and the North, the study also compared trends.
Table 6 shows new plants which came to Georgia and North Carolina small towns in the last one and one half years and to Pennsylvania during 1958. Pennsylvania was chosen here for the simple reason that data about its new industries were readily available.
The comparison shows that Georgia small towns are apparently gradually heading in the.right direction--that is, developing higher wage industries; North Carolina small towns, on the other hand, seem to be going in the wrong direction. Georgia small towns are now adding a substantial number of metalworking industries, although they are still below the number of textileapparel plants. North Carolina small towns are still adding mostly textileapparel plants, which accentuates its heavy dependence on this industry. This is probably one of the reasons that per capita income in North Carolina shows such a very slow rise.
It has to be observed, however, that the future for North Carolina as a whole is somewhat better, since its larger towns (over 10,000 population) have secured a fair share of metalworking plants.
The adding of some small electronics and plastics plants to the Georgia economy is encouraging. It is understandable that Pennsylvania shows higher percentages in those lines.
The total number of new plants was: Georgia, 128; North Carolina, 120; and Pennsylvania, 99. It should be remembered that these absolute figures
are less reliable than the percentage figures and further, that the Georgia and North Carolina figures cover a 14-month period and the Pennsylvania figures a 12-month period.
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Table 6
NEW INDUSTRIES JANUARY 1957-JUNE 1959 (Except September 1957, February and November 1958, April 1959)
(Number of plants as per cent of total)

State

Electronics

Electrical

Plastics

Woodworking and Lumbering

Metalworking

Furniture

Food

Apparel

Sand Stone Clay Cement

Miscellaneous

Georgia

1.6

North Carolina

1.7

...I ... +-
I

o.o

o.s

9.4

23.4

3.9

13.3

29.7

2.3

15.6

o.s

o.o

ll. 7

4.2

5.0

15.0

45.8

2.5

13.3

New Industries During 1958

Pennsylvania

3.0

Metropolitan

1.3

Isolated

9.1

3.0

60 l

60 l

29.3

6.1

l.O 15.1

70 l

23.2

2.6

3.9

2.6

31.1

6.5

1.3

18.1

7.8

24.6

4.5

13 0 6

18.2

22.7

4.5

o.o

4.5

4.5

18.2

Source:

Georgia and North Carolina: Industrial Development magazine, monthly issues of the period. Pennsylvania: Industrial Development Project announced in Pennsylvania, January 1-December 31)1958 Pennsylvania Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industrial Development) Harrisburgh) Pennsylvania

Ill. SUGGESTIONS FOR PRODUCT LINES OR INDIVIDUAL PRODUCTS

Tables l through 4 in Appendix l indicate interesting products made in

such highly industrial states as Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, as well as in a moderately industrialized state like Wisconsin and a rapidly

growing state like Florida. Tables 5 and 6, Appendix l, show woodworking and metalworking firms in the forested parts of Illinois, Michigan, and Wis-

consin. A careful study of these lists will be rewarding. The main impression

which will remain is the staggering variety of products, which contradicts the feeling of many people that only certain special products can be made in a small town environment. One is led, on the contrary, to the opposite conclusion--that almost every product can be made and is being made in small

towns. It would be helpful to extend this study by determining what kinds of

industries have been particularly successful in small town environments and

why. This was, however, far beyond the time and budget limitations imposed. Some products which do seem of particular interest are:

l. electric lamps; 2. plastic foams;*

3. plastic products in general;* 4. instruments in general (those interested in this field should read
the case study: "The Yellow Springs Instrument Company".!._/);

5. electronic equipment;* 6. die casting;*

7. precision casting (for an interesting case study in this field, see
"The Antioch Foundry--Morris Bean and Companyl"/-);
8. animal feeders;*
9. tools and dies; 10. women's heels, shoe lasts and window units in the woodworking field;~,
11. specialty paints and a com~.ined paint making decorating service.>'<

For those marked with an asteri~k, the Industrial Development Branch has
~
completed, or has underway at the present time, reports relating to the spe-
cific product or industry. (See Appendix 6 for a listing of these reports
&nd their availability.)

!/ C

"Industries for Small Communi ties, 11 by Arthur E. Morgan, published by

ommunity Service, Inc., Yellow Springs, Ohio, 1953.

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Finally, Appendix 2 contains a list of small manufacturing possibilities for small towns. They are all fields of endeavor which can be started with a relatively small investment. This is not to say that all are in actuality promising ventures. That would have to be investigated for each particular product. Many of them require special skills. The main purpose of the list is to stimulate thought and to draw attention to ways and means of finding gainful employment for people outside of the agricultural field and without depending on outside industries.
Systematic analysis of (1) the location requirements for such manufacturing operations, and (2) of the resources of interested communities will be required, of course, to determine the 11 best bets 11 for any particular town.
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APPENDICES -17-

J

APPENDIX 1 Appendix Table 1 INDUSTRIES IN TOWNS OF 10,000 OR LESS Forested Parts of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin

A. Towns close to larger centers
Product
Advertisement caps and aprons, news bags, laundry bags, danger flags
Aluminum boats Aluminum castings Aluminum combination storm windows,
awnings (aluminum, fibre glass) Anodes, plating supplies, hammers, forging
aluminum, brass, copper Archery equipment Automotive hardware, plumbing hardware Brakes (air) and brake linings Candy Die casting Die casting, aluminum and magnesium Exhaust mufflers Feeders and waterers for hogs and poultry
crop feeders, feed scoops, rat cafeterias Funeral equipment Jigs and fixtures Jigs and fixtures, tools and dies,
fabrications Jigs, fixtures, gauges, wheels, tools Jigs and fixtures, machine products, special
machinery Leather work, gloves, and jackets Materials handling equipment, metal products,
fire fighting equipment Materials handling equipment, deckboards,
ramps, bridges Milking machines, barn cleaning equipment Neon signs

Number of Employees
NA 100
35
5
NA NA NA 150 30 NA
4 105
11 7
NA
35 7
NA NA
16
NA NA NA

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Perfume

NA

Plastic molding

NA

Precision machine parts (branch plant)

57

Racks

NA

Seed cleaning machinery

NA

Saw blades (carbide tipped), cutting tools

NA

Screw machine products

NA

Screw machine products, auto

NA

Screw machine parts

25

Stainless steel food service equipment for

restaurants, bars, hospitals, etc.

NA

Tools

NA

Tubing (metal) fabrication

NA

Truck bodies, trailer bodies

35

Truck cabs and bodies (insulated,

refrigerated) barn cleaners

42

Trailer hitches

NA

Transport bodies, spreaders, conveyors,

unloaders, handling equipment

NA

Water heaters (electric and gas): domestic,

milk house, table top, commercial: water

softeners

17

Water pumps, assemblies, generators, parts,

machining

6

Water systems, cellar drains, pumps, sprink-

lers

12

Woolen hosiery, gloves and mittens, leather

gloves, slipper socks, athletic socks,

casual shoes, hunting mitts and gloves, ski

mitts, golf club head covers

250

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B. Isolated Towns:
Product
Abrasives
Automobile accessories
Bearings, bits, boring bars, boring parts, cutters, tool holders
Boat trailers
Bowling pins
Bowling pins, shoe lasts, women's heels Castings (precision)
Controls, control equipment
Feed (poultry, dairy, fish, rabbit, dog, fur bearing animals)
Furnace work, sheet metal work
Gears: truck transmission and trailer gears, speed reducers, worms, worm gears, sprockets, shafts (helical), spur gears, spline
Lamps (floor, bridge, table) furniture, tables, wood turnings
Marine equipment, winches, windlasses, steering gear, towing machinery, cargo handling gears, gray iron castings, conveyors, industrial equipment, plates
Materials handling equipment Paint
Paints, enamels, metal finishes, adhesives, chemical specialties
Plaster products
Plastics, baits, fishing lures, gaff hooks, pliable plastic products
Signs
Tools and dies
Tools, controls, marine equipment, mining machinery, conveyors, industrial equipment
T.V. antennas and accessories Weatherstrip
Wooden brush and squeegee blocks, pulley sheaves
Wood fibre
Wooden ware (hand decorated), salad bowls, restaurant specialties of wood, maple chipping blocks and cutting boards -21-

Number of Employees
10 NA
50 17 18 110 28 475
59 NA
19
30
464 27 13
NA 10
NA NA 15
22 50 225
12 37
16

Aj:pendix Table 2
INDUSTRIES OF 100 OR MORE EMPLOYEES IN OHIO TOWNS OF 10,000 OR LESS

A. Towns close to larger centers
Product
Aircraft Ammunition
Agricultural Equipment & Supplies Auto Parts & Supplies
Fatty Acids Furnaces Heat Treating Lighting Fixtures Matches Pharmaceuticals
Photo Equipment & Supplies
Plastics
Railroad Equipment & Supplies
Rubber Products Scientific Instruments
Tires & Tubes
B. Isolated towns
Aircraft Parts & Supplies Agricultural Equipment & Supplies Auto Parts & Supplies
Boilers Bolts & Nuts Communication Equipment Electric Appliances
Switch Gears & Switch Board
Enameled Ware Enameling Lamps (G.E.)

Number of Manufacturers
1 1 2 2 1 1 2
i
1 1 1 1 2 10 1 1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3

-22-

Product
Lighting Fixtures Machine Tools Motor Vehicles Plastics Radio, TV, Supplies (parts)
Railroad Equipment & Supplies
Refractories Rubber Products Scientific Instruments Tools
Tires & Tubes

Number of Manufacturers
3 1 2 1 1 1 4 4 1 4 1

-23-

Appendix Table 3
INDUSTRIES WHICH CAME DURING 1958 TO PENNSYLVANIA TOWNS OF 10,000 OR LESS

A. Towns close to larger centers
-Pr-od-uc-ts
Bearings Church furniture Coffee processing Concrete pipe Construction equipment Conveyor belts Electrical measuring instruments Farm machinery Floor sweeping compounds Foam plastic Fractional horsepower motors Garden tools Gun barrels Instruments Materials handling equipment Missile parts
Pharmaceuticals Plastic coated wire Pre-Cut Homes (2) Pyrometric accessories Railroad supplies Thermostat controls
Tools, dies & jigs
Toys Watch movements
Wood & aluminum ladders
Zinc and by-products

Number of Employees
25 75 NA 50 150 30 450 35 35 50 450 40 NA NA 200 230 NA
NA 40 18 NA 1,300 15 45 100 16 28

-24-

F
B. Isolated towns
Product
Bookbinding Butane lighter refills Electronic equipment Electronics Fishing lures Garden tool handles Glass to metal seals Kitchen cabinets Milk dispensers Plastic film Plastic novelties
Radio & electronic parts
Reconditioned bowling pins Transformers Steel rolls Wire recovery

Number of
~~loyees
60 12 50 40
NA
50 25 60 20 200 50 275 25 70
NA
20

-25-

Appendix Table 4 INDUSTRIES IN FLORIDA TOWNS OF 10,000 OR LESS

A. Towns close to larger centers
Products
Printing inks Candy Concrete brick Tobacco processing Edge tools Reeds for music instruments Fabricated structural steel Coloured shells Vinyl plastic sheets Packaging equipment
Industrial & dish towels
Polishing cloths Conveyors
Switchgear & industrial controls
Jams, jellies, marmalades Jalousies
Aluminum & canvas awnings
Canvas umbrellas Post cards Aluminum castings
B. Isolated towns
Automobile stampings Tung oil Electroplating
Tomato packing & shipping Heating apparatus, gas & electric
Oil tanks Aluminum screens Electric vehicles

Number of Employees
25 50 16 NA NA
5 25
5
50 NA
25 15
so
6 10
8 NA
5
NA NA
5 NA
NA
5 5

-26-

Appendix Table 5
FIRMS MAKING PRODUCTS FROM WOOD IN TOWNS WITH LESS THAN 10,000 INHABITANTS
Forested Parts of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin 27 Isolated and 21 Non-Isolated Towns

Product
Archery equipment Bars Basket handles Blocks (one maple chipping) Boxes and crates Box and crate shook Bar sticks Boats (1 Cedar strip boats) Bowling pins Cabinets Casement units Counter tops Creosoted wood Doors (one garage door
sections) Dowels Floors Frames Furniture (one church) Industrial parts Interior trim Hand decorated wooden ware Heels, women's Kitchen equipment Laminated products, plywood,
veneer Lamps

Isolated

Towns Non-Isolated

1

1

1

1

3

4

1

1

1 (Cedar)

3

2

6

3

1

1

1

5 (one garage)

2

Total
2 1 1 3 4 1 1 4 2 9 1 1 1 7

1

1

2

2

2

2

6

6

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

-27-

Mouldings Maple cutting boards Medical swab sticks Pallets Paneling, solid Poles (telephone) Posts Pulley sheaves Restaurant specialties Salad bowls
Sashes Signs Shoe lasts Specialties Stanchion liners Tables (1 bridge) Ties Turnings Window units, windows Wood fiber

4

1

5

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

3

3

1

4

1

1

2

1

3

1

1

Firms are counted for every product they make. The total of the column "Total" is therefore considerably more than the actual number of firms.

-28-

Appendix Table 6
FIRMS MAKING METAL PRODUCTS IN TOWNS WITH LESS THAN 10,000 INHABITANTS
(in Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin)

Product
Air brakes Aluminum awnings Aluminum boats Aluminum castings Aluminum storm windcws Animal feeders Anodes Automotive hardware Bearings Bits Boat trailers Carbide tip saw blades Casement windows Cellar drums Conveyors Cutting tools
Die castings, aluminum &
magnesium Engineering foundry Exhaust mufflers Fabrications Forgings (aluminum, brass,
copper) Foundry supplies Frames Funeral equipment Gauges Gears Generators Grey iron castings

Towns Isolated Non-Isolated

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1 1 1 3

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

Total
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1
1 1 1 3
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4

-29-

Hammers Handling equipment Iron ore Iron work Jigs and fixtures Maciined parts Machine parts Machinery Machine work Marine equipment Metal finishing Metal products Metal specialties
Metal tubing Milking machines Milling cutters Plating supplies Plumbing supplies (hardware) Refrigerators Screw machine parts Shafts (engine) Sheet metal Sheet metal works
Shields Spreaders Sprinklers Stainless steel food service
equipment Tables Tool holders Tools Tractor hitches Transmissions Transport bodies Unloaders Watch bands

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2
2
1
1
1
1 2 1 1 1

-30-

2 2
2
3 7 3
1 3
1 1
1 1 1 2
1 2
1 1 1 1
7 1
4 1

I
2 3 2 1 3 1 4 8 6 2 1
3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
2 1 1 1
1 1 1 9 1 1 5 1 1

Water pumps Water systems Welding Wheels Worm gears
TOTAL

1

1

1

1

1

3

4

1

1

1

1

36

84

120

Firms are counted for every product they make. The total of the column 11 Total11 is therefore considerably more than the actual number of firms.

-31-

.................-----------------------

APPENDIX 2 SMALL SCALE ~~NUFACTURING POSSIBILITIES FOR SMALL TOWNS
A. Based on Wood Hand made quality furniture, furniture parts on a contract basis Quality trays, cups, spoons, plates, bowls, dishes, and ornamental objects for the home Tool handles Cabinets Brooms and mops Picture frames, possibly on contract basis Patterns, possibly on contract basis Artificial limbs
B. Based on Metal Simple tools Simple type agricultural implements Shovels, scoops, forks, etc. Tinsmith work Metal plating Small objects for the home or office, like bookstands, hangers, wire baskets, lamp stands, fireplace screens, ornamental objects, ornaments for gates, doors, fences, etc., perhaps on a contract basis. Patterns, possibly on a contract basis Precision casting Novel ties Advertising signs Roof ventilators, mail boxes, window screens Steel kitchen cabinets Chicken feeders, brooders and fountains A welding shop Store and commercial fixtures, parts for same on contract basis
-33-

C. Based on Synthetic Resins Novelties Toys Specialized light fixtures Small, practical, ingenious gadgets for the home or office Small objects to be used as gifts for advertising purposes
D. Based on Clay Artistic, hand made and decorated dinnerware, tea and coffee sets Fine chinaware Decorative tiles High grade pottery Special cements for jewelers, dentists and instrument makers Brick
E. Based on Edible Materials Specialties like home made style jellies and jams, containing only natural high quality ingredients, dietary products Special, tasty cookies, catering to local snackbars, restaurants and hotels, as well as the homes Peanut shel.ling Grist mill Animal and poultry feeds, perhaps preparing them under contract for local cooperatives Custom slaughtering
F. In the Textile and Related Fields Hemstitching, embroidering and button holing Mattress renovating and repair Wearing apparel contract work Women's sweaters and children's clothing, possibly as contract work
-34-

G. Based on Chemicals Formulation of insecticides and fertilizers for cooperatives Some cosmetic or toilet specialty Veterinary products under contract with some cooperative Poultry house sprays Rust solvents Extraction of essential oils Extracts from medicinal herbs, perhaps on a contract basis Hormones A specialty paint; combined paint manufacturing-decorating service Photographic glues, colors, and print finishing materials A specialty wax or polish
H. Miscellaneous Objects made from leather, as belts, book covers, page indicators, fancy jackets, etc. Luggage, high quality, hand made Recapping Neon signs Ornamental plaster products Photo engraving Precious stone cutting, jewelry engraving Venetian blinds Window shades Concrete blocks and pipe
-35-

APPENDIX 3 PATTERN OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
In Chapter I a pattern of industrial growth has been indicated. Here some statistical data are presented to support that view.
Appendix Table 7 shows total value of finished products turned out by different divisions of industry in the years 1869) 1899) and 1929. In 1869 the four metalworking industries combined already had an output of the same value as the textile-apparel industries) though still far below that of the food industries. Unfortunately) no figures are available for earlier years. , They would probably show that in the beginning of the 19th century the combined metalworking industries produced considerably less value than textilesapparel.
The situation in 1899 is basically the same as in 1869) but in 1929 the combined metalworking industries not only surpassed the textile-apparel industry but even the food industries. For later years figures on output of finished products by industry are not available and have to be replaced by value-added-by-manufacture figures. These in turn are not available for earlier years. Appendix Table 4 shows the situation for later years based on value added by manufacture. Values added by manufacture give) of course)
a somewhat different ranking. The figures show) nevertheless) the same picture: the growing importance of the metalworking and chemical industries
c~ared with the textile-apparel and food industries. Focusing attention
on these industries alone (Appendix Table 9) the increasing importance of the metalworking and chemical industries is noticed.
Corresponding figures for Georgia are given in Table l) Chapter I. The
~nance of the textile-apparel industry and the relatively small though in-
"easing importance of the metalworking industries can be seen at once. It
U extremely interesting to compare the United States and Georgia data with
Uoae of a country like Brazil) (see Table 10) which is still in the initial
of industrial development.
-37-

'

Appendix Table 7 VALUE OF FINISHED PRODUCTS BY INDUSTRY AS
PER CENT OF TOTAL FOR THE UNITED STATES

Industry
Food Tobacco Textiles and apparel Furniture, fixtures Printing and publishing Leather, shoes Stone, clay and glass Fabricated metal products Machinery, except elec-
trical Electrical machinery Transportation Instruments

1869 (Per

Cent

of

1899 Value of

Total

1929 Output)

27 .o

2.9

9.9

2.9

1.5

7.1

1.0

1.0 )

)

6.0

) )

11.3

o.o )

4.3

) )

o.l

32.0

3.9

12.0

1.9

1.8

5.0

1.0

0.9 )

)

6.0

) )

11.9

0.9 )

4.1

) )

0.2

23.0

3.3

12.9

2.6

3.1

3.0

0.8

o.8 )

)

9.2

) )

25.4

3.9 )

)
ll. 5 )

o.5

Source: Historical Statistics of the U. s.' 1789-1945
u. s. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census

-38-

l

Appendix Table 8
LEADING U. S. INDUSTRIES RANKED ACCORDING TO VALUE ADDED BY MANUFACTURE

Rank

1923 ____I_ndus try

Value Added (/o of Tota!2_

1947 Industry

Value Added
(% of Total)

1954 Industry

Value Added
(% of Total)

l.

Textiles and apparel

15.9

Machinery

15.7

Machinery

16.9

2.

Metal products, excl.

13.6

machinery

Metal products: excl. machinery

14.4

Metal products, excl. machinery

14.5

3.

Machinery

11.2

Textiles and apparel

13.2

Transportation equip-

11.9

ment

I

l..V
\()

4.

Food and kindred prods. 9.7

Food and kindred prods. 12.1

Food and kindred prods. 11.5

I

5.

Forest products & furni- 7.4

Transportation equip-

7.9

Textiles and apparel

8.5

ture

ment incl. autos

6.

Transportation equipment 7.4

Chemicals

7.5

Chemicals

8.0

incl. autos

7.

Printing and publishing 6.2

8.

Chemicals

4.6

9.

Stone) clay: glass prods. 3.9

10.

Railroad repair

3.5

Printing and publishing 5.8
Forest products & furni- 5.2
ture
Paper & allied products 3.9
Stone. clay) glass prods. 3.1

Printing and publishing 5.4
Forest products & furni- 4.4
ture
Paper and allied products 3.9
Stone) clay, glass prods. 3.3

Sources:

1923 -- The World Almanac and Book of Facts

1947) 1954)

Census of Manufactures

'

Industry_

Appendix Table 9

United States

1954

(Per Cent of Total Value Added)

Primary metal products, machinery, transportation
Textiles-apparel
Food Chemicals

32.2 15.9
9.7 4.6

38.0 13.2 12.1
7.5

43.3 8.5
ll. 5 8.0

Appendix Table 10

Industry
Food and beverages Textiles-apparel Metallurgy and metalworking Electrical apparatus Chemicals J including rubber
goods and paper Tobacco Ceramics and cement Printing Tanning and leather industries Lumber and manufacture of wood
products

1919

Brazil 1939

1949

(Per Cent of Total Value Added)

28.6 36.4
6.0

26.9 23.9 ll. 7

17.4

24.8

12.4

) )

14.3

1.9 )

9.0

ll. 5

15.9

5.3

2.1

3.8

4.7

4.5

3.2

2.0

1.8

1.5

1.2

5.2

4.8

2.2

Source: "Economic Growth: Brazil, India, Japan," edited by S. Kuznets, W. E. Moore and J. J. Spengler, Duke University Press; 1955, P 71

-40-

Again the dominance of the textile and food industries, the rise of the metalworking and chemical industries, and the relative decline of the textile and woodworking industries (and in this case the food industries) are apparent.
It might be argued that the metalworking industries can only develop in a coal-iron ore region or close to it. That this is not correct is proven by the example of Massachusetts, where the metalworking industries contribute 39.2 per cent of the value added by manufacture against 13.8 per cent contributed by textiles and apparel. Massachusetts is not particularly close to the coal-iron ore region.
It is true that no heavy metal industries of importance now exist outside the coal-iron ore regions (unless artifically fostered as in some planned economies). However, the development of new techniques for reducing iron ore, which do not require coke or large amounts of coke, is expected to make decentralization of the steel industry possible. If this occurs, rapid development of metalworking plants can be expected in areas where such development would otherwise likely be comparatively slow.
-41-

Appendix Table 11
GENERAL STATISTICS OF SOUTHEASTERN AND SOME NORTHERN STATES, 1956

A. Basic Figures
Alabama Florida Georgia North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee
Illinois Michigan Ohio Pennsylvania Wisconsin

Land Area Sg. Miles
51,078 54,262 58,484 49_,097 30,305 41,797
55,935 57,022 41,000 45,045 54,705

Population
3,121)000 3_,885_,000 3, 709,000 4,406,000 2,329,000 3,420,000
9,482,000 7,580,000 9' 071' 000 lo,94o,ooo 3, 788,000

Value Added By Manufacturing
$ 1,589,302,000 1, 130,318,000 2,093,277_,000 2, 742,276,000 1) 386,024:000 1, 986_,085,000
ll, 694,472,000 l0,066,544,000 12,371,767,000 12,017' 616' 000
3,948,529,000

-42-

B. Derived Figures

Alabama Florida Georgia
N. Carolina
s. Carolina
Tennessee

Value Added

Inhabitants Per

Per

Per

Per Sq. Mile Sq. Mi. Capita Worker

61

31,100

510 8,070

72

20,800

290 10,200

64

35,800

560 7,250

90

55,700

620 6,680

77

45,600

590 6,970

82

47,400

580 8,700

Production Workers Per 1,000 Inhabitants
63 29 78 93 85 67

Per Capita Income
1,254 1,755 1,412 1,333 1,157 1,347

Illinois

169

209,000 1,230 ll' 970

103

Michigan

133

176,000 1,330 12,270

107

Ohio

221

301,000 1,360 ll,810

ll6

Pennsylvania

243

267,000 1,100 9,940

llO

Wisconsin

69

72,300 1,080 10,800

92

2,385 2,158 2,184 2,027 1, 872

Farm Employment Per 1,000 Workers

Southeast

58

East North Central 36

Sources: Statistical Abstracts of the United States The World Almanac and Book of Facts

-43-

APPENDIX 4
BIG CITY VS. SMALL TOWN AS A PLANT LOCATION
When a plant location decision involves the alternatives of a large
city or a small town, what are the factors to be weighed?
A plant probably belongs in a large city if it needs;
1. Maximum transportation facilities for people and goods. 2. Immediate availability of a variety of supplies, parts, and
materials. 3. Speedy communication by mail, telegraph, and telephone. 4. Close contact with individuals and groups in related business
fields. 5. Maximum banking and other financial facilities. 6. Specialized services such as testing laboratories, computers,
etc. 7. Extensive information sources including technical libraries and
archives. 8. Comprehensive professional counsel - legal, medical, engineer-
ing, etc. 9. Extensive maintenance and repair services. 10. Close access to major educational and scientific institutions. 11. Wide range of labor skills. 12. Metropolitan amenities including large hotels, clubs, amuse-
ments, etc. 13. Convenient access for business visitors. 14. Complete municipal services including water, sewers, power,
gas, fire and police protection, waste disposal, etc.
(Complete municipal services are sometime available in small com-
munities but they are seldom adequate for much growth.)
A Plant probably belongs in a small town if it needs:
1. Maximum labor stability. 2. Freedom from restrictive union practices. 3. Relatively lower wage rates. 4. Minimum land costs for expansion. 5. Company prominence in community affairs. 6. Freedom from congestion. 7. Generally lower local tax rates. 8. Country living environment. 9. Community support for plant.
To enjoy some of the advantages of both, many plants choose subur-
ban locations - in small towns near the big cities. Where sites in
well-planned industrial districts are available, such locations are
often desirable, but single small sites may become unsuitable as urban
growth surrounds them.
-45-

Few big cities have any effective means, except by slow and costly urban redevelopment, of providing space for their growing industries or for new ones. Most of the older manufacturing plants are structurally obsolete, and most of the warehouse buildings have low ceilings or narrow bays that prevent the use of modern materials-handling equipment.
But when realistic price tags on all the factors listed above are added up, some industries will find it cheaper to replace an obsolete building with a new one on a city site, than to move to a small town.
For many industries which need to be in big cities, multi-story ~odern buildings and underground parking are economically feasible. Prestressed concrete has raised the limits of floor loads and bay widths. Vertical material movement has new applications, and the force of gravity is still free.
On the other hand the difference in the length of the lists of bigcity and the small-town advantages doesn't mean that the big city has the generally stronger pull. In many cases the first four items on the ~nall-town list outweigh all 14 items on the big-city list.
In recent writings and discussions of plant location, however, the advantages of the small town and the small city have been more effectively presented than the advantages of the big city. Local, state, and regional groups have promoted the smaller communities, where industrial property could be acquired and local support for development programs enlisted with relative ease. Most of the larger cities, already industrialized, short of suitable vacant land, and facing many other press-
.k.
ing problems, have lacked strong and unified industrial programs.
*The above is extracted from an address by Stuart P. Walsh, Director of Industrial Planning Associates, to the Peninsula Chapter of the American Institute of Industrial Engineers.
-46-

r

APPENDIX 5 ASSEMBLY TYPE PLANTS IN GEORGIA

Product
Automobiles Aircarft Road building equipment Mobile homes Truck trailers Garden tractors Elevators Elevator bodies Transformers
Boilers Cotton gins Bottling and bottle
washing equipment Presses Material handling
equipment Log debarkers Vending machines

Company Name

Location

Ford and General Motors

Atlanta area

Lockheed Aircraft Corp.

Marietta

Le Tourneau-Westinghouse Co.

Toccoa

Eleven firms in different parts of the state

Great Dane Trailers, Inc.

Savannah

Gravely Tractor Company

Albany

Southeastern Elevator Co.

Atlanta

Cook and Company

Hazelhurst

General Electric Company Westinghouse Electric Co.

Rome Athens

Babcock & Wilcox Company

Brunswick

Lummus Cotton Gin Company

Columbus

Miller Hydro Company

Bainbridge

Harris Foundry & Machine Co.
Link-Belt Company
Jervis B. Webb & Co. of Ga.
Fulghum Industries
Damar Company

Cordele Atlanta Atlanta Wadley Marietta

-47-

I
I
I

APPENDIX 6
. leports listed here are available on request from the Georgia Department . of Commerce, Atlanta, Georgia, or from the Industrial Development Branch.
-49-

-------------

REPORTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BRANCH ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THROUGH FEBRUARY, 1960
swanson, Ernst W. A Report to the Georgia Ports Authority on the Feasibility of Bulkhandling
Facilities at Savannah. Prepared for the Georgia Ports Authority. December 27, 1956. 3lp.
swanson, Ernst W., and Ben W. Carmichael, Joseph E. Kling, John R. Peterson, Thera H. Richter
A Petroleum Refinery for Brunswick: Pushing Forward Georgia's New Frontiers. Part I. First draft. 1957. 68p.
Fulmer, John L., and Ernst W. Swanson Georgia's New Frontiers. October, 1958. 46p.
Peterson, J. R. A Frozen Food Plant for the Pavo, Georgia Area: A Feasibility Study.
Prepared for the Georgia State Department of Commerce. September, 1957. 30p.
Fulmer, John L. Population Estimates of Georgia Counties for 1956-1957, with Analysis of
Reasons for Changes from 1950. Special Report No. 33. December, 1957. 59p.
Swanson, Ernst W., and Ben W. Carmichael, Walter P. Kennon, Joseph E. Kling, Thera H. Richter
An Analysis of the Port Potentials and Port Sites of Brunswick and Glynn County. Prepared for the City of Brunswick, Glynn County and the Brunswick Port Authority. December, 1957. 26p.
Wagner, Kenneth C., and John R. Peterson, Thera H. Richter Georgia Tech Industrial Development Manual. February, 1958. 47p.
Peterson, J. R. An Evaluation of the Economic Assets and Liabilities of the Valdosta Area.
hepared for the Valdosta and Lowndes County Chamber of Commerce, Valdosta, Georgia. May, 1958. 68p.
~anson, Ernst W., and Ben W. Carmichael, Walter P. Kennon, Joseph E. Kling, Thera H. Richter, A. Eugene Queen
A Petroleum Refinery for Brunswick, Georgia: A Feasibility Analysis. hepared for the City of Brunswick, Glynn County and the Brunswick Port Authority. June, 1958. 103p.
White, Lamar Metal Lockers: A Manufacturing Opportunity for Georgia. Prepared for Georgia Department of Commerce. July, 1958. 25p.
, John L. Analysis of Intercounty Commuting of Workers in Georgia. Prepared in
ation with Employment Security Agency, Georgia Department of Labor. , 1958. 7Sp.
-51-

Van Geuns, Robert E. Charcoal Briquettes: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
for the Georgia Department of Commerce. August, 1958. 17p.

Prepared

Lewis, Jerry L. Labor Turnover Study. Prepared for Garment Manufacturing Company,
"Southern," Georgia. August, 1958. 35p. (Confidential)

Kennon, Walter P., and Robert E. Van Geuns, Newton T. Anderson 8 Potentials for Plastics in Georgia. Prepared for the Georgia Department
of Commerce. November, 1958. 49p.

White, Lamar and Vivian Conklin An Analysis of the Portland Cement Market in and Near Georgia.
for the Georgia Department of Commerce. December, 1958. 67p.

Prepared

Queen, Eugene Room Air Conditioners: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia. Prepared
for the Georgia Department of Commerce. December, 1958. 38p.

Han, P. B. Tin Cans: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia. February, 1959. 39p.

Anderson, Newton T. Plastic Pipe: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia. Prepared for the
Georgia Department of Commerce. December, 1958. 45p.

Kennon, Walter and William E. Durrett Ceramic Floor and Wall Tile: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
Prepared for the Georgia Department of Commerce. December, 1958. 35p.

Peterson, J. R. Paperboard Containers for the Food and Apparel Industry: A Manufacturing
Opportunity in Georgia. Prepared for the Georgia Department of Commerce. December, 1958. 29p.

Whitlatch, George I., and Robert E. Van Geuns An Evaluation of the Economic Assets and Liabilities of the Columbus Area.
Prepared for the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, Columbus, Georgia. March, 1959 128p.

Swanson, Ernst W., and Lamar White, Vivian Conklin, Joseph E Kling An Evaluation of Freight Traffic and Economic Potentials, Flint River
Valley Area. Prepared for the Flint River Development Committee and the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. April, 1959. (unpaged)

Conklin, Vivian and Ernst W. Swanson, Lamar White Freight Traffic Tabulations for Flint River Study Area, Commodity-by,r:;ount1
and County -by -commodity. Prepared on be.half of the Flint River Development: t;or mittee, for use by the Corps of Engineers, U. So Army. April, 1959. (unpaged) (not available for general distribution)

-52-

Lewis, Jerry L.
Manpower Resources in the Columbus, Georgia Area. Prepared for the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, Columbus, Georgia. May, 1959. 26p.

Chiang, Tze I., and Ben W. Carmichael Wood Particle Board: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
for the Georgia Department of Commerce. March, 1959. 74p.

Prepared

Wagner, Kenneth C., and J. R Peterson, Thera H. Richter. (Revised by George I. Whitlatch)
Georgia Tech Industrial Development Manual. April, 1959. 105p.

Greenhut, Melvin H., and J. R. Peterson An Evaluation of the Transportation Facilities of Valdosta, Georgia.
prepared for the Valdosta and Lowndes County Chamber of Commerce, Valdosta, Georgia. May, 1959. 16p.

Lewis, Alvin H., and Joseph E Kling Projected Land-Use for Brunswick-Glynn County: An Economic Analysis of
the Growth Potentials and Optimum Land Allocation. Prepared for the City of Brunswick, Glynn County and the Brunswick Port Authority. May, 1959. 33p.

Fulmer, John L. Analysis of Georgia Personal Income Payments, By Counties. February, 1959.
70 p.

Queen, A. Eugene Coastal Bermuda Meal: An Industrial Possibility for Gevrgia. Prepared
for the Georgia Department of Commerce. June, 1959. 4lp.

Whitlatch, George I. An Analysis of Industrial Sites in the Columbus, Georgia Area. Prepared
for the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, Columbus, Georgia. June, 1959. lOp. (Confidential)

Chiang, Tze I. Potential Wood-Using Industries for Georgia. Prepared for the Georgia
Department of Commerce. July, 1959. 6lp.

Kennon, Walter, and William E. Durrett Vitreous China Sanitary Ware: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
hepared for the Georgia Department of Commerce. July, 1959. 20p.

Cooper, Roy B.
Electronics: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia. Georgia Department of Commerce. October, 1959. 62p.

Prepared for the

Chiang, Tze I. A Study of Wood Briquetting Fuels and Possibilities in Application in ia. Prepared for the Georgia Department of Commerce. September, 1959.

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Eisenhauer, William C., and Robert E. Van Geuns Paint Production: A Manufacturing Possibility for Small Georgia Communi-
ties. Prepared for the Georgia Department of Commerce. December, 1959. 25p.

Carmichael, Ben Light Metal Castings: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
for the Georgia Department of Commerce. February, 1960. 33p.

Prepared

Carmichael, Ben Die Castings: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
Georgia Department of Commerce. February, 1960. 18p.

Prepared for the

Van Geuns, Robert E. Liquid Synthetic Detergents: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Georgia.
Prepared for the Georgia Department of Commerce. February, 1960. 56p.

Peterson, J. R., and Walter P. Kennon
Mobile Homes: A Manufacturing Opportunity in Valdosta, Georgia. Prepared for the Valdosta and Lowndes County Chamber of Commerce. February, 1960. 13p.

Earnest, Robert C. An Evaluation of the Financial Facilities of Valdosta, Georgia. Pre-
pared for the Valdosta and Lowndes County Chamber of Commerce, Valdosta, Georgia. February, 1960. llp.

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