Information in regard to commercial fertilizers and chemicals and illuminating oils [1898-1904]

S-ELECTI 0 NS
FROlol THE
Annual Fertilizer Bulletins
OF THE
Georgia Department of Agriculture
FROM

HON. 0. B. STEVENS
Commissioner of Agriculture

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"He that m ak eth two ears ot corn, or two blades or grass to grow

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upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, deserves better ot

mankind, and does more essential service to his country than the whole

race of poli ticians put together."- Dean Swift.

ATI,ANTA, GA. GEO. W . HARRISON, State Printer The Franklin Printing and Publisbiug Company
1906

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INTRODUCTION.

'rhe Georgia Department of Agriculture during the past seven

years has published no annual, but instead saved its money for

the purpose of publishing and sending out a mass of information

concerning all the industries of the State, the growth of its cities,

towns, railroads, manufacturing, commercial and agricultural

enterprises.

About ro,ooo copies of "Georgia: Historical and Industrial,'' .

and 4,000 copies of "Georgia's Resources and Advantage~" have

been distributed throughout the United States, with no cost to

the recipients except for express or mail charges. The Depart-

ment has also sent out every year from twenty to twenty-five

thousand copies of the annual fertilizer bulletins, several thousand

of the administrative reports and many monthly talks. In the

present volume we present our annual bulletins from 1898 to

1904, including but once any matter that is contained in more

than one annual fertilizer bulletin.

It will be noticed that bulletin 37 in this volume is not like

the others, a fertilizer bulletin, being the only exception to our

since adopted rule of numbering all bulletins on other subjects

than those treated in the fertilizer bulletin as additions to said

bulletin as, for instance, after bulletin 41, additional ones between

that and bulletin 42 were called Bulletin 41 (a:), Bulletin 4 I ( u),

etc.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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FROM BULLETIN G EORGIA D EPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ) I '

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SERIAL No. 35.

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SEASON t898-t899.

INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS

UNDER THE BGPERVIBION OJ'
0. B. ST E VENS ,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia..

JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

P. L. HUTCHINSON, First Assistant State Chemist.

R . G. WILLIAMS, Second Assistant Sta te Chemist.

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THE LAW GOVERNING THE INSPECTION OF FERTI-
TILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIAL.
For the convenience of both manufacturer and consumer, the Jaw regulating the sale of Commercial Fertilizers, passed and approved October 9, 1891, is given in full below:
AN ACT
T0 amend and consolidate the laws governing the inspection, analysis and sale of commercial fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal in the State of Georgia and to repeal all other laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith, and for other purposes.
SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, That all manufacturers of, or dealers in, commercial fertilizers or chemicals, or cotton-seed meal, to be used in manufacturing the same, who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal, shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia the name of each brand of fertilizers or chemicals which he or they may desire to sell in said State, either by themselves or their agents, together with the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, and also the guaranteed analysis thereof, and if the same fet'tilizer is sold under different names, said fact shall be so stated, and the different brands that are identical shall be named.
SEc. II. Be it further enacted, That all fertilizers, or chemicals for manufacturing the same, and all cotton-seed meal offered for sale or distribution in this State, shall have branded upon, or attached to, each bag, barrel or package the guaranteed analysis thereof, showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain, embracing the following determinations:
Moisture at 2 12 deg. Fah .... .. .. .......... per cent. Insoluble phosphoric acid . . . ....... ..... .. .per cent.. Available phosphoric acid ....... . . . ....... per cent. Ammonia, actual and potential .. ........ ... per cent. Potash (K20) ... ................... . ... . per cent.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF j\GRICULTURE.

The analysis so placed upon, or attached to, said fertilizer or chemical shall be a guarantee by the manufacturer, agent or person offering the same for sale that it contains substantially the ingredients indicated thereby, in the percentages named therein, and said guarantee shall be binding on said manufacturer, agent or dealer, and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total or pa1iial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal.
SEc. III. Be it' further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to forbid the sale of either of the following: Any acid phosphate which contains less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid; any acid phosphate with potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and potash when the per cents. of the two are added together; any acid phosphate with ammonia which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid and ammonia when the per cents. of the two are added together; any acid phosphate with ammonia and potash which contains a sum total of less than ten per centum of available phosphoric acid, an1monia and potash when the per cents. of the three are added together; that no brands shall be sold as ammoniated superphosphates unless said brai1ds contain 2 per cent. or more of an1monia. And also to forbid the sale of all cotton-seed meal which is shown by official analysis to contain
less than 7y;; per cent. of ammonia. Nothing in this Act shall be
construed to nullify any of the requirements of an Act entitled an Act to require the inspection and analysis of cottonseed meal.
SEc. IV. Be it further enacted, That all persons or firms who may desire or intend to sell fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal in this State, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a printed or a plainly written request for tags therefor, stating the name of the brand, the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the number of tons of each brand, and the number-of tags required, and the person or persons to whom the same is consigned, the guaranteed analysis, also the number of pounds contained in each bag, barrel or package in which said fertilizer, chen1ical or cottonseed-meal is put up, and shall at the time of said request for tags forward directly to the Commissioner of Agriculture tlw ~inn of ten cents per ton as an inspection fee; whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties so applying, who shall attach a tag to each bag, barrel or package

BULLETIN NO. 35

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thereof, which, when attached to said bag, barrel or package, shall be pri11w facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act. Any tags left in possession of the manufacturer or dealer at the end of the season shall not be used for another season, nor shall they be redeemable by the Department of Agriculture.
SEc. V. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any person, firm or corporation, either by themselves or their agents, to sell or offer for sale in this State any fertilizer, chemiicals or cotton-seed meal without first registering the same with the Commissioner of Agriculture,, as required by this Act, and the fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party so selling or offering the same for sale.
SEc. VI. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers, or so many inspectors as in said Commissioner's judgment may be necessary, who shall hold their offices for such terms as saicl. Commissioner of Agriculture shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the provisions of this Act. The greatest compensation that any one inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of one hundred dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector. It shall be his duty to inspect all fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal that may be found at any point within the limits of this State and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and shall see that all fet-tilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal are properly tagged.
SEc. VII. Be it further enacted, That each inspector of fertilizers shall be provided with bottles in which to place samples of fertilizers, chemicals or cotton-seed meal drawn by him, and shall also be provided with leaden tags, numbered in duplicate from one upward, and it shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to d~aw a sample of all fertilizer , chemicals and cotton-seed meal that he may be requested to inspect, or that he may find uninspected, and he shall fill two sample bottles with each brand, and place one leaden tag of same number in each sample bottle, and shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number correspond ing to the mm1ber on said leaden tags in said bottles, and shall also write on the label on one of said bottles the name of the fertilizer, chemical or cotton-seed meal inspected, the name of the manufacturer, the place where manufactured, the place where

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

inspected, the date of inspection, and the name of the inspector, and shall send or cause to be sent to the Commissioner of Agriculture the sample so drawn by him, annexed to a full report of said inspection, written on the form prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture which report must be numbered to correspond with the number on said sample bottles and number on the leaden tags placed therein; and it shall also be the duty of said inspectors of fertilizers to keep a complete record of all inspections. made by them on forms prescribed by said Commissioner of Agriculture. Before entering upon the discharge of their duties. they shall take and subscribe, before some officer authorized to administer the same, an oath, faithfully to discharge all the duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this Act.
SEc. VIII. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in regard to the inspection, analysis and sale of fertilizers, chemicals and cotton-seed meal not inconsistent with the provisions of thi Act, a in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof.
SEc. IX. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to keep a correct account of all money received from the inspection of fertilizers, and to pay the same into the treasury, after paying out of said sum the expenses. and salaries of inspectors, and for the tags and bottles used in making such inspections.
SEc. X . Be it further enacted, That all contracts for the sale of fertilizers 01- chemicals in the State of Georgia, ma.de in any other manner than as required by thi Act, shall be absolutely void; prov ided) that nothing in thi Act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate, kainit or other fertilizer material in bulk to each other by importers, manufacturers or manipulators who mix fertilizer material for sale, or a preventingthe free and unrestrir !d shipment of the e article in bulk to manufacturers or ma111pulator who mix fertilizer material for sale.
SEC. XI. Be it further enacted , That any per on elling or offering for sale any fertilizer or chemical s without ha Ying first complied with the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of Georgia.
SEc. XII. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.

BULLETIN NO. 35

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FORMAL REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION.
To 0. B. STEVENS) Conumssione-r of Agriculture) Atlanta) Ga.: You are hereby requested to register for sale and distribution
in the State of Georgia . ..... .. . .... . ........ manufactured by- .......................... at ..................... .
TH:E FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE BRAND.
Moisture at 202 deg. Fah .... . . ..... ... . .. per cent. Insoluble phosphoric acid ................. per cent. Available phosphoric acid ......... ........ . per cent. Ammonia, actual .and potential. . ... ....... .. per cent. Potash (K20) . ... ...... . ... .. . ... .. . ... per cent.
The ammonia is in the form of .......... . Nitrate of soda has been used in the manufacture of this brand.
The ................ is put up in ................. of ..... .......... lbs. each . .. .. . ........ ........ . ....... . It is identical with ..................................... .
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute theabove brand before the official analysis thereof is made ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . agree and bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money therefor, if after the official analysis is made, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law.

2. Under section IV., relating to requests for tags, in order that no delay may occur in shipments, the manufacturer or dealer need not notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name of the purchaser or consignee, but must notify the Commissioner in writing of every sale or consignment, or the clay in which the same is made. This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons, together with the name of the purchaser or consignee and their places of residence. It must request inspection and contain an agreement to cancel all sales

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of' AGRICULTURE.

thereof, in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law. The following form may be used, substantial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient:

NOTICE OF SALES AND CO SIGNMENTS, AND REQUEST FOR INSPECTION.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 ..
To 0. B . Stevens, C0111,111-issioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga:.:
You are hereby notified that . . . . . . . . . . .. have this day made the following sales and consignments, and request that the same be inspected :
.; c
~ 0
z 0
In consideration of being allowed to sell and distribute the above before the official analysisthereof is made, .. .. ... . . agree and bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claim for purchase money thereof, if, after the official analysis is made, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with the law.
Manufacturers and dealers, by this rule, are not required to delay shipment in order that the inspection may be made, but are required to see that their goods are properly tagged, the inspection being made while the ferti lizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or consignee.
3 All orders for tags must be sent direct to this department, and the request must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the rate of ten cents per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which they are to be used.
Manufacturers and dealers, or their agents, may request tags in such quantities as they see fit, but each request must state distinctly the brand or brands on which they are to be used, with the numbe( of tons of the brands, or of each of said brands.
It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertlizer material be actually on hand at the time the request is made, but manufac-

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turers or dealers can order such a number of tags as they may need during the season, bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the department.
In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascertained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand, by proper notice, with the consent of the Commissioner, the tags can be used on another brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight and sold or consigned the same season.
4 If a fertilizer be offered for registration, inspection, or sale, branded as either of the following:
"Ammoniated Superphosphate," "Ammoniated Dissolved Bone," "Ammoniated Guano," "Guano," "Fertilizer," or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate, the guaranteed analysis must claim that it contains not less than two per cent. of ammonia (actual or potential). 5 That part of section III. excepting from the operation of the Act, an Act to require the inspection and analysis of cotton-seed "meal" leaves the inspection of that article under the Calvin bill, which requires that all cotton-seed meal, for whatever purpose used, be inspected. It is therefore necessary, and is required, that a request for inspection be sent to the Commissioner, and that the inspection be made in the hands ~f the manufacturer, dealer, or their agent, or, if shipped in the State, at some convenient point, before the meal is sold or distributed. In all cases fees will be sent direct to the Commissioner, who wi ll immediately order the nearest inspector to make the inspection.

CALVIN BILL.
COTTON-SEED MEAL.
A bill to be entitled an Act to require all cotton-seed meal to be subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale, and to forbid the sale in this State of such cotton-seed meal if it be shown by the official analysis
that the same contains less than 70 per centum of ammonia;
to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the provisions of this Act, and for other purposes.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, .and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to offer for sale in this State any cotton-seed meal until the same shall have been duly analyzed by the State Chemist and inspected as now required by law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or composting -purposes; nor shall it be Iawful to offer such cotton-seed meal for sale in this State if it be shown by the official analysis that the
.same contains less than 70 per centum of ammonia; providr!d,
that the provisions of this Act as to the per centum mentioned in this section shall not apply to meal manufactured from sea-island cotton seed; but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall , upon the passage of this Act, fix and make public a minimum per centum, which shall control as to the cotton-seed meal referred to in this proviso; P1'ovided, further, that if any cotton-seed meal shall not analyze up to the required per centum of ammonia, the same may be offered for sale as second-class meal, provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack.
SEc. II. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be branded upon or attached to each sack, barrel or package of cottonseed-meal offered for sale in this State the true analysis as determined by the State Chemist, and the number of pounds net in each sack, barrel or package.
SEc. III. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, Tb.t it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessary to make effective the provisions of sections I and 2 of this Act.
SEc. IV. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be puni shed as prescribed in section 4310 of the Code of I882.
SEc. V. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the ':Same are, hereby repealed.
Approved July 22, I891.

BULLETIN NO. 35

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BLALOCK BILL.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS-HOW BRANDED AND GRADED.

No. 358.
An Act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for the branding of the same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for other purposes.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful to sell any complete commercial fertilizer in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters of not less than one inch.
SEc. 2. Be it further enacted, That the grades of such fertilizers shall be divided into three, to wit: "High grade," which shall contain not less than fourteen per cent. of plant food; "Standard grade," which shall contain not less than twelve per cent. of plant food, and "Low grade," which shall contain not less than ten per cent. of plant food; provided, this Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August, I898.
SEc. 3 Be it further enacted, That a failure to comply with the requirements of this Act shall subject the seller thereof to all the pains and penalties now of force for failure to have fertilizers properly inspected.
SEc. 4 Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 21, 1897.
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, HOW BRANDED, ETC.
No. 170.
A n Act to amend section 1 of an Act entitled "An Act to prescribe three grades of complete commercial fertilizers, for the branding of the same upon each sack or package of fertilizers, and for. other purposes; so as to make it unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers in this State w1less the grade of the same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one inch.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SEcTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this Act, the above recited section be, and same is, hereby amended by striking from the third line of said section the word "complete," so that when amended, said section shall read as follows: Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, That from and after the passage of this Act, it shall be unlawful to sell any commercial fertilizers in this State unless the grade of same is branded upon each sack or package thereof in letters not less than one inch; provided, that this Act shall not be construed as applying to cotton-seed meal and German kainit and muriate of potash; and that said Act shall not go into effect until the first day of August, 1899.
SEc. 2 . Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 22, 1898.

REMARKS BY THE COMMISSIONER.

The efforts of the Department of Agriculture have been directed mainly to promoting an improved and increased production in the different branches of agriculture that go to sustain and support the farmer. Asstm1ing that everything used on the farm should be raised at home, so far as ou r principal crops are concerned, it is only relative production that the department seeks to stimulate; that is to say, that increase in production which is not accompanied by any corresponding investment or other additional expense, and the effort of which is simply to increase\ the
farmer's profits by reducing the cost of production. To this end,
and that of creating a better demand and better market for our home products, all the energies of this department shall be directed. We must abandon credit prices and reduce our farms to where we can rw1 them on a cash basis. It is a fact that the products sold by the fanners are disposed of at the lowest price, and what he buys is bought at the highest price. This has always been so, and by the laws of trade and commerce will continue to be so.
OUR LANDS.
Rotation means to raise crops that, barring accidents, each succeeding crop shall be as good as the first, without doing the land-

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harm. How? First, by using good judgment in selecting such crops as are suitable to the soil. Second, by using fertilizers to supply the soil with plant food suitable for the crops to be raised. Third, by working year after year with manures, drainage, irrigation, terracing, plowing deep on red lands, harrowing, rolling, always having in view a purpose to make the land better, and better crops are sure to follow. Do not wait until your land is run down, but commence at once. We have men with limited means who have bought land on credit, who at some time expect to own their homes, clear of debt. Speaking, then, especially to this class of men, I would say, you require strong arms and brave hearts; industry that makes every day count for some progress; economy that puts every hour of work and every penny earned where it will help provide for the family, improve the farm, or lift the mortgage. Do not think yourself a poor man, if you have health. The man who continually bemoans his condition is lost in the struggle. Preachers tell us we are saved by faith, but the Scriptures teach us we are saved by hope. You will find that you need both. I speak to you from experience. But with these qualities, any man may select a piece of good farming land, with its rich clay soi l, and feel confident of paying for it.

STOCK.
The practical farmer who makes farming a success wi ll keep all the st9ck he can maintain. Stock of every variety should be kept, but only the improved breeds. To be sure of good milch cows on the dairy farm, save the heifers of the best cows bred to a. sire from a good milk and butter producing family. It costs a trifle more to produce a pound of pork than it does to produce a pound of beef, but there is this much to be said in favor of hogs, they will grow and multiply more rapidly than any other domestic animal. Hogs sold or slaughtered before they reach two hundred pounds, as a rule, pay the producer best. Land will produce more food and support more stock if none of it is used for .Pasturage. With the present price of farm products. and cost of labor, however, a large reliance on pasturing is necessary; but there ought to be some provision made on every farm for additional food for stock, when the pastures get short in summer. For this purpose sown or drilled corn, sorghum, millet, peas, popcorn and such other forage as you can grow, should be planted.
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GEORGIA ~EPARTME NT OF AGRICULTU~E.

INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION OF OUR ;CHILDREN.
Instruction is not always education. Neither does a knowledge .of facts always render an ,individual's faculties available. 'The power to do something useful enlarges life and happiness as surely as book-learning is useful to increase one's store of facts . Muscle helps brain even as brain helps muscle, and the value of the trained eye and the \)killed hand is. ordinarily far beyond that of the limited mental training received from the schools by the average indi vidual. Unequal development in plant or animal life fails to satisfy modern ideals. Thoughtful parents and educators are ever seeking methods and courses of study which will not enfeeble the body whi le brain power is being developed-that will not waq) the moral nature while the intellect is being trained . So long as indi vidual or natural life reaches out to build, to broaden and to cultivate, we may expect growth, vigor and endurance. Industrial education, therefore, promises much towards the solution of some of the difficult problems which confront the world today. The child is not made for the school, but the school for the child. vVhatever instruction teaches the child how to think, whatever forms in him the essentials of an upright character and a working knowledge of the vocation he must follow, gives him a liberal education, whether he has attended school one year or five, whether he has been taught in the country school-house or the State University. T o love work, to have the hab it of industry, and to find pleasure in work thoroughly well clone, means success, happiness and a useful career. Again, activity is the law of a useful life, and by well-directed industrial training may be made a means of development and delight. Thought, without po~ver to use it, is of small value. Beautiful words about the sanctity of the home and the nobility of woman's mission will neither sustain life nor relieve the weary round of domestic affairs, which daily grows more complex and disheartening.
Wages shrink and wants increase. \!\Thence shall come relief? Only by such education of our youth as will enable them to make every dol!i:tr earned bring its full measure of value to the enlightened and skilled wage-earner. More knowledge and better . food in the home means more vigor and courage in the world of industry-means less sickness and less enforced idleness. Out from the safe shelter of comfortable homes . can our people not lend a helping hand to the multitudes \tho suffer because of ignorance, and give them industrial education?

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DEBT.
An illustration of the depressing financial condition which prevails in Georgia to-day is the mortgaging of farm lands and bringing the farmer into bondage to the Eastern money-lenders. Every town has its loan agents, and the work goes briskly on. The l'l)Ortgage is the bulldog of obligation; it is the heaviest thing of its size known to mankind. Georgia gathers from her fields $3,ooo,ooo each year and sends it away to liquidate the interest account of the mortgages which cover a large area of the farming lands in this State, and year after year this drain deepens and increases. Where will the end be? A contented rural population is not only a measure of strength and an assurance of peace, but a resource of courage and bravery when war is upon us. The country districts have been the nursery of the public men who have made this country great. Washington was born in the country; Jefferson and Henry Clay were farmers; Webster dreamed amidst the solitude of the forest. Our own Ben Hill walked between the plow-handles; Gov. Brown gathered the golden grain from the wheat fields; A lexander Stephens found immortality under the trees of his country home. Cobb, Toombs and Calhoun were country gentlemen and statesmen. The character of almost every man in history was formed in the leisure and deliberation of villaO'e or country life. Let the farmers, in simple thrift and economy, make their hort1es independent. Let them in frugal industry make themselves sustaining. In sacrifice and denial let us keep free from debt and obligations. Let us make them homes of refinement in 'which we shall teach our daughters that modesty, patience and gentleness are the chief charm of woman. Let us make them temples of liberty, and teach our sons that an honest conscience is every man's political law; that his soverei gnty rests beneath his hat, and that no spendthrift can rob him and no force justify the surrender of the simplest right of a free and independent citizen. We are placed in this world for but one purpose. That purpose is progress, and to us is delegated the duty to improve and develop the children God has given us. The child of the present is the citizen of the future. The children of to-day will fill the positions of trust in State and church, and will fill also the prisons and penitentiaries. It rests with us, therefore, which place our children will occupy, for the social purity of the future depends largely upon the training of to-day. It is a responsibility which w.e, as parents, can not avoid. It can not

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GJtORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

be transferred. Parents should know the whereabouts of their boys; mothers should be more companionable with their daughters, and guard carefully their social intimacies and enY.ironments. By following this plan much needless sorrow and many painful heartaches may be avoided, and when on that last great day, we shall be called to stand before the Judge of all the earth, and the question is asked-"Where are the jewels entrusted to your keeping ?" we may be able to answer, "Lord, all are here."
0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner.

REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST.
H on. 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia.
FERTILIZERS.
DEAR SIR: The season of 1898-1899, now ending, has furnished a period of steady and continuous labor to the workers in the chemical division of the Department. We have made during the season forty-five hundred and eighteen determinations, including the necessary revisions and repetitions. Although the number of tons of fertilizers sold in the State during the season has fallen from 424,o81 in 1897-98, the number of brands inspected and analyzed has only been reduced from 843 in the previous season to 779 in the present season. The work has consisted, as is usual, of analyses of guanos or complete fertilizers containing two per cent. or more of ammonia, of plain acid phosphates, of acid phosphates with potash, also of acid phosphates with ammonia and potash, but containing less than two per cent. of ammonia, also analyses of cottonseed meals and of potash salts1 kainit and muriate of potash, all of which will be found in the accompanying table of analyses.
Although the price of phosphate rock has advanced materially during the season, I have allowed the relative commercial value to remain at the same figure as last year. I have, however, made an innovation in the usual practice of the Department and have assigned to the insoluble or acid soluble phosphoric acid, the com-

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mercia! value to which it is entitled, viz.: ten cents per uni t. It cost at the time the value was assigned, very close to that figure at the mine.
Additional value is given to it by the cost of freight and pulverizing. I therefore think it only just to assign to it at least a portion of its commercial value, more particularly as it has an unquestionable agricultural value, very slowly becoming available in the soil, though, of course, not comparing in this respect with the available phosphoric acid. It has hitherto been the practice to assign to it no value whatever. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station assigns to insoluble phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers sold in that State a value of two cents per pound, or forty cents a unit.
SPECIAL SAMPLES.
In addition to the regular samples taken by the inspectors we have made a number of analyses of "special samples," these being samples taken by the inspectors at the special request of farmers, of goods already bought by them. I think, sir, you are to be congratulated upon having accomplished in a quick and satisfactory manner by this plan what is accomplished in a slow and bungling way under the operation of the Ellington bill.
Under the latter the farmer who is suspicious of his fertilizer has it analyzed after the crop season is gone, and his crop has failed. Under your plan the farmer who is suspicious of his fertilizer has a special analysis made for him, and learns the value of his fertilizer before he puts it in the ground. The samples this year were unusually late in coming in, it being February rst before the regular inspectors' samples began to come in. Considering the late start and the delays incident to the unusual amount of work clone in the laboratory this spring and summer on illumi nating oils sold in this State, it must be allowed that we have accomplished the season's work in remarkably good time.
SUGGESTIONS FOR NEXT SEASON.
Of suggestions for the next season, I have only two to offer: rst. That the bottles supplied to the inspectors for taking samples of fertilizers should be of at least treble the capacity of those found in stock, which have been in use the past season. 2d. That you appoint at least one Inspector-General of Fertilizers for the entire State, a man of experience, judgment and capacity, whose duty it shall be to instruct the local inspectors in

22

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the art of taking fair, correct and impartial samples of mixed fertilizers wherever found. The taking of a fair and correct sample of a goods made from three or four materials, of widely differing relative weights, requires more of judgment, thought and painstaking care than at first sight might appear. Such reforms, the necessity for which could only be discovered after actual experience, would serve to protect both the consumer and lhe manufacturer.
It would be highly desirable if the great volume of fertilizer analysis could in some way be reduced, as, for instance, by the method already suggested by you, a reduction in the annually increasing numbers of brands put upon the market, many of which represent the same goods under different names. As to the advisability and the means for attaining such reduction, I leave the same to your wisdom and discretion, but will give you some of the reasons why it seems to me highly desirab~.
In the first place, if the multiplication of brands continues in the same increasing ratio in the future as they have in the past it will not be long before the clerical force of the Department, as well as the chemical force of the Laboratory, will have to be increased.
AVAIL.ABILITY OF FERTIUZER NITROGEN.
In the next place it is highly desirable that the State's chemists should have the time and opportun'ity necessary for doing experimental work on the methods proposed for determining the availability of the nitrogen occurring in the various forms of material that are used as a source of ammonia in fertilizers, such as cottonseed meal, blood, tankage, garbage tankage, fish-scrap, hoof meal, leather scrap, raw, steamed and roasted.
The great increase in the fertilizer trade of the United States, and the South in particular, offers temptations for the utilization of various waste materials in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers. The chemist is able to tell with comparative ease how much of the nitrogen in a fertilizer is derived from nitrates, how much from ammonia salts and how much from organic matter, but the nature of the organic matter is not differentiated by our ordinary methods of analysis into blood, cottonseed meal, hoof meal, etc., so that it is possible' for a fertilizer to be adulterated now with some non-available form of nitrogen without the analysis disclosing that fact.

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BULLETI.N NO. 35

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Although I have reasori to believe that little if any such adul- <

teration has been practiced in the South up to the present time,

still with the growth of the industry we should be prepared to

meet this condition should it arise, and in order tq do so,

experimental work is still necessary. Only five or six laboratories

in the United States have so far applied themselves to the solu-

tion of this problem, and I am desirous that this Laboratory,

doing more fertilizer work with a smaller force than any other

in the country, should not be laggards in the work.

The Shepard Laboratory of Charleston, followed by the Con-

necticut Agricultural Experiment Station, are the pioneers in this

line of work in this country. They attempted to estimate the

availability of the nitrogen in different materials by digestion in

an acid solution of pepsin, briefly as follows: First, the nitrogen

was estimated in the raw material, say dried blood; then, after

digestion for twenty-four hours with the pepsin solution the

residue remaining undissolved was carefully analyzed, and the

nitrogen estimated in it. The difference between the two was,

of course, the nitrogen which had passed into solution, and which

was regarded as being available as plant food.

The conclusions from the experiments of the above investi-

gators are given in a report of the Connecticut Agricultural Ex-

periment Station, from which I quote: :

r. The nitrogen of dried blood, cottonseed meal, castor pomace

and maize refuse was in every case soluble in pepsin-hydrochloric

acid by 24 hours' digestion to the extent of 75 per cent. or more.

2. The nitrogen of fish, dri ed animal matter and of bone was

in every case soluble to the extent of over 52 per cent.

3 The nitrogen of leather, steamed or extracted by benzine,

was in no case soluble to the extent of over 36 per cent.; that of

horn shavings, ground hoof and horn, felt waste and wool waste

was considerably less soluble than the nitrogen of leather.

In the above experiments the solubility of the materials is made

a test of their availability as plant food. Now, of cour e, the

soil and vegetation tests must be the ultimate Court of Appeal to

pass or condemn a fertilizing material. This fact -iva rec\)gnized

by Chemists Johnson and Jenkins, of the Connettid.11 Stafi ~m, and they made a series of careful pot experiment with pl~nts, us,ing

the different materials which they had analyzed py their pepsin-

acid method as nitrogen fertilizers.

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The testimony of the plants was that their m~thod of ao~tlysis

was in the main a fairly good gauge of the avaih:lbility of the

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

(iiffer~nt materials. Their method, however, made one very se-

fious mistake, and was reversed by this vegetable Court of Ap-

peals. In the case of hoof meal and dissolved leather, the plant

was satisfied with such nitrogenous food, and showed a high de-

gree of availability in the nitrogen contained in them. Now, it

requires almost as much time to go to the Supreme Courts of

Corn, Cotton and Wheat with our suspicious fertilizer as it would

to carry the case of J ohn Doe vs. Richard Roe to the Supreme

Court of Georgia. So it is evident that such a method will not

work in the fertilizer control and inspection of a great State. We

are driven back upon the chemist's laboratory. He must devise

some rapid method of deciding the question whether the nitrogen

of a fertilizer is available to the plant or not, and do it in the same

speedy and satisfactory way in wh ich he has done it as regards

the availability of phosphoric acid and potash.

Vlork has been progressing on the question; evidently it mu t

be slow work, as each new meth od proposed must be submitted

to vegetation tests for confirmation of their accuracy. But good

progress has been made very recently, notably, the work clone by
Chemist J. P. Street, of the New Jersey Experiment Station, and

I now think it highly probable that within a yea r or two at most

the chemists of the country will be able to agree upon a method

for deciding the avai labi lity of the organic nitrogen of a fertilizer,

and one which they will not hesitate to submit to the arbitrament

of the High Court of Appea ls above referred to.

Owing to the great volume of fertilizer analyses -vve have been

compelled to make under our present system. it has been abso-

lutely impossible for me to leave and attend the meeting of the

Association of Official Chemists which met in San Francisco in

the early part of July, and so to hear the last word which may

have been said on this important question of nitrogen availability.

I desire during the next season to take part i~1 testing the relia-

bility of the new methods proposed, and to apply them to the

samples of the inspectors, in order to see whether we need any

amendment to <;>ur fertilizer laws in Georgia, and, if so, what.

.S .t,h t any 'rhah ufacturers of commercial fertilizers sold in the

State o'f 'Ge,orgi,a dur.ing the coming season who may use such mat!'!ni'al~ as w'ool vaste, hair or leather scrap, raw, steamed or

, trea'ted, need noebesurprised if in the BuHetin issued a year hence there should be a1 'st~r and figures giving a low percentage of

available amm.ooik ' alongside the column giving the total am-

' 't m nia.

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BULLETIN NO. 35

25

You will appreciate the fact that if we are again called upon to make about 4,500 fertilizer analyses in a period of less than six months, there will be little or no opportunity for such work. I therefore wish you God-speed in your effort to reduce the steadily increasing number of brands annually put out.
THE FILLER QUESTION.
Let us be frank, fair, honest and just with each other, with the manufacturers ana the public. \i\That is a "filler?" A filler is an inert earthy material, usually in the form of a powder. It may consist of pulverized locomotive cinder, of graphitic schist, of iron cinder from the pyrites furnaces, of powdered coal-slack, of crematory ashes and other substances.
These materials often contain very small amounts of nitrogen, phospho.ric acid and potash, but usually unava ilable. or only very slowly becoming available in the course of time in the soil.
The business of producing this material has grown rapidly of late yea rs, so th at companies have been organi zed and factories have been built for the purpose of pulverizing the crude materials, and selling the product to the fertilizer companies.
Now, why is this done? The aeneral public elevates its brows and smiles knowingly. The demagogue talks to the farmer and says that a nefari ous business is being practiced and wi nked at by those in authority. I s there an underground traffic goi ng on ? Is there a fraud and a svvindle being perpetrated on the farmers of the country?
By no means; not at all ; under the existing conditions, the trade is a perfectly legitimate one. One of the chief causes for the use of a filJer is the inequality in the character of the materials out of wh ich all fertilizers are made. F or example, Cha rleston rock contains about 27 % of phosphoric acid; the
other 73 o/o is a filler put there by nature, and if we want the 27 o/o
phosphoric acid, at an ything like a reasonable price, we must take
the 73 o/o filler along with it. In Fl orida and Tennessee nature has been kinder ; here she gives us 30 o/o and 35 o/o phosphoric acid. and only adulterates her goods with 70 o/o to 65o/o of filler.
Suppose a manufacturer is located at Atlanta. He buys a high grade Tennessee rock, treats it with sulphuric acid, and produces an acid phosphate with I8 o/o available phosphoric acid. His
Charleston competitor produces one with I 3 o/o available. He comes into the Atlanta man's territory, and sells his I3 o/o goods for as much money as the Atlanta man gets for his I8 o/o goods,
because nature has put in his filler for him, and because the pur-

26

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AG~ICULTURE .

chaser is sufficiently ignorant to be content to buy the acid phosphate by name and not by analysis. Is it wrong for the Atlanta man to protect his interests and commercial existence by using a filler to put him on an equality with his rival?
I think not. No fair-minded man will say so. And yet no man can deny that the filler business is an evil and a growing one. No man deprecates it more than I. My ambition is to see the day come when the Georgia farmer will always demand the highest grade goods which the art of the chemist and the manufacturer combined can produce. Such a demand would stimulate invention and discovery by the chemist and the application of them by the manufacturer, so that in a very jew years, the farmer would be hauling home on his wagon a ton of fertilizer equal in manurial value to three or more tons of the present fertilizer.
When at home he could mix it with his own filler, sand, woods earth, or anything suitable for the sake of convenient and thorough distribution. The saving in freight alone on a lot of use- less matter would be very great, both to the manufacturer and the farmer. But agricultural education only can bring about such a demand. Let us hope for it in the future. That is the only thing that will forever abolish the "filler" evil.
Is there no present remedy? Yes, much can be done to ameliorate the evil. I would suggest the repeal of section III of the present Act, and in its stead the passage of an Act forbidding the sale of any acid phosphate containing less than 13 o/o available phosphoric acid. This would not discriminate against either of the three great phosphate fields of the South, and would prevent the sale of much IO o/o acid phosphate loaded with "filler." I would absolutely prohibit the sale of the goods known as ammoniated acid phosphates and acid phosphates with' ammonia and
potash, containing less than 2% of ammonia or potash.
Such goods are usually loaded with "filler," and are made in response to a demand for cheap goods. They are not cheap; they are really higher than a smaller quantity of "high grade" goods containing the same amount of plant food, I think there should
be a minimum of 2o/o of ammo nia and also 2o/o of potash in all
mixed fertilizers. There never has been a minimum for potash in this State. There is no good reason why there should not be. Potash is fully as important an element of plant food as any other.
I think that in place of section III there should be a section for-
bidding the sale of any acid phosphate with less than 13 o/o of

B"QLLETIN NO. 35

2.7

available phosphoric acid; of any acid phosphate with potash
containing less than Io ro available phosphoric acid and zro of
potash, and of any complete fertilizer with less than 8 % available
phosphoric acid, 2% of ammonia and 2 ro of potash, it being of
course provided that an increase of ammonia -or potash might offset a decrease of phosphoric acid. '
Such a law, if enacted, would give our people the highest possible minimum guarantee they could have, without discriminating against the Charleston phosphate deposits, and would unquestionably have also the effect of reducing the amount of "filler" used to the minimum, and would effect a saving to the farmers and the manufacturers of this State of many thousands of dollars paid out for freight on "fillers," and for the labor expended in producing the material, and the profits on the business.
HIGH CHARACTER OF THE FERTILIZER TRADE.
In concluding that part of my report relating to fertilizers, I wish to say that speaking from my experience for the past fourteen years as a private commercial chemist, who has had as clients many of the leading manufacturers, and analyzed for the factories all the different materials used in compounding their goods, that contrary to the popular prejudice in regard to the matter, I believe there is no trade or business carried on in Georgia upon a more honorable plane than the fertilizer trade. Whilst many of the goods are far from being of as high a grade as they might be, they owe their existence to the popular demand for just as cheap goods as the law will permit to be sold.

OILS.
On the third day of July I made to you an emergency report on the illuminating oils being sold in the State, a copy of which I append as being part of my .report of work done for the year.
Since making the above report I have made experiments on some samples of oi l, concerning which seri ous complaints were made that they would not give a good light. In all cases I found there was no ground for complaint on this score if proper care and attention was given to the lamp, the wick and the burner. The precautions necessary to secure good light from any oil, I have brought together in a series of rules, which will be found on another page of this bulletin. Elsewhere will be found a copy of the law of the State of New York regulating the sale of oils in that State, which will probably be of assistance in framing a new

28

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

law for Georgia, which will, I am satisfied, not only give the people of this State safer, but also better and more economical oils than they have hitherto been able to obtain.
A compa rative experiment made by me shows that a quart of oil standing the New York test bums seven hours longer than an oil burning at I20 F. under the Georgia law.
WORK OF THE ASSISTANT STATE CHEMISTS.
In concluding my report, sir, I wish to bear tesimony to the careful, accurate, faithful and able work done during the past season by First Assistant State Chemist P. L. Hutchinson and Second Assistant State Chemist R. G. Wi lliams. Their work has been steady, continuous and arduous, requiring both mental and physical labor, and that closeness of attention to small details to prevent the creeping in of errors, wh ich only a practical chemist can appreciate. \tVithout their intelligent aid, in both the oil and fertilizer work of the season, I could have accompli shed only a small fracti on of what has been done. They have my sincere thanks; and they are also due yours, for, considering the character and responsibility of the work they do, the mental and educational qualifications required for performing it, and the 1~1eager salaries they receive their work is certainly less appreciated in a substantial way than that of any other officers of the $tate.
I will not close this report, sir. without referring to the l<:indly aid and \vise counsel you have given me from the very beginning of our relati onship, and in your absence Assistant Commissioner \tVright has ably and zealously filled your place and extended the same uniform support and courteous assistance. In fact , my cordial thanks are due to all the employees of your office, who have aided me in more ways than I have time or space to mention.
Respectfully submitted. J No. M. McCANDLEss, State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 35

29

THE EMERGENCY REPORT ON OILS.
H on. 0. B. Stevens) C01n11vissioner of Agricu.lture.
DEAR SIR : During the past winter and spririg you sent several of your newly appointed oil inspectors to me to be instructed in the use of their instruments. My attention was in this way called to the very crude and ancient instrument which we have been using for testing oils in Georgia for many years past and also to the very bad and unfortunately worded law on the subject now on the statute books of the State. Suspecting that the methods in use were giving us but little protection from unsafe oils, during a lull in the enormous volume of fertilizer analysis we have been doing, I suggested that you order each of 'the inspectors to send me a sample of oil to test, together with the result of their tests. Accordingly, under date of May 24, you sent each one a circular letter ordering them to do so. As I found opportunity, I tested all of these oils carefully and found my suspicions confirmed. There were notable differences between my results and those of a number of the inspectors. These differences were sufficient to throw some of the oils even b~low the dangerously low limits prescribed by the statute. Your inspectors are not to be blamed for these differences, but the law itself, and the instrument used, which is prescribed by the law. The instrument used , is known as Tagliabue's open tester ; it consists of a small glass vessel, which is immersed in a copper vessel containing water. The water is heated by a small alcohol lamp, which transmits its heat through the water to the oil. Now, the law prescribes just how the test is to be made as follows: "Heat with alcohol, small flame; when the thermometer indicates 90 degrees Fahrenheit, remove lamp; at 95 degrees, try for flash with small bead of fire on end of string, held within a quarter of an inch of the surface of the oil. Replace lamp and work oil up gradually from this point until the burning point is reached, removing lamp every four degrees and allowing oil to run up three degrees before replacing lamp, flashing oil each time just before lamp is replaced, until result is obtained."

30

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Evidently the author of the above believed that "language was designed to coneeal thought." Let us suppose the inspector mak'ing his test and following the strict letter of the law. Let us suppose that he has brought the oil up to a temperature of II6 degrees and has tried for flash without result, he replaces his lamp, following the strict letter of the law and waits till the temperature readies 120 degrees, when he removes the lamp and then waits till the temperature reaches 123 degrees before he tries for flash again. We have here an interval of 7 degrees, at any one of which the oil may have flashed or burned without the inspector, who tracked the law closely, being aware of it. Evidently this is nonsense, and can not be the meaning of the law, because the law also says "no kerosene or fluid of any sort, the fire test of which is less than 120 degrees Fahrenheit, shall be sold within this State," and yet,.according to the formula. prescribing the exact way in which to make the test, it would be impossible to detect an oil, the fire test of which lay between I r6 degrees and 120 degrees Fahrenheit, the legal limit. Again, what does the "fire test" mean? .Does it mean the "flash" point or the "burning" point of the oil? It can not be settled except as against the consumer, from the language of this Iaw; evidently the flash point is the point of danger, or the point at which inflammable, explosive vapor is given off; and yet the law says "work the oil up gradually until the burning point is reached, flashing the oil each time, until the result is obtained." \iVhat result? Man ifestly the burning point. Now if this Jaw was not drawn by the attorneys and chemists of the oi l companies, it might just as well have been. Nothing whatever is said in the Jaw about the necessity for avoiding drafts of air, which might blow away the vapor from the surface of the testing cup before the operator could apply his flame, no caution to the operator to avoid breathing upon the surface, either of which accidents would cause the oil to appear better than it really was. I mention these as some of the reasons why no blame should attach to your inspectors, if their results varied a few degrees from mine, or for that matter even if they passed almost "any old oil," that might be put upon the market.
The investigations of the British government, of Drs. Chandler and Elliott, chemists for the New York State Board of Health, have demonstrated conclusively that the open form of tester is a wholly unreliable instrument, and that a closed tester, imitating as nearly as possible the conditions which obtain in an ordinary lamp, is the form which should be adopted. Elliott, after trying

BULLETIN NO. 35

31

all the various forms of open and closed testers in use, 'finally settled upon a form of closed tester which gave him the most uniform results, and which was adopted by the State Board of Health of New Yark. The New York law recognizes the fact that -the fla sh point is the danger point, the point at which explosive, inflammable vapors are given off. It says nothing about "fire test or burning point," but ad.opts 100 deg rees F. , in a tester like a lamp, as the limit below which an oil shall not flash. I have made tests of some thirty different oils from different parts of the State by our own tester and also by the ew Ya rk State instrument, and my results fully confirm theirs. Only two oils out of the thirty examined would be allowed to go to sale in the State of New York. Many of those which would be rejected in ew York as unsafe and unfit for public use woul d not only pass in our State, but would be rega rded as extra good quality. Some of our oils, also in the New York instrument, at the ordinary temperature without the application of any heat, would emit explosive vapor. T here is a clause in our law which says: "The fire test shall be determined by an inspector, who shall use T agliabue's or other well defined t:nstrwmen.t presc1'ibed by the Comwtissioner of AgricttJt~tre." Now, sir, I recommend that you take advantage of this clause and immediately order the adoption of the New York State instrument by your inspectors. W hile it is true the law says nothing about your chang ing the fite test_of 120 degrees F ., it does authorize you to change the instrument, and must, by implication, give you the powe r to change the temperature and mode of operation to that most suitable for the new instrument adopted. I issue this, sir, as an Em ergency R ep01-t in view of the quantity of unsafe oil at present on the market in Georg ia, and against which our present law and system of inspection afford the people no adequate protection. Between now and the next meeting of the Legi sl ~ture I propose to go more thoroughly into the subject than I have as yet had an opportunity to do, and submit to you a further report and recommendations on the subject.
Respectfully submitted. ]No. M. McCANDLESS} State Chemist.

On receipt of this report, the Commissioner issued an order, that it be spread on the minutes of the Department, and that a copy be mailed to each inspector of oils.
After advising with the Attorney-Gen~ral, the Commissioner decided that the State Chemist was right in his interpretation of

32

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

th.e laws, and thereupon ordered the oil inspectors to try for burn-

ing point at II6- I I7 -II8- I I9F., respectively, so as not

to miss the true burning point, if it should be at either of these

degrees.



He also ordered the inspectors to seize and hold all oils found

below the law by the test so applied, and with the precautions

recommended by the State Chemist in testing, until the oil com-

panies should obey the orders of the Department and bring the

rejected oils up to the legal standard.

He also ordered the adoption of the New York State instru-

ment, as recommended by the State Chemist, to take effect from

the fifteenth day of September, I899

HOW TO AVOID HAVING POOR LIGHTS-OIL NOT ALWAYS TO BLAME
-DIRECTIONS FOR THE CARE OF LAMPS.
Many of our people are strongly of the opinion that an oil which falls below the limits prescribed by law is a poor oil, in the sense that it will not give a good light. This opinion is incorrect. An unsafe oil need not necessarily be a poor illuminant, and generally is not. Many have poor lights because of a lack of care and attention to their lamps and wiCks. The following points should be carefully heeded by those who would get the best results from their lamps:
Ist. Use a good wick. The open woven wick, known as the "American wick," is excellent. Do not use too long a w~ck; cut it only a few inches longer than is necessary to reach the bottom of the lamp. Do not have a great coil of wick in the lamp.
2d. In adjusting a new wick fit it to the burner, soak the wick in the oil, light the wick, let the lamp burn a few minutes, then blow it out and trim your wick by moving the finger over the charred part evenly and smoothly in one drection only. Repeat until the surface feels smooth and even ; this is always the best plan to pursue in trimming the wick. Do not use shears unless perhaps to cut off long and uneven threads at the start. Always trim the wick in this way after each night's use.
3d. Remember that dirt will get into oil, little particles that perhaps you can not see, and this floating dirt will gradually accumulate in the wick, which acts as a filter to hold back the dirt as the oil ascends the wick. After a time this dirt chokes up the pores or interstices in the wick and partially jestroys its power

BULLETIN NO. 35

33

of capillarit:y. Then the light begins to fail, because the oil cannot get to tt. So don't economize on wicks. They a re much cheaper than eyesight. Put in a new one when needed . Don't pin or sew a piece of cloth, st?Cking or red flatmel on _to the end of your wick to eke out its extstence and at the same ttme expect
to get a good light. 4th. Remember that ocasionally, say once in ten days, or when-
ever needed, the dirty, dreggy oil in the bottom of the lamv' should be thrown out. It may be saved if desired, by filtering it. through a piece of fine cotton cloth. Then rinse out the lamp , with some clear, bright oil. D on' t clean the inside of your lamp' with water; if you do the light will probably be bad when you next use it, sputter, and give you trouble.
5th. Occasionally, say once in ten clays or when you see it is needed, give the burner a thorough cleaning, boil it with hot water and soda so as to get out all greasy dirt and open up the air passages. Then dry it thorouglrly in the sun or over the stove before using.
6th. Don't buy red oil ; it never gives as good a light as the same quality of oil without the red coloring matter. If you attend carefully to all these rules and still get poor light, then you may abuse the oi l companies, but not before.
In all the cases of "poor light" and "bad oil" I have so far investigated, the trouble must have been due 'to neglect of some of the above simple precautions, which ought to be adopted in every well-regulated household. Remember that the State will ee to it that no un safe oil is furnished .you, and that because a lamp gives a poor light is no evidence that the oi l is unsafe. In the recent oil investigation I examined some oils, which were undoubtedly unsafe and below the law; but yet when I burned them day after day in a properly cared-for lamp, -no fault could be found with the light they gave.
The following extracts from the laws of the State of ew York are printed here for convenience of reference:
SEc. 24. Starndarrd (l)nd storage of illumin(l!t{'ng oils. No person shall manufacture or have in his possession, or sell or give away for illuminating or heating purposes in lamps or stoves within this State, any oil or burning fluid \vholly or partly composed of napl-r tha, coal oi l, petroleum, or products thereof, or of other substances or materials emitting an inflammable vapor which wi ll flash at a temperature below one hundred degrees Fahrenheit, according to the instruments and tests approved by the State Board of Health.
Bab

34

Cl;:ORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURF;.

The State Board of Health shall prescribe the tests at;J instruments by which such oils and fluids shall be tested, and shall adopt such measures to enforce the provisions of this section and such rules and regulations for collecting, examining and testing samples of such oils and fluids as to them may seem necessary. The public analysts employed by or under the direction of such board shall test the samples of such oils and fluids as may be submitted to 'them under the rules of the board, for which they shall receive such reasonable compensation as the board may allow.
Naphtha and other illuminating products of. petroleum which will not stand the flash test required by this sectiou, may be used for illuminating or heating purposes only in the following cases:
1. In street lamps and open air receptacles apart from any building, factory or inhabited house in which the vapor is burned.
2. In dwellings, factories or other places of .business when vaporized in secure tanks or metallic generators made for that purpose, in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heating.
3 For use in the manufacture of illuminating gas in gas manufactories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings.
Any person violating any provision of this section shall forfeit to the city or village, or if not' in a city or village, to the town in which the violation occurs, the sum of one hundred dollars for every such violation, and for every day or part of day that such violation occurs.
This section shall not apply to the city of New York, and shall not supersede but shall be in addition to the ordinances or regulati ons of any city or village made pu-rsuant to law for the inspection or control of combustible materials therein.

COMMERCI L VALUES OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIALS FOR THE SEASON OF 18981899.
About the first of January quotations at Savannah on the principal ingredients used in the manufacture of Commercial fertil'iurs were as below :
Acid phosphate, 13/ 14% , at $6.so per ton of 2,ooo lbs. German kainit, 12 % K2 0, $10.00 per ton of 2,240 lbs. ex-
vessel.

.

BULLETIN NO. 35

35

Muriate of potash, 8o 7'o , at $39.00 per ton of 2,ooo lbs., e.x-

vessel in bags.

Phosphate rock in Charleston, at $3.00 per long ton.

Quotations for ammoniates are given at Atlanta:

Dried blood at $30.00 per ton of 2,ooo lbs.

Tankage, 10 % ammonia, at $22.55 per ton of 2,000 lbs.

Cotton seed meal, $16.oo per ton, in 100 ton lots.

Mt. Pleasant, Tenn., phosphate rock, containing 75 7'o bone

phosphate of lime, at $4.91 long ton in Atlanta.

The above prices are quotations at wholesale figures for lots of

_soo tons and over, spot cash ex-ship, car or warehouse, S~vanna,h,

Charleston an d Atlanta.

S ince these quotations were obtained there has been an advance

in the price of most materials, notably phosphate rock, which has

adva nced more than one dollar per ton.

On bas is of above quotations the following commercial values

have been calcul ated, and have been used in calculating the values

of all the goods offered fo r sale in the State during the season of

1898-1899, as exhibited in the table of analyses:

Available phosphoric acid . .. ... . . . . . . 33-i cents a pound

Insolubl e phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,0 cent a pound

. mmonia ( calculated from nitrogen) . . . . 10 cents a pound
Pota h (1(20) .. . ...... . ... . . .. .. . . .. 43-i cents a pound
It is usual, however, in the fertilizer trade, and very convenient

1n calculation, to use the system of units. A unit means, in tech-

nical ta lk, one per cent. of a ton, or twenty pounds; so that con-

verting the above prices per pound into prices per unit, by simply

mu ltipl ying by 20, vve have :

va ilable phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 cents a un it

Insoluble phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 cents a unit

mmoni a ( calct.tlated from nitrogen) .... . $2.00

a unit

Potash (K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 cents a unit For example, suppose we have a fertilizer with 8 % available

pho phoric acid, 1.257'o insoluble phosphoric acid, 345 7'o am-

monia, and 2.75 % of potash, we calculate its value thus:

8 % X 65 cents a unit = $ 5. 20

1. 257'o X 10 cents a unit= .125

3-45 7'o X $2.00

a unit = 6.90

2.75 7'o X 85 cents a unit= 2.34

$r4.565

Inspection, sacks, mixing and

handling . . . . . . . . . .

2.60

36

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

Therefore the relative commercial value of the above tioods is

seventeen dollars sixteen and a half cents per ton.

The above figures represent, as nearly as we can arrive at it,

the wholesale cash cost of the goods at central points of distri-

bution and production. If it is desired to learn the retail cost, it

would be necessary to add to the above total the freight to the

particular point interested, and also storage, insurance, interest,

taxes and the deale.r's or manufacturer's profits. Tl)e figures I

have given above cannot, from the nature of the case, be exact, as

prices fluctuate from day to day and month to month, but they

approach with reasonable accuracy the wholesale cost of the goods.

It may be interesting to our Georgia farmers to know what

are the commercial values assigned in other States. I will give

three, two Southern and one Northern.

'

NORTH CAROLINA VALUATIONS.
Available phosphoric acid, 4 cents a pound, or 8o cents a unit. Ammon ia, 12 cents a pound, or $2-40 a unit. Potash (K20), 5 cents a pound, or $1.00 a unit.
These prices are intended for small lots in bags, on board the cars.
ALABAMA VALUATIONS.
Available phosphoric acid, 5 cents a pound, or $1.00 a unit. Ammonia, 11,0 cents a pound, or $2.30 a unit. Potash, 5 cents a pound, or $Loo a unit.
Intended for small lots in bags on board cars.

CONNECTICUT VALUATIONS.

Available phosphoric acid, 4.0 cents a pound, or 85 cents a uniL Insoluble phosphoric acid, 2 cents a pound, or 40 cents a unit. Ammonia (calculated from nitrogen), 13 cents a pound, or $2.60 a unit. Potash as sulphate, 5 cents a pound, or $1.00 a unit. Potash as muriate, 4.0 cents a pound, or 85 cents a unit. The above are the retail cash prices in the large markets of - the raw materials which enter into the composition of fertilizers. in Connecticut.

BULLETIN NO. 35

37

A LITTLE ADVICE ON P.U RC HASING .
It will be seen from an inspection of these valuations in other States, that the Georg ia farmer has nothing to complain of in the prices at which he .can purchase plant food. It should be borne in mind always that State va luations are relati ve and approximate onl y and are only intended to serve as a gu ide. It is much to be des ired that farmers sliould study the analyses giving the actual percentages of plant food more, and pay no attention " hatever to names and brands. They should realize, for instance, that in nine cases ou t of ten, brands known as "Pure Dissolved Bone" contain not a particle of bone, but are made simply out of phosphate rock. They are every "whit and grain" as good as if they were made from bone, the available phosphoric acid from rock being just as available and identically the same as the avai lable phosphoric acid from bone. .,The proof that such brands are not made from bone is that they contain no ammonia, and i they were made from bone the percentage of ammonia would be stated, and it would be charged for. This is only one instance of the folly of being influenced by names and brands-many might be given. Remember that a multiplicity of brands is also expensive to the manufacturer, and you have to pay the cost in the long run. Study the markets, select a time for purchasing when general trade in fertilizers is dull, club together with some of your neighbors whose credit is of the best, or, better, who have a little spare cash, and then o rder from a reliable manufacturer, stipulating, if you have a preference, just what materials the goods shall be made from, and especially the guaranteed percentage of ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash. Let the maker call it anything he pleases. In this way you will be sure to have a first-class goods bought at the lowest market price. But if you are going to wait till the last minute to buy your fertilizers, at the very time when everybody else wants his, and are going to buy on time and pay interest, why then be assured your fertilizers are going to be expensive-just as your clothing or any of your household goods would be if bought in the same way.
FORMULAS FOR COTTON.
The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful experiments by trained investigators on worn soil. It was found that cotton required a combination of nitrogen, phosphoric acid

38

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.



and potash. Phosphoric acid is the dominant element, however,

with nitrogen standing next in importance. The relative pro-

portion of the three important elements of plant food is one part

nitrogen, two and a half of phosphoric acid, and three fourths of

potash. The quantities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint
so cotton per acre are nitrogen 2 0 pounds, phosphoric acid pounds,

and potash I 5 pounds. The dozen different formulas given below

are so calculated as to contain very nearly these quantities of the

three important elements, and are so varied as to meet the require-

ments and the convenience of almost every farmer. No one

formula can be said to have any special advantage over the other;

just use one you can get together with the greatest convenience

and least cost to yourself. Each one will analyze about twenty

pounds of nitrogen, fifty pounds of phosphoric acid, and fifteen

pounds of potash in the whole formula. Fertilizers may be ap-

plied either in drill or broadcast where used liberally, but if used

sparingly drilling is considered preferable. Each formula repre-

sents the amount to be applied per acre to get the best results.

Muriate of Potash ... . ..... 30 lbs . Muriate of Potash .. ....... 30 lbs.
Acid Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 " Acid Phosphate .... . .. . .... 334 ' Nitrate of Soda . .. . . . .. . . . . 125 '' Dried Blood . .. . .. ......... 167 "

Muriate of Potash . . .... ... 20 lbs.
Acid Phosphate . .... . .... . . 281 " Cotton Seed ?tfeal . ....... .. 286 "

Muriate of Potash ..... . .. . 10 lbs .

Acid Phos.with Pot.(2%K20 ) 312 "

" Cotton Seed Meal

286

0 0

Cotton SPed Hull Ashes.... 451bs.

Acid Phosphate . . . . . .. . .. .. 261 Cotton Seed Meal. .... . . . . 286

" "

AWcoioddPAhsohsepsh(autenle.a.c.h..t-.d. ).......
Cotton Seed Meal .... .... . .

164 261 286

lbs
," ,

.

Kainit ... .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. 64 lbs.

Acid Phosphate ........... . 273 "

Cot-ton Seed Meal ..... .. Cotton Seed ....... . . . . .

.. . . . .

143 "
13!bus.

Kainit .. ................ . . . 58 lhs.
Acid Phosphate . . .... .. .... 300 " NitratP. of Soda .. .... .. .... 70 " Stable Man ure . ... ...... ... 2000 "

Muriate of Potash

20 lbs.

Acid Phosphate .... . . .. . . .. 300 "

Nitrate of Soda . . .... . .. .. 64 "

Cotton Seerl .... . ........ . . . 13ibus .

Kainit .... . . . . .... . .... . . 45 lb8 . Acid Phosphate ...... .. . .. 264 " Cotton Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26jbus.

Acid Phosphate ...... ...... 266 lbs .
Nitrate of Soda . ..... . .. . .. 13 " Stable Man ure .. . . . . . . . . . AOOO "

Commercial fertilizer to analyze as below:
Available Phosphoric Acid ... .10 .00 Ammonia . . .. .. .. ... . ....... .. 4 .85 Potttsh (K,O ) . . ....... . ........ 3.00
Use 500 lb~ . per acre.

BULLETIN NO. 35

39

Any of the formulas given above for cotton would answer well for wheat, if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is diminished by one-half, and the nitrogen increased by the amount of money saved on the ac id phosphate. But in the case of the wheat the nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients, but reserved and applied as a top dYessing in the spring, when .its effects will be immediate and marvelous, imparting a green rich color to the plant, and if as much as one hundt-ed pounds per acre are used, increasing the yield five to ten bushels per acre.
The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton ( Colonel Redding, Director) has been tested there with excellent results. It is as follows :
Acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ I,ooo pounds. Muriate of P otash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 pounds. Cotton seed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700 pounds. ..
1,775 pounds.
Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phoSphate per acre.
The formula of the same station for corn and the grasses is--
Acid phosphate ........ .. .. .... . .. .. . . . I,ooo pounds. Muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 pounds. Cotton seed meal . .. . . .. ..... .. .. ...... . 1,250 pounds.
2,28o pounds.
pply enough of the above formula to get from I0:) to 200 pound s of ac id phosphate per acre.

SPECIAL WHEAT FORMULA.
The Director of the Experiment Station at Beauregard, France, is authority for the following:
If farmyard manure is supplemented by liberal applicati on of c mmercial fe rtili zer, as follows:
Acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 350 pounds, Sulphate of ammonia .. ... . .. . ... ......... 130 pounds, Muriate of potash . . . . . . .... .. .. . .... . . .. 90 pounds,

/

4'0

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE:.

applied in the fall , and foll owed in the spring by c.. .op dressing of 90 pounds of nitrate of soda, a yield of over 45 bushels of wi :eat per acre may be attained.
The above are the quantities used per acre. Nitrate of soda is worth at the coast $33 .50 per ton in large lots. Mr. A. A . Smith, fertilizer broker, Prud~ntial buil,ling, Atlanta, Ga. , has signified his willingness to furni sh it in small lots of one ton, o r even less, at the rate of $38.oo per ton delivered in A tlanta.

COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZING MATERIAL.
TABLE I-NITROGENOUS MATERIALS.

POUNDS PER HUNDRED.
I I Nitrogen* PhoAsCp.ihdo. ric Potash.

Nitrate of Soda. . . . . .. .. .... ....... 15! to 16

SulphatA of Dried Blood

Ammouia

............

......

.... ..

.. ..

. .

19 10

to 20! to 14

Concentrated Tankage. . .. . ...... . .. 11 to 12~

Bone Tankage . . . .. ....... . .... ... . . 5 to 8

Dried Fi~h ~crap. . . . . .. . . ...... . ... . 7 toP

Cotton SePd Meal. .. . ... . . ..... .. ... .
Hoof Mt>al. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6~ to7~
13 to 14

.
.

..........

. .. . ..

1 to 2

10 to 15

6 to 8

.2 to 3

I~ to 2

.... ..
0
. .... . .. .... .. . . .. . . . ..
It to 2
. ....

*To convert nitrogen percentage into ammonia percentage multiply by 1.:::1-1 . Thus 10.% nitrogen is equivalent to 12.14.% of ammonia.

T .\BLE II-PHOSPHATE MATERIALS.

POUNDS PER HUNDRED.

I Available Insoluble

Niu;ogen. Phosphoric Phosphoric

Acid.

Acid.

S.C. Rock Phosphate . . . . . . ...... . .. .

S.C. Rock ~"uverpbosphate .... ... . ..

Fla. Rock Pho~phate Lands .. . . .... . _

Fla. Pebble Phusphate... . . .. .. .....

Fla. Superphosphate. . . . . . . ... . .... ..

Ground Bone . .. . . . . . .. . ... ... . . .. . ..

Steamed Bone . . . . . .... ... ... . .. .. .

Dissolved Bone

0

...

.. . . .. .. ....
..... .
0
.. .... ~!to 4! 1! to 2! 2 to 3

. . .. .
i2-15 . .. .. . . .... 14-19
5-8 6-9 13-15

26-28 1-3
33-35 26-32
1-6 15-17
16-20
2-3

BULLETIN NO, 35

41

TABLE III- POTASH MATERIALS AND FARM MANURES.

POUNDS PER HUNDRED.

I lA'octtausahl.

Ngietnro. - /

pPhhporiscj Acid.

Lime.

Muriate of Potash .......... . . . . .. .. . . .. . 50

Sulphate of Potash .. . .... .......... .. .. . .JS to 52

Do~1~le
Kam1t .

Sulphate . ... ... . . .

of l . ...

'.o.t.as.h.

and .. . .

.

Mag .. . .

nesia. ... . ..

26 12

to 30 to 12~

Sylvinit . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . .... . . . ... 16 to 20

... ... Cotton Seed Hull Ashes . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 15 to 30 .... 7 to 9

Wood Ashes, unlf ached . . ...... , . .. .. ... . 2 to R

1 to 2

Wood Ashes, leached. ...... ........ . ..... 'l'ob!ll'CO ~terns .... ... ...... . . . .. . . .... ...

1 to 5 to

2 8

.... .. 2 to 3

.

1 .

.

t.o.

.

1~
. .

Cow Manure (fresh) . .. ... . . . ... .. . ....... 0 .40 0 .34 0 16

Horse Man ure (fresh) .... .. . .. . . . .... .. . . 0.53

. Sheep Manure (fresh) ...... . 0

0. 67

0.58 0.28 0 .83 0.23

Hog Manure (fresh) . ..... ...... . . .. ... 0.60 0 .45 0 . 19

Hen Dung (fresh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 0 .85 1.63 1.54

Mixed Stable Manure ............. . . .. ... 0 133 0.50 0 .211

10 30-3.'i 35-40
3~
0 .31
0 .2 1 0 33 0.08 0.24 O.iO

-

FROM BULLETIN GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SERIAL No. 36.
SEASON J899-J900.
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
0. B. STEVENS,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.

JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

P L. HUTCHINSON, First Assistant State Chemist.

R. G. WILLIAMS, Second Assistant State Chemist.



ELLINGTON BILL.
No. 168.
A n Act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State ; to fix a method for determining the value of the same, and for other purposes.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georg ia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizer from a1iy owner thereof, or agent of such c \\ner, to require of the person selling, and at the time . of sale or delivery, to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample o.f its contents.
SEc. 2. Be it further enacted, That said sample so taken shall be lllixed ta;:..; t1 i1er and placed in a bottle, jar, or such other re- ceptacle as the purchaser may present. It shall then be the duty of such purchaser and seller to deliver said package to the Ordinary of the county, who shall label same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizers.
SEc. 3 Be it further enacted, That said Ordinary shall safely keep said package, allowing neither party access to the same, save as hereinafter provided. The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten ( 10) cents from the p.uty depositing such sample for each sample so deposited.
SEc. 4 Be it further enacted, That should said purchaser, after having used such fertilizer upon his crops, have reason to believe from the yields thereo f that said fertilizer was totally or pa r ially worthless, he shall notify the seller and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said saniple deposited with him (or a sufficiency thereof to insure a fair analysis) to the State Chemist, without stating the names of the parties, the name of the fertilizer or giving its guaranteed analysis, the cost of sending being prepaid by the purchaser.
SEc. 5 Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said State Chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said O rdinary.
SEc. 6. Be it further enacted, That should said analysis show that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon

46

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

which it is sold, then the statement so sent by the State Chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total failure of consideration. But should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis, then the sale shall be illegal, null and void, and when suit is brought, upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer, the statement of such State Chemist, so transmitted to the Ordinary, shall be conclusive evidence of the facts, whether such evidence of indebtedness is held by an itu1ocent third party or not.
SEc. 7 Be it further enacted, That in lieu of the State Chemist, should the parties to the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analysis, all the provisions of the act shall apply to his analysis and report to the Ordinary.
SEc. 8. Be it further enacted, That should the seller refuse to take said sample when so requested by the purchaser, then upon proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to his plea of fai lure of consideration and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops, which proof shall be suffici ent to authorize the jury to sustain defendant's plea within whole or in part, whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not.
SEc. 9 Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
App roved December 27, I89o.

REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER.

While the condition of the farmers of Georgia is by no me~ns all that it should be, unde r the ad vantages that we possess in our soil and climate, yet it is much improved over that of one year ago. The short cotton crop, and the fact that the mills of the South used more of the great staple than ever before, combined to raise the price of cotton. F or the first time in history, the S<: Hth fi xed thi~ price, and the farmer who was so fortunate as not to be forced to rush his crop upon the market received a good profit on his labor and investment. Another fact in the betterment of his condition is that he raised duripg the past season more than usual of his own food supplies, in consequence of which many debts were paid and many mortgages raised. The fam1ers of Georgia harvested this year more wheat than at any other

BULLETIN NO. 36.

47

period since I86s; in fact, more than in any other three years since the Civil War. More attention, too, has been paid to meat snpplies, and this fall will see smokehouses on many farms filled with ham, bacon and sausage from hogs fed and slaughtered at he me. That the 'vVest is the granary and smokehouse of Gec-rgia is less true now than for many years past. It has been many years since the agricultural interests of Georgia were in such good shape. The farmers have in the past twelve months made encouraging progress toward the goal of independence. Nor hould we fail to mention the good peach crop of I900, which, notwithstanding all hindrances, has brought good profits to some of our own fruit-growers. Although this crop, as a whole, d;d not prove as remunerative as early indications promised, yet the money it has put into circulation within our State entitles it to ran k among the great new money crops of Georgia. It has paid during the dull season th6usands of dollars to the laborers emplcyed in g athering, packing, canning and shipping the fruit. The total number of car-loads shipped by the Central of Georgi a railroad up to \ugust I I, was I ,378. The total statistics, including the shipmen ts of other road s, have not yet been compiled; but if the claim be true that the Central has handled so per cent. more than all the other railroads combined, the total number
of ca r-loads shipped thi season will not be far short of z,soo.
T he sugarcane industry of Georgia has also made gratifying progress. The growing of the cane and the manufacture of syrup in South Georgia has doubled in the last two years. Last fall a gentleman in Tennessee old I so barrels of Georgia syrup in six days.
Dr. H. E. Stockbridge, of the Florida Experiment Station, has recently made a discovery of great importance to the sugarcane g ro\\ers of the South. A quantity of the gray moss which festoons the trees of South Georgia, if put into a barrel, will act as a ieve, through which the juice will trickle into a vessel prepared to receive it, leaving behind in the moss the foreign element that causes fermentati on.
\ Ve predict that in the near future a number of sugar refineries wi ll be established in South Georgi a. These will gi ve a. wonderful impetus to this great industry.
T he more we add to the productions of Georgia, the more will we increase the general prosperity. Therefore, it is gratifying to note the possibilities which Georgia offers for the addition to her resources of another great money crop.

48

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Tobacco of the best grades has been successfully raised in several sections of the State, but seldom in greater quantity than is required to meet the individual wants. But more attention is being paid to this valuable crop, especially in South Georgia. In Decatur county, about eight miles from Bainbridge, a tract of 6oo acres has been devoted to this plant, and yields thevery finest quality of Sumatra tobacco. A farmer in Dodge county raised on one-twentieth of an acre I6o pounds of Sumatra leaf tobacco, and was offered,$8o for his little patch. This would mean $I;6oo for the product of one acre. This proves that there is money in this crop.
We do not hesitate to declare that Georgia possesses possibili. ites for successful agriculture unsurpassed in the world. There
is no reason why our farmers should depend upon any other secti on or country for food supplies, for man or Least. The success of some of our most scientific farmers in wheat-growing, raising as high as 40, 50 and even 65 bushels to the acre, gives convincing proof of our ability to raise our own bread supplies, and have some for exportation besides. And when we come to food for stock, no country has a better store of native grasses, with the additional advantage that the many foreign grasses, so highly esteemed elsewhere, will, with proper management, grow luxuriantly i_n Georgia soil, and yield a handsome profit.
In the new plan of cutting, shocking and shredding the cornstalk by machinery, we have a method far superior to the old one of pulling fodder and leaving the stalks standing in the fields.
In the peavine, also, the farmers of Georgia possess the most nutritious hay, as well as a splendid renewer of exhausted soils, and preserver of those that are yet in good condition. Even the cotton-seed, once cast aside as useless, after enough for the planting of a new crop had been saved, supplies in its meal and hulls rich food for stock, and in its meal a superior article for supplying nitrogen to the compost prepared for fertilizing the soil. vVith all the advantages thus possessed every inducement is offered the farmer for raising meat for his own family, and for the neighboring markets. At present the Western beef, by its superior quality, holds the field, even in the small towns, crushing out local competition. All the money carried out of the State for the purchase of Western beef, mutton, pork and ham, can be kept at home for circulation among our own people, if the Georgia farmer will pay more attention to the raising of stock. Considering the difficulties that have beset them on every side, the farmers of Georgia

BULLETIN NO. 36.

49

lta ve done well. F or their long and heroic struggle of thirty-five years, and for the difficulties they have overcome, they deserve a_ll prai e. But the phenomenal success of some of our Georgta farmer s, has shown the marvelous possibilities within our grasp. So long as the g reater pioporti on of the beef and butter consumed in our towns comes from the North and \ 1\Test, so long will there b~ an urgent call for improvement.
\,Yould a few suggestions be inappropriate here? while in many quarters there ha s been g reat improvement in the breeds of cattle, and while more care than ever before is being given to the rais ing of stock, are not many of our farmers still neglectful of this important interest? 'vVe \\ould suggest that all who have hitherto been neg li gent on thi s line, begin at once to. pay more attenti on to the improvement of the breeds of cattle, sheep, sw ine and poultry. The rai sing of more and better fo rage rrops wi ll stimulate the raising of the best beef cattle for home con umption, and for sale in the domestic markets, besides improving our soil , vvhich i sufferin g every yea r un de r the system of clean cotton culture. Georgia ought to be an exporter of high-grade beef. Although much has been clone in the establi shment of dai ry farm s and creameries, can not more of our fa rmers help to make these industri es a power in Georg ia, by improving th e breeds of milch cows, thus obtaining milk in the g reatest trnantity and of the best quality fo r the dairy, or for the creamery to convert into butter and cheese? \ Voul cl it not put money into the pockets of some enterprising men to raise not onl y the meat eonsumecl on their own tables, but enoug h of it to sell in ou r own markets, and even beyond the borders of Georgia? In proof of ,,hat ca n be clone, we point with pride to the prosperous farms and bea utiful homes of the dai ry farmers of our State. As things now a re, even a very large proportion of the poultry sold in our ~trger cities is imported . The best breeds of poultry are within the possibilities of every farmer. and by their much prized prodltcts they can add larg ely to hi s store of ready cash.
In view of the fact th at the per capita production of farmers is, in Geo rgia, onl y $177, while in ew England it is $317, and in the \ Vest $519, we venture the suggestion til at there must be ~ llnething in our system that needs improvement. 'vVe mu st seek out the most intelligent, up-to-da te meth ods of farming.
Might not some changes in gur farming methods bring about the raising of more grain and g rasses, more vegetables and fruit,
4a b

50

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

more and better beef cattle, more milk and butter and cheese, mor pigs and sheep, more ready money in the pockets of our farmers, more prosperity to the agricultural classe~; hence more p1enty, contentu)ent and happiness among all classes of our population? More active, continuous , intelligent supervision of all the labor on the farm is necessa ry to success.
Again, we would say: let every farmer keep an account with his land, charging it up with all that it costs him, and giving it credit with all that it pays. The same business methods which make the successful merchant or manufacturer will make the successful farmer.
One great need of our farm<;rs is the formation of a farmer's institute or club in every county, in which may be discussed the best methods of agriculture, the latest and best machines for labor-saving, and other things ~f interest and profit to the farmer. Industrial education is as necessary to the farmer as to the mechauic. Nature studies should form a prominent part of the curriculum of our public schools. From the kindergarten to the university, the pupil should be taught to know something of natttre's ways, and in special schools the farmer should prepare for his profession just as the physician, the lawyer, the preacher, or the mechanic does for his. This is a clay of machinery, the proper handling of which demands education. 1 owhere does machinery pay better than on a farm, provided it be wisely bought and judiciously managed. The \iVest makes much greater use o f farm machinery than Georgia. This ought not so to be. A f;~armer can no more afford to be behind the age than can a man engaged in any other business. In the physical as well as in the spiritual world, growth is life, stagnation is death. The old methods will no longer ansvver. If the Georgia farmer knows not the method by which his brother of the North and \ iVest grows prosperous and rich, then he must learn it. If ca:_:>italists outside of Georgia come in and buy up our lands and rent them out to our own people, our State will soon be in the condition of Ireland.
Progress must be the watchword of the farmers of Georgia, and progress is finding out the best methods and adopting them. What the farmer has learned for himself, he must teach his children at home, and then send them to school where that education can be continued and enlarged. No other profession brings nnn into such close communion with nature, and through nature man can best look up to nature's God, and hold communion with the source of all light and life.

BULLETIN NO. 36.

51

Gallant Phi'! Cook, 'who had been farmer, lawyer, soldier, representative in Congress and Sec:_-etary of State of Georgia, when asked what line of business required the gt:eatest exercise of intelligence, unhesitatingly replied, "that of the farmer." Cicero, the great R oman orator, senator and farmer, considered agricultttre the noblest occupation of man. Indeed, the first business to which the Creator himself appointed man was farming. "And the Lord God took the man and put him into the garden of Eden to c1 ress and keep it. "
A high calling, then, is yours, farmers of Georgia. Our Stak is great in her devel oped resources, greater in her possibilities oi soil, climate and varied prod uctions, but greatest of all in her people of heroic mold-brave in grappling with whatever cliffl-culties beset their path, law-abiding, conservative and God-fearing to a degree not often seen in these clays of social unrest and gloomy skepticism. In our rural population is the best hope of the State. Let us, then , so train and educate out boys and girls that they may love the old homestead and be attracted to the farm, with its snowy cotton and golden grain; its meadow:, filled with well-bred, well-kept stock; its orc)1ards laden vvith luscious fruit: its streams so guided and directed by a master hand as to irrigate when necessary each thirsty piece of ground; its farm implements of the best make and kept in the best condition-everything about the place indicating thrift, prosperity and refi nement.
0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Georgia.

REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR.

STATE OF GEORGIA, DEPARTMENT OF OILS,
ATLANTA, GA ., August 23, I900.
Col. 0. B. Steve11s, Commissioner of Agriculture, At[a,nta, Ga. DEAR SIR: I beg leave to submit the foll owing report as a
synopsis of the situation of the Oil Department since you placeLI me in charge:
Upon arriving at your office on January 2, I900, I was soon

52

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

made acquainted with the conditions existing at that time. J found, that though the Elliott Tester had been in use for some time, there were only a few storage stations in the State that contained oil that came up to the required standard. This was. in no way due to negligence on the part of the Inspectors, but was on acc0unt of the large amount of low-grade oil that was. s,tored at the different points in the State, previous to the enactment of the present law now of force. And though the new oil that was coming into the State from day to day passed the required standard, after it was emptied into the storage tanksbeing mixed with the low-grade oil-the result was that the product that -vvas being placed on the market was not up to the required standard of safety.
Recognizing that the only way to accomplish the object that was intended by the new law was to enforce a rule " that all tanks containing oil below the standard should be emptied all(l thoroughly cleansed before any other oil should be allowed to be put in them;" and the local Oil Inspectors were instructed to carry out these requirements and th oroughly test all the oil put in the tank before they allowed it to be offered for sale.
I have visited the most important stati ons in the State, and endeavored to give such instructions and advice to the local inspectors as wou ld procure the enforcement of the law at th e: earliest possible moment.
In addition to my visits to the stations, I have been to many points in the State where complaints have been made as to the quality of the oil, and I found after issuing our book of instructions, in regard to the care of lamps, that the necessity of going: in pelson to these points has been eliminated to a large extent.
That the amount of oil recei ved in the State since January first. is Jess than for the coresponding period of last yea r, has been due, as you will see, from the enforcing of the above restrictions,. viz.: Stopping the bringing in of oil until the tanks were cleaned.
It has been very gratifying to note the interest that has been taken in the organization of this department by the local inspectors. There is now no delay in recei ving our monthly reports by the 6th or 7th of each month. I think the organization of the department is now such as to expedite business in the most thorough manner.
That the law has been enforced you need nothing more to con- vince you than the fact that recently Dr. McCandless required some oil of a low grade, for the purpose of making some tests in.

BULLETIN NO. 36.

53

the labo ratory. He was un able to procure it within the confines of the State, and was forced to send outside the State to get what
he needed. As to the safety of the present oil that is on sale I made befor:.!
you and others, this morning, with oi l bought in the open market, showing you the impossibility of burning the oil or exploding the lamps under the most adverse conditions, provided the standard is kept up to the requirement of the law.
The State Chemist, hav ing from his analysis of the oils now on the market, arrived at the conclusion that there was nothing in them which would cause an explosion or even cause them to take fire at the ordinary temperature, and having reported to you that he believed such an accident could be in all probability impossible, after conferring with him I decided to make a practicll test with a burning lamp in your presence.
The lamp was turned over and fell upon a plank fl oor, the lamp broke-there was no explosion; the oil ran out upon the floor; the flame of the burning wick not setting fire to the oil. I dropped lighted matches into the oi l, which refused to take fire until it had soaked into the wooden plank, which then, of course, being saturated with the oil in a thin laye r ignited, just as a wick saturated with oil would ignite. There was, however, an interva l of fully five minutes before this occurred. Lighted matches dropped into a lamp half full of oil were quenched-the oil refusing to take fire, and there was no explosion, as there were no volatile gases arising from the oil to bring about an explosion, though the clay was an unusuall y hot vne. I am satisfied that at this time there is no oil in the State that does not come up to the requirements of the present law, and the standard of the Elliott Tester.
The obstacles that were necessa ry to overcome in order to accomplish this end you are aware of; that it has been successfully accomplished in so short a time is la rgel y due to the hearty and intelligent co-operati on of the local inspectors at the different points, to the untiring zeal and ass istance of Dr. l[cCandless, and the co-operation and encouragement given by yourself.
I sincerel y tru st the public, wh ose lives and property are now so well protected from danger from thi s source, will appreciate our efforts and give us their assistance in maintaining the present regulations for the future.
I am, truly yours,
GLASCOCK BARRET'r,
State Oil Inspector.

54

GEORGIA DE P ARTMENT OF AG RICULTU HE.

THE NEW GEORGIA OIL LAW.

AN ACT

T o prescribe the meth od of testin g illuminating oils in thi s State, and the manner in which test sha ll be made, and to provide fo r the appo intment of a General Inspector to a id in the in spection of such oil s, and fo r other p urposes.

SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembl y of Geo rg ia,

and it is hereby en acted by auth ority o f the same, T hat f rom and

after the passage of thi s Act it shall be the duty of the Commis-

sioner of Agriculture of th e State of Georg ia to appoint a General

Inspector of Oils o f sa id State, wh ose duty shall be to go from

point to point about the State at the direction of the Commi ss ioner

of Agriculture to inspect such ils as m ay be desired , instruct the

local inspectors in the art of taking fair, correct and impa rtia l

samples o f oi ls fo r illuminating purposes, and to test the same

un der proYi sions of thi s act : to check up all accounts and books

\lf account of local oi l inspectors, and to see that said moneys du e

the State f rom fee paid for oil inspections are paid into the State

trea ury, and to see that sa id loca l oil inspectors fai rl y, co rrectl y

.and imparti all y di scharge the duties imposed up n th em by thi s

Act, and exist ing laws not in confl ict herewi th, and perfo rm such

other duties as may be prescri bed by the Commi ss ioner of Agri-

culture. If any dispute a ri es as to the test of any oil . then sa id

General Inspecto r sha ll take a fair sa mple of sa id o il and fo nYarc!

it to the State Chemi st, wh o shall make a final te t and hi s dcci~ion shall control in all matters of d ispute. Said Gene ra l In-

spector hall be pa id a sa lary not to exceed ( Ioo.oo) one hun -

dred dollars per month and actual and neces a ry traveling ex-

penses while in discharge of his duties, and sa id sa la ry and travel-

ing expenses shall be paid out of the fees collected from oil in-

spections; prmided, horc:evcr, th at this Act sha ll not be in con-

flict with sections 1579-I584 and oth er sections of the Code of

Georgia prov iding for the appointment and compensa ti on of loca l

oil in spectors.



S Ec. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That

no person shall manufacture, or have in hi s possession, or sell, or

give away for illuminating or heating purposes, in lamps or stoves

within thi s State, any oil or burning fluid w holly or partl y com-
of posed of naphtha, coal oil, petroleum or products thereof, or

flULLETIN NO. 36.

.55

other substances or material emitting an inflammable vapor, which will fla sh at a temperature below 100 degrees Fahrenheit, when tested in the closed oil tester, kn ow n as the ew York State, or Elliott Oil Tester, according to the foll owing formula, to wit: Fill the water bath with fresh well or hydrant water up to the lead mark on the inside ; then immerse the oi l cup in the water and pour in oil , so as to fill the cup up to within one-eighth of an inch of the flange. Take a piece of blotting paper, and remove all ai r bubbles from the surface of the oil by lightl y touching them with the paper. Next, carefully, with a dry towel or cloth, wipe the upper inner parts of the oil cup, so as to remove any drops of oil that mi g ht have spattered on the upper part of the cup. Then put on the g lass cover of the oil cup. pa s the thermometer throug h the hole in the co rk to uch a point that the mercury bulb will just be cove red by the surface of the oil. I ext li g ht the lamp and introduce it under the water bath. So adj u t the flame that the temperature will ri se at the rate of two degree a minute. \Vait until the temperature reaches ninety-nine degrees F.; then lig ht a wooden toothpick and pass the flame throug h the semicircular opening in the glass plate at uch an angle as to clear glass cover and to a distance about ha lf way between the o il and the cover. The moti on should be steady and uniform, rapid and with out pause. The appearance of a slight blui sh fl allle shows that the flashing point ha s been reached . If the oil fla hes at this poi nt it should be branded " State or Georgia. Rejected. " If it does not fla sh at this point it should be branded " State of Georgia. / \pprO\ed." Naphtha and illuminating prod ucts of petroleum \\"hi ch will not stand the flash test required by thi s secti on may be u eel for illuminating or heating purposes onl y in the following ca s e s :
Ist. In street lamp s and open a ir receptacles, apart from any IJUilclino- , facto ry or inhabited houses in which the vapor is burned.
2cl. In dwellings, factories or other places of business, when ,aporized in secure tanks or metal generators, made for the purpose, in which the vapor so generated is used for lighting or heat-
Ing.
3d. For use in the ma nufacture of illuminating gas in gas manufactories situated apart from dwellings and other buildings. 'l'he Inspector shall provide at his own expense instruments for testi ng oi l, and stencils for branding packages to read thus: " State uf Georgia. Approved," with the name of inspector and elate of

5&

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

itispection. The Inspector shall brand all oils and fluids falling below roo degrees flash test, in the Elliott Tester, "State of Georgia. Rejected," with name of inspector and date of inspection. If the inspector shall find any illuminating oil or fluid under the flash test required by law, or false!) branded, he shall cause the offender to be prosecuted.
SEc. 3 And it is hereby made the duty of such General In-, spector of Oils to personally prosecute each and every offender under the provisions of this Act, and upon conviction such offender shall be punished as prescribed in section r039 of the Code of Georgia, and all fines arisi ng from prosecution under this Act shall be paid into and become a part o.f the general educational fund of this State.
SEc. 4 Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of law~ in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 20, r899.

REMEDlES FOR IN SECTS AND PL NT DISE SES.
D EPARTMENT OF E TOMOLOGY, A TLANT A, GA., August rs , I900.
To Ron. 0. B. Steve11s, Commissioner of A griculf1we. DEAR SIR : In acco rdance with your request I beg to submit
herein brief notes on remedies for insects and plant diseases, with directi ons for the preparation and application of the same.
It should be explained that these notes are taken in part from my paper before the State H orticultural Society at its r899 session, with additional matter collected from recent field experiments.
It requires a considerable degree of intelligence to successfully combat insects and fungi. correct kn owledge of the life history and feeding habits of the particular species to be treated is essential to successful results. S ome insects may be susceptible to treatment in one stage of their exi stence while they could not be affected in an other stage. Furthermore, it is necessary to know what remedy is indicated in the particular case to be treated and when to make the application.

BULLETIN NO. 36.

57

The use of remedies can not be relied upon entirely for protec t1on against crop pests. Preventive measures play an important ,-ole in the methods of controJiing such pests, as does also mechanical operations, such as hand picking, cultivation, rotation of c rops and destructi on of affected plants. The larger Cornstalk Borer, a serious enemy to corn in the South, can not .be reached by insecticides, but can be easily controlled by the destructi on, in the faJI , of the old cornstalks in which they hibernate. and by rotat ion of crops. No spraying operations will control Peach YeJiows and Rosette ; complete destruction of affected trees being the only l'emedy. The Curculio and Monilia rot can be held in check in a g reat measure by the destruction of affected fruit. Burning the webs of web-worms often proves more effective than applications o f insecticides. A knife or wire is used to remove borers from peach trees, a sheet and club are used to capture the Curculio, hoods are placed over young cucumbers and melon plants to protect them from the Cucumber Beetle and Squash bugs; trenches are dug to entrap the Army Worm, and various mechanical methods of destroying insects have been devised. A lso culture a nd care of an orchard have much to do with the control of insects and diseases; clean culture, which should always be g iven an orchard, will greatly lessen the number of various insects th:tt a re common to orchard trees. Grass, weeds and other debris a fford protection to them while in the pupa state or hibernating, a nd the destruction of such protecti on will result in the destruction of a great many insects. Good cultivatton and the use of fertilizers keep the trees in a healthy, vigorous condition, thereby Tendering them less susceptible to attacks of insects and diseases.
Pruning also should not be neglected. Dead and diseased limbs hould be closely pruned off and removed from the orchard. Dead trees should not be allowed to stand. The Fruit Bark Beetle and t he Black Knot Fungus are thus controlled. Yellows and Rosette are prevented from spreading by the removal of affected trees. Ca reful observation and skillful management will render the use of insecticides and fungicides less requi site.

INSECTICIDES.
Insects are divided into two classes, accord ing to their manner o f feeding. Ist. Haustellate insects or those that possess a tubelike proboscis, with which they pierce the tissues of plants and suck their juices, which class embraces the plant lice, plant bugs, mealy

cr;;ORCrA DEPAR'l'MEN'f OF AGRICUL'l'UR~.
bugs and scale insects. 2u. Mandibulate insects are those that
possess biting mouth-parts and obtain their food by gnawing or chewing the tissues of plants, to which class belong the grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars and others.
This natural classification of insects necessitates the division of insecticides into two classes, viz. : contact poisons and food poisons. The fo.mer are used against sucking insects and are applied directly to their bodies, producing death by entering the body through the breathing pores or by closing the breathing pores and hy corrosion and irritation. Food poisons are intended for biting insects and should be applied to the plants upon which they feed, to be taken into the alimentary canal with the food.
CONTACT POISONS.
Contact poisons consist principally of soaps, oils, resin washes, tobacco and gases. The most important of these are kerosene, whale-oil soap and hydrocyanic acid gas.
KEROSENE.-Kerosene in some form has been used as an insecticide for many years, and since injurious scale insects have become so prevalent it is alma t indispensable. It is used pure, in the form of kerosene emulsion and in mechanical mixture with water. vVhile pure kerosene is a deadly insecticide, it also often proves highly injurious to plant life and should be used with caution. Indeed, it is rarely necessary to use pure kerosene except possibly in s ere cases of scales, and where the plants are expected to be killed as well as the insects. \Vhen used at all with the expectation of destroying scale insects and saving the infested trees, it should be applied in the finest possible spray and \vhen the \\'eather conditions are favorable for rapid evaporation. Our experience with the use of kerosene against the San Jose scale .in this State has been that about 50 per cent. of peach trees treated are killed and roper cent. of plum trees, and where the treatment was thorough, almost complete destruction _to the scale was the result.
Kerosene in the form of emulsion has perhaps been more widely ttsed than any other contact poison. For many years it has been the remedy for plant lice, scale insects and certain caterpillars as \\'ell.
The usual formula for making it is as follows:



BULLETIN NO. 36.

59

KEROSENE EMULSION FORMUI,A .

Kerosene .. . ........ . Whale-oil soap .. . \!Vater .. .. .... . ..... .

. . . 2 gallons. . .. I pound. . . . I gallon.

The soap is dissolved in the water by boiling. The solution is then removed from the fire and the kerosene added. The mixture is then churned violently while hot by pumping it back into itself with a force pump for about five minutes, when it should assum~ a creamy consistency.
Used for plant lice and soft-bodied scale insects as a summe r treatment, the emulsion should be diluted with from IO to I 5 parts of water and applied with a spray pump. It can also be made effective against armored scales if applied to the young scales while issuing and unprotected. Used as a winter treatment for scale insects while the trees are dormant, the emulsion to be effective should be diluted with only 2 or 3 parts of water.
Kerosene in mechanical mixture with water is fast taking the place of the emulsion, and has the advantage of doing away with the work required to make the emulsion. The mixing of the kerosene and water takes place in the act of spraying and no prepara:ion of the insecticide is necessary. A special kerosene sprayer is required 'to apply the mixture. This mechanical combination of kerosene and water is the remedy that we have adopted for the San Jose and other scale insects in this State. Various othe~ remedies have also been tried, but the kerosene mixture is the most practical efficient remedy for our purpose. vVe have made extensive experiments with this .treatment, resulting in the proof that the San Jose scale can, without question, be cot1trolled by it; use. Our experiments have shown that 20 to 25 per cent. kerosene can be safely used on peach trees in a dormant condition> while stronger percentages may do damage. Even with 25 pe cent. we have injured some trees by applying the mixtures when the \Yeather conditions were not right. Bright, dry clays should be selected for the work and spraying should not be continued late in the evening. It is important that the best conditions for rapid evaporation of the ker sene be afforded, otherwise it will penetrate the bark and injure the trees. If the trees are badly infested two applications are necessary to place the scale under control. The first should be made early in the fall soon after the foliage is shed,


Gf;ORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
and the second at any time during the winter or spring, preferably just before the buds ope{1. If the first winter's treatment is thorough , only one annual winter application -should be necessary thereafter.
As a summer treatment applied during the growing period it is not safe to use over 10 per cent., and peach foliage may even be :scorched a little with that strength.
The winter treatment is more satisfactory and should be adopted, even where summer applications have previously been made. The dense foliage renders a thorough wetting of the trees -difficult and the leaves will protect many scales. It is often necessary to spray during summer in order to hold the scales in check
until a winter application can be made. It may be applied at any
time during the summet when living scales are detected, but j)referably while young are issuing. Kerosene wlien appliect t o fruit, even when immature, will give it a decided kerosene flavor, which can be detected after the fruit has ripened. Also vegetables, soon to be eaten, should not be sprayed with kerosene. This objectionable flavor often goes to the table with the vegetable.
WHALE-OIL SoAP.-Any good soap may be effectively used as an insecticide for soft-bodied insects, but the so-called whaleoil soaps are the best. They a.re made of fish oil and caustic potash or caustic soda. The potash soap has proved to be the most effective against insects, and as it remains in solution better than the other soaps is more easily applied. As a winter treatment for the San J ose sca le, tvvo pounds of soap to one gallon of water are required to be effective. The solution should be sprayed o r mopped on the trees while warm. If two applications are to be made, one should be made in the fall and the other in the spring before the buds open ; if only one application is necessary it should be made in the spring, as there i less danger of killing fruit buds at that time.
Some trouble has been experienced with the soap destroying the discharge hose when two pounds to the gallon are used . One pound to the gallon of water affects the hose very little, and this strength should be used in dealing \Yith the Forbes <1nd other less resistant scales than the San Jose.
For young larv<e of scales, plant lice, meal y bugs, pear slugs and other delicate insects, one pound to four ga llons of water is sufficient. One pound to two gallons of water has been found to injure tender foliage, such as ne:tch foliage.


BULLETIN NO. 36.

6D

HYDROCYANIC AciD GAs.-The gas treatment has been used' for a number of years in California for scale insects on citrus. trees, and in recent years has been employed in the East to combat the San Jose scale. It is specially va luable for disinfecting nursery stock, and is now being extensively used by the nurserymen of this State as a precautionary measure against scale insects.. It has also been successfully employed in Southwest Georgia in. orchard work against the San J ose scale by means of enclosing the trees in tents. Owing to the hea vy expense attached to this. treatment, however, it is now very little used by our growers,. and the kerosene treatment is being generally adopted instead.
The wide distribution of the San J ose scale over the country has created a demand from fruit growers for some kind of insurance against such pests. Inspection certificates have been generally accepted, but there is still a demand for further protection. This protection is afforded by the use of hydrocyanic acid gas in the treatment of nursery stock. Be it said to the credit of our nurserymen, that they have not been slow to adopt this treatment. and to take any other precautions necessary to protect their customers. Quite a number of them have constructed fumigating houses and fumigate trees, shrubs, cuttings, buds, vines, stocks. and everything they grow and handle.
The building should be in a convenient place on the packing grounds and the stock fumigated as it is dug and brought front the nursery.
From our experiments conducted last fall I found the best results were obtai ned from the use of the following formula:
I y,i ounces of potas ium cyan ide, 98 per cent. pure.
1 ;J4 ounces of commercial sulphuric acid (bes t grade). 5 fluid ounces of water, for e'ue1''Y 150 wbic feet of space enclosed.
The plants to be fumigated are placed in a room in any com.- enient manner. The water is poured into an earthenware vessef just inside the door and the acid added. Then the cyanide, which should be previously weighed out into a paper bag, is added fr01n a clipper or other instrument with a handle. It is not necessary to empty the cyanide from the bag. The door is then quickly. closed and the fumigation is continued for 35 or 40 minutes. Then the door and ventilator should be opened and no one shoul:l enter the house under ten minutes thereafter. The gas is ::t .deadly poison, and the work should be done with caution.

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
TonAcco.-Tobacco is a valuable insecticid~ used in several forms . The decoction of tobacco is specially useful as a remedy for plant lice. The decocti on is made by steeping five pounds of tobacco stems in three gallons of water for three hours. Then it is strained and diluted with water to make seven gallons. It is then ready to be applied to plants affected with the Black Ap,his and other plant lice. For the root-inhabiting indi viduals of the Black Aphis and the W ooly Aphis of the apple, tobacco dust should be applied around the base of affected trees in the radius of two feet. Three or four inches of the surface soil should be removed, and about three pounds of the dust scattered over the space. In case of nursery stock the dust should be scattered along on each side of the rows in furrow s. The wh ole tobacco stem may be used for the same purpose. The rains extract the. tobacco and carry the decoction clown around the roo ts, killing the insects it comes in contact with.
T obacco leaves smudged in a green-house for about I 5 or 20
:minutes will destroy plant li ce and other g reen house pests. Pyrethruni or Persian Insect P owder is the povvdered fl owers
of the Pyrethrum plant and is used against roaches, ants, mosquitoes and other househ old in!?ects, cabbage worms and other smooth-bodied caterpillars. It may be used as a dry powder, pure Or diluted with fl our, or it may be used as a spray at the rate of one oun ce to two gallons of water. It is not poisonous to man, and therefore is valuable to use where the arsenical poisons would be 'objectionable.
BISULPHIDE OF CARBON .- Is a volatile liquid and furnishes a remedy for internal feeding insects, such as the bean weevil and the angoun,1ois g rain moth; and subterranean insects, as root-inhabiting lice and root maggots. The grain or other prod ucts to be treated should be put in a close box or bin and the liquid poured over it at the rate of one pound to the ton of grain. The box should be securely covered over for twenty-four hours.
FOOD POISONS.
The chief food poisons are the arsenical compounds: Paris Green, London Purple, Scheele's Green and Arsenite of Lead. These poisons furnish more or less efficient remedies for nearly . all biting and gnawing i"nsects, as potato beetle, cabbage worms, ,cotton worms and plum curculio.
Paris Green is the most popular arsenical and usually gives the

BULLETIN NO. 36.

63

most satisfactory results. It is a very fine crystaline powder, composed of arsenic, copper and acetic acid ( aceta-arsenite of copper) and has quite a uniform composition.
L o11do11 Purple is a fine po wder prepared from the waste products in the manufacture of analine dyes and is variable in composition, containing principally arsenic and lime. It is less effective than Paris Green and owing to its slight solubility is liable to scald the foliage, but has the advantage of being less expensive.
A rsenate of L ead is a white substance precipitated from the co mbinati on of arsenate of soda, 3 parts, and acetate of lead 7 parts in water. It is easily kept in suspension, and can be used at a much greater strength in water than any of the other poisons with out injury to the foliage.
\PPLICATION OF THE ARSENICALS.-For genera) purposes any of the arsenicals may be used at the rate of one pound to 1 so gal-
a lons of water, applied with spray-pump. On very resi stant
foli age, as the potato, one pound to roo gallons may be used , and on tender foliage, as that of the peach, onl y one pound to 350 gal Ions should be used. \ N' ith all , except the arsenate of lead, it is usuall y necessary to use about two pnuncl s of lime to every roo gall ons of water to neutralize the free arsenic and prevent it from scalding the foliage.
In preparing the mixture make the powder into a thin paste in a small quantity of water, and add the lime; then strain the mixture into the spray tank, containing the required amount of water.
The arsenicals 1:nay al so be used as dry povvders dusted on the plants through a clot.h bag or po wder gun, either pure or diluted two or three times with fl our or gypsum.
P oisoned Bmt may be used to advantage when it is not practical to apply the poison to the plants attacked. Such bait is particularl y useful in destroying cut-worms, wire-worm s, grasshoppers and roaches. A bran bait is made by mixing together one ounce of arsenicals or white arsenic, one ounce of sugar and six ounces of bran. with water to make a wet mash. This mash is distributed in small lots over the infested territory around the plants attacked.
Green Ba,it may be a lso prepared by clipping bunches of succulent vegetati on in a strong solution of arsenica.ls and distributing them among the infested plants. Green bait is specially valuable for cut-worms.
WhZ:te H elebore.-Aside from the arsenicals, \Vhite Helebore

64

GEORGIA DE P ARTMENT OP AC iliCU l,TU IU\ .

is another substance used for biting insects, and is particularly valuable for the currant worm, pear tree slug and other species of saw-flies. It should be sprayed on plants at the rate of one omlr tto the ga llon of water.

FUNGICIDES.
The di seases of' plant s to which fungicides are applicable ar<: due in the main to a lower order of plant life, known as parasitic fungi. A few are external parasites and develop on the surface of the host plant, as the mildews; but the most of them enter the host and ramify its ti ssues, forming a network of minute threads, coming to the surface onl y to fruit . It is obv ious, then, that remedia l agencies can not reach the parasite within the ti ssues of the plant without destroy ing the plant also. Hence, fungicides mu st be used la rgely as a preventive treatment and should be applied in mo t cases before the symptom.s of the disease have appeared. Remedial work, therefore, consists principally in preventing ~h e spores of the fungi from ga ining lodgment and germinating. lt is, of course, impossible to foretell with any degree of cer tainty when crops will be attacked by these parasites, but from reason and experience of pa t years we may anticipate certain diseases, and spray as a kind of insurance aga inst them.
Other important preventive measures consist in collecting and destroying all di seased fruit , leaves and othe r waste parts of plants, and judicious fertilizing, tilling, draining a nd pruni ng.
B ordemtx.-N umerous fungicide s of various kinds and c,Jmpositions ha ve been te ted to determine their efficiency in preve..ting fungo us di seases, but onl y a few have come into prominence. Among the e,- Bordeaux mixture is the mos t economi cal and effective and is now the most popular fung icide in use. It is not only a cheap and safe fungicide, but also possesses the property o)f beneficiall y affecting the plants treated.
Copper Sulphate (Blue Stone) and quick-lime are the materials used in the preparation of Bordeaux, and it is necessa ry to use sufficient lime to take into combination all the dissolved copper. {f any of the copper remain s in solution it will burn the foliage of the plant. It is, therefore, safest to use the li me a little in excess.
For general purposes we believe the bestresults wi ll be obtained from the use of the following formu la :
Copper Sulphate ( Blue Stone) . . . . .. 4 pounds. Lime ( un slacked) . . . . . . . . . .. . -. . . 5 pounds. Water .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 gallons.

BULLETIN NO. 36.

65

On peach and other susceptible foliage the following formula should be used :
3 pounds of Copper Sulphate. 6 pounds of lime. so gallons of water. We have thoroughly tested this fommla and find that no serious damage to the foliage will result from its use. Stronger mixtu re are quite injurious. To Prepare B ordeau..-v.-Weigh out the required quantity of copper sulphate (4 pounds for the standard formula) into a piece of g ummy sack or cheesecloth and suspend it just beneath the surface of 2S gallons of water contained in a tub. The sack can be tie I to a stick, laid across the top of the tub and should remain suspended for 24 hours or until all the copper sulphate is dissolved. Slack the lime in another' vessel by pouring on water slowly, but sufficient to keep the lime moist until it is slacked and converted into a perfectly smooth paste. Then add enough water to make 2S ga llons of lime water. Then slowly pour the copper sulphate ol ution and the lime water together through a wire gauze strain.er into a so-gallon barrel, pouring both solutions at the same time. The mixture shoul d then be th oroughly stirred for three or four minutes, and it is ready for use. If spraying is to be done on a large scale it will be found expe~ client to prepare stock solutions of copper sulphate and lime to be used as needed. Stock solutions are made much in the same way as the smaller quantities are prepared. so pounds of copper sulphate are dissolved in so gallons of water, and so pounds of lime are slacked and diluted to so gallons. It will require about two days for that quantity of copper sulphate to dissolve. Each gallon of the copper sulphate water contains one pound of copper sulphate and each gallon of lime water contains one pound of lime.
To make 4-s-so fonnula of Bordeaux, take 4 gallons of copper sulphate solution and S gallons of lime water, dilute each to 2S gallons and pour together as explained above. The stock solution. should be thoroughly stirred before using. For the 3-6-so formula, 3 gallons of the copper sulphate solution and 6 gallons of the lime water will be required.
Two to eight ounces of Paris Green may be added to every so gallons of Bordeaux and thus form a combined insecticide and fungicide, the smaller quantity being used for peach and other susceptible foliage and the larger quantity for very resistant plants, as potatoes.
5.a b

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Ammoniacal Sol~ttion of Capper C(flrbona:te.-Aside from the

Bordeaux mixture the ammonia-copper carbonate solution is per-

.]}aps the most valuable. It is prepared by the use of

3 pints aqua ammonia ( 26 degrees).
5 ounces copper carbonate.

45 gallons water. Make the copper carbonate into a thin paste by adding a small uantity of water; add the ammonia water slowly and dil1:1te with

water to make 45 gallons. The advantage in the use of this prep-

-:aration is that in spraying fruit no staining will result, as is often

-the case with Bordeaux. It furnishes an excellent remedy for the

dO\;vny mildew and brown rot of the grape.

Time to apply Fungicide.-No definite directions can be given

::as to when and how often spraying should be done. The grower

:must decide this himself from the nature of the enemy to be

~fought-



For the b1'0wn rot of the peach, plum and cherry three or four ~sprayings are necessary. The first should be applied in the spring

just before the fruit buds begin to open, the second just after the :blooms are shed, followed by the third in about two weeks, and :the fourth any time thereafter that it may seem necessary from

-indications of rot. The 4-5-50 formula of Bordeaux or simply :the four pounds of coppe~ sulphate in so gallons of water without

<thelime may be used for the first spraying ,and the3-6-so BorJ.deaux formula for all subsequent sprayings.

For peach. lea.f curl only one application of Bordeaux (4-5-50 - formula) is necessary. This should be made immediately before the fruit buds begin to open.
For the black rot, do'l.vny 'mildew and antlvraawse of the grape, three applications of the 4-5-50 Bordeaux formula should be made, the first when the buds begin to open, the second in I 5 days .after the first, and the third a.fter the fntit is well set.
For the OJpple-swb f~tngus the 4-5-50 Bordeaux formula should l>e used, and four ounces of Paris Green may be added to destroy :insect pests that are nearly always present on the apple tree. The

..trees should be sprayed just before the bloom buds open and again 1
:immediately after the blossoms are shed.

In order to obtain satisfactory results from the use of fungicides 1.t is necessary that the substance used should be thoroughly ap-

plied to all parts of the plants subject to the attacks of fungi.

:Spraying is often a waste of time and material. Unless the work

:is thoroughly done it perhaps had better not be done at all.

Respectfully submitted.

W. M. ScoTT, Entomologist.

BULLETIN NO. 36.

67

REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST.

Ron. 0. B . Sttrue-ns, Com1nissioner of Agricultu1'e of the' State of

Georgia.

_

DEAR SIR: The season of 1899-1900 is now nearing a finish,

and I furnish you herewith tables of analyses of the various brands

of fertilizers. sold in the State the past season. The number of

tons of fertilizers sold in the State has been 412,755 , as compared

with 342,869 tons the previous season ; the number of brands,

h owever, has been reduced from 779 last year to 699 this season.

The nature of the work has been of the usual character, as will

be disclosed by an inspection of the annexed tables of analyses,

how ing the percentages of va luable plant food in the various

g uanos, acid phosphates, acid phosphates with potash and with

ammonia, cottonseed meals and potash salts, etc. , manufactured

and sold by the va,rious compani es and dealers in and out of the

State.

VALUATIONS.

The commercial values for this season have ranged materially above those for last year. When fixing the values for the year on the first of January, I found by correspondence and inquiry that the price of phosphate rock, of brimstone, of pyrites, and of all the ammoniates, both animal and vege~able, had had a pronounced rise. These quotations you will find given on another page o f this bulletin, and calculating from these quotations, the price of available phosphoric acid was placed at 70c. per unit, as compared with 6sc. the previous season; the unit price of atll: monia was also rai sed from $2.00 a unit to $2 .20. The price of potash alone remained the same, at Sse. per unit.

COTTONSEED MEALS.
In the case of cotton-seed meals I have departed from the usual <Course heretofore pursued of valuing them only according to thei r percentage of ammonia. In this bulletin the va lue o f th~ ammonia in the meal is calculated at $2.20 per unit and to this value $3-42 is added for upland meals to cover the value of the 1.8 per cent. potash, and 2.7--per cent. phosphoric acid, which is the average content of those meals; in the case of sea island meals

68

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

$2.60 is added to cover the value of the 1.5 per cent. potash and 1.9 per cent. phosphoric acid, which is the average content of these meals.

BONE MEALS.
Inasmuch as the availability of the nitrogen and phosphoric acid in bone meals is considered by the best authorities to vary according to the fineness to which these meals are ground, I decided to adopt the Connecticut plan with such goods, that is, to weigh the sample carefully as soon as the bottle is opened, then to pass it through a sieve with meshes I-Soth of an inch in diameter, and weigh the fine meal which passes through so as to get th e percentages of coarse and fine meal in the sample before putting it through the usual process of preparation for analysis. To the nitrogen from the fine bone meal a valuation of $2.20 a ' unit is gi en, to that from the coa rse a value of $1. 60 a unit is g iven. T o the phosphoric acid from the fine meal a value of 7oc. a unit is gi\'en, to that from the coarse a value of 6oc. a unit is g1ven.

AVAILABILITY OF F E RTILIZE R NI'.kROGEN.
Recalling to your attention the remarks made in my report of last yea r on the availability of fertilizer nitrogen, a great deal of laboratory work has also been clone the past year along this line. The Associat ion of Official Chemists has now taken up this matter and its members a re doing steady, th ough necessari ly slow, work toward the devel opment of chemical methods for estimating the availaqility of the nitrogen as plant food in the various fertilizer materials on the market. In connecti on with our chemical work on thi s line I made some pot experiments on oats this spring which may be of interest to you: Twelve flower pots, each IO inches in diameter at the top, were selected, ca refully painted inside with asphalt paint, to prevent the absorption of any of the fertilizing constituents into the pores of the pots. These pots being numbered were all filled to within an inch of the top with sifted coal ashes containing no n~trogen. T o each pot was added acid phosphate containing 3 grams phosphoric acid; also 3 grams
sodi um chloride ; also 0 gram magnesium sulphate ; also 25
so grams carbonate of lime; also 2 grams of per cent. muriate of
potash. These chemicals were thoroughly incorporated with the

BULLETIN NO. 36.

69

sifted coal ashes. Also in order to furnish a little organic matter some muck containing only 3-Io per cent. of nitrogen was adde~ to the extent of 3 per cent. of the weight of the coal ashes. The pots now contained all the elements of plant life with the exception of sufficient nitrogen. This was now supplied as follows ..., To pots Nos. I , 2, 3, 4, garbage tankage was added in increasing
a mounts; to No. I an amount equal to 74 gram nitrogen ; to N o. 2, Yz g ram nitrogen; to No. 3, :Y-4 gram nitrpgen; to No. 4, I
g ram nitrogen ; to No. 5, hoof meal was added containing I gram nitrogen; to No. 6, cotton-seed meal containing I gram nitrogen; to No. 7, powdered leather containing I gram nitrogen; to No.8,
nitrate soda containing Yz gram nitrogen; to No. 9, nitrate soda
containing :Y-4 gram nitrogen; to No. IO, nitrate soda containing I gram nitrogen; to No. II , nothing ; to No. I2, nothing.
Carefully selected oat seed to the number of 25 were planted
in each pot and when all were up, were thinned out to a uniform stand of r8 plants to the pot. All the pots received exactly the same care and the same amount of water each day. The accompanying photographs, skilfully made by Mr. R. G. 'Williams, assistant cbemist, will fell tbe 'sfofy-of the e ffects of the differei1t nitrogenous fertilizers better than any words of mine can describe it.
It will be observed that the effect of the leather seemed to be positively injurious, the showing made in that pot, No. 7, being even more stunted than in the pots without any nitrogenous fertil izer; on the contrary, pot No. 5, to which hoof meal was added, a material which a few yea rs ago "vas commonly condemned as a worthless and fraudulent fertilizer, shows about as healthy and vigorous g rowth as any of the pots. U nfortunately, during th e very wet weather in June last, lice attacked the plants in the pots, in some to a greater extent than in others , thus rendering it useless for me to analyze the plants and determine the exact quantities of nitrogen which they had been able to extract from the va rious fertilizers, and thus report in a more scientific way as to the relative availability of the different nit rogenous fertilizers u sed.

OILS.
The new law regulating the sale and inspection of illuminating Dils, which we succeeded in carrying through at the last session of the Legislature, though not without a hard fought battle, has.

70

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

worked smoothly during tl1e past season, since it came into operation. You and the yery efficient General Oil Inspector, Mr. Barrett, and the people of the State of Georgia, and the oil companies are all to be congratulated upon the character of the ilium- inating oil now supplied and sold throughout the State. The following table of analyses of oils taken at random from different sections of the State will show that the above is not an idle boast:

~I 302-F.

~I 11.00

'J'

0.9

3

0.5

4

0.5

5

0.5

6

2.5

7

2 5

8

1.1

9

1.8

10

1.2

392
..31.8
327' .6-,
27.75 32 .5 37. 38.5 34.5 37 .5 37 .5

482
46.00 20.00 48. 40. 35 .5 34. 33. 37.5 40 .5 38.5

572

Left in the Retort.

5.5

5.7 -R

28.

23 .5

15 .5

4.3

22 .5

9.25

24.5

7 .00

20 .0

6.50-R

20.

6.00 "

2:Ui

4.4 "

16.

4.2 "

1!:!.5

4.3 "

In the above table the figures in the second column represent the percentages of oil which distilled over at a temperature below 302 F. They consist of light oils or naphthas. The figures in the next three columns show the percentages of oil distilling over at and below the temperatures named, viz.: 392 F., 482 F., 570F. These oils constitute the good normal burning kerosene oil. The figures in the last column represent the oil remaining in the retort and refusing to distill at a temperature of 572F. This fraction constitutes what is known as "heavy oil" or lubricating oil.
I give below an analysis for sake of comparison made last year of the kind of oil which was commonly sold in the State before the present Ia w went into effect:
Left in the Retort r6.oo
You will at once notice the remarkable manner in which the light inflammable oils or naphthas have been removed from the oils now sold in the State, as compared with those sold a year ago, and that over 90 per cent. of the oils now sold consists of pure burning oil. You will also note that samples Nos. r, 6, 7, 8, 9, ro, are marked with an R. That means that those oils, whilst of

BULL:ETIN NO. 36.

very good quality otherwise, still contain too much naphtha orlight oil to stand the test of the instrument now legalized in Georgia and by which all oils are now being t~sted. In other words,. it appears from the analyses, so far made, that no oil containing: as much as one per cent. even of light oil distilling below 302F . will stand the flash test of the new Georgia instrument. In other words, we have now on the market in Georgia. a quality of oil' which in all probability will not only not explode, but not evem take fire if the lamp in which it is burning should be accidentall:r turned over and broken.

PHOTOMETRIC TEST.

I further made a photometric test of the oil we are now consuming. I filled a lamp having a. one and a half in-ch flat wick,.. open woven, with the oil we are now consuming. I carefully weighed the lamp, with its oil and chimney, then lit it, tested it in the photometer, and found its average candle power to be 16-44. After burning for three hours I again weighed it, noted.' the loss of oil, and found that the lamp consumed 2.67 grams of oil per candle power per hour. A similar test with oil of the old quality showed a consumpti on of 3.56 grams of oil per candle - power per hour or 333-1 per cent. greater consumption of oil per: candle power per hour.
I have, sir, to_thank you and Assistan t Commissioner Wright'for your kind and steadfast support in the work of the year, nor must I close this report without referring with deep appreciatiom

to the sterling, honest, faithful, though silent and unobtru sive_... work of the Assistant State Chemists, Messrs. P. L. Hutchinson<. and R. G. Wi)liams.

Respectfully submitted.

]No. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist-.

72

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE.

LETTERS ON AGRICULTURE ADDRESSED TO THE GEORGIA FARMERS.

LETTER NO. ONE.

AS TO STOCK FEEDING-MATTER AN IMPORTANT ONE-THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ANIMAL BODY AND ITS ELEMENTS E)XPLAINED.

To the State Chemist, Atlanta, Ga.
D EAR SIR: I am a young farmer almost discourazed with farming and the low prices of cotton. I had thought of devoting more attention to my stock, and write to ask if chemistry can throw any light on that subject, as all farmers admit that it does on the subject of fertilizers. Can you give some good formulas for feeding? I have a good common school education, but want you to be plain so I can understand what you say.
G EORGIA FARMER.

To Georgia FMmer.

DEAR SIR: Your letter received, and the questions you ask open up a wide field for discussion, and are of the g reatest prac-

tical importance, not only to the farmer, but to the general pros-

perity of the whole country.



Yes, chemistry can throw a great fl ood of light on the subject of stock feeding, which is a part of the general subject of animal nutrition. The subject is usually treated last in nearly all works

on agriculture, but I am now going to write to you about it first, because you seem specially interested in it, and also because I believe that if a general and intelligent interest in the subject of

:stock raising could be awakened in the country it would do more for our agricultural regeneration than auy one thing that I can

think of. I could answer the main question of your letter at once by giving you some formulas for feeding, but I am not going to

do that because you would not see any sense in it, or any good

teason for it, and I desire that you should understand the prin-

ciples of feeding first, then you will take an intelligent interest in

BULLETIN NO. 36.

73

it, and be more successful in it than if you went at it blindly by

mere "rule of thumb."

I am going to assume that there are numbers of farmers like

yourself in Georgi a with limited but fair education, who are dis-

gusted with the all-cotton policy, and that this letter addressed to you personally is also of interest to them, ~nd so I shall print it

in the "Monthly Talks" of the commissioner of agriculture, that

it may have a wide circulation among the farmers , and perhaps be

of interest and benefit to them as well as yourself, to whom it is

add ressed. I expect to write one of these letters for each of the

"Monthly Talks," according as I may find opportunity and time

to spare from my other duties, and to continue them as long as I

think I have anyth ing of practical va lue to say to the fanners.

As I am not writing these letters for those well versed in scientific

agriculture, but for beginners, I shall commence with elementary

p r i n c iple s.

I wi ll discuss in a brief manner some of the principles of animal

nutrition or of feeding.



The animal body is composed of water, that constitqtes from

40 to 6o per cent. of it, and also of protein, fat and ash, .of which

last bones are the chief part. The protein of the body includes

-all of the matter in the body containing nitrogen. The lean meat,

the casei n of milk or the curd, the wh ite of eggs, or albumen, :ue

all fo rms of protein. The term albuminoids, derived ft'om albu-

men , is often used to mean the same as protein, although that use

is not strictly correct. The albuminoids are a class of bodies in-

cluded under the oeneral name of protein. The flesh , the skin,

the hair, the muscles, the heart, the liver, the brain, the blood, the

nerve , all the internal organ , the nails, the horns, the hoofs and

in fac t a la tge part of the bones all consist la rgely of protein. So

we see thi s substance, protein, is indeed a most important one;

life ca nnot exi st without it, and when we go into the market to

buy it in its most concentrated forms, as in beef, mutton, pork

and milk, we find we have to go clown into our pockets just a lit-

tle deeper than for the other necessa ries of life.

The carbohydrates and fat are also rrecessary to animal life.

The word ca rbohydrate is derived from carbon (of which char-

coal is a good example) and the word hydrate is from the Greek

for water. An example of a pure carbohydrate is starch, we eat

-it usually in the form of meal, flour, rice and potatoes, of which

it fo rm s the greater part. Sugar is the first cousin of starch (in-

-deed it can be made from it ) and is also included under the terw

74

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are the principal source of

the fat'of our bodies, and are the chief source of animal heat and

the energy of the body, in fact they are a sort of fuel, and are so to

speak burned in the body, heat and work being a result of their

oxidation or burning, just as heat and work or motion are a result

of the burning or oxidation of coal in an engine. So we see these

carbohydrates are important, but we also find they are cheap as.

compared with proteir1; why are they cheap? Because as their

name implies, they are derived from the very abundant and cheap

substances, water and carbon.

The water is given us free in the form of rain, and the carbon

also in the form of carbonic acid, which is breathed out continually

into the atmosphere by every living animal on the surface of the

earth, by every chimney and hearthstone, which warms a happy

family, by every smokestack, factory amd locomotive, which min-

isters to our wants and necessities. Carbonic acid forms a prin-

cipal part of all this smoke, although it is not the black part which

we see, but the invisible part, which is clear and colorless like the-

air. Vast streams of it are pouring -out constantly into the air;

why does it not stifle and suffocate us, as it would if poured into

the rooms where we live? It is because all plant life lives on it,.

the great forests absorb it, the crops of wheat, corn and cotton

consume it, the lilies and the roses eat it and drink it. They take

this deadly gas into their wonderful little bodies, and work it-

over and over, together with the water which they suck out of

the soi l, until they turn it back again into the very starch from

which it started, and deposit it in their cells to be consumed by

men and other animals agai n and again in a wondrous never end-

ing cycle.

We see now why the carbohydrates are chea.p, because they are

never used up, because they form an endless chain. Do what we

will with them, eat them up, burn them up, they "bob up again

serenely," ready for fresh consumption. They come out of the

air, which is free to all, and all that they can cost is the labor

connected with handling and getting them into marketable shape.

But, you ask, is not the same thing true of protein? No, indeed,..

and in my next letter I will give you some of the reasons why-

protein is more costly.

Yours truly,

] No. M. McCANDLEss)

State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 36.

75-

CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE.

LETTER NO. TWO.

STATE CHEMIST WRITES LETTERS ON ELEMENTS IN PLA]Il"T AND-
ANIMAL LIFE-NATURE SHORT ON PROTEIN-CLOVER AND LEG-
UMES HIGHLY FAVORED IN ABSORPTION OF FOOD FROM THE:
ATMOSPHERE.
Georgia Farmer.
DEAR SIR : In my last letter I wrote you about the carbohydrates, the functi ons which they fill in the animal economy, and gave you some of the reasons for their abundance and cheapness. I also indicated some of the uses of protein and what an important part of our bodies it was; also that it was costly material compared with the carbohydrates, and promised to give you some of the reasons why it was more costly. ature can afford to be generous and even lavish with the carbohydrates, because she is saving and even stingy with the water and carbonic acid which enter into their composition; not a pound of either does she allow to go to waste. Apparently, she is very prodigal with both, but in reality not. The floodgates of heaven open and pour out millions of gallons of water in places where it is needed, and also in places where it is not needed, but every drop which is not absorbed and used by the thirsty earth runs back into the sea, ready to be distilled again and again from its surface by the heat of the sun, and used over again and again, and the same with carbonic acid' gas, as I illustrated to you in my last letter.
That is the highest sort of economy, which use~ its raw materials over and over again without their wearing out. But in the case of protein Mother Nature is not so generous as with carbohydrates. Indeed, she is stingy and niggardly, and why? Because she is wasteful o f her raw material. N itrogen is the essential element in the raw material out of which protein is builf.. Like carbonic acid, nitrogen is also a gas, colorless and invisible. It constitutes in round nwnbers four-fifths or 8o per cent. of the atmosphere. We inhale it in every breath, but it has no effect upon us whatever, merely serving to dilute the oxygen, v.Thich supports our life and which constitutes t he remaining fifth of the atmosphere. For illustration, let us suppose we bum up the deal

76

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

body of a dog and at the same time a pile of wood. In the act of burning, the protein which forms so large a part of the animal's body is decomposed and its nitrogen escapes into the atmosphere, not to be taken up and used over again by growing plants, like the carbonic acid and water which result from burning the pile of wood, but to remain as an inert ga , in the atmosphere, unable to enter into or be absorbed by the growing crops about which it circulates. Although they may be in sore need and distress for the lack of that very nitrogen, they can not absorb it and use it while still in the gaseous form, although there are oceans of it around and about and touchinO' them.
To illustrate again, let us suppose the dead body of the dog decays in the earth in the neighborhood of growing crops, the nitrogen of the body will be converted by slow process of decay and by the agency of the putrefactive organisms or microbes into ammonia and nitrates. In this last form of nitrate, which is familiar to you in the white salt, known as saltpeter, the roots of the plant are at last able to absorb the nitrogen, which constituted a part of the animal's body and to use and work it over in their little cells and bodies and thus convert it into vegetable protein, which is then in a condition to be eaten by animals, say by a sheep, and thus to become a part of the lean meat of its body, which in turn being eaten by man as mutton, becomes a portion of his body.
But obse rve the '~\Tastefulness of nature in this case; unless that carcass decay at the proper time and place in the vicinity of growing crops or plants there is grievous waste. The J)rotein of the body will decay as usual and be converted by the nitrifying organisms or microbes I mentioned above into nitrates. Now these nitrates are very soluble in water, and unless the roots of the plant are at hand to -appropriate them they are carried off in the drainage waters into the springs, creeks and rivers and pass into the sea, a total loss so far as agriculture is concerned.
By reflecting on these facts you will begin to appreciate the value of soluble nitrogen, . to realize why it is that a pound of beef costs more than a pound of bread, and also to realize the great mistake made by Mother Nature in not creating all plants free and equal in their ability to absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere just as they absorb carbonic acid and water.
In passing, and to illustrate the fact that Nature is not republican or democratic in her instincts and does not believe in grant-ing equal rights and privileges to all her children, I will mention the fact that the general law I have stated above about plants not

BULLETIN NO. 36.

77

being able to appmpriate the free nitrogen of the air has its exceptions, and that a few favored children of nature have this special privilege granted to them. The favorites who enjoy this natural monopoly are the clovers and legumes. This last named covers all of the plants of the pea and bean family. This exception to the general law is one of immen e importance to Agriculture, and we will dwell on it later, when we come to discuss the subject of fertilizers.
In my next Jetter I intend to give you a table giving analyses of the different more important feeding-stuffs, and showing the percentage of water, pmtein, carbohydrates, fat and ash fotmd in them. All the elements found in the animal body are also found in the plants on which the animals feed. For this reason, I will, at the risk of being a little tedi ous, explain a little more fully than I haYe already done, some of the terms to be used in the table of analyses of feeding-stuffs.
TVater. -This is essential to the proper distribution of the now-ishing fluids through the animal sy tem, and is usually more than half the live weight of the animal. o matter how dry a feeding-stuff may appear to be, it always contains a considerahle quantity of water, say from 10 to 90 per cent. of its weight. Though this water may render the food more succulent and palatable, it is of no more value than the water which the animal drinks. So, for this reason, and because the variation of the water content 'is so great, comparison of the different foods is usually made on a "dry basis," that is the dry matter left after expelling the water by heat.
I have already described Protein quite fully, and will say no more about that.
In addition to what I have already said about Ca'rl'bohydra.tes, I will add, that the chemist usually divides them into two groups, one they call "nitrogen free ~xtract"-which consists of the starch, sugar and gum in the plant; the other group they call cellulose or fiber. The fiber of wood, of hay and straw is largely cellulose. Cotto11 fiber is almost pure cellulose. Though so different in appearance, both starch and cellulose are carbohydrates. Coarse fodders, hay and straw contain much fiber. The grains, wheat and corn, contain only a little fiber, but much "nitrogen free extract," or starch and some sugar.
Cellulose is identical with starch in chemical composition and may be converted like starch by suitable treatment with acids and alkalies into dextrin and then into grape sugar. The glucose or

'78

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

gt:ape sugar, largely used in candy manufacture, is made almost

entirely by chemical treatment of com starch with acid. Grape

.sugar occurs in small quantities in the different feed-stuffs, and

during the course of digestion in the body it is formed in la.rge

quantity from the starch and other carbohydrates.

The ash is what is left after burning a feed-stuff. It consists

principally of potash, soda, lime, magnesia and of carbonic, sul-

phuric and phosphoric acids. These constitute the mineral salts

of food-stuffs, and during the process of digestion the animal ab-

sorbs what it needs of them and the rest is excreted with the ma-

nme.

The term fa.t in the table of analysis means the fat or oi l which
is in the food-stuff. .!i is of the same composition practically as

the fat of the JJQdy. The fat of the feeding-stuff is either assimi-

hted in the body) as body fat, or else burned to furnish heat

.and energy.

Yours truly,

JNo. M. McCANDLEss,
State Chemist.

CHEMISTRY I AGRICULTURE.

LETTER NO. THREE.
SciENCE oF FEEDING.
VALUABLE INFORMATION FURNISHED-IMPORTANCE OF COTTON.SEED-HOW THE PROGRESSIVE .FARMER MAY CALCULATE THE :BEST RATION FOR HIS STOCK.

To Georgia Fanner:

Renewing my letters to you, which have for a time been inter-

rupted by more pressing official duties, I here give you the table

of analyses of the more common feeding stuffs, which I promised

yooinmy~~

I

BULLETIN NO. 36.

79

1'ABLE SHOWING DIGESTIBLE M~TTER IN IOO POUNDS OF FEEDSTUFF.

I I M~[ler. l Protein. c::~~e~:- 1

------------------~------,

rCorn Fodder . ... .... .... . 20 .7

~ ~ tRye Fodder . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 23.4

,ca!.>i

.-o
25

Oat Fodder . ......... .. . . Cowpea . .. .. . . . .... . ..... .

37 .8 16 .3

~' Corn Silage .. . .. ... .. ... . 20 .\l

Hay made from Orchard Grass . 90. 1

"'l'imothy .. . . . . . . . . . .. .... .. .. . 86 .8 -crab-grass . .. ....... . .. .. ... . .. . 80 .0

Mixed Grasses ......... .. . .... . . 87.1

R ed Clover.. . . .. .. .. . .. .... . ... . 84 .7

White Clover . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . 90 .3

{)rimson Ulover . . . .... ..... . . .

91.4

{)owpea .. . . .... . . ... ........ ... . 89.3

Roots, Grains, etc . . ... .. . .. . ... .

Turnips. . . .. . .. .. . ......... . .

9.50

Ruta bagas . ... . . ... . . . . . ...... . 11 .4

{)orn (grain) . .. . . . . ..... .... .. . . 89 .1

Oats (grain) ....... .. ........ . . 8\l.O

Wheat (grain)~. .. . . .. . . . . .. . 89.5

{)otton Seed Whole . ..... . . ... . . 89.9

Corn Meal .. . . .. .. ... . ... . . .... . 85 .00

Corn and Cob Meal. . . . . . ... ... . . 84 .9

Ground Corn and Oats (equal

parts) .. ... . .. . , . . ..... . , . . . . . . 88 .1

Wh.eat Bran . ... . , . ... .... ... ... . 88 .5

Wheat Middlings :. .. .. .. , . . .. .. . 84. 0

Wheat Shorts ...... . .... . ...... . 88.2

Cotton Seed Meal ..... ..... . . . . . 91.8

Cotton Seed Hulls. ... .. . .. . .... . 88 .9

Whole Milk . , . . ..... .. . . .... . .. . 13.0

S kim Milk....... . .. ... .. . . .... .. 9 .6

Separator Milk ... . , . .. . ... .... . . 9.4

Butter Milk ... ... ...... . . . .. .. .

9.9

Whey ... . ..... ....... . . .. .... . .

6 .6

1.10 2 .05 2.09 1 .68 0.50 4 . 78 2 .89 '5.04 3.22 6 .1\R 11 .46 10 .49 10 . 79
0 .81 0 .88 7 .92 9.25 10 .23 11.08 7 .01 6 .46
7.39 12 01 12 .79 12 .22 37.01
0.42 3 .48 3 .13 2.94 3 87 0 .84

12 .08 14 .11 22 .06
8 .08 11.79 41.99 43 72 38 .45 48 . 26 35.35 41.82 38.13 38.41)
6.46 7 .74 66.69 48.34 69 .21 33.13 65 .20 56.28
61.20 41.23 53.15 50 .00 16 :52 30.95
4 .77 4.69 5 24 4.00 4 . 74

Fat.
0 .37 0.44 1.0-! 0 .25 0 .65 1.40 1 .43 1.41 1.33 l. 66 1.48 I .29 1.51
0.11 0 .11 4 .28 4.18
1.6~
18 .44 3.25 2.87
3. 72 2.87 3 .40 3 .83 12 .58 1.69 3 .70 0.83 0 .29 1.06 0 .31 '

I hope you will now go back and carefully read again my previous letters and fix in your mind the explanations there given of the various tem1s which are used in the above table of analyses; what protein is and what function it fills in the animal economy. building muscle and lean meat, blood, nerves, hair, tendons and even part of the bones; also the office of the fat and the carbohyd rates producing fat in the body, keeping up its heat and producing force or energy. You will then better understand the table just given.
Thi~ is a short table se~ected from numerous analyses, as con-

-

80

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

taining the materials most likely to be met with on the average Southern farm and used for the feeding of stock.
The above table does not give the complete analysis of the feeding-stuffs mentioned, but g ives the digestible rnatter in IOO pounds of each feed. For instance, the complete analysis of cottonseedmeal is as follows: Water, 8.2 per cent.; ash, 7.2 per cent.; protein, 42.3 per cent.; carbohydrates, 29.2 per cent.; fat, I3.I per cent, or total 100 per cent. By referring to the table, however, you will see that about five pounds of the protein is indigestible, and about 13 pounds of the carbohydrates are also indigestible. T he figures in the above table have been obtained by careful feeding experiments, and are the result of much painstaking, careful, conscientious work, and are therefore very valuable as being practical in the best sense.
Only that part of the food is of va lue to the animal which passes into the circulation, after being acted on by the fluids of the stomach and intestines, and being taken up by the blood goes to repair the waste of th e body, to make new flesh, to add fat, or to serve as a source of energy or work. In preparing these tables of digestible matter the experimenters carefully weighed the animal s at the beginning of each experiment, carefully analyzed the rations fed to them, carefully saved every drop of liquid and solid of the dung and urine and analyzed them, and then studiously comparing all the results, calculated the digestible matter in 100 pounds of each feed-stuff, and these percentages they called the " digestion coefficients." Such tables as these are the basis of scientific feeding. Little as you may think of it, this subject is of the utmost practical importance, not only to the agricultural community, but to the ge11eral prosperity of the nation.
The experience of the past decade has demonstrated, and I hope conclusively, to our farmers at least, that the day has passed when their exclusive attention cari be devoted to the production of one crop, and that crop one which is not essential to the life of man; at least in the way in .which it is at present handled, it is only conducive to the comfort of the human family as raiment, but it can be so handled as to minister, not only to their comfort, but to the development and sustenance of life itself. To explain my meaning in as few words as possible, is thi s, that we have been raising cotton for the sake of its fiber, to be spun into cloth, when we should have been raising it also for the sake of its precious seed, bom into the world in a manner befitting its royal origin as the son of King Cotton, swaddled and encircled in the downiest

-

BULLETIN NO. 36.

81 '

fur, and not naked and forlorn as is the wont of earthly prince~
lings. 1 It does seem as if this jealous care of Mother Nature should
ha,e made us recognize earlier the great value of the little seed which she wrapped up so carefully. As I said, we have been raising it for the sake of its fibre to be spun into cloth " hen we should have been rai sing it chiefly for the sake of the protein and carbohyd rates of its seeds to be transmuted by wonderful alchemy of the brute creation into beef, milk, mutton and pork, with the lint s imply thro\\n in as a by-prod uct. \ Vhen we consi der the wonderful nutriti ve value of cottonseed-meal and hull s, after the oil, another by-product, has been extracted from them, and the further fact that this rich, nutritious food may be passed through the dome tic animals, giving them life, growth and development, and yet in that process lose only about 10 per cent. of the rich fe rtilizing con_tituents found in th~ ori g inal food and yieldin g a manure of the Yery best quality, it does seem as th oug h nature had been too lavish and generous in her g ifts to us in the South.
\ Ve have been slow to realize the importance of the "talent " hicl1 we have buried," but the day ~s breaking, and ere long we shall , by developing the variou products of thi s wonderful plant, become the ri chest people in the wo rld , and by consequence the center of ci vili zation , refinem ent and the arts. I have thus dig ressed f rom the ted.mical details we have been di scuss ing for the purpose of impressing more strongly upon you their importance. In my next letter, with the a iel of an other table and some explanations, I hope to be able to show you how to calculate for yourself a sc ientific rati on fo r the stock you are feeding.
Yours truly,
] OHN M. McC ANDLEss,
State Chemist.

ab

82

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE.

THE FEEDING OF STOCK.

LETTER NO. FOUR.

ANALYSIS SHOWING HOW TO PREPARE FOOD OBTAINING B~ST RESULTS-AN INTERESTING EXPOSITION-SOME VALUABLE INFORMATION AS TO QUANTITIES TO BE USED--MUST BE RICHER WHEN WORKING.

Geo-rgia Fanner. DEAR SIR: Since my last I have recei ved your Jetter asking
for the analysis of Bermuda hay, and also other letters asking for analysis of other feeding-stuffs. This has decided me to extend the table given in the last Jetter, so as to cover almost any feedingstuff found on the farm . This table I present below, and it is to be filed away and used in connection with the one already g iven.
DIGESTIBILE MATTER IN IOO POUNDS OF FEEDING-STUFFS.

Feeding Stuffs. Green l:ituffs.

I I I Dry Matter. Protein. Cdarrabtoehsy. -

Crab-grass.. . . .... ....... . Bermuda grass . . . .. . . . . . . Red top in bloom .. . ... . . Orchard grass in bloom .. . Meadow fesc ue in bloom .. Timothy....... . . . . .. .
Kentucky blue grass . . .. . Hunl!arian grass .... .... . Red clover . .......... .. . Crimson Clover .. .. .. .. . Alfalfa or Lucerne . . .. . .
(Hay made from ) Bermuda grass . . ...... . . Corn fodder ......... ... .
Red top . . . . .. .. .. . ... . Hungarian gr ~s s . ...... .
Meadow fP sc ue .... . . Mixed grasses and clover Alsike clover... . .... .. .. .
Alfalfa and Lucerne ..... . Wheat straw. . ... . . .... . Rye straw . ... ... .. ... . .. .
Oatstraw-roots and tubers Beets ........... .. .... . .Mangel-wurzels ..... . . .. . f:arrots............. ..... .

23.5 28.3 34.7 27 .00 30. 1 38.4 34.0
~8.9
20.2 10.3 28.2
R5.7
70.0
!l1.1
92 .3 80. 0 R7 . l , 90 .3 9l 6 90 .4 Y2.9 90 .8 Jll .O 9.10
11.4

3.81 1.40 2 . 0!3 1 91 1.-+9 2.28 3 .01 1 .92 3.07 2.10 3 .8\J
4.89
3.37 4. 2 4 .50 4 .20
6.16
8. 15 10 .6'1 0 .80 0 . 74
l 58 1.2l I 03 0 81

9.91 17 . 11
~1 . ?4
15 .9 l 16 78 23. 7l 19 .R3 15.63
14 . 8~
9 31 11 .20
39.38 34.12 46 .83
51 .67 43 .34 42.75
4l .70 37.33 37.94 42.71
41. 63
8.84
5 .65 7 .83

Fat.
0.71 0.60 0 .58 0 .58 0.42 0. 77 0. 83 0 .36 0 69 0.44 0.41
0 .85 0.86 0.95 1 34 1. 70
1.46
1.36 1:38
0.46
0 35 0 74 O.Oii
0.11
0 .2:?

BULLE'fiN NO. 36.

83

In the above table the words "corn fcxider" have the usual sig11ificance given them in the South, meaning the cured leaves of the corn; in the previous table the words "corn fodder," under the beading of green fodder, have the meaning usually given in the North, that is to say, it means the entire plant usuall y sown thick .a nd not simply the leaves.
You will remember that the special functions of food are to Tenew the wastes of the body and to provide material for growth In the young and growing animal, and also to furnish heat and energy. The an imal must provide for these out of the digestible matters in the rati on of food furnished to it, the indigestible -parts are of no value.
The question which now concerns us is, how much shall we feed o ur stock of the different kinds of foods we have analyzed? You l<now yourself that when you are hard at work you require more food, and richer food , than when you are idle. ature calls for it, and it is not different with your horse or mule; he requires more nutriment when at work than when standing in the stall. \ Vhen at work he uses up the tissues of the body, and protein or carbohydrates in his food are needed to rebuild those, else he will grow poor and weak; even when at rest he requires a certain amount of nutrin1ent to maintain the normal heat of the body and ca rry on the process of the vital functions, but not so much, and if feel as much the disposition will be to grow fat.
In the case of the cow giving milk, she requires food adapted to the production of milk. She is a wonderful machine for converting fat, carbohydrates and protein into milk: the protein of the food goes to make the casein of the milk, the fat of. the food to make cream or butter, and the carbohydrates to make milk suga r and also fat; so she requires generous feeding just as much as the horse at hard labor, and even more so if she is to maintain a generous fl ow of milk and at the same time maintain her own normal weight. If you don't g ive her food enough or food of the proper kind, she will begin to make milk from the tissues of her own body, then he will become thin, and then the fl ow of milk ,,ill be checked and its quality will deteri orate.
Th us it is important to know hmu much as well as w hat to feed, so that we shall not waste by giving more than is requi red nor starve by underfeeding or feeding the wrong kind of food, for an anima l can be surely, though slowly, starved by feeding an abund ance of ca rbohydrates and an insufficiency of protein, or vice we rsa. To enable us to calculate the proper rati ons for animals

84:

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

at work and animals at rest, for growing and mature animals, for milch cows and fattening animals, a great number of experiments. have been made, and the tables of \ iVolff, a celebrated German. experimenter, have been most widely follovved. I g1ve them. below:

WOLFF'S FEEDING STANDARDS.

POUND~ PER DAY PER 1,000 POUNDS LIVE WEIGHT.

I I TDortyal IMatter.

mgo.~ ible Prote in .

Cma rgb"' h'y
drates .

-

n.
I

b

l

e1 geE~att-

~

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs .

Horse at ligh t work ...... . ......... . 21.00

1. 5

9.5

0.4

Horse at average work. .... . . . ... . .. 22.5

1. 8

1. 2

0.6

Horse at hard work . . ........ . . . . .. 25.5

2.8

13.4

0 .8

Oxen at r est in stall. . .. . .... . ....... 17.5

0.7

8.0

0.15 -

Oxen at ord inary work . . .... .. . ..... 2-LO

1.6

11.3

0.3

Oxen at hard work ..... . . . . . . . ...... 26.0

2.4

1::1.2

0.5

Ox e n fattening, 1st period.. .. . .. . ... 27.0

2.5

15.0

0.5

Oxen fattening, 2d p'd .. . . . . ... . .. . . 26.0

3.0

14 .8

0.7

Oxen fattening, 3d p 'd ... . .. . . . . . .. . 25.0

2.7

14. 8

0.6

Milk Cows . .. ......... . . . ..... . .. .. 2-LO

2.5

12.5

0.4

Wool Sheep, coarse breeds . ... .. . ... 20.0

1. 2

10.3

0.2

Wool Sheep, fine breeds . .. . . ... . .. . 22.5

1.5

ll .4

0.25

Fattening t-5heep, 1st p'd ...... . . . .. 26.0

3.0

15.2

0.5

Fattening Sheep, 2d p'd. . .. .......... 25.0

3.?l

14.4

0.6

Fattening Swine, 1st p'd . . ......... . 3ti.O

5.0

27.5

Fattening Swine, 2d p'd . . ..... . . . . . . 3 L. O

4.0

24.0

Fattening ~w ine, 3d p'd ........ . . . .. 23 .5

2.7

17.5

I lAi vveerwagget. Iper head.

Per Day and Per Head.

Lbs.

Growing Fat Swine

Age 2 to 3 months . ... . 50

2.1

" 3to5months ... . . 100

3.4

" 5 to 6 months ... . 125

3.9

" 6 to 8 months .... . 170

4 .6

" 8 to 12 months .. . . 250

5.2

Growing CattlE',

Age 2 to 3 months .... . 150

3.8

" 3 to 6 months .... . 300

7.0

'' 6 to 12 months .. . . 500

12.0

"12to18 months . .. . 700

16.1!

" 18 to 24 months . . . 850

20.4

Growing Sheep ,

Age 5 to 6 months ... . . 56

1.6

" 6to8month s . . .. . 67

1.7

" 8 toll months ... . 75

1.7

" 11 to 15 mon ths . . . . 82

1.8

"15to20months . . .

85

1. 9

0.38

1.50

U.?lO

2.50

0.54

2.96

0.58

3.47

0.62

1.05

0.110

2.1

1.0

4.1

1.3

6.8

1.4

9.1

1.4

10.3

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.26

0.18 0.87 0.17 0. 85 0.16 0.85 0.14 0.89 0.12 0.88

0.045 0.004 0.037 0.032 0.025

BULLETIN NO. 36.

According to the above standard, a horse of r,ooo pounds at ' light work would require r y;l pounds of digestible protein, 9.0 pounds of digestible carbohydrates and 0-4 of a pound of digestible fat; the same horse at hard work would require 2.8 pounds protein, 13-4 pounds carbohydrates and o.8 pounds fat, all, of course, digestible.
In order to show the use of the above tables let us calculate the Tation for a milch cow. Let us suppose we have on hand peavine l1ay, green rye fodder, corn meal and wheat bran. Referring to the table we find vVolff recommends 24 pound s dry matter, 2_?-i ])Otmd s digestible protein, 12,0 pounds digestible carbohyd rates, and 0-4 pound fat. Now, referring to the table in the last letter, we find cowpea hay contains 89.3 potmds per 100 of dry matter, t hen 1 pound wi ll contain .893 of a pound dry matter and 12 ])Ounds will contain 12 times .893, or 10.71 pounds dry matter. Now set this down in a column to itself. I ext we see by the table t hat cowpea hay contains 10.79 per cent. digestible protein . Then I pound would contain .1079, and 12 pounds would contain 12 times as much, or 1.29 pounds digestible protein. Set this result down in an other column to itself. In li ke manner we find that I pound contains .384 digestible carbohydrates. Therefore, 12 pounds contain 4.61 pounds, and also r pound of the hay contains .0151 of fat. Therefore, 12 pounds contains .17 of a pound, ea.ch of which is set clown in a sepa rate column to itself. Now, in like manner calculate the dry matter in 20 pounds of g reen rye fodder. You will find it to be 4.68 pounds. Set this under the dry matter in the peavine hay, and so on with th e protein and carbo11yd rates and fat in the rye fodder. Then take 4 pounds of cornmeal and 4 pounds of wheat bran and pursue exactly the same course, and when you are through you ought to have a table like this:

Dry Pro- CarbohyMatter. te in . drates.

Fat.

12 pounds pea hay ........... . .......... 10. 71 1. 29

4.61

.]7

20 '' rye fodder . ..... . ..... .. ...... 4. 68 0.41

2.82

.08

4

corn meal .. ... ............ ... . 3.40 0 .28

2.61

.1 3

4

wheat bran . .................. 3 .54 0.48

1. 65

. 11

40

22 .33 2.46 11 .69

.49

There, you see, you haYe almost the theoretical standard set by vVolff. It is a little sho rt, howeve r, in carbohydrates and dry 111atter, and, if you wish, you can add 2 pounds cottonseed-hulls, which, when you have calculated it out and added the results to

86

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the proper columns, will increase the dry matter to 24.1 I pounds,. and the carbohydrates to I 2.3 I pounds, but will only add .03 to the fat, making it .5 2 of a pound, and will not quite add I-Ioo ttYthe protein. So with this addition you have a practically theo- retical ration for a cow of 1,ooo pounds weight giving milk. You will see by reference to the table that she requires almost as rich and nourishing food, per I,ooo pounds weight, as a heavilyworked ox; that is because she is producing milk, as well as maintaining the body heat and carrying on the vital functions. Suppose, however, your cow only weighs 8oo pounds instead of I,oob,. you can economize by giving her 8o per cent. of each of the foodstuffs, or 9 6-Io pounds of pea hay and 16 pounds of rye fodder,. and so on. It is not to be understood that a ration will not answer which does not strictly coincide with Wolff's standards_ These standards are a guide to help to rational feeding, and a. reasonably close approximation to them is what is desired. The inte!J.igent feeder will, of course, continue to use his common. sense, judgment and observation. Thus different cows show a different capacity to appropriate food, and differ in the amount of milk produced when in full fl ow. Again, while a strict ad- herence to the standard might produce the greatest amount of milk say, yet a departure from it might, under certain conditions,, yield a better money return, on account of variations in the price of feed-stuffs. Of course, judgment and common sense must always guide but other things being equal a balanced rati on is of course to be always preferred. A ration is said to be "balanced". when the dry matter, protein, carbohydrates and fat, are mixed together in the proportions given by Wolff's standards, and to bC' unbalanced when it varies considerably from those proportions_ There is always more latitude all owed for variation in the "dry matter" thaJ1 in the other ingredients; a ration may vary several pounds, in dry matter when made up from different food-stuffs,.. and yet have approximately the desired relation between the protein and carbohydrates. The protein may va ry, say, in the rati on for a milch cow from 2.20 pounds to 2.6 and still be called a balanced ration, the carbohydrates from 12 to 14 pounds and the fat from -4 to 1.00 pound in the dairy cow ration, and still be con- sidered a balaJ1ced ration. Still the experience of the most successful feeders is that the nearer the rati on approaches the standard, other things being equal, the better the results.
You will find both profit and intellectual exercise in figuring out balanced rations for your stock in long evenings when you:

BULLETIN NO. 36.

87

have nothing else to do. I will help you figure one more ration for your dairy cow, and then leave you to do your own figuring for the future.
Let us suppose you are caught without any hay or green food at all and only have on hand cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls and corn and cob meal. Pursuing the same plan as minutely described before, you will have:

Dry Matter.

Protei n .

Carbohydrates.

Fat.

15 pounds corn and cob meal. .. .......... 13 .33 .06

4.64

.25

12 " cotton seed hulls . ...... ....... 10.Hl

. 78

6.85

.34

4.5 " cotton seed meal ..... .... 0 4 .13 1.67

.74

.67

27.65 2 .51 12 .43 1.16

This ration, you will see, made from entirely different materials,

is about as well balanced as the first; it is, however, lacking in

the succulent, appetizing green fodder of the first. So if you hap-

pen to have on the fann some roots, turnips, rutabagas or carrots,

add 4 or 5 pounds of these to the day's ration, to stimulate appe-

tite and promote good digestion. The cow will appreciate it as

much as you would your turnip salad at dinner, although there is

but little nourishment in them in the way of dt-y matter, protein,

etc. One important point: Please do not forget the rations must

be carefully weighed at least one time. You can provide yourself

with some cheap boxes and measures which, vvhen fi lled, will hold

just so many pounds of the different feed-stuffs, so that if you

take some pains to careful ly gauge them with a pair of hand scales

the first time you weigh out a new ration, after that you can meas-

ure it out.

JOHN M. McCANDLEss)

State Chemist.

88

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE.

LETTER NO. FIVE.
BEEF, BuTTER AND iiLK.
ITS PRODUCTION IS OF VAST IMPORTA r cE TO SOU'l'HERN FARMERS -A VERY INTERESTING TOPIC-THE CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT GIVES FURTHER INFORMATION ON THE FEEDING OF CA'l'TLE VALUES OF CORN MEAL, COTTON-SEED, AND COTTON-SEED MEAL COMPARED-IMPORTAN'l' SUGGESTION TO FEED 'l'HE LATTER TO HORSES AND MULES.
Georgia Farmer. DEAR SIR: This subject of beef, butter and milk production
out of the seed, hulls and meal of the cotton plant is of such vast moment and importance to the Southern farmer, to the enrichment, aggrandizement and financial independence of this whole section that I am not going to leave it yet, at the risk of wearying your patience. As cotton-seed meal and hulls are not always readily procurable by the farmer, and as it may, under certain conditions, pay him better to use cotton-seed instead of hulls and meal, as for instance where he has a long haul, and when the mills, owing to poor trade and demand for oil , may not be paying as good a price for seed as their feeding value to the farmer calls for, I will give you some ration fo r feeding, using eed, in tead of hull s a11d meal for feeding, and recite some interesting experiments of the Mississippi Experiment Station in regard thereto.
Two lots of four CO\YS each were taken, and lot No. I was feel this rati on for each cow: Peavine hay, 5 pounds; si lage, 20 pounds; wheat bran, 4 pounds; cotton-seed meal, 3 pounds. Lot No. 2 received as a rati on for each CO\Y, peavi ne hay, 5 pounds; silage, 20 pounds \Yheat bran, 4 pounds and cotton-seed, I6 pounds. The experiment lasted for four \\eeks and at the end of that period lot o. I had produced I ,237 pounds of milk, and lot No. 2 had produced I,334 pounds of milk, also lot No. I had los t 20 pounds each in \\eight and lot No. 2 had gained I2 pound each in weight. As a result of this experiment \Ye see that 6 pounds of whole cotton-seed are superior to 3 pounds of cottonseed meal both as milk and flesh producers.

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89

EXPERIMENT ro. 2.
The same cows were fed the following ration : Lot No. I, to each cow peavine hay 5 pounds, silage 20 pounds, wheat bran 4
-pounds, cotton-seed meal 30 pounds, and to lot To. 2 exactly the
same ration, except that in place of the meal 6 pounds of whole seed were substituted. At the end of four weeks lot o. I had produced I,403 pounds of milk, and lot No. 2 I,395 pou;1ds. The
.result of this experiment indicated that 30 pounds of meal are
just about equal to 6 pounds of seed.
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
The same cows were fed the following rations: Lot No. I received for each cow peavine hay IO pounds, silage I 5 pounds, wheat bran 2 pounds, com and cob meal 6 pounds, and cotton-seed 6 pounds. Lot To. 2 received for ea.ch cow precisely the same ration, except that 4 pounds of cotton-seed meal were given in place of the cotton-seed. At the end of the period lot o. I l1ad produced I ,302 pounds of milk, and lot No. 2 I,586 pounds, showing the 4 pounds of meal to be decidedly superior to the 6 pounds of seed. Summing up, the following conclusi ons may be drawn concerning the rati ons: First, that 6 pounds of seed are superio r to 3 pounds of meal; second, that 6 pounds of seed are about
equal to 30 pounds of meal: third, that 6 pounds of seed are not
equal to 4 pounds of meal; fourth, that one pound of meal would, the refore, be equal to I.7I pound of cotton-seed.
The Mississippi station then continued its valuable experiments comparing cotton-seed and cotton-seed meal " ith corn and cob meal as milk producers. The same quantities of peavine hay, silage and ,,heat bran were fed as before, except that in these experiments cotton-seed was compared with corn and cob meal in the first set of experiments, and in the second set cotton-seed meal was compared with corn and cob meal. \Vith out going into the minute details of the experiments as before I will content myself with giving the conclusion reached by the station as a result of their work. Fir t, that the lot receiving the 6 pounds of cottonseed gave a better yield of milk than the one recei ving 6 pounds of corn and cob meal. Second, the lot feel 6 pounds of cotton-seed gave better results than the one fed 8 pounds of corn and cob meal, and also that 6 pounds of corn and cob meal gave just as much milk as did 8 of the same meal. In the second set of experiments

90

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

comparing cotton-seed meal with corn and cob meal the following: conclusions were reached: First, that 3 pounds of cotton-seecl meal are equal to 6 pounds of corn and cob meal; second, that 3 pounds of cotton-seed meal ga.ve as satisfactory yields of milk as 8 pounds of corn and cob meal did, but the latter caused the cows. to fatten; third, 30 pow1ds of cotton-seed meal are better than either 6 or 8 pounds of corn and cob meal in the dairy rati ons used; fourth, that in a well balanced dairy ration 2 pounds of corn and cob meal are about equal to I pound of cotton-seed meal.. Summarizing, the foll ovving conclusions were drawn:
First, that I pound of cotton-seed is equal to 1. I 7 pounds of corn and cob meal or to o. 58 of a potU1d of cotton-seed meal.
Second, that I pound of cotton-seed meal is equal to 1.7I: poun ds of cotton-seed, or to 2 pounds of corn and cob meal.
Third, that I pound of corn and cob meal is equal to one-half pound of cotton-seed meal, ot to 0.85 of a pound of cotton-seed.
The Mississippi station officer then concludes as follows: "According to these results, if corn is worth 40 cents per bushel or $I4.28 a ton, cotton-seed should be worth 27.8 cents a bushel, or $I6.7o, and cotton-seed meal $28.56 a ton. If cotton-seed areworth IO cents a bushel o r $6.oo-a ton, corn should be worth 9 I cents a bushel or $5 .IO a ton, cotton-seed meal should be worth. $10.26 a ton. When cotton-seed meal is worth $I6.oo a ton cotton-seed should be worth I SA cents a bushel or $9.28 a ton ~ and corn meal should be worth I4.3 cents a bushel or $8.oo a ton." Thus you see that the three conclusi ons above a.re valuable to you because they enable you to calculate for you rself whether you can afford to feed corn at all to your cattle, and from the above figures it appears that you can not afford to do so at all at any price per bushel that corn ever sells at in this sectio n of the country, because its feeding value is so far below its money value when compared with the feeding value and money value of cotton-seed and cotton-seed meal.
Couclusion N a. I also enables yo111to tell when ym.t are getting a fair value fo1' y01tr cottmkseed. For instmtce, in ta-dal)l's Consttntion cotton-seed m ea.l is quoted at $22 a ton t'n Atlauta. If cott011rseed meal is worth $22, th en cotto n~seed sho1tld bring 2 I.2 cents per bushel at 6o bushels to the ton, for 1ts feeding vaiue as compmred with the feeding value of meal.
In the light of these importa.ut fa:cts, it strilzes 1He as being astonishing tha.t 110 e.vperimumts mppecw to ha:ve been made to see w hether horses amd mules w ill not eat cotton-seed meal and cot-

BULLETIN NO. 36.

91

ton-seed h1tlls, one or both, a~td if 110t voluntarily, whether they
could be grad1tally tra.ined to do so by mi~ing th em gradually, and by slowly increasing degrees, wz:tl~ corn at11d oats and hay.
I have been unable to find a record of any such experiment, if ever made, and I am going to send a copy of this letter to the Director of our Georgia Station and beg him to make a test of the matter at the Georgia Station. If it could be done, even in part, it would have a far-reaching effect in reducing our bill to the VI/est for corn and oats, and substituting a far m ore efficient feed in its nutritive value at a less cost. I will be g lad if you wi ll write me if you have ever tried to feed cotton-seed meal or hulls to your horses or mules.
Yours truly, JOHN M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE.
LETTER 'NO. SIX.
RATIONS FOR FATTENING STEERS.
ALSO RATIONS FOR PIGS-EXPLANATION OF 'l'ERMS USED IN SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE, SUCH AS " NUTRITIVE RATIO/' "CALORIE/" ETC. -COOKING OF FOOD-FEEDING FOR FAT AND FOR LEAN.
Georgia Fa!J"mcr. DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of your letter asking for a ration
for fattening steers for market, also a rat ion for pigs. I will answer these questions and wind up the subject of stock-feeding with this letter. The same rati ons we have already calculated for a dairy cow will al so answer well for fattening steers, but as. the purpose for fattening steers is to prod uce beef as cheaply as possible for ma rket, we can't afford to use the more dainty and va ried diet given to the cow, but wi ll settle on the cheapest rati on we can find to do the"work, and this rati on is cotton-seed meal and hulls and water. The rati on consists o f twenty pounds of hull s. and six pounds of cotton-seed meal, gradually increased to twentyfou r pounds of hulls and eight pounds of cotton-seed meal per I,ooo pounds of live weight, or the ratioqs may be mixed in the above proportions, and the cattle allowed to eat all they wi ll.

:92

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Of 1\9RICULT U RE.

Now, if you will take the trouble to figure out the digestible :protein and carbohydrates in these rations with the aiel of the tables you already have, and in the manner previously indicated, you will find they are not nearly so scientific and well-balanced as those given you for the dairy cow, but still they answer the :purpose well because of their cheapness and ready accessibility, incl, as I indicated before, the money cost of the different feed. stuffs must govern to a certain extent in preparing a ration; if you have some surplus corn on the farm , which you don't have to buy, the ration would be made more efficient by adding it thus: twenty-four pounds of hulls, six pounds of cotton-seed meal, and four pounds of corn meal or corn and cob meal.
In regard to your query for a. good rati on for your pigs. I find that the Massachusetts Experiment Station recommends the foll owing: For pigs weighing 20 to 70 pounds, 2 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk; pigs " ieighing 70 to IJO pounds, 4 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milk; pigs ''"eighing IJO to 200 pounds, 6 ounces of corn meal per quart of skim milkbuttermilk will answer as " ell as skim milk Give them all they will eat up clean; but on no account eYer give your hogs cottonseecl or cotton-seed meal. Experiments at the Mississippi and Texas stations both show that they a.re apt to prove fatal to pigs :and hogs.
In your letter you speak of reading somewhere about the "nutritive rati o" of a ration of fo od and ask for an explanation of the term, also of the term "fuel value" as applied to food. The nutritive rat io of a food or -rati on is the rel ative proportion existing between the digestible-protein and the digestible fat and carbohydrates in the substance. In order to find the nutritive ratio use this rule: Mu ltiply the dioestible fat in the substance by 2 )4 and add this prod uct to the digestible carbohyd rates in the substance. Then divide the sum by the dioestible protein in the substance. The result " ill be the nutritive rati o. Thus, for example, let us calculate the nutriti ve ratio of cotton-seed meal. Turn back to your table, you find C. S. meal contains I2.58 per cent. digestible fat; multiplying this by 2.25 you have 28.30; add to this I6.52, the percentage digestible carbohydrates found in the table for cotton-seed meal, and you haYe 44.82. Divide thi s by 37.0I, the -percentage of digestible protein, and you get 1.2. Therefore the 11utritive rat io of cotton-seed meal is as I to 1. 2, or as it is often written, I :1.2.

BULLETIN NO. 36.
In like manner calculate the nutritive ratio of corn meal, you will find it to be as I to I0.34 or I :I0.34. Therefore, cotton-seed meal is said to have a "narrow" nutritive ratio because there is so little difference or such a narrow margin bet\. een the proportion of digestible fat and carbohydrates added together and the percentage of digestible protein. On the other hand, corn meal is said to have a "wide" nutritive rati o, because there is a wide difference between the two in corn meal. You can in the same way calculate the nutritive ratio in any of the different rations we have figu red out. If in a rati on you find the nutritive ratio to be a good deal more than I :6 you will call that a "wide ratio," if a good deal less than I :6 you will call it a "narrow ra.ti o."
Only a few natural feeds conform closely to the standards given for the various purposes of feeding. The hays, grasses and other coa rse products of the farm mos tl y show a very wide nutritive ratio, and they are on ly adapted for the maintenance of an animal which is neither working, giving milk, or taking on fat; other products, such as cotton-seed meal, gluten-meal and linseed-mea l, show a very narrow nutritive rati o, and are also poorly a.claptecl for feeding by them selves, and need to be mixed in the proper propo rti ons, as you aJreacly know, with substances of a wider nutri- tive rati o. Tow that you a re interested in scientific feeding, you " ill, in rea-cling articles about it, often come across the terms "fuel Yal ue" of a food and al o the "ca lories" of a food. simple explanation will also make these terms clear to you. You will remember we found that food when consumed in the body yields. heat and energy.
The fuel or heat va lue of the different nutritive substances ha s: been measured by refi ned meth od and has been expressed in. calories. A calorie is the amount of hea t required to rai se the temperature of one pound of water four degrees Fahr. It has. been found by experiment that the fuel value of one pound of protein is I86o calories, that the fuel value of one pound of fat is 4220 calories; so that the fuel va lu e of a pound of fat is two and a quarter times as much as the fuel value of a pound of pro~ tein or carbohydrates, which is, of course, the reason why you multiplied the digestible fat by 2)4 before adding it to the carbohydrates in calculating the nutriti ve rati o. The fuel value of vVolff's standard rati on for a dairy cow is 29,590 calories. If you will bear in mind these explanations it will enable you to undertand the terms in almost any a rticle you may come across in yom reading about scientific feeding.

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
In concluding my letters to you on feeding there are two other points on which I will touch briefly. First, in regard to the cook- ing or steaming of food, a number of experiments have been made both at home and abroad on this important subject, and the testimony is that the cooking of feed for the great majority of food products is useless, and in some cases worse than useless. The experiments have beeen made on hay, potatoes, corn meal, barley :and rye. In most of these trials, not only has there been no gain from cooking, but even a positive loss; that is to say, the quantity of food required to produce one pound of gain in weight was larger when the food was cooked than when it was fed raw, and 1n some cases the unfavorable effect of cooking was very marked.
The following exception to this rule, however, is noteworthy: The Mississippi Station experimented for three years in feeding steamed cotton-seed to cows; and their conclusion was very favorable to the practice. They report "that the milk and butter from cows fed on steamed cotton-seed cos t less than that from cows fed on raw seed and only a little more than half as much as that from cows feel on cotton-seed meal;" also that the "butter from steamed cotton-seed is superior in qua.lity to that from either raw seed or cotton-seed meal." The Texas Station also reports that 1t pays to boil cotton~seed for steers. Although the testimony is against cooking feed for animals as a rule, it is in fa vor of soaking the feed in water before feeding; it was found that pigs would eat more o.f soaked corn meal and shorts than of the dry, and consequently gained more in weight on it.
The second and last point to which I want to call your attention is to feeding for fat and lean. I t has been a. somewhat mooted .question as to whether the proportion of fat and lean in the body of an anima l cou ld be influenced by the nutritive ratio of the ration feel to it. The results of the experiments made tend to demonstrate the truth of the theory that a "narrow" ration would produce more lean mea t, and tha t a "wide" ration would produce a carcass carrying more fat than lean. Professor Sanborn, of Missouri, made a number of experiments in the feeding of hogs, and his results showed that pork produced by feeding skim milk, shorts, wheat bran middlings and dried blood, and such food 'hav ing a large proportion of protein, and therefore hav ing a "narrow" nutritive rati o, vvas much leane r, had much less fat than p ork feel on corn meal, which had a "wide" rati o.
Experiments in feeding steers at the Kansas Station also demonstrate that the ration with a large proportion of protein in

BULLETIN NO. 36.

95

it produces a beef with more lean and less fat. In this connection it would appear that the ration I gave you above, of hulls and meal, would be well adapted to the production of lean meat in the beef. If you desired to feed more especially for lean, use a ration of twenty pounds of hulls and eight pounds of cotton-seed meal per I,ooo pounds of live weight per day, or mix together in that proportion and allow the steers to eat all they will. That would giye you a ration having the narrow nutritive ratio of I :2.5, whereas
Wolff's standard calls for a ration with a ratio of I :6. This last
would produce a much fatter sort of beef than the first; and as the tendency among the people, more especially in the towns and -cities, is to prefer beef and pork with more lean and less fat than formerly, it is important for th ose vvho would cater to this trade to consider carefully this method of feeding.
Yours truly, JoH N M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

THE QUALITY OF GEORGIA WHEAT.
:STATE CHEMIST GIVES ANALYSES OF NINETEEN GEORGIA SAMPLES -SOME ABOVE THE STANDARD-CLEARLY SHOWN THAT GEORGIA FARMERS CAN RAISE AS FINE WHEA'f AS IS GROWN ANYWHERE.
I-Ion. 0 . B . Strrr.Jens, Commissio11e-r.
DEAR Sm: I have the pleasure to present to you _in the accompanying tabl es, analyses of 19 samples of Geo1gia wheats. This wo rk was undertaken last fall at the suggestion of M r. \li,T. G. Cooper of the Atlan ta Journml, who kindly procured the samples of wheat for me. I think it well to bring the matter to the attention of the readers of the Bull etin, both for th e purposes of increas ing their interest in wheat growing, to show them they can grow as fine " heat in Georg ia as is g rown anywhere in the world, and furthe r, to put such of the farmer as desire to forward samples of their best wheat to the next State fair on notice that careful ana lys es will be made of these san pies similar to those given in the table attached, show ing the comparative food values of Georgia grown wheat. I assure you that I do not think the samples, the ana lyses of which a re given in the table. cou ld be caJiecl "picked" samples, as many of them showed evidences of imper-

96

GEORGIA DEPARTMEN1' OF AGRICULTURE.

feet cleaning from chaff, dirt, etc., and yet I propose to compare them with wheats which may fairly be assumed to have been carefully selected. The wheat to which our wheat is compared in the accompanying tables was sent to the vVo rld 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago for exhibition. It may fairly be supposed that each exhibitor sent the best he had. The analyses of these wheats. were made by or under the supervision of the chief chemist of the United States Department of Agriculture, Dr. H . VI. Wiley. The methods described by him as used in his analyses, were carefully followed in the analyses of the Georgia wheat.

CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF GEORGIA WHEA'l'.

NAME OF GROWER.

VARIETY.

J.P. Dyer, Ado.ltsvllle ..... IF ul co.ster (weevil eaten) 9 .4:; 1.1. w l~. o~ 1.82

E. T. Mct:le bee, F l oy d Co .. Fulcusta .... .. .. ...... ... 9 .4o 13.48 " . 13 1.94

J.T. Lewis, Go rdon Co .. . . Fu lco.s t e r (weevil eo.te u ). 9.95 11. 87 2 .23 1.89

M. Talm a dge, J us pe r Co ... Blue Stem . . ... ... ... .. .. 9.97 ll .25 2 .20 1. 57

H. H. Jackso n, Bar to w Co. b'ulc us t e r. . . .... . . . . . . . . 9.05 12.68 ~. 11 1 . 4~

.1. H. Dun son , Lo g range . . . White 0 1o.n sen ....... . .. 10.8014 .561.95 1.77

A. T. Da llis , Lag ran ge . . . .. Georgin Blue Stem . . . .. .. 10 .67 1 ~. 75 1.771. 68

E. H. Dunso n, lJttgrange .. . Fulcns ter (llea.rd e ) . .. .. . 1 2.5518 . 87~ .0~ 1.9~

A. T. D.Lllis, L agrange .. ... Da. oli>' Ltrge White ..... . !1. 50 1~ .4 :; 1.85 1. 56

Gen. K.Ro bertoon,Ln<(l'an~e La.rge Whiot< ..... ......... Jl . '/5 13 . 75 !. tO 1.60

W .L.Y oun g, Troup Fncwry Georgia Blue Stem .. ... .. 12.95 !3.56 2. 02 1.68

fleo . Yeacll, Ada~r-ville... . Smoo th Wheat . . ......... 11. 36 13. 43 J. ~~ 1. 56

Geo.
N c.

Veach, AdiU>Sv l Napi e 1, \\a.l e r

lle Vo

. .

.. ..

Old Fulcaster............. MtssouriLo.rge Wh i le . ...

l! . lO 11 .50

tJ.iO 1. 9o 1.41 1.1 .311. 90 1.91

N .C. N npt e r, Walke r Co... E. '1'. Fuloo.ste r . . ......... 11 .68 14 .37 1. 79 l .fJ I

\jo o. Veach, Adatrsvo lle . .. Ne w Fulcaster .... ... ... . . 11.02 12.00 1.H2 1.8~

G eo . Veach, A clatosv !lle ... Wheat No . I ............ .. 11 .02 1 3. 1~ 1. 81 1. 34

t> e o. VPuch, Adat rsv11J e .. . No.2 (w ee v!l eat en) ...... I0 .9111.5Ul.84l. 56

Geo . Veac h. Ana!r,vi lle .. . No. S ........ ............. 10.70 11. >71. 90 1. 88

75. 15 18. 68 7.81

73. 05 26.05 10.4&

74 .06 20.50 7.85

75 . 01 ~2.86 8. 15

H. 71 ~4 . 66 9 .53

70 .9~ 34 . 0313.44

;8.13 28.82 11.17

6!1.64 3 1.10 l2 .hl

7l .6ti ~.61 9.84

71.10 ~8.45 11. 30

70 .69 28.50 1l.OS

90 -, 2: 79 ~J: 67 1g : ~o4

74 11

u

0 5 5 1 2 7 -~3 : !8 ~t 9z 8 :",~ ,

u u

o

73.24 ~.41 8.8~

7~.71 2<;.8210 .41

74 .23 32. 7012 .93

74 .20 29. 1711.72

A v e rnge Ueo rgla Wheat ... .. . .... . . ... ....... ... .... . . ,10.87[12 .59/ 1. 951 1. 671 72.90 126.51110.45 T ,vpirnl Am e rica n Wh eat of the bMt quality .. ...... . 10 .60 12 .2:; 1.75 1.75 73.ij5 26.50 10.25

Aocording t u th e rules ! o r nscertd, ,lng com ~a ra<iv e rood values ado1>ted by tile judges ut th e World 's Columbian Expo !tiou nt Chicago, the a vera.ge Georgia wheat would have b ee n rated a.t . .................... .. ........... . .. . ........... . ..... 109.2.'>
Th e ave ralle of the samples exhibited at World's Fair would h ave been ratd a.t . .. :108.M

At your request I will give a brief explanation of the terms used in the anal yses, so that they may be better understood by those interested in the work.
First, the samples were ground to a flour, outer coat and all, and placed in stoppered bottles. From these bottles suitable quantities were weighed out for analyses.
The moisture is the loss in weight suffered by the samples on drying it at a temperature of 2I2 deg1ees Fahrenheit. The albuminoids, or protein, are found by estimating the percentage of nitrogen and multiplying this by 6.25. The albuminoids are so

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9'T

called because they resemble in their chemical character albumen or white of an egg. They are also known as protein, and constitute a very important element of the wheat. When assimilated' by the body they make lean meat or muscle, and nourish the blood. The albuminoids, or protein, are the most valuable and expensiveconstituents of our food.
The ether extract consists principally o:f the oil or fat in thefl our, and it is obtained by repeatedly extracting the :fiour witho ether, which has the property of dissolving oil or fat. The oil isassimilated by the body as fat and also produces heat and energy in the body. The carbohydrates of wheat consist principally of starch, with small quantities of sugars and a little fiber. They a re converted into sugar in the body and also produce heat and'. energy, and are a source of fat. They are much tpore abundant than protein, and consequently much cheaper. The ash is the mineral matter of the fl our, and supplies phosphorus and minerai: salts to the body. The dry giuten usually bears a pretty constant. relation to the percentage of protein; the samples having the highest content of dry gluten also show the highest percentage of protein. The moist gluten also usually varies with the percentage of total proteid matter. This is an item of special interest to the bakec A wheat vvith high percentage of moist gluten will produce a flour of more value to the baker than one with a low content. Such flour will make bread rising better, gi~ing a larger and more porous loa f, and also retain a larger quantity of water than fl our with a'_ low moist gluten. Such a flour is very valuable to the baker. The ~ g lutinous matter of wheat is what so especially distinguishes it from the other cereal grains as a bread-maker. The glutinous ' matter entangles in its meshes the gases produced during the process of fermentati on or "rising" and holds them, making the.loaf "light" and porous.
By studying the accompanying tables of analyses yot.t will see that, while some of our Georgia wheats are deficient in the valuable properties enumerated above, ..others are well up to and above the standard set Ly the average wheats exhibited at the World's . Fair in Chicago.
The States showing a higher average in the valuable con- stituents of the wheat than Georgia were Maine, Montana, Ne-braska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Pennsylvania,. West Virginia and Kentucky, those lower being Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan,-Oregon, Washington and North Carolina~
7a b

98

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Georgia, New York and Kansas are so nearly .on a parity that a distinction can hardly be drawn.
It has been stated by an officer of the United States Department of Agriculture that the poorest wheats were grown in the Southern States. Whilst this statement may be true, for the localities from which the samples were obtained, on which the statement was based, it certainly is not true for such sections of Georgia as are represented by the samples sent in by you. It is to be regretted that a wider area of the State could not have been covered in the present investigati on and that fuller informati on was not furnished by the growers, as to the yield per acre, nature and amount of fertilizer used, etc.
Replying to your inquiry as to a remedy for weevils in wheat or corn, bisulphide of carbon is regarded with most favor. A little is poured into shall ow dishes and placed on top of the grain in the covered bins. Cover with oilcloths to retain the vapor. Keep bins or buildings closed from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. Disinfect infested grain in small bins before placing in large masses for long storage. Care should be exercised, as hisulphi de of carbon is very inflammable.
Yours truly, JoHN M. McCANDLEss, State Chemist.
This investigation will be continued when the next crop mahtres.

"BRAI S" S FERTILIZERS.
ADDRESS DELIVJ~RED BY STATE CHEMIST M'CANDLESS, OF GEORGIA, BEFORE THE SECOND AN ruAL CO VENTIO r OF THE uCOTTON STATES COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE/' ASSEMBLED A1' RALEIGH, N.C., AUGUST 30, I900.
Mr. Cha,irmnrn and Gentle1'!l en of the Couventon: I am asked to answer the quest ion, "Do the fanners of my State
buy feti:ilizer for the bran !name, or for the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash they contain?"' If the former, "VVhat is the best method of bringing about a change?" The answer to this ques--tion for a great maj ority of farmers in my State is, I fear, the same as for their brothers in other State . Ye , they do, and

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under the circumstances what else can be expected of them? They a re guided, as most men, by the light of experience; they buy w hat they have tried and found to be good.
They buy "Gossypium Phospho" for the same reason that you would buy a "Stetson" hat, and "Sea Bird" guano for the same re(!SOn I would buy a "Rodgers" knife. Each and every brand 11as its advocates. These brands are like the Kentucky colonel's wh iskey, " Some's better than others, but none's bad." Luckily for the uneducated farmer the State has thrown her protecting JEgis between him and fraud , and the purchase of a worthless fertilizer in these days is a practical impossibility, if the chemist with his crucible and the inspector with hi s sampler half way do their duty. There was a time within the memory of those not yet old men, when the contrary was the case. Let us not then blame the farmer of small education, who labori ously lea rns the meaning of the printed page, if he shakes his head dubiously at rows of figures expressing percentages of potash , nitr.ogen, water "-Oluble phosphoric acid, insoluble phosphoric acid, available phosphoric acid, and total phosphoric acid, terms indicating about as little to him as if written in Greek or Sanscrit, and pins hi s raith to his old reliable bi"and of guano, put up by an honorable house who never yet swindled him, a goods ri valing the complexion of o ld Pompey who helps him to "strow" it, and its aroma, grateful to his nos trils, ming ling with that of the freshly turned furrow s uggests to him visions of whitening bolls and golden g rain.
I honor him and his sturdy Anglo-Saxon conservati sm, yet I must admit his methods to be unscientific, unphilosophical and, in t he long run , costly and extravagant.
ow what is the remedy ? Gentlemen, there may be many ingeni ous plans proposed, many makeshifts, but there can be only one comprehensive, satisfactory and sati sfying reply to thi s question, and it is g iven in the one word, " education. "
Let us try and realize this fac t. V.,Te all concede it in a halfhea rted sort of way, bu.t that is not enough , we must become alive w ith it, we must burn it into our hea rts and soul s and consciences, o that we may inspire the same so rt of sentimen t in him who is in deepest and most urgent need of it. If we who are dependent on the development and expansion of the a rts, trades and sciences fo r a li velihood, desire increased \Yealth and prosperity, we must seek them through the increased wealth and prosperity of the fa rmer.

100

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

To-day the man who conducts a successful mercantile or manufacturing industry makes use of all the aids which art and science, labor and invention can devise, in order to cheapen the cost of his production and undersell his rival competitor or drive him from the field in defeat. The farmer alone seems not aware that the strenuous struggle of competition is invading his domain also, as well as that of the business world. More than once has five-cent cotton warned him that he must cheapen the cost of production or face privation and poverty.
\ Vhat then for him is the fir st essential? It is that he must " make two blades of grass to grow where one grew before." How? By learning the true phil osophy and theory of manures and fertilizer s. A n admirer once asked the great English artist, Turner, the vividness of wh ose paintings never faclecl, what he mixed his colors with? Turnei looked at him quietly a moment and then replied, "I mix my colors with brains.., I repeat it, if the Southern farmer is to rise superior to his environment, and master the situation, he must mix his manures with "brains." How shall he do this ? He has the brains, but they are crude and uncultivated. A schoolmaster, and a different sort of schoolmaster from the present kind , must be sent to him.
This schoolmaster must be a different type. He will demand and command a larger salai-y than the present type; he will get it, he is worth it. Money must be raised ; missi ons to instruct the heathen "Chinee" in the art of butchering A mericans and Christians must cease, and the money be devoted to the holy cause of elevating and inst ructing and carrying a new gospel of Hope, of Enlightenment, of Ambiti on, into the hungry heart and ariel life of the average Southern cotton farmer. Think of it. you wh o have influence in your communities, and do all in your po wer to discourage this fruitless and wicked waste of money, which should be spent on your brother at home, wh o "hath the emptiness of Ages in his face, " and the Desolati on of Igno rance in hi s heart.
There is yet another ource from which money may be raised for this holy cause, " ithout laying the burden of additional taxation on the weary shoulders already bowed ui1der it. The tax which the white farmer and his white brothers of the cities pay into the public trea sury for the purposes of education must be used for the benefit of those from whence it came.
Gentlemen, I will speak to you direct, as th ough you were the men most deeply interested. 0, farmers of the South , rise in your might, trample under your feet the time-serving politicians

BULLETIN NO . 36.

101

whom you send to your General Assemblies, and replace them

with men of your own kind, honest and true, who kn ow your

needs and " know your rights, and knowing dare maintain. "

Let the black man hqve all that is his due, let the taxes drawn

from his property go to educate his children, but let not one cent

of the blood-money wrung from your hard sweat and toil be so

misapplied . Spent where it belongs, in the cultivation of your

brains and those of your children, it will return to you an hundred-

fold ; but spent as it is, it only tends to build up the black " Dumb

Terror," and will in time reduce you by competition with him to

the conditi on pictured by the poet. a creature without hope, "stolid

a nd stunned, a brother to the ox." Spent as it is, it will only

hasten the day of the inevitable racial conflict, and make the battle

the harder for you when it comes.

Let us suppose we. have made a change and raised the money

needed to bring about a change in the methods of teaching ; then,

when you seek a teacher for your country school, seek for one

bearing a dipl oma and credentials of excellence from your State

Agricultural College. Give that young man the preference over

the one who still wastes his time declining Greek verbs and Latin

nouns, and the opportunity for acquiring a practical education.

In this dawn of .the twentieth century, glorious with the light of

real knowledge and real science, employ by preference that young

man as teacher who has a good English education and who has

mastered what the books and his professors can teach him of the

Science of Agriculture.



If necessa ry pay him twice the salary for which you could hire

the other, and then proceed to get all out of him there is in him.

Let him teach at least six months in the yea.r and six clays in the

week. Let him teach your daughters and younger sons in the

morning, and yourself and older boys in the afternoons or even-

ings the three "R's" if necessa ry, but at all events all he knows

about agriculture, both theoretical and practical.

Let me outline a lesson or two which he can give you. He must

ha ve a chemical laboratory in your country schoolhouse, but I

promise you it will not cost you all told more than $25. He will

need a plain table, say six feet long, a gasolene lamp, burning with

a blue flame, some porcelain crucibles, some filter papers. He will

need a bottle of molybdic solution, a bottle of platinum solution,

some muriatic acid, some ammonia solution, some prepared lime,

a jar of acid phosphate of guano, of muriate of potash, of kainit,

a jar of cotton-seed meal, of dried blood, of tankage, and of

102

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ground phosphate rock. He will have learned in his college of agri-culture how to mahipulate these tools; one afternoon he will call up his class, as many as can conveniently stand around him and see what he does. He will take his bottle of ammonia and let the whole class smell it, they are not apt to forget it, they wi!I know it the next time they "meet it in the road." He will then take some cotton-seed meal, mix it up with some prepared lime, put it in a tube, either metal or glass, and heat it, and at the proper time he will let you smell it, you will all know what it is without his telling you; he will do the same thing with the dried blood and the tankage and tJ:le guano; and you will never again have any doubt that ammonia is in all these materials. Though you will then realize that the smell you have always taken for ammonia was really not ammonia at all, but something else. He will then take some cotton-seed meal, some wheat, some corn, and burn them in three separate crucibles, and while they are burning he will take some acid phosphate, mix it with wat~r in a glass and filter it into another glass, then add to it some of the molybdic solution, and you will see a beautiful yellow powder fall in the glass. He will explain to you that the essential constituent of that yellow powder is phosphoric acid, and wherever you see it you may be sure there is phosphoric acid .
He wi ll show you the same in the guano and in the phosphate rock; he will next dissolve some muriate of potash in a glass and add some p)atinum solution to it, you will see some beautiful golden crystals fall, the essential constituent of which he will explain to you is potash, he will also show it to you in the kainit.
By this time the cotton-seed meal, the wheat and corn will be burnt to ashes, he will pour a little acid on these ashes, filter them and by appropriate steps he will show you the same phosphoric acid and the same potash that you saw in the different fertilizers. You will now appreciate better than you ever did in your lives before the meaning of the words ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash, and you will be morally cettain that they came out of the wheat and the com and the cotton-seed meal, of which you were never before sure, though you may have heard it all your lives.
Whilst he is giving you some semi-weekly or tri-weekly lessons in theoretical agriculture he will also be carrying on an experiment which may last over some weeks of time. He will have a committee of your class to buy some fl ower pots or make some boxes, and to procure some dry, barren sand, in which you never saw anything grow; he will fill pot No. I with the sand and plant

BULLETIN NO. 30.

103

some seed in it; he will mix the balance of the sand with all the other elements which he will have taught you are necessary to plant development, except such substances as yield ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash. He will fill up the remaining pots from this mixture.and plant some more seed in pot No. 2; in pot No. 3 he will put dried blood, and in No. 4 acid phosp.bate; in No. 5 muriate of potash; in No. 6 dry blood and acid phosphate; in No. 7 dry blood and muriate of potash ; in No. 8 acid phosphate and muriate of potash ; in No. 9 dried blood, acid phosphate and muriate of potash.
You will help him every day to water these pots with just the same quantity of water, and you will watch the seeds burst and grow and develop, and the result will be a marvel, a delight, a conviction and an education to you. Y ou will realize then, as y:Ju have never realized before, no matter how many times it m'ly have been told you, nor how often you may have read h , that for its full development your crop rnust have nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pOtash or it will starve.
Your teacher will" then explain to you how you can apply this pot experiment to plots of ground on your own farm , and thus make an accurate and reliable analysis of your soil, such as no chemist in the pres.ent state of the science could make in the laboratory, even if you paid him a large fee. The analysis you can thus make inexpensively, will be self-evident, and will show you whether your soil requires nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash or lime, one or both or all.
When you have reached thus far in your agricultural educ3.t;u:J, you will no longer buy your fertilizers for the brand name, hut you will study the annual bulletins of the departments for the percentages of needed plant food; and if you don't find there just what you want you will order the raw materials, carry then tc.. the enormous compost heaps and manure piles resulting from :he great herds of stock you are now keeping and there you wiJ1 mix up together with "brains," apply to the land by the ton '".'i1ere you no_w apply by the pound, and you will conclude at the end of the harvest year that the $1,200 or $r ,soo salary of the yo.mg man from the agricultural college was not such a bad invP.qtncnt for your community after all.

BULLETIN GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SERIAL No. 37.
CATTLE QU~RANTINE LAWS
RULES AND REGULATIONS
rexas Fever and Cattle Tick
GOVERNING COUNTIES
OF
GILMER, FANNIN, UNION, TOWNS AND RABUN.
ISSUED BY BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE
0. B. STEVENS, COMMISSIONER
R. F. WRIGHT, ASSISTANT



AUTHORITY FOR MAKING RULES A D REGULATIO S.
I
AN ACT
To protect the cattle of this. State from all contagious or infectious diseases, to authorize and empower the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make such rules and regulations as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this Act, to prohibit the driving of diseased cattle through said State, or cattle calculated to spread disease, to provide a penalty for violation of same, and for other purposes.
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE'S DUTY.
SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of same, That the Commi sioner of Agriculture of this State shall immediately upon the passage of this Act, and from time to time thereafter, ascertain in what sections of this State cattle are free from contagious or infectious diseases and splenetic fever.
QUARANTINE FOR CATTI.E.
SEc. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, Tha wherever the cattle of any ection of this State are found to be free from contagious and infectious disease and splenetic fever, said Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorized , empowered and required to establish and maintain such quarantine lines, and to make and enforce such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the protection of such cattle.
CO-OPERATION WITH OTHER STATES.
SEc. 3 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the said Commissioner shall co-operate with the officials of other States and with the Secretary of Agriculture of the

108

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC ULTURE.

United States in establishing such quarantine lines, rules and regulati ons as he shall deem proper and best for the protection of the cattle of this State free from any of the di seases referred to in the foregoing sections of this Act.

PEN ALTY.

SEC. 4 Be it further enacted by the authOt-ity aforesaid,

That any person or persons, company or corporation who .shall

violate any quarantine provisions, rules or reg ulations established

by the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State, under the

authority conferred by this Act, shall b guilty of, and, upon con-

viction, punished as for a misdemeanor.

SEc. S Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of

laws in conflict with this A ct be, and the same are, hereby re-

pealed.



Approved December 2oth, I899

PROCLAMATION OF THE RULES A D REGULATIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF CONT AGIOUS OR INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.

To W hom it May Co1'tcern:

In accordance with the authority and power conferred by the

General Assembl y of Georgia in the Act No. 374, laws of I899, entitled "An Act to protect the cattle of the State from all contagious or infectious di seases, to .auth orize and empower the Com-

mi ssioner of Agriculture of this State to establish, maintain and enforce quarantine lines, and make such rules and regulations

as he may deem proper and necessary for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of thi s Act, to provide penalties for vi olation of the same, and for other purposes," I, 0 . B. Stevens,

Commi ssioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, after due inquiry into the conditi ons of cattle raising in thi s State and the

prevalence of communicable cattle di seases, do hereby set forth

and declare the following rules and reg ulations for the control of contagious or infeCtious di seases of cattle in the State of

Georgia.

April 30, I90I. ( Signed )

0 . B. STEVENS, Commi ssioner of Agriculture.

BULLETIN NO. 37

109

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

The term "cattle'" used in these regulati ons shall include bulls, oxen, steers, cows, heifers, yea rlings and calves.
The terms "con tagi ous" ' or "infectious diseases" shall inclucl~ all diseases of cattle which are communicable from animal tel animal, for example, contagious abortion, tuberculosis, ( actinomycosis) , anthrax, rabies, or splenetic fever ( including reel water, bloody murrain, acclimation disease, Texas cattle fever, tick fever and other I cal names).
SECTIO. I. vVhenever any contagious or infectious disease of cattle shall exist in any porti on of this State, the infected cattle or infected material which may convey disease, or both, at.imals which may have come in contact with such disease, shall be quarantined on the premises or in lots or buildings in which they may be found, until such a time as danger from the spread of disease has passed, all necessary disinfection is completed, and they are released by order of the Commi ssioner of Agriculture.
SEc . 2. The annual regul;:tti ons and amendments thereof of the United States Department of Agriculture concerning interstate cattle transportati on are hereby adopted as a portion ui these regulati ons during such time as said regulati ons are 111 force.
SEc. 3 No cattle shall be tran sported, driven or caused to be driven, or allowed to stray from any place in the quarantine district in thi s State into the districts exempted from the Federal quarantine by the nitecl States Secretary of Agriculture between such elates as the Secretary and the Commissioner of Agriculture shall determine upon ; Provided, that this order shall not apply to cattle transported by rail consigned through such exempted di stricts to other States, which are transported in accordance with the Federal regulati ons relating to interstate transportation of cattle.
SEc. 4 1 o cattle originating in the area of other States prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture of the. United States as having a contagious. or infectious disease, known as splenetic or Southern fever, among its cattle, shall be transported, driven or caused to be driven, or allowed to stray at any time of the year across or into any portion of this State in which cattle are

ll0

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

declared by the said Secretary of Agriculture as being exempted in whole or in part from the operations of the Federal regulations concerning transportation of cattle originating in certain areas; Provid.ed, this section shall not apply to intersta te traffic in cattle by rail or by boat transacted in accordance with the Federal regulations relating thereto, or to uninfected cattle exempted by special permit of the U nited States Secretary of Agricult ure: Provided further, that between such dates and under such regulations as may be agreed upon by the said Secretary of Agriculture and the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State, cattle may be so transported, driven, or caused to be driven, or allowed to stray when found free of infect ion.
SEc. S When cattle from the infected areas, as defined by the Secretary of the U nited States Department of Agriculture -in the annual regulations concerning cattle transportati on and the amendments thereof, shall have moved ot been moved in violation of these regulations or their amendments, the feeding places, yards and pasturages upon which the said cattle have been moved shall become infected districts and subject to the same regulati ons as other infected areas; the limits of said infected area shall be defined by the extent or range allowed the animals from the infected a reas and by the efficiency of ~ !~e exclusion of otner cattle from said infected districts.
SEc. 6. Notice is hereby given that cattle infested with the (Boophilus Bovis) or S0uthern cattle tick, disseminate the contagion or splenetic fever; thet'efore cattle which are found in the exempted districts infested with ( Boophilus Bovis) tick shall ,be considered as infectious cattle.
SEc. 7 Such infectious cattle, or cattle suspected of being infectious, shall be kept in close quarantine and not admitted to the public road or free range until such time as they are disinfected or proven to be uninfected, and permission is granted by the Commissioner of Agriculture for their removal.

SPECIAL ORDER NO. I.

vVHEREAS the cattle owners of Gi lmer, Fannin, U ni on, 'T owns and Rabun Counties have appealed to this Department for protection of th eir cattle from splenetic fever and cattle ticks, and it appears that the cattle of a greater portion of said counties are free from these pests, it is hereby ordered:
SEc. r. That no cattle shall be dri ven into the counties of -Gilme r, Fanni n, U nion, T owns and Rabun from any part of this State in which the cattle are declared infected with splenetic

BULLETIN NO. 37

111

fever infection by the United States Secretary of Agriculture, or from any other State or portion thereof in which the cattle are declared infected until such cattle are exempted from the quarantine regulations by the said Secretary of Agricu lture.
SEc. 2. That all cattle within the aforesaid area which are infested with cattle ticks, or which are suspected of being infested with such ticks, shall be placed in close quarantine and not al lowed on the public roads or at large w1til such a time as shall be proven that they are not so infested, and they shall be released by order of the Commissioner of Agricultu rf'.
The Commissioner will, upon application of the Ordinary o r cattle owners of any county, temporarily forbid the entrance of cattle from any infected county or district until such time as dange r of infection from said county or district is past. T 11is local quarantine wi ll be published in local newspapers and sufficient notices will be posted on the public roads.

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FEDERAL CATTLE QuARANTINE LINE,
SPECIAL REGULATION No. 1.

Authorized by Georgia laws of 1899, No. 374, "Protecti on of

cattle against infectious diseases."

On and after this elate no cattle (bulls, steers, oxen, cows.

heifers, yearlings or calves) shall be led, driven, or caused to be

driven, allowed to stray or carried in any manner into the counties

of Gilmer, Fannin, Union, T owns and Rabun.

Violation of the above is a misdemeanor.

By order of

0. B. S'rEVENS, .

Commissioner.

Atlanta, Ga., April 30, 1901.

DUTIES OF CA'I'TLE I rsPECTORS.

1. To see that the rules and regulati ons this clay issued by toe Commissioner of Agriculture of Georgia, found in another portion of this bulletin, be strictly enforced and carried out.
2. To loca te all territory in your division or district of 1Lis :State that may now or hereafter become infested with fevct t:cks.

112

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Take any legal steps necessary to prevent the ticks from spreading therefrom to any other territory in Georgia.
3 Place all infested cattle and pastures in qua~a11tine, and report same, giving location of infested areas :o the State Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Georgia.
4 Use all possible means to the end of exterminatiug th~ t:icks on such infested farms or areas. Urge the cattlemen t0 gre tse them and care for their cattle, looking to the prevention of further propagation of the tick.
5 Advise the burning over, both in fall or spring, of a!! :nfested pastures or ranges with a view to the destructio1: of the cattle tick.
You will be held strictly to account for any trouble arising from the neglect of these instructions.
This April 30th, I90I. (NoTE.) .-Cattle inspectors receive salary from ti1e S.:ate Department, and can not make any charges for impecting
cattle.

TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICK
No disease to which our cattle is susceptible has such :tn important bearing upon the cattle i-nterests of the Southern States as "Southern Cattle" or "Texas Fever." For this reason we have deemed it wise to issue from this departme:1t ;,: short bulletin giving the salient points of the cause, I,istcry anl present conditions, with a few common sense sugge<; tions as to the prevention of this dread disease, known .1s the "Texas Fever." To a very large degree this disease prohibits the importation into our Southern country of pure b~ erl :1:~in . als from areas north of the United States' quarantine line of which we may be desirous for the building up of OL~r da:ry and beef cattle interests. Besides it has resulted in a barrier being placed by the Federal authorities known as the "Federal Quarantine Line" for the protection of l orthern cattle agail1st the exportation of our Southern stock to Northern marke!s, except these cattle be carried by rail or bo~t for imn'ediate slaughter, which cripples to a great degree the Soutl~ern cattle industry on account of this cattle disease. It has been proved

BULLETIN NO. 37

113

by experiment that when ticks which have been living on the blood of our Southern cattle are transported to latitudes no rth of the Federal Quarantine Line and become attached to cat~le in those sections, or when Northern cattle from .1bove the quarantine line are brought South and subjected to ;:--+o~:o< by ticks from our stock the animals will contract thi s m ;;lct d ~'~ which proves that the tick is the means through which the con-tagion is conveyed . Now, what we are most interested in is how to get riel of the tick, for when we destroy this r~.;1 we remove the source of thi s dreadful disease, which i;; c;tlled by many names to wit: Murrai n, Bloody M urrain , Red \ Va- ter, Yellow \!Vater, Black Water, A cclimating Fever, etc, . and according to the auth orities all of these diseases are noth- ing more nor less than the Texas or Southern Cattle fc. er. Nearly all authorities agree th at thi s bovine tick fever is 2. specific fever communica ted not in a direct manner from one animal to another, but indirectly through the medium of cuile from infected pastures, roads and other places, and in an .indirect manner conveying the disease to susceptible an imals which are. exposed to th ose in fected su rroundings.
\ \Then it is kn own that beef . cattle above the Federal Q u:uantine Line are 'yortb from one to one and one-half cents per pound more than the same g rade of cattle below the line, O!.:r people in Georg ia can readily see the enormous profit~ they have lost fo r years past. By virtue of the fact that most f -,he counties of our State are tick-infested they will see the imp:lrtance of energetic, systematic and judicious work looki r:g i) the suppression of thi s dreaded pest named by Dr. Cooper Curtice as the "Boophilus Bovis."

WHEN AND W HERE THE TICK IS FOUND.
The ca ttle tick is fo und in warm weather in m :1st o. the States that lie south of the 35th parallel of latitude. Dnriw; the heat of tlli' summer the Northern distribution is sometim es e" tencled into orth ern mark ets, but it is killed off in the fall o r ea rl y winter month s. In mild winters the tick may be found at any time of the yea r in South Georgia, but in some of the counties in extrem e North Georgia the tick is practically exterm inated by the fro sts of w inter and does not reappea.r until brought back in the course of cattle traffic. In evere winters th is exte rmination extends fu rth er southward.
Sab

114

GEORGIA DEPARTME NT OF AGRICULTU RE .

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TICKS.
Dr. Cooper Curtice gives the following descripti on of ticks: "The fact that at least three species of ticks may be fo und on cattle and that one is eli ease-bearing and outlawed. " otdd seem to complicate matters. The existence of the other two species, however, enters very little into th e problem practically, for they a re ea sily told apart and a re quite different in hab its. "All the e ticks look alike, especially the large fema les, which are th o e usuall y seen. They are often a large as a castor-oil bean-seed, and usua ll y leaden blue in color; have a soft, leathery body provided with four pai rs of li ttle leg and a hard little head with movable mouth patis. The three varieti es can be distinguished by a g lance at their heads. I n the cattle tick the color is sol id chestnut brom1. In the yar iety that al o pesters people, horses and dogs, the head has a li ttle bri ght, ofte11 g olden, spot a t its back edge, from which it has ga in ed the na me 'lone sta r tick,' 'pa s or spot tick.' The ~hid var iety, wh ich is often foun d on deer, clogs and othe r animal -, has the head nea rl y " bite or \Yith a \Yhi te ma rg in. It i commonly called 'dee r tick,' 'clog tick' or 'bear tick.' These characters ,,ill ah,ay ser ve to distingu ish the species. while t ~1e male, wh ich is an incon picuous little fello,,, ah,ays accompanies the female, hi s presence is of no practical importance since it is the female whi ch attracts our attenti on and again t which all efforts must be made. Thei r resemblance, especially in the head pa rt , to the females, and their as ociation with females, enables the observer to read il y classify them. " The lone ta r tick and the clog tick usually attach them elve;, to animal s when the latter are goi ng through the \YOocls or in marshy place , wh ile the cattle tick rarely get on man . or other animal sa,e possibly horses, and i always fo und in pasture where cattle have spread them. "The star tick and the clog tick usuall y get about the ears, dewlap and ides of cattle, whil e cattle ticks are mo t numerous on the lo \\er ~clges of the cle\\lap, alono the underparts and .- n the thi ghs of the cattle. 1 hi s is because the little ticks a re the most numerous where the co\\s rest and get on them from hort g ra ss. "The lone ta r and the clog tick a re mo t commonly found from June to ugu st, and then seem to disappear. They a re

BULLETIN NO. 37

115

s oon followed by 'seed ticks,' wh ich get upon one walking through the pastu res and sink their heads beneath the skin. Often at the sa me time the 'middling' or 'yearling,' an intermediate ize beh1een the seed and adult tick, is encountered . These a re but different stages of either of the above ticks. Cattle ticks are not numerous in the spring, but rapidl y increase in numbers as the easons wear or until they are said to literally bi ngle the cows by the ir hosts. The same steps of growth occur a in the other specie , but they rarely if ever get upon people and pend their whole ex istence upon the ca ttl e. It thus happens that th e careful inve tigato r may fi nd all the stages from the seed ti ck, which may be seen by very close exa minat ion, up to the un ig htl y ad ult fema le."

' LIFE OF THE CATTLE TICK .
-:-Iost auth ori tie aa ree th at all ca ttle tick come from eggs laid by othe r ticks, and can only reach matur ity on cattle ; that the tick drops from the cow and remain pa ive fo r a fe 1Y clays, then begins to lay eggs, and in two week he has laid some two th ousand eggs to be hatched out in fro m three to six week according to the temperature of the weather. The e egg a re g enerally deposited under a bunch of g ra s, leaH or tick , bei ng sheltered from the direct rays of the sun. \\hen hatched the yo mg ticks, or " eed tick ," sp1ead out hort distances, and attach themselves to the nearest blade of g rass or twi g and collect at thei r tops, and there appear to merely exi t in \Yait for the ir future host-the cow. .
. \ fter arr iving on the cattle they rem ain there from three to four weeks when the female become mature, and fall from the cattle to the g rou nd 11herever th e ca ttle happen to be \Yhen the tick becomes mature. Hence th e place mo t freqt ented by the cattle in the pastu rage is wh ere you ~Yill find th e mo t in fectiou , yet any place may become infected provided the ca ttle pa s 01er it and drop the tick at such a place.
I n summing up the life hi story of the tick Dr. Cooper Curtice says:
I. T ick are introduced on farm s by cattl e. 2. Seed ticks appea r in f rom twenty-fi ,e clay to six week . 3 Tick g row to ma turity in about four 11eek after they attach to cattle. 4 Ticks when mature fall to the g round to g ive ri e to new mu ltitudes.

11 6

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SOME REMEDIAL SUGGESTIONS.
If proper and judicious \YOrk be done, there is no good reason '"hy the farms and counties of North Georgia should remain infected longer than twelve months. In point of fact many militia districts, as well as almost entire counties, are practically free of the disease-carrying tick. \ Ve would not advi e the discrimination bet,yeen ticks, as all ticks are noxious and loathsome. Early spring is perhaps the best time to begin work, for the dest ruction of a single tick in spring is often the means of preventing thousands from coming into life. A female tick which lays from two to twenty-five hundred eggs " ill likely produce one thousand pairs of ticks. One tick in spring or summer will be sufficient to stock a farm of ordinary size in one year. Fields used for growing crops must be considered as uninfected. since frequent plowing and turning over the soil destroys the tick to a large degree. Old fields may be disinfected by burning off the dry grass in early spring and during the fall; but as to marshy places and corners and small plots of woods that can not be burned off we would ;advise that they be fenced from the cattle, as they would furnish sufficient number of ticks to reinfect the whole pasture. If a large area now used for pasturing cattle be divided by a fence and use be made of onl y one-half of the pasture for cattle, not allO\Ying cattle to trespass upon the other half of the pasture, this me.thod would practically free the latter half of the pasture from ticks in twelve months. If, however, the pasture be small and conditions are not suited to the above method. then the cattle must be carefully and continuously picked during the spring and summer, using from time to time sulphur and lard, or any grease that is most convenient. If this hand-pi cking is continued daily a small farm can be cleaned of the ticks in a short while. Oils and grease, however, have their uses on farms, and aiel materially in disinfection, and save labor in the hand-picking process. A little tar mixed with the grease is advisable. The cattle should be thoroughly rubbed from time to time with these ointments. But there can be no successful exterminations of the tick unless the county at large co-operates in this matter, to the extent that the highways and market places and stock yards shall be kept free of infection. So, if cattle men generally will carefully comply with the rules and regulations and adopt the above suggestions they will find that the extermination of the tick is but an easy matter, requiring patience and perseverance \Yith only a small expense.

BULLETIN NO. 37

117

SO::-IE OF THE SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE.
Dr. Curtice says that "experiment aJd observations show that the majority of cases break out and die in from ro to 21 days after infection. F or the first few days there is no fever or ar:ry indication of the disease, but either on the fifth or sixth clay a very high fever breaks out, which often renders the animal delir!ous or tupid; their heads droop, their ears lop, cud-chewing is suspended, and other signs of ill health follow. They usually die to,,arcl the end of the first week of fever, although some last into the second week, while a small percentage survive." The urine of diseased animals is usually deeply stained and appea1s even cla rk or black reel, resembling the color of coffee. The eyeballs and other mucous membranes show a yellow cast. If the anima ls survive the attack of fever they remain poor and recover Yery slowly. The virulence of this disease varies at different seasons of the year and in different animals. All who may desire to study this question fully from a cientific point we would advise that they write to Dr. D. A. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Anima l Industry at ' Vashington, D. C., for bulletins on Texas eyer and cattle tick. If this little bulletin should create an interest in the study of this disease and the remedie therefor, and bring about a co-operation of the people looking to the suppression of this disease, its object will have been accomplished. Get riel of the tick and you get riel of the disease.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Much of the data given in this paper is taken from a bulletin from the orth Carolina Bureau of Agriculture by Dr. Cooper Curtice, who \Yas at the time of issue State Veterinarian of North Carolina.

FROM B ULLETIN GEORG I A D EPA RTM E Nl1 OF AGR I CULTUR E .
SERIAL No. 28.
SEASON t900-t90J.
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
A ND
ILLUMINATING OILS
,
Ul\D E R T ill> ~ U PE R V I I'IJO~ II F
0 . B. S T EVEN S ,
Commi ssioner o f Agricu lt ure of the Sta le of Georg ia .

J ~ O. M . McCAN DLESS,
State Chemist.

R. G. WILLIAM :!, First Assistan t State Chemist.

J. Q. BURT ON s~ cond Ass istant State Chem ist.

'

RULING BY THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.

BY THE CoMMISSIONER: It is hereby ordered in pursuance of sections 2 and 8 of the Act governing the inspection of fertilizers and fertilizer material, that all manufacturers of commercial fertilizers or others, who shall affix or place a brand upon sacks or packages of commercial fertilizer or fertilizer materials in accOIdance with section 2 of the Act, are hereby prohibited from enlarging upon or adding to the determinations prescribed by the law; .for instance, it i forbidden to brand on the sack the words "Equivalent ( =) to Bone Phosphate of lime ........ per cent," after or in explanation of the brand, "Available Phosphoric !\cid ....... .per cent."
In the judgment of the Commissioner such practices are confu sing and misleading and are hereby prohibited for the future. For the convenience of the brander section 2 of the ct is here repeated:
"Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That all fertilizers, or chemicals for manufacturing the same, and all cottonseed meal offered for sale or distribution in this State, shall have branded upon, or attached to, each bag, barrel or package the guaranteed analy is thereof, showing the percentage of valuable elements or ingredients such fertilizers or chemicals contain, embracing the following determinations :

!foisture at 212 deg. Fah ................. . In oluble phosphoric acid ........... . ...... '
Available phosphoric acid ................ .. . Ammonia, actual and potential .. . ......... . Potash (K2 0) .. . ........ .. ... .. . . . . ... .

per cent. rjer cent.
per cent. per cent. per cent.

The analysis so placed upon, or attached to, said fertilizer or chemical shall be a guarantee by the manufacturer, agent or person offering the same for sale, that it contains sub tantially the ingredients indicated thereby, in the percentages named therein, and said guarantee shall be binding on aid manufactmer, agent or . dealer, and may be pleaded in any action or suit at law to show total or partial failure of consideration in the contract for the sale of said fertilizer, chemical or cottonseed meal."
0. B. STEVENS, Commi sioner.

/

] 22

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BY THE CoMMISSIONER: It is o r lered , That s.!ppl emct,ting and explaining the order of August 7, I90I , relati ve to the branding of packages of commercial fertilizers, it shall be optional with manufacturers, in case of the fertilizer not contain ing a given ingredient, whether they brand the word "None" oppos ite . be name of that ingredient or omit the name altogethcr. Por example. in
the case of an acid phosphate with potash, the manufacturer may brand Mo isture, Insoluble Phosphoric Acid , va ilable Phosphoric Acid and Potash, with the g uaranteed percen tage opposite, or he may add the word Ammon ia, if desi red . a in the r ~gu lar fo rn~ula , and brand opposite it the word " one. " In the ca e of bone meals it is ordered that the percentages of Moi ture, Am moni a and Phosphoric cid be g iven , and not the percenta ~e of B'~ ne Ph osphate. P ota h bein g optional as above.
This September 4, I90L 0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner.

REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIO ER.
Last year it wa my privilege to congratulate the farmers of Georg ia on the greatly improved conditi on of the agri cultura l interests of our beloved State. The causes wh ich prod uced th e favo rable changes in our affairs are still in operati n. The ummers are no longer seasons of idleness and stagnati on. Instead of the straggling orchard and small vegetable oardens suppl ying only the immediate wants of the family, we have now from the Tennessee line almost to Florida, thousand s of acres of ch oice peach trees in bearing, whose luscious fruits are bring ing milli ons in money into our State.
Big truck farms of potatoes, tomatoes, beans and other vegetables near every city and large town are bu y supplying the home markets and those of the North and East. The terraced hillsides a re covered with vineyards \\hose grapes rival the growth of the sunny slopes of Italy or the vine-clad hills of .France, while the products of our orchards are unsurpa eel by those of any other Janel.
The interest aroused in wheat and oats. which one yea r ago made the producti on of these grains the largest that Georgia had ever known, has suffered no abatement, and new fl our mills of the most improved type are springing up on every hand.

BULLETIN NO. 38.
The sugar-cane crop has increa eel at least .fifty per cent. in ' the Ia t year. A few yea rs ago it was eldom that one could ' see even a twenty-fi ve-acre field of sugar-cane. Now there are many field s of one hundred or one hundred and fifty acres. The in terest in its cultivation is stead il y growing, and i n the near futu re sugar-cane will vie with corn and cotton in wealth-producing power, and Georgi a will take the stand which rightfu lly belonos to her among the sugar-making State .
Though otton an d corn were set back three weeks by the late season and still further damaged by the lrou th , both are now in fairly good conditi n and promise an encouraging reward for the labor bestowed upon them . The makin g of th i year cotton cr p cost mo re than usual n account of the high price of labor and all food sur plies. \ rVh ile cotton i always an un certai n crop, the pre ent outl ook, barring certain sections, is fairly good. T he orchards, too, were cut short to a c nsiclerable extent by late fro t and the attacks of the borer. But, notwith tanding these drawbacks, the Elberta specials are daily speeding northward to all the great cities east of the Missi sippi aBel di sposing of thei r p recious freight to eager pur~hase rs .
EYery report that comes in now shows an improvement thr ugh out the general field in cotton, corn, peache and melon , although there are some section where the damage can not be repaired.
In some places, where cott n was injured beyond recovery, the farmers turned the land over t g ras and are rai ing hay; and, un der the circumstances, they cou ld n ot have done a wi ser thing. If the past may be taken a an index of the future, and if we accept as true the repor ts that are coming in from the g reat oTai n States of the \ Vest (and there seems to be no reason to d ubt them), we mu st expect all foo 1- tuffs fo r man and bea t t be even higher than at presen t. The carcity and prices of thi s yea r are a les on and a warning for the fut ure. Hence, they plainly act with wisdom, wh o a re turnin'g to good u e the g ras e on their Janel. The mowing machine and , where that can not be had, the scythe can now come into play, and fill the barns with the be t food obtainable. Make everything count that can be used for thi s purpose and fill the barns.
One of the mo t encouraging signs for the agricultural intere ts of Georgia is the rapid and steady increase in the producti on of hay, which has grown more than one hundred per cent. in the last few years. Let the good work go on, until Georgia raises all hetown hay, corn, wheat, oats and other crops that give food to man and beast.

(

;.. : (, 1 ~

(

(

(o
(, r'

I .,..... \

,_

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Side by side with the increase in hay making is the growing interest in the improvement of the breeds of both dairy and beef c<'Lttle. There are more milch cows of the finest blood and more of the high grade beef strains than ever before in the history of our State.
The same is true of all such stock as hogs, poultry, horses and mules.
But we regret to say that in the number of sheep Georgia has fallen off more than roo,ooo in the last ten years. And yet the sheep and wool industry could be made to pay as well as cotton. Cannot something be done to protect and foster this great interest and thus save to Georgia this wealth-producing factor? It has been well said that "the only way to keep good opportunities from slipping away, is to be on the watch for them " The sheep-killing dog is named as the prime cause of the decline in sheep hus. bandry. It has been proved by experiment in the \.Vest that a few Angora goats kept with a flock of sheep will promptly attack and quickly put to flight any dogs that venture into the enclosure where they are kept.
In the mountainous section of North Georgia especially, the Angora goat will find a congenial home. It is claimed by some that the animal is more profitable than sheep. There is a growing market for the hides and hair, and the flesh is said to be equal to mutton. The skins of Angora kids are in great demand by the manufacturers of fine leather goods. The mohair from these goats is used for robes and rugs. These are merely suggestions to those who have the means and inclination to invest in Angoras, which at present bring high prices. The cost of keeping them is very little: Full information concerning them can be obtained by writing to the Am,erican Angom, a paper published in Kansas City, Mo. If no way can be devised to keep the opportunity for wealth offered in sheep husbandry from slipping away from us, it may be well to consider the subject of the introduction of the Angora.
At all times during the present season encouraging reports have been coming in to the Department of Agriculture concerning sugar-cane, rice and potatoes. Of these crops .we have received the tidings, "doing well," even at times when the prospects for other crops looked gloomy enough. With these assured and all others promising better, let us be thankful and take courage.
The announcement has been made in our papers that some Chicago and other orthwestern capitalists are about to organize a big stock company to develop the cassava-producing areas of

BULLETIN NO. 38.

125

Northern Florida and Southern A labama. Their idea is that cassava is superior to corn for stock food, and that its cultivation will make the South the foremost stock-raising section of the
Union. It is claimed that cassava contains more starch than corn potatoes or any other product. It is said that an average acre of A labama rand will yield twenty tons of cassava, wh ich will produce 8,ooo pounds of starch, or just double that produced by the same land planted in corn. Cassava is a splendid fat-producing food for stock, and is also a palatable and nutri tious human food.
Experiments a re being made with it in Georgia also, and it is believed that in cassava we will find another good money crop for our State. The success of many of our best farmers in restoring worn-out lands to fertility is very encouraging.
"Good farming," says Lockhardt, "consists in taking large crops from the soi l, while at the same time you leave the soi l in better condition for succeeding crops." "This," says Frank Sherman Peer, a practical farmer and noted writer on agricultural matters, "strikes me as being the best defin ition of what constitutes good farming I have ever seen. It is the very science of farming." By judicious rotation of crops and proper fertilizing, many worn-out lands have been built up and their productive power wonderfully increased. By continuing the same process from year to year they should at length be restored to the fertility of the vi rgin soi l.
The blue-grass region of Kentucky, the Miami Valley of Ohio, and the Valley of the Mohawk in I ew York State are illustrations of what intensive farming will do for a country. As far as the eye can see there is not <1; bare hillside or an unsightly gully; but everywhere the delighted eye of the tourist rests upon a green carpet of grass or garden products or fields of grain. As fast as one crop is taken from the ground another takes its place. vVhile the land yields abundantly, the stubble of the gathered crop is turned under as a fertilizer of the soil for a succeeding crop. Intensive farming in Georgia will produce the same results.
In many parts of the State we hear complaints of the sca rcity
of labor. Can not a remedy for this be found in the scientific cultivation of a smaller area, making it produce as much as the larger one, and at a greatly reduced expense, through the reduction in
the force hired to work the fields? A progressive spirit is abroad among the farmers of Georgia.
Each year sees an increase in the number of those who study the needs of their land and use such methods of fertilization as the soil demands, who use the most improved machinery, wh o know

126

GEORGIA DEPAR'l' MENT OF AG illCUL;l'UlU~.

how to supply thei r stock with nutritious food rai sed upon their o wn lands, an d ho.w to make the tock also contribu te their share to wa id th e improvement of the soil. The re a re, in fact, more upto-date men among our agriculturists than ever befo re, as any one can ee wh o travels along the lines of our g rea t railroad system s. T here are more dairy and stock farms than ever befo re, and each year adds to their number.
Mo re and more attenti n is being paid to Nature stu li es in our chools. How plants grow and th e things needed fo r their urce fu l cultivation already form a part of the cour e in many chools, but much on thi line remain to be clone. Especially in our rura l schools should the e subje~t be carefully taught.
Th e attraction of farm life can be greatly increased if farme rs whose lan ds are contiguous will build their homes clo e together, w ith their neighborhood store, school, lecture room and church. so tha t they can have the aclvant9-ges of social life and mutual protecti n. Dwelling in neigh borhoocl settlements they will escape the dangers arising from isolation and the loneli ness which makes r ural life monotonou and clista teful to o many people.
The same methods pursued in Georgia ,,i ll make our rural eli tri cts as attractive as those of Kentucky, Ohio, or ~ ew York.
othi ng i more calculatccl t repel the tranger eeking a home than a view of bare reel hills seamed by unsightly g ullie . But a rural cene which presents to the eye of the home-seeker either ' the green of the gro,,ing crops or the golden yell ow of the ripened harvest o r the whitening b II of the snowy cotton, whil e here and t here the landscape is dotted with pretty farmho uses, tastefull y adorned by verdant lawn and flowers of every hue, incl ines the prospector to ettle among tho e who e fa rms p re ent such an
appearance of thrift and prosperity. To show what great opportunities Georgia offers to the thrifty
aoTiculturist '" gi,-e a tatement of some of our leading crops and thei r value for the season of I899-I900 :
Cotton, I,345.699 bale , valued at .. ... . . . .. . .$4 ,024,822 Cottonseed meal and cottonseed oil , valued at .. I4,ooo,ooo Co rn , 35,ooo,ooo bu he! , Yalued at. . . . . . . . . . 2o,ooo,ooo \ Vheat, 5,ooo.ooo bushel . valued at. . . . . . . . . :;,ooo,ooo Oats, 7,ooo,ooo bushels, va lued at .. . . . . . ... ; . 3,500,000 Hay, 200,000 tons, valued at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, soo,ooo Ri ce, 7,5oo,ooo, yalued at.. . .. . . .. ....... . . 375>ooo

BULLETIN NO. 38.

127

To the value of these crops we can add several other items:
The rye and barley produced in Georgia are valued at$ 200,000 The Irish potatoes are nearly 400,000 bushels, valued
at .... : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,ooo The sweet pota toes a re about s ,ooo,ooo bushel s, v:tl ued
at. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,soo,oo6
T otal value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .$4,ooo,ooo In r89o sugar-cane yielded 3,5oo,ooo ga ll ons of yrup,
va lued at ......... . .. . . . ...... . .. .. ..... . . $I ,OOO,OOO And I, 250,ooo pounds of sugar, val ued at.. . . . . . . 6 s ,ooo
The cen us of 1890 cred ited Georg ia \\ith 264,000 poun ds of tobacco. The census of 1900 will show a very large increa e, as this depa rtment has now return s from Decatur county alone \\"hich prod uced in 1900 r .soo,ooo pounds of Sumatra tobacco, worth $300,000.
\ Vhen the cen u returns are in on thi s crop, we belie,e that it will show more than roo per cent. increa e, for cane culture in Georgia has more tha n doubled in the last five yea rs.
\\ 'hen we add three mill ions more for the products of our orcha rd and market gardens, we see that the agricultura l and horticultural product of Georgia are worth more than $roo,ooo,ooo.
Of the 98,ooo bales of sea-i sland cotton rai sed in the U nited States for the sea on of r899-1900, Georoi a produced 6o,ooo, or about 62 per cent. of the entire crop. It value was about $3,soo,ooo already coun ted in the va lue of th e enti re cottop crop of Ge o rgia.
It may be well to add here the output of some of our lead ing crop un der the highe t state of culti vation. Durin o the year , 1899 th e Ma'Con Darity Telegraph offered a " heat prize fo r the best four acres of wheat grow n in Georgia. The pri ze was won by a M iddle Georgia farmer, who made 65 bu hel of wheat to the acre on the four-ac re plot. T he man \\"h o \\on th e second pri ze made 55 bu hels to the acre. 'vVe mi ght cite here numbers of instances \\"h ere roo bushel of co rn to th e acre have been prod uced, 125 bu hel of oat , 6oo gal lons of good Georgia cane sy rup to the ac re and other crop in proportion, un de r the best cientific methods.
Thus, we ee, Georoia offer an inviting field to the enterpri sing home-seeker, presenting to him such Yari ety of oil, that he can make hi s ch ice and raise whate ver crop he pleases. In fact. he ca n find nowhere a .Jan el whi ch will more urely g ive a generous rewa rd to ii1telligently applied labor.
0 . B. S'l'E\'ENS, Commis ioner.

128

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

REPORT OF STA TE OIL I NSPECTOR.

STATE OF GEORGIA, D EPARTMENT OF OILS,
ATLANTA, GA., l\Iay 30, I90I.
H 011. 0 . B. Steve11s, C0111111 issio11er of Agriculture, r.l tlallt(ll, Ga:. D EAR Sm: Recognizing the immen se go d that our o il pam-
phlet, containing ]a ws on the subject of oil and in structions in regard to t he ca re of lamps, has clone in the past, I feel that it is to the best interest of the department and the State at large to issue a second edition of the same. You wi ll n ote, as will the peop le of Georgia, with much interest that since the enforcement of these laws there has not been an explosion of a lamp ii1 Georgia, as is shown by investigation by our local inspectors at the different poin ts, w ith the exception of one instance nea r T occoa, and upon . investigati on we found that this occurred previ ous to the using up of the o il th a t was stored at that point when these laws were put into effect.
We h ave noted a number of accidents caused by explos ions of lamps in other States where laws similar to ours are not in effect.
VIe publish herewith a few of these clipping..s:
BURNED BY A LAMP EXPLOSION.
Uniontown, Nov. 25 (Special ) .- \, hile M rs. Dr. R. M . Hill
was sewing last ni g ht, at Farmington, th e lamp exploded and the burning o il drenched her dress a nd wrapped her in flame s in a n instant. She is seriously injured, and Dr. Hill was badly burned in an attempt to re cue his wife.
BOSTON WOMAN KILLED BY AN EXPLODING LAMP.
Sh e Tried to E :rtillguish it by Blo'wing Do'wn the Chimney and it B1trst.
Bo ton , N ov. 26.-:r-Irs. Juli a Mcintyre. aged t\1:enty-one, was fatall y burned by an explos ion of a lamp. whi ch she attempted to exting ui sh by blowin o- clown the chimney la t night. S he d ied qfter ten hours of suffering.

BUJ.T.E'tiN NO. 38.

129

DEATH FOLLOWS LAMP EXPLOSION .
Ma111ie Mila11 Was Burned to a Crisp in a P1"llar of Flame and H er NIother R eceived Fatal In juries.
Mauch Chunk, Dec. 8.-As the result of the exploding of a coa l-oiJ. lamp, Mamie Milan, fourteen year old, is dead, and the girrs mother is so badly injured and burned that her death is momenta ri Iy expected.
T he M il ans reside in East Mauch Chunk. The women of the h use were sewing and Mrs. Mi lan knocked the lamp over. She a keel her daughter to grasp the lamp, and as the child did her mother's bidding it exploded , completely covering and saturating her clothes with the o il, whj ch instantly took fire.
In her fright and terrible agony the girl ran into the yard. ,,here her mother, wh o foll o wed, caught her and clasped her in her a rn>s. At this moment the flame of the girr s clothing shot up a hi g h as the second-story window of the hou e.
The body of the daughter was almost burned to a cri sp and the mother " as so severely injured by the flames that she can not reco ,er.
Thi s compari on should show conclusively the valu e of the pre ent law and enforcement for the public safety of li fe and pt operty. Our. n :co rds show that from month to month the cousumption of oi l in our State is increasing; con equently there should be more care as to the quality of oil and the care of lamps in order to pre,ent accident and get the best re. ul ts. The value of our laws is shown by the inquiries we ha ,e recei ved from other S tates in regard to them, with a ,-iew to adopting similar legislati on in regard to p rotecti on from the results of dan g erous o il in th eir States. \ Ve ask the co-operati on of the public in maintain - in g the present standard of thi s department of the State g overnment, and we a sure them that the l o ~a l in spectors, as well as myelf, " ill esteem it a privilege at any or a ll times to correct any errors that mi o-ht occur. D r. McCandle s. State Chemi st, will alway cheerfully analyze any samples that are supposed not to come up to the standard if our citizens will for ward same to him.
Respectfully submitted.
GL,\ SCOCK DAI<RET1''
State Oil Inspector.
9a b

130

GEORGIA DEPARTME rT OF AGRICULTURE.

Reviewing the work of the past year with reference to the

oil inspection of the State, I have to report th at n ne of the

oils which have come under my supervision or test have been

of inferi or quality. They have all proved to be of most ex-

cellent quali ty as illuminants, and free from the excess of n aph-

thas or light oils, which render kerosene oils so dangerous to li fe

and property in many other State . Reading the report of our

State Oi l Inspecto r, l[ r. Barrett. and noting the vari ous instances

i1e g ives of the de tru cti on of life and property by explod ing

lamps in other States, we can not but congra tul ate ou rse lve and

the people of the State upon th e new o il law which is now oper-

ative in Geor rria, and which drive the inferi or grades of oil

across her borders. The excell ence and efficiency of our Ia w has

been recognized by other States, and application has been made

for copies of our law by the auth orities of the States of A rkansas.

Virginia, No rth and South Carolin a, with a view to the change of

their o il laws and the introd ucti on of the Georg ia la\L

Congratulating you upon the th oroug hness of the system of oi l

inspecti on you ha ve inaugurated, and upon the efficiency of the

inspectors you have appointed to carry out the same, I am

Very trul y you rs,

(S ig ned)

] No. M . McCANDLESS,

State Chemist.

August 30, I 90 r.
Since writing the above. three lots of o il have been detected by your inspectors as failing to meet the requirements of the Georgia law; one lot was inspected at Corneli a, one at Griffin, and one at Augusta, Ga. In each case- the companies, v iz.. the Wi lburn e Oil Company, the A tlanta Oi l Company, and the Standard Oil Company, appealed from the decision of the local inspectors to me. In each case there was no doubt of the inferiority of the oil, an d I was enabled to sustain the local inspectors. The State inspector, Mr. Barrett, then rejected all of these o ils and ordered them shipped out of the State. Respectfully,
]. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 38.

131

I~SPECTIO

AND CERTIFICATION OF NURSERY STOCK.*

BY VI . M . ScoTT, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

I.-TO GEORGIA NURSERYM EN .
The law governing the inspection and certification of nursery stock prescribe that the annual inspection of nurseries shall be completed on or before November Ist of each yea r: but tbe executi on of the ct, as concern s detail s of the work, is left iargely tc, the el i creti on of the entomologist. The time of the inspecti ot: last year was, from necessity. ex tended through the month of November and, indeed, a few uni mportant inspections were made as late as December. The recent additi on of an ass istant to t he ' orking fo rce wi ll g reatly facil itate the work in the future and the in pection thi s season will doubtless be completed withi n the prescribed time.
T he regular in pecti on work is not begun until A ugust I sth, but the business methods of a few nurse rymen require an ea rli er inspection. and in such cases the inspection may be made as early as the first of Jul y. n inspection made before the I 5th of A ug ust, however, must be suppl emented by another later in the season. T he reason for delaying the work as late in the season as practicable is apparent when the life hi story and habits of the San J ose scale are considered, thi s being the pri ncipal pest for whi ch the inspection is made. In thi s climate the scale is breed ing and is capable of being communicated to th e nursery, certa inl y as late a Iovember. A certific.ate issued upon an early inspection, the refore, would g ive little or no assurance of the absence of scale fro m the nurse ry, pa rticul arl y where it is located in an infested neighborhood. Moreover, June buclcled peach trees will not have made sufficient g row th to admit of a satisfactory inspection before October. It is clear, too, that insect injuries and disease effects are more conspicuous near the close of the growing season.
A certificate at best does not g ive unqualified evidence of the entire absence of seriously injurious insects and diseases. It is proposed, therefore, to make the inspections under the most favorable conditions and to make supplemental inspections after the .stock is dug, wherever the surroundings are such as to cause suspicion. As complete an assurance as possible of the cleanliness
0 Al so publlshed as Bulletin No . s or the Georg!& State Board of Entomology.

132

GEORGIA DEPARTMEN'f OF AGRICULTURE.

of the stock is thus obtained. and it is hoped that there may be establi heel, thereby, a confidence in the products of the Georgia nurseries equally advantageous to the nurserymen and orchardists.
Some nurse rymen have a careless habit of leaving old unsalable stock heeled in on their yards from year to year. This practice af01 ~.;a harboring place for insects and di seases, and we trongly condemn it. A ca e in point: Last year the writer found San J ose sca le in a bunch of lei stock heeled in on the yard of one of our nurserymen ; and alth ough no scale could be found in the nursery blocks. the reg ular certificate could not be is uecl to the o\\ner. \ Vherever such conditions are found our certificate will be withheld until they are corrected.
_ side from the San J ose scale the foll owing are on the Boa rd's
list of dangerously injur ious pests : The Ne w Peach Scale. Black Knot. Peach Yell ows. Peach and P lum R osette. one of these have yet been fou nd in any of the nurseries, but with the excep ti on of the Yellows they all occur in the State to a slight extent and are carefull y looked for when the inspections are made.
La t year seventy nurseries werf' :,:1 spectecl, four of which were found infested with San J ose scale ana from the owners of wh ich the reO'u]ar inspection certificate was withheld . It should be clearly understood here that no nurseryman whose premi ses are found infested can obtain the regular certificate. A nurseryman, a porti on of whose premi es is infested but in such a manner as not to endanger the rema inder, may.be gi\'en a special certificate; provided, however, that al l stock g rowing in the infe ted porti on shall be destroyed and the rema inde r fumigated under ou r personal supervision. Likewise, \\'here a nursery is located in a scale infested neighborhood, even thoug h no scale can be found on the nurse ry grounds, fumigati on will be required and a certificate will be given to the owner of such a nursery only upon the conditi ons ~xpressed in writing that he will fumigate every plant before it is. sent out. This requirement is based upon the foll owing rule of the rules and regulati ons adopted by the Board of Entomology,
January 18, 1899: "Rule 9 The State Entomologist shall have power to require:
any nurseryman of the State to fumigate hi s stock with hydrocyanic acid gas, when in his judgment the presence of any pest in the nursery or in the neighborhood of the nursery, warrants such treatment for the better protection of the agricultural interests of the State. Upon fai ltire of any individual, finn or co rporation to comply with this requirement, the State Entomologist is hereby authorized to withhold his certificate from the same."

BULLETIN NO. 38.

133

Some of our nurseryme n, even though not compelled. to meet the above requirement, have Yoluntari ly adopted the plan of fum-
1;irrating all stock (i ncluding buds and g rafts) grown or han dled them. VIe most urgently advi e all nurserymen to adopt this plan. not only as a precauti on against the San J ose scale, but to destroy the \\oo lly aphis and other injurious insects liable to be
conveyed on nursery stock. The State of Virginia has placed the official ban upon the
woolly aphis and crown gall , and ther States a re bringing gradual pressure to bear for the reduction of these pests. The regulati ons of our State Board make no prov isions for the dispos iti on of stock affected with the wooll y aphis o r crown gall , leav in g it to the di sc reti on of the in pector. Our own obsenati ons in the orchards of the State show these agencies to be se ri ously injurious, either prod ucing death or g reatly retarding growth of affected trees. F or some time it has been a question as to what acti on should be taken with regard to these troubles, and so far nur erymen have only been req uested to withh old from the mar-
ket all affected stock. In the future we will require the destructi on of plants visibly infected with crom1 ga ll, and all apple trees sufficiently infested with the woolly aphis to show knots on the roots. In cases of slight in festat ion by the woo lly aphis only fumigati on or whale oil soap treatment will be required.
A t the time of the regular inspection it will not be poss ible to determine the extent of these pests in the nurseries, as the roots will not then be exposed and onl y a few trees in each block can be pulled up fo r examination. Then after a ll , we must depend largely upon the honesty and integrity of the nurserymen for the enforcement of our iHstructi ons. In this connecti on it shoul d be stated that we have had the hearty co-operati on of the Georgia nurse rymen in our work, and it is largely clue to them that the law has been uccessfull y executed.
In add iti on to fruit trees th e fo ll owing, if offered for sale, are classed as nursery stock and are subject to the regulati ons gov ernin g the inspection and transportati on of the same: Strawberry plants, v ines, o rnamental trees and shrubs and greenh ouse plants ( not including cut fl owers).
The foll owing is the fo rm of the certificate issued to nursery-
men wh ose premises con fo rm to the requirements of the board:

] 34

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUI.'fURU.

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY, ATLAN'fA, GA.

OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE.

No. ... .

'/ (j lV h01n 1"t :May Concent: 'l'his is to certify that in accordance with an Act of Assembly
approved December 20, I898, I have, on the ..... . . .... . clay of ......... . ... . .. . . . . . . .. made an inspection of the nurseries of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and that I found the stock m these nurseries apparently free from the San J ose scale and all other insects and diseases of a seriously injurious nature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

This certificate is to cover only stock grown in the above named nurseries, and becomes invalid twelve months from elate.

State Entomologist.
when it is desired to use this certificate on stock other than that grown by the nurseryman to whom it was issued, it may be so used provided such stock is already covered by our State certificate or the official tags of the board issued to nurserymen outside of the State.
The regular inspection certificate must not be used by dealers in nursery stock who are not themselves growers. Buying and reselling plants is certainly a legitimate business, and we have made provision whereby dealers may readily comply with the law. The dealer mu t furnish thi s office with the names of all the nurserymen from whom he proposes to purchase stock, and if ou r records show that all of them have met with the requirements of the board, a certificate to that effect will be granted. Also, whenever practicable, the stock handled by dealers will be reinspected.
All nursery stock offered for transportation must be plainly labeled with the official inspection certificate in accordance with the following rule of the board:
Rule 4 Any trees, shrubs or other plants commonly known as nursery stock, shipped within the State of Georgia, without each box, bundle or package (in each car load, or less than car load lot)' being plainly labeled with an official entomologist's certificate to the effect that the contents of the same have been inspected and

BULLETIN NO. 38.

135

found to meet with the requirements of the Board of Entomology in accordance with section IO of the Act cited above, shall be liable to .:onfiscati on upon the order of the inspector.
Any nurseryman upon application to this office, with dimensions of his fumigating house, will be furni shed the formula and full instructi ons for fumigating. When desired, if necessary, we will personally superintend the beginning of the work.
The formula that \Ye ha ve adopted is I ounce of potassium cyanide ( 98-99 per cent.) , I ~ ounce of commercial sulphuric acid, 3 ounces of water to every IOO cubic feet of space in the room;
so time of exposure minutes. Our experiments have shown that
the time may be extended to one hour without danger of injury to dormant trees.
Vi e wi sh to give notice here that all fumigating houses should be placed in order for approva l at the time of nursery inspecti on.
So far as possible the nurseries will be taken up systematically, with respect to location, in order to avoid traveling over the same ground more than once. It is hoped that demands for early inspection will not materially interfere with thi s plan; but when, for any good reason, a certificate is desired in advance of our schedule we will arrange for an earlier inspection.

11.-TO N U RSE RYMEN OF OTHER STATES AND COU r TRIES DOING
BUSINESS IN GEORGIA.
A lthough the present regulations governing the transportati on of nursery stock from other States and countries into Georgia ha ve been in force since January, I899, there still remain s some confusion as to their provisions. Every year considerable trouble ari ses in the en fo rcement of our law, whi ch usuall y results in delay in th e deli,ery of the stock in volv ed, if not total loss of the same. \\ e make no attempt to quarantine against healthy nur ery stock grown in otherStates, but, on the contrary, we invite leg itimate trad e f rom outside nurserymen and only ask tha t th ey compl y with th e simple prov isions of our State la w.
Our pos ition can best be explained by quoting section I3 of the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved December 2 0 , r898, and rules 5, 6. 7 and 8 of the rules and regulati ons of the Georg ia State Board of Entomology adopted under that A ct:
''Secti on 13. E ach and every person residing in States or countries outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or handling trees, plants, cuttings, vines, shrubs, bulbs and roots in thi s State, shall regi ster his name or firm and file a copy of his or its certificate of

136

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

inspection furnished by the Entomologist, fruit inspector or other

duly authorized government official of his State or country, with

the chairman of the board of control. Upon failure so to do,

said stock shall be liable to confiscation un der order of the in-

spector.

Rule 5 Each and every box, bundle,. or package of trees,

shrubs and other plants commonly known as nursery stock,

shipped in car loacClots, o r less than car load lots. into the State

of Georgia from any other State or country, shall be plainly

labeled \Yith a certificate of inspecti on furnished by the Ento-

mologist, fruit inspector or other duly authorized official in the

State o r country in which said stock was g rom1, and also with the

official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomology hereinafte:r

provided for; said certificate and tag to be valid for only twelve

months from the elate they bear, in accordance with sections 9 and

13 of the Act cited above. Such shipments not so labeled shall be

liable to confi cation upon the order of the inspector.

Rule 6. Upon the filing of the proper certificate as above pre-

scribed in accordance with section IJ of said Act, and upon

request of any person or persons residing in States or countries

outside of the State of Georgia, dealing in or handling trees.

shrubs or other plants in this State. the certificate of the said

Board of Entomology will be i sued to the same without charge,

and official tags bearing a facsimile copy of such certificate and

the seal of the State Board \Viii be furnished such applicants at

cost, viz.: Sixty cents for the first hundred or part thereof and

t\\'enty-fi,e cents for each additional hundred.

'

Rule 7 o transportation company or common carrier shall

deliver any box. bundle o r package of trees, shrubs o r other

plants commonly known as nurse ry stock, shipped from any other

State o r country to any consignee at any station in the State of

Georgia. unless each box, bundle or package is plainly labeled

with a certifi cate of in pection furnished by the official Entomolo-

gist of the tate or country in which sa id stock was grown, and

also with the official tag of the Georgia State Board of Entomol-

ogy herein abo ,e prov ided for.

Rule 8. Transportation companies shall immediately n otify the

State Entomologi t ( tlanta. Ga.) when by oversight, negligence

or otherwi se. any shipment of uncertified stock is received at any

station or \\harf in the State, and it shall be his duty to proceed

as speedily as possible to investigate and dispose of such stock, as

proYidecl for in the ct cited above. "

Guided by rules 7 and 8, the transportation companies of the

BULLETIN NO. 38.

137

State han greatly as isted tis in the enforcement of the law. It is clear that shipments of uncertified stock could not readily be detected with out the co-operation of these compani es, and we take occa ion here to acknowledge our obligation to them. In addition to this. howe,er, dur ing the shippi ng season we make personal visits to the principal distributing points fo r the purpose of inspecting nursery stock entering the State; also, Yoluntary assistance i rendered by member of the State Horticultural Society, \rh o r.eport any suspici ous shipments that may come under their observation. \1\fith our fo rces thu organi zed, failure on the part of any nurseryman to observe the Jaw " ill usual ly be detected. \\ e hope. h wever. that upon a better understanding of our pos iti on. furthe r trouble of this nature may be avoided.
T he official tag provided for in the rules quoted above reads nbsta ntially as foll ows:

GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY, I ATLANTA, GA.

OFFICIAL CERTIFICATE.

No.--

'[o Hl h o1n it May Co11cern: Thi s is to certify that the certificate of .. . .... . .... Inspector
for the State of . .. .. ... .. has been filed with the Georg ia State Board of Entomology. stating that the Nursery Stock grown in the nur eries of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at .......... ... . . . . . was in pectecl on ...... ... .. . . ... . . and found to conform with the requirements of this Board.
This certificate is im alid after ....... . ..... .

State Entomologist.
\ Ve make this tag ,alid for twelve months frorn the elate of inspection as ho\vn in the certificate upon which it is ba eel. unless the certificate is limited to less than twelve months, in which case our tag is g iven the same limit. It is intended, however, that these tags shall cover only the fall shipments of the Gttrrent yea r and the fo ll ow ing spring shipments.
It is our policy to accept. without disc riminat ion, certificates of other States issued by author ities legally coustitutcd for that purpose, as a bas1s for the official tag of the board : but we reserve the right to withhold the tag: f rom any nurseryman who is known

13!:!

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

to be handling di seased or infested stock, even th ough he holds a clean certificate. A case in point: In the spring of I900 a nurseryman shipped into this State stock infested with San Jose scale under his State certificate and our tag . In due season again he filed hi s renewed certificate in this office with applicati on for official tags to co ver the following fall and spring shipping season. Vve refused to issue the tags upon the ground that the applicant had sent out scale-infested stock from hi s nursery in the early part of the same year. N ot being satisfied with our ruling, he unfortunatel y undertook to fill hi s Georgia orders without tags; and not until we had destroyed some 30,ooo trees for him was he convinced that our law was effecti ve. 'vVe hasten to ex plain, however, that these trees were examined and found to be infested with San J ose scale before they were destroyed, and that whenever by oversight the tag has been omitted from a shipment which proves upon inspection to be in good conditi on it will ordinari ly be released.
The owner of the trees destroyed, in the case cited above, proposed to bring suit to recover damages, and the writer subm itted the case to the A ttorney-General of Georgia, who rendered the following deci sion :
STATE OF GEORGIA,
ATTORNEY-GENERAL' s OFFICE,
ATLA NTA, N ovember I2, I900.
Mr. W . M . S co tt, State E11tonwlogist, A tla11ta, Ga.
D EAR Sm: Repl ying to your reque t of thi s date will ay that under the \ct creating the State Board of Entomology, approved December 20, I898, and the rules and regulati on of the board adopted in accordance therewith, the State Entomologist has authority to confi sca te any and all nursery stock that may be shipped into thi s State unaccompanied by an inspecti on certificate and the official tag of the board; even shoul d such stock be not infested with dangerously injuri ous insects or eli eases ; and that he is authori zed and it is hi s duty to destroy any and all nursery stock shipped into the State which is infested with the San J ose scale or other dangerously injurious insect. or infected with dangerously injurious plant di seases. " ith ut reference as to whether o r not such stock is covered with an inspecti on certificate and the official ta o of the board.
Y ours very truly, ]. M. T ERRELL, Attorney-General.

BULLETIN NO. 38.

139

\ Vhenever it is found that our tags are being used upon stock infested with dangerously injurious pests, they wi ll be recalled from the grower of such stock or cancelled by publicity.
For reasons explained in Part I of this bulletin (which see),
certificates issued upon inspections made prior to July 1st of each current year cannot be accepted. Either the original certificate or a duplicate copy is desired. The nurseryman's printed copy will not be accepted .
For our po ition upon such troubles as the woolly aphis and crown ga ll we refer you to Part I, which gives the requirements
placed upon the Georgia nurserymen, and so far as practicable we expect these requirements to apply to outside nurserymen doing business in Georgia.
\\ ith few exceptions our relations with outside nurserymen have been of the most pleasant nature, and we wish to assure them that, within the bounds of the law, we always stand ready to faci litate their trC~. de in Georgia.

REPORTS, LETTERS ON AGRICULTURE~ FORMULAS, TABLES OF ANALYSIS, ETC.
BY STATE CHEMIST.
REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST.
H o11. 0. B. Stevens, Com111issioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.
DEAR Sm: \Ve haYe now completed the analytical work of the season of 1900-1901 n ow drawing to a close, and you will find attached tables of analyses of the various brands of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the past se.ason. The number of tons of fertilizer sold in the State has been 478,847, compared with 412,755 tons the previous season, and 306,734 tons ten years ago, and 152,424 tons twenty years ago. -The record shows that whilst there has not been a uniform increase in the consumpti on of fertilizers year by year, still, viewing the past

140

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ten and twenty years as a \\hole, the increase in consumption has .been remarkable. The Georgia farmer is no fool, and hi s continually increasing consumption of chemical fertilizers, together with the increase of taxable values, demonstrate that they pay in the long run, and attest the g ood quality of the goods sold in the State in the most practical way poss ible. No one wh o understands the conditions of the trade can doubt for a moment that this gratifying result is clue very largely to the careful system of inpection maintained by your department, the great number of samples taken by your inspectors in every quarter and co rner of the State, and the subsequent rigid and impartial analysis of these samples in the laborato ry. The numb r of brands put on the market ha ve shown a gratifying ten dency to decrease, being 640 as agai nst 699 .last season. The large number of analyses made over and above the number of brands, includes analyses of brands specially taken at the request of farmers. and also of cottonseed
meals, kainits and muriates of potash, which have no brands.

VALUATIONS.
The prices of ammoniates during the past season mounted up to an average of 30 cents a unit more than last season. or to the rather high figure of $2.50 per unit. This, however, \\'as offset to a certain extent by a reducti on of IO cents a unit in available phosphoric acid from 70 cent to 6o cents a unit. The price of potash remains the same as in the previous year at 85 cents a unit.

COTTONSE:tD MEALS.

In the case of cottonseed meals. I have continued the new meth od of valu ing them adopted Ia t eason, viz. : of calculating their am monia contents at the rulin g rate of $2.50 a unit. and adding to the resu lt $3.15 f r upland meals to co ver the value of the I .8 per cent. potash and 2-7 per cent. phosphoric acid, which is the average content of the e meals; in the case of sea-island meals $2-4I is added to cover the 1.5 per cent. potash and 1.9 per cent. phosphoric acid which is the. average content of these meals.

OILS.
Reviewing the work of the past year with reference to the oil in pection of the State, I have to report that none of the oils which have come uncler my supervision or test have been of inferior quality. They have all proved to be of most excellent

BULLETIN NO. 38.

141

quality as illuminants, and free from the excess of the naphthas or 1:g ht oils. which render kerosene oils so dangerous to life and property in many other States. Reading the report of our State Oil Inspector, Mr. Barrett, and noting the vari ous instances he gives of the destructi on of life and property by exploding lamps in other tates, \\'e can not but congratulate ourselves and the
people of the State upon the new oil law which is now operative in Georgia, and which drives the inferi or g rades of oil across her borders. The excellence and efficiency of our law has been recogni zed by other States, and appli cati on has been made for copies of our law by the authorities of the States of Arkansas, Virgli1Ia, orth and South Carolina, with a view to the change of thei r oil la\\s and the introducti on of the Georgia law.
Cong ratulating you upon the th oroughness of the system of 011 in specti on you ha ve inaugurated, aod up n the efficiency of the inspectors you have appointed to carry out the same.
Since writing the above, three lots of oil have been detected by you r inspector as failin g to meet the requirements of the Georgia Ia\\ ; one lot was inspected at Cornelia, one at Griffin, and one at "\ugusta, Ga . In each case the compani es, viz. : the \IVilburine Oil Compa ny, the A tlanta Oil Company, and the Standard Oil Company. appealed from the deci sions of the local inspectors to me_ I n each case there wa no doubt of the inferiority of the oil , and I ,., as enabled to ustain the local in pectors. The State inspecto r, ::\lr. Barrett, th en rejected all of these oils and ordered them shipped out of the State.

ONE OF TH E 1 EEDS OF THE DEPARTME T.
I n considering the growing importance of the dairy and cattle in dustry of Georgia, one of the most urgent needs forced on the attenti on of the observer is the necessity for taking some steps to pre,ent the development and spread of tubercul os is among the cattl e. and as a consequence among the people. It has been fully demonstrated that the di sease of tubercu losis, or, as is comm only known , consumpti on, is one and the same in both man and the lo\\er animal s, and is communicable from one to the other. The dried putum of consumptive patient is literally filled with the bacilli of tubercul osis. These germ a re blown about by the wind,. an d being inhaled by cattle or persons predisposed to the disease, cleYelop, grow and soon produce a well-marked c-ase of the disease in those who have been so unlucky as to inhale them, whether man or the lower animals. The more delicate and highly bred cattle such as Jerseys, Guernseys and Holsteins, are much more suscep-

142

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

til>le to the disease than the cheaper and hardier breeds. \ Vhen once a cow has devel oped a case of tuberculos is, she becomes a dangerous center of infection, as the milk of tuberculous cattle is charged with the germs of the disease, and is likely to produce it i.e such susceptible persons as con ume the milk.
Drs. Stalker and N iles separated three healthy calves from their mother and feel to them the milk of tubercul ous cows. They feel the milk raw to two of the calves, and cooked the milk given to the other. The calf feel on the cooked milk in \\"hich the ge rms l1ad been destroyed by the heat remained healthy, the two others developed tuberculos is. The meat of tubercul ous animal s will also spread the infection. unl ess it is th orough ly cooked before eating.

'l" U BERC U LI TEST.
It is now comparatively easy to diagnose the disease in cattle by means of tuberculin. This substance is prepared by extractin g tnbe,:culous matter and then thoroug hly sterilizing the extract. It is injected into the suspected animal under the kin, and if the animal is tuberculous, a ri se in the temperature of the anima l follows. This test is now much relied on. but should be applied by a competent veterinarian, and thus used wi ll enable him to separate the healthy from the di seased cattle in a herd. Such cattle s hould be at once destroyed, thu s remov ing the cause of further infecti on to the cattle of the nei.ghborh ood, and a source of deadly disease to the human beings wh o consume the milk or eat the underd one flesh of the affected animals. The department needs the services of a good veterinary 'surgeon, who could be of great value to all the live-stock interests of the State, and incidentally do so much to save rnany valuable human li ves.

MORE RECENT VIEv\"S OF TUBERC ULOSIS.

Since writing the above, news has come from L ondon that the celebrated physician and bacteri ologist, Dr. Koch , made the ann ouncement at the tuberculosis congress, that as a result of more recent study and experiment hi s views about tuberculos is had undergone a great change. He now declares that cattle are not susceptible to infection from the germs of human tuberculosis, he having demonstrated this to his own satisfaction. He also declares his belief in the converse theory that human beings can not take the disease from drinking the milk or eating the flesh of

BULLETIN N 0. 38.

143

tubercul ous cattle. This theory, however, owing to the difficulty of experimenting on human beings, he has not been able to demonstrate by experimental proof.

VIEWS AT VARI ANCE WITH DR. KOCH ' S.
Many eminent ph ys icians. however, including the fam ous Lister. take issue with him and continue to assert their belief in the propos iti on that the milk and flesh of tubercul ous cattle are a direct menace to the health and lives of th ose consuming them. Be thi s as it may, until the propos ition has been demonstrated and proved beyond peradventure one way or the other, sensible people " ill continue to u e e,ery po ible means to avoid infection with thi s terrible disease from tuberculous cattle. A part from this, for the sake of the cattle them selves and the dairy and beef interests involved, everythin g poss ible should be cl one toward stamping out the di sease. Besides tubercul osis, Texas fever, anthrax. g landers, rabies. milk-sickness, foot and mouth disease, acti nomycos is or Jumpja\\. are some of the other dangerous di seases in which the services of a competent and really scientific veterinarian could be of the greatest value to the commonwealth of Georgi a.
In conclusion, sir, it is scarcely necessary for me to do more th an remind you of the valuable services of the assi_stant chemists,
Mess rs. R. G. \Villiams and Jos. Q. Burton, as their work has
been in daily eYiclence before you. I only wi sh to remind you that their sa laries are very meager, and that they do more work for less pay than any other State official s. 'vVe haYe already lost a nry va lu able man on this account in Mr. P. L. Hutchinson, and I hope th at you will interest yourself at the next session of the Legislature, in endeavo ring to procure for these faithful workers an increase of pay somewhat commensurate with their services. Thankin rr you and Captain 'vVright, your valuable ass istant. and all the other employees of your department for their kind and harmoni ous co-operation with me in the work of the past year,
I am, very respectfully,
JoHN M. McCANDLESS,
State Chemist.

144

Ct,<JRCIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

LE'f'TEHS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

THE A ALYSIS OF A PLANT.

'l'o GEORGIA FARM ER: I wrote you last year a series of letters

devoted almost exclusively to the feeding of live stock, the prep-

aration of scientific rations and to the general principles underly-

ing the scientific feeding of stock. As you have asked me so many

questi ons about fertilizers, I propose now to write you a series of

t~tters on that subject, giving you the benefit of what I may have

earned from books and from 1113' experience as an agricultural

.:hemist.

.

As the prime object of farming and of fertilizati on is the rais-

ing of crops, we will begin by considering briefly plant life.

vVhat is a plant? Let us examine and make a rough analysis

of one. Pull up a green and vigorous plant, brush the dirt from

the roots and throw it clown upon the ground with the rays of the

sun beating upon it. Soon it assumes a peculiar appearance which

we call ''wilted." Had you taken the precaution to weigh the

plant when you first pulled it up and then \Yeighed it again after

a few hours, when it looked badly wilted, you would find that it

had lost weight. By putting the fresh plant under a specially con-

structed glass vessel and setting it in the sun, you could prove to

your own satisfaction that the loss in weight was clue to the loss

of water. The water in the plant heated by the sun rises as vapor,

and if you had the special glass vessel I speak of you could see the

water of the cotton plant condense in the cool part of the vessel

in drops, which you could collect and \Yeigh; and if you were pro-

vided \vith sufficiently delicate instruments, you would find the

'eight of this condensed water from the cotton plant was exactly

equal to the loss in weight which it sustained after being badly

wilted.

Young plants and vegetables frequently contain as much as

nine-tenths of their weight of water.

In making hay we dry out the water of the grass in the sun,

and when the grass has lost all the water it will in this way, it is

said to be "cured," and becomes hay. This air dry grass or hay

still contains from 8 to 12 per cent. of water, which can be driven

out of it by heating it to the temperature of boili ng water. If we

should do that, what was left would be the "dry matter" of th e

plant.

BU LLETIN NO. 38.

14~

T hi d ry matter of the plant contains all the ,aluable elements for which the plant \Yas grown. If we examine thi s dry matte r fu rthe r, we find in a general way that it is composed of two kinds of bodies. one of which ,,ill burn, or the combust ible, and anoth er kind wh ich will not burn , the incombu stible, or th e ash. That part of the plant 11hich burn s o r goe up in smoke is deri 1ed ve ry largely f rom the air, and is gaseous in its nature.

l'fAT U RE OF THE ELEMENTS IN A PLAN '!'.
If. now, .we were to analyze these gases whi ch escape on burning the plant, and then ana lyze the ash which was left, we should fi nd that, besides the nin e-tenth s water wh ich the ori gi nal plant contained, the remain ing tenth conta ined these elements : carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potash. magnesia, lime, iron, phospho rus and sul phur, as essenti al elements ; that i's to say, we should certain ly find all these elements present, as no plant could ex ist without th em, each one being just as necessary as the other tc. the growth and life of the plant; and if one of them were cut o ut, ~the others being present, the plant could not devel op.

'l'I-IE ASH ELEMENT.
Besides these elements just mentioned, however, we should find iu the ashes of the plant, silica, chlorine, soda and manganese, and ometimes a few other elements, though none of these last are absolutely necessary to the growth and development of plant life.
The e ash elements, as 11e may ca11 them. are all deri vecl f rom the soi l. inety-five per cent. of th e dry matter of the plant comes out of the air, and i deri,ed from the gases which exist in the ai r, the rem ain ing five per cen t. of the dry matte r being the ashes, which c me out of the soi l. So you see the minera l part \\hich comes from the so il, is only a very small part of the ori gi nal plant, but yet it is just as es entia! to the life and growth of the plant as any or a ll of the others.

IIOW DISCOVERED THAT 'fHE PLAN'f FEEDS ON AIR AND WAT E R.
Perhaps you \Yould like to know how it 11as discove red that the air furnis hed a large part of the dry matter of the plant. A n experiment like th is was made : Some white sand was thoroughly burned, to destroy the combustible matter there might be in it, and
10 a b

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

then thoroughly washed with acid and water to remove any solu-

ble mineral matter and just leave pure sand. This being put into

a box a seed of corn is planted and watered with distilled water,

or water containing no mineral. The seed after sprouting and

growing as long as it could subsist on the food in the original

grain of corn \\as carefully dried, all the ,,ater being driven out

in an oven kept at the temperature of boiling \\ater, and then the

remaining dry matter \Yas weighed. It was found that the weight

far exceeded the weight of the original grain of corn, and also

that this excess weight consisted entirely of carb n, hydrogen and

oxygen; consequently, they must have come from the air and

water, as they could have come from no other sou rce.

The atmosphere contains a great abundance of the e elements,

carbon, hyd rogen and oxygen, which are so necesa ry to plant life,

so that it will not be necessa ry for us to trouble about them in

studying the subject of fertilizers, since they are "gi,en without

money and without price."

The ash elements, which make on ly five per cent. of the d ry

matter of the crop, will concern us very nearly. and a they come

out of the soil, I will write you in my next letter about the soil

and its elements-those which are abundant. and those \\hich are

scarce.

JoH r M. i\IcCANDLE s,

State Chemist.

CHEMISTRY IN GRICULT RE.
LETTER NO . TWO.
THE SoiL, ITS 0RIGI - VARmTIEs oF OIL.
A ll living things. both plant and animal , may be traced back to t\\o sources, the soil and atmo phe re. In the last analy is every pa rticle of which they are compo e l must h ~Ye been deri,ed either from the air or the earth. The fo d denvecl from the an is by far greater in quantity than that from th e soi! . but as the elements of plant food in the atmosphere automatically renew themselves, there need never be any fea r that the atmosphere will be exhausted of the elements of plant food it contain ; the soi l. hovvever, is a different proposition. The elements of plant fo od

BULLETIN NO. 38.

U7

contained are much less abun !ant than in the air ; in fact, many of th em are quite limited in quantity, and the best efforts of the fa rmer are needed to improve the condition of hi soil o as to render the plant food in it more available ; to pre vent such plant food as ex ists from washing away, and to add plant food from any other avai lable sources. The soi l is any part of the earth 's. surface which is capable of cuftivation and of the production of crops.

HOW SOILS ARE MADE.
The geologi ts tell us that when the earth first cooled down f rom a molten condition there was no oi l anywhere, I ut only r ock, g reat granite boulders and rocks of other n atm:e but that in the Ya t periods of time \\'hich elapsed between the c oling down of the earth's crust and the time when man and other animals began to appear on the ea rth, the rocks had rotted and crumbled away and produced wh at we now know as the soil and ubsoil. The rain fall in g upon the rocks sinks into the cracks and fi ssures . a nd. freezinO' therein, tears and flakes off small particle ; these in turn , being swept along by fl oods, are ground against each other and gradually reducecl to powder. Th e oxygen of the atmosphere a! o exerts a chemical effect in con ve rting some of the mineral s into oxides. Fo r instance, if you leave a bright, new ax out exposed to the weather you will soon note a coating upon it which you call rust: that is prod uced by the action of the oxygen of the air upon the iron of the ax. and i really the oxide of iron. In thi s way, then , by the action of water in freezing and thawing, in grinding and transporting the broken fragment of the rock and by the action of the air in oxidizing the mineral s going on for many thousands and th ousand of years, pos ibly milli ons of yea rs, the rocks have been gradually converted into what we now know as the soil and subsoil.

DIVISIO N OF SOILS-SANDY SOILS.
The subsoi l may extenddown only a few feet, or it may extend for many feet, but when you get to the bottom of it you will strike the rock, usually the same kind of rock from which the soil was originall y derived. Soils may be divided into these general clas es-sandy, clayey, limy and peaty, accordi ng to whether their principal ingredients consist of sand cl ay, carbonate of lime or vegetable matter. A soil which conta ins O\er 70 per cent. of sand is called sandy. Such soils usually contain but little plant

148

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

food. They are ill adapted to withstand a drought, as the sandy . particles absorb and retain but little moisture, and the crops would
soon burn up in a long dry season; but when the rainfall is abundant or irrigation is at hand these soils are desirable, because they ciry out quickly, permit the easy cultivation of the crops and respond quickly to liberal fertilization. They are especially aJapted to quick-growing crops.

CLAY SOILS AND LIME SOILS.
A clay soil is one that contains over so per cent. of clay. and is exactly the reverse of the sanely soil. vVater percolates through them very slowly, and in a very wet season the crops on them suffer from the excess of moisture. They are also more difficult to cultivate. These lands, however, are usually richer in plant food. They are well adapted to the grains and grasses. Limy soils, lime soils, or calcareous soils, are those which contain over 20 per cent. of lime. The lime exists in these soils in the form oi carbonate of lime, and is a very valuable element of plant food. It is itself absolutely essential to the plant and it also aids in
breaking up mineral combinations rn the soil, and so rendering
other elements of plant food available which would otherwise temain insoluble and therefore inert.

VALUABLE PROPERTIES OF LIME.
Lime also aids materially in the decay of organic or vegetable matter .in the soil; it also improyes the mechanical condition of the soil; it is a great benefit in this way both to sandy and clay soils. It causes the very loose particles of the sandy soil to adhere more closely together, and so improves its power of absorbing and h olding water; it also improves the texture of a clay soil by vreventing the particles from sticking or adhering so closely together, and thus renders it more porous and fryable and easy to ,,-ork, and also enables water to pass through it more easily, in a measure obviating the dangers of a wet season on clay land. The limy soils are adapted to the grains and grasses and fruits. Peaty soils consist of organic or vegetable matter in a state of partial decomposition, with comparatively little mineral water. Such lands are usually of a deep black color and are very productive.
The three kinds of soil just described are the extremes of their kind, and the soils \\hich are generally preferred by farmers are mixtures of these, and are known as loams; a soil which con-

BULLETIN NO. 38.

149

tains from IO to 20 per cent. of clay is called a sandy loam, when it contains from 20 to 30 per cent. of clay it is a loam, and when
i;:: is campo ed of from 30 to 50 per cent. of clay is a clay loam.

THE IDEAL SOIL.
An ideal or perfect soil is hard to find in nature containing just the right proportion of sand to keep it porous and warm and permeable to water; ju t the right amount of clay to keep it cool and to ob,iate the ,,ater running quickly through it like a sieve or evaporating too rapidly from its surface; just the right amount of humus or decayed vegetable matter to furnish nitrogen and to hold ju t the proper quantity of moisture like a sponge; also just the proper amount of lime in the soil to furni h plant food, to help liberate the potash from the feldspar and mica minerals in the soil. and also to aiel in the decomposition of roots and turnedunder crops like clover and peas. Plenty of lime in the soil will help comert these into humu which is so highly appreciated by farmers all o,er the world because it helps to retain moisture, to comert the in oluble forms of nitrogen into the more soluble, and to give to the soil that black color which is usually found in most fertile oils, and which certainly has the power of absorbing more of the heat rays of the un and thus making the soil warmer than the lighter colored oils can po ibly be. It1 my next letter I will write you more on this imp rtant subje'ct of the soil.
JNO. M. IcCA DLES ,
State Chemi t.

CHEMI TRY IN AGRICULTURE.

LETTER NO. THREE. CoMPARATIVE ANAI,YSIS oF TilE SOIL AND THE \iVnEA'l' CROP.

\Vhil t few farmers ever find such a perfect soil as I described to you in the last part of my last letter, yet every farmer ha it in his po\\'er to improve the soil he starts \\'ith. however poor it may
be or whatever its nature may be, by judiciou tillage, fertilizing, draining, ditching, liming, sanding, claying and terracing, according as the conditions of his oil may indicate. He should e peCJally consider his soil and decide to what crops it seems to be

150

GEORGIA Dl\PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

be t sui ted. and then devote hi s energ ies to ra ising those crops rathe r than others wh ich thri ve poo rly. lf now \\"e proceed to analyze a soi l as we did a plant a sh rt whi le si nce, \\e should expect to fi nd in it some of all the elements we fo und in the plant, mo re especially in the ash of the pl ant. L et us take the analysis of quite a ri ch soil; here is about what we should have; taking one hundred pounds of the dry soil, we could l;>y means of a carefu l and ski ll ful chem ical analysis separate it into the foll owing parts :

POU~ D PER HUNDRED .

Carbon.. . }

} These are elements wh ich the pla nt is obliged to

Hydrogen .. . 12.67 have , but is not depende n t on Lhe soil fo r the m , a s

Oxygen.. . . . . .

it gets most all it needs from the air and the rain.

I S ilica . ..... .... 71 .55)
Alumina . .. . ... 6 .9-l

j' Iron : ......
~M~~a:ghn~e~s-iia~~~id. :

g5l:.o~1~S7

1 1

The elem e n ts in th i~ par t of t he soil a re e ither not absolute ly esse n t ial to plant li fe or the plant
could get along with ve ry small amou nts of them.

85 .21
Nitrogen ..... . 0. 12 ) P hospho ri c ac id 0.43 1 The plant must absol utely h a ve all of these to Potash .... .... 0 . 65~1 g row and t hri ve, and though they ex ist in the soil Lime . . . ...... 1. 2:! in small qu an ti ty, the plant need s the m in la1ge
quantity . 2. 12 )

Now let us analyze one hund red p oun ds of wh ea t plauts.

l'Ol'NDS PER HUNDRRD .
Ca r bon .... . ... .47 .60 1
r Hydrogen 5 .5-l I All of this comes from the atmosphere a nd the
Oxyge n . . . . ... 40 .32 rain.
j 93.55

I Soda ... . . ..... 0 .09 1
Magnes ia .. . . . 0 .20

I Sulpl~.uric acid ..

Cr~h~lnon

ne





















00 .. 30~,1
~ ~~

~
'

thAe s

you plan

see, these t, and are

a1 e n.sed supplied

in in

small quantit profusion by

y by the

soi l.

Sliwa . ... .. .. .. :.. . w

1 3.45 J
Nitrogen .. . .... 1 .60

I

Pho phoric acid P ? lash. Lnne.

00 ..4~5~ ~

1

These th e plant must hav e or die. 1\Iost soil s are deficient in t hem, and the farmer must add them to get good crops

J 3.00

BULLETIN NO. 38.

151

Thus you ee by a study of these analyses that you find in the soi l the same elements which we found in the plant we analyzed in our first letter, and al so in this wheat plant. The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which we find in the so il are of little or no use as plant food, becau e the plant gets its sto re of th ose foods out
of the atmosphere. It derives its carbon from the carbonic acid in the air. Y ou will remember that I wrote you in one of my letters ]a t year a out the importance of water and carbonic acid; and as it is apt here, I will repeat the paragraph:

WHERE THE PLANT GETS I'fS CARBON FOOD FROM.
The water fr m wh ich the hyd rogen and oxygen come i given us free in th e form of rain, and the carbon al o in the form of carbonic acid, which is breathed out continu ally into the atmosphere by every li vi ng animal on the surfa<;e of the earth, by every chimney and hea rth tone which warms a happy fami ly, by every smokestack. facto rv and I comoti,e ,,hich mini ter to our wants and necessiti es. C;rbonic acid forms tl1e principal part of all this moke. alth oug h it i not the black part which we ee, bL1t the invi ible part \Yhi ch is clear and .colorless like the air. Vast tream of it are pouring out con tantl y into the air. \ Vhy does it not stifle and uffoca te us a it would if poured into the rooms where we ]i,e ? It is beca use a ll plant li fe lives on it, the g reat fo re ts absorb it ; the crops of wheat. co rn and cotton consume it; the lilies and the ro e eat it and drink it. They take this dead ly gas into their wonderful little b lies. and work it over and over together with the water which th ey suck out of the soil until they ha,e separated the carbon f rom the oxygen, wit11. \\hich i: is co mbined in carbonic acid, liberatin g the oxygen, and appropriating the carbon in building the cells and ti ssue and organs of which the plant i composed .

LIGHT ESSEKTIA L 'fO 'l'HE VITAL PROC ESSES OF T HE PLANT.
Thi process of th e plant in taking its carbon out of the air is a mo t \\'Onderful one. and ooes on only under the influence of light or in the daytime. and the leaf of the plant is the active organ concerned in taking the carbonic acid out of the a ir. The leaf of the plant is fo rmed of very numerous little cell s placed side by side: on the un der side of the leaf there are air-spaces between the cell , and over the ,,hole leaf there is a thin skin. In this skin are numerou small holes, through which the air passes; when it

152

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

passes into the leaf vvhilst the sunlight is sh ining upon it, through some strange vital power, the little cells of the leaf under these conditions break up the carbonic acid of the air, retaining the carbon and setting the oxygen free, which passes out again into the air. vVhen night comes, the carbon thus obtained undergoes a change and passes into the circulation of the plant, going to the various parts of the plant where it may be needed. So we see that growing plants tend to purify the air by cot suming its carbonic acid gas, which is injurious to animal life, and by givi ng off pure oxygen gas in its place, which is beneficial to animal life. A nimal and plant li fe thus stand in mutual and beautiful relations to each other. Plant life inhales carb nic acid and exhales oxygen; animal life inhales oxygen and exhales ca-rbonic acid. The animal-in his lungs and blood causes carbon to unite with oxygen to form carbonic acid; whil t the plant in its cells causes the carbon of the carbonic acid to separate from its oxygen:

ANALYSIS OF ONE H UNDRED . VOLUMES OF AIR. Analysis shows the percentage of carbonic acid in the air to be small. Thus a hundred gallons of dry air is composed of-

G ALI.O:SS.
Oxygen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20. 99 itrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 78 .98
Carbonic acid. . . . . . . . . . ._ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. oo. 03

You say this is a very small amount of carbonic acid ; yes, it

seems so, but when you come to consider the. enormous bulk of

the air,.it actually is Yery large. There is so much of it that the

volume of air which rests n one acre of your farm, calculating for

a height of only so feet above the farm, would contain 90 pounds

of carbonic acid gas, and this amount never grows less, even when

the crops are feeding on it, because it i being constantly renewed

from other sources. Therefore, whil t you need neve r fear any

lack of the essential element carbon, it is \\'ell for you to appre-

ciate whe re it comes from and how important it is. I have said the

oxygen and hydrogen found in the plant came also from the air;

really they do not come from the air itself, but they come from

the water which floats in the air in the form of clouds. These

descend as rain upon the soil and are drawn up through the roots

of the plant, and the oxygen and hydrogen of ,,hich water is com-

posed are appropriated by the plant. You of course appreciate



the importance of these two elements of plant life, because you know only too well how crops suffer in a dry season. \ i\ e wi ll

consider the other elements in our next letter.

BULLETIN NO. 38.

153

LETTER NO. FOUR.
NITROGEN AND THE 'VAY IN VVHICH IT IS ABSORBED-ACTUAL
QuANTITIES oF PLANT FooD IN SoiLS.
Jaturally the nitrogen we find in the plant by analysis next claims our attenti on. As I told you in my last letter that there are nea rly eighty gallons of nitrogen in one hundred gallons of air, you would quite naturally exclaim that there would be no need to bother about providing nitrogen for the crops, as they ought to be able to obtai n all they want from the enormous oceans of it fl oating all around and about them. Yes, one would naturally suppose so, but alas, it is not true; the plant is helpless to feed on the nitrogen around it in the air, no matter how thirsty it may be for it. It is like the shipwrecked sai lor in the open boat at sea, though parched and dying with thirst yet he can not slake hi s thirst, though there be nothing but water, water, all about him.
It seems as though there were a certain malice in ature in so constituting plants that they can not take the nitrogen out of the air directly, yet perhaps it is a good thing they can not, because if they could, life would be so easy that we probably would not exert ourselves as much as we should. Nitrogen being the most expensive element of plant food, if it were pro"ided free of cost like the carbon, hydrogen anci oxygen, we could grow such enormous crops at such small cost that the cost of li ving would be so reduced that a man would not have the same urgent stimulus behind him to work and to labor that he now has.
THE FORM IN WHICH PLANTS ABSORB NITROGEN.
But to retmn to our subject, the plant requires nitrogen, but it can not take it through its lea ves; it has to take it up through its roots, and in order for the roots to take it up, the nitrogen must be combined as nitrate. It must be in the form of nitrate of soda, or nitrate of lime, or nitrate of magnesia, or nitrate of potash, or some other form of nitrate before the plant can utilize it. If we put any organic matter containing nitrogen into the soil, either vegetable or animal, as cottonseed meal, blood meat, or even if we plow under green crops, they will begin to decay and putrefy in the soil, until the nitrogen which they contain in the form of protein (about which I wrote you so much last year) is changed

154

GEORGIA DEPA RTMENT OF AGRICT..'LTuRE.

into a number of other forms, being fin all y converted into a ni t rate after the decay of the ori g inal substance has been fu ll y comp leted .
As a nitrate it is in a conditi on where it dissolves ea il v in wa ter, and is then absorbed by the root hairs and drawn up -into the ci rculation of the plant. Now . th!:! va t maj or ity of plants have to obtain their nitrogen in the roundabout manner just descr ibed, but there are a few favored plants which are able to obtain th eir nitrogen out of the air throuoh the instrumentality of certain mi nufe organi sms or microbes in the oil. Vle will h ave more to ay of thi s later Oil. vVhen th e organic matters I have describe I above, an imal or vegetable, as cottonseed-meal, blood meat, man ure or turned-under g reen crops decay in th e oil , the carb n and hydrogen whi ch a re contained in them are n ot absorbed like the n itrogen throug h the roots into the plant, the plant does not get its supply of carb nand hydrogen in that way. They simply remai n in the oi l to form wh at is known a the humus of the soi l, or the decayed organic matter of the soil, which improve its mechanical cond iti on, g ives it a dark o r black color, and se rves as an excellent retaii1e r of moi ture and heat in the oi l. Referring now to the analysis of a rich soil, 1\h ich I gave you in my last letter, we find th at besides the organic substance ab ut whi ch
,,-e we ha,e ju t been talking, there are also the inorgani c or mi neral
substances, such as found in .the ashes of th e plant we first analyzed . .

THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS FO 'ND IN THE SOIL.
T he most abunda nt substan ce of all these mineral or ash elements in the oil we find to be sili ca. or as you are acquainted w ith it, sand. You wil l remember there ,,as in thi s particular rich soi l 7IS pound s of si li ca ou t of every hundred pounds, and yet the wheat plant grown on this soil onl y contain ed two and threequarters pound of si li ca out of every hund red pou nds, and even this was not absolutely es entia! to the health and g rowth of the plant. A lthough we find alumina in the soil, we find none in the plant. A luniina is one of th e principal elements of a clay soiL . Iron, magnesia and ulphuri c acid fo un d in the soil are likew ise fo und in the as!! of th e plant. Only sma ll quantiti es of these, however, are requi red by the plant and they are always abundant in soils. Soda is like,,ise f unci in both soil and plant, but is not essential to the plant. P hosphoric acid, potash and lime are fo und iu only small quantity in most soils, but exist in con iderable

BULLETIN NO. 38.

155

quantity in the ash of plants, and each one of them is absolutely necessary to the life, g rowth and development of the plant. F or this reason, the other element being usually abundant, a oi l is aid to be rich or poo r according to its contents of potash, phosphoric aci d, lime and nitrogen.
P ota sh an d ph ospho ric acid are usuall y conta ined in so ils in small quan tity, ,aryi ng from about one-tenth of a pound in a hundred p un ds of the so il to one p~m d in one hundred pounds. A lthoug h th at amount looks small , in reali ty \\hen yo u figure it in an other ,,ay it is not so small ; let us figure it by the acre.

WEIGHT OF THE SOIL P E R ACRE.
A n average so il ,,hen dry, if taken to the depth of nine inches, will weig h three to three and one-hal f milli on pound s to the acre. T herefore, a so il contai ning one-tenth of one per cent. of phosphori c acid, \\"Oul d rea ll y contain three th ousand to thirty-five hundred pounds of phosphoric acid pe r acre. or as much as could be obta ined by th e applicati on of ten to twel ve ton of high grade acid phosph a te per acre. You \\oulcl at once th en say that a soH containing one-tenth per cent. of potash or phosphoric acid oug ht to be a ri ch soi l and houl d not require any fertilize rs, but there you would be wrong, because it ma tter not o much wha t is th e total amount of pota h o r phosphoric acid in an acre f soil a it does to lm ''" in what conditi on that phosphoric acid or potash x ists.
A\'AILABI LIT Y OF T HE PL NT-FOOD IN T HE SOIL.
The que tio n a ri ses. is it soluble, is it available? I s it in s11ch cond iti on that the oil water can take it up and con vey it to the roots and root hairs of the plant, ready for absorption by them into the plant-circulati on? That is why we find it necessary to put aci d pho phate and kainit and oth er fertilizers on lands \Yhich are beincr c nstantl y cropped ; it is becau se the constant cropping has exhausted or drawn out of the soil the soluble phosphoric acid and potash, aYai lable to the plant, and we mu st either put on a fertilizer containing them in a soluble form, or we mu st let the soil re t awhile, that i , " lie fall ow," in o rder that a fresh supply of plant food may be made avai lable by the slow acti on of the soil water, the action of carbonic acid, and the other o rganic acid resulting from the decay of vegetable and animal matters in the soil. If you can not afford- to either put on ferti li zer or to let

156

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

your land "lie fall ow," then your next resource is to rotate your crop ; that is, to plant on the soil which has begun to fail you some other crop of a different nature; which may not require so much of a certain element of plant food as the previous crop did. For instance, follow cotton \Yith peas or 'clover.

WHAT DETERMINES THE CROP-PRODUCING POW E R OF TI-IE SOIL.

In considering the capacity of a soil to prod uce crops we must remember one thing, and that is that the essential element which exists in the smallest amount settles the question of the crop-producing power of a soil. That is to say, if a soil is very rich in available phosphoric acid, nitrogen, lime, magnesia, and the other essential ash elements, and yet be poor in avai lable potash, th at
soil can n ot produce heavy crops without the application of an available potash fertilizer. If th at soil has only available potash ,enough in it to produce ten bushels of corn per acre, or two hundred pounds of seed cotton per acre, then all you are going to get out of that soil is ten bushels of corn,or two hundred pounds of seed cotton, no matter whether there was available phosphoric acid and nitrogen and lime etc. , in the soil enough to prod uce forty bushels of corn or fifteen hundred pounds of seed cotton. This brings us to the questi on of soil analysis, \\hich we \Y ill treat in our next letter.

LE'l"I'ER ro. FIVE.

'I' HE CHEM IC AL ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL NOT OF Ml:CH PRACTICAL VALUE TO THE FARMER AND WHY-TIIE WAY FOR THE FARMER TO ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL.
Referring to the statement in my last letter, th at if any one element in a soi l essential to plant growth be lacking in an available form , th en th at soil can not produce a good crop, no matter how ri ch the soil may be in the other essenti al elements. You naturally exclaim, then, \\hy not have a chemist analyze the soi l, and tell the farmer what element or elements are lacking in his soil .and what a re abundant, so that he will know how to fertilizewhether he ought to apply acid phosphate, or kainit, or cottons eed meal, or lime, one or all, to hi s land, so as to get the best results, and at the same time use the wi sest economy in the pur-

BULLETIN NO. 38.

157

chase and application of fertilizers. Yes, this is a very natural idea, and it was at one time, in the earlier days of agriculturaL science, thought that by means of a. chemical analysis of the soil, the key had been found by means of which we coull un lock the secrets of Nature, <t11< l solve all the problems of- practical agriculture. It was fouud , IHYwever, on trial, that this idea, so beautiful in theory, did not work well in practice. It was di scovered, for instance, that a soil which was producing poo r crops containeci one-tenth of one per cent. of phosphoric acid, or, calculating to a depth of nine inches, about three thousand p unds of phosphoric acid per acre, and yet this soi l was in need of phosphoric acid, be.: cause when acid phosphate was used on it as a manure it responded with largely increased yields. Evidently the pho phoric acid in this soil, although abundant in quantity, 3,ooo pounds per acre, was not in a conditi on ava il able to the plant, so that it cou ld be absorbed by the roots.

ELEMENTS SOLUBLE IN ACIDS NOT ALWAYS AVA ILABLE.
Still " hen the chemi st came to treat thi s soil with his strong: chemicals, he could dissolve the phosphates in it readily. Thus, it wou ld happen that a chemi st analyzing a soil and finding in it, say, J,Ooo pounds of phosphoric acid, s,ooo );JOUnds of potash, and. 4,000 pounds of nitrogen per acre and knowing n othing else about the soil, except the results of his analysis, would report that the soil contained ample plant food for producing good crops, and was a good soil, not in need of ferti lizers, when, as a matter of fact, the soil might be so poor as hardly to ' sp rout peas." Aftetmany trials and efforts to imitate the action of Tature in the laboratory, the conclusion was reached that it was not pos ible to tell by a chemical analysis, in the case of culti,ated soil , whether the so il wa a fertile one or not, or what particular element shoulci be added to it for the production of full crops.

ANALYSIS SHOWS THE ULTIMATE RESOURCES OF '!'HE SOIL.
vVhilst the chemical analysis is a failure from thi standpoint,. still it is of value from another. For instance, if I make an analy- . sis of you r soil and tell you that it contains J,Ooo pounds phosph ori c acid, 2,500 pounds pota h, and 4,000 pounds of nitrogen, then you would be encouraged to go ahead and make this plant food more a\ailable by judicious cultiYati on and treatment, such as liming, the turning under of g reen cr p , etc., fee ling assured

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE .

that in the end you could bring that soil up to a point where it would yield bountifully. But if as the result of my analysis I should tell you that the soil only contained I so pounds of phosvhoric acid and 200 pounds of pota h per acre, "hy. then, yon would know that the best thing you could do with that land would be to abandon it or give it away, and not waste further time and labor on it. There is. however, a practical method by which you can analyze your soil for yourself far better than any chemist can do it tor you, and by means of which you can tell for yourself whether your soil needs lime, phosphoric acid, potash or nitrogen, .one or all. That method is as follows:
.METIIOD BY WHICH THE FARMER MAY ANALYZE HIS OWN SOH,.
First, select a piece of ground as level as possible, so that rain may not wash the fertilizer from one plot into an adjoining plot. Secondly, for the purpose of the experiment, mark off ten plots, each one just one-tenth of an acre in area. If convenient make the plots long and narrow, say one hundred and thirty-six feet long by thirty-two feet wide; these dimensions would enable you to have eight long rows, four feet apart, in each plot. Any other shape of plot will answer. only be careful to lay off the plots so that they shall each contain one-tenth of an acre, or 4,356 square feet. Separate the J'lots from each other by paths, at least three feet \Yide, so that the effect of f,ertilizer in one plot may not be felt in an adjoining plot. It \Youlcl be well to locate these experin1ental plots on some of your poorest land, or that which stands most badly in need of fertilizer. When all is ready carefully number the plots from one to ten so that you may keep a record of the nature and amount of fertilizer applied on each plot. Let us suppose that you decide to plant cotton on the ten prepared plots for the purpose of finding out what fertilizing constituent is most needed by your soil when growing cotton. Plant the cotton in your usual manner, after a careful preparation of the soil of the j)]ots, thoroughly ploughing and harro\\'ing the plots in order. Then apply the fertilizers as follo\\'S:
No. r-No fertilizer. No. 2-143 pounds of cottonseed-meal. No. 3-200 .pounds of 14 per cent. acid phosphate. No. 4-80 pounds of kainit. No. s-No fertilizer. No. 6-200 pounds of acid phosphate and 143 pounds of cottonseed-meal.

BULLETIN 1 0. 38.

15:.!

No. 7-143 pounds of cottonseed-meal and 8o pounds of kaini t.
o. 8-200 pounds of acid phosphate and 8o pound of kainit. o. 9-200 pounds of acid phosphate, 8o pounds of kainit and 143 pounds of cottonseed-meal. No. ro-soo pounds air-slaked lime.
In many of our Georgia oils lime is sadly lacking, and it may be just the thing needed by the soil, in conjunction with certai1, other fertilizers; to discover if this be the case, after having fertilized plot No. 2, mark off a strip 2,0 feet in width diagonally aero s the plot; that is, running from one corner to the opposite corner. Apply to this strip so pound of air-slaked lime, and work it in well with the soil and other fertilizer with a rake. Do the same with each of the other plots, omitting No. 10. Then when the crop begins to grow, .if lime was specially needed by the soil in any of the plots, you ought to notice a marked superiority in the 2,0 foot strip which runs diag nally across all the rows in all nine plots.
In the above fertilizers it i presumed that the acid pho phate is the kind most usually sold, containing 14 per cent. of available phosphoric acid, so that 200 pounds supplies 28 pound of actual phosphoric acid to the plot.
The cottonseed-meal is presumed to contain 7 per cent. of nitrogen, so that 143 pounds of it supplies ro pounds of nitrogen to the plot, and the kainit to contain 12,0 per cent. of p tash, so that 8o pounds yield ro pounds of potash to the plot the kainit is applied to.
In applying the fertilizers observe the following precautions: Sow each fertilizer on the plot to which it is to be applied broadcast, using your best care and judgment to distribute the fertilizer evenly over the entire plot. In order to get an even eli tribution it is best to sow in such quantity that you \\'ill ha,e to go over each pl t at least twice to get all the fertilizer distributed. Take care not to sow while the wind is blowing, as it may blow some of the fertilizer on to the adjoining plots. After sowing harrow the ground, and then it will be ready for you to plant.
Plant thick enough to insure a perfect tancl, and at the proper time thin out to a uniform stand. Treat all the plots exactly alike. except as to the fertilizers applied. Prepare the ground in each plot the same, plant the cotton all at the same time, and always cultivate the same and at the same time each clay. Take pains to have the same number of plants in each row. It will be

160

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT' OF AGRICULTURE.

well to keep a note-book, with a page for each plot, in which to record your obser vations.
In this book record: I st. The kind of fertilizer applied to each plot and the amount applied, on the pages set apart for the respective plots from I to IO. 2d. Note down the elate the cotton was planted. 3d. Note the elate the cotton came up in each plot. 4th. When the cotton is about two inches high on the plot containing no fertilizer, note the height and appearance of the other plots. 5th. After you h~ve thinned out to a uniform stand record the number of mi sil)g plants, if any, in each plot. Of course, use every endeavor to have the same number of plants in ~ach plot, but in case of accident to some, be sure to put clown the number missing in any plot so as to make allowances. 6th. Record any other observations of interest during the growth of the crop on the different plots, such as the comparative elates of blooming, number bolls to the stalk, date of opening of the bolls, height of the stalks after maturity of the plant. 7th. Keep the seed cotton from each plot to itself, weigh it by itself, and record the weight of the seed cotton from plot number one on page number one, and so on with the others. \!\Then you have picked and weighed the last pound of cotton, then you will, I think, be easily able to decide for yourself what fertilizer or combination of ferti li zers your land requires. Of course, if you have had a bad season, very dry or very wet, you will not be able to decide so well, and in that case repeat the experiment another year. In this way you ca1 analyze your own soil, and do it better than the best chemist i1 1 the world can do it for you, because yoi..1 have appealed to the soiJ itself, you have spoken to it in the language of Nature, and it has replied in the same mute, but eloquent tongue, demonstrating the truth of her an wers before your very eyes. Yours truly,
}No. M. McCANDLEss,
State Chemist.

LETTER '0. SIX.

DESCRIPTION OF 'fHE VARIOUS NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER MATERIALS.
As you and others have written me to kn w what is the value of the different materials used in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers, I will give you at this point a fairly complete account of the substances principally used. First, v,:e will consider in the

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161

order of their value in dollars and cents, and their agricultural importance, the nitrogenous materials, or those which yield nitrogen to the plant. Such substances are also known as ammoniates, because under certain conditions the nitrogen which they contain can be converted into ammonia. ow, nitrogen and ammonia are not the same thing by any means, but still they are closely related, they are both gases. Nitrogen, as I have described to you before in another place, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and constitutes four-fifths of the air or atmosphere which envelops the earth. Ammonia is also a gas and is colorless, but it has a pungent odor, the same which you have noticed in spirits of hartshorn or spirits of ammonia bought from the drug-store. It also has a caustic burning taste, and is easily dissolved in water, which nitrogen is not.
Ammonia is made by causing nitrogen to combine with hydrogen. Fourteen pounds of nitrogen combine with three pounds
of hydrogen to make seventeen pounds of ammonia, so that ammonia always contains a large amount of nitrogen, but nitrogen never contains any ammonia. And right here it is well for you to understand, that we have all fallen into a very unwise and erroneous habit of speaking about a fertilizer as containing such a per cent. of ammonia. As a matter of fact it is rarely if ever the case that a fertilizer contains any ammonia, as such at all, but it does contain nitrogen combined in various forms.
As you know it is customary, in the careless way of talking obtaining among us all, to speak of cottonseed-meal as containing eight per cent. of ammonia. That is wrong, it does not contain any ammonia, but it does contain six and six-tenths per cent. of nitrogen in the form of albuminoids or protein, of which I wrote you so much in my letters on feeding; and this six and six-tenths per cent. of nitrogen can under certain chemical conditions be converted into eight per cent. of ammonia. I hope then I have made this plain; and when you buy a fertilizer in the future don't imagine, because you smell certain peculiar odors about it, that you smell ammoniCJ ; that is rarely if ever the case; the odors you smell are usually due to animal matters, fish-scrap, etc., and indicate no greater value in the fertilizer than one which has no odor at all.
In the same way a dark or black color is no indication of value in tl::e fertilizer. In point of fact the highest grade fertilizer which could possibly be compounded by the art of man would be snow-\\-hite in color. The materials used for compounding such
lla b

162

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

a fertilizer would be nitrate of ammonia and phosphate of potash, and these salts when chemically pure are snow-white salts. To return now to our description of the various nitrogenous materials. Cottonseed-meal, with which you are fully familiar, stands first in importance in Southern agriculture.
An average meal of good quality will contain six and six-tenths per cent. of nitrogen, which, if converted into ammonia, would be equal to eight per cent.
It also contains an average of 2.7 per cent. of phosphoric acid and r.8 per cent. of potash. It is a very valuable fertilizer, and constitutes the nitrogen base of the greater portion of commercial fertilizers manufactured in the South.
Text to cottonseed-meal the materi als used most largely in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers are the
"PACKING-HOUSE PRODUCTS.))
As little is generally known of these and the manner of their production I will give you a brief account of their manufacture.
The great packing-houses are located chiefly in Chicago, Kansis City and Omaha, where immense numbers of cattle are slaughtered, and the various parts of the body are put to some special use. Apart fi-om the production of dressed beef, mutton or pork, there is of course a large quantity of waste to be utilized, but the material most interesti ng to us is that \Yhich is used for fertilizer; this consi ts of blood, of bones, and a mixture of scraps of meat, skin, bones and blood.

DRIED BLOOD.
The material known as "dried blood" is the most valuable fertilizing product, and the richest in nitrogen. In preparing this material, the liquid blood is collected in vats, where it is cooked; this process causes the separation of the protein of the blood from much of the water; it is then put into presses where about onehalf of the water is pressed out. After pressing it is still damp and in the form of cakes; these cakes are next broken up and dried by passing them through a mechanical drier heated by steam. The clamp cakes go in at one end of the machine and the dry cakes come out at the other, when they are ground to a powder and sacked ready for market. This blood will usually contain about thirteen per cent. of nitrogen, which is the equivalent of about sixteen per cent. of ammonia, but as in the case of the cottonseed-meal, there is actually no ammonia in it.

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163

TANKAGE.
The next important product of the slaughter-house is what is known to the ferti li zer trade as "tankage." This is a mixture of blood, bones, waste scraps of meat, etc. This material gets its name from the fact that it is cooked in huge tanks, in the first stage of its preparation. It is cooked under steam pressure at a high temperature for several hours. As a result, most of the fat in the mass is melted and rises to the top of the tanks, where it is skimmed off and utilized for soap-making and other purposes. The bones and the cooked meat, etc., now lie at the bottom of the tank, and the tank water is dark and high1y colored-is in fact a sort of soup, containing nitrogenous matter in solution. The solid matter, bones, etc., are removed, dried and crushed or ground in the same way as was done with the dried blood product.
CONCENTRATED TANKAGE.
The tank water is run into a vacuum evaporator, the excess of water removed, and a product known as "concentrated tankage" is the final result of the treatment. The finished material contains about twelve per cent. of nitrogen. The dried and ground bone tankage, or what is known as simply tankage, contains about seven per cent. of nitrogen, ten per cent. of total phosphoric acid .and six and one-half per cent. of available phosphoric acid.
BONE MEALS.
There are also three kinds of bone meal produced: raw bone meal, regular bone meal, and st~amed bone meal. The first is, as its name indicates, produced by the crushing and grinding of raw bones, after removing any adhering fat or meat. This material contains about four per cent. of nitrogen, twenty-three per cent. of total phosphoric acid, and eight and one-half per cent. of available phosphoric acid. The regular bone meal is cooked under pressure for a few hours in the tanks; this removes fat and also causes some loss of nitrogen, but makes the product grind easier and finer. This grade of bone meal contains about three per cent. nitrogen, twenty-seven and one-half per cent. total phosphoric acid and twelve and one-half per cent. available phosphoric acid. Steamed bone meal is the product of the glue works, and is made by grinding the bones left after boiling all the fat and glue out of them that can be obtained. This process reduces the percentage

164

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT. OF AGRICULTURE.

of nitrogen, so that steamed bone meal will hardly average more than two per cent. of nitrogen, but has about the same amount of phosphoric acid as the ordinary bone meal.

HORN AND HOOF MEAL, MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT.
Horn and hoof meal is another product of the slaughter-house. Imperfect horns and dark-colored hoofs are first thoroughly steamed, then dried and ground into meal. The better quality of horns and hoofs command very high prices, even as high as $200 a ton, for other purposes, in the manufacture of buttons and novelties; hence the quantity of this material coming on the market. is limited. There was formerly a great prejudice against it, and it used to be considered fraudulent to use it in fertilizers. Even. iH standard works on Agricultural Chemistry of quite recent date the material is spoken of as being only very slowly available as. plant food. This, however, has in the past two or three years. been shown to be an error, and the material is now regarded by th ose best informed as a rich and highly available source of nitrogen. It contains about fifteen per cent. of nitrogen. The quantity of it on the market is comparatively small. There are many other products of the packing-house, but th.ese are the chief ones. of interest to the fertilizer trade and to the farmer. In the next letter I will fini sh describing the nitrogenous fertilizer materials,. and write you something about phosphates. Yours truly,
JNO. M. McCANDLEss,
State Chemist.

FEEDING FORMULAS.
In Bulletin No. 36, issued season I899-I900, I wrote a series: of letters on cattle feeding, and explained in detail how the feeder might, by the use of a table of analyses of the different feedingstuffs, calculate in a scientific way the proper rati on for his cattle. Many find this calculation to be irksome, and have applied to me for formulas ready calculated. In compliance with this demand, I furnish below a number of feeding formulas, some calculated by myself, and some taken from a Bulletin on the subject by the Georgia Experiment Station. The formulas given, unless otherwise stated, are for cattle of I ,ooo pounds li ve weight; so that

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165

-if the cow weighs 8oo pounds, then 8o per cent. of the ration -should be used, or if the cow weighs over I,ooo pounds, say I ,roo, then IO per cent. of the weight of the I,ooo-pound cow ration should be taken and added to the ration.

RULE FOR ASCERTAINING WEIGHT OF CATTLE.
A good rule for ascertaining the approximate weight of a cow is this: "Ordinary cattle girting five feet will weigh 650 to 8oo pounds, according to form and fatness ; for each additional
1nch in girt add 25 pounds up to 6 feet, and for each inch after 6
ieet add 50 pounds."

FORMULA NO. I.
I 2 pounds of peavine hay. 20 pounds of rye fodder (green) .
4 poun~s of cornmeal. 4 pounds of wheat bran. 2 pounds of cottonseed hulls.
'This ration contains :
Dry matter ........ ..... ... . .. .. . . .. .. . 24.I I pounds. Protein . . . . .... . .... . . . . ............. 2-47 pounds. Carbohydrates and fat ... . ....... . .. .... I2.83 pounds.
Nutritive ratio . ...... . ... .. . .. ... . .. . .. . .. I :5-4

FORMULA NO. 2 .
I 5 pounds of corn and cob meal. 12 pounds of cottonseed hulls. 40 pounds of cottonseed meal.
This- ration contains:
Dry matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 27.65 Protein . . . . ... . .. .... . .. .. ... . ..... ... . .. . 2.51 Carbohydrates and fat .................... . ... 13.59
Nutritive ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r :6
(The above ration is an example of how to mix when green,
succulent foods are not to be had; it would be better, of course, to add to such a ration if possible some green food, or 4 or 5 pounds of turnips, carrots or other root3.)

166

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL'fti iU~.

FORMULA NO. 3
2.8 pounds cottonseed meal. 4 pounds corn and cob meal. 3 pounds wheat bran. 25 pounds corn silage. I2;/z pounds mixed hay.
Nutritive ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 :5 -7
FORMULA NO. 4
33/z pounds cottonseed meal. 3 pounds wheat bran. 7 pounds cottonseed hulls.
I 7Yz pounds corn stover.
5 pounds mixed hay.
FORMULA NO. 5
20 pounds cowpea hay. IO pounds shredded cornstalks.
FORMULA NO . 6.
20 pounds of mixed hay. 3 pounds of cottonseed meal. 4 pounds of cornmeal.
FORMULA NO . 7
25 pounds shredded corn shucks. 5 pounds cottonseed meal. 3 pounds wheat bran.
FORMULA NO. 8.
20 pound cottonseed hulls. 4 pounds cottonseed-meal. 5 pounds wheat bran.
FORMULA NO. 9
I 5 patmds cowpea hay. IO pounds cottonseed hulls. 5 pounds cowpea meal.

BULLETIN NO. 38.

167

FORMULA NO. IO.
I 5 pounds cowpea hay. 8 pounds cottonseed. 6 pounds cornmeal.

FoR FATTENING STEERS.

FORMULA NO. I I .

20 pounds cottonseed hulls.

6 pounds cotton eed meal.

Gradually increase to 24 pounds cottonseed hulls ancl 8 pounds

cottonseed meal.



FORMULA NO. 12.
20 pounds shredded cornstalks. 5 pounds cottonseed meal. 6 pounds cornmeal.
Ration for pigs weighing from 20-70 pounds : 2 ounces of cornmeal per quart skim milk.
Pigs weighing from 70-I30 pounds : 4 ounces per quart skim milk.
Pigs weighing from I30-2oo pounds : 6 ounces per quart skim mille Give all they will eat up clean.



FROM BULLETIN GEoRGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SERIAL No. 39.
SEASON l90l-l902.
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
0. B. STEVENS,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.

JNO. M. McCANDLESS,
State Chemist.

R. G. WILLIAMS, Firs& Assistant State Chemist.

J. Q. BURTO:S, Second Assistant State Chemist.

FERTILIZER LAW.
FJ:RTTI.LZP.RS, 1\NAI,YSIS, INSPECTIO J REGISTRATION AND SALE OF.
No. 398.
An Act to regulate the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of commercial fertilizers, acid phosphates, fertilizer materials and chemicals, in the State of Georgia, and to consolidate all laws relating to said sales, inspection and analysis, and to repeal all other laws or parts of laws in conflict therewith.
SEcTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, That all manufacturers, jobbers and manipulators of commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials to be used in the manufacture of the same, who may de ire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers and fertilizer materials, shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of Agriculture, the name of each brand of fertilizers, acid phosphates, fertilizer materials, or chemicals, which they may desire to sell in said State, either by themselves or their agents, together with the name and address of the manufacturer or manipulator, and also the guaranteed analysis thereof, stating the sources from which the phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash are derived, and if the same fertilizer is sold under a different name or names, said fact shall be so stated, and the different brands which are identical shall be named.
SEc. 2. Al l persons, companies, manufacturers, dealers or agents, before selling or offering for sale in this State any commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material, shall brand or attach to each bag, barrel or package the brand name of the fertilizer, the weight of the package, the name and address of the manufacturer, and the guaranteed analys is of the fertilizer giving the valuable constituents of the fertilizer in minimum percentages only. These

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

-items only shall be branded or printed on the sacks in the following order:
1. Weight of each package in pounds. 2. Brand name and, or, trademark. 3 Guaranteed analysis. 4 Available phosphoric acid, per cent. 5 Nitrogen, per cent. 6. Potash, per cent. 7 Name and address of manufacturer.
In bonemeal, tankage or other products, where the phosphoric acid is not available to laboratory methods but becomes available on the decomposition )f the product in the soil, the phosphoric acid shall be claimed as total phosphoric acid unless it be desired to claim available phosphoric acid also, in which latter case the guarantee must take the form above set forth . In the case of bonemeal and tankage, manufacturers may brand on the bags information showing the fineness of the product, provided it takes .a form approved by the Commissioner of Agriculture.
SEc. 3 If any commercial fertilizer or ferti li zer material offered for sale in this State shall, upon official analysis, prove deficient in any of it!' ingredients as guaranteed and branded upon the sacks or packages, and if, by reason of such deficiency, the .commercial value thereof shall fall three per cent. below the gLiar:anteed total commercial value of such fertilizer or fertilizer material, then any note or obligation given in payment therefor shall be collectable by law only for the amount of actual total commercial value as ascertained by said official analysis, and the person or corporation selling the same shall be liable to the consumer, hy reason of such deficiency, for such damages, if any, as may be proven and obtained by him on trial before a jury in any court of -competent jurii)diction in this State.
SEc. 4 Be it further enacted, That the words "high grade" shall not appear upon any bag or other pa<;kage of any complete fertilizer which complete fertilizer contains, by its guaranteed analysis, less than ten per cent. available phosphoric acid, 1.65 per cent. nitrogen (equivalent to 2 per cent. of ammonia) ', and 2 per -cent. potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value; that the word "standard" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any complete fertilizer which contains, by its guaranteed analysis, less than 8 per cent. available phosphoric acid, 1.65 per cent. nitrogen (equivalent to 2 per cent. ammonia) and 2 :Per cent. potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial yalue ; that the words "high grade" shall not appear upon any hag

BULLETIN NO. 39

173

or other package of any acid-phosphate-with-potash which shall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than I3 per cent. avaiiable phosphoric acid and I per cent. of potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value; that the word "standard" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any acidphosphate-with-pota h which shall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than I I per cent. available phosphoric acid and I per cent. potash, or a grade or analysi of e 1ual total commerciat value; that the words "high grade" shalll not appear upon any
bag or other package of any plain acid-phosphate which shall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than I4 per cent. available pho phoric acid; and lastly, that the word "standard" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any plain acid-phosphate which hall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than I2 pelcent. available pho~phoric acid. It is hereby provided that no complete fertilizer, acid-phosphate-with-potash, acid-phosphatewith-nitrogen, or plain acid phosphate, shall be offered for sale in this State which contain less than I2 per cent. of total plant food, namely: available phosphoric acid, nitrogen when calculated as ammonia, and pota h, either singly or in combination; provided, that in mixed fertilizers there shall not be claimed less than I per cent. of potash and 0.82 per cent. nitrogen, when one or both are present in the same mixture.
It is further hereby provided, That no comme1cial fertilizers or fertilizer material hall be offered for sale in this State which contains such an amount of water as to render the handling or manipulation of such fertilizers or fertilizer material difficult, or to cause the clogging of fertilizer distributors by reason of its bad mechanical condition, such wet or bad mechanical condition of any fertilizer shall be carefully observed by all fertilizer inspectors at the time of drawing their samples, and be reported alongwith the sample to the Commissioner of Agriculture, who, if he (or in his absence the State Chemist) ronfirms the opinion of the inspector, shall forbid the sale of that lot o inspected.
SEc. 5 Be it further enacted, That all manufacturers and ma-
nipulators, or agents representing them, who have registered their brands in compliance with section r of this Act, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags, statingthat said tax tags are to be used upon brands of fertilizers and fertilizer materials registered in accordance with this Act, and said request shall be accompanied with the sum of IO cents per ton as an in pection fee, whereupon it shall be the duty of the: Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties applying, who shall attach a tag to each bag, barrel or package thereof~

1 i4

GEuL<GIA lJEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

which, when attached to said package, shall be prima facie evi-

dence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this

Act. Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturer shall

not be used for another season and shall not be redeemed by the

Department of griculture.

.

SEc. 6. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for

any manufacturer or company, either by themselves or their

agents, to offer for sale in this State any fertilizer or fertilizer

material that has not been reg istered with the Commissioner of

Agriculture as required by this Act. The fact that the purchaser

waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection

l'o said party selling or offering the same for sale.

SEC. 7 The guaranteed analysis of each and every brand of fer-

tili zer or fertilizer material must, without excepti on, remain uni-

form throughout the fiscal yea r for which it is reCYistered, and in

no case, even at subsequent reg istrati on, shall the grade be low-

ered, although the proportion of the available constituents may be

changed so that the decrease of one constituent may be compen-

sated for in val ue by the increase of the other or others. Such

proposed change must first receive the approval of the Commis-

SIOner of Agri culture. A brand name and, or, trademark, regi s-

t(';red by one manufacturer, shall not be entitled to regi strati on by

another; and the manufacturer hav ing first registered and used

the said brand name and, or, trademark, shall be entitled to it,

even should said brand name and, or, trademark, not be offered

for current reg istrati on at the. time. othing in this section shall

be construed as debarring the right of any manufacturer to estab-

li sh his ownership in, and prior right of registrati on of, any

brand name and, or, trademark, whether said brand name and, or,

trademark, had been previously registered or not.

SEc. 8. o person, company, dealer or agents shall sell, expose

or offer for sale in this State any pulverized leather, raw, steamed,

roasted, or in any other form, either as a fertilizer or ferti li zer

material, or as a constituent of ferti li zers, without first making

full and explicit statement of the fact in registration with the

Commisioner of Agriculture, and furnishing satisfactory proof

that the nitrogen is sufficiently avai lable and valuable for the pur-

pose for which sold.

SEc. 9 Be it further enacted, That j:he Commissioner of Agri-

culture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers, or so many

inspectors as, in said Commissioner's judgment, may be neces-

sary, who shall hold their office for such time as said Commis-

sioner shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the pro-

visions of this Act. The greatest compensation that any inspector

BULLETIN NO. 39

175

-of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of eighty-three and one-third dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector. It shall be their duty to inspect all fertilizers, acid phosphates, chemicals, cottonseed meal or other ferti1izer material that may be found at any point within the limits of the State, and go to any point when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and shall see that all fertilizers and fertilizer materials are properly tagged.
SEc. IO. Be it further enacted, That each of the inspectors of fertilizers shall be provided with bottles of not less than eight (8) ounce capacity in which to place samples of fertilizers and fertilizer materials drawn by him, and it shall be the duty of each in pector of fertilizers to draw, with such an instrument as shall secure a core from the entire length of the package, such samples of fertilizers and fertilizer materials as he may be directed by the Commisi oner of Agriculture to inspect. or that he may find uninspected ; and in the performance of his duty he shall carefully draw samples as follows: In lots of ten packages or less, from every package ; in lots of ten to a hundred packages, from not less than ten packages; in lots of one hundred packages and over, from not less than ten per cent. of the entire number; and, after thoroughly mixing the samples so drawn, he shall, by the method known as "quartering," draw from such thoroughly mixed sample, two sub-samples, and with them fill two sample bottles, and shall plainly write on a label on said bottles the number of said sample, and shall also write on the label on one only of said bottles the name of the fertilizer, acid phosphate, or other fertilizer material, also the name of the manufacturers. He shall then seal both of said bottles, and shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture the said samples so drawn by him, stating the number of sacks from which the sample was drawn, and a full report of the inspection written on a form prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, which report must be numbered to agree with the number of the bottle ; and in saici report shall be given the name of the fertilizer or fertilizer material, the name of the manufacturer, the guaranteed analysis, the place where inspected, the elate of inspection, and name of inspector ; and it shall be the duty of said inspectors to keep a complete record of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Before entering upon the discharge of their duties they shall also take and subscribe, before some officer authorized to administer the same, an oath to faithfully discharge all duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this Act.
SEc. I I. Be it further enacted, That a sample of all fertilizers

, ------~--------------~~----------------~~-----------------

176

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

or fertilizer material, drawn by the official inspectors and filed

with the Commissioner of Agriculture, shall be marked by num-

ber and delivered by said Commissioner of Agriculture to Stat e

Chemist, who will make a complete analysis of same, and certify~

under same number as marked, said analysis to said Commis-

sioner of Agriculture, which analys is shall be recorded as official

.and entered opposite the brand of fertilizers or fertilizer material

which the mark and number represent ; and the said offici al analy-

sis of such fertili zer or fertilizer material, under the seal of the

Commi ssioner of A griculture, shall be admissible as evidence in.

any of the courts of thi s State on the trial of any issue involving

the merits of such fertilizer or fertili zer material.

SEc. 12. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agri-

culture shall have authority to establish such rules and reg ula-

tions, in regard to the inspection, analys is, and sale of fertilizers

and fertili zer material, as shall not be inconsistent with the pro-

visions of thi s Act, and as in his judgment will best carry out the

requirements thereof.

SEc. 13 . Be it further enacted, That nothing in thi s A ct shalL

be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate or any

other fertili zer materi al to each other by importers, manufactur-

ers, or manipulators who mix fertili zer 'materials for sale, or as-

preventing the free and unrestri cted shipments of material to

manufacturers or manipulators who have regi stered their brands

as required by the provisions of thi s Act.

SEc. I4. Be it further enacted, That any person selling or of-

fering for sale any fertilizer or fertilizer material without having

first complied with the provisions of thi s A ct shall be guilty of a.

misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished as

prescribed in I039 of the Criminal Code of Georgia ; provided.

thi s Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August,

I902.

SEc. IS Be it further enacted, That there shall be nothing in.

this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the require-

ments of an Act fixing the methods of determining the value of

commercial fertilizers by the purchasers, and incorporated in the

provisions of the herein amended Ellington bill, which is as fol-

10 \ VS:

.

An A ct to regulate the sale of fertili zers in thi s State, to fix a

method for determining the value of the same, and for other

purposes.

SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia,

and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and

after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any purchaser

BULLETIN NO. 39

177

of fertilizers from any owner thefeof, or agent of such owner, to require of the person selling, -and at the time of sale or delivery, to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of its contents.
SEc. 2 . Be it further enacted, That said sample or samples of fertilizer shall be taken in the presence of both purchaser and seller in the following manner: "Two cupfuls of the fertilizer shall be taken from the top and two cupfuls from the bottom of
each sack, provided there are not more than ten sacks in the lot, but in lots of IO to roo sacks, from not less than ro sacks; in lots of roo and over, from not less than ro per cent. of the entire number. The sa.mples so taken shall be intermixed upon some surface so as not to mix dirt or any other substance with the fertilizer. Then from different parts of the pile small portions at a time shall be scooped up in the cup and transferred to a widemouthed bottle of not less than one pint in cap<tcity." This bottle shall now be corked with a suitable cork. The cork must either be
pressed home flush with the mouth of the bottle or else cut across until it is flush or even with the mouth of the bottle. It shall then be taken by both parties at interest to th.e ordinary of th~ county, who shall seal the same in their presence in the following manner: 1e shall completely cover the entire surface of the cork with sealing wax, and then impress upon the molten wax his official seal, bearing his name and the style of his office. He shall then label the same with the names of the parties and of the fertilizers.
SEc. 3 Be it further enacted, That said ordinary shall safely keep said package, allowing neither party access to the same, save as hereinafter provided: The ordinary shall receive a fee of IO cents from the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited.
SEc. 4 Be it further enacted, That should said purchaser, after having used such fertilizer upon his crops, have reason to believe from the yields thereof that said fertilizer was totally or pat:tially worthless, he shall notify the seller, and apply to the ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with him to the State Chemist, without stating the name of the parties, the name of the fertilizers, or giving its guaranteed analysis, the cost of sending being prepaid by the purchaser. Before fo rwarding sarnple to the State Chemist for analysis, the ordinary shall take the affidavit of the purchaser that he has gathered his crop and believes from the yield thereof that the fertilizer used was worthless or partially worthless. The ordina ry shall notify State Chemist at the same
H ab

17S

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

time- that he forwards the samp e that he has taken and filed such

written affidavit of the purchaser.

SEc. 5 Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said

State chemi st to analy ze and send a copy of the result to said

ord ina ry.



SEc. 6. Be it further enacted, That should said analysis show

th at said fertilizer comes up to the g ua ranteed analys is upon

whi ch it is sold, then the statement so sent by the State Chem ist

shall be conclusive ev idence agai n t a plea of partial or total fa il-

ure of cons ide ration. But should said analys is show that such

fert ili zer does n ot come up to th e g ua ranteed analysi s, then the

sale shall be illegal, null and void, and when uit is brought upon

any ev idence of in debtedness g iven fo r such fertilize r, the state-

ment of such State Chemist so transmitted to the ordi nary shall

be conclusive evidence of the facts, whether such ev idence of in-

debtedness is held by an innocent third party or not.

SEc. 7 Be it further enacted, That in li eu of the State Chem ist,

should the pa rties to the contract agree upon ome other chemist

to make said analys is, all of the provisions of the Act shall apply

to hi s analysis and report to the o rdinary.

SEc. 8. Be it further enacted, T hat shoul d the seller refuse to

t ake aiel sample when so requested by the purchaser, then upon

proof of this fact the purchaser shall be entitled to hi s plea of

fai lure of conside ration, and to support the same by proof of the

want of effect and benefit of said ferti li zer upon hi s crops, which

proof shall be sufficient to authorize t he jury to sustain defend-

ant's plea within whole or in part, whether said su it is broug ht

by an innocent holder or not.

Approved December 27, I 89o.

SEc. I6. Be it furthe r enacted, That there hall be nothing in

thi s Act whi ch shall be con trued to nulli fy any of the require-

ments of an Act fix ing the methods of inspection and determin ing

the analysis of cottonseed meal, incorpo rated in the prov isions of

the here in amended Calvin bill, whi ch is as fo ll ows:

A bill to be en titl ed an Act to reqt~i re all cottonseed meal to be subjected to analysis and inspecti on as a cond ition precedent to being offered fo r sale, and to forbi cl- the sale in thi s State of such cottonseed meal, if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 6.I 8 per cent, of nitrogen ( equiva-
lent to 70 per cent. of ammonia), to prescribe a penalty for the
violation of the provisions of thi s Act, and for other purposes.

BULLETIN NO. 39

179

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly, and It IS hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to offer for sale in this State any cottonseed meal until the same shall have been inspected as now required by the law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or composting purposes, nor shall it be lawful to. offer such cottonseed meal for sale in the State if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 6. I8 per cent. of nitrogen ( equiva lent to 7.0 per cent. of ammonia) , provided, that the provisions of this Act as to the per centum mentioned in this secti on shall n ot apply to meal manufactured from sea island cottonseed, but the Commi sioner of Agriculture shall, upon the passage of this A ct, fix and make public a minimum per centum which shall control as to the cottonseed referred to in thi s proviso; provided fur- ther, that if any cottonseed meal shall not analyze up to the required per centum of nitrogen the ame may be offered for sale as a second-class meal, provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack.
SEc. 2. Be it further enacted by the authori ty aforesaid, That there shall be branded upon, or attached to each sack, barrel or package of cottonseed meal offered for sale in this State, the guaranteed analys is and the number of pounds net in each sack, barrel or package.
SEc. 3 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That it shall be the duty_of the Commissiontr of Agriculture to take all steps nece sa ry to make effecti ve the provi sions of sections I and 2 of this Act.
SEc. 4 Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid That any person or persons violating the provisions of thi s Act shall be deemed gui lty of a mi sdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished as pre cribed in section 4310 of the Code of I882.
Approved July 22, 189 1. SEc. I7. Be it furthe r enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed. Approved December 18, 1901.
STATE OF GEORGIA, OFFICE OF SECRETARY OF STATE.
I, Philip Cook, Secretary of State of the State of Georgia, do hereby certify, Th.::.t the attached and foregoing eleven (II)

180

GEORGIA DEPARTMEN'f OF AGRICULTURE.

pages of typewritten matter contain a true and correct copy of

an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, provid-

ing for the inspection, analysis, registration and sale of fertilizers,

approved December I8, I901. The original of said Act being now

of file and of record in this department.

.

In testim ony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and af-

fixed the seal of my office, at the Capitol, in the city of Atlanta,

this 2oth day of June, in the year of our L ord One Thousand

Nine Hundred and Two, and of the Independence of the United

State; of America the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth.

PHILIP CooK, Secretary of State.

RULINGS OF THE COMMISSIONER INTERPRET! G THE NEW FERTILIZER LAW.
First-The grade of the fertilizers is to be considered a part of the "brand name and, or, trademark," ,and may immediately precede or follow the same, if used at all.
S econd . -.lt i~ optional with the manufacturer whether he brands the grade on his sacks or not, but if he does brand the grade on the sacks, then the goods must conform to the requirements of the grade, as stated in section 4 of the law.
Thi1'd-In branding the word "potash" the characters "K20" heretofore in use are to be omitted.
Po1wth-In case of goods containing IO per cent. available phosphoric acid, 0.82 per cent. nitrogen and I per cent. potash, or such mixtures 9--1.65-I, or 8-0.82-3, or other combinations which do not read\ a total commercial value equal to that of the standard fertili zer, which is 8-1.65-2, such mixtures are not to be designated by al'Y grade at all. Such goods may be offered for sale, and branch l\ wi th any name the maker desires to give, provided such name doc:; not indicate that they belong to a high or standard grade.
Fifth-In printing b<:.g.; t:);. ~ ining acid phosphate only, or acid phosphate and potash, wtn:~ al:. three ingredients of plant food

BULLETIN NO. 39

181

are not claimed, it shall be optional with the maker whether he brands only the guaranteed ingredient, as for instance:

Available phosphoric acid ...... .. . .. . . . . .. . 14 per cent. Or he may brand: Available phosphoric acid . . . .. ... . .... . . . . 14 per cent. Nitrogen .. .... . . . . . .... . . .. .. ........ None. Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... . . Non e.

But in this latter case the letters of the word "none" shall be

plain and distinct, and of the same si ~e type as the names of the

elements standing opposite them.

S ixth-In the case of goods containing les~ than 1.65 per cent.

nitrogen they may be branded as "Ammoniated" goods, "guano

or fertilizer," or other words implying that the same is an am-

moniated superphosphate, provided they contain not less than

0.82 per cent. nitrogen.

S eventh-A goods containing 10 per cent. a vailable phosphoric

acid, 0.82 per cent. nitrogen and 3 per cent. potash can not be

branded high g rade, si nce it has not as high a commercial value

as the legal hi gh grade. The legal high grade is worth to-day

$15.25, and the goods mentioned has a value of $13 .61.

Eighth-No manufacturer has the right to print the word "am-

monia" at all on his sacks.



Ninth-Until further notice the Commissioner fixes, in accord-

ance with the provisions of the Calvin bill, the minimum percent-

age of nitrogen required by law in the sea island cottonseed meals

at three and seven-tenths per cent. ( 3.7 per cent.), equivalent to

four and one-half ( 40) per cent. of ammonia.

T enth-If it be necessary for lack of space on one side of the

sack to turn and print on the other side, thi s will be permitted,

vrovided the prescribed order be observed.

Eleventh---The word potash means potassium oxide, or K 20 , and will be so interpreted; the percentage of potassium sulphate

or muri a te must not be substituted for the percentage of potash.

T welfth- The words "Standard" or "Standard Grade" may

be used on the sacks at the option of the manufacturer, if used at

al l.

Thirteeuth-It is regarded as consonant with the spirit of the

law to print on the sacks if desi red the name of the party for

whom manufactured, thu s, "Manufactured for J ohn Smith & Co.,

by Thos. Brown & Co."

Fo urteenth-If desired for di stinctive purposes, a manufac-

182

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ture may print the word "Georgia," follo\Ying the words "guaranteed analysis."
The above rulings have been submitted to me and approved. BoYI<IN \ VRIGH'l', Attorney-General.

REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIO ER.
.
While I can not this year congratulate the farmers of Georgia on the succe ful result of all their farming operations, yet I can commend their diligent and well-directed efforts, which have ,~iled of complete success through unfavorable conditions, that cuuld not be helped, and not through any fault of theirs.
\Vheat and oats have been in most sections a partial, and, in some, a total failure; but no matter what kind of crop one may plant, he is liable to ju t such disappointing results. Hence the growers of these important grain should not lose heart nor lag in their efforts to make Georgia the great agricultural State that she is capable of being. VIe have as good lands for wheat and oats as many States that far exceed us in their production, and \\e must never be satisfied until we place Georgia in the very front rank.
The growing interest in the production of hay in Georgia is an encouraging sign. But much remains to be clone. The State of
ew York produces nearly three and a half milli on tons of hay, worth $47,ooo,ooo, while Georgia produces about 200,000 tons, worth nearly $2.50o,ooo. \Vhen we consider that in Georgia the average yield of hay per acre is 1.69 tons and in ew York o.8r ton , and that Georgia is larger than New York by about 13,000 square miles. \Ye can readily calculate what a source of wealth we are neglecting by not giving more of our attention to hay. This can be clone with out diminishing our production of corn and cotton, and an immense sum be added to the wealth of our farmers . Georgia ought to be an exporter of hay and not an importer. Tea years ago Georgia had less than 3,ooo,ooo bearing peach trees and was outranked by JVIarylancl, New Jersey and Delaware as a peach-growing State. At this time she has about 8,ooo,ooo bearing peach trees and stands at the head, without having diminished her acreage or production of the two great staple crops, corn and

BULLETIN NO. 39

183

cotton. When we have such plendid native gras es, that will grow for us, if we give them half a chance, has not every farmer an opportunity of raising his own hay and a surplus for market, without cutting short his corn and cotton?
Remember, more hay means more and better beef and dairy cattle, and better stock of every kind. Let us do everything to make known what we can do in Georgia. and enterprising men from every section will come to our help and aiel us in the development of our wonderful resources. vVith every farmer in Georgia who has spare land fit for rai sing grass, paying the proper attention to this crop, it would not be long before there would be added $45,00o.ooo to the agricultural wealth of our State.
Strange to say, such have been the weather conditions this year that in some sections even the grass crop has been cut short. Therefore I would advise the farmers to cut every green thin~ that i good for food for stock, and store it away for the winter.
Even yet good rains may come to our help and give us abundance of grass for hay. But do not wait to see if this shall be o, but reap and save up everything in sight that can be used for feeding stock.
How marvelous is the influence exerted upon his neighbor by one intelligent farmer, who by hi example of thriftiness shows how everything upon the farm can be turned to useful account! I commend greatly the farmers of Georgia for the enterprise and diligence exhibited by them and for the progressive pirit which they are manifesting. \Vithin the last two years they have purchased and used more up-to-elate and first-class farm implements
than in the whole previous decade. It is a common thing to see upon our farms the latest improved machinery for sowing, reaping, mowing, binding and gathering the varied crop which every well-cultivated farm yields. The acreage of hay in Georgia is IIS per cent greater than ten years ago. In the decade from r8so to r86o there was a remarkable growth of agriculture in Georgia, but everything was checked by the disastrou Civil \Var. The State has now more than regained its former position in all cla e of farm property except live stock. \Vith the exception of mules and a ses, Georgia posses eel more domestic animals of -all kind s in r8so than in any other succeeding census year. The increase in the number of horses and mules has been steady since 1870, the former numbering almost as many as in 1850 and the latter nearly four times as many. This increase indicates rapid development of those branches of agriculture which require working a!limals. The number of sheep, I am sorry to say, has stead-

ll:S4

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ily decreased since I85o. And yet, not even cotton would be a greater wealth producer than sheep, if woolen factories should be established in sufficient numbers to cause a demand for wool. In neat cattle there has been a steady falling off since 1890 in munber, but an improvement in the breed.
The increase in the production of milk is 54-9 per cent., being 82,ooo,ooo gallons, against 53,000,000 in I889. There is an apparent decrease in the number of fowls during the past decade, but in I900 the enumerators were instructed to report no fowls less than three months old, whereas all were reported in I89o. But the fact that the eggs number I 5,ooo,ooo dozens, against I I,500,000 dozens ten years ago, would indicate a considerable increase in the poultry interest in the State.
The census of I900 shows for Georgia I,424,298 hogs, about 27,000 more than I89o, but less than in I88o, and more than a million less than in I85o, when our population was not the half of what it is now. The fact is, that before the war Georgia was a self-supporting State. Immediately after the war, when cotton brought from 20 to 25 cents a pound, it may haye been to our advantage to put everything in cotton and buy our supplies from the West. But now when the price of cotton is from 6 to 9 cents a pound, it ought not to require any argument to prove that a farmer must rai se his ow n supplies of foodstuff for man and beast, if he would be successful. The fai lure of our wheat and oats last winter and spring and the cutting clown of our corn crop this summer by unfavorable seasons, should cause us to make preparation for the sowing of morewheat and oats than ever this fall, not only to make a sufficient supply.of these important grains for the ensui ng yea r, but also that we may have something next spring to make up for the shortage in all the grains and forage crops of the season of I902.
The census of I900 gives the value of the crops of Georgia in I899, including aH the fruits raised in our State, as $86,345,343. But that was a year in which our orchards were almost a total failure. In I 900 the products in our orchards amounted to about $4,00o,ooo, and about the same in I90I-I902. This yea r although the peach crop is in many sections short, the prices received for the fruit will about compensate for the loss in quantity. The producti on of sugar-cane syrup in Georgia, as shown in the census of 1900, was greater than ever before, but there was a great falling off in the amount of sugar. But refineries of the best modern type are being in1 roduced, the result of which is bound to give a new impetus to the manufacture of sugar in Georgia.

BULLETIN NO. 39

185

The last census also showed a wonderful growth in tobacco culture in Georgia. The area devoted to the crop showed an increase over that of ten years before, amounting to r88 per cent., while the prod uction showed a gain of 319.2 per cent. These figures indicate great improvement in the method of cultivation. By the reports that have come to us in the last two years, our area and production of tobacco continues to show a steady gain.
The value of our vegetables in r899 was more than $3,ooo,ooo, and there has been a steady growth in this item in the succeeding years.
Georgia is as famous for watermelons as for peaches, and is now adding to these thousands of acres of canteloupes for shipment to Iorthern and Eastern markets.
It is safe to say that in a good average crop year the value of our agricultural products, including our orchards, will not fall short of $roo,ooo,ooo. South Carolina and Georgia were before the Civil vVar the greatest rice-producing States of the Union. But in these States the damage -sustained by this industry has never been repaired. Rice is reported from 8r counties of Georgia in the census of 1900, but of the entire acreage reported 63-4 per cent. was from the southeastern coast counties of Bryan, Camden, Chatham, Glynn, Liberty and Mcintosh. In these counties must begin the reinstatement of this industry. vVhen if shall have once more attained its proper rank among the agricultural products of Georgia, many millions of dollars will be added to the wealth of our State.
Of all the sections of our great republic, none can present to the agriculturist so many varied advantages as the South, and in all the South there is, take it all in all, no better State than Georgia. with an area greater than that of any other State east of the Mississippi, and embracing nearly four and a half degrees of latitude, it possesses great variety of climate, soil and productions. In the highlands of the northern section, varying from r,ooo to s,ooo feet above the level of the sea, we have a climate which corresponds to that of ew England and ew York; farther down it resembles that of Washington, St. Louis and Louisville, while the climate of southern Georgia corresponds with that which prevails in lower Texas, L ouisiana, Mississippi, and that of upper Florida.
Hence our products embrace those of every section of the Union. Near the Florida line may be seen growing in the same orchard the apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, all varieties of berries, the orange, lemon and bananas. o State shows greater variety of

186

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

soil, climate and productions, and none east of the Rocky Moun-
tains as great. Blessed with such a noble heritage, we must do ou r part to
prove ourselves worthy of these great advantages. This, I be~ lieve, the farmers of Georgia are doing, and will continue to do, until our State shall. have established an undisputed right to the title long so proudly borne, "Empire State of the South." And why may she not some clay compete successfully with ew York f,or the highest rank among the commonwealths composing the
American Union? 0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner.

REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST.
Hon. 0. B. Stevens, Commissio11er of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.
DEAR SIR: \ Ve have completed the analytical work of the season of 190 1-I902, and I enclose you under separate cover tables of analyses of the different brands of commercial fertilizers, cottonseed meals, kainits, muriates of potash, ltitrates of soda, etc. , which have been the subject of the steady work of the past season. The number of brands put on the market is 735, as against 640 the previ ous year. The large number of analyses made over and above the number of brands includes analyses of brands specially taken at the request of farmers, also of cottonseed meal s, kainits and muriates of potash which have no brands. A great number of analyses have also been made checking or duplicating the accuracy of the regular analyses. 'vVe have thi s year reached the high-water mark of fertilizer consumption in the State of Georgia, or 483,028 ton ; greater than ever before in our own hi story, and greater than that of any other State in the Union. As in the larger manufacturing States of the country the consumption of iron and steel is regarded as the barometer of trade and prosperity; in the agricultural State of Georgia the consumpti on of commercial fertilizers may be regarded not only a. a barometer or index of the prosperity of the State, but as one o the chief causes thereof. Judicious use of commercial fertilizers, combined with home-made manures and the utilization of the nitrogen-gathering cowpea will make us a great and rich agricultural State.

BULLETIN NO. 39

187

OILS.

Below you will find the report of the State Oil Inspector which speaks for itself. By request I repeat here a part of a previous report to you on the character of the oils sold in the State:

TABLE OF OIL ANALYSIS.

--

1

11.00

2

0.9

3

0.5

4

0.5

5

0.5

6

2.5

7

2.5

8

1.1

9

1.8

10

1.2

31.8 27.ti
31.7 27.75 32 5 37. 38.5 34.5 37.5 37 .5

46.00
20 00 4't 40.
35.5
34. 33. 37 5
40.5
38.5

L~:>ft in the Retort.

5.5

5.7- R

28.

23.5

lfi .5

4.3

22.5

fl25

24.!)

7.00

20 0

6.50-R

20.

6.0U"

2l.5

4.4 "

16.

4.2 "

18.5

4.3 "

In the above table the figures in the second column represent the percentages of oil which distilled over at a temperature below 302 F . ; they consist of light oils or naphthas. The figures in .the next three columns show the percentages of oi l distilling over at and below the temperatures named, viz. : 392 F., 482 F., 570 F. These oils constitute the good normal burning kerosene oil. The figures in the last column represent the oi l remaining in the retort and refu sin g to distill at a temperature 572 F. This fraction constitutes what is known as " heavy oi l" or lubricating oil.
I g ive below an analysis for sake of comparison made last year of the kind of oil which was commonly sold in the State before the present law went into effect:

302 oF 392 o 482 o 572 o J4.00 31.00 . 24.00 IS.OO

Left in Retort. I6.oo

You will at once notice the remarkable manner in which the light inflammable oils or naphthas have been removed from the oils now sold in the State, as compared with those sold a year ago, and that over 90 per cent. of the oils now sold consists of pure _burning oil. You will also note that samples Nos. I, 6, 7, 8, 9, IO are marked with an R. That means that those oils, whilst of very good quality otherwise, still contain too much naphtha or

188

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

light oil to stand t.he test of the instrument.now legalized in Georgia and by which all oils are now being tested. In other words, jr appears from the analyses, so far made, that no oil containing as much as one per cent. even of light oil distilling below 302 F . will stand the flash test of the new Georgia instrument. In other words, we have now on the market in Georgia a quality of oil which in all probability will not only not explode, but not even take fire if the lamp in which it is burning should be accidentally turned over and broken.
PHOTOMETRIC TEST.
I further made a photometric test of the oil we are now consuming. I filled a lamp having a one and a half inch flat wick, open woven, with the oil we are now consuming. I carefully weighed the lamp, with its oil and chimney, then lit it, tested it in the photometer, and found its average candle-power to be I6-44. After burning for three hours I again weighed it, noted the loss .of oil, and found that the lamp consumed 2.67 grams of oil per candle-power per hour. A si mila r test with oi l of the old quality showed a consumption of 3.56 grams of oi l per candle-power per hour, or 33 I-3 per cent. greater consumption of oi l per candlepower per hour.
I have, sir, to thank you and Assistant Commissioner ' iVright for your kind and steadfast support in the work of the year; nor must I close this report without referring with deep appreciation to the ~terling, h onest, faithful, though silent and unobtrusive, work of the Assistant State Chemists, Messrs. R. G. Williams
and J. Q. Burton.
Respectfully submitted.
JNo. M. McCANDLESs,
State Chemist.

REPORT OF ST TE OIL INSPECTOR.
Han. 0. B. Stevens, Commssione1 of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga. DEAR Sm: To be included in the bulletin we beg to present
to you statement of the oil busi ness for the past ten months. You will note quite a pleasing increase in the number of gallons inspected by the department. Since the last report that was mad~

BULLETIN NO. 39

189

to you we have had no notice, nor has it come unde:r the observatiOn of any of the local inspectors, as to the explosion of any lamps. The inspectors have been uniformly prompt in the attenti on to their duties, and we feel that the general public is well satisfied with the manner in which this depa rtment is being conducted.
During the first part of the year we had quite a number of complaints from different places in the State. These were all carefully investigated and passed upon by Dr. McCandless, and in every instance where the oi l had been properly cared for it was f'Ound to be up to the standard. However, there were several cases which showed conclusively that the oil had been kept . in dirty, unclean tanks or vessels. These parties were advised of what the trouble was, and we do not anticipate similar ones oc-
curring in the future. Respectfully submitted. GLASCOCK BARRETT, State Oil Inspector.

OIL REPORT FOR TEN MONTI-IS ENDING AUGUST I, 1902.

This year.

Last year.

Number gallons . .. . . . ... 5,433,68o
Total fees . . . . . . . . . . . .. $ 26,71 1 So

5,260,033
$ 26,476 09

Fees inspectors . . . . . . . . . . 17,980 74

16,338 20

Fees State . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,31 I 48

10,138 43

GLASCOCK BARRETT.

A ugust 18, 1902.

LETTERS O N AGRICU LTURAL CHEMISTRY.
LETTER NO. SEVEN .
CONTINUING THE LETTERS OF THE STATE CHEMIST TO GEORGIA . FARMERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY-DESCRIPTION OF FER-
TILIZER MATERIALS CONTINUED.
NITRATE oF SoDA. Cottonseed meal, blood, tankage, etc., which I have described t.... you in the last letter, are known as "organic" sources of ammonia, or rather of nitrogen. Habit is so strong, you see, it is hard

190

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

.to get riel of the use of that word ammonia. Titrogen is much the be.tter term for our use. Besides the organic sources of nitrogen we also have what are kn own as the " inorgani c" sources. I have explained in a previous letter fully the meaning of these two term s, but lest you may have forgotten, I will stop a moment to say that an organic substance may be either vegetable or animal, thus a leaf, a seed, a piece of meat or of skin are organic substances. A n inorganic substance is the oppos ite of these, and is mineral in its nature, a piece of rock or of iron is inorganic. The chief inorganic source of nitrogen, then, is l)itrate of soda, al so commonly called "Chili Sa ltpetre;" saltpetre because it has many of the properties of real saltpetre, which is nitra te of potash and. Chi li because it is imported from Chili in S uth A meri ca.
N itrate of potash or true saltpetre is a very valuabl e fertilizing
compound , y ieldi ng both nitrogen and potash to the plant, but it is much too expensive to buy in this form; it is therefore better, or rather cheaper, to buy" nitrate of soda and muriate of potash separately, and then mi x them together, when we will accomplish practically the same results from a fertilizing standpoint, and for a smaller outlay of money than if vve boug ht the same elements in form of ni trate of potash. Titrate of soda is such an important salt for fertilizer purposes that I will go into some little detail about it.
The entire supply a t present comes from the western coast of Chili. It extends in a narrow strip of land running n orth and south for about 260 mil es, at an average di stanc of about fourteen miles from the ocean. The country where it is found is a desert, it never rains there and th e whole regi on is bare of vegetatJOn and destitute of water. T he nitrate rock is call ed "Cali che" (pronounced, Ca-lee-chay) and the best quality has the following co mp os iti on :

Sod ium nitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. so o/o

Sodium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . 26 o/o.

Sodium sulph ate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 6(/o

Magnes ium sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3o/o

Insoluble matter

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I4 o/o

Sodium iodate

I

Sodium nitrite

I

Magnesium chloride r

........ I o/o

Magnesium nitrate I

P otassium chloride j

rooo/o

BULLETIN NO. 39

191

The average quality of "Cali che" contains from thirty to forty per cent. of sodi um nitrate, and the poorest quality worked ranges from seventeen to thirty per cent. sodi um ni trate. The "Caliche" occurs from six to ten feet below the surface of the g round, and the vein or stratum varies from a foot and a half to twelve feet in thickness .
The process of extracting and separating the valuable nitrate of soda from the rest of the "Caliche" is clone by means of water, in which the nitrate of socl.a dissolves, and from whi ch it is crystallized. A descripti on of the process would be tedious. Suffice it to say that a costly plant is required for the purpose; and that the work is so well clone that the product when finished contains about n inety-five per cent. nitrate of soda, whi ch is equivalent to I5 .65 per cent. of nitrogen, or n ineteen per cent. of ammonia. An enormous and annually increasing amount is shipped . every yea r. The amount exported eve ry yea r to Europe and America is about one milli on tons.
CHARACTER OF NIT RAT E OF SODA AND METHOD OF USE.
T he material has a great number of uses besides its use as a ferti lizer. It is used in the manufacture of nitrate of potash, which is needed to make gunpowder and fireworks.; it is also used to make n itri c acid, is an essential in the manufactu re of sulphuric acid, upon which the whole superphosphate or acid phosphate industry depends, besides a g reat many other manufactu ring processes. Its great importance as a fer t ili z~r depends upon its hi g h percentage of nitrogen and its complete sol ubi lity in water, thus being im mediately available as plant food, the nitrogen in it bei ng already in the fo rm of a nitrate, the for m in which plants prefer to take most of their nitrogen. The nitrate of soda being readily and freel y soluble in water, is ready fo r appropriation as plant food as soon as it is put into the soil. Hence it is evident that the best way to use it is by application as a top dressing immed iately before or after a rain, usuall y in the spri ng, vvhen the plant is up and needs a good send-off to develop growth of stalk and fo li age. Used in this way, th e results are very sure and very striki ng.

SULPHA'l'E OF AMMONIA.
One other important inorgani c source of nitrogen is the salt known as sulphate of ammonia. It is prod uced chi efly as a byproduct in the manufacture of illuminating gas from coal; the

19~

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

gas coals all contain a small percentage of nitrogen; when subjected to dry distillation in retorts, the nitrogen is driven off in the form of ammonia gas, and is finally absorbed in sulphuric acid, from which it is crystallized as sulphate of ammonia. This.
product usually contains about twenty and one-half per cent. of nitrogen, when purified, but if sold unpurified as brown sulphate. of ammonia, it may not contain more than eighteen per cent. of nitrogen. Suli)hate of ammonia is freely soluble in water, and has this advantage over nitrate of soda, that it does not leach out of the soil so readily as nitrate of soda does, and may therefore be appliecr with other fertilizers in the fall to fall crops without fear of serious loss through leaching during the fall and winter. I have not mentioned all of the various kinus of nitrogenous fertilizer materials, but have sketched briefly the principal ones, from which nearly all the commercial fertilize rs sold in the State of Georgia are made. The next great class of fertilizer material we. discuss vvill be the "phosphates."

LETTER NO. EIGHT.
'i'I-IE PI-IOSPI-IA'l'ES.
In letter No. 4, bulletin o. 38, I alluded to the importance of phosphoric acid as a constituent of plant food. It is in the same class with nitrogen and potash, they being the element founcl only in small quantities in most cultivated soils, all the other elements necessary to plant life being usually present in profusion. Phosphoric acid, then, must be added to the soil if we expect large yields. The various sources of phosphoric acid, then, afe of interest.
Bones were the first and earliest form in which phosphoric acid was applied to the soil. Bones are a combination of organic and inorganic matter. The organic matter in a bone consists mainly of fat and a glutinous matter; the inorganic matter is chiefly phosphate of lime. This dual composition of a bone can be demonstrated very graphicall y by taking the leg bone of an animal, and soaking it for quite a whi le in weak muriatic acid. The acid will dissolve away the phosphate of lime, wh.ich gives

BULLETIK NO. 39

193

r igidity and stiffness to the bone, and leayes behind the glutinous flexible animal matter of the bone, which will still retain the shape of the original bone. You can now take this soft organic matter and tie it into a knot without breaking it. This soft ani mal matter of the bone is rich in nitrogen, so that a bone fertil~ izer is a double manure, both phosphatic and nitrogenous. Bones vary a good deal in composition, according to the nature and age
of the animal; there is not so much phosphate in the bones of a young animal, as in those of an old one. Even in the same animal, the hard thigh bones of the ox, for instance, will contain more phosphate of lime than softer bones from other parts of the animal. Bones to be of value should of course be ground, and the finer the grinding the better. A coarsely crushed or ground raw bone, which has not been treated to remove any of its original fatty matter, will decay with comparative slowness in the soil, and consequently but little effect might be perceived from its application the first season.
A good raw bone will contain on an average twenty-two pet cent. of phosphoric acid and four per cent. of nitrogen. Such a bone is quite difficult to grind fine, and on its fineness depends in large n~easure its value as a fertilizer. But by boiling and steaming much of the fat is removed, which has no value as a manure; some of the nitrogen is also removed in the form of glue and gelatine by the boiling and steaming process. This treatment, however, et~ables the bone to be ground much finer than the raw bone, and where the process has been carried out very thoroughly, as in the manufacture of glue, the resulting ground bone may contain as high as thirty per cent. of phosphoric acid, but the nitrogen in this case will be reduced to les than two per cent. Actual experiments have shown that all the phosphoric acid ftom a finely ground steamed bone may become available in one to two seasons in the soil, while that from a coarse ground raw bone wou lcl not became fully available in three or four seasons.

THE MI ERAL OR ROCK PHOSPI-I Al'E S.
If bones were the only source of phosphoric acid, modern agriculture would be in a distressing condition, since bones could supply only a very small part of the demand. The prices of fertilizers would be very much higher than they now are; the cotton crop of the South and the grai11 crops of the world would be very much smaller, and the population of the earth very much less than it now is, so true is it that life itself as counted by gener-
13& b

19-!

GEORGIA bEPARTM:EN't OF AGRICULTURE.

:ations rises and falls in greater or smaller volume, in unison with :the available supply of plant food in the soil. A very large prolportion of the dense population and increased wealth of the old \vorld is doubtless due to the discovery of the mineral phosphates. bepo its of these in greater or less quantity have been known for
a long time in the Old \ iVorld, but I shall menti on only those field s in this country which are of great commercial importance to-clay. The first of these in point of discovery and development were the South Carolina phosphate beds. These beds are in the neighborhood of the city of Charleston, S. C. The 1'ock is found both in the land and in the rivers in that vicinity. 'fhis phosphate js found usually in the form of lumps o r nod ules, varying from the
size of a pebble to quite large masses. The deposits vary from one <lr two feet to twelve or more in thickness. This rock contains no nitrogenous organic matter like bone, but is si mply a rock phosphate. It is true, however, that among the deposits are found many ev idences of life, such as immense Yertebne of animals, and Jarge teeth of shark, marine and other animals. The South Carolina rock contains from twenty-six to twenty-eight per cent. of phosphoric acid. It is highl y esteemed both at home and abroad a s a source of phosphoric acid; actual mining began here in I868.

FLORIDA PIIOSPIIATES.

The next great discovery of phosphate rock in this country oc-

curred in Florida in I888 to I889. There are different forms of

this phosphate; first, we have the Janel or boulder phosphate,

which occurs in rocky or stony masses of varying size and form,

and varying from thirty to forty per cent. of phosphoric acid;

second, the "soft" phosphate, a white powdery material, mixed

with more or less kaolin, and containing from eighteen to thirty

per cent. phosphoric acid; thirdly, we have the "pebble" form,

consisting of small hard rounded pebbles, which occur both in the

beds of the rivers, and in deposits on the land. They are variable

in composition, but range from about thirty to thirty-six per cent.

of phosphoric acid. The Florida rock constitutes a very impor-

tant source of phosphoric acid, is highly esteemed, and is used

largely both at home and abroad.



TENNESSEE PHOSPHA'l' E.
Shortly after the discovery of phosphate rock in Florida, discoveries began to be. made in Tennessee in the vicinity of Nash-

BULLETI N NO. 39

195

Yille, and later still important deposits began to be found in Maury county, Tenn., near Mt. Pleasant. This rock, like the o thers, is variable in form and composition, but the marketable varieties range from thirty to thirty-seven per cent. of phosphoric a cid. There are other important phosphatic deposits in the world, JJut th ose just described constitute the important ones for Southern agriculture. Having mentioned the chief sources of nitrogen ancl phosphoric acid, we will take a bird's-eye view of the sources
o f p tash.

LE'I'TER NO. Nil\".
IJoT ASI-r, I'I' s l MPOR'rANCB AS PL N't FooD, Sou RcEs FROM
0
\\ III CH D E RIVED-\ t\1 OOD-A II E , ST.\S F u RT D EPOSITS.
T he only source of potash knom1 to our fathers was ashes, ma inly wood-ashes, and while potash from this source is a most .excellent manure, yet evidently the quantity available must be quite limited. The great maj ority of soils, especially those which <:ontain much clay, usually hold a large reserve of potash, and do mot appear to require the special application of potash as a manure. Light sanely soils on the other hand, and som~ clay soils .also appear to be quite deficient in potash and are much benefited .by applications of that fertilizer. Soils of this nature, therefore, .stand as much in need of constant potash manuring as of phosphoric acid and nitrogen applications.
Wood-ashes, whilst they may be cheap and easily obtained in ..countries where large forest areas are to be clea ed, in older countries can not be so easily obtained. Long before fertilizers became a commer.cial commodity, wood-ashes were highly thought ,of by farmers. But usually when a farmer buys ashes he buys in the dark, owing to ~he fact that ashes vary so widely in their .contents of potash. As a rule the ashes from hard woods are richer in potash than those from soft woods. The ash of the red oak, for instance, contains about six per cent. of potash, that .o f the hickory about nine per cent., some pine woods about four .and a half per cent. No definite percentage, however, can be laid down for any special wood, as the same wood will vary in differ,,ent localities, and the wood of different parts of the same tree will

] 96

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL'l'URE.

vary, the ashes from the twigs and young limbs being richer in

potash than the ashes from the body or trunk of the tree.

It is impossible to fix the value of a lot of ashes, except by spe-

cial analysis of the particular lot, owing to this great variability

in composition, and owing to the further fact that the ashes may

have been leached or mi xed with more or less dirt. The average

analysis for good unleached ashes may be taken as fi_ve per cem.

of potash, one and one-half per cent of phosphoric acid, and

thirty-two and a half per cent. of lime. According to the values

for fertilizers adopted for the present season, a ton of good aver-

age ashes at the coast should be worth four dollars and fifteen

cents. This calculati on allows no value to the lime, although of

course it has a decided value on such soils as are deficient in it.

Luckily since the middle of the last century, farmers have been

no longer compelled to rely on ashes as a source of potash, but

have come to adopt in their stead almost universally what are

known as the German or Stassfurt potash salts.

These salts are mined in Stassfurt in northern Germany, in the

province of Saxony. They were discovered by the Prussian gov-

ernment while boring for rock salt about the year 1857. At fir t

they were considered worthless, but soon the great Chemist L ie-

big began publishing his discoveries concerning plant growth and

nutrition, showing potash to be an essential and much-needed

element in the growth and development of plants. This led to

the development of the potash mines, and the utilization for agri-

culture of the precious salts contained in them. The first potash

salt works for the manufacture and sale of the potash salts wa

established in Stassfurt in 1862. Some of the crude ores are

suited for agricultural use just as they are dug from the mine ,

and are known as kainit, carnallite, sylvinit. The kainit contain

on an average of about twelve and a half per cent. of potash, the

carnallite about fen per cent., and the sylvinit sixteen per cent.

of potash. As there is a great demand for these products all over

the world, and the freightage to long distances is quite an item,

it became desirable to concentrate the potash in these natural

products as much as possible, so as to avoid the cost of tran por-

tation on the salts contained in them useless to agriculture.

The great factories of the "German Kali Works" now prepare

from the crude kainit, carnallite and sylvinit, muriates of potash

containing forty-five per cent., fifty per cent. and fifty-fi ve per cent. of actual potash, also sulphates of potash containing from

,.

forty-eight to fifty-two per cent of actual potash, also what i

known as "do11l~le manure salts," with twenty-six per cent. of

BULLETIN NO. 39

197

potash. A complete analysis of all these vari<?us pro~ucts and

s ome others will be found on another page of this bulletm.

These deposits are practically inexhaustible in qi.tantity and

will supply the agricultural world for many years "to come. Should

they ever become exhausted doubtless new discoveries will be

made, and if not, potash could doubtless be obtained, though of

course at greater cost, from such waters as those of the "Dead

Sea." There need, therefore, be no fear of the supply running

short. Having now g!ven you a brief account of the different

raw materials used in the manufacture of "guano," or commer-

cial fertilizers, we will next consider the methods in use by the

manufact,urers for converting these raw materials into finished

vroducts.

.

'tHE ACID PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY-D:ESCRIPTION OF PROCESS OF
MANUFACTURE.
The foundation of the great modern industry of commercial fertilizers is the manufacture of superphosphate, or as it is more generally known in this country of acid phosphate of lime. The materials necessary for this manufacture are sulphuric acid and phosphate rock. The plant required for the manufacture of sulphuric acid is a costly one, and the process is somewhat complicated. Either brimstone from Sicily, or pyrites, which is .a compound of sulphur and iron, some of which is imported from Spain and some produced from mines in this country, are the raw materials used in the manufacture.
The brimstone or pyrites are burned in specially constructed burners, and the sulphurous gases which result from the burning .are caused to mix with nitrous gases produced from nitrate of soda, and drawn into great towers made of lead and packed with flihts; thence they are drawn into immense leaden chambers or rooms, usually three in a row connected together. In these chambers the sulphurous and nitrous gases are mixed with steam, and .condensed into sulphuric acid, which falls in rain on the floors of the leaden chambers. It is necessary to coristruct these chambers of lead, because almost any other material would be destroyed .and eaten out by the action of this corrosive acid.
The phosphate rock is hauled to the factory, usually a building located alongside the sulphuric acid chambers, it is there thrown into crushers which break it into small pieces; thence conveyed to the grinding machinery, either steel mills or buhrstones, where it is pulverized into a fine meal or flour. You would naturally .ask at this point, why not use this fine phosphate meal directly

198

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

on the soil, without mixing it with the caustic corrosive sulphuric

acid? It is simply because this meal is of a rocky nature and only

dissolves with difficulty in the soil waters, and as we have seen

plants require their food to be easily soluble in water, so that the

roots can suck it in. The phosphate rock meal, no matter how

finely ground, dissolves only to a very limited extent in water, amr

it is necessary to so treat it as to liberate the rock-bound phos-

phoric acid; and render it soluble in water. . Hence the necessity

for the sulphuric acid.



The phosphate meal (say it is from South Carolina rock, and

contains twenty-eight per cent. of phosphoric acid, combined with

lime to form sixty-one per cent. of bone phosphate of lime) is first

weighed, and we will take say one thousand pounds of it, and

dump it into a circular cast-iron mixer, into which has already

been introduced one thousand pounds of sulphuric acid of the

proper strength.

The acid and meal are now thoroughly mixed together by ma-

chinery in the iron pan. The mixture becomes very hot, the

strong sulphuric acid attacks the lime combined with the phos-

phoric acid of the phosphate meal with amazing and furious en-

ergy and appropriates to itself the greater part of the lime i111

the form of sulphate of lime, gypsum or land-plaster, and liber-

ates at. the same moment the phosphoric acid, which is only al -

lowed to retain its hold on a small part of the lime, with which it

was first combined.

This smaller portion of lime and the phosphoric' acid with

which it is combined is what the chemists call mono-calcic-phos-

phate, or superphosphate of lime. It is also known as the acid

phosphate of lime. This acid phosphate of lime, or superphos-

phate, is soluble in water; we have, therefore, accomplished what

we set out to do, rendered the phosphoric acid soluble. This dis-

covery was made by the great chemist Liebig, who thus put the-

entire world in his debt, laying the foundations of the great fer-

tilizer industry, and rendering an inestimable boon to modern

agriculture.

LET'fER NO. TEN.
VIOLENT REACTION IN THE MIXER, NATURE oF Acm
PHOSPHATE.

We will now go back to the mixture which we left in the ironmixer and study it a little further. As we saw the chemical eri-

BU LLETI N . KO. 39

199

ergy of the acti on of the sulphuri c acid upon the phosphate meal was prodigi ous, steam and hot stifling gases are expelle I from the mi x ture, and fin a.Jl y the semi-liquid mass is dumped into an iron car, run out upon a track, built far above a deep den or pit, the car is tilted and the mass precipitated to the bottom of the pit; this operati on is repeated many times, until the den or pit contains hundreds of tons of aci d phosphate. The mass lying . in the pit g radually becomes dri er and drier, owing to the escape of steam, and also to the absorpti on of some of the water in cry tal form by the sulph ate of lime or land-plaster which has been fo rmed.
This water which escapes as steam, and which is absorbed as crystal water, came from the sulphuric acid with whi ch it was mixed. The sulphuric acid used in the manufacture is usually what is known as (so) fifty acid, or fifty degree Beaume acid, and contains about fifty-five per cent. of real sulphuric acid, the other forty-five per cent. being water. A fter the semi-liquid mass has remained for a few days in the pile, it is dry enough to be handled, and on di gg ing into it we find it to be of a porous honeycombed structure, crumbling easily between the fingers. If the acid phosphate is allowed to remain for a still longer time, still more water dries out from it, and it becomes hard and lumpy, and requires to be broken up in a di sintegrating machine, before it can be manipulated or sacked.
But no matter how dry it becomes it readily di ssolves when placed in water, the water at once acquiring an acid taste. This acid taste is due, not .to the sulphuric acid from which it was made, but to the mono-calcic phosphate, or acid phosphate, or superphosphate of lime, which was produced by the splitting up of the phosphate rock by the sulphuric acid. This phosphoric acid is called the soluble or water-soluble phosphoric acid. In a well-made superphosphate there is no longer a particle of sulphuric acid remaining as such. Its powerful caustic and corrosive properties have been absolutel y killed or neutralized by the lime of the phosphate rock. A wonderful transformation has been effected. \Ve started with powdered phosphate rock and dilute sulphuric acid; in the material which we have produced from them there is neither phosphate rock nor sulphuric acid, but we have a mixture of a little free phosphoric acid, of mono-calcic phosphate, of sulphate of lime or land-plaster, a little water and a little sand, and a few other impurities, such as were found in the phosphate rock to begin with.
The phosphoric acid, the mono-calcic phosphate, and the sulphate of lime are now harmless, soluble in the soil waters, and ready for appropriati on as food by the rootlets of the plant.

.

200

GEORGIA DEPAR'fMENT OF AGRICUL'I'URE.

WHAT INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS.

In practice the compos ition of the material will vary somewhat

from .what I have just described; for instance there will usually

be present a small percentage of what is known as "insoluble

phosphoric acid." This expression refers to a little phosphate

r ock which escaped the acti on of the sulphuric acid, because it is

safe r to use a little less sulphuric acid than is required for all the

phosphate rock, than to run the ri sk of getting too much of this

caustic and corrosive liquid, and thus spoi l the m ixture. Thus,

if on studying the analys is of an acid phosphate or other fertilizer,

you see that it contains one per cent. of "insoluble phosphoric

acid," that means to say that the fertilizer contains two and eight-

een-hundredths per cent. of pure phosphate rock that the sul-

phuric acid never touched, because the manufacturer didn't put

enough sulphuric acid in the mixture to eat up thi s two per cent.

of phosphate rock, and convert it into superphosphate and land-

plaster.



This insoluble phosphoric acid, however, is not lost, because,

whi le it is not soluble so that the plant may take it up at once, it

still remains in the soil, and doubtless becomes acted on in the

course of time by the soil waters, and eventually appropriated as

plant food. There is also another constituent of an acid phos-

phate which I did not mention during the first description of the

process of manufacture, so as to avoid confusing you by crowd-

ing too many names and facts together, and that is that in most

acid phosphates there are present small percentages of what is

known as "reverted phosphoric acid."

WHAT REVERTED PHOSPHORIC ACID IS.

Reverted phosphoric acid is that phosphoric acid which has reverted or gone back from a condition soluble in water to one which is insoluble in water. For instance, an acid phosphate may be analyzed shortly after making and found to contain say foLir.teen per cent. of water-soluble phosphoric acid; after standing for a month it might be analyzed again and found to contain only twelve per cent. of water-soluble phosphoric acid, having lost two per cent. of the phosphoric aci'd soluble in water.. On examination it is found that this two per cent. has reverted or changed from a condition soluble in pure cold water to a qmdition in which it will not dissolve in wate r, but will di ssolve in a solution

.BULLETIN NO. 39

201

111ade to imitate tbe water of the soil. It is, therefore, regarded :a being avai1ab1e for the use and growth of the plant.
WHAT AVAILABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS.
W hen, therefore, you see in our analysis of a commercial fert ilizer the expression "available phosphoric acid" used, you may kn ow that it means the percentages of water-soluble phosphoric :acid and reverted phosphoric acid added together, and their sum i called the "available phosphoric acid." Usually the percentage of reverted phosphoric acid in an acid phosphate is small, ranging generally from one to three per cent. I have now described t o you in a brief way the principal materials which enter into the Jnan ufactm:e of comm.erci-ail fertilizers.

'LET'l'ER NO. ELEVEN.
''1'-HE MANUI~AC'l'.URE .oF CoMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
Havin-g your materia1s, it now remains to make a complete fert ilizer, or "guano," as it is popularly called. It is not really a :guano, this name properly belonging to the deposits of sea-bird dung and decayed sea-birds found on the rainless islands in the Pacific ocean off the coast of South America, and known as Peru-yian guano. This material was extensively used both in Europe .and America some twenty-five or thirty years ago, but it is now .comparatively scarce and rarely offered for sale. The Peruvian :o-uano was rich in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, making a .complete fertilizer; hence the name guano came to be applied to :t he complete artificial fertilizer made by simply mixing together :ingredients rich in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash.
The artificial mixture has this advantage over the natural, that 1t i easy to make a mixture to suit the requirements of any soil Or crop, rich in phosphoric aci d and poor in potash, or rich in pot.a h and nitrogen and poor in phosphoric acid, or any other combination which might be desired. Suppose a manufacturer wants tc make a complete fertilizer containing eight per cent. available pho phoric acid, two per cent. nitrogen and two per cent. of pota . h, and that he has acid phosphate, cottonseed-meal, and kainit to make the goods from, how does he go about it? He first sends

202

GEORGIA DEPAR'l'MENT OF AGRICULTURE.

samples of all these materials to a chemist and has them analyzed-~ The chemist reports that he finds the acid phosphate to contain-
fourteen per cent. of available phosphoric acid, that the cottonseed-meai contains six and a half per cent. of nitrogen, two and a half per cent. of phosphoric acid, and one and a half per cent. of potash, and that the kainit contains twelve and a half per cent. of potash. With these data to go by the manufacturer, after some figuring, calculates that he can make the goods he wants by taking:
roso pounds of the acid phosphate 650 pounds of the c. s. meal 300 pounds of the kainit.
2000 pounds.
So he has this formufa made up, perhaps five hundred tons of it, by having all these materials thoroughly mixed in the above proportions, passing them through his disintegrators, screens and other machinery, until he feels satisfied a complete mixture has been effected. Then to be sure everything is right, he has another sample drawn from the mixed goods and sent to the chenrist for analysis, who, if the mixture has been properly made,. ought to report an analysis as follows:
Available phosphoric acid .............. 8.I6 per cent Nitrogen .. . .... . ......... . ...... 2. I I per cent Potash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2.36 per cent
Suppose now the manufacturer is called upon by a peach-growt!r, who has found that he needs a large quantity of phosphoric acid and potash for his crop, to make him up a goods guaranteed to analyze ten per cent. available phosphoric acid, three and a half per cent. of nitrogen and seven and a half per cent. of potash. The manufacturer soon sees by a little figuring that he can not make this goods up with the materials he has on hand, but must go into the market and buy higher grade materials. He finds he can not make out of South Carolina rock an acid phosphate high enough for his requirements, but must buy some Tennessee rock. He does so, and after .making it up into acid phosphate finds that it analyzes seventeen per cent. available phosphoric acid; he also buys some muriate of potash, analyzing fifty per cent. of potash, and some sulphate of ammonia, analyzing twenty and six-tentl~s per cent. of nitrogen. Having these data he calculates the following formula :

BULLETIN NO. 39

203

I 7 per cent acid phosphate . . . . .. ... ... I ,200 pounds Muriate of potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 pounds Sulphate of ammonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 pounds Cottonseed-meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 pounds

2,000 pounds

After thorough mixing and manipulation in the factory as be- fore, he sends a sample of the well-mixed goods to his chemist,. and receives an analysis like this:

Available phosphoric acid ..... . .. . ... 10-45 per cent
Nitrogen ..................... . 374 per cent
Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.65 per cent

which makes him feel satisfied, as he has guaranteed to make fo r his customer a complete fertilizer containing

Available phosphoric acid .......... .. . 10 per cent
Nitrogen . .... . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . .. .. 35 per cent
Potash .. .... . ........ . .... . .. . . 75 per cent

and he finds that he has done this, with a srriall margin to spare. Now I am in receipt of questions from several farmers who study the analyses in the bulletins, wanting to know what it is that makes up the balance of the one hundred per cent. in the analysisof a fertilizer like the one first given which contains:

Available phosphoric acid . . . .. . . . . ... 8. I6 per cent

Nitrogen.. . . .

2. I I per cent

Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.36 per cent

I2.63 per cent

WHAT MAKES TH~ HUNDRED PER CENT. IN THE ANALYSIS oF FERTILIZERS.
They write and say, here you have a total of twelve and sixty- three hundredths per cent., what is the balance of eighty-seven and thirty-seven hundredths per cent.? We don't understand it,. and we want to know what this big balance consists of. Now, . there are two ways of answering this question; the first is by giving you the formula according to which the goods were made, which was, as you remember, one thousand and fifty pounds of fourteen per cent. acid phosphate, six hundred and fifty pounds of cottonseed-meal containing six and a half per cent. of nitrogen, and three hundred pounds of kainit containing twelve and a half
,

204

GEORGIA DEPARTMEN 'f OF ACiUCUL'fUR~.

per cent. of potash. Therefore the goods in question will be foun d, on reducing these quantities to percentages to be composed .as follows:

Acid phosphate ......... . . . ..... . . . 52.5 per cent

Cottonseed-meal ..

32 . 5 per cent

Kainit ... .. . ... ..... ... ... .

IS .o per cent

IOO. o per cent
There you have your IOO per cent., and this is the mixture whi ch gave the analysis of 8. I 6 per cent. available phosphoric .acid, 2. I I per cent. nitrogen, and 2.36 per cent. of potash.
There is another way of answering the questions of those who want to know what constitutes the eighty-seven and thirty-seven one-hundredths per cent. That way would be to make a laborious :and costly analysis in detail of all the various ingredients found in the acid phosphate, the cottonseed-meal, and the kainit. That .ani\lys is, when completed, would only gratify your curiosity, because the essential elements, which alone are of practical interest, the available phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, have already .been given. I have, however, made a complete ali.alysis of a fertilizer, not the particular one we. have been discussing, but one very similar to it, made from South Carolina acid phosphate, cot-.tonseed-meal and kainit. I give you below a copy of this analysis, which you will see adds up the full one hundred per cent.

C0:.\1PLETE AN .-\.LYSIS OF A OOMt\IERCIAL "GUANO" OR

FERTILIZER.

P er Cmt .

(n ) Mono-Calcic, or Super-Phosphate of Lime . .. .. ........ . 9 .52

II~ (b) ~i-_Calci~, or R eve rted Phosphate o~ Lime .. . . . . . ... . . . . . 3 .02

,J) (c) 1 n-CalciC, o r Bone-Phosphate of Lune . ... . .......... . . 1. $19

~

Sulphate of Lime , or Gypsum, or Land-Plaster .. . ... . . . 24 60

;: I~

{ Sulphate of Potash ... .. .. ...... .. . .. .. . . . .... . ...... .. . 3 . 19

(d) Muriate of Pota sh ... ..... . .... . . .... .... . . . . _. . ....... . 0 30

~

Potash, or Potassium Oxide (K,O) .. .. . .. . ............. 0.56

~

Soda, or Sodium Oxide .. .. . . . .... . . . ....... . . . . ....... . . 0 .29

~ ~

Common Salt, or Sodium- Chloride ... . . ... ........ . . . .'.' 5 .4 1

Epsom Salts. or Magnesium Sulphate.. . . . .... . . ...... . . . 4.14

; II~
-~

Magnesia, or Magnesium Oxide . ...................... . . 0 .41 Magne:sium Ch loride.... . ..... .. .. . . . . ... . . ... .... .. . . . 1.86 Pyrites, or Bisulphide of Iron .. . ... .. . ..... . .. ...... . . . . 0 .40

Ibll
~

P e roxide of Iron . ......... .. . . . .. .... .. . . ... . ... . ...... . 0 .63 Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _.. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . 0 .64

~

Fluoride of Lime. .... . ...... . .... . ... .. . . .............. . 0 39

Sand, or In soluble Silicious Matter .. .. ... . . . ... . .. . .... . 5 .87

l

Water ... . ... . ... . ... .. ........ ... ..... ...... ..... .... . !1.33

.o-~ ~] b.O ... ~

~ ~ gf-:;

~}(
~

e)

a!~~~~nyd~~t~
Fat or Oil .. ..

~
.

(~~ci{
......

;;s~t~~~h~
.. . . ... . ..

s-~g~~
. . . ...

-~ ~d-g~;~ ):
. ..... .....

:
.

13 .20 S. li
C~7

o S>:C

Fibre . ... . .. . ....... . .... ..... .. .... .. ....... .. li7

100 .00

BULLETIN NO. 39

205 .

%
(a) Contains water, Solubl e Phosphoric Acid .... ... ... .'}. 78 (b) Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . 1. 5!l

(a) and (b! Contain Available Phosphoric Acid . . . . . .... i. 36 (c) Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . 0 .91

Total Phosphoric Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. '!.7 (d) ( !on t ains actual Potash, 2.45 per cent. (e) Contains Nitrogen, '!. . II pe r cent.
I
Here also is given a complete analysis of an "Acid Phosphate,.

ot "Superphosphate " made from South Carolin a ro ck :

P e1 Cl' nt.

(a) Mono-Calcic, or Supe r-Phosphate of I,ime . .. . . ... ... .

18. 13

(b) Di-Calcic , or R e ve rted-Phosphate of Lime ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5 75

(c) Tri-Ca 'cic, or Bone Phos phate of Lime . . .. . . . .. . . . ... .. . . .. . 3 .80

Sulphate of Lime, or Gyps um , or Land-Pia te r ........ . . . . . . . 46 .05

Potash . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . ............ . . . .... .... . . ... .. .. . . . 0 . 12

Soda .. ... .. .. ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . ... ... . . .... . .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . 0 38

Sodium Chloride . . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . ... .. ... . . . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . o .o~ .

Bi -sulphide of Iron or Pyrites . . . . .. .. . ... . .. ... . ... . .. . . . . . . . 0 . 74

Magnesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .. . . .. . .. . .

0 . ].!

P e roxide of Iron ... .. . . . . . . .

. . . .. .. . .... .. . . . . ...... .. . 1.1 0

Alum in a . . . .... . . . .... . ..... ' ... . . . . . .... . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . 1 .2'!. "

Fluorid e of Lime .... .. .. . .. ..... . ... .. ... .. . .. .... . . . .. .. . . . 0. 75

Sand or Silic ious In soluble Matte r ... ... . .. . ... . . .. . . ... . .. .. . 9 .20

Wate r . . . ... . . ..... . . . . . .. . . .. . .. ... . .. ... . ... . . ........ . . .. . 12.50

%
(a) Contain s wa ter, Solubl e Phosphoric Acirl ........ . .. . 11 .00 ( b) Con tain s Reverted Phos phoric Acid .. . . ......... . . .. . 3 . 00

100.00.

(a ) and (b) Conta in available Phosphoric Acid ... ... . : . . 14 .011 (c ) Contains Insoluble Phos phori c A c id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 7-!

Total Phosphoric Acid . ..... .. . .. . . .. . ... . .. . . . . .... 15.7-i

LETTER NO. TWELVE.
FuLL ExPLANATION oF THE PRECEDING ANALYSI S AND OF T HE. SUBJECT OF "FILLERS."
In this analysis of the complete fertilizer, the mono-calcic or superphosphate of lime given at 9.52 per cent. contains 5.78 per cent. of water-soluble phosphoric acid. That is to say, in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer, there are nine and fifty-two hundredths pounds of superphosphate of lime, which di ssolves readily in water, and of this amount five and seventy-eight hundredths.

206

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

1)0tmds are pure phosphoric acid. In like manner the fertilizer contains in one hundred pounds 3.02 pounds of reverted phosphate of lime, and of thi s amount one and fifty-eight hundredths .pounds are pure phosphoric acid, not readity sqluble in water, but \rhich does dissolve slowly in the soil and soil-water. This is .also sometimes called "ci trate-soluble" phosphoric acid, because it dissolves in a solution of citrate of ammonia made to imitate the acti on of soil water. The water-soluble phosphoric acid or 5.78 pound s, and the reverted phosphoric acid, or 1.58 pounds, .are added together, making 7.36 pounds, and their sum is called the avai lable phosphoric acid, being considered as available for the use of the plant.
nder the "reverted" phosphate of lime you will see in the .analysis there are 1.99 pounds of tri-calcic phosphate, or as it is usually called, "bone-phosphate" of lime. Of this amount (0.91)
.ninety-one hundredths of a pound is pure phosphoric acid, but it is in the form of tri-calcic phosphate, and will not dissolve in pure \\ater or in the soil-water, and it is therefore called the "insoluble" phosphoric acid. It i sometimes also called the "acid" solu:ble phosphoric acid because, when the chemist analyzes it, he uses strong acid to dissolve it. The "available" phosphoric acid and the ''insoluble" phosphoric acid added together make what is .called the " total" phosphoric acid, or all the phosphoric acid there is in the fertilizer.

\'.\I,UABLE QUALI'l'IES OF 'l' I-U; GYPSUM FOUND IN FERTILIZERS.
Referring back to the analysis, under the item tri- or bone1Jhosphate, you will find that the fertilizer also contains twentyfour and six-tenths pounds of sulphate of lime or gypsum or land:plaster, which are all different names for one and the same thing. -.Gypsum is a good fertilizer of itself, and has a special action of its owri in the soil, breaking up the potash-yielding silicates in .clay soils and bringing the potash into a soluble form as sulphate .of potash. This gypsum, as has been remarked, was formed when the sulphuric acid was mixed with the powdered phosphate -rock, and it is now held a prisoner by the lime in such a way that it has lost all of its former caustic and corrosive qualities, and .can do no harm but only good in the soil.
Under the item of gypsum we find 3.19 pounds of sulphate of j)Otash; this ca~e out of the kainit used in making the fertilizer, ..an'd it contains one and seven-tenths pounds of actual potash ~K20) . Under this item you find three-tenths of a pound of

BULLETIN NO. 39

207

:muriate of potash, which also came out of the kainit, and this -contains o. I9 of a pound of actual potash ; un de r this item again you find 0.56 of a pound of actual potash . This ca me out of the -cottonseed-meal. Addi ng the three actual potash items together, they amount to two and forty-five hundredths per cent. (2-45) or .pounds per hundred. Lastly, look further clown the line till you -come to th e item protein. You already know all about protein, -as I have written yon so much about it in previous letters. This thirteen and two-tenths pounds of protein contai ns two and eleven ~hundredth s (2. I I) pounds of nitrogen. Now, when the State De.Partment of Agriculture analyzes a fe rtili zer, it does not make such an ana lys is as this, because it would be too laborious, too costly, and would really do no practical good; so they go at once into the meat of it and analyze the fertilizer for its ava il able phosph ori c acid, its nitrogen and potash, and calcul ate its value from these th ree ingredients.
The analysis of such a ferti lizer as we have been discussing '\voul d appea r in the annu al Bull etin in this form :
Ava ilable pho phoric acid ... . .... .... 7 . 36 per cent In oluble phosphori c acid. . . . . . . . . . . . o. 9I per cent
itrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. I I per cent Potash (K20) . . . . .. .. ...... ...... 2.45 per cent
I 2. 83 per cent
As you see, this analysis only foots up twelve and eighty-three J1tmdredth s pounds per hundred. You need no longer ask what .constitutes the other eighty-seven and seventeen hundredths ;poun ds. A ll thi s extra 87.I7 per cent. is "fill er, " filler put in by ;nature and not by man.

ALL ABOUT u FILLERS."
!In this connection we may profitably say a few words in regard :to "fillers." A "filler" may be defined as being any substance put it1to a fertilizer, or existing there naturally, which is not phos)horic acid, nitrogen or potash. Fillers are of two kinds, natural .and artificiaL , I have just given you an instance of a natural "filler," in the complete analysis of the fertilizer niade out of acid ;phosphate, cottonseed meal and kainit, and in this mixture only twel ve and eighty..:three'hundredths pounds per hundred consisted o f phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash; the rest was all filler, l)ttt there by nature in the original making of these materials. It

208

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

i!! true man did put in some sulphuric acid, but that was necessary:to make phosphoric acid available or soluble, so it can scarcely be: considered as an artificial filler.
The artificial "filler" is the filler put in by man for the purpo e of reducing the total percentage of plant food in a fertilizer. Thematerials used as artificial "fillers" are numerous; they may besand, powdered cinders, graphitic slate, shale, pyrites cinder,. marl, gypsum, etc. All of them are practically without any value as ferti lizers; how is it, then, you inquire, that such substances can be put into our ferti lizers, if we have an efficient inspecti n by the Department of Agriculture? I will explain to you how that is. Suppose that a manufacturer, instead of having on hand only South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed meal and ka ini t when you call on him for an 8-2-2 goods, has on hand some of the highest grade materials known to the trade.
He has, say, acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida rock, which contains twenty per cen t. of available phosphori ~ acid; also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent. of nitrogen, dr ied blood with fourteen per c;:ent. nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia with twenty per cent. nitrogen, muriate of potash with fifty per cent. of potash; with these materials on hand he receives your order for a fertilizer, guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant food as the law will permit, viz.: twelve per cent., made up of eight per cent. available phosphoric acid, two per cent. nitrogen, two per cent. potash. Considering the materials he has on hand,. he figures out this formu la:
825 pounds of 20 per cent. acid phosphate. 2I5 pounds of I4 per cent. dried blood.
75 pounds of 16 per cent. nitrate of soda .
so 85 pounds of per cent. muriate of pota h.
I ,200 pounds.
Now, in this 1,200 pounds of high-grade materials he has all: the plant food you called for, with a small margin for safety: Yun called for eight per cent. of a ton in available phosphoric acid 01one hundred and sixty pounds, and in his 825 pounds of twent)r per cent. acid phosphate he has given you one hun'dred and sixtyfive pounds of available phosphoric acid; you called for two per cent. of a ton, or forty pounds of nitrogen, and 'in his 215 pound . oi dried blood, containing fourteen per cent. nitrogen and seventy-five pounds nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent. of nitrogen,
he has given you forty-two and one-tenth pounds of nitrogen . In'

BULLETIN NO. 39

20 9

like manner you called for forty pounds of potash, and in eightyfi ve pounds of fifty per cent. muriate of potash he has given you forty-two and a half pounds of actual potash. Now, the best thing, both for you and the manufacturer, the cheapest thing for b th of you, would be for him to send you that twelve hundred pounds put up in six sacks, which upon inspection and analysis would show :
Available phosphoric_ acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I3.75 per cent. Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50 per cent. P otash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 per cent.
But no, you won't have it that way, you must have a ton, ten sacks of 8-2-2; so the manufacturer rather than enter upon a campaign of education with all of his customers, obligingly freights into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate mined some hundred miles away, utterly worthless as fertilizer, and mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer, making one ton. This mixture on inspection and analysis shows:
Availab.le phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 8.25 per cent. Nitrogen . .......... . .... . .... . . . .. .. 2.Io per cent. Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 2. I2 per cent.

A MALL QUAN'riTY 01" HIGH GRADE F ERTILIZER BETTER THAN A
LARGE QUA N 'l'ITY OF LOWER GRADE.
Now, suppose you had exercised a little common sense and b ught the six sacks, analyzing I3.75, 3.50 and 354, you would have been saved the cost of mining, pulverizing and freighting of the artificial "filler" to the factory, and the freight on four sack of it from the factory to your railroad station, and the wear and tear on your mules hauling that ex tra eight hundred pounds ten miles to the farm . Wouldn't it have been much better to have bought the six sacks, and when you got home, if you wanted it in the proportion of 8-2-2, which is a good proportion, to have mixed up the six sacks yourself with wood's earth, or compost, or even sand, before distributing? I think I hear you say, well, that's true, but why don't you fix the law and raise the grade so these fellows can't put in all. this artificial "filler."
My dear frien d, there never yet was, and there never will be, a Jaw framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social and in ustrial problem, or which will compensate for the failure to
Hab

210

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Or' AGRICULTURE.

exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citizen. Think for a moment, suppose we should pass a law making it impossible to use any artificial "fillers" in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers, by raising the grade to a very high point. Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this great industry, and cut short the cotton crop of the State, since we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed meal and kainit and a number of other good materials of similar grade, and thus at once raise the price of the high-grade materials to an unheard-of degree by greatly increasing the demand for them ?
No, the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in every particular by the Commissioners of Agriculture of the various States, aided and advised by those best qualified by experience and training to understand the matter in all of its details, and the 1esult of their deliberations is embodied in the new Georgia fertilizer law printed in this bulletin. This law raises the grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plant food of ten per cent, minimum under the old law to twelve per cent. minimum, and protects the farmer in every way that a good and just law can protect him. It will give him the highest grade of fertil izers he has ever bought, it will protect him against fraud, it will guarantee that he gets every pound of fertilizing value that he pays for; in fine, it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute books of any State, but even such a law can not prevent the use of ''fillers."
Only education on the part of th~ farmer, and a demand on his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use of "fillers." When you and your brother farmers study the percentages of plant food in a fertilizer, and prefer to buy five or six sacks of a high grade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods containing only the same quantity of actual plant food, then there will be no more "filler" .put into high-grade fertilizer materials, but the capital of the manufacturer, and the skill of the chemist will be exerted in the effort to take out of the present low-grade fertilizer materials as much as possible of the "filler," which God and nature have put there. Yours truly,
]No. M. McCANDLESS,
State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 39

211

RATIONS FOR HORSES AND MULES AT LIGHT, AVERAGE AND HARD WORK.

S. P. Mattox, of Elberton, Ga., writes, asking for some formu1as for feeding mules and horses, observing, very correctly, that a 1nule or horse fed on hay and corn the year round will eat his head o ff. Yes, this is a very important matter, especially in view of the high price of grain, corn and oats this year. When the Georgi a farmer has failed to raise suffiCient corn for his mules, the cost of feeding his work stock, where he has to buy Western com at ruling high prices, must make a ruinous inroad on the net sum he l1as received for his cotton crop. I have, therefore, calculated the following rations for mules and horses at work, and at rest, using .as far as possible, other nutrients than corn, and reducing the cost of feeding materially. I have given rations for a mule at light, at average work, and at hard work, as it is a great waste of ])rovender to feed the same quantities under all conditions.
Rations for mules and horses of r,ooo pounds weight, per day.
For horse or mule at light work:
IO pounds pea-vine hay. IO pounds corn and cob meal.
Nutritive ratio I :6.9.
Ration for average work :
IO pounds pea-vine hay. IO pounds corn and cob meal. 3 pounds wheat bran.
utritive ratio I :6-4.
l{ation for hard work:
IO pounds pea-vine hay. ro pounds corn and cob meal. ro pounds wheat bran.
Nutritive ratio I :s.s.
Ration for light work:
IO pounds corn-stover. ro pounds oats. 3 pounds peameal.
Nutritive ratio r :6.8.

212

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

Ration for average work:
IO pounds corn-stover. IO pounds oats. 5 pounds peameal.
Nutritive ratio I :6.
Ration for hard work :
ro pounds corn-stover. ro pounds oats.. ro pounds peameal.
Nutritive ratio I :5.6.

COTTONSEED MEAL RATIONS FOR HORSES AND
MULES.
The above rations can be substituted for corn when the latter i high, and are much better balanced, as regards their nutritive ratio, than the average ration of corn and fodder fed to work stock. Many farmers feed their stock 20 pounds of shelled corn and ro pounds of fodder (blades), and think they are feeding them in the best manner. As a matter of fact the poor mule gets out of this ration only two pounds of protein, when he should, at hard work, have nearly three; and gets over nineteen pounds of carbohydrate , when a rational standard of feeding would only call for about thirteen. The nutritive ratio of the corn and fodder ration being I :9.6, when it shou ld approximate I :5.4. In bulletin 36, page 51 , season of r899-I900, after comparing, cottonseed meal with corn, as to their feeding value, and showing the great superiority of the cottonseed meal, I made this remark: "In the light of these important facts it strikes me as being astonishing that no experiments appear to have been made to see whether horses and mules will not eat cottonseed tueal and cottonseed hulls, one or both; and if not voluntarily, whether they could be grad ually trained to do so by mixing them gradually and by slowly increasing degrees, with corn and oats and hay." Since then I have heard of some isolated cases, where the cottonseed meal ration has been used successfully, and as there is no apparen t reason why it can not, I ask the Georgia farmers to try some of the following rations, being careful to use only a good quality of

BULLETIN NO. 39

213

cottonseed meal, avoiding the use of any clark-colored, damaged or musty meal.
Ration for light work:
1 2~ pounds mixed hay. 8 pounds ground corn and oats, equal parts. I pound bright, fresh cottonseed meal. Nutritive ratio I :6.7.
Ration for average work:
I2~ pounds mixed hay. 10 pounds corn and cob meal. 2 ~ pounds bright, fresh cottonseed meal.
Nutritive ratio I :6.5.
Ration for hard work:
12~ pounds mixed hay. I o pounds corn and cob meal. 4~ pounds bright cottonseed meal.
Nutritive ratio I :s.
Mix in thoroughly with the corn al1cl cob meal, and if not t horoughly relished, try mixing in a little fine salt. I would be glad to have reports from any who may try the cottonseed meal ration as to their success.

FERTILIZING FOR COWPEAS.

VA L UABLE INFORMATION ABOUT COWPEAS, PLANTING, F:ERTILIZING, SAVING AND CURING THE HAY, ETC.-EXTRACTED FROM A BULLETIN BY TH:E SOUTH:ERN PINES EXPERIMENT STATION, NORTH CAROLINA.
Cowpeas are so commonly recomm~ncled for green manuring t hat the impressiQn prevails that the growing plant itself needs no fertilizer. This is a mistake, and often a serious one; the more it is feel the more food it will store up for the crop which follows. It is true the cowpea has power to draw nitrogen from the air, and .use it for its own growth, but for every pound of nitrogen thus

214

GEORGIA DEPAR'I' MEN'l' OF AGRICULTURE.

absorbed, more than a pound of potash and considerable phosphoric acid must also be taken up; the latter two ingredients do not exist in the air, so they must be supplied artificially. The nitrogen absorbed by the cowpea plant enters into and forms a part of the entire living plant and dry stubble, but can not be made from nitrogen alone; not one atom of nitrogen can be assimilated unless there are also present certain amounts of potash and phosphoric acid. The growing cowpea must get its potash and phosphoric acid just as cotton, just as corn, just as every other growing plant gets them-from the soil to which they must be applied in the shape of a fertilizer. No plant growth whatever is possible when potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen are not present and available, and no over-supply of one plant food element can compensate for the absence or scarcity of another. Each must be present and in the proper proportion, otherwise there can not be a full growth. While cowpeas do have the property of drawing nitrogen from the air, nevertheless, a certain amount of this ingredient is required in the soil in which they grow and must be artificially supplied, if not already present. The cowpea plant begins to take up atmospheric nitrogen when its leaves develop, and on poor soils, before this stage is reached, the young plants generally suffer from the lack of nitrogen. This poverty of ni-
trogen is indicated by a yeUowish leaf, absence of vigor in the plant, and a general sickly appearance; an application of about seventy-five pounds of nitrate of soda per acre quickly remedies the trouble.
While an artificial application of nitrogen is regulated by the cir-
cumstances described, there are no such conditions affecting potash and phosphoric acid. Experiments at the Louisiana Experiment Station show that one acre of average cowpeas contains sixty-
five pounds of nitrogen, one hundred and eleven pounds of potash and twenty pounds of phosphoric acid; of this the roots and stubble alone contain eight pounds of nitrogen, eighteen pounds of potash and five pounds of phosphoric acid. These figures vary,. of course, with different yields, but the range of variation is not wide and only serves to bring out clearly and boldly the fact that with every pound of nitrogen, a certain amount of potash and phosphoric acid is also assimilated by cowpeas. These weights do not fix absolutely the amount of plant food needed by cowpeas, but they do suggest approximately and relatively what the crop draws from the soil and what even the least worn fields ought to have returned to them in the shape of plant food to prevent the soil from gradually losing its fertility. Let it be careful-

BULLETIN NO. 39

215

ly noted, however, that there is, of necessity, some waste in the application of fertilizers; that not all the plant food given a soil can be gathered up and realized upon in crops. There is a loss in operation in the soil, just as there is in a machine or in applying any other chemical or mechanical force, natural or otherwise. With ordinary fertilizers, this loss in potash has been roughly estimated at about one-third; in phosphoric acid, not less than one-half. Therefore, the actual amount of potash and phosphoric acid to be provided to enable cowpeas to take up and assimilate sixty-five pounds of.nitrogen, is about 167 pounds of actual potash and forty pounds of phosphoric acid (equivalent to 334 pounds of muriate of potash and 300 pounds acid phosphate) .. This is not given here as a fertilizer formula for cowpeas, but merely to show what an acre of the crop must actually have.
As already stated, and now repeated and emphasized, plant
growth can take place only when all three of the necessary constituents are present in sufficient quantities and in an available condition. The moment the supply of any one of these essential constituents is exhausted normal growth stops and there can
not be a full crop. After the cowpea has developed a few leaves, and so long as the plant can continue to take up all of the potash and phosphoric acid required, it will in turn get all the nitrogen it needs from the air. If, however, the supply of either potash oc phosphoric acid in the soil is insufficient, then only a correspond- ing amount of nitrogen will be absorbed from the atmosphere.
The practical application of this is, then, "the more phosphoric. acid and potash there is supplied to the growing crop, the largetwill be the amount of nitrogen drawn from the air." This con- clition is well described as making the crop "nitrogen hungry," or, to state the proposition in other words, if liberal quantities of phosphoric acid and potash are supplied and nitrogen not given, the plant absorbs sufficient nitrogen from the air to balance the supply of phosphoric acid and potash already used, and not a particle more. Nitrogen is more expensive than any other element in. a complete fertilizer, hence it is economy to assist the cowpea crop. to secure, free of cost, the largest possible quantity of nitrogen. from the air. The larger the amount of phosphoric acid and potash supplied to the crop, to the limit of its heal thy feeding, the. g reater is the assimilation of the free nitrogen of the air; and so,. financially, the larger the investmet1t in phosphoric acid and potash, within the above limits, the greater the repayment or dividend in the form of the more expensive nitrogen. The limit of plant growth is determined largely by the mechanical conditions

216

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

of the soil and a suitable supply of moisture to make the plant food available. Plants grown on soils in "good condition" can use a larger amount of fertilizer than those on soils too hard and dry for the full development of roots.
Phosphate and potash fertilizers should always be applied before the seed is planted, whether the planting is done broadca. t or in drills. In the former case, the fertilizer should be sown broadcast and covered by the plowi ng or the same harrowing whi ch covers the peas. In the latter, the fertilizer may be strewn al ong where the rows are to be and afterwards mixed with the soil by opening the drill with a bull-tongued plow. A better way i - to run it through a ferti lizer distributer to mix it with and apply it to the soi l and open the drill at the same time.
A good mixture for cowpeas is 300 pounds acid phosphate and roo pounds of muriate of potash per acre. In case kainit is substituted for muriate, four times as much is required-that is, 400 pounds-to furni sh tile same amount of actual potash. If a commercial brand of fertilizer be used for cowpeas, perhaps the IJe t p~oportions, on average soils, are about eight per cent. ava ilable phosphoric acid and six per cent. actual potash, applied at the ra te of 400 to soo pounds per acre, and thoroughly mixed in th e oi l before the peas are sown.
If the young plants display a sickly, yellow appearance, about seventy-five pounds of nitrate of soda ought to be used as a top dressing, but in order to avoid injury to the plants in top dressing the nitrate and four or fi ve times its bulk of dry earth should be mixed together to dilute it and insure a more uniform distr ibution.
As a rule nitrogenous fertili zer is not" required for cowpea , ami. under the circumstances above mentioned, and even when actually needed, a small application suffices. The average farm land i deficient in nitrogen, but when this element is to be supplied in the form of commercial fertilizer, it is better perhaps to appl y it to corn, cotton, grain, grass and. other crops, which do not obta in it from the air, rather than to the cowpea, which does so gather it for itself. It appears that when the cowpea grows on a soil naturally rich and well supplied with nitrogen, the plant becomes "lazy'? and draws from the nitrogen already in the soil before exerting its natural and peculiar power of collecting it from the air by means of the little nod ules on its roots. Thus every habit and characteristic of the plant shows that the true economy of the cowpea is to restore poor land and make use of potash and phosphoric acid rather than to deplete good land and use nitrogen

BULLETIN NO. 39

217

w hich can be employed to better advantage in producing other crops which need it more. From discussing fertilizer for cowpeas or other crops no unvarying rule can be formulated . Soils differ omuch that a mixture giving good results on one field may fail or be wasteful on another. Fields on the same farm, often those ]ying side by side, differ in their crop requirements. One experiment at the Delaware Experiment Station showed that where I6o p ounds of muriate of potash were used per acre the yield of cowpea vines was doubled, while phosphoric acid was apparently without effect. Here was a soil naturally strong in phosphoric acid.
y et it would not be safe to accept this result as a sure rule for general fertilizing. On most soils of low-producing power, potash is a most useful element for the cowpea, but phosphoric acid is .also more or less needed. The one great object of fertilizing is f ully to supply the mineral needs of the plant, guided by the wellestablished principle that when these are supplied in abundance there is a corresponding gain in nitrogen.
A little practical experimenting soon indicates about how much ])Otash and phosphoric acid to use. Applications of different quantities of these two ingredients on several parts of a field .afford opportunities for comparison. Sandy soils are usually deficient in potash; clays in phosphoric acid, to applications of which they usually quickly respond. On sanely soils the cowpea can make good use of sao to 6oo pounds of kainit, and 300 to 3SO pounds of acid phosphate per acre. If muriate of potash be used in place of kainit, I 3S to I so pounds will answer. On clay soils 1tss potash and more phosphoric acid may be used. There need be no fear that the potash and phosphoric acid above the actual 11eeds of the crop will be lost. It is far wiser to run the risk of -over rather than under supply, inasmuch as most of the surplus will be stored up and available for subsequent crops.

PLANTING.
Cowpeas may be planted any time in the spring when the soil i<; warm enough for planting beans and thereafter, until within two months of when fall frosts are expected. Being of tropical origin, the plant develops best in warm weather, and nothing is :gained by planting too early. This is of special importance in the North. A cold rain may cause delay in germination or decay of seed, and result in irregular stands. A few chilling days may give the young plant a check from which it is slow to recover. In iPractice, the time varies for planting tQ suit the purpose for which

218

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the crop is grown. The season of beginning its growth materiallymodifies its time of maturing as well as its tendency to producevines or runners. It is a common saying that "early plantingmakes vines, but late planting makes peas." For bulky, luxuriant vines, for late grazing, for green manuring, or winter covering for the ground, early planting of some late maturing variety is. correct; but, where seed is the object, planting should be timed: to allow only for safe maturing before frost. In the South it is common to sow late maturing varieties shortly after cotton is . planted, and the early kinds from the opening of the spring to late in August. In the North the season is too short for the late ripening varieties, so early maturing sorts should be planted at about the same time as beans or melons.
The choice and advantage of sowing broadcast or in drills depends on the object in growing the crop, and, incidentally the time of sowing and the cost of seed and labor. In broadcasting, no labor is needed in cultivating, and the vines soon cover and shade the ground, so that the crop costs simply the seed and the sowing. and gathering; in drills, the labor and expense are more and the quantity and quality of the yield usually better. More seed i required for broadcasting than for drills, and at least one bushel.i per acre should be used. At the North five pecks are suggested _ When put in drills these should be two and a half to three and a half feet apart, and the sowing may be done with an ordinary corn drill. A wheat drill can also be used to advantage by plugging or tying up the holes so as to make the rows three and a half feet apart. This will require about three pecks of seed per acre.. When neither a corn drill nor a grain drill is available, the planting may be done by hand, scattering the seed in previously openec[ furrows and covering by hand or by any convenient implement.. The covering should be from one to two inches deep; on very light soils three inches does no harm. In a dry season or in naturally loose, dry land, deep planting is advisable. Vvhen seed is cheap and labor scarce, broadcasting is usually the better plan, but when seed is dear and labor cheap and abundan t, drilling pays. better. In whatever way the planting be done, the ground should be left level and smooth, especially if the crop is to be cut for hay. In the South where crab grass is abundant, its growth is liable to choke out the young peas and check their development in a wet season-a point which should be given careful consideration itb the choice between broadcasting and drilling..

BULLETIN NO. 39

219

CUL'riVA'fiON.
When sown in drills peas should be cultivated two or three times to keep down weeds and mellow the soil until the vines are large enough to shade the ground. The first cultivation should be given with a smoothing harrow or weeder just as the peas are coming up, and the after-cultivation with a five-tooth cultivator, or at least a cultivator which runs very shallow, for deep cultivation is wholly unnecessary. Peas planted between rows of corn. sugar-cane or other crops, are sometimes given one cultivation when the main crop is laid by, but oftener receive no attention from planting until gathering; sown broadcast, of course, theycan not be cultivated.
Northern fruit growers have discovered a new use for cowpeas. After much discussion it has been decided that a wise treatment for bearing orchards is to give thorough surface cultivation until about August first, and then leave the ground to some "cover" crop; that is, a crop that will make a rapid growth through the late summer, form a soft carpet for falling fruit and for protecting the land during winter and then leave a large quantity of vegetable matter for plowing under in the spring. As early in the spring as possible cowpeas are sown in drills through the orchard-or even in hills two and a half feet apart-and from the time the plants are up, constant and thorough cultivation is given. By August first the vines are too large for the cultivator, and they are left to grow at wi ll. In some instances crimson clover is sown among the cowpea vines at the last cultivation, and, with a variety like Early Black, the clover makes a fair start and covers the ground after the frost kills the cowpea vines. Such an orchard treatment has many advantages, for which no other plant combines vvithin itself all the virtues and recommendations that it can be planted early, permits c0nstant and thorough cultivation, provides a vast amount of vegetable matter, decays during the winter and permits early spring plow ing. Some orchardists find it pays, as well as benefits the fruits and trees, to turn in hogs and sheep in time for them to eat the early wind-fa![ fruit and work up the excellent pasture into fat, marketable li ve stock.
SAVING FOR IIAY.
Cowpea hay is best if cut and properly cured when the earliest pods begin to ripen. There is less hay, and that infe rior in qual-

.220

GEORGIA DEPAR'fMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

'
jty and nutriment, if the harvesting be too early, but stems become hard and woody, parts of the leaves and seed drop and are lost, and the hay is even less valuable when cutting is too long d~layed, than when it is done before any pods are ripe. This hay cures slowly and is subject to heating-similar to red clover-for which reason it needs to be thoroughly dry before it is stacked or m_oved in a barn. Unnecessary handling causes loss of leaves and should be avoided. The hay-making should begin only when the weather promises to be fair. Curing can not be "rushed," like 1hat of grasses, hence it is better to allow the crop to become a trifle overripe rather than attempt to save it in rainy weather. The dry yield is usually from two to three tons per acre, and no hay crop of that size can be cut, dried aad stored without great labor.
Prof. E. R. Lloyd, of Mississippi, who has had a long experi-
ence with the crop, describes his method of harvesting and curing
it as follows : "The mower is started in the morning as soon as the dew is off
and run until noon, or until as much has been cut as can be handled in the afternoon. As soon as the top of the cut vines is well wilted, the field is run over with a tedder to turn the vines over and expose them more thoroughly to the air and sun. When the crop is very heavy the tedder is used the second time, though this is seldom necessary. Vines which have been cut in the morning and teddered in the afternoon may usually be put into small cocks the next afternoon, and, if the weather promises to be favorable, left to remain in the cocks two or three days before they are hauled to the barn. If it should rain before the vines are put in cpcks, they are not touched until the surface is well dried off, and then teddered as though freshly cut. Those in cocks are not opened until well dried on the outside and are then only handled enough to secure a thorough airing. A light rain does little dam.age to the hay, even after the curing has begun, if handled 1)romptly and properly, and a heavy rain for a day or two may fall on freshly cut vines and do little or no damage. The essential -point in making hay is to do the work as rapidly as possible, and to avoid any handling of the vines when wet with either dew or rain. We find that it pays well to use a tedder for stirring up the freshly cut vines so as to admit sun and air freely, though if a tedder can not be had, the work can be done nearly as well, though more slowly, by using a fork."
Mr. C. B. Matthews, of Virginia, after growing the crop for more than thirty years, says:

_. ,

BULLETIN NO. 39

22 [

"I cut with a rake reaper, beginning in the morning after tlte

dew is off and continuing to cut until 3 p. m., throwing the vine:

in small piles. If the ground is dry and the weather clear, I put

the piles into medium .sized shocks on the following day, handling

carefully with the fork, to avoid shattering peas and leaves. .In

two or three days, if the weather is favorable, the shocks are ready-

to be housed or to put into stacks. Not having house room, [

stack and top off with wheat straw. The peas are gotten out a.:

the hay is needed in the winter."



The two dangers to be guarded against in saving the hay are

over-drying, so that the leaves become brittle, drop off and waste,

and failure-to-dry, so that the thick, succulent stems retain ..suf-

ficent moisture to cause mould and decay. The former ddnger

may practically be escaped by cutting before the plants become

ripe; . the latter by leaving the hay in cocks until it is so dry that

no moisture can be twisted from the larger stems.

i ;

Some growers provide for curing the hay by erecting shed.

with tiers of poles, somewhat resembling tobacco barns. The

wilted vines are placed in layers on these poles to give free ~ccess

of air above and below each layer to cause gradual evaporatibrt.:of

juice and moisture and perfect curing. This method makeshay

of the very finest quality, but is too slow and expensive to br~

practiced on a large scale.

It is not safe to bale the hay directly from the field. Even

when it appears perfectly dry, it may still contain sufficient mois-

ture to cause heating and moulding if packed at once. The only

safe plan is to put it for a few weeks into stacks covered with

straw, or into a barn, where it should .not be piled too deep, -and

allow it thus to remain until all "sweating" is over and it is thor-

oughly dry. It may then be packed without danger of afterwards

finding rusty or mouldy hay in the center of the bales.

It is somewhat doubtful if the cowpea can be recommended fo r

universal hay making at the North. It ripens at a season not fa-

vorable for curing green fodder and when other farm work i

pressing. Good hay has been made from it at the Worth, but the

chances are against great success with it, and the Northern farm -

er will do better to regard it as a manurial or pasture crop. Some

Northern dairymen have used it as a soiling crop cut green and.

fed to the cows, still its chief valve in cold climates is as a nitro-

gen gatherer and soil restorer.

222

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SAVING SEED.
When the pea crop is grown between corn rows, or is fairly Tipe before it is grazed, or remains on the ground for a winter cover, it is usually good economy to gather the seed. This is commonly done by hand-picking, often by women and children, . who work for a share, usually one-half of the crop. Some growers prefer the plan of storing the unshelled pods through the winter. . This serves in a measure but not completely to protecnhe seed from weevil. Others, in order to save storage r oom, thresh as soon as the pods are thoroughly dry. Instead of gathering the seed separately, some delay cutting until a considerable proportion of the pods are ripe, and then depend on the peas shelled in handling and found in the bottom of the mow for a seed supply for the next crop.
Threshing may be done any time after the pods are thoroughly. dry; on farms where only a few bushels of seed are saved this is usually done with a flail. \i\Then grown in quantity they are comm only threshed more easily, rapidly and economically by a "peallllller." Sometimes the crop is cured as hay and then run through an ordinary threshing machine from which the concaves and .aJternate teeth of the cylinder have been removed, and the speed reduced by putting on a 20 or 24-inch cylinder-head. The yield of seed varies greatly, ranging from six to ten bushels per acre, g rown between corn rows and only once picked, to twenty to thirty bushels, or more, grown alone, allowed fully to mature and a ll the seed saved.
The same weevil which attacks the garden bean lays her egg on cowpea pods before they are gathered, and there is not now .any known means of preventing her doing so. If the seed be stored where there is an even temperature, a few degrees above freezing, there is further danger of a second and third brood hatching during the winter, and seriously injuring the seed before spring. This injury can be prevented by treating the stored eed with carbon bisulphide, which affords a cheap and complete protection. The treatment is very simple and should be given as soon as the seed is threshed and before it is stored for the winter. Put the seed into tight barrels or boxes and pour in about one ounce of bisulphide for each bushel of seed. As soon as the poison has been poured in, tightly cover the top of the barrel or box with old sacks or any convenient material to confine the f umes of the chemical and enable it to kill all insects present. If 1he seed be kept for late planting, it may again become infested

BULLETIN NO. 39

223

1n the spring, when a second treatmel1t should be given. The bisulphide does not injure the peas for planting, or for table use, but is very inflammable and must be kept away from any fire. A lighted lamp or lantern, or even a lighted pipe must not be ,brought into the building where the seed has been treated until the peculiar odor of the chemical has disappeared, which will be .in about three days.

INFORMATION ABOUT ASHES.

According to Wiley:
The composition of the ash of woods is extremely variable. Not only do different varieties of trees have varying quantities of .ash, but in the same variety the bark and twigs will give an ash quite different in quantity and campo ition froni that furnished by the wood itself. In general the hard woods, such as hickory, oak and maple, furnish a quality of a h superior for fertilizing purposes to that afforded by the soft woods, such as the pine and tulip trees. The character of the unleached wood ashes found in the trade is indicated by the subjoined analyses. The first table contains the mean, maximum and minimum results of the analyses of. ninety-seven samples by Goessmann:

I ME Al' COMI'OS ITTON 01' WOOD
AS liES.
~1 Means. , axima .l Minima.

J,otash . .... . . . ... . . . ........ ... . ...... . .. .

5.5

10.2

2.5

Phosphoric acid . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . ... .... ... .. .

1.!)

4.0

0.3

J,ime ....... ... . . . . . ..... .. ..... ..... . ...... . 34.3

50 .9

18 .0

.M:agne ia . . . ..... ... . . ..... . .. ... . . . .. . . . . .. .

3.5

7.5

2 .3

J nsuluble. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . .

12 .9

27 .!l

2.1

Moisture.. ... .. .. ... . ..... . . . ........ ..... .. .

12 .0

2& .6

0 .7

.Carbon dioxide and undete rmin ed .. ..... .... . 29.9

The data obtained in sixteen analyses ma le at lhe Connecticut .station are given below :

224

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

IMeans.,Maxima.'l Minima.

31 71 Potash. . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................... .I 5.

7.

4 .0

Phosphoric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .

1.4

1. 8

Ul

----------------------------------~------------

In fifteen analyses of ashes from domestic woodfires in stoves the following mean percentages of potash and phosphoric acid. were found:

Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.63 Phosphoric acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2.32

In leaching ashes lose chiefly the potassium carbonate and phosphate which they contain. Leached and unleached Canada ashes have the following composition:

I U nleached Leached I(per cent.) (per cent.)

Insoluble....... ....... ...... . .... ... ... . ........ . 13.0

13 .0

Moisture ....... ........ ........ . ..... .. ....... . 12.0

30.0

Calcium Carbonate and hydroxide ...... ...... ... . 6! .0

51 0

Potassium Carbonate. ..... . ................... .

5.5

l.l

Phosphoric acid. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

1.9

'1..4

Undetermined..... ... ...... . . . . . . ............. . 6 .6

3.5

In the wood ashes of commerce, therefore, it is evident that the proportion of the potash to the lime is relatively low.
The number of parts by weight of the chief ingredients of the ash in ro,ooo pounds of woods of different kinds is given in table below:
POUNDS OF THE b 'GREDIENTS NAMED IN ]0,000 POUNDS OF WOOD.

Dogwood Sycamore Post Oak Ash(F. Red Oak Hickory

a ) (Uo1nus (Ptn!anus (Q. obtu- Ame1'i- ( Q'tercus ( ua,ya

F1lon a . Otcacl1isd)e.n- s1'l obaJ..

cana).

rubra)'.

tomentosa).

Potash . ... .... . Phosphoric acid. Lime .. .. ...... . Magnesia.. .... .

9.02 5.72 6 41 14.67

18 OG
294..7535
0.4.9

16.85 . 6.96 35.61 5.28

14.94 1.15 7.60 0.10

13.95 5.98 27.40 3.05

13.RO
5 83 18.40 4 !$6

BULLETIN NO. 39

Whi te Oak (Q.
alba).

Magnolia . Georfia (M. Pine P.
Grandi- palus-
flora) . tris) .

Yellow Pine(P. mitis).

Black Pine (Picea
migra).

Chestnut
(Ca stana
vesta o.r sa tiva).

Old Field Pme
(P .
mitis).

Potash ...... Phos. acid .. Lime ... . ... Magnesia ...

10.60 2.49 7.85 0.90

7 13 3.19
14.21 2.!J.l

5 .01 1.24
18.0-l ::l.03

4.54 0.96 15.16 0.74

3.02 0 .92 12.46 0.10

2.90 0.7!l 1.09 0.73 7.93 12.12 0.::14 1.17

15 a b

226

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

USEFUL REFERENCE TABLES.

COMPOSJTIO~ FERTILIZER MATERIALS.

'rABLE I .- N ITRO G ENOUS ~!ATERIA L .

l' OUNDB PER H UNDRED ,

I I N1'trogen

PhoAscpihtlo. ric

Potash.

Nitrate of Soda .. . . . . ..... .... ..... . Sulphate of Ammonia . . . ..... . ... . Dried Blood. .... . ... ..... . . ..... . ... . Concentrat.ed Tankage . . . . . . . ... . ... .
Bone Tankage . ......... ... . ..... . .. . Dried Fish ~'crap . . .... . . . ... . .. . . .. . Cotton Seed Meal. .. ... ... . . .. ..... .
Hoof Meal ...... ........... . ..... .. . .

15~ to 16
HI to 20! 10 to 14 IL to 12~ 5 to 8 7 to 9 6~ to 7~ 13 to 14

... .. . . .. . . . . .... .. . . ...
.... ... ..... .. ... . . .. . . . ..... . . .. . .. 0

1 to 2 10 to 15

.... .. ...... ............

6 to 8

0

2 to 3 ~~ to 2

. ..1.~.t.o.. .2.. .

To co verc ni t roge n p e rc uta!l~ 111to ammo 11 !a perce n taJ.<e multipl y by 1.214. Tn us 10 per c~n t. nitrogen is equi valeu t to 12.14 per ce nt. or ammonia.

T AB J, E 1!.-l'HOSP H A'l'E MATER!ALS .

Nitrogen IA~~~~~leI In:~::S~le IPotash.

I

Acid.

.\cid.

Apatite ... . ..... .. . ....... ...... .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . 36 88

Bone Ash ...................... .. . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 35 .8!1

Bon!' Black.. ....... ...... .... . . ... . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . .. 28 .28

Dissolved Bone Black .... ....... .. .. . . ... . .. . 16 .70

0 .30

Keystone Concentrated Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . 38.81

8 9-l

Mona Island Guano. ..... ... . ...... 0 . 76

7 .55

14.33

Navassa Phosphate... .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. 34 .27

Orchilla Guano.. ......... .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .. .. 26.77

Peruvian Guano, average ... ... . .. . 7 85

8 .36

t1 90 2 .61

S . C. Rock Phosphate.. .. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-28

S. C. l:tock :Superphosphate . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15

1- 3

Florida Rock Phosphate Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-35

Florida Pebble Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-32

Florida Superphosphate . . ... ... ... . . . . . . . . 14-19

1- 6

Ground Bone........ .... ... . .. .. .. 2~ to 4~

5- 8

15-17

Steamed Bone.. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. 11 to 2~

6- 9

1o-20

Dissolved Bone.. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. 2 to 3 13-15

2- 3

BULLE'riN NO. 39

227

'fABLE IJI.-POTABH MATERIALS AND FARM MANURES .

POUNDS PER IIUNDRED,

-

Muriate of Potash.... . ...... ... . . .. . .. Sulphate of Potash.. ..... .... . ...... .
Double Sulphate of Pot. and Magnesia. Kainit . . ........... . . . .. . ..... ... . . ... Sylvinit .. ... . .............. .. . . . ... ... Cotton Seed Hull Ashes ............ ...
Wood Ashes, unleachtd ............... Wood Ashes, leached ......... . . ...... Tobacco Stems .. . .... .......... .. ....
Cow Manure (frPsh) .. ... . 0... 00o Horse Manure (frt>sh) 0... o. . . 0. . ..... . Sheep Manure (fresh I .... 0. 0. . ... . ooo. ~g Manure (frt>sh) . . 00. 0. 0. ... . .... . Hen Dun~ (fresh) .......... ... 0. 0. ... . Mixed Stable Manure ..... . ... .... ...

I I Actual
Potash.

Nitrogen.

Phot!phoric Lime. Acid .

..50 .... ... ...... .. ' .. .. .

48 to 52 26 to 30 12 to 12~ 16 to 20

.. .. . . ..
.... .......
........

.................
. . .. . . .

. .

.. ....

. .

.
.

....

. .

. .. ...

15 to 30 . . . . . . . . 7 to 9 10

2 to 8 1 to 2 5 to 8

..... .. 1 to 2

... .....
2 to 3

1
. ..

t.o...1.~

30-35 35-40
3~

0.40

0 .34 0 .16 0.31

0 .53

0 .58 0 28 0 .21

0 67

0 .83 Oo23 0.33

0 .60

0 .4!5 0 .19 0 08

o.x5

1.63 1.54 0 .24

0 .63

0 .50 0 .26 0.70

~' ACTORS FO R CO l<VE RS IO N.
'To convert-
Ammonia into nitrogen, multiply by . . . 0.. . . 0. 0.824 Nitrogen into ammonia, multiply by . ...... . .. 1.214 Nitrate of soda into nitrogen, multiply by. . . . . . 1-6.47 Bone phosphate into phosphoric acid, multiply by 0.458 Phosphoric acid into bone phosphate, multiply by 2.183 Muriate of potash into actual potash, multiply by 00632 Actual potash into muriate of potash, multiply by 1.583 .Sulphate of potash into actual potash, multiply by 00541 Actual potash into sulphate of potash, multiply by 1.85
For instance, you buy 95 per cent. of nitrate of soda and want to know how much nitrogen is in it, multiply 95 per cent. by r6.47 you will get 15.65 per cent. nitrogen; you want to know how much ammonia this nitrogen is equivalent to, then multiply 15.65 per cent. by 1.214 and you get 18.99 per cent., the equivaaent in ammonia.

TABLE IV.

~

!>:)

oc

A verage Composition of Stassfurt Ge1man Potash Salts.

Name of Salts. In 100 p a rts are conta in ed

0

0

!,.d a; .d

""'..0~
""""" :0;o..0.

-"' - ... ~~ ::a

"'K,SO, , KCI

.... . - c.,s 0~
.,.~
-"' "'~

""".<1"
-d
a5==

.: d
cOD
-ol
5::S

MgSO, MgCJ,

o. .. 8
"'";:::~
oo :C:rn u NaCl

0_.,.,.
d~ ~-
:c;.~
<n
CuSO,

..,,c.a:~ - ~ .,
""'~ ~::ld
~oa:
w"".;':

C lculated to Pure Potash
1< , 0 1\'ater.
I Ave r- Guar-
age. ameed .

0 M 0
~
0.....

>

A. Crnde Salts.

t:! M

(Natural Products.)

>"tt
~

>-)

Kainit . . . ...... . ... . . .... . ... . . . _... .... . . . . ..... .... Carnalit.. ...... . ......... .... .... ... . .... ..... . . ..... Sylvmit ... .. ... . . . . . .. ... . . .. ....... ..... ..... . . .... .

21.3 1.5

2.. 0 14 .5 15 .5 12 1 26.3 2.4

12.4 21.5 2.6

34.6 22.4 56.7

1.7 1.9
~.8

0.8 12 .7 12 .8 12. 0 .5 26 .1 9.8 9 . 3 .2 4 5 17.4 12 .

~
M z
>-)

B. Concentrate] Salts.

0 "1

(Manufactured Products.)

>
0

.~....

Sulphate of Potash . . .. . ........ . . ... ... . .... . . . ~ 9I6O%

97.2 90.6

0.3 1 6

0 .7 2.7

0.4 1.0

0.2 1.2

0.3 0 .4

0.2 0 .3

0.7 5~ 7 51. 2.2 49.9 48.

(')
~
~

Sulphate of Potash-Magnesia or Double Ma nure Salts 50.4 ..... 34.0 . ... .. 2.5 0 .9 0.6 11 .6 27.~ 25 .

~::.;

:Muriate of Potash .. .. ............ .. .. . . . ..

1 90j!lii% .. . . .. 8ilf<"5%

91.7 83 .5

70j75% l.i i2.5

0.2 0 4 0.8

0 2 i .1 .. . . . . 0 .3 14 .5 . . . . . . 0.6 :!1.2 0.2

0.2 0.2
0.5

0.6 57.7 56 .
-1.1 52 .7 50 .
'-) .<l 46.6 44 .

~

Manure Salt, min. ~0% Potash. . ............ . . . . .. . ... Manure Salt, min. 30% Pota; h .... ..... .............. ..

2.0 31.6 10 .6 5.3 40 2 2 .1 1.2 47 .6 9.4 4 .8 26 .2 2.2

4 .0 4 . 2 2L.O 20. 0 3 .5 5.1 30.6 30 .

BULLETIN NO. 39

229

DlB'l'ANCEB RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING .

pples (standard) ... .. . .... . .. ........ .. .. ... . .... 20 to 30 feet each way

Apples (dwarf) . ............... . . . . .. . .. . .... . ... . . 6 to 10 " " "

Pears (~tand ard) .. . ....... .. . .. ..... ... ....... . ... 20

" " "

]>ears (dwarf) ....... . ............. . ... .. .... . ..... 10 to 15 ;:

;;

Qu inces . ... . ...... .... . .... ... ..... . ............ 12

Peaches ... . . ..... . ......... . . . . ... . . ...... .. .... . 20 to 25 "

Plum s ~. . . . . . . . . . .. 15 to 20 " oo . . . 00 00 . . . . . . . . . . . 00

00

Cherries .. ...... . .. . . . .. . .. . .. .. . . ..... . ....... . . .14 to 20 _,

."".. ,,

Figs . . .. . ... .... . . 00 .... 00 00 00 ........ . ......... 10 to 15 ;; :; "

.Japan Pe rsimmons ...... . .............. . ..... .. .. . 20 to 2-'i , " "

Mulberries . .. . 00 . . . 00 .20 to 25 ' 00 . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .

00

Blackberries ... , . . . .. . .. .... . .... . .. ............ . . 6 to 8 " by 4 feet.

Uaspber ries : . ......... . ........ .. . . . . ... ... .... .. 6 by 2 feet.

Currants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 to 5 feet by 4 feet.

-Gooseberries . . ...... . .. . ... . . .......... . .. . . . ..... 4 to p '' '' ''

Strawberries-H ills ... ..... .. . . ..... . . . .. .. . . . . ... 15 x 15 in ches.

"

Matted Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... 4 x 1 foot.

Asparagus . ..... . ... 00 .. 00 00 ...... 00 00 00 00 . 00 .... 4 x 2 feet . 'lthnbar l> ......... .... .... . .. .... . .................. 4 x ~ "

Grapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 x 9 ::

Orauges . ... . . ....... ..... .. . . . . ... . .... . ..... .. .. .30 x 30

NUMBER OF PLANTS l'ER ACRE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES.

DJuisctannecse., Plants. II Dlisutcailne,c;e. ., Plants IIOiFstaent ce., Plants II OiFFteaent.ce., Pla.ni .

) X 1 6,272,640

1 X 3 2,090 ,880

l X 4 1,568., I60

) X 5 J,2.H,527

2 X 2 1,568,160

2 X 3 1 ,04'),4-10

2 X 4 78-1.080

X 5
3x 3

627,264 696 .\JiiU

:3 x 4

52~ . 7:20

.3 x 5 318, 175

4x 4

39~.040

4x 5 313.6-12

5X 5

250.905

II X 6 17-1,240

7 X 7 128,01ll

'8 X 8

93,0 10

!} X 9

77,440

]0 X 10

62,726

JO X 20

3 1 .36~

10 X :!4

26 , U 2

10 X 30

20,908

I 10 X 36

17,4 24

10 X 48 13,068 4 X 5 2, 178 9 X 10 884

15 X 15 27 .878 4 X () 1,8to 9 X 11 440

15 X 3l) 13 ,!l39 4 X 7 1,ii56 9 X 12 403

15 X 36 11 ,61ti 5 X 5 1,74;! 10 X 10 435

18 X 36 !l,f\80 5 X 6 1,45;! 10 X 12 363

- 18 X 48 7,2uO 5 X 7 1,242 10 X 15 290

5 X 8 1,089 10 X h 242

FilET.

5 X 9 968 10 X 20 2 17

1 X 1 43,5fi0 (j X 6 1,210 1:2 X 12 302

1 X 2 21,780 6 X 7 1,037 12 X 15 242

1 X 3 14,52\i 6 X 8 907 12 X 20 181

) X ~ 10,1-l90 . 6 X 9 8118 15 X Iii 193

1 X 5 8 .712 6 X 10 720 15 X 18 161

2 X 2 10, 890 7 X 7 88~ 15 X 20 145

2X 3 2X 4 2X 5

7,:260
5.4 ~5
4,356

7X 8 7X 9 7 X 10

777
6602'"12

18 X 181 134;
l!i X 20 J21
IS X 24 100

3 X 3 4, 40 8 X 8 680 20 X 20 108

3 X 4 3 ,630 8 X !J 605 20 X 24 90

3 X 5 2,90 4 8 X 10 554 20 X 30 72

3 X 6 2,420 8 X ]I

495 30 X 2~

60

3 X 7 2.074 8 X 12 453 30 X 30 48

4X 4

2,72~ 9 X 9

537 30 X 36

40

~

.AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID, NITROGEN AND POTASH ANNUALLY REMOVED FROM ONE ACRE BY

cC-:1

CROP.

GRAINS.

V ARlOUS QROPS.
STRAW.

CHAFF.

I pPhhuo~n-e Ngietrno. - \Potash.
Acid.

0

Wheat ........ . ... . . . ... . 35 bushels .. .... . .. . . 12,700 lbs . .. . ... ... . ... . 300 lbs ...... ... . 24 lbs . 59 lbs. 31 lbs.

ttl 0

Rye ... . .. . ... .... . Barley . . . ....... .. ..... Oats.. . .... . .. . .... . . . . . Corn .. .......... ..... . .. . Buckweat . ....... . .. . .. . Potato ..... . . ... ..... ... .
Sugar Beets . . . ... .... ....

30 40 60 50

,,.
.",,.

. .... ..... 4,0UO " . . . .. . . . . 2,300 " . . . ....... 2,900 " .. .. .. . . .. 4,100 "

. ... . ...... .. . ..... .... . . . . .... ... ... ... . . .. . . ..... .. ..

250 " 390 "
2i5 " 950 "

. . ... . .. . 26 " .. .... . . . 21
..... .. .. 22 " cobs. . . . . 31 "

51 .. 46 " 55 II 67 "

30

. .. . . .... . 2,200 " . . . .. . . . ..... .

30 " 35 "

200 " . . ... . .... 1,450 " leaves and

21 II 46 "

stubble . . ... ..... .

1 5~ tons .... ..... . . 3 tons .. . . ... . . .. .. . ... . .. .. .. .. . ..... . 32 " J69 "

45 " 38 62 "
!!0 " 9 " 74 "
143 "

I<)
0
H >
t:i ttl
>"d
I<)
...; ~

Mangel- Wurzel .... .. .. .. 22 " . . .. . . . . . . 6 " ..... . .... . . .. .. .. .... . ...... .... 46 "

GREEN.

DRY.

Meadow-Hay. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timothy.. . . . .. ..... ...... 6 tons. . .... .....

2~
2

tons "

. ... .. . ... . . ... . . . . .... .

. .

.
.

.
.

.. . . ..

. .

...
...

..........

.
.

.
.

. .

. .

23 32

" "

Green Uorn. . ..... . . . ... ..
Red Clover in bloom . .. .. . Lucerne .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II ?~ ''
8 " 8 "

. .... . ... .
.. . . .. . . . .. . ... . . ..

...

..... .. ... .. .. .. .... .
2 tons ..... .. .... .. 2 " ... .... .. . . .

. .

.. .
. .. . . .

. .

......

.

. .

..

.. . ..
. ..

.. .

....
..

...... . ..

46 28 26

" " ",,

Crimson Clover. . . ... . .. ..

7 "

. . . . . . . . . .

1%, " . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 0

150 " 83 " 89 " 85 "
.. !05 "
113 "
60

264 " 85 " 94 " 164 " 96 " 71 " 36 "

M z
...;
0 >::1
> ~
H (")

Sugar Cane. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . Sorghum ........ . ... ..... Cotton .. .. .. . .. .... . . . ...
l-lops .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . ..

20 " . . ... . .. . . ..... . . . ...... . ... .. .. . . . .. . .... .. .. .. . .... 15
15 " ....................... .. ...... .. ..... .. . . ... ... .. 24 750 lbs.seed .... .. . . . . 250 lbs. lint ...... . . . .. .... .... . 9
600 '' strobile ...... 1,200 " leaves ....... . I ,500 lbs. Ramber .. 23

"
",,
,,

" Tobacco .............. . .. l,6UO " l eaves . .... .. 1,300 " stems . .. .... . 23 0

153 121 26
84 R\J

"
",, " "

44
153 10
53 103

" " "
"...

c:: tc..":.:; ~

Grapes.... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cabbage . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . Cucumber .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 tons grapes ... ... . l ~ T tops ...... . . . .

2tons wood . .. . 11 "

31 heads . . ... .... .. . ...... .. ..... .. .. .. . . . . . . . ... . . .. . .. . . . 88
2.) tons. ..... ....... . . . .......... ..... . . .. .. . ... \ .... .......... 30

" "

32 !50

,",

!<6 "

39 "
360 " 116 "

Onions . ... ........ ... . ... 1~ toni! ... . . . . . . .. ... .... . ..... . ..... ..... . . . . ... . ..... 37 " 72 " 72 "

Oranges .. ...... ... . . . .. ZO ,OOO Jbs. fruit.. ......... . ...... ...... ... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . . 16 " 24 " 103 "

BULLETIN NO. 39

231

WINTER TREATMENT OF THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN THE LIGHT OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS.*
BY w. M. scoTT AND vv. F . FISKE.
INTRODUCTIO N.
Since the discovery of the San J ose scale in the East many experiments have been made in search of a satisfactory remedy for it, and practically every substance that, from the nature of the in sect, gave promise of relief has been tested in one form or another. The question of treatment for nursery stock, or other plants that could be conveniently brought into an enclosure was early settled, hydrocyanic acid gas proving quite efficient; but the struggle for a remedy that would give entire satisfaction in the treatment of infested orchards has continued and it can not yet be said that the desired end in all particulars has been reached. The great desideratum pas been to make an application that would effectually destroy the scale insects without damaging the trees or endangering the fruit crop. The susceptibility of such plants as the peach to injury from applications of a sufficient streng th to kill the scale, and the difficulty with which protected portions of a tree are reached,' have made thi s an almost insurmountable problem.
Unfortunately the results obtained by workers in different sect ions of the country conflict to such a degree as to usually restrict their application to limited areas. This has necessitated a multiplicity of experiments, in order to determine what remedy is best suited to particular sections. The variability in results has perhaps been greater from the use of petroleum oils than from any other substance. Applications of oils in different localities of the same State have produced conflicting results. Even individual trees in the same orchard are oftentimes affected differently.
The reason for this is not altogether clear, but it is highly probable that the physiological condition of the plants as well as that
*Also publi she d as Bulle tin No. 4. Georgia, State Board of E ntomology.

232

GEORGIA DEPAR'rM:ENT OF AGRICULt U RE.

of the insects, would afford at least a partial explanation. Moreover, there is frequently a difference in the composition of what is supposed to be the same insecticide obtained from different sources. There are probably no two localitiesthat furnish petroleum identical in chemical composition, and even the oil from one well may not always remain constant in this re pect. It would appear therefore that the services of both a physiologist and a chemist are greatly needed to assist in the solution of the problem at hand.
For several years the petroleum oils have taken the lead as a remedy for the San J ose scale in the East, and they have perhaps been more extensively used in Georgia than in any other State, more than half a million trees having been sprayed with oils here during last winte r alone. The results from the use of both kerosene and crude oi l, in this State, have been satisfactory upon th e whole, but occasiona l damage to the treated trees, as well as lack of effect aga inst the scale, has resulted from applications of the recommended 20 per 11ent. strength. In most cases, however, these adverse results are traceable to defects in the pumps, carelessness of the operators in making the application, or other causes more or less within the power of the orchardi t to control.
Perhaps whale-oil soap, though varying greatly in its effect upon both the scale insects a11d the fruit bud in different sections, has given more uniform results the country over than any other substance used. For a few years it was the accepted remedy in many sections, <tnd is sti ll given the preference by some workers. It has been very little used in Georgia, and has never gained any prominence as a scale reniedy here.
The California lime, salt and sulphur wash has been for many years extensively used on the Pacific coast as the favorite remedy for the San Jose scale. Early experiments with this wash in the East did not show good results, and until recently it has been supposed that climatic conditions rendered it valueless here. However, recent experiments have thrown more light upon the nature and effect of this treatment and it now prom ises to become an efficient remedy in the Atlantic, as it is in the Pacific States.
Such insecticides as the resin wash and caustic potash have also taken part in the struggle against the scale, with varying deg rees of success. Aside from these better known scale remedies the fruit-growers have been invaded with venders of various "sure cure" washes and compounds with the usual guarantee attached.
It became necessary, therefore, to determine the value of these

BULLETIN NO. 39

233

various substances in comparison with the oils officially recommended by the department, and for this purpose the experiments recorded herein were planned and executed. In order to place 'the work on a commercial basis and to obtain results that would be applicable to large orchards~ each substance tested was applied to everal hundred trees. Discrepancies likely to ar ise in practical work do not always become apparent in a test upon bnly a few t rees, hence the greater value of practical experiments.

CONDITION OF THE 'l'REES EMPLOYED.
For seve ral reasons it was not deemed necessary to use other than peach trees in the experiments, although had it been conve11ient other kind s would have been included. With the exception of Le Conte and Kieffer pears, which do not appear to suffer fr0111 the attacks of scale, the peach and plum are the only fruits extenively grown in the State. Former experiments have shown that the plum is slightly less susceptible to injury from insecticide applications than the peach and that it is capable of taking the same treatment \fithout risk. A few cases of infested apple orchard exist in North Georgia, but safe remedies for infested peach trees can be used with equal effect and safety upon the apple. Hence recommendations for the treatment of infested plum and appl e trees can be based on results obtained in the peach orchard.
The experiments were conducted in two orcha rds, both located ,at Marshallville, Ga. One owned by Mr. S. H. Rumph, was two _years old and contained_ I 7,000 trees, and the other, owned by Mr.
F . J. Frederick, was four yea rs old and contained about 2,000
trees. The Rumph orchard was planted in February, 1900, and has
ince received such cultivation as the g rowth of cotton between the rows \vould allow. A t planting time the trees were given th e customary amount of fertilizer and have since had only such a mount as they could obtain from that distributed in the cotton Tows. The pruning has been light, merely the cutting out of suJ)erfluous branches and no headin g back. The varieties composing it are Triumph, Dewey, Waddell, Pansy, Red River, Tillotson, Carmen, Mountain Rose, Hiley, Slappy and Lady Ingold.
This orchard evidently became in fested with San Jose scale from local spread within a few months after it was planted. It :appears that cotton pickers, while at work among the trees, thor-
ughly disseminated the scale over the entire orchard on their

234

GEORGiA DEPARTMEN'l' OF AGRICUL'l'URE.

clothing. They frequently left their work and went foraging for fruit in a neighboring orchard that was badly infested, thus establishing a continuous communication between the two orchards.. for about ten days. The infestation was so thorough that upon inspection Jess than 10 per cent. of the trees were found entirely free and from ten to forty trees in each plot of four hundred were either completely encrusted, or nearly so.
When the orchard was given to our charge for experimental work it had received no previous treatment for scale. The extent of infestat:ion, the age of the trees and the large number of varieties combined to make this orchard an exceptionally desirable one: for the experiment.
The Frederick orchard 'vas selected more particularly with a view of testing the effect of the insecticides on the fruit buds, the Rumph orchard being too young to be expected to bear a full crop of fruit the foJJowing season. In varieties it consisted of Carmen, BeJJe of Georgia, Elberta and Emma. An inspection previous t<:>treatment showed San J ose scale on nearly every tree, and about 25 per cent. were badly infested. Scale had been found in the orchard the previous year, but no treatment had been applied, and as a consequence a few trees had died. Aside from the effect of the scale both orchards were in a vigorous. condition and welt supplied with fruit buds.

CONDITION OF 'l'HE SCALE INSECT.
The natural life of the San Jose sca le being only about ten weeks for the female and less for the male, very few that had reached maturity during the summer would be expected to pass the winter alive. Our obse rvations in connection with the experiments showed that all but a very smaJJ per cent. of the p1ature insects that began the winter alive, died without treatment before spring. Moreover, examinations of check trees in early spring revealed the fact that at least 30 per cent. of the immature scales had also perished during the course of the winter. The cause of this fatality among the half-grown insects that should normalJy pass the winter in good condition is not known. In accounting for a simi lar occurrence in Illinois* Dr. Forbes suggests. that it might be attributable to a severe drouth of the preceding year. This would hardly explain the occurrence here, as the trees; in the test orchards were not subjected to a drouth oi. sufficient severity to be materialJy affected.
*Bull 71, Univ . of Ill.. Agr. Exp St~tion.

BULLE'fiN NO. 39
PERIOD COVERED BY THE WORK.
It was intended to divide the work into fall, winter and spring, . and thus triplicate the experiments with each substance, but delay in obtaining some of the materials and apparatus interfered somewhat with this plan. On November 30th, I9QI, the work was begun and it was continued at intervals, as the weather would permit, through December, January, February and up to March 7th, . when the most advanced buds were beginning to part their petals.
The weather conditions in their relation to the results will be recorded with the details of the experiments. For the purpose of" testing summer washes the experiments wet-e taken up again in July of the present year, but results from the summer work can: not be reported at this time.
Beginning in March, notes upon the results were taken at sev-eral different times until August, during which month the last observations were made. Had conclusions been drawn from the early observations alone the recorded results would have been different. In August, after the insects had been breeding for some time, the observations were obviously more practical. By actually counting the dead and living scales the percentage of fatalit;r could be more readily approximated in early spring, but after the insects had passed through a portion of the breeding period theactual conditions could be more accurately detennined.
SUBS'l'ANCES EMPLOYED.
It was desired to cover the field of known and promising reme- dies as completely as possible, but owing to the extent of the undertaking and failure to secure some of the substances, a portion of the test originally planned for had to be omitted. It is particularly unfortunate that the Beaumont oil was not tested. Repeated attempts to secure this substance resulted in failure, until too late to make the application. Ho-wever, this oil, together with other substances, will be tested next winter in the continuation of these experiments. The substances actually used in the tests may be: classified as follows :
Oils:Pennsylvania crude, 43 gravity, Refined kerosene, I so 0 flash test, Ohio crude (fuel oil), California Distillate.

236

GEORGIA D.EPAR'l'MEN'l' OF AGRICULTURE.

Soaps:-
Leggett's Anchor Brand, Leggett's Whale-oil Soap Compound, Good's No.3, Good's No. 6, Tobacco, Turpentine Soap.
Caustic Washes:-
Lime, Salt and Sulphur, Crude Caustic Potash, Resin Wash, Carbolic Acid Emulsion.

GENERAL STATEMENT OF THE WORK WITH CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM THE RESULTS.

It is not the purpose of this paper to give the details of the experiments and the percentages of fatality among the scale insects produced by the insecticides, but rather to record such conclusions, reached from the results, as will be of the most value to t he fruit-growers in the treatment of their orchards.
The Rumph orchard was divided into plots of 400 trees each, a nd these plots were so arranged that each contained at least five varieties of peaches, and from ro to 40 badly infested trees. In repeating applications it became necessary to subdivide some of the plots, using only roo or 200 trees to the test. In the Frederick
orchard the size of the plots ranged from 25 to 150 trees, with an
a bundance of scale throughout each plot.
PE'fROL.EUM OILS.
Kerosene, in mechanical mixture with water, was for several years the chief remedy recommended by this department for the San Jose scale, but experiments begun in the winter of r899-1900, indicated that crude oil was slightly more effective, and less dangerous. For two years, therefore, the latter substance has been given equal rank with kerosene as a scale remedy here; but the

BULLE'l'IN NO. 39

237

comparative value of the two oils, as well as a number of othet points connected w}th their use as a spray, remained indefinitely settled. While it was not possible to cover the entire ground in one season, the results obtained from la "t winter's work have thrown considerable light upon the problems in hand.
The Pennsylvania crude oil used in the experiments was obtained in two lots, one from the StaRdard Oil Company, and theother from the Emery Manufacturing Company, Bradford, Pa. No distinction could be made between the oils in the two lots, both registering 43-430 gravity. The kerosene was bought locally, and was of the grade IS0 flash test.
The observations taken between March and June inclusive, when actual counts were made of dead and living scales, were deceiving in some particulars. Two applications appeared to have but little advantage over one, and the results, upon the whole, were not consistent with what should have been expected. The August observations, however, cleared up many discrepancies, especially showing superior results from two appliations. In making the earlier examinations, the small spaces missed by the spray were naturally overlooked in most cases, the portions best exposed being the more convenient for making counts to determine the proportion of dead to living scales. Hence applications that showed :~.!most perfect results before the scale commenced breeding, proved to be inefficient when the August observations were made.
The Co1nparClitirue V a:lue of Cmde Oil and Kerosene.-From our results it is impossible to make any decision other than that both kerosene and crude oil are good, and perhaps equally the best remedies that may be employed against the San J ose scale, when they are applied in the proper manner and with clue pt"ecaution. The results from two applications of either substance at strengths. not lower than IS per cent. were uniformly good, but single ap plications varied to a surprising degree in their effect upon the scale. In the course of the experiments in the Rumph orchard, sing le applicati ons of kerosene were made to I I plots, and of crude oil to 22 plots, strengths of IO, IS, 20 and 2S per cents. being used. In the maj ority of these plots the results were not satisfactory, when contrasted with those obtained from two applicatio ::-. The extreme variation noticed between the results from singte applications of the same strength made on different days, is difficult to account for. It occurred to an equal degree in both substances, but to a less extent when the mechanical mixture was replaced by emulsion. The working of the pumps, the weather con-

_238

GEORGIA DEPARTMEN't OF AGRICUL'l'URE.

.ditions, and the season of the year, may all have had some in-

fluence, and occasional carelessness of the man at the nozzle must

-be considered one of the most important factors.

In the Frederick orchard, which it will be remembered consisted

of older trees, the results were more uniform throughout. Both

the refined and crude oil proved effective as a single application,

and plots treated once with only I 5 per cent. showed very little

live scale in August.



In the Rumph orchard neither substance had any apparent

damaging effect upon the trees, nor in the Frederick orchard, ex-

-cept when a few trees received an overdose of oil through fault in

the action of the mechanical mixing pump. Therefore, so far as

the actual observation upon the results indicate, the refined and

crude oil may be considered equally effective, and as little or no

damage was done to the trees by either, equally safe. But owing

to the residuum with which the trees are left coated for several

weeks by applications of crude oil, it would appear that in general

-practice this substance might prove more destructive to the scale

than kerosene.

One Versus Tw o Applications.-Here the results of our experi-

tnents speak most decidedly, and in favor of two applications as

against' one. In the Rumph orchard eight plots were treated twice,

.and all, with a single exception, satisfactorily. A plot sprayed with

10 per cent. kerosene in emulsion and followed later with I 5 per

Cent., was the exception, and even here the result was better than in

several cases where 25 per cent., as one application, was used. A

I5 per cent. strength of kerosene in emulsion, applied November

30th, followed by a 20 per cent. strength of the same on February

24th, gave as nearly perfect results as anything employed, and

the same fall treatment, followed by I 5 per cent. in February, was

:almost equally perfect.

In the Frederick orchard notes taken in August showed a no-

ticeable superiority of two applications over one, though of ac-

-count of the better results here obtained with a single spraying

the difference was not so marked as on the younger trees compos-

. ing the Rumph orchard.

The reasons for the additional effectiveness of two applications,

<even though the same amount of oil was used in a single one, are

several. The most important is that in two applications the trees

have a double chance of being entirely coated with the spray. It

-is not always practical to choose perfectly calm clays for the work,

:and if there is considerable wind it is next to impossible to cover

BULLETIN NO. 39

239

-e very part of the tree. Even under the best conditions, unless the hands that hold the nozzles are exceptionally good, a twig or a portion of a limb is likely to be .missed occasionally, so that a second sptaying is necessary to complete the work. Moreover it is certain that any strength less than 20 per cent. will not kill all the scales hit, and even 20 per cent. or 25 per cent. may fail to kill an occasional one, while two applications of even I 5 per cent., or particularly I 5 per cent. followed by 20 per cent., appear to be sure. There is also good reason to suppose that two weak applications have less injurious effect on the tree than one of greater strength, provided they are made at least thirty days apart to avoid the accumulative effect.
Fall versus Sp-ring Sprayi!~g.-It was at first intended to carry out a series of experiments which should determine the relative values of fall , winter and spring spraying, but as has already been stated, it was found impossible to procure the apparatus and materials necessary for an extended t;xperiment with oils before Christmas. A few plots which were sprayed in November and Decen1ber, and a large number that were tteated in January, were therefore compared with plots sprayed during late February and .early March. Though the results of the e later applications were not uniformly superior to those of the earlier, they proved on the whole to be distinctly better. A greater proportion of the scale were killed, and the spring-treated plots averaged freer when ex-amined in August than those plots sprayed with the same strengths and substances in the fall and winter.
Perhaps the most reasonable explanation of this is that the scale insects become m01e or less weakened by their long sleep through the winter months, and therefore \\rithstand the action of the oil l~ss effectually. On the other hand, it might be said that in the spring time they have begun to arouse themselves from their state of torpor, and even to grow a little, and that they are, for this reason, more susceptible to the effects of the spray. It is generally believed that the conttary is the case with the tree, which is supposed to be more easily injured by the use of oil during the winter months than after the fl ow of sap has begun in the spring, but no information on this point can be gleaned from the results of our experiments.
There are, none the less, strong advantages in the treatment of trees in the fall , which should not be lost sight of in this discussion. Scattered all through the Rumph orchard were trees badly -infested with scale, even to the point of encrustation. When the

2-10

GEORGIA DEPAR'fMEN'f OF AGRICULTURE.

last thorough examination of the experim~ntal plots was made in August, it was noticed that such trees, when included in plotsthat had been successfully treated in the fall, and to a less extent in those sprayed in January, had thrown out a much stronger growth than in those that were left untouched until spring. In. some instances there was as much difference as between a comparatively healthy tree in the one case and a. dead tree in the other, and though often less marked than this, the superiority of the fall treatment was generally manifest. This must not be construed as an argument in favor of fall as against spring spraying, but rather for two applications of medium strength, one in the fall or early winter, and the other in the spring. This course of treatment gave results equal to any, and excelled by none, in our experimental plots.
Mechanical Mixt~tre versu,s Soap /:Zmulsion-.-Kerosene emulsified by the use of soap, and variously diluted, has for a long tim e been one of the most popular and effective remedies against insects, especially scales and plant lice. Its rapidly increasing importance, and the trouble of preparing the emulsion, led to the manufacture and sale of several classes of pumps designed to mix the oil forcibly with the water in the act of spraying. These have been construct!,ed on different principles, that employed by the Gould Manufacturing Company and the Spraymoter Company proving the most satisfactory. It was thought that the problem was solved when it was demonstrated that these pumps could be made to work successfully, and the use of the emulsion on a large scale was therefore discontinued. It was soon found, however, that though in the tests the mechanical mixing pumps could be made to give good results, in the field they were not always to be relied upon, and their complexity, besides rendering them more costly and less durable than the single barrel pumps, often caused undue delay for repairs. The results of the somewhat extensive experiments conducted with the view of testing the comparative values of soap emulsion and mechanical mixture indicate quite conclusively the superiority of the former in the destruction of the scale. In the form of emulsion a more even application can be made, thus reducing the danger to the trees and enhancing the effect.
Equally as good results were obtained from crude oil applied with the mechanical mixing pumps when a uniform discharge could be obtained. The Gould "kero-water" pump, with two

BULLETIN NO. 39

241

leads of 20-foot hose, was used, and though apparently the best pump of this nature on the market, it can not always be depended upon for a uniform percentage of oil. For some obscure reason the discharge of either oil or water may become obstructed at varying intervals, and even if this irregularity lasts for but a moment, a tree may be seriously injured, or the scale infesting it escape unharmed. Moreover, owing to the construction of the pump, a slightly greater percentage of oil is usually discharged through one lead of hose than the other; and with nozzles having small apertures (I -20 inch V ermorel were used), there is always some separation of the oil and water in the hose, and consequent variations in the composition of the spray from one instant to another. However, it should be explained, that with constant care and frequent tests, excellent results can be obtained by the use of these pumps.
This point settled, the question of comparative cost next arises, and this, of course, depends largely upon circumstances. On one side we have the added effectiveness, and when once prepared, the greater simplicity in manipulation of the emulsion, which stand as points in favor of its use against the added trouble and expense of its manufacture. On the other side is the lack of this trouble and expense, offsetting the lessened effect of the spray, the added initial cost of the pumps and the trouble of keeping them in repair. All of these factors are more or less variable, and can not be depended upon absolutely. Perhaps the only thing that can safely be sa id at this time is, that considering all things, there is no doubt but that in our experiments the oil was applied with equal cheapness in the fom1 of emulsion as in mechanical mixture, and certainly with less trouble.
The Strength of Oil R eqwiffed fo be Effective.-Tests were made with each of IO, IS, 20 and 2S per cents. strengths of both oils with varying results on different plots and in the two orchards. In the Frederick orchard the conditions of the scale and of the trees were such that the oil sprays proved much more effective than in the Rumph orchard. In the former Is per cent. as a single application did satisfactory work. In the latter, although occasional plots sprayed with 20 per cent., and even with IS per cent., under the best conditions, gave satisfactory results, only th o e sprayed with 2S per cent. averaged satisfactory, and some that were treated with this strength (during the winter) were fqund in ug ust to contain an alarming amount of scale.
16 n. b

242

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

In summing it up it would seem that the amount of oil to US<! would depend almost entirely upon circumstances. In the case of a young healthy orchard, thoroughly infested with scale, 25 per cent. would be required, and even this might not prove sufficient. In an older orchard, where the trees had practically reached their full growth and become in a degree resistant to the scale, 20 per
cent., or perhaps even IS per cent., if applied with great care and
thoroughness, would prove quite effective. Two application-s would be much better in either case, and would be almost a necessity in the former, if the Rumph orchard may be taken as typical. In such an orchard I 5 per cent. in the fall, followed by 20 per cent. jn the spring, would be the ideal treatment, and the spring spraying might be reduced in strength to I 5 per cent. without serious detriment. In the older orchard I 5 per cent. followed by I 5 per cent. would certainly be sufficient.
The Influe nce of th.e W eathe1'.-Rather to our surprise only negative results were obtained in the experiments to determine the effect of the weather which prevailed during the spraying of the various plots, unless, as is probable, the extreme unevenness of our results with single applications of oil, is due to the minor weather conditi ons. Not a single tree in the Rumph orchard, so far as observed, was injured by either the crude oil or the kerosene. In the Frederick orchard some slight injury was done, which may have been due to cloudy weather followed by rain on the day of the treatment, but more likely to a temporary disorder of the oil-water pump used. In the Rumph orchard spraying was done under all sorts of conditions, except whi le rain was actually falling, but no logical connection can be traced between the weather conditions existing at the time of application and the final results. In the case of high winds the results, as would be expected, were less satisfactory, it being almost impossible to cover trees thoroughly with the sp ray under such cqnditions.
T oo much stress must not be laid on these statements, however, as orchards have been repeatedly noted in the past in which trees sprayed under adverse weather conditions or late in the evening have suffered, while those receiving the same treatment at a more opportune time have passed through unharmed.
T ests with Ohio Crnde Oi/.-A barrel of oil from Ohio, designated by the Standard Oil Co. as fuel oil, was used on seve ral plots with good success. The heavy residue of paraffine left after the evaporation was ve ry n9ticeable, much thicker than that left after

BULLETIN NO. 39

243

the evaporation of Pennsylvania crude oil, and probably owing to this peculiarity tl1e effects against the scale were somewhat more marked. Several of the plots which were sprayed with the higher percentages of this oil presented a somewhat sickly appearance s hortly after the foliage put out, and for a time some fear was felt :as to their condition. Though they finally came through all right the circumstances would show that the use of this oil for spraying purposes is attended with too much risk to make its recommendati on advisable, at 1eas t until after further tests.
CaJifontia D"istitla,te.-This is the product which is obtained by .distilling oils with an asphalt base, like those of California and 'Texas. A quantity was obtained from California in the form of .emulsion, whid1 on arrival was found to have separated somewhat. It was 1e-emulsified as well as might be and sprayed on a plot of 200 trees at streng ths of IO per cent., I 5 per cent. and 20 per cent., but with no better results than those obtained by the use .of ordinary oils.

SO A P S .
Whale-oil soap is largely used in the North as a remedy against the San J ose sca1e, but its expense has to a large extent prohibited :its use in the treatment of large orchards in Georgia. Occasiona lly, however, in small family orchards, or in the case of a few trees in a garden 1ot, the questi on of expense is not so vital, and :an application of soap may prove to be easier and safet- than any .other treatment of equal effectiveness. A number of experiments were therefore carried out to determine the comparati ve worth .of soap and oil as a remedy for the scale. Several brands of soap -were used and a number of applications were made from time to time throughout the course of the work.
St1ength R eqwi1ed.-Onl y two streng ths of the soap solution
-were used, viz. : I 0 lbs. and 2 lbs. to the ga llon of wate r. Even
under the best conclitl ons the weaker soluti on vvas found to be unatisfactory, although two applicati<;.ms at this strength , upon December 2cl and February 28th , gave very good results, while ing le applications of 2 lbs. to the gallon on either elate, proved very ineffici ent. Only the strength of 2 lbs. to the gallon on
March 6th proved satisfactory. S eason of the Y eatr Gind We(llther Conditions .-For some reason
:11one of the applicati o11s of soap made during the fall and winter

244

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURJ!)".

were successful. It is impossible to determine from our notes. whether this is entirely due to the season, to adverse weather conditions, or to a combination of both. Every application, except those made in March, chanced to be followed almost immediately by more or less wet weather, which may have. had the effect of washing the soap from the trees before. its full effectiveness. could be felt. The amount of rain in one or two instances was, however, so small that it seems stretching the point to account for all the ill results on this score, and there is not much doubt but that the season of the year had much to do with it.
Our results indicate that to be successful whale-oil soap must be applied as late as possible in the spring before the blossoms. appear, and that to get the best results a day or two of fair weather should follow its application. This does not apply to the soda soaps, of which Leggett's Anchor Brand is an example.
Compaoison witlv the Ot:t T1eatment.-One application of a
potash soap, at the rate of 2 lbs. to the gallon of water, made under the best conditions as outlined above, gave as good results in all respects as single applications of 25 per cent. of either kerosene:
or crude oil, in emulsion or mechanical mixture. I Yz pounds to.
the gallon compared favorably with the average results attending: the use of single applications of 20 per cent. oil, but can not be recommended except possibly on old trees, such as had become partially resistant to the scale. Fall and winter applications gaveresults inferior to oils applied at the same time.
R esults of CompmratL:ve T ests of Different Bra.nds.-The whaleoil soaps tested were all potash soaps except Leggett's A nchor Brand. For several reasons this could not be called satisfactory. It is more difficult to dissolve, makes a thicker solution, so that if not applied quite warm is difficult to spray at the required strength,. and also proves quite destructive to the fruit buds. However, this brand was superior to all the others in adhering qualities. under the influence of rains, owing to which apparently its ef-
fectiveness against the scale was more marked. In fact I Yz
pounds to the gallon, applied December 2d, gave very fair results,. and 2 pounds most excellent results, as far as the scale was concerned, but injured the buds quite seri ously. Unfortunately thesupply of thi s brand was exhau ted in the fall and not replenished for spring use, so that our experiments can hardly be called com-
plete. It is possible that 13/z pounds to the gallon might prove-
effective in the spring, and that no serious effect would follow it use at this season.

BULL~TIN NO. 39

245

Leggett's Whale-oil Soap Compound, at the rate of I Yz and 2
pounds to the gallon, during the winter and early spring gave slightly better results than Good's Potash Soap at the same strengths.
Good's Potash and Tobacco Potash Whale-oil Soap were most extensively tested, as these proved easier of manipulation, dissolving with less difficulty and forming a better solution for spraying. The Tobacco Potash Soap (No. 6) did not appear to possess any advantage over the other; in fact, the first notes indicated a . little better results from the plain potash soap (No. 3).
The suggestion that a cheap grade of soap manufactured in Macon, known as "Magic Cleaner," might be effective against the scale was acted upon and a quantity of the soap purchased and tested. It was found that not more than I pound to the gallon .could be readily got into solution, and that at this strength it was tar from effective.
Effect o1~ Trees.-The general effect on the trees, with the single -exception already cited, was rather beneficial than otherwise. The -effect of the soap upo.n the bark was to clean off some of the outer -dead portions and give it a smoother, more healthy appearance, :and the tree generally seemed to be invigorated by the potash .soaps. This is probably due in part to the sligh ~ertilizing value Qf the soap, most of which eventually must find its way to the ground and the roots of the trees, as well as to its cleansing effect.

LIME, SALT AND SULPHUR.
This wash, which has been for some years successfully used on the Pacific coast, was reported by experimenters in the East as unfitted for use here, on account of climatic conditions. Principally for this reason it has been neglected in most of the experiments made since in theendeavor to find the cheapest, surest and :safest remedy for the scale.
Resttlts Follow ing its Use.-Four lots of the wash were prepared during the early spring and applied, three of them to the Rumph and one to the Frederick orchard. The results upon the scale were not, as is the case with oils and soaps, at once apparent. When first the coating began to crumble off the trees so as to -allow the scale to become visible and permit of their examina-tion, -comparatively few of the insects were found to have been killed. Fifty per cent. on some trees were estimated to be living. Early

246

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGmC\JI,.TURE.

in May a complete examination of all the pfots; was: made, and at this date, although many of the scale had reached full maturity and begun to breed, above ro per cent. were estimated on an: average to be still alive. Though the insecf itseff was apparently healthy in most of these cases, the scaly covet~ing was corroded and imperfect, affording slight shelter, and the general condition was such as to make it appear that a second applieati.on would have completed the execution. In spite of the large percentage of living scale some encouragement was felt, therefore, which was increased from time to time during June and July, when the plots were hastily passed through and very Tittle scafe noted as occurring upon the trees. Consequently we were not totally unprepared,' for the surprise which the last examination in August had jn. store.
On August r2th and r6th the plots irr the Rumph orchard were carefully examined and found to contain very few living scales,. and these were often in anything but a heafthy condition. In: fact the results in one plot were as good as any obtained with twoapplications of kerosene in emulsion. In the other plots the work was not quite so thorough, but was, none the les-s, superior to any- thing except two applications of kerosene or crude oil.
Comparison with Oil.-The advantages of fime, salt and sulphur over oil are several. Its cost per gailon ready to spray, counting only the material and using the California fom1llla, would be
from I ;.i to I y,i cents, according to the ~rength us-ed. Oil, to
compete with it in price, would have to be pm~chased at between 6 and 9 cents, if used at a strength of 20 per cenf. Judging fro1111 the results of our experiments, referred to ab():V"e, it is more effective than single applications of either crude oil or kerosene at a strength of 20 per cent. It is apparently not p1-ejudicial to the health of the dormant tree, as is oil if applied car-elessly or under adverse conditions.
On the other hand, the cost and trouble of preparati-on far exceeds that of the oil emulsion. The necessity of mahng the application while the mixture is yet warm, and its deterioration if allowed to stand longer than a few hours, are not in its favor. It also exerts a corroding influence upon copper and brass, and if much spraying is to be done with it specially made nozzles with hard-rubber apertures are necessary for its use. It should not be made up in brass kettles or used in brass pumps.
Strength Requ.ired.- Three strengths were used, the standard

BULLETIN NO. 39

247

formula ( 30 pounds lime, 20 pounds of sulphur and 1S pounds of salt) being diluted to 40, so and 6o gallons. Very little if any difference in the results could be attributed to the use of the different strengths, and it is likely that the weakest will prove sufficiently strong.
Weather Conditions.-Applications were made at four different dates, viz.: February 28th, March 3d, 6th and 7th. February 28th was a fair day, with a slight breeze from the southwest during the forenoon, freshening into a brisk wind in the afternoon, rendering thorough work difficult. On March 1st 1.33 inches of rain fell, but the temperature ( S8 max. 33 min.) was cold for the season. On the sth .23 inch of rain fell, followed by two fair days and a slight rain ( .02 inch) on the 8th. No more rain fell until the 14th, when it commenced and continued through the 16th, during which time the precipitation amounted to 47S inches.
RESIN WASH.
This wash has been long recommended as an effective remedy for some of the less resistant scales, and in a more dilute form as a summer treatment' for Aphids and other soft-bodied sucking insects. One trial was made of it last winter, with poor results, and as it is- more difficult to prepare than the lime, salt and sulphur, it hardly seems worth further discussion here.

CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH .
Crude caustic potash was used on four plots and at three different strength s, viz. : S, 10 and 1S pounds to so gallons of water. The weakest solution proved very insufficient, but the two stronger ones were quite effective. Not even the strongest injured the trees in the slightest degree, so far as could be observed, its effect being rather to improve the appearance of the bark. It is, however, on account of its strong corrosive action, very unpleasant to apply and detrimental to the hose; neither is it as effective as either the oil treatment, the soap washes or the lime, salt and sulphur. The results showed that not less than 10 pounds to so gallons should be used, and preferably 12 or 1S

CARBOLIC ACID EMULSION.
Crude carbolic acid in variGus forms was tried extensively and all strengths from 4 per cent. to 20 per cent. of emulsion mixed

248

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT O:F AGRICULTURE.

with water. The results were most unsatisfactory. Less than IS per cent. of the emulsion, or one part to 6, did no appreciable execution amongst the scale. Stronger than this some effect was noticed, which became quite marked at 20 per cent. Even at this strength the carbolic acid was a little less effective than kerosene and much more expensive.

PRACTICAL WORK WITH OILS IN A LARGE

ORCHARD.

~

In addition to the regular experiments, an orchard of ss,ooo

l

three-year-old peach trees and I,ooo plums, belonging to Mr. W.

I

C. Wright, of Fort Valley, Ga., was treated under our supervision.

Mr. Wright was very much alarmed over the condition of his

orchard, and he made a special request of the entomologist to as-

sume full control of its treatment.

Beginning August 8th, I90I, 'the orchard was given a row-by-

row inspection, which revealed I,ooo badly infested trees, well

distributed. From these centers of infestation the scale had spread

generally in all directions, leaving only a small per cent. of the

trees entirely free. Beginning August 2oth, all the badly infested

trees that had been located were sprayed with a IO per cent.

strength of kerosene, using the Gould knapsack "kero-water"

pump. This checked the breeding of the scale, and was apparently

the means of saving a large number of trees that would otherwise

have perished before time for winter treatment.

From December 25th to January 2d, each badly infested tree,

with IS or 20 adjacent, was sprayed with a IS per cent. strength

of kerosene, using the Gould barrel pump. In this manner the

I,ooo trees representing the centers of infestation had received

two applications of oil ( IO per cent., followed by I 5 per cent.)

and about IS,OOO trees one application, before the general treat-

ment of the orchard commenced.

It was intended that the entire orchard should be treated with

crude petroleum, but delay in obtaining this substance necessitated

the continuation of the use of kersosene. Taking the trees in

regular order, regard1ess of previous treatment, I 7,000 were

BULLETIN NO. 39

249

.sprayed with a 20 per cent. strength of kerosene between January 3d and 23d. The crude oil had then arrived, and from January .25th to February 7th, 28,ooo peaches and I,ooo plums were sprayed with a 20 per cent. strength of this substance, which regis-
tered 43 0 gravity on the Baume oil scale. The remaining IO,-
ooo trees being detached from the main orchard, and containing -only a slight infestation of scale, were not taken into account in making notes. However, they were sprayed with a 20 per cent. :strength of kerosene, beginning February I Ith. The effect of the treatment was carefully watched, and at the end of three weeks after 20 per cent. kerosene had been applied to the block of I 7,000 trees in the general treatment a small per cent. of live scale insects could here be found. It was then too early to make .a definite determination of the results, but the owner was not satisfied wi th the indications, and late in February this block was ziven another application of kerosene at a strength of IS per cent.
Reviewing the treatment, the orchard may be divided ir(to plots -which were sprayed as follows:
1. Consisting of a part of the I,ooo badly infested trees; IO :per cent., followed by IS, 20 and IS per cent. at various periods during the fall and winter.
2. Consisting of the remainder of the above mentioned trees with I o per cent. kerosene, followed by I 5 per cent. kerosene and :20 per cent. crude oil.
3 Several thousand trees first sprayed with I 5 per cent. kerosene, then later with 20 per cent. kerosene, and finally with, IS per cent. of the same substance.
4 The remainder of the trees first receiving the treatment of .15 per cent. kerosene, and later 20 per cent. crude oil.
5 A large block sprayed with 20 per cent. kerosene in January -and followed with I 5 per cent. later.
6. The bulk of the orchard, which was treated only once with 20 per cent. crude oi l.
7 Several thousand trees upon which the application of 20 per cent. crude oil was followed by another of I 5 per cent. of the same substance.
The entire work, throughout the season, was done in the most careful manner possrble, on a large scale. Six Gould's barrel "kero-water" pumps were used, and these were supplied with oil by extra teams, whi le the water was piped into the orchard. The work was done with negro labor, superintended by the owner of

250

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the orchard and two intelligent white men, who at short intervals tested the percentage of oil discharges, and saw that every portion of the tree was moistened with the spray. When any part of the tree was found dry it was resprayed, even at the cost of turningthe team. By constant attention the pumps were kept so adjusted as to do satisfactory work.
The results were most satis"factory. \ iVhen the winter work was begtm the new double hose arrangement, by which the oil and water are kept separate until the nozzle is reached, was employed. Instead of producing a mechanical mixture, pure oil and pure . water were alternately discharged. On one morning in trying to start five pumps with these attachments, a number of trees were sprayed with pure kerosene, resulting in the death of 40. The new style attachment was discarded, and no more injury was done, save, possibly, the death of about 50 other trees, which may be attributed to the combined effect of the scale atid the treatment. The trees bloomed and leaved out normally, and bore a magnificent crop of fruit.
The scale was as nearly eradicated as we believe possible with any treatment. During the course of spring and summer, until June I 7th, when the last observations were made, we visited the orchard three times and carefully examined several hundred trees, both in the kerosene and crude oil blocks, and found only two trees bearing live scales. These were located in one of the kerosene blocks where two applications had been made. A general' inspection of the orchard on June I 7th revealed no further infes- tation of living scales. It is understood, of course, that should every tree in the orchard be carefully examined a large -number would, no doubt, show some infestation, but the observations have been sufficiently extensive to warrant the statement that better results can rarely be obtained with any practical treatment.

PREPARATION OF THE I SECTICIDES.
For the sake of convenience the formul;;e and methods of preparing such sub tances as require special preparation were not given in connection with the discussion of the tests. Since the resin wash and carbolic acid emulsions did not give encouragingresults, instruction for their preparation does not appear to be-

BULL:E'I'IN NO. 39

25:n.

necessary here, and only the emulsion of petroleum oils and thelime, salt and sulphur wash need be treated of at any length.

OIL EMULSION.
Preparration.-An emulsion of either crude petroleum or kero- sene may be made from the following formula::
2 pounds potash whale-oil soap. 4 gallons water. 8 gallons oil.
Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vessel ' over the fire, using a slight excess of water to make up for evaporation . Fit a pump with a short piece of hose, to which is at-
tached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream -fs or 7:4 inch in
diameter. Pour the' oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump is set, and when the whale-oil soap is dissolved and the solution begins to boil, add it to the oil and pump the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten minutes. The stream from the nozzle should be directed straight downward into the mixture, so as to stir it to the very bottom. After a few minutes the oil and soap solution will be seen to combine, forming a thick creamy emulsion, which, when perfectly made, will remain without change for weeks.
Materz~cnls and Pu,mp Required.-Either crude oil or kerosene will give good results in making emulsion. The soap should
preferably be some soft whale-oil soap, such as Good's No. 3 rr
a hard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy, and only with difficulty mix with water. Country lye soap answers admirably, but must be used in somewhat larger quantity than called for in . the fornm given above.
The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mixing the emulsion, but almost any pump will do that can be fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle. A "Bordeaux" or
"Seneca" nozzle gives ~ very satisfactory sizeC! stream for this .
work, though rather small. The water used must be soft, for if hard no stable emulsion can
be prepared, and it sometimes happens that foreign substances. chancing to be present, will prevent the emulsification. If a lot of soap solution and oil, for any reason, fails to emulsify properly,.

25 2

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the best thing to do is to throw the whole away, carefully clean up the pump, wash out all the vessels used and begin over.
Properties of the Emulsion.- The emulsion, if well made of the proper soap, will retain its creamy consistency when cold, and is easily mixed with water in all proportions. No alarm should be felt if a small portion of the soap and water fails to emulsify, and -separates at the bottom, nor, if after being exposed to the air for some time, a thin scum forms over the surface. If on long standing globules of free oil rise to the surface, or if a thin ring of -oil collects around the sides of the containing vessel, the emulsion should either be thrown away, or warmed up and agitated afresh. It will keep in the concentrated condition, if well made, for weeks, or even months, but will quickly deterim-ate if diluted.
Use of the Entulsion.-The emulsion will mix with water in any proportion, but unless kept constantly stirred will rise like cream to the surface. On this account it is necessary that pumps in which it is used be furnished with an agitator, or else that the mixture be constantly stirred. In diluting the emulsion for use, if it has been made in quantity and allowed to stand, it should first be thoroughly stirred so as to become uniform throughout.
The following table shows the proper proportions of emulsion :and water required to secure a given per cent. of oil:
3 ~ gallons emulsion 4634 gallons water for 5 per cent. oil
70 gallons emulsion 420 gallons water for IO per cent. oil
I I 34 gallons emulsion 38~ gallons water for I 5 per cent oil
IS gallons emulsion 3S gallons water for 20 per cent. oil I8~ gallons emulsion 3I34 gallons water for 2S p<!r cent. oil 220 gallons emulsion 270 gallons water for 30 per cent. oil
If desired the emulsion may be prepared in small lots, each of which may be diluted to so gallons, and a given per 1t. obtained. For instance, for a so-gallon barrel full of the diluted emulsion the following amount of oil, soap and water would be necessary . for the desired P.ercentage :
For 2S per cent.. 120 gallons oil, 60 gallons water, 334 lbs. soap For 20 per cent. . IO gallons oil, S gallons water, 20 lbs. soap For IS per cent.. 70 gallons oil, 4 gallons water, 2 lbs. soap
.For IO per cent. . S gallons oil, 2 0 gallons water, I 34 lbs. soap

BULLETIN NO 39

2 5~

Cost of Preparra.tion.-The cost of preparation wi ll, of course,. depend upon the circumstances. With proper fac ilities, and the help of a boy, I2, or even I6 gallons of oil, may be emulsified ata time with a little extra trouble, and the work thus be carried on much faster. For each so-gallon barrel of oil I2,0 pounds of soap will be required, which wi ll vary somewhat in price, according to the market and freight charges. Fifty to sixty cents should. _cover it. With ordinary price for labor and soap, the cost per barrel for emulsifying oil should be between seventy and ninety cents.

LIME, SALT AND SULPHUR.
Preparation:
Quick lime. . . . ..... . .. . . . . . .... ...... 30 pounds
Salt . .... . .. . .. ........... . ... . ... . . . 15 ''
Flovvers of sulphur .. .. . .. . . ....... .. .. . 20 " Water to make 6o gallons.
Slake half the lime carefuUy and place it in a large kettle with25 gallons of water; grind the sulphur up with a little water, breaking the lumps up as fine as possible and add to the lime ; boil. As it boils the liquid will gradually become thinner and thinner, the lime and sulphur di ssolving simultaneously to form a deep orange reel solution. \t\Then the sulphur has apparently all entered. into solution, which may take two hours or more, slake the remaind ei;" of the lime, add to it the salt, and pour the two into the lime and sulphur solution. Boil the whole for from half an boUtto an hour longer, strain, and dilute with warm water to 6o gallons. Do not Jet it become th oroughly cold, but spray while yet warm.
The principal care in making up this wash is to make sure that the sulph ur is thoroughly dissolved. Flowers of sulphur are apt to be more or less lumpy, and these lumps are very difficult of solution. The more thoroughly the sulphur is ground up with water before being boiled with the lime, the less time it will take in boiling. Ordinarily two or three hours' constant boiling will be found necessa ry.
An iron kettle must be used if th~ boiling is clone directly over a fire. A better and cheaper way, whenever a head of steam is available, is to place the sulphur, lime and salt together in a barrel

-:254

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

half full of water, conduct the steam through a pipe to the bottom of the barrel and boil for two or three hours, with occasional stir1ing, to make sure that nothing is settling. If a boiler is convenient a pipe might be so arranged as to conduct steam to a num.ber of barrels at once.

WHALE-OIL SOAP.
The only preparation required for the use of this substance is to thoroughly dissolve it in water by boiling. The boiling may be -done in a large syrup kettle over a fire, or in a barrel into which ~team is conducted. Measure the water, add to it the desired :amount of soap, and stir until the solution is complete.

CRUDE CAUSTIC POTASH.
This substance needs only to be dissolved in water. No heat :ls required, but frequent stirring will hasten the solution.

RECOMMENDATIPNS.
The results of our experiments do not materially change the -former recommendations of this office for the treatment of the 'San Jose scale, but they broaden the field of effective remedies, giving the orchardist the option of choosing one of several. The -petroleum oils (kerosene and crude petroleum), which have furnished the almost exclusive remedy for the scale in this State, -came through the experiments with more points in their favor than any other substance tested, although the lime, salt and sul:phur wash gave almost equally as good results. In dealing with insecticides it is not usually safe to base recommendations upon one year's experience, and for this reason alone we are not willing to give the lime, salt and sulphur wash the endorsement that the results obtained from its use in the tests would warrant. However, it deserves to be recorded as very promising and given a place in the recommendations, allowing the orchard owners to -choose between it and the oils. Results of further tests, which .are planned for next winter, may place this wash upon an equal -with oils, or even show its superiority to them.

BULLETIN NO 39

255

It will be remembered that in all former recommendations is-sued from this office (:gulletin I, and Circulars 4 and 5) two apvlications during the conrse of the winter have been insisted upon. One application appears to be sufficient for trees that have reached full growth, but the results of our experiments show most con-clusively the necessity for two in the treatment of young,orchards. 'fhe scale insects on young trees are more virulent, multiply much more rapidly and are afforded a better food supply than those on older trees, hence the number of surviving scales that would do no particular damage to old trees might seriously damage those not yet full grown. Moreover, it is quite impossible to reach every portion of a tree with one application, particularly if much wind is stirring, and it is usually advisable to make two even -in case of old trees.
Concluding not only from the recent experiments, but in part from practical results obtained by the growers, the recommendations for next winter's work stand as follows:
I. Oil Enwlsio11.-In ovember or early December apply a IS
per cent. strength of either crude oil or kerosene in emulsion with soap, and in February or early March (before the bloom buds open) repeat the application at a strength of 20 per cent. When obtained in car lots (as was clone last winter) the crude oi l is some cheaper and in general practice it has given slightly more satisfactory results in its effect upon both the scale and the trees, hence it should be given the preference. Not having yet completed the experiments with low-grade crude oils we can recommend only the Pennsylvania product, registering not less than 43 gravity on the Beaume oil scale.
In spraying a tree the work should be done thoroughly, but quickly. moistening every portion of the tree above the ground without allowing the substance to run clown the trunk. Begin on the side of the tree opposite the pump and walk completely around, spraying from the top clownvvard, and taking care to reach the twigs and the inside of the limbs. If even small spots or twigs are left the best results can not be expected. On the other hand, the use of an exce s of oil will endanger the tree and should be carefully avoided.
2. Oil -i11 Meclwnim l Mi..1:tnre.-The mechanical mixture of either crude oil or kerosene, applied by the use of the oil-water pump , may be substituted for the emulsion recommended above. So long as the pumps discharge a uniform percentage -of oil, re-

256

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

suits equally as good as those obtained from emulsion may be expected. In addition to the precautions to be observed in the use of emulsion the mechanical mixing pumps require constant watching to keep them properly adjusted, and the percentage of oil discharged should be frequently tested. To make these tests catch the mixture., as it is discharged from the nozzle, in a bottle w ith a straight side, allow it to stand until the oil rises to the top an.d then with a rule measure the volume of oil as compared with the volume of water beneath it. This will show the proporti on of oil to water discharged. If the desired percentage is not obtained the pump should be looked into and readjusted.
3 L vme-Salt-Sulphtwr Wa~h.-The lime, salt and sulphur wash applied in February or March, before the trees bloom. This. remedy gave such promising results in th~ tests that we venture to include it in the recommendations, feeling confident of its success. when properly prepared and thoroughly applied. The instructions. for its preparation should be carefully observed, with particular reference to the boiling, and its appl.ication should be thorough.
Since no fall or mid-winter applications of this wash were made in the. experiments we can at present advise its use only for springspraymg.
4 Whale-oil S o01p.-In the treatment of family orchards it may be found more convenient to use whale-oil soap than the other more complicated remedies. Use a potash soap and dissolve it (by boiling) in wa.ter at the rate of 2 lbs. to each gallon. Make the application in the early spring just before vegetation begins, using a spray or cloth mop, preferably the former. Should only a very small number of trees be involved, they might be successfully treated by rubbing on the solution with a cloth, provided great care be taken to coat the small twi gs as well as the trunk and limbs.
More thorough execution to the scale would be expected from
two applications, one at a strength of I Yz lbs. to the gallon of
water and the other as t:ecommended above. A single application will not ordinarily give entire satisfaction.
Crude caustic potash being cheaper, although not so effective,. may in some cases be advantageously substi tuted for whale-oil soap; and indeed, in commerci al orchards where the scale is in a weakened condition from the age of the tree this substance may be used with success. Fo1 effective work a strength of at least
so IO lbs. to gallons of water wi ll ordinarily be required.

FROM BULLETIN GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE~
SERIAL No. 40.
SEASON t900-t90t.
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS

UNDER THB 8 1; PEaVIBION OF
0. B. STEVENS,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.


JNO. M. McCANDLESS,
State Chemitit.

H.. G. WiLLIAMS, First Assistant .:;tate Chemist.
17 Q. b

J Q. BUIHON H cond A~ ; ~tant State Uhe' ist.

AN ACT

To provide for the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of fertilizer materials, in bulk, in this State of Georgia, and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith.

SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia,

and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That from

and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for manufac-

iurers, jobbers, dealers and manipulators of commercial fertil-

-izers and fertilizer materials, to sell or offer for sale in the State

.Of Georgia acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk to

persons, individuals or firms, who desire to purchase the same for

their own use on their own lands, but not for sale.

S:ec. 2. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agri-

.culture of this State shall have the authority to establish such

:rules and regulations in regard to the registration, inspection,

:sale and analysis of acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials,

in bulk, sold to persons, individuals or firms, who desire to pur-

.Chase and use the same as provided in section I of this Act, as

.shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and as in

'his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof.

S:ec. 3 Be it further enacted, That the same inspection fees

shall be paid by manufacturers, dealers, jobbers and manipulators

-who sell acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk under

the provisions of this bill as applies to such goods when placed

jn sacks, barrels or boxes under the general fertilizer laws of this

State, and such inspection fees shall be transmitted to the Com-

missioner of Agriculture at the time notice of shipment of such

.acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk are made to

.the purchaser or purchasers, provided for in this Act.

SEc. 4 Be it further enacted, That it is hereby made the duty

-of the Commissioner of Agriculture to personally prosecute each

and every offender under the provisions of this Act, and upon

.conviction, such offenders shall be punished as prescribed in sec-

tion I039 of the Code of Georgia, and all fines arising therefrom

shall be paid into and become a part of the general educational

fund of the State.

.,

SEc. S Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws

:in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.

Approved August I4, I903.

I

260

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUR]!)'..

STATE OF GEORGIA,.
OFFICE OF SECRETARY OF STATE.
. I, Philip Cook, Secretary of State of the State of Georgia, dOt hereby certify that the attached two ( 2) sheets of typewritterb matter contain a true and correct copy of the Act to provide for the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of fertilizer materials, in bulk, in this State of Georgia, and to repeal all laws and: . parts of laws in conflict therewith, the original of which is of filein this department.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed' the seal of my office, at the Capitol, in the city of Atlanta, this. 14th day of August, in the year of our L ord One Thousand Nine Hundred and Three, and of the Independence of the United\ States of America the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth.
PHILIP CooK, Secretary of State.

REPORT OF THE STATE CHEMIST.

STATE OF GEORGIA, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF CHEM ISTRY,
ATLANTA, GA., August 20, .1903.
Han. 0. B . Stevens, Co111m~issioner of Agriwlt~tre of the State of Georgia.
DEAR SIR: Attached to this report I beg to hand you tables . of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia. during the season of 1902-1903. The number of brands on the market this season is 895, as against 735 the previous years. The: consumpti on of commercial fertilizers has reached the unprecedented total of 628,484 tons, breaking the hitherto unbroken record of last season and necessitating the execution of a greater number of analyses than ever before made in the history of the department. The new fertilizer law of the State, consolidatingaU of the old fertilizer laws, retaining all that was good in them and add ing some new features, has been in operation for the first time during the present season.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

261

The new system of uniform branding, giving in the shortest and simplest manner possible the essential ingredients of plant food in the fertilizers, has been inaugurated, though not without some fricti on with the manufacturers, and some extra expense to them in changing the forms of brands to which they have been accustomed. Two results of importance to the farming interest will accrue from this change. In the first place, as the State of Alabama has already adopted our new law practically unchanged, and as I understand the States of Tennessee and North Carolina are about to adopt it, a great saving will be effected in the matter of sacking and resacking and branding and rebranding fertilizers shipped from one State into another, as the various laws will require precisely the same brands and guar-antees on a11 the sacks. This expense the farmer would doubtless have to meet in the end, and therefore this useless expense is :saved to him by the form of brand prescribed by the new law. The second result of importance flowing from the style of brand under the new law is this, that it does away with the old "sliding scale" of percentages of plant-food almost uniformly adopted by the manufacturers under the old law. For instance, when a manufacturer intended to guarantee eight per cent. available phosphoric acid, two per cent. ammonia and two per cent. of pota sh, under the old law he would brand his sacks thus:
Available phosphoric acid .......... 8 to IO per cent. Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2 to 4 per cent. P otash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 2 to 4 per cent.
Under the new law the gu,arantee must be branded on the sack "in the minimum percentage only which he intends to guarantet:; the result is that in order to be on the side of safety the manufacturer is obliged to give a little more of each ingredient than he :actually guarantees, and the purchaser is no longer deceived into thinking that perhaps he is getting three per cent. ammonia, or three per cent. of potash, under the old sliding scale guarantee of two to four.
Section 4 of the new fertilizer law of Georgia prohibits the sale -of any commercial fertilizer in this State containing less than twelve per cent. of total plant-food,. viz., available phosphoric :acid, ammonia and potash, when the percentages of the three are added together, as against ten per cent. minimum under the old law. We thus have a twenty per cent. compulsory increase in the minimum amount of plant-food allowed by law. This is a fact .on which the farmers of the State are to be congratulated; that is,

262.

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

that the minimum guarantee permitted by their newlaw is twenty per cent. above that permitted by the old law, and that it is now as high as expediency would warrant, considering the grades of the various fertilizer materials from which commercial fertilizers. are now manufactured. In spite of the increased compulsory minimum grade of the fertilizers put on the market this year, the predictions of those who prophesied a corresponding increase iru price have not been verified. On the contrary, the average selling price this year has been from 25 cents to $1 a ton less than. the preceding year, working under the old law.
IN REGARD TO FILLERS.
In this connection I beg to insert a portion of a. Jetter written
.. to a Georgia farmer on "fillers," as being appropriate : "A 'filler' may be defined as being any substance put into a fertilizer, or existing there naturally, which is not phosphoric acid,. nitrogen or potash. Fillers are of two kinds, natural and artificial. I have just given you an instance of a natural 'filler,' in the complete analysis of the fertilizer made out of acid phosphate,. cottonseed meal and kainit, and in this mixture only twelve and eighty-three hundredths pounds per hundred consisted of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash; the rest was alL filler, put there by nature in the original making of these materials. It is true man did put in some sulphuric acid, but thai was necessary to make phosphoric acid available or soluble, so it can scaTcely be considered as an artificial filler. "The artificial 'filler' is the filler put in by man for the purpose of reducing the total percentage of plant-food in a fertilizer~ The materials used as artificial 'fillers' are numerous; they may be sand, powdered cinders, graphitic slate, shale, pyrite cinder,. marl, gypsum, etc. All of them are practically without any value as fertilizers. How is it, then, you inquire, that such substances can be put into our fertilizers, if we have an efficient inspection. by the Department of Agriculture? I will explain how that is~ Suppose that a manufacturer, instead of having on hand only South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed meal and kainit when you call on hi_m for an 8-2-2 goods, has on hand some of the highest grade materials known to the trade. "He has, say, acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida rock, which contains twenty per cent of available phosphoric acid; also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent. of nitrogen, dried blood with fourteen per cent. nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia with

BULLETIN NO. 40.

263

twenty per cent. nitrogen, muriate of potash with fifty t;>er cent. of potash; with these materials on hand he receives your order for a fertilizer, guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plantfood as the law will permit, viz.: twelve per cent., made up of eight per cent. available phosphoric acid, two per cent. nitrogen, two per cent. potash. Considering the materials he has on hand, he figures out this formula:
825 pounds of 20 per cent. acid phosphate. 2 I 5 pounds of I4 per cent. dried blood.
75 pounds of I6 per cent. nitrate of soda. 85 pounds of 50 per cent. muriate of potash.
I,2oo pounds.
"Now, in this I,200 pounds of high-grade materials he has all the plant-food you called for, with a small margin for safety. You called for eight per cent. of a ton in available phosphoric' acid or one hundr.ed and sixty pounds, and in his 825 pounds of twenty per cent. acid phosphate he nas given you one hundred and sixty-five pounds of available phosphoric acid; you called for two per cent. of a ton, or forty pounds of nitrogen, and in his 2 I 5 pounds of dried blood, containing fourteen per cent. nitrogen and seventy-five pounds nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent. of nitrogen, he has given you forty-two and one-tenth pounds of nitrogen. In like manner you called for forty pounds of potash, and in eighty-five pounds of fifty per cent. muriate of potash he has given you forty-two and a half pounds of actual potash. Now, the best thing, both for you and the manufacturer, the cheapest thing for both of you, would be for him to send you that twelve hundred pounds put up in six sacks, which upon inspection and analysis would show :
Available phosphoric acid . ..... .... . . I3.75 per cent. Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50 per cent. Potash ......................... 354 per cent.
"But no, you won't have it that way, you must have a ton, ten sacks of 8-2-2 ; so the manufacturer, rather than enter upon a campaign of education with all his customers, obligingly freights into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate mined some hundred miles away, utterly worthless as fertilizer, and mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer, making one ton. This mixture on inspection and analysis shows :

264

GEORGIA DEP,ART MENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Available phosphoric acid ............ 8.25 per cent. Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 2. IO per cent. Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2. I2 per cent.

A SMALL QUANTITY OF HIGH-GRADE FERTILIZER BETTER THAN
A LARGE QUANTITY OF LOWER GRADE.
"Now, suppose you had exercised a little common sense and bought the six sacks, analyzing 13.75, 3.50 and 354, you would have been saved the cost of mining, pulverizing and freighting of the artificial 'filler' to the factory, and the freight on four sacks of it from the factory to your railroad station, and the wear and tear on your mules hauling that extra eight hundred pounds ten miles to the farm. Wouldn't it have been much better to have bought, the six sacks, and when you got home, if you wanted it in the proportion of 8-2-2, which is a good proportion, to have mixed up the six sacks yourself with wood's earth, or compost, or even sand, before distributing? I think I hear you say, well, that's true, but why don't you fix the law and raise the grade so these fellows can't put -in all this artificial 'filler?'
"My dear friend, there never yet was, and there never will be, a law framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social and industrial problem, or which wi ll compensate for the failure to exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citizen. Think for a moment, suppose we should pass a law making it impossible to use any artificial 'fillers' in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers, by raising the grade to a very high point. Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this great industry, and cut short the cotton crop of the State, since we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed meal and kainit and a number of other good materials of similar grade, and thus at once raise the price of the highgrade materials to an unheard-of degree by greatly increasing the demand for them?
"No, the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in every particular by the Commissioners of Agriculture of the various States, aided and advised by those best qualified by experience and training to understand the matter in all of its details, and the result of their deliberations is embodied in the new Georgia fertilizer: law printed in this bulletin. This law raises the grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plant-food of ten per cent. minimum under the old law to twelve per cent. minimtim, and protects the farmer in every way that a good and just

BULLETIN NO. 40.

265

Jaw can protect him. It will give him the highest grade of fertilizers he has ever bought, it will protect him against fraud, it will guarantee that he gets every pound of fertilizing value that :he pays for; in fine, it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute books of any State, but even such a, law can not"prevent the use of 'fillers.'
"Only education on the part of the farmer, and a demand on :his part for the higher grades of fertilizers will eliminate the use of 'fillers.' When you and your brother farmers study the per. centages of plant-food in a fertilizer, and prefer to buy five or six sacks of a high-grade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods containing only the same quantity of actual plant food, then there will be no more 'filler' put into high-grade fertilizer materials, but the capital of the manufacturer and the skill of the chemist will be exerted in the effort to take out of the present low-grade fertilizer materials as much as possible of the 'filler' which God :and nature have put there."

SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

In the matter of suggestion and recommendation for the fu-

ture, I know of nothing more important to the people of the

.State at large and the farmers in particular than the passage of

.a general pure-food law, with provision for its enforG~ment; as

covering my ideas on this subject and as showing the necessity

for such legislation, I beg to present below a copy of an address

delivered by me at the Sugar Growers' Convention held in Ma-

.con last May.

Respectfully,

J. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

ADDRESS
IDELIVERED BY STATE CHEMIST M'CANDLESS BEFORE THE SUGAR GROWERS' CONVENTION AT MACON, GA., MAY 6,1903 .
I
Mr. President and Gentlemen: Being requested a fe\ days since by your President to read a
paper at this convention, I suspended temporarily the steady work we have been doing for months past on commercial fertilizers,

266

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and decided that I could perhaps help the cane growers and syrup boilers of the State more effectively by analyzing carefully some of the syrups on the market than in any other way. I therefore sent out and bought samples of syrup from retail stores in various parts of Atlanta. The instructions to the buyer were in all cases.
to ask for Georgia cane syrup and also to inquire the price per gallon. With the aid of Messrs. Williams and Burton, the Assistant State Ch_emists, the work has just been completed with the following results :

..;

(I)
s.0
z 0

Price Per Gallon.

Reading of Polarisc<'pe
D1rect.

1 --

2

60.

3

60.

4

50.

5

50,

6

60.

7

50.

8

GOP

9

50.

10

60.

ll

5 ('

12

50,

13

50.

57.0 57.0 104.2 66.0 51.6
88.8
59.4 130.3 54.8 52.2 55.0 107.2 63.2

Invert.

- 21.3

- 15.0

-++

74.8 14.5 20.9

+ 49.8

+- 17.2 115.5

- 21.3

- 19.4

- 20.9

+ +

77.4 10. 8

Per Cent. Per Cent Sucrose. Glncose.

59.4 54.5

-- --

22.3

46.8

31.6 54.5

-20-.4

29.4

33.9

57.6

--

11.1

68.1

57.2 53.8 57.1

--- ---

22.4

48.4

39 4

13.6

Thus we have practically fifty per cent. of the samples of Georgia cane syrup purchased at random in the retail grocery stores of the capital city of Georgia, adulterated with glucose. Now, glucose of itself is harmless, is in fact a perfectly wholesome sweet, if well made, but it is the fraud of which I complain, of which the consumer has a perfect right to complain, of which the cane grower has a just right to complain. Here is an article famous the country over for its peculiar flavorous sweetness, which a citizen of Georgia in the capital city of his own State, callingfor Georgia cane syrup and paying the price asked, and a good one for a genuine article, can not obtain with certainty. Vve will ' pass over the fraud on the consumer; what this convention is more vitfllly interested in is fraud upon the cane grower. Does not the fact that there is such adulteration show that there is a great and growing demand for the genuine article which can not be met at the ordinary price, under the present conditions of supply and demand, without resort to fraudulent practices? Does it not show that if the State only exercised a rigid supervision over the

bULLETIN NO. 40.

267

food supply of her citizens, and enforced a fixed standard of purity, that the cane grower would profit by it? If the adulterated stuff now on the market were forced off, would not the demand exceeding the supply raise the price from 6o cents now asked and obtained for the fraudulent compound, to 75 cents or more for the genuine article? But you will say, is there not a law prohibiting the adulteration of syrup? Yes, a law was passed at the last session of the General Assembly making it a misdemeanor to adulterate any syrup after the first day of September, 1903. So under the laws of Georgia it is at present perfectly legal to do all the adulteration you want. But suppose we have reached the first day of September, 1903, what good is the law then? There is no provision made to enforce it, no funds pro- vided for carrying it out. It simply says: "Hear, oh Israel, this. is the law," and rests confident in the sweet conviction that Israel. will hear and obey.
In like manner, gentlemen, we have various laws on the statute books directed against the adulteration of foods and food products, special laws against the adulteration of milk and cheese and butter, and other articles, but making no provision for their enforcement. Gentlemen, we have one law on the statute books: against adulteration which is enforced, and that is the law directed against fraudulent fertilizers. You have a Department of Agriculture devoted heart and soul to this end; you have inspectors traveling the length and breadth of the State taking samples of fertilizer at every railroad station and in many instances on the farms themselves, and you h.ave a small force of chemists working steadily on the thousand of samples sent out by these inspectors; you have a law prescribing a minimum per cent. of plant food, below which a fertilizer shall not fall, and you have a Commissioner of Agriculture who publishes the results of all these analyses, so that the consumer may read for himself and see what he buys. You have, in consequence, one great industry honestly con-
ducted. More than a half million tons of commercial fertilizers have been and will be sold this year in Georgia, and the harvests. of corn and cotton and oil and meal, not to mention syrup, will. proclaim in the most unanswerable manner the honesty with which that great industry is conducted. The majority of men in all industries are honest, but there are also rogues whom we must watch and expose for the benefit of the honest men and the general public.
Gentlemen, you have a State Department of Agriculture which turns into the State treasury every year from the fertilizer tax.

268

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT O:F AGRICULTURE.

"$40,000 in excess of the sum required to run it and pay all its expenses. This $40,000 is a special tax, levied on a special class, the farmers, and spent for the benefit of the general public and all -classes. Why can not your association, and the Dairymen's Association and the other agricultural associations of the State see t0 it that a general pure food law is enacted in Georgia, a law drawn both by the chemists who are to execute it as well as legislators who are to pass it, which will give us pure foods for our bodies as well as pure food for our soils. Give the Department of Agriculture back a part of the money which it now turns into the State treasury to aid in the education of the white, brown, black and yellow boys and girls of the State. Give us a little less education of everybody's children with this $40,000 of special tax paid by the farmer only, and give us a little more pure food by means of a well-drawn and rigidly enforced law. This will benefit everybody in general and the farmer in particular, by driving .adulterated foods from the market and increasing the demand for pure milk, butter, cheese, sirup, and the other products of the farm .
I do not believe in being extreme, nor in driving wholesome foods out of the market simply from prejudice. If a merchant wants to sell a mixture of glucose and cane syrup, let him so brand the compound and put the world on notice what he is selling, and in like manner with oleomargarine or other wholesome but cheap products of the factories. Let every "tub stand on its {)Wn bottom."
One word more and I am done; you already have the organization in your Department of Agriculture necessary to accomplish all this. Already the Department earns more money than is needed to carry out such a law as I have outlined, but it is taken from it and a bare sufficiency doled out to it to carry on its present work. My advice to you, gentlemen, if you want this done and clone well, is to model your Department of Agriculture after that {)f the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington, .and take it out of politics as far as possible. Let your Commissioner of Agriculture be appointed by the Governor just as the Secretary of Agriculture is appointed by the President. Then let the Commissioner of Agriculture appoint his lieutenants, who are to help him execute the laws upon the faithful execution of which so much depends with a view to their fitness for the work to be clone, and not with an "eye single" to the result of the next election. That being clone make it impossible for him to remove those lieutenants from office, except for good and sufficient cause.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

2 6~

Gentlemen, I am firm in the conviction that if you can accomplish that you wi ll have done a great and glorious day's work fo r Georgia.

ANALYSIS OF THE GEORGIA PEACH.

In view of the great and growing importance of the peach crop of this State, and at the request of those interested in the matter, we have, in the intervals of official work, made and just completed an analysis, giving the more important constituents of the peach, and especially a full and complete analysis of the ash or mineral matter.
Through the courtesy and interest in the matter of State Entomologi t Scott, I received a crate of fine Elbertas, and we at once commenced the analysis. The sugar and the nitrogen, being the important and interesting organic constituents, were at once de-termined in the fresh fr uit with the following results :
Per Cent: Total sugar . . . . ... .... . . .. ... . .. . .. . ... .. 13 . 24 Nitrogen .. .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . .. o . 174 Equivalent to protein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I. o8
Then came the slow process of ascertaining the nature and amount of the mineral elements contained in the peach. We took
one kilogram me ( about 2 ;4 pounds) of the peaches and dried
them lowly at a gentle heat ; as they became dry they were transferred to a large platinum di sh and charred slowly at a somewhat hig her temperature, the process of incineration or reducti on to a pure white ash consuming several days and nights. It is nece sary to be especially careful in this part of the work to avoid a temperature above low redness, else certain parts of the ash might be lost. When the incineration was fini shed, and the last bit of carbon was burnt off, the pure ash remaining amounted to 4-49 per cent. of the weight of the peaches used, or just about enough to analyze without wasting any.
The analys is of pure peach ash was as follows :

270

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Per Cent. P otash ( K20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .44 Soda (Na20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09 Lime (CaO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.92 Magnesia ( MgO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 29 Manganese oxide (Mn30 4 )... . .. . .......... 0.68 Oxides of iron and aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o. 82 Phosphoric acid ( P 20 5 ) . 1 I 20 Sulphuricacid (S03 ) 97I Chlorine ( Cl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . I 5. Silicia ( Si02 ) 3 . 70
IOO.OO
The striking point brought out by this analysis is the decided preference of the peach for the element potassium, more than twothirds of the mineral matter of the peach being potash or potassium oxide. This .preference is the more striking when we consider the fact that the land on which these peaches was grown had received .no fertilizer, so that the trees had literally to "root" for their potash and extract it from the clay of the soil.
On talking with peach growers I learn that the weight of a .crate of peaches varies considerably, but that probably an average would be forty-five pounds. I myself weighed an empty crate .and found it to weigh nearly eight pounds with its baskets, so we would probably not be far wrong in estimating the net weight of an average crate of peaches at thirty-five pounds. The heaviest well .authenticated yield of peaches in the State is 5,0I9 crates from 750 trees.
It is best to plant not more than I40 trees per acre. I40 is .18.66 per cent. of 750, and 5,0I9 crates at 35 pounds per crate would be I75,665 pounds; I8.66 per cent of this amount would .be 32,779 pounds, so we may take 30,000 pounds of fruit as replesenting what might be called a large yield from a thrifty or.chard in full bearing.
From these data let us calculate the quantities of nitrogen, pot.ash and phosphoric acid that would be carried off from an acre -of land by a heavy crop of peaches. Assuming our analysis of .the peach and its ash to be an average analysis, there would be .carried off per acre :

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271

Pounds. Nitrogen .......................... . S2.2 Potash ............................ . 9766 Phosphoric acid ........................ . I6.46
To replace these quantities of plant food carried off by the fruit alone there would be required:
Pounds. Cottonseed-meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7so. oo Sulphate of potash (so per cent.) ........... 200.00 Acid phosphate ......................... Ioo.oo
Such a crop as that mentioned above is, however, most .extra.ordinary. What would be considered a good average crop would .be about one-sixth of the above, or about one crate per tree. Such -an average crop would remove 8.7 pounds of nitrogen, I6.28 pounds of potash and 2.7s pounds of phosphoric acid per acre, which could be replaced by an application of cottonseed-meal, I2S pounds; sulphate of potash, 3S pounds; acid phosphate, 2S pounds.
Though in practice it is recognized that the plant does not, or can not, make use of every pound of plant food given it, and that there is considerable waste or loss, so that I would advise for peaches the application of not less than the following application per acre:

FORMULA PER ACRE FOR PEACHES.

Pounds.

Cottonseed-meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

ISO

Sulphate potash .......................... . so

Acid phosphate .......................... . so

Of course it is impossible to give a. formula to fit all cases. 'The grower should take into consideration the age of his trees, .and consequently the amount of the fruit he expects to remove per acre; also the number of trees per acre and the character of his soil, whether clay or sandy, rich or poor.
I advise the use of sulphate of potash in preference to muria.te .or kainit on theoretical considerati ons. I note in the analysis
that only a trace of chlorine has been taken from the unfertilized soil by the peach, whilst nearly IO per cent. of the pure ash is sul.Phuric acid. It is further well known that the sugar beet abhors .chlorine, since muriate of potash and kainit are injurious to it,

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

containing as they do large percentages of chlorine, whilst sulphate of potash is beneficial, improving the sugar contents.
I would urge growers to try a few acres fertilized with muriate of potash alongside the same number of acres fertilized with sulphate of potash, and observe the results in the quality and flavor of the fruit. I will take pleasure in analyzing samples so grown for sugar to ascertain if there be any superiority in fruit grown with sulphate over that grown with muriate of potash.
In conclusion, I will say that we have but little to guide us by way of comp;:trison in this investigation, as there seem to be few, if any, reliable analyses of the peach on record. Atwater, who gives a large number of analyses of other fruits, omits the peach entirely. . Another year I hope to make analyses of peaches raised on land highly fertilized and so compare them with the analysis just made of peaches raised on unfertilized soil, and see whether there be much variation in the relative composition of the ash, and also, if possible, to settle the question of the relative merit of muriate and sulphate of potash.
I desire to thank my assistants, Messrs. R. G. Williams and Joseph Q. Burton, for their skillful aid and interest in this investigation. Respectfully submitted.
JOHN M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

SPECIAL BULLETINS
OF THE
Georgia Department of Agriculture.
18 a b


PREFACE TO SPECIAL BULLETINS. Instead of the mmal Talk of the Commissioner, I have deemed it best to publish in this Commercial Fertilizer Bulletin the discussions of the six agricultural subjects that follow, in the preparation of which I have been greatly assisted by R. F. Wright, Assistant Commissioner, and J. '1'. Derry, Historian and Statistician .
0. B. STEVENS.


BULLETIN NO. 40.

275

COTTON.

Among tl1e most valuable of all nature's productions is cotton, tfhat wonderful p1a11t of the natural order Malvacece, which, t hrough the clown of fine cellular hair attached to its seeds, sup:plies the raw material for some of our greatest industries and for the largest part of the clothing of all nations.
Linnaeus, the great botanist, admitted five species of Gossyyium, whicl1 is the generic name for all the plants of this kind. By some subsequent botanists the number of species has been estimated at twenty, and even more. Professor Parlatore, after :studying cottons which he had seen cultivated in Italy, came to the conclusion that there were but seven species, the rest being merely variefies.
The cultivators of cotton have been very extravagant in multiplying the species or varieties.
The Orienta1 or Indian and the Occidental or American cottons constitute the two great typical divisions of the kinds best IJ<nown to commerce. umerous varieties of each type, constituting distinct races of the same species, give ample scope to ex-perimenters in their efforts for the improvement of the plant.
There are several varieti-es of Indian cotton, the most peculiar .of which is the purple-blossomed cotton-tree, known as Gossypium :arboreum and Gossypium religi osum, the latter name being given by reason of the fact that it is grown around the temples in India :and supplies the material for the sacerdotal (or priestly) tripartite thread which the Brahmans regard with great veneration as i:he emblem of their Trinity. This plant, conspicuous for its clarkg reen leaves and red-purple blossoms, produces a silky cotton. .A lthough attempts have been made to make it an article of com.rnerce by hybridizing, they have so far been unsuccessful. With the exception of this one the different varieties of India cotton :are but different forms of Gossypium herbaceum. One of these, -cultivated to a considerable extent in the Levant, is known as Smyrna cotton. The cottons of India are usually included in the generic tern1 Surats. Dharwar, in the southern part of the Bombay Presidency, is the only part of India in which exotic cotton 11as been successfully cultivated. The great variety grown is .chiefly acclimatized American cotton, from seed of the ew Or-

276

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE;.

leans species (Gossypium hirsutum). Though cotton of these various types is grown in China and Central Asia, little or n<> supply is furnished to other countries.
Occidental or American cottons, which were not known to the world until after the discovery of America, consist of two great divisions, Barbadensian or black-seeded cottons, having pure yellow blossoms with a reddish-purple spot at the base of the petals; and the Hirsute or hairy cotton, with white or primrose-colored blossoms. The cottons most sought after by manufacturers arethose of the Western World, known as New Orleans or Uplan<f and Sea-Island, varieties constituting the great bulk of all the cottons known to commerce. The Sea-Island plant, produced chiefly on the low-lying islands off the coast of Georgia, surpasses all other kinds of cotton in the length, strength and beauty of its staple. The Georgia Upland, sometimes called Boweds,. being the result of attempts to cul-tivate Sea-Island cotton upon the uplands of Georgia, and the New Orleans are known in English and European markets as "American Cottons" and consti.:. tute the great production of the United States.
Of the New Orleans cotton, which is perhaps of Mexican origin, there are two varieties, one having green seeds and hardy constitution, the other with white, tawny or grayish seeds of longer and more silky staple. The long-staple or Sea-Island cottons have black seeds.
The times for planting cotton are from March IS to May IS,. and at times to June I, and the crop is gathered from August to the end of the year, and in some localities even la.ter.
One of the most important events in the history of the commercial world w-as the invention of the cotton-gin in I 794, by Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, who at the time was the guest of his. aunt, the widow of General Nathaniel Greene, whose home was. in Georgia. Prior to that time the separation of the lint from theseed was so difficult as to greatly limit the producti on of cotton. As at th at time this was done by hand, the task to each person was. four pounds of lint cotton per week, this work being done at night in addition to the usual field work. A t this rate one persoct; would require two years to tum out the quantity of cotton contained in one average standard bale of sao pounds. Now one gin,. in proportion to its power and saw capacity, will gin out from three to fifteen sao-pound bales in a single clay. Probably no invention ever caused such rapid development of the industry with which it was associated. In I793 the exportation of cottm11

BULLETIN NO. 40.

277


-from the United States was 487,500 pounds, or 975 bales, estimated at 500 pounds to the bale. In 1898 the production was more than 12,ooo,ooo bales, or 6,ooo,ooo,ooo pounds, which at the present price of ten cents a pound, would bring $6oo,ooo,ooo. Without the gin cotton could never have become the great article of commerce that it is to-day.
To come nearer home, the average cotton crop of Georgia for many years past has been about I,25o,ooo bales, or 625,ooo,ooo _pounds, estimated at 500 pounds to the bale, which at the pres-ent price of ten cents a pound, would bring $62,50o,ooo.
But in counting the amount in dollars brought into our State by a cotton crop so judiciously raised as to bring the above good price, another item is now to be considered.
Among the most reliable resources of the Southern farmer -should be counted the profits arising from the sale of his cotton-seed. How well can many of us remember the day when, after .-saving out enough for replanting and some for manuring land, the great remainder of the s~ed was burned up as useless. But now this by-product of the cotton brings annually to the farmers 'Of Georgia mll1ions of dollars. Not even the coming of the cotton mills to the fields has been productive of more good to the -planter than the establishment of the oil mills that utilize the seed once held in such poor esteem. They furnish to the farmer the meal, cakes and hulls, a cheap and wholesome food for all stock, besides supplying him with an excellent fertilizer. The cottonseed also supplies to the fertilizer factories a material rich in nitrogen to be used in preparing their chemical fertilizer. The farmer can use upon his fields the meal, either alone or in the compost heap, and thus furnish his soil with nitrogen, the most -costly of all plant-foods.
For the oil extracted at these mills there are many uses. The -crude oil, often refined, is known as summer oil, and of this we have a prime yellow oil, sometimes called butter oil, from which .are manufactured oleomargarine, butterine, cotolene, etc. A se1ected yellow oil, subjected to cold pressure, becomes a salad oil, .and has to a considerable extent taken the place of olive oil. The :stearine, left on the cloth in the filter press, after being refined, is used for making butter, lard and candles, and for purposes of -illumination cottonseed-oil ranks next to sperm. The bleached -summer oil, when cold pressed, is called winter white oil, and . is used in miner's lamps and in making various medicinal compounds.

~78

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU~TUR1J;..

Thus we see from every pound of raw cotton, of ~vli.ich only one-third is lint, the modern farmer has also the profit arising: from the other two-thirds, the once so slightly esteemed cottonseed, the value of which is sure to increase as its uses multiply,. and has already gone up from $6.oo to $26.00 a to!J.
According to the well-established fact that for every pound. of lint there are two pounds of seed, the average cotton crop of Georgia will give I,350,ooo,ooo pounds of cottonseed. If onethird of these are kept by the farmers for replanting, or for use in; home-made fertilizers, there will be left 90o,ooo,ooo pounds,. which, sold at the price of two cents a pound, would bring $I8,ooo,ooo.
From the bulletin on Cotton Ginning issued by the United States Census office in the spring of I903, we quote the following figures, showing the "Quantity and estimated vafue of Upland and Sea-Island Cotton and seed and totaf value of crop- grown in I902":
r I,o78,882 bales equals 5,052,277,225 pounds of Upland Cotton, valued at ........ ...... $414,2"",7,32 45:
And 39,363,523 pounds of Sea-Island Cotton, valued at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 7,40I,208 IS.:

Totals, 5,09I,640,748 pounds of Upland and Sea-Island Cotton, vauled at. ..... $421,687,940 6o
To this add 5,09I,64I tons of cottonseed vafuecf at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,209,I94 os;

And we have as the total value of the cotton crop of the United States for I902 ....... $sor,897,I34 65
This is greater than that of any other agrfcultmal producr. except corn, which for I90I was valued at $92I,555,76K
The wheat crop in I90I was the largest on record, and was valued at $467,350,I56, which is less than the vafue of the cotton. crop of IQ02 by $34,546,978.65.
But Georgia farmers are particularly interested in the report for Georgia taken from the same table in the sam.e. bulletinr which. is as follows:

BULLETIN NO. 40.

!J79

658,2o2,6o2 pounds of Upland Cotton, valued at. . .... . ... .... .. ................ . $53,972,613 oo
23,105,075 pounds of Sea-Island Cotton, valued at . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,927,862 75

Totals, 681,307,677 pounds of Upland and Sea-Island Cotton, valued at ............ $57,900,476 12
To this add 681,308 tons of cottonseed, valued at ................................ II,I05,320 40

And we have as the total value of Georgia Cotton crop for 1902 .. . .................. $69,005,796 52

The value of the Georgia cotton crop is greater than that of any other State except Texas. From the same bulletin we get the total gross weight of cotton ginned from crop grown in 1902, with average gross weight of square, round and Sea-Island bales for the State of Georgia, which is as follov.rs:

In square bales . . . . . . . . . 671,733,379 pounds.

In round bales ...

. . . . . . . . . 17,083,288 pounds.

In Sea-Island bales . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,705,285 pounds.

Total number of pounds ........ 712,521,952 pounds.
Average gross weight of :S in Georgia is 485.9 pounds for the square bale, 256 pounds f v. the round bale, and 3949 pounds for a bale of Sea-Island cotton.
The number of bales ginned in Georgia in 1902 was I;509,199, and in Mississippi 1,451,626 bales. But the Mississippi bale averages 507 pounds, making her production by pounds 721,869,939 By reason of her Sea-Island cotton, hawever, Georgia's crop exceeds that of Mississippi in value by $1,254,524.83.
For many years Georgia has ranked most of the time as the second in cotton production. Its average yield to the acre is not so great as one might suppose who has seen the wonderful results secured on some farms by the employment of the best scientific methods, nor so small as one might expect who has seen the production on some of our poor lands worked by tmskilled negro laborers, employing the loose methods that once prevailed, and are still prevalent, on many farms.
For many of our farmers no instruction is necessary concerning the cultivation of cotton. But there are many whose methods

280

GE;ORGIA DE;PARTME;N'l' Oil AGRICULTURE;.

need great improvement and others who, coming from the North

or West and settling in our State, are anxious to learn all about

the cultivation and handling of a crop of cotton.

PREPARATION AND CULTIVATION.

Of course, the first step is thorough preparation of the land.

Tum up the land well with a turning plow; then, if the land re-

quires it, subsoil. Next harrow and roll, the object being to

make a thoroughly pulverized seed bed, so necessary in the grow-

ing of any farm product. Next put on the amount and kind of

fertilizer nee<;led, either by broadcasting or drilling, or open the furrows and bed on the fertilizers, if they are put between the

rows. When ready to put in the seed a small part of fertilizer can

be distributed with it.



As is well known to every Southern farmer, cotton requires a

great deal of sunshine. It must be so managed as not to overtask

the land by requiring so much of the strength of the soil for the stalk that there will not be enough left for the nourishment of the

fruit. If the plants are allowed to come up too close together,

I

the result will be too much shade and too much running of the

plant to stalk. Apply the same principle to the selection of your

seed that you would to any other crop. Then put them in the

well-prepared soil at the distance of I2 to 24 inches in the drill

and in rows from 3 to 6 feet apart. The proper distance must be -

determined by the fertility of the soil. The great thing to be desired is that the stalk~, when grown, should barely meet in the

row. In this way there will be secured to the plants the strength

of the land for the fruit, thus greatly increasing the average pro-

duction to the acre.

Before cotton comes up, harrow well, using the best moderr.

tools. The object in this is to loosen the crust, as well as to kit

grass and weeds, always so ready to spring up.

If when the cotton has come up the plants should be too close

together, thin them to a stand. Then use modem harrows and cultivators, which can be obtained at any store which deals in

farm implements.

Proper preparation and cultivation 9f soil are Impossible with

the antiquated tools of past generations. No farmer can hope to

get the best results from his land without the use of improved plows, rollers, harrows, planters, weeders and cultivators. The

man who will persist in the use of old-time tools and methods

need not be surprised if his neighbor leaves him far behind in the

race. The old-fashioned tools will not properly pulverize the

,

BULLETIN NO. _40.

281

!Soil; nence many clods are left unbroken, or to be broken sne at a <time. . With improved implements he can plow the land to the :necessary depth and then crush the clods on a strip seven or eight :inches wide across the field. The same implement that firms the surface will kill the weeds, no t allow-ing one to reach a height of .even one inch.
- FERTILITY.
A judicious use of fertilizers will enormously increase the productiveness of the fields. The composting of commercial fertilizers with animal manures, marl, muck and cottonseed will greatly reduce the cost of fertilization. All the manurial re~ources of the farm should be gathered together and saved under 'Shelter, that they may be ready for application to the fields at the :proper time.
Right here we think it appropriate to quote the saying of Mr. .James M. Smith, of Oglethorpe, who declares that the cow or steer is our best fertilizer fClJCtory. He has proved his faith by his works, and has confirmed the faith of others who hold the same opinion. For many years he has kept on hand 500 head of cattle, which he pastures in the summer and feeds in the winter on cotltonseed-meal and hulls together with other forage usually fed the stock. He has from 75 to roo milch cows, Jerseys, Devons :and Holsteins, some of pure and others of mixed breeds. These cows have furnished each year 20,000 pounds of butter, bringing from r8 to 25 cents a pound, wholesale. Moreover, he has been able to sell about roo head of cattle each year without diminishing his herd, from which it is plain that there is a steady increase of his cattle.
His cattle are kept in an inclosure of fifteen acres, being moved occasionally to another lot, and every month or so the ground is turned. Thus he has so enriched several hundred acres of 1and, that on some of them he has raised from 30 to 35 bushels ,of wheat to the acre, on some 65 bushels of corn, and on others d:wo bales of cotton to the acre.
This land, once worth at the highest figure, $ro.oo an acre, ;he now considers cheap at $50.00 an acre.
Although the average lands of Georgia produce only about onethird of a bale of lint cotton to the acre, there are many farn1ers .of our State who, by careful study of the needs of their land, by judicious rotation of crops and skilful use of both commerdal

I

282

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

and domestic fertilizers, have taken land no better than the average and brought it to that point where it readily produces one bale of cotton to the acre.

SELECTION OF SEED.
The average Georgia farmer does not pay sufficient attention: to the variety of cotton planted, or to the selection of his seed. Now what is true of the seed of other plants is also true of the seed' of cotton. Some are far better than others.
Some of the favorite varieties known to our farmers are : the Prize, Schley, Moss' Improved, Russel's Big Boll, Lee's Improved, Strickland's Improved, Cameron's, Culpepper's Improved, . Norris' Big Boll, Moore's Cluster .Excelsior., D oughty's Excel- sior, Texas Burr, Haralson's, Truitt's, Todd's Improved, "Gin- house," Sheve's Improved, Edgeworth, Berry's English, Big Boll, . Corput's Fine, Griffin's Improved.
Imported Egyptian cotton has also been tried, but with less= satisfactory results than have been obtained from any of the others.
When a farmer has made a selection from some well approved variety, he can still further build up the quality of his cotton by watching its growth and making selections of seed for his next: year's planting from those stalks which have yielded the largest number of bolls of fine quality and have shown themselves capa- ble of resisting any disease that may have appeared in his crop.
It is the practice of some of our most successful cotton-growersto either send some competent hand or go themselves over their cotton fields and select the best developed bolls, gathering a few from each individual plant. A fter this has been dooe, the bolls thus. selected at:e put aside apart from all others. Great care is taken that they shall not become heated during the process of drying.. In ginning be careful that they are not mixed with any other seed,. for carelessness in this respect will defeat the object sought in th e careful selection. Continue this method from year tc) year a'1cl there will be a steady improvement in the cotton.
DISEASES OF COTTON.
In spite of all the care that a farmer may take to follow everyapproved method of improving his land and increasing the average yield to the acre, as well as the constant improvement of the

BULLETIN NO. 40.
quality of his cotton, here and there will appear some one of the various diseases that attack the cotton plant, such as wilt, . anthracnose, etc., all known under the general name of blight. If he will go over these blighted spots he will find here and there stalks that have resisted this blight. It has been proven by experiments conducted by the United States Department of Ag- riculture that seed selected from resisting stalks and planted irt this same soil will, to a very large extent, remove the blight the next year, and a persistent use of this treatment wi ll finally eradicate it altogether.
The annual loss to planters from the wilt disease is consider- able. It is widely distributed through the Southern States, and probably "occurs in many places where it has not yet been distinguished from other troubles, such as rust and the effects-. of lightning," says Mr. W. A. Orton, of the United States.. . Department of Agriculture. Says the same authority : "The wilt is very distinct from any other disease of cotton, so that there need be no difficulty in its identification. It usually makes its first appearance in the spring about the last of May, when the plants.. are six to eight inches high. It appears in well-defined areas, which enlarge, if cotton is planted on the same land again. Thefirst outward indication of its presence is a dwarfed growth and . unhealthy appearance of the plants. The leaves turn yellow be-tween the veins, their margins shrivel up, and some plants wilt and die at once. In other plants the progress of the disease isoften slow and many of them live the entire summer and die latein the season. On cutting across the stem of a diseased plant, thewoody part will be found to be stained brown wherever the disease is present. In the absence of microscopic examinations thisbrown discoloration of the internal tissue is the best ocular evi-.dence of the presence of the wilt disease.
"Plants may partially recover from a severe attack of the wilt disease by the development of strong lateral branches near theground. Such plants may be distinguished by their dwarfed and bushy appearance and by the tendency of their branches to lie: prostrate on the ground.
"The cause of the wilt disease of cotton is a fungus, N eo-Cos- mospom Va.sinfecta, which atta.cks the plant from the soil. Itfirst enters the smaller roots and subseguently grows from theseinto the tap--root and stem, filling the water-ducts with its mycelium. The result is that the supply of food and moisture carried

:284

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

up from the roots is greatly decreased and the symptoms described above are produced.
"In the early history of the wilt disease the cause was supposed by the planters to be the excessive applications or injudicious use of commercial fertilizers, and many of the leading planters in the Sea Islands made careful experiments with various modifications of their fet-tilizers, such as the use of marl, salt mud, l<:ainit and lime, and the increase or decrease of the proportions of phosphoric acid and potash. Mr. W. G. Hinson, of James Island, South Carolina, a very successful planter, has informed the writer that the result of all these trials has been to convince those who made them that the disease can not be controlled by :any changes in their system of fertilizing."
Mr. Orton also states that soil fungicides fail to eradicate the evil. Land that has once been infected should not for several years be planted to okra or any variety of cotton. Several years of rotation of crops will not entirely relieve the situation, and it is yet uncertain how many years of such treatment are neces$ary for the complete eradication of the disease. Since the greatest spread of wilt disease is by the growth of the fungus through the soil from diseased to healthy areas, therefore the rotation should include an area considerably larger than that on which the plants .are wilting.
Another preventive is to pull up and burn all diseased plants :so soon as discovered.
Cattle should not be allowed to pass freely from infected area~ to healthy fields.
Mr. Orton also suggests that tools that have been used in cultivating diseased land should be scoured clean and then washed with a 2 per cent. solution of formalin or a 5 per cent. carbolic .acid solution.
The utmost care should be taken to keep the fungus out of :stable and barn-yard manure, so that none of it may be found in the compost heap.
The selection of R esi.stmnt Races has been tried by the United
States Department of Agriculture with encouraging results. In every infected field there are plants that resist the disease to a greater or less extent. Every degree of resistance may be found, from those nearly killed to those that have continued healthy to the end of the season, though the latter are comparatively uncommon.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

285-

An experiment was carried out on the farm of Mr. H. L. Galloway, at Dillon, S. C., where twenty races of cotton, including those mostprominent in cultivation, were planted in a thoroughly infected field and their comparative resistance determined by counting in August the number of plants remaining healthy,. those partly diseased and those killed. The greatest resistancewas shown by the Egyptian cottons, Mitaffi, Abbasi and J annovitch, very few plants of which were killed outright, though nearly all were considerably reduced in size. The J annovitch, which was imported from Egypt by the United States Department through Messrs. Barbour Lathrop and D. G. Fairchild, is a long staple cotton of fine quality, said to be the result of a cross. between Egyptian and Sea Island cotton. The most productive strain of Egyptian cotton grown on infected land was Mitaffi.
Sea Island cotton, though closely related to the Egyptian, suffered very much, seeming to be no more resistant than the U{r land cotton growing beside it, most kinds of which proved verysusceptible to the disease, though there were minor variationswhich must have been due to varietal differences.
One race of uplands, the Jackson limbless, showed marked resistance, surpassing all other uplands and nearly equaling the Egyptian cottons.
Some of the_best kinds were among those most injured by the disease; but in each race there were plants that entirely withstood it. Seed from these were saved for other experiments.
Microscopic examination has proved that the ability of certain cotton plants to grow on infected land is due to the fact that the wilt fungus is unable to enter their principal root system, and not to any lack of infection. The examination of the little tufts of rootlets proved the presence of the parasite, yet showed that it had been unable to penetrate as far as the main stem.
An experiment by Mr. Elias L. Rivers, of South Carolina, to. ascertain whether the quality of resistance was transmissible through suoceeding generations, produced encouraging results. He selected a healthy plant of Sea Island cotto n that grew in a badly blighted field in 1899. Its seeds were saved and planted in a single row through a field that had been infected with wilt disease for several years, while adjoining rows were planted with seed from his main crop grown on non-infected land. Of the latter, 95 per certt. were killed, while in the row planted with seed from the resistant plants of Sea Island cotton not a single plant was killed by wilt. They were vigorous and productive, and the

286

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTUR~ .

.dwarfing noted in Egyptian and upland cotton grown by the united States Department of Agriculture at Dillon, S. C., was not .so marked here. The quality of the lint was good, though not equal to the crop from which the selection was made. It is probable that by cross-breeding resistant individual plants, the re:sistant qualities of the two will be combined, with the addition of the increased vigor which usually comes from crossing. If, on the other hand, the flovvers of a resistant plant should be fertilized :by pollen carried by insects from some diseased plant, the resistant qualities would be impaired. In selecting resistant races the pollen of one kind of resistant plant, can, with great benefit, be Carried by hand to the flowers of a different kind of resistant plant.
The report of Mr. Orton further says: "The Egyptian cottons will probably prove of the greatest value when crossed with our upland races, so as to add the vigor and quality of the former to the productiveness of the latter. It is hoped that the department will be able to extend its work along this promising line." M r. Orton sums uv as follows:
"In addition to selection for resistance all practicable preventive measures should be applied. Rotation of crops is even more important on these infected soils than on healthy ones, for the continual growing of cotton on 'these lands will increase the amount .of disease and decrease the resistance of the cotton.
"Prompt destruction of diseased plants is also very important. Every effort should be made to avoid the infection of healthy fields by animals, tools, wash-water from diseased fields, diseased plants, infected compost, etc. As already stated, land once infected with this disease remains infected for an unknown period..,
BOLL AND COTTON WORMS.
Among the great enemies of cotton are the boll and cotton worms. The annoyance and damage caused by these pe ts is increased by the fact that their larvre resist such ordinary liquid insecticides as are usually effective against other insects, such a~ bugs or leaf-hoppers.
The boll worm is the larva of a moth, which deposits eggs upon the leaves of the cotton plant. The larvre of this moth grow rapidly and, attacking the bolls, utterly destroy them, thus cutting off all chaEce for any fruit from the points thus attacked.
The newly hatched larva sometimes hides itself in a cluster of expanding leaf buds, and, after fastening them together with a

BULLETIN NO. 40.

287

iew silk threads, feeds under the shelter thus formed, or bores jnto the peduncles and tender growing stems. The length of the larval state is fourteen and a halt days, during which time the .boll wom1 undergoes four transformations (or molts) ; the first .occurring six days after hatching; the second, not more than one and one-half days after the first; the third, two days after the .second, and the fourth, five days after the third. The exact num.ber of days between the mo!ts varies slightly. They grow slowly .before the first molt, but afterwards, under favorable conditions, with wonderful rapidity. During the period between the first .and third molts they feed without cessation from morning to night.
When full-grown the larva goes into the earth for pupation. The pupal state continues from nine days to two weeks, and then the moth issues.
Among remedies for getting rid of the boll worm, one in ordinary use in some localities is a lighted lamp for attracting the moth. But no matter what style of lamp is used, this method of .attracting and trapping the boll worm moth is very unsatisfactory. More insects 9f a beneficial than injurious kind are destroyed, and, therefore, the use of the lights is a decided disadvantage.
Much has been claimed for poisoried sweets as a method for destroying the moths. This method certainly does attract and "kill the moths. But the tro uble with it is that the poisoned mixture dries rather quickly. To attain the best results, it must be applied every day during the egg-laying period. An excellent plan is to plant cow-peas in rows 6 to 8 feet apart as a trap bordering the cotton field. They should be planted late so as not to reach the height of the bloom~ng period before the destructive August brood of moths appears. The pea-vines, to which the poisoned sweet mixture is applied, will prove an excellent trap for the moths coming forth to feed , provided the cotton is early .enough to have passed that point of its blooming period most attractive to the moth. Therefore, early cotton will be more easily protected by this method than late. The poisoned mixture must be made strong enough to kill the moths and yet weak enough not to cause the scorching of. the leaves if the weather be hot and $Unshiny. An excellent plan is to spray only portions of a row .on any one evening. This will leave unsprayed healthy portions for a series of evenings to foll ow, and thus the slaughtering of Jlloths may be continued during the egg-laying period.
About 4 ounces of a cold-water solution of arsenic mixed with

288

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

8 ounces of beer about six hours after the arsenic has been placed in water, was found to slightly injure the vines. If applied whilefresh in the proportion of I2 parts of the vinegar solution to 4 of the poisoned liquid, it will be efficient and not injure the vines.
A very effective remedy, which does not injure the vine to any appreciable extent, is 4 ounces of beer to 2 ounces of potassium cyanide.
There seems to be little if any choice in the use of beer orvinegar, with the molasses used for the sweet. Fruit vinegarshould be used in the proportion of 4 parts to I of molasses.
Simple aqueous decoctions have proved a signal failure. The following has been suggested as a good remedy: One and one-half ounces of pyrethrum, added to one pint of headlight oil,. and the jar placed in a water-bath. In fifteen minutes heated to a temperature of I6o degrees Fah., at which it was maintained oran hour. While hot, filter into another mason jar; seal and set aside to cool. After cooling, emulsify with half as much rain water. A four and one-half per cent. pyrethrum emulsion madeas above described has been found to be very fatal to the larvce without injuring the plant.

PROSPECTIVE COTTON YIELD AND PRICES.
There is much speculation every year as to the prospective cotton yield. Practical planters know how va.in, as a rule, are alt prognostications; for cotton often disappoints all expectations,. sometimes going far beyond them, sometimes falling far short.
There is no denying the fact that this year the crop had a bad begirining, but there are many chances yet either to improve ormake worse the prospects.
If growers in wet territories will make good use of turningplows and scrapers, and by alternately throwing toward and fr pm the drill, give the grass no chance, making vigorous use of the cotton hoes besides, it is possible for the crop yet to do fairly well.
One great point in the farmer's favor this year is, that the surplus of cotton on hand, which formerly kept prices down, has been changed to a deficit. The conditions are such that Wall street manipulators will hardly be able tocontrol the prices, which areapt to reach ~good row1d figure.
Their excellence must be our excuse for giving again someformulas for cotton, which we have twice before published.

:S 'tLETIN NO. 40.

28g.

FORM ULAS FOR COTTON.
The follo,ring formulas for cotton are the result of carefui experiments by trained imestigators on worn soil. It was found that cotton required a combination of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Phosphoric acid is the dominant element, however, with nitrogen standing next in importance. The relative propor tion of the three importan t elements of plant food is one part nitrogen, t\rO and a half of phosphoric acid, and three-fourths of potash. The qua ntities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint cotton per acre are nitrogen 20 pounds, phosphoric acid 50 pounds, and potash r 5 pound . The dozen different formu las given below a re so calculated as to contain very nearl y these quantities of the three important elements, and are so varied as to meet the requirem ents and conYenience of almost every fa rmer. No one formula ca n be aid to have any special advantage over the other ; just tl e the one you can get together with the greatest convenience and lea t cost to your elf. Each one will ana lyze about 20 pounds of nitrogen. -o pound s of pho ph oric ac id, and 15 pounds of pota h in the \\hole formul a. Fertilizers may be applied either in drill r broadca t \\here used liberally, but if used spari ngly d rilli n()' is con idered preferable. Each formula represen ts the amount to be applied per acre to get the best results:
l\luriate of Potash .... .. .... ::!0 l bs. Muriate of Potash . ... ... . . . 30 lbs. Acid Phosphate ........... . .33-l lbs. Acid Phosphate . .. . . . . . ... 334 lbs . Nitrate o f Soda . . . . . .. . .. .. 125 lbs. Dri ed Blood .......... . ..... 16i 1bs.

l\l uriat e of Po tash .... ..... 20 lbs. l\[nriate of Potash ...

10 lbs.

Ac id Phosph a te . . . . . . ..... 2 I lbs. AcidPhos.withPot.2p.c (K20)312 lbs

Cotton .'eed ::Il eal .. . .. .. .. 2 6 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal .. . ........ ~86 lbs .

Cotton Seed Hull Ashes . .... 15 lbs. Acid Phosphate . .... . . . ... . . 26 L lbs. Uotton eed l\leal. . . .. .. . ... 286 lbs .

Kainit .. . ...... .. .. ... .. . 58 lbF . Acid P hosp hate .... .. ... . . . .WO lbs.
itnlte of Soda. .. . .. . . . .. . . 70 lbs. Stabl e Manure . . .. . .... ... .2000 lbs.

Wood Ashes (n nl eached ) . . .. 16~ l bs. Acid Phospha te. . ... . ... .... 261 lbs. Cotton Seed Meal. ... . .. . ... 286 lbs.
Kainit ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 64 lbs. Acid Phosphate.. .... ..... .. 27::! lbs. <'otton Seed Meal. .... .. .... 143 lbs. Cotton Seed . .... . . . . . . . . . . 13~ bus. ---
Acid Phosphate .. . . .. . . . .. .266 lbs . :Nitrate of Soda .. ........ .. 13 lbs. ~tab~e Manure . .... . . . ..... 4000 lbs.
J~ a lJ

Muriat e of Potash ... . .. . ... 20 lbs. Acid Phosphate . ...... . ..... 300 lbs. Nitrate of Soda . . .. . .. . .... 64 lbs. Cotton Seed .... . ..... . .. . .. 1 3~ bus.
Kainit . .... .. ....... .. .. . . 45 lb~. Acid Phosphate ....... .. ... 264 lbs. Cotton seed ...... . . . ....... 26i bus.
Commorcial fertilizer to analyze as below :
Available Phosphoric Acid .. . . .10.00 Ammonia . ....... . ............ 4 8'> Pota~h ( K-20) ..... .. .. ..... .. 3 .00
Use 500 lbs . per acre.

290

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Any of the formulas gi ven above for cotton would answer well for wheat if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is diminished by one-half, and the nitrogen increased by the amotmt of money saved on the acid phosphate. But in the case of the wheat the nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients, 'but reserved and applied as a top dressing in the spring when its effect will be immediate and marvelous, imparting a rich green color to the plant, and if as much as IOO pounds per acre are used, increasing the yield 5 to IO bushels per acre.

FARISH FURMAN' s FAMous FORMULA.

Barn-yard manure . . . . . . . . . Cottonseed . . . . . . Acid phosphate .. . Ka init ... . .... .

Pounds.
750 750 367 I33

U se from 400 to 8oo poun ds per ac re.

2,000

A COMPOST FA~IOUS IN LOUISIANA.

Green cottonseed . . . . . . . . . . . . Stable manure . . . . . . . .. A cid phosphate . . . . . . . ..
Use 400 to 8oo pou nds per acre.

. . . IOO bushels . . . Ioo bushels . .. zooo poun ds

The Georgia Experiment S tation formula fo r cotton (Colonel
Redding, Director ), has been tested there with excellent results. It is as follows :

Acid phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I ,ooo pounds

Muriate of potash . . . . . .

75 pounds

Cottonseed meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (OO pounds

I,775 pounds
Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate per acre.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

291

CORN.

Corn is a general name given to the grain which supplies the cl1ref article of bread to the people of any country. Thus in England the word is applied to wheat, in Scotland to oats, and in the United States to maize or Indian corn.
Whenever an American speaks of corn, it is ma.ize to which he refers. vVhen Columbus discovered the western world, he found maize cultivated by the Indians as their chief bread supply. It was long supposed in Europe that this kind of corn originated in America. But the finding of a very ancient Chinese picture representing this grain proves that in remote ages it was found in Central and Eastern Asia. From the manner in which corn is spoket1 of ih the 41st chapter of Genesis, where the seven lean ears ate up the seven fat and good ears, it is supposed by many that this was the corn then cultivated in Egypt. However this may be, what we know as corn is cultivated at this time not only in every part of America, but also in Europe and Central Asia.
It is planted in Georgia from February to June 1st, and gathe red, when ripe, from August to October. The ripened ears are fed to horses, mules and stock of all kinds, and when carried to the mill are ground into a meal, which constitutes the chief bread supply of thousands of people in our country.
While the ears are green and tender, but near the size which they will have attained when ripe, they form a favorite and wholesome article of diet, which is much relished for its sweetness and excellent flavor. There are certain kinds, known as sweet corn, which mature earlier than others, and are highly prized as a table delicacy.
There are several classifications of corn, based on differences in the shape of the grain and ear. The so-called flint corns have .a thick corneous growth covering the crown of the grain and sta rchy poriions, while in those corns which contain an excess of sta rchy matter and less of the transparent flinty -portions, the s hrinkage of the starchy portion at maturity causes the wrinkling at the crown of the grain from which the name "Dent" is derived.
There is no other grain which has as many forms as our Indian corn. It is developed in every variety, from the short shrubby stalk growing upon the shores of Lake Superior to the tall corns Qf the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys and of almost every section of

,

292

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the South Atlantic and Gulf States; with their broad palmettolike leaves, and from the tiny ears and flattened, closely clinging grains of the extreme North to the magnificently elongated, swelling ear of the Southern and Middle Western States with their deep-indented, gourd-seed-like grains.
It forms a large part of the feed for the beef and pork of the vast West and of the North and South, and is raised in great abundance from the frozen regions of Canada to the Straits of Magellan. Its most prolific area lies between forty degrees north and thirty-eight degrees south latitude. From this area should be deducted a portion of the equatorial regions.

SOIL.
The soil best adapted to corn is one that is dry, rich ancl well pulverized. It is hardly possible to find land too rich fo r it. A rich grass sod is a good preparation for corn . \iVhen the addition of manure is required, it may be scattered broadcast, plowed and well harrowed in, or put in the row with the seed, as preferred. For good fertilizers for corn see formula at the end of this article.

SELECTION OF SEED.
Great care should be exe rcised in the selection of seed. This should be made from not only the best varieties, but also from the best g rains of the variety selected. \. good rule is to choose the earliest and largest ear from the most prolific stalks. A steeping of the carefully selected g rains, from twenty-four to forty-eight hours before planting, in a solution of saltpeter, is by some considered an excellent preparation of the seed, ince thi s hastens the growth of the plant, is a protection aga in st squirrel , bi rds and mice, and will , for a while, keep off the worm s. Thi s steeping, of course, wi ll cause the grains to swell , and for this reason will not be a good preparation for dry soils.
PLAN1'ING.
Corn is generally planted in rows from three to six feet apa rt and from twelve to thirty-six inches in the drill, according to fertility of soil and amoqnt of fertilizer used.
If the land has been well manured by a broadcast dressing before being broken up, t\le meth od known as " flat planting," or

BULLETIN NO. 40.
running furrows in land thus prepared and planting in these furrovvs, is a very good one. The furrows should be run with a scooter or bull-tongue plow.
Each farmer must, to a large extent, decide for himself as to the best and most economical fertilizer to use on his land. With a large number of farmers home-made manures are the only available fertilizers. Of these horse stable manure heads the list in value. Next comes cow-lot manure and after this in succession come cottonseed, vegetable mold and muck from forests and swamps. It is well to gather all the ashes of the farm, all the litter and woodpile scrapings and fence-corner scraping-in fact, all the refuse matter of the farm, including the fowl-house and pig-pen. The ashes are best applied by themselves; but any of the others, or all combined, if used liberally, will pay well the cost of gathering and applying. Mr. Dick Naylor, who used to write much for the "Southern Cultivator," advised "a heavy, broadcast spreading of manure before the land is turned under in the fall, if the supply is abundant. It will thus have all the winter to rot and mingle the elements of plant-food w:ith the soil. If the st pply is not very large, the best results can be obtained by strewing it liberally in the drill and planting the corn on it."
"Colonel Welborn," says Mr. Naylor, "advises the applicatiOn of manure in 'broken closes' during the growing season." But Mr. Naylor thought that, though this method might greatly increase the yield of the crop, it would involve an immense amount of extra labor-more than he thought would pay for the increased yield-.
Few things make better returns than cottonseed when applied to corn. It was once the custom to rot the seed before applying. But Mr. Naylor thought that the better plan was "to open the drills deep in December or January and strew the. sound seed in liberally. Cover with two furrows with a turning-plow, and by planting time they will be dead and will not germinate. All or most of the nitrogen they have thrown off in the process of decay has1been absorbed in the soil instead of escaping into the open air, as it does when they rot en masse. This drill manuring in December and January is a good plan with any heavy manures, particularly forest humus and muck." When Mr. Naylor wrote the above, the cotton-oil mill was not so much in evidence as at the present time. It is now a question for the farmer to consider, if it will not be better to sell his cottonseed and use the meal made

294

GEORGIA DEPAR'rMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

from it in fertilizing his land. But what is better still is to feed

the meal to cattle and apply their voidings to the land.

Generally speaking corn is planted in Southern Georgia about

March I sth; in Middle Georgia from March 20th to April Ist ;

and in North Georgia from March 2oth to April ISth. In the ~x

treme south it is planted about the last of February. Bottom corn

and corn after any of the small grains is usually planted in June,

the date depending upon seasons.

Some plant twice the amount of corn that is desired to remain

and mature. They then pull up the surplus plants about the time

of the second hoeing.

It is by some considered best to thin out toone stalk in a hill.

The best time to thin corn is just after a rain, when the ground i!f

soft. A long narrow strip sharpened at one end is a very good im-

plement with which to root out surplus stalks and is easily pro-

cured.



CULTIVATION.

So soon as the plants begin to show themselves, the cultivator

should be used between the furrows. If this be done thoroughly

and frequently there will be little use for the hoe.

Except where the soil is heavy and liable to an excess of mois-

ture, hilling or heaping around the plants .should be avoided.

Stirring the ground in dry weather facilitates the admission and

escape of heat and secures the deposit of large quantities of mois-

ture, even in dry, sultry weather. Corn and other crops ha ve

sometimes been rescued from the effects of dt~ought by a thorough

use oi the plow and cultivator. Well-drained, dark-colored, rit h

soils suffer much less than others in seasons of drought.



It is far better to prevent the appearance of weeds and grass

than to kill them after they appear. If the young grass appears

before the corn is up, a good plan is to run a harrow over' the

fieid . The young corn will not be injured and the grass will be

destroyed.



'

If' the soil has been well prepared and is mellow, a great deal

of extra work may be saved by using a small harrow havl'tig

sharp; slender teeth set backward at an angle of about forty-nv.e

degrees.



If the land is rough, other and slower means must be resorted

to. The narrow plow then required must be put in deeper, but

in this case there is risk of damage to the tender rootlets, which

a~e now running out in all directions.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

295

When the corn has reached a height of three or four incites

plow around it with a narrow scooter or bull-tongue, running

near enough to throw the soil well arotmd the roots. If the land

is badly seeded to grass and weeds, it would be hard to find an

implement equal to a good steel-tooth harrow for destroying them

for the first cultivation, running it as near as possible to the

stalk.

What is known as the side harrow is an excellent implement

for cultivating young corn the first time. Subsequent cultivation

is done with a double shovel, or "riding cultivator," provided the

land is free of roots, stumps and stones.

As a general rule three plowings only are necessary, but ir.t

case of a very wet spring the rapid growth of grass may require

a fourth.

In cultivatjng corn be careful to leave the roots unmolested.

Therefore, since the roots grow near the surface, shallow cultiva-

tion is absolutely essential. Hence, what is knO\Yn as "barring,"

or leaving the corn standing on a narrow ridge or " bar," from six

to eight inches wide, is not a good method, since by this plan

young roots at:e more or less exposed. But, if troubled with bud-

worms, barring off may work well , while the corn is young, if,

when the stalks have grown too large for the \\" Orm s to hurt, the

dirt is worked back to them again.

.. .

One good hoeing at least generall y is necessary in the cultiva-

tion of a corn crop, and thi s should be given imri1ediately after

the first plowing, whether that has been clone by a harrow, culti-

vator or scooter.

If this has been well clone the hoeing will be easy. Subsequent

plowings will, as a rule, be sufficient to keep a clean drill until the

corn has grown high enough to shade the grow1d.

BUD-WORMS IN YOU NG CORN.
Sometimes bud-worms, so called because of their feeding upon the little buds, do great damage to young corn. The following remedy has been used by some : If you see the bud leav~s of. the little stalks wilting and dying, bear off the rows close as you woulcl cotton, and with the hoes carefully take the dirt away from the. stalk as near as you can down to where the roots branch off.' The worms are thus cut off from the little buds, since they can only enter the staJk under the ground at the point where the little b.lades are forming.

296

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

They can not bore into the stalk above the ground for lack of something by which to hold while at \YOrk, and they \Yill not bore among the roots.
So soon as the stalks are large enough to be beyond danger from the worms, throw the dirt back to them again.
Where corn is planted late in May there is not much danger from bud-worms.

REMEDY FOR COR~ WEEVILS.
Many remedies against these pests have been uggestecl. The expedient most generally practised is to gather the corn so soon as it is dry enough, and put it up vvet. Another remedy recommended is salting; also intermingling among the corn whe11 stored the green leaves and .branches of the black walnut, china, etc. It has been suggested to wet and salt the corn, sprinkling every load well with strong brine, since 'this seems to diminish fhe number of insects and to make more palatable the sh ucks, in wh-ich the corn should be stored.

VARIETIES OF CORN.
Many va rieties of field corn are used in Georgia, a ior instance: Blount's Prolific, Bradberry's Imp ro,,ed, Cocke's P rolific, Farmer's Pride, Fitzpatrick, Gedding's Improved, Georgia Cracker, Golden Dent, Hickory King, Ivy's Improved, Kelly' Improved, Marlboro, Poor Land Corn, Sander's Improved, Shaw's Improved, Tennessee White, Tennessee Yellow, Weekly's Improved and Woodall's Improved.
Each of these has its admit-ers, wh o prefer it to all others. The seed of many of these varieties can be procured generally in the nearest town or in well-known seed stores in the larger towns and cities of the State.
HARVESTING.
The frugal fanner makes everything tell in his corn crop. He is no~ satisfied with the roasting-ears for table use in the summer, .or canned for winter use; or with the ripened grain to be ground into meal or fed to all kinds of stock, or with the dried leaves for fodder and shucks for various pLirposes; but he now makes use

BULLE'l'IN NO. 40.

297

of the stalks as well, which in former years were left in the field to dry up and be wasted.
If at the proper time, when the kernels are well glazed, but before the grain is fully ripe, the stalks, with the leaves and corn .still on them, be cut and shocked closely, like wheat or other small grain, the substance remaining in the corn will be sufficient to mature the grain and the stalks themselves will not dry out, as they would if left standing in the field. The corn will soon mature and can be pulled from the stalks, which can then be hauled to the shredder and made into nutritious hay, which then, being baled, will be ready for the market.
Or, if the fam1er prefers, he can put the stalks into a cutter and make them into silage. If this be mixed with peavines it will make a feed about equal in value to the whole-corn silage.
It is an enormous waste of feed to let the corn-stalks dry up in the field.

CORN FORAGE.
Of late years corn has frequently been cultivated for forage. iVhen it is desired to raise a crop of this kind the soil should be in high condition and well pulverized. \iVhere the soil is suitable, it is well to prepare the grains in a pickle of saltpeter, as in those intended for ripening. Then they may be SO\V11 broadcast and l1an:owed, using about three or four bushels to the acre.
Some think it is a better plan to sow thickly in drills and stir the ground with a light plow or cultivator.
The sowing may be clone early or late, though, as a general rule, the early sowing produces the better results.
Com forage should be cut before frost and dried like hay previous to housing.
More than 27,000 pounds of corn forage have been cut on one .acre in Greene county, in the Middle Belt of Georgia.
USES OF CORN.
Not only in Georgia, but throughout the United States, the uses of corn are various. It is largely fed to all kinds of stock, but to working animals must be fed with care and in cool weather. As a fattener for pork it has not its superior.
Every American is familiar with it boiled or roosted on the ea!_:, or cut from the cob and prepared in various ways, each of

2!)8

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 0 1" ACR;ICllJL'l'URE.

these ways of using it being consider-ed among olll- best table delicacies. When ripe it is hulled in a weak lye, then boiled and known as hulled corn and lye (or big) hominy. Corn, sometimes. coarsely ground, at others but little coarset- than meal, and boiled in water, is kn o\\'n as hominy o r samp. Mush or hasty pudding is prepared in the same manner of fine meaL
Again the meal prepared in various ways is universally esteemed for the table, and corn bread, in alf its fom1s, is a favoritefood with the large maj ority of Americans. One species of corn r known as pop-corn, \\'hen parched in an oven 01- over a hot blaze,. breaks open, while its starchy portions spread out in flakes of snowy whiteness and are eaten with great relish by young and old, seated in the home circle around the cheerful fi're.

GEORGIA'S RANK AS A CORN-G-ROWIN G S'l'A'l'E.
In I890 Georgia \\'as the eleventh State in the at-ea devotecr to corn, and in I90I ranked as the eighth in that I-espect. In thelatter year, among the Southern States, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Texas surpassed her in the number of bushels raised ; but in the value of her corn crop Georgia surpassed all of these except Texas. The number of bushefs raised in Georgia in I90I was 37,857,580, valued at $3I,043,2I6.
From I892 to I90I inclusive the average yield of corn to theacre in Georgia varied from nine to thirteen bushels, this last quantity being the ave rage in I895 Tlie total ayerage during that period of ten years was 10.8 bushels to the acre. But there arelarge areas in many of our counties, whid1, undet- ordinary cultivation, average from fifteen to twenty bushels to the acre, and' others which yield from twenty-five to fifty bushels to the acre.
Under the most scientific farming fmm forty to sixty bushels to the acre are a common yield, and there have been produced as. high as I37 bushels to the acre in Spalding county, Midd le Geor~ gia; 125 bushels in Cobb county, Notihwest Geot-gia; I23 bushelsin Wilkes county, Middle Georgia; r 19 bushels in Thomas county, Southwest Georgia; I I 5 bushels- in Crawford coun_ty, partly -in Middle, partly in Southwest Georgia; 104 bushels in Cherokee county, Northwest Georgia. In Chattooga county, in the same section, 90 bushels to the acre have often been raised~ Although these are unusual yields, they show what can be donein every section of our State under the most scientific or intensive farming.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

299

THE LARGEST YIELD OF CORN.
of In the "Southern Cultivator and Dixie Farmer" for February,.
I890, we find an account of what is probably the largest yield corn ever made. The American Agriculturist offered a prize of
$soo.oo for the largest yield of corn per acre. Mr. Z. J. Drake,.
of Marlboro, South Carolina, came out first, with a yield of 254 bushels to the acre, and Mr. Alfred Rose, of New York, came next, with 2I3 bushels to th.e acre.
In each instance the land had been carefully surveyed, every precaution was taken to have the harvesting honestly done,. and the corn was carefully weighed on tested scales.
The land of Mr. Drake was sandy and had been previously valued at only eight dollars an acre. Thirty years previous this. land had been styled "starvation empire," and even as late as I887 the prize acre itself produced only about five bushels of corn.
In I889 the fertilization began in February and was continued
several times during the making of the crop. The total material ..
used was as follows: I,ooo bushels of stable manure, 6oo bushels. of cottonseed, 866 pounds each of German kainit and cottonseed meal, 200 pounds of acid phosphate, I,o66 pounds of manipulated guano, 200 pounds of animal bone, 400 pounds of nitrate of soda. The value of the stable manure was $so.oo, and of the other fertilizers used $I70.oo.
The seed planted was Drake's Improved, a variety of gourdseed corn raised by Mr. Drake. One bushel was used, and the planting was done on March 2. On June I3 posts and stakes had to be put up along the rows to keep the stalks from falling. The rows were alternately tht-ee and six feet apart; the plants five and six inches apart, one stalk in a place. The framework to support the corn was of laths, wire and twine, somewhat resembling butter-bean frames.
Although Mr. Drake had dug a well and made full preparations for irrigation, the seasons were so fine that the well was not used at all.
The appearance of the corn, when green, was like that of half a dozen sugarcane patches piled one on top of the other.
So many people came to look at his com that Mr. Drake built a frame scaffold in the style of an amphit,heatre, so that curious visitors could mount up and behold the growing com, which promised an enormous yield. Nor did the result fall short of expectation.

:300

GEORGIA DEPAR'fMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The crop -vvas harvested November 25, I889, and the product was 254 bushels and 49 pounds.
Mr. Drake made the foll ow ing estimate of the cost of production and the value of the product:

Interest on value of land at six per cent .. .

. .. $ I 50

Plowing.. .......... . .. . .... .

4 00

Harrowing . . ......... . ... ..... .

2 00

Dther labor in preparing land. . . . . . . .. Value of stable manure . ....... . .... . . .. .

I 00
so 00

Value of fertilizers or substances other than stable ma-

nure applied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I69 00

<:ost of applying stable manure. . . . . . . . . . ..

2 co

Cost of applying other fertilizf"rs ........... . Cost of seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .

5 92
I CO

Cost of cultivating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

9 01.)

'Other labor in caring for cr p . . . . . . . ..

II 00

<:ost of harvesting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

(:i 00

Total cost of production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... <j;z(;_~ 42
Value of 254 49-50 bushels of corn at 75 cts. a bush .... $ryr 23 Value of I y;! tons of fodder at $Io per ton . . . . . . . . . . . . I 5 oo

Total value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ~206 .23
The cost was above the value of the product, but allowing for the value of the fertilizing material left in the soil, it is probable that the acre should be credited with at least $so.oo profit for that _year's wonderful crop. The land was considered good for a hundred-dollar crop for several years to come.
In this particular instance Mr. Drake made a handsome sum -out of his ve11ture, since he secured the prize of $soo.oo offered by the "American Agriculturist," and $soo.oo offered by the State Agricultural Society of South Carolina.
Another instance on record of a large yield of com is that of :Mr. James Barlow, of Mississippi, who gathered near Crystal 'Springs I,400 bushels from twelve acres, an average of I I6% bushels to the acre.

l"ERTILIZER FOR CORN.
Dr. John M. McCandless, the State Chemist, after giving the following fom1t1la for wheat, states that it is also a good one for .corn, with one omission. Read what he has to say:

. BULLETIN NO. 40.

301'

"It would be an excellent idea to plant wheat on land from: which you have previously cut a crop of clover or cow-peas. The roots and stubble of these crops enrich the soil with nitrogen derived from the air. However, if you have not such a field ready,. choose one from which you have already gathered a crop of cotton. It is best not to follow wheat with wheat nor corn with wheat. Drag off the cotton limbs and burrs with a harrow, turn up the stalks with a plow, and broadcast from twenty to twentyfive loads of stable manure, or stable and cow manure mixed, to. the acre. 'Lay off the lands' eight feet apart across the cotton rows, and then broadcast 400 pounds per acre of this formula:

Pound s.

Acid phosphate, 13 per cent . . ............. . . 1,200

Cottonseed meal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6oo

Muriate of potash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

2,000
0 1 buy from your dealer a fertilizer g uaranteed to contain:
Per Cent. vai l~ble phosphoric acid. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 8.oo Ammonia. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. .. . 2.50 Potash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 5.00
\Yhich is what the above formula would analyze. In either case broadcast 400 pounds per acre. Then drag a harrow in each land, so as to th oro ugh ly pulveri ze the soil and mix the fertilizers intimately with it. This treatment also obv iates danger of killing the seed wheat by reason of the gra ins coming in actual contact with the strong chemicalS' of the fertilizer. Select a good variety of wheat and broadcast. It would be well to wet the seed with a weak solution of sulphate of copper or blue-stone before planting.
In the spring broadcast over the wheat one hundred pound per acre of nitrate of soda. It would be well to mix each 100 pounds nitrate with four or five hundred pounds of loose fine earth, so as to iii.sure a more even distribution.
A good fertilizer for corn would be the same as that given above for wheat, only omitting the top.-dressing of nitrate of soda in the spring."

-302

GE ORGIA DEP ART ME NT OF A GRICU LTURE.

A noted formula of the Georgia Experiment Station fo r corn .and the gras es is :

Acid phosphate. . . . . . . . . . .. Muriate of potash. . . . . . . .. Cottonseed mea l . . . . . . . . . . ..

. . . I ,ooo pounds 30 pounds
. .. r,z s o poun ds

2,280 pounds
Apply enough of the above formula to get from IOO to 200 :pounds of acid phosphate per acre.

\ \HEAT.
The fir t public letter issued from the Department of Agriculture after the present Commissioner had been regularly installed was an appeal to the farmers of Georgia to sow largely of wheat and oat . About that time the Macon Telegraph eamestly eli cu sed the que tion of wheat and other grains, and offered prize for .the best e ays on wheat-growing, which were read at a conYenti on held in Macon in October, I899 By the continued agitation of thi question, making it a featu re of almost every issue, the Telegraph prevailed upon many farmers to plant wheat who had not done so before. A special point made and insi ted on "had great \\'eight, and that was that the negto farmer, who had a wife or dauo-hter in a white man's kitchen, could make cotton at three cents a pound, while the white farmer could not make it for le s than eight cents. There \Yas, therefore, a disastrous com1)etition between the white and black cotton planter, and the former wa going to the wall on low prices, while the latter was improving hi condition and continuing to swell the receipts at all the port and all the markets. The white man must make a shift in hi farming operations. In order to make this point come home at once and to give a zest to the start, the Maco-n Telegraph offered gold prizes for the best yield in wheat, and these prize were awarded at a second wheat growers' convention, held in Macon on July I2, I900. This convention was largely attended, and the report from the wheat fields was very gratifying. The :honors went to Spalding, Bibb and Washington counties. 'The

l3ULLETI NO. 40.

303

;good work was fairly started, and the year 1900 was the greatest wheat year that Georgia has ever known.
While it is true that cotton and com are the great staple crops Of our State and the chief sources of our agricultural wealth, and that the North, Central and \ Vestern States are those best adapted to wheat growing, yet there ate large areas of Georgia where the cultivation of wheat is a very profitable business.
From a very early period of the history of Georgia many farmers have found that it paid them to raise wheat for their own family' use, while others have derived great profit in raising enough for both home consumption and neighboring markets. So ]ong as th ousands prefer bread made from wheat to that from any other grain, will there be a growing and ever increasing market .for him who has " heat to sell.
A review of wheat growing in Georgia for a period of fifty-tv.o years will prove both intere ting and profitable. Therefore we l1ave prepared the following table taken from the decennial re-ports of the nited States cen_ us, and two subsequent repotts found in the yea r books of the nited States Department of Agriculture for tb e yea r 1900 and 1901, re pectively:

Acre:;. Bushels. Value.

,{)rop of 18 ~ 9 . reported in cen us of 1850 .... . . ..... .

u " 1ssn, ''

'' ' u 1860 ... .

" " 186D, "

" 1870 . .. . .

187!l, "

"

" 18 0 ... . . . 475,68 1

18 f!,

" 11>90 . . . . . . l!.l 'i ,ti3~

189!1 , "

" 1900 .. .. . 3J9, 1HI

1900,

"YearBookforl900 .. 55067 ~

" " 1901.

" 1901 . . 370 51911

l ,08~.534 .. . . ..... . 2,5H,913 . ... . . . . . . 2 ,1 2 ~.01/ ........ .. :i,l59,771 .. . .. .... . 1.096,312 .. . .. . . .. .
1,7ti-5,9H I$ I ,547,773 5.0 11,1 3~ 4 .760,576 :l.l-!2,1()7 :?,859,P.37

It will prove of intere t al o to note the average yield of wheat to the acre, e timated in bushels, from 1892 to 1901, as given in the following table:
I J '!l:! I ] '\:.Ill lli>IJ-l 18\:.151 lb9ti J897 , 1!l9d 11)99 1!~0~ IJ \:.101 I I I 6 . 8 7 . 2 fi .9 6 . 2 8. 0 \J . 4 JO .O 6 .R 9 .1 8.2 1

From the above tables it appears that Georgia's largest wheat crops were in 1879, 1900 and 1901 , at:d that fo r recent ti mes her best year of average production to the acre was 1898. Of course, average production depends upon fettility of soil, skillful cultivat ion and the season , which latter are sometimes favorable and at other times unfavorable. But the best soils and seasons fail to produce the best results where cultivation is careless or un-

304

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

skilled. One of the best illustrations of this fact is given in a little pamphlet entitled "The World's Wheat Lands," written by Henry F. Moore, an author of distinction in agricultural matters.. This t1"eatise, which was printed in L ondon in 1899, after comparing analyses of American and English soils, declares that the: former have twice the average fertility of the latter, but that American soils show much smalle1 average yields than those of England. The comparison is made between the best soils of each country.
The natural conclusion is that our American farmers have not yet reached the standard of skillful cultivation which prevai ls in: England.
The best wheat lands of our great prairie States, which have been cultivated for several years, do not make the enormous yields of other years, and approximate those yields only under the most scientific culture.
The example of our English COJJsins proves that the "hand of the diligent maketh -rich" and that skilled labor will produce, even. under less favorable conditions, better results than unskilled toil under more auspicious surroundings. As we have said at otheitimes, "well-directed diligence and industry are generally crownec[ with a suitable return."
A skillful farrner \\ill study not only the needs of hi s soil, but also the variety of wheat best suited to it. Some directions may here prove of benefit.

A PERl~ECT VARIETY OF WHEAT.

First, get as early a variety as possible, since in some years~

even a few clays will mean much with this crop. Some wheat will

fall before it ripens, while the stems of another kind will maintain

an erect position until the grain is perfectly ripe. It is best. to select

a variety with a strong and stiff stem and one that will best with-

stand the extreme cold weather. Other things being equal, select

the wheat that has a thin skin or bran. After choosing your seed:

wheat, have it ready to plant in October.



PREPARATION FOR WHEAT.
J
But the best varieties of wheat will fail to produce the best crop. if the farmer fails in thorough preparation and conti nued' good management of his soil from yea r to year. One of the

BULLETIN NO. 40.

305

chief objects is to keep the vegetable matter and mineral portions as near or as much on the surface as possible, so that the roots of the plants may strike out horizontally, instead of going down in a more vertical direction. When they spread otit horizontally, they form a kind of mat in the soil a few inches deep, which rises and settles down bodily, when the ground freezes and thaws. In this way, though the soil may freeze a number of times during the winter, still your grain may escape being killed, because the roots are matted together horizontally and the plants are not thrown out of the soil. On the other hand, if the vegetable matter and fertilizers be mixed with a good depth of soil, the roots strike deep, looking for the fertile elements of the soil, and will be raised and broken by the freezes.
Now, if we can break or turn o.ver a few inches of the top soil, and then pulverize the soil below this stratum, keeping the vegetable matter and fertilizers near the surface, we will see a remarkable yield in the wheat crop. We can remember that before the war most of our wheat was raised on newly-cleared land. We could not plow it deep, but simply harrowed or scratched over the rough new ground and put our grain in. Then we had but little complaint of winter-killed wheat. Nature did then for us what we must do now. vVe must, as far as possible, restore the conditions of nature. Then we had for the seed bed of our wheat the rich ashes of the burnt logs and bntsh harrowed into the thin stratum of leaf mould. The wheat might have been better in those days had the hard subsoil underlying the leaf-mould been broken up with a subsoil plow without having been turned above the rich mould.
To repeat, keep the soil that is best, or a thin mellow stratum of rich soil, at or near the surface. Subsoil, as the conditions may demand.
SOIL FOR WHEAT.
The question is often asked why a certain plot of ground that yields a good crop of almost everything else will not produce wheat. Now, why is this so? Simply because the roots of the plants can not find in that particular soil the proper elements of plant-food to produce the wheat grains. In one soil the little roots find all they need for the perfect development of the kernels of the wheat, while in another soil the roots send out their numer-
20 1\ b

306

CEORCIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

ous little mouths in search of the nourishment they so much need, but never find. It is not in the soil and it must be supplied or your expectations of a harvest will prove in vain.
The soil adapted to wheat is one in which the predommating characteristics are loam and clay, and this is much improved by a large proportion of lime furnished by either nature or man. Your soil must be dry, underdrained, if necessary, as it is impossible to make a large crop of wheat if there is an excess of water in the Janel. Another feature in a good wheat soil is that it must have an abundant supply of nitrogenous matter with sufficient phosphoric acid, potash and lime. If the soil is lacking in these elements use plenty of barn-yard manure. Do not be afraid to use :plenty of it and concentrate it. It is better to put ten tons on one :acre than to spread it on two; for thus you will make more wheat to the acre and do it with"less labor. Apply also plenty of wood ashes; this is very important, as these ashes contain phosphoric acid, potash, lime and soluble silica, all essential elements in the constitution of the wheat plant. Dr. Lee, of ew York, says: "I regard it as a fact of great practical importance that " ood ashes, even leached a hes, found on nearly every farm, contain all the earthy elements of this invaluable bread-bearing plant." The organic elements of the wheat form about 96 per ceot. of its substance. Mr. Todd tells us that water and its constituents, oxygen and hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen, are the four elementary ingredients of all cultivated plants, besides their minerals. These are indispensable and, fortunately, nature ha provided an amount of carbon and nitrogen in the air, if not in the soil, more than equal to the want of vegetation. Much of our lands have been run down by unwise cultivation and are wellnigh exhausted. These lands need nitrogen and available phosphoric acid and potash, and particularly lime. T o restOI-e these elements to our wasted lands, sow cow peas after grain, and turn them under in the fall; first having broadcasted barn-yard manure, ashes and lime; continue thi plan for a few years, and your lands will grow richer and richer, and your harve ts will be larger and larger, and you will become more independent as you gro\\" older.
It is a well-establi heel fact that without nitrogen in some fom1 it is impossible to grow one kernel of good wheat.
It has been said by high authority that a quart of urine from a horse that has been fed on grain contains nitrogen enough to supply a bushel of wheat. Do ,,-e appreciate the money value of this animal product? Fill your barns, tables and lots with some

BULLE'I'IN NO. 40.

307

:good absorbent, such as straw, cornstalks, leaves of the forest, 1)ulverized charcoal, swamp muck, sawdust, and at the proper time .t:ompost them, all the products of the farm, and you have a most .suitable fertilizer for your wheat.

PROPER DEPTH TO COVER WHEAT.
Mr. Todd, of New York, has experimented with wheat as fol'lows: In row No. I fourteen grains of wheat were planted one inch deep; in row To. 2 fourteen grains were planted two inches deep; in row o. 3 fourteen grains were planted three inches .deep, and so on until eight 1:ows were planted, the depth being increased one inch in each row. Eight days afterwards it was found that in row No. I twelve of the fourteen grains had come up. In row No. 2 there were seven grains that had come up; in Tow To. 3 there were eight; in No. 4, five; in No. 5, three; in No. 6, two; in Nos. 7 and 8, none at all, though upon close examination four sickly sprouts were attempting to reach the surface. The legitimate conclusion is that seed wheat must not be planted too deep, suggesting the fallacy of "plowing in," since by this method much of the seed will be buried so deep that the stems can never reach the surface of the ground. We would, therefore, suggest that it is better to harrow your wheat and fertilizers in from I to 3 inches deep, according to the character of the soil, remembering that a thinner covering is required in close, heavy land than in that which is light or sandy. A still better plan, when practicable, is to use the wheat drill after the land has been thoroughly plowed, fertilized, harrowed, raked, pulverized and then rolled. This will leave your land in excellent condition for the propagation and growth of the wheat plaht, as well as a .smooth surface, so important for the future harvest.

A PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATION.
Mr. V\1. J. Bridges, the successful competitor in the wheat con-
-test, to which allusion has already been made, and who, on four acres in Spalding county, raised an average of 65 bushels to the acre, in an interview with a reporter of the Macon Teleg?'aph, said that the opinion expressed by some that wheat would not yield satisfactorily if planted in the same place two consecutiye years had not held good in his case; and that on sixteen acres of his 1and, which had been planted in wheat for three consecutive years,

308

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

he had harvested in the fourth year 7I I bushels, or an average of about 44.0 bushels to the acre. The previous spring he had given it a heavy coat of manure and then planted it in cotton. After he had gathered this crop he ripped out the stalks and turned over the land with a two-horse plow, following that with a cutaw'!:Y harrow and then rolling it with a heavy roller. He then put in his wheat with a drill, using about four hundred pounds of a special high-grade potash fertilizer at the same time. In planting the wheat he put in 105 pounds, or one bushel and three pecks to the acre. This land, which, by the way, was upland, he had four years before begun to manure with the idea of bringing it up to where the benefit to it would be permanent. By judicious use of stable manure and droppings from cattle, used with fertilizers~ he brought it up to where it would make from one and a half to two bales of cotton to the acre. To do this he gave it a vP y heavy coating of manure in the spring, and saw that it was well-broken up with a two-horse plow. This, he says, should always be done in the spring.
The land upon which he made his crop was a gray loamy top-soil, with an undersoil of stiff red clay that retains the moisture to feed the roots. The variety of wheat used by him was th~ purple or blue-stem variety. This he soaked in bluestone to prevent smut, which is more to be dreaded than rust. He advises the use of about one pound of bluestone dissolved in boiling water, using about a gallon of water to every two bushels of wheat, which should be thoroughly wet and then sowed.
His advice about the time for sowing wheat is, that it shoulct never be sown until after the first big frost in November, as it wi!I then stand more successfully the ravages of the fly or small grubt that begins at the root and saps the vigor from the young shoots,. causing them to grow up spindling stalks, that are short with faulty heads. In England and in our .Western States the droppings of the sheep and cattle have added much to the productiveness of wheat lands. But the majority of our farmers are not stock-raisers, and need a fertilizer that is immediately available. Therefore, artificial fertilizers or commercial manures must be used for the reason that farm manures can not always be had in sufficient quantity, and are rarely applied in a mechanical condition to be readily assimilated by the wheat plant. But the commercial manures have been scientifically prepared with special reference to the needs of different kinds of soils and crops, ana though they involve some outlay of money, the increase of the

BULLETIN NO. 40.

309

crop will well repay the expenditure. Experiments have frequently proved that a judicious application of $Io.oo worth of the proper fertilizers will often bring a return of from $20.00 to $30.00 worth of grain.

FORMULAS FOR WHEAT.

The formulas are given of different materials to suit the con-

venience of differ.ent people, living in different localities; but all

are so calculated as to contain practically the same amounts of

phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen.

The quantities given in each formula are the amounts to be

applied per acre. Where the wheat is planted in the fall and

nitrate of soda is given in the formula, the nitrate should not be

-mixed with other ingredients, but reserved and applied with the

top-dressing in the spring, when its effect will be immediate and

yery marked, imparting a rich green color and increasing the

yield.

In those fom1lllas, where nitrate of soda is not an ingredient,

the result will be much better, if you can afford to apply 75 or 100

pounds of nitrate of soda in the spring as a top-dressing, in addi-

tion to the other formula applied in the fall.

.,

The formulas prepared by Dr. J. M. McCandless, our State

Chen1ist, are as follows :

Muriate of Potash . Acid Phosphate . .
Nitrate of Soda . .

. 30 lbs.l Muriate of Potash
. 16i lbs., Ac: id Phosphate . . . . 125 lbs. Cotton Seed :Meal. .

. 20 Ibe.
. 140 Ibs. . ::86 lbs .

no I Cotton Hull Ashes (20 cent K20).. . .
Acid Phosphate .. Cotton Seed Meal .

per

. :

214~6'i

lbs lb .
lb:

Unleached Wood Ashes .. 164lbs. Acid Phosphate. . . . . . . 130 lbs.
Votton Seed Meal. . . . . . 286 Iba.

1

I Kainit. . . . . . . . . . . . 64 !be. A "d Ph h
Acid Pho3phate . . . . . . . 137 lbs. ?1 08 P ate
Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . 143 lbs., Nitrate of Soda.

.

.

. 133lbs. 13 lbs.

Cotton Seed. . . . . . . . 13 1-3 bus. Stable Manure . . . . . . 2 tona.

I Muriate of Potash . .
Acid Phoaphate . . . . . Dried Blood . . . . . .



16370

lb lb s.

Mnriate of Potash . . . . . . Acid Phosphate (with 2 per

15 lbs.





!67

lb:

1 cent. Cotton

Potash) . . Seed Meal

. . . . 120 Ibs. . . . . . . 286lbs.

310

GEORGIA ~PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Kainit . . . . . . . . . . . . 58lb. l Muriate of Potash . . . . . 20 lbsr Acid Phosphate . . . . . . 150 lbs.l Acid Phosphate . . . . . .. 150 lbs . Nitrate of Rods . . . . . . 70 lbs. Nitrate of t'oda. . . . . . . 64 lbs r
Stable Manure . . . . . . . . 1 ton., Cotton Seed . . . . . . 13 13 bu.

J Commercial Fertilizer to analyze

1 AKCa.i.md

1' t P

h

os ph

a t

e

.

..

.



..



.

451 b8 132 lbs.

1 as fo llows: Avai lable Phosporio Acid. 4 1-2 to 5

per

centr

I Cotton Seed .. . . . . . . 26 2-3 bus . Ammonia . . . . . . . 4.85 pPr cen t.

.

Pot.Mh . . . . . . . . 3 per cent.

~Apply ~00 poundl per aora of this las t.)

Although the formulas in the first of these paragraphs do not furnis lv those quantities of nitrogen , phosphoric acid and potash removed by a crop of thirty bushels of wheat per acre, yet they wrll fl!lrnish very satis- factory formulas, es pecially if the nitrate of soda a t tae rate of 100 lbs r per acre is applied as a top dressing in the spring.

Each of the above formulas will be excel fent for cotton, if the amount of acid phosphates in each is doublecL

WHEN TO SOW WHEAT.

Winter wheat may be sown too early in .the fall or too late ; "' so we must select the tim.e between these periods to put in the
seed. As we have stated before, this plant encounters many enemies, which flourish only at certain periods-say in the fall , soon after the wheat comes up--then other enemies in the spring before harvest. Drouth, wet weather, freezing and thawing all have to be considered by the man who would grow wheat successfully.
Now then, looking to the dreary winter, we find the strongest wheat plants, those that are most firmly rooted with a system of luxmiant leaves sufficient to cover the surface of the ground,. will endure the rigors of our cold blizzard in winter, so common of late years, with less injury. But on the other hand, if we plant too early, so that the plants attain a large size in a few weeks hordes of insects, in the form of the wheat fly, "viii almost destroy the plants. This fly flourishes between the early and thelate sowing. So we are forced to choose the late seed time; and ,. in order to be prepared to resist the adverse influences of winter,. we must plow and harrow and pulverize and manure the soil, and so enrich the seed-bed that the young plant will spring up from the seed deposited in the soil after the dreaded foes have run their-

BULLETIN NO. 40.

311

course, a;1d still have sufficient time to become well-rooted before the cold winter sets in.
To be more definite, let the seed be put in as late in the season as it can be, and still have sufficient time to throw out a system of roots and leaves large enough to cover the entire surface of. ground before the cold blizzards come upon it. Our best wheatg rowers in Georgia plant from October I to November I. Every intelligent farme r will study his environments, his soil and climatic conditions, and then use his best judgment.

WHY WHEAT-CROWING IS BENEFICIAL.

The great majority of fanners in G.eorgia have some lands

'well adapted to wheat, and would, we confidently believe, find it

advantageous for mot-e reasons than one to rai se wheat in sufficient

quantities to at least upply,their family use. The nearer a farmer

comes to raising all his food supplies, the larger will be the profit

derived from cotton, his great money crop.

Good and wholesome food goes a long way to make home at-

tractive. The farmer's children will not stay any longer than

they can help on the old place if they find the eating somewhere

else to be far better than that furnished at home. Corn bread will

do very well and be eaten with a relish if it be known that there

is good wheat bread on the family table for whoever wants it.

And when a farmer rai es his own wheat and has it gmund into

fl our at his own neighborhood mill, he knows that the material

from which his bread i made is pure and not adulterated by some

unhealthy substance. This is more that he can be certain of when

he buys Western flour. H ome-raised wheat means pure food, and

pure food means health and strength. It means not only good

'

bread, but good and pure material, out of which the careful house-

keeper can prepare at very moderate expense dainty and healthful

dishes, which children always relish, and which are not unaccept-

able to the most stalwart man. It means better food for chickens

and consequently more and better eggs. The food prepared from

wheat for our milch cows furnishes them with those elements es-

sential to the pmduction of good milk, and thi s, of course, pro-

duces better and richer butter, an article of food whose value

as a promoter of health and vigor can hardly be overestimated .

In the warm weather, which prevails in Georgia for at least half

the year, butter is a healthier article of diet than meat. First-class

sweet milk and buttermilk, and the best of butter are delicacies

312

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

within easy reach of even farmers of very moderate means, and nothing will so enable them to enj oy these as a good supply of home-raised wheat.
Wheat-growing adds to the healthfulness of a people. The adulteration of fl our has been a prolific source of indigestion and ruined health. When the farmers raise their own wheat and, , going with it to a neighborhood mill, have it ground into flour, they become unto themsel ves a pure food law, and may be certain that th eir bread, a! least, is free from unhealthful ingredients.

W H E AT - GROWING MEANS GOOD FLOU R MILLS.

Just as cotton mills follow cotton field s, so fl our mills follow

wheat fiel ds, and new industries are added to keep money in cir-

culation at home. Those States are the most prosperous whose

people raise most of their own supplies, an d have at the same time

something which other States and nations wish. Hence the farm-

ers of Georg ia, in common with their neighbors of all the South-

em States, are furnished by nature with oppotiunities for wealth

possessed by few in other lands. They have in cotton, the great-

est money crop of the world, if they will but feed themselves and

families by the p roduce of their farms and thus be in C;J. position

to exerci se large influences in fix ing the price of cotton.

The more di versified the industries of a State, the greater will

be its power and wealth. The nearer a farmer comes by diversity

of crops to li ving entirely at home, the larger will be the bank

account to hi s credit from the sale of his cotton, and the more in-

dependent will he become. Independent farmers will mean for

Georg ia independent merchants and manufacturers and increased

wealth and power for the State.

,..

In 188o the farmers of Georgi a were raising wheat to a large

extent, and we had 1,139 flour and gri st mills. There then came a

decline in wheat production and the numbet~ these mills was re-

duced to 719 in 1890. In 1898 there began a revival of wheat-

growing, and the census of 1900 reported 1,123 mills fo r 1899.

The great wheat crop of 1900 caused a large increase of flour

mills and the introduction of the most improved machinery for

grinding wheat into flour.

An increase of our wheat crop means a corresponding increase

of first-class mills with all that they mean of increased wealth and

independence for our State.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

313

WHEAT FOR THE MARKET.
There are sections of Georgia where the farmer will find it profitable to do more than raise wheat for home consumption, where the lands are so well adapted to this grain that they produce abundantly and easily yield all that is needed at home and a large surplus for the market besides. Fanners possessed of such lands need no special exhortation to quicken their zeal.
There have been under scientific cultivation large yields of wheat in the counties of Bartow, Chattooga, Walker, Gordon, Cobb, Cherokee, Whitfield, Floyd, Milton, DeKalb, Walton, Carroll, Coweta, Troup, Clarke, Elbert, vVilkes, Oconee, Spalding, Bibb, Jones, Wilkinson and Washington, representing North, Middle and the upper part of Southern Georgia. On some of the best lands of North Georgia forty bushels of wheat to the acre are raised without any specially scientific farming.
The Atlanta Milling Co.'s mills have a capacity of 6,500 bushels of wheat, or about r,6oo barrels of flour in one day. If worked to their full capacity all the time they would grind over 2,000,000 bushels of wheat in a year, which means about so8,ooo barrels of flour. But, since they are seldom worked to their full capacity they will grind on the average 4,900 bushels of wheat, or 1 ,200 barrels of flour in a day; and the yearly output will average about r,soo,ooo bushels of wheat ground into 38r,ooo barrels of flour.
There are several other mills in Georgia with capacities for. -grinding from r,soo to 2,500 bushels of wheat a day. The1e are hundreds more of smaller capacity.
Thousands of bushels of wheat are annually brought to all the -larger mills from the great grain States of the North and Central West. Our Georgia farmers, who own good wheat lands, could, it seems to us, triple their production without any danger of over-stocking the market; and thus keep at home th ousands of dollars that now go from Georgia to fill the purses of our brethren of the West.

SUGAR-CANE.

The original home of the sugar cane is not known, but it is thought by many to have been first cultivated in the region extending from Cochin-China to Bengal. Although the manufac-

314

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU'L'fVRE.

ture of sugar from the sugar-cane is now a large branch of humaa industry, its great development is of comparatively recent date.
Sug,ar appears to have been but vaguely known to the Greeksand Romans. Theophrastus spoke of it as honey in reeds, and the Latin poet Lucan has a line which indicates a knowledge of its existence, but merely as a curious fact, where he speaks of those "who drink sweet juice frcnn the tender reed."
Strabo quotes an inaccurate account from Nearchus of the Indian honey-bearing reed, and various classical writers of the first century of the Christian era speak of the s\\eet sap of the Indian reed, and even of the granulated salt-like product which was imported from India, and called by them saccharum from a word of the Sanskrit or Indian ( Hindoo) language, meaning "gravel" and "sugar."
The cultivation of cane spread from Persia into Arabia, then into Sicily and Italy. During the middle ages Venice was the center of the great sugar trade, and a Venetian citizen received a reward of roo,ooo crowns for the invention of the art of making loaf sugar.
The Spaniards, in their tum, became the great disseminators: of the cultivation of the sugar-cane for sugar and syrup. They planted cane in Madeira in 1420, carried it to San Domingo in I 494, and to other portions of the west Indies and of South America occupied by them early in the sixteenth century. It was from the duties levied on the importation of sugar into Spain from San Domingo that Charles V. obtained funds for the palaces built by him at Madrid and Toledo.
Sugar-cane is said to have been brought to this country first by French Jesuits in I75I. They planted it on the present site o f the city of New Orleans. But it was not until some time between 1794 and r8oo, when the revolution of St. Domingo sent hundreds of their planters into Louisiana, that its growth became in that State an object of importance. But what they brought was the small yellow creole. In r8os cane was brought to Georgia from the island of Otaheite, a11d Georgia was for a time the center of the sugar-cane industry in the United States. In r829 there was built upon the plantation of Mr. James Hamilton Couper, know n as the Hopeton plantation, a large sugar house,. which at the time of its erection, was in ad vance of any similar plant in Louisiana or the West Indies. On this plantation the raising of cane and the manufacture therefrom of syrup and sugar gave the most satisfactory results. This noted plantation was

BULLETIN NO. 40.

31.5-

in Glynn county, five miles by water from Darien, sixteen by land from Brunswick and fifteen from the Atlantic Ocean.
In later years cotton and rice so absorbed the interests of Gemgia planters that the cultivation of sugar-cane was neglected, am! the magnificent sugar-mill, once so successfully operated by Mr. Couper, was allowed to fall into ruins, and a few years ago themachinery was sold for scrap iron.
Loui siana, which obtained its first sugar-cane of the kind now cultivated from Georgia in 1825, had for long years beforethe Ci vil W ar taken the lead of thi s industry in the United States.
A lthough the sugar-cane industry in Georgia has at no time since its first inaugurati on entirel y ceased, yet it has been overshadowed so completely by other enterpri ses, that at one time thereseen~ed to be danger of its complete collapse.
The Georgia D epartment of Agriculture has made constant and earnest efforts to bring about a re vival of thi s important industry.
At a meeti ng of the Georgi a Dairymen 's Associati on, held at Grantville, October 12 and IJ, 1899, H on. R. F. Wright, Assistant Commi ssioner of Agriculture, delivered an address in behalf o f pure food la ws, the prime object on that occasion being to protect the da iry prod ucts of the State. This purpose was, how- ever, enla rged to cover legislation in behalf of pure food generally, thus embracing pure syrup and suga r along with all kinds of food.
A resolution, prepared by Mr. H . J. vVing, dairyman at the
Georg ia E xperiment Stati on, whi ch was unanimously adopted, read as follows :
"Resolved, That a Standing Conunittee of five be appointed by the President, of which H on. R. F. W right (Assistant State Commissioner of. Agriculture) shall be the chairman, to consider and a~t for this Association, upon laws and legislation regarding dairy products, their substitutes and imitations and PURE FOOD GENERALLY ; and,
R esolved, That the said committee be instructed to use all proper effort to secure the ent'orcement of the existing State laws . upon the subject of frauds and substitutes in dairy products, and to procure by legislation or otherwise, any fund s, additional authority or amendment to the laws, which may be found necessaryto this end.
R esolved, That such committee be instructed to co-operate with.

:316

GEORGIA DEPAR'l'MENT OF AGRICULTURE.

.any proper organization, its committee or representatives, seeking pure food legislation in this State."
President R. J. Redding appointed on the committee the fol-
lowing: R. F. Wright, chairman; J. Pope Brown, W. L. Wil-
'liamson, H. C. White, H. J. Wing. To which committee the name of President R. J. Redding was
.added by special action of the Association. Hon. 0. B. Stevens, Commissioner of Agriculture, had a con-
-versation with Secretary \ i\Tilson of the United States Departp1ent of Agriculture, in August, I900, at the meeting of the Commissioners of Agriculture in Raleigh, North Carolina, in which he urged that the attention of the United States Department of Agriculture should be given to cane culture in Georgia, and that the -proper steps be taken for its encouragement.
A bill prepared by Dr. McCandless for the protecti on of syrup from Georgia cane was introduced by Hon. Pleasant Stova ll, representative from Chatham county, at the session of the Georgia .Legislature in the summer of I903.
Captain D. G. Purse, of Savannah, has been very zealous in arousing the interest of the planters of Middle and South Geor_gia in the cultivation of sugar-cane, and in enlisting the co-operation of the United States Department of Agriculture in behalf of th is great industry. He has also taken great interest in the enactment by the Legislature of laws to prevent the adulteration of Georgia cane syrup. His excellent book on sugar-cane is highly recommended by this Department to the people of Georgia.
Captain Purse, Colonel T. J. James, Mr. J. Byron Wight at'ld
others have made trips to Louisiana to obtai n 9-ll possible infor.mation on this important subject.
The great railway systems of Georgia, the Central, Southern and ~!ant, are taking a lively interest in the promotion of canegrowmg.
Through the earnest efforts of all these parties, and under the persistent teaching and advice of the Georgia Department of Agriculture, powerfully backed up by the sucessful efforts of such
men as Mr. J. Byron wight, his tw o brothers, \ i\1'. B. Rodden-
-berry, and several oth~rs, there has been a great revival in the cultivation of sugar-cane and the manufacture therefrom of syrup and sugar.
At the Fourth Annual Convention of the Cotton States' Asso.ciation of Commissioners of Agriculture, held at Nashville, Ten-
:nessee, August 26, 27 and 28, I9o2, Mr. J. Byron Wight, Cairo,

BULLETIN NO. 40.

317"

Ga., made an address on the "Steps necessary to build up the sugar-cane industry of the South," which is so exhaustive ana practical that we give it here in full:
"STEPS NECESSARY TO BUILD UP THE SUGAR-CANE INDUSTRY oF
THE SOUTH.
By J. B. VVight, Cairo, Ga.
"No industry can thrive that is not a financial success. In view of this, we are led to ask: Will it pay to build up our sugar-cane industry? Is there room for it? Is there a demand for its products? Will it pay the farmer who is in the sugar-cane belt to decrease his acreage in cotton and increase that in cane?
"If these questions can be answered with a positive 'yes,' and the correctness of the answer impressed upon our farmers, then' the most important step necessary to build up the sue-ar-cane in~ dustry has been taken.
WILL IT PAY?
"In discussing the question of profit I speak from the standpoint of one who has been intimately associated with the growing of sugar-cane all his life, and whose chief business is now the making of syrup. My representations of the industry, too, will be from average conditions as they exist in Southwest Georgia; conditions, however, that can be duplicated in the greater parts of South Georgia, South Alabama, South Mississippi and almost all of Florida.
"To bring an acre of sugar-cane to maturity and to manufacture it into syrup costs approximately as follows :
Seed cane to plant one acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $Io oo Fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO oo Cultivation and rent of land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO oo Stripping and hauling to mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO oo Manufacture into syrup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 oo 13 empty barrels, at $1.10 each .............. 14 30

" As an offset to this the grower has:

$74 30

13 barrels of syrup of 32 gallons each, at 25 cents

per gallon . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $104 00 or a pmfit on one acre of $29.70.

.:318

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF' AGRICULTURE.

"Most farmers would say that the above estimate of cost is too much; and the selling price of syrup is below, rather than above, the average of the last three years. Many farmers who have no cane mill of their own get a neighbor to make their syrup for them. In this case the grower delivers the cane at the mill, while the mill owner performs all the labor of manufacturing, each paying for the barrels to contain his share of the product. The grower receives as his part three-fourths of the syrup made, and the manufacturer one-fourth. The account, then, stands as fol1ows:

Cost of making and deli vering cane to mill as

above . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... $40 oo

9 ~ empty barrels at $1.10

. . . . . . . . . . . 10 73

$so 73
The grower then has 9 3-4 barrels of syrup, at 25 cents per gallon, $78--or a net profit to the grower of $27.27 per acre.
But the tendency is towards larger and better central mills which get a higher percentage of juice from the cane and make a :better quality of syrup. F ollowing the custom in L ouisiana., these mills pay so much per ton for the cane delivered at the mill. One such mill in my nei ghborhood paid last season four dollars per ton for cane. Let us see how the account stands under this plan, remembering that an acre of cane yielding thirteen barrels of .syrup will make at least eighteen tons of cane :
.18 tons cane, at $4 per ton .. ... .... . ..... ... $72.00 Less cost of production, etc., as above. . . . . . . . 40.00

Or a net profit per acre of . .. . .... .. . . ... . ... $32.00
"Let any farmer compare this with the net profit from any or<.linary field crop he produces, and the comparison will be greatly to the advantage of the cane-grower.
"I wish to emphasize the fact that the above represents not what can be done on 'pet' patches, but what is easily accomplished on larger areas with land that will produce a. half bale of cotton per acre. 'Pet' patches do much better than this. An ordinary o ne-horse farmer (George R. Oates, Cairo, Ga.) tell~ me that for the last fifteen years he has never made less than fifteen barlels of syrup per acre, and that 11!0re frequently than not his yield

BULLETIN NO. 40.

319

J1as been twenty barrels. Last season I made 697 gallons of

syrup on one acre, and 8oo gallons per acre is occasionally real-

ized.

"It should also be mentioned that sugar-cane is freer from

di~ease and is hardly so susceptible to adverse conditions as are

most field crops.

"On the basis of the above, then, there can hardly be but one

answer to the question, '\iVill it .pay to build up our sugar-cane

industry?'



"Ninety-nine per cent. of the cane made in States east of Louisi-

ana is manufactured into syrup. May there not, therefore, be

an overproduction of syrup? Yes, there may be; but when we

recall that ninety per cent. of the syrup sold in our grocery stores

is an inferior, adulterated product, that the demand for pure goods

is increasing, and that almost an unlimited market can be found

for the best quality of pure, unadulterated cane syrup, there need

be little fear of overproduction in the near future. What has

been done at Cairo is an example of how the demand for such

syrup may be built up. Sixteen years ago it was hard to find .l

market for the 1,500 pounds annually shiyped from the town; and

one year's crop was frequently not sold before another one was

produced. Tow, with more careful methods of manufacture and so

producing a better grade of goods, 12,000 barrels are easily sold

before another crop is made. It is marketed from Massachusetts

to Texas, 3,644 barrels of last season's crop going from Cairo to

the latter State alone. The fact that syrup is shipped from Geor-

gia through Louisiana to Texas may seem strange to one who

does not know that syrup made .on the higher and lighter

lands of the States from South Carolina to Mississippi is much

superior in flavor to that made in the great cane-fields of the Mis-

s issippi bottoms, but so it is. The pure-food laws that have been

enacted in some States, and that will likel y follow in others, wi ll

also aiel in making a market for the fine cane syrup. And let me

stress here the importance of these laws, not only to the cane-grow-

er but to the farmer in every branch of agriculture. The purchaser

has a right to know the character of the goods he is buying, and

to have his health protected from the poisonous elements that

abound in many of them .

"However, I grant that there might easily be an overproduction

.of syrup; then, what is to be done? The answer is easy. This

surplus could readily be turned into sugar. There is no doubt

that cane-growing in Louisiana is profitable, where most of it is

320

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

made into sugar. Can it be made equally profitable here? Let us see? Louisiana's yield of cane per acre is given by a high authority as averaging 22~ tons per acre, with a sucrose content of twelve per cent. This is chiefly produced on the low, heavy lands in the river bottoms, where the expense of preparation and tillage is much greater than with us, and where each plantation is honey-combed with drainage ditches, supplemented by an expensive pumping station for the removal of the excess of water.
"Our lands yield eighteen tons of cane per acre, with an average sucrose content of sixteen per cent.
"Now for the comparison : 22 ~ tons of Louisiana cane, mill extraction seventy-five per cent. of juice, sucrose twelve per cent., contains 4,050 pounds of sugar; Georgia cane yields. eighteen tons per acre, mill extraction seventy-five per cent. of juice, sucrose sixteen per cent., conta.ins 4,320 pounds of sugar.
'-'In neither case will the full calculated.amount of sugar be realized in manufacture; but Georgia will more nearly approximate it than Louisiana from a fact well known to all chemists that the higher glucose content of Louisiana cane renders a larger per cent. of sugar uncrystallizable. In short, if Louisiana can make sugar at a profit, Georgia and Florida, and Alabama and Mississippi can; and with the United States last year (not including our insular possessions) making only eighteen and one-half per cent.. of the sugar she consumed, there is room for all the cane we can grow.
" In the face of these facts, there can be no doubt!: that canegrowing for making both sugar and syrup will pay, and that its. extension should be pushed by our agricultural authorities.

SUGAR-CANE VS. BEETS.
"Another comparison may be to the point. The sugar-beet industry has been greatly encouraged by the United States Department of Agriculture, and by the agricultural departments of the several States in which the beets are successfully grown. Under this stimulus the production of beet sugar in the United States. was last year more than double that of any previous year, and that it was made at a profit goes without saying.
"Now, let us see how the results between sugar-beets and sugarcane stand. According to the Year-book of the Department of Agriculture for 1901, page 495, the cost of growing and harvesting an acre of sugar-beets, without taking into consideration the

BULLETIN NO. 40.

321

rent of the land, averages $30. The average yield is ten to~s per acre, which sell at the factory at $4 to $4.50 per ton. Th1s gives a gross return of $48 to $54, and a net profit of $I8 to $24. We have before seen that the average net profits on sugar-cane are $27 to $32 per acre, or from $8 to $9 more per acre than i~ reali zed by our more thrifty orthern farmers for their beets. This, too, in face of the fact that sugar-cane requires less skill il1l its cultivation,.cheaper machinery in its manufacture, and is grown
on land of much less value. "There is food for thought along here. Our Southern farmer
is conservative. He likes to .go in the good old paths his grandfather trod. He plows and hoes his cotton by day and dreams: of the fleecy staple by night. But there are signs that he is waking up ; and when he does, and cane fields take the place of some of our cotton plantations, there wi ll pe some heavier purses and some
happier homes.

A FEW NEEDS.
" ( I) Better lands are needed for the profitable production of sugar-cane than the average. It may pay some farmers to make 125 pounds of lint cotton per acre, but cane on a like basi s is unprofitable. Paying crops of cane require the use of renovating crops like cow-peas, velvet beans and other legumes. This will lead to rotation of crops with general improvement of lands, and a consequent increase in profits on all crops grown. Cotton, as the sole money crop, has been carried to an unreasonable extreme among us. \ Vere cotton the only crop which can profitably be grown by the farmer, this condition of affairs would have some justification! but with a better paying crop that can be produced in all the southern section of the cotton States, and whose product is in demand for home consumption as well as export, our devoti on to cotton is well-nigh idolatrous.
" ( 2) There are few leakages on the farm greater than that which characterizes the crude methods used in the manufacture of our cane into syrup A good mill will get a 75 per cent. extraction of juice from the cane ; but a 50 per cent. extraction is all that many of our mills realize, or a loss of one-third of the juice, which goes to waste in the bagasse. This is a waste that hardly any other crop than cane could stand, or any other than the Southern farmer would tolerate. Large central mills, with a high per-
21 all

322

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

centage of extraction, and equipped with the best machinery for making a fine quality of syrup, would be to the advantage of the grower and the manufacturer of cane, and would add greatly to the popularity of the syrup produced and the demand for it in the markets of the country.
" ( 3) Our farmers need the aid and encouragement both of our National and State Departments of Agriculture in solving many of the problems incident to the most economical production and manufacture of cane into syrup and sugar. Many of these problems are such as can only be worked out by scientists and specialists.. The sugar-beet growers have been liberally aided in this way, and its justification is seen in the impetus that has been given to sugar-beet culture, that could have been brought about in no other way. Congress, at its last session, macle a start in the direction of aid to the cane-growers that ought to be productive of much good.
"In conclusion, let me say we have in sugar-cane an industry that is worthy of the most careful nurture and one than which, in the section suited to its growth, there is none more promising for the diversification and improvement of our agriculture."
VIe are indebted to Mr. R. L. Pritchard, Land and Industrial Agent of the Central of Georgia Railway, for the following ad-
.dress of Mr. Vv. B. Roddenberry, of Cairo, Ga. , in which that
gentleman, one of the most practical and successful farmers in the cane belt of our State, tells the farmers and delegates to the Cane Growers' Convention, at Macon, how he succeeded with sugarcane, making over $5,000 a year clear profit :
"My experience in growing sugar-cane does not date back quite as far as my experience in eating the syrup, but it is proper to say I have been growing cane at Cairo, Ga., for a numbers of years, and am now engaged in growing it in Florida, as well as in Georgia, and right here I want to say that while it is an indisputable fact that Cairo is far in the lead in this industry in Georgia, and also why I fully believe the claim that the soil around Cairo is especially and better adapted to the making of a finer quality of syrup than the average soil of any other section of the cane belt, still I believe that there are many sections in Georgia, Florida and Alabama that can very successfully grow sugar-cane and make a very superior quality of syrup.
"Now, in order that the figures, which I shall gi' e, of cost and profits may be rightly understood, and that right conclusions may be drawn from them, a~1d in order that practical application may

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32S ,

lbe made of the facts and suggestions contained in my experience, 1t is necessary to make some explanation touching my farming operations in general, as I believe the best way to make a. success .of sugar-cane in Georgia is to combine with it a diversification of .crops and stock
"1. The size of the farm whereon my sugar-cane is grown :is what is commonly called in Georgia a thirteen-horse farm, .and consists of 380 acres in cultivation, including all crops.
"2. The system .of farming is with wages hands, ten to twelve :regular hands being employed at $9 and rations per month. Extra help for hoeing, etc., being mainly negro women at forty cents ;per day. In harvest time extra men la'borers cost fifty cents to .seventy-five cents per day.
"3. The stumps are all out, which enables the use of labor-saving implements, such as three- and four-horse disc-breaking plows, harrows, two.horse cultivators, weeders, mowers, reapers -and corn harvesters.
"4. Farm located one and three-quarter miles from shipping point, Cairo; value of land $I6 per acre.
"5 Accurate account kept of all expenditures and receipts. "6. Diversified crops-are grown anc:l stock-raising to a limited extent combined with the farming operations. "As sugar-cane is my main money crop, I endeavor to make the miscellaneous crops pay every dollar of running expenses of -the entire farm, including cost of manufacturing the cane into .-syrup-thus making the gross proceeds of my cane crop represent the net profits of the entire fam1, and in order to accomplish this 1 find it necessary fo restrict the acreage in sugar-cane to about :fifty acres each year. "I shall now give the figures covering my crop in I902, taking notice of the miscellaneous crops first and leaving sugar-cane to :the last:
70 acres in cotton yielded 37 bales, sold for .. . . . . . . . $I,500 oo
12 acres in Georgia collards yielded, 3,750 seeds . . . . . . 700 oo l2 acres in watermelons yielded 9 cars . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 oo tW acres in sweet potatoes yielded I, IOo bushels, sold
6oo bushels of same for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 oo

Total ........ ...... .... .

. .. .... .. .$3,070 00

"Thirty acres in oats yielded 22 bUshels per acre. Oats fol-

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

lowed by peas. Used both oats and peas in feeding stock, after saving enough for seed in I903.
"Sixty acres velvet beans. Pastured same with forty head cattle from October I to January. The cattle came out fat enough for beef, and left about one-third the vines, which were turned under in January.
"One hundred and fifteen acres in corn and pinders, alternate rows. The yield of corn was thirteen bushels. per acre, which was unusually low. All the corn is used in feeding stock and the pinders used in fattenning hogs; the hogs, being turned in field ,. harvested the pinders.
"Twenty-five acres in. pinders used in fattening hogs. This; twenty-five acres of pinders, in addition to the pind~s in the corn-field, fattened I35 head of hogs, which made 2I,6oo pounds. of pork.
Sold for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . $I,296 oo Beef cattle, sold for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2IO ooMilk cows, sold for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I20 oo-
Total receipts from all crops outside of cane ....... $4,696 oo
"The total expenditure for running the farm, including fertilizers, labor, overseer, cos t of making syrup, taxes and all other expenses, except permanent improvements, was $4,420. This: amount, deducted from the total receipts, leaves a net profit on above item of $276.
"Having eliminated the miscellaneous crops, we now come to, the consideration of the cane crop proper.
"I had 46 acres planted in cane, of which amount I put down 3 acres for seed in I903, and gmund 43 acres. This cane was.. all weighed on wagon scales and yielded 876 tons, being about 200 tons per acre; from this cane I made I8,952 gallons of syrup, I 5,000 gallons of same was put in tin cans and sold for an average price of thirty cents per gallon, exclusi ve of the package, and 3,952 gallons was put in barrels and sold for an average price of twenty-seven cents per gallon, exclusive of the barrels, makingthe total amount received for syrup $5,567, and this amount added to the $276 profit on the miscellaneous crops, makes $5,843, which represents my total profit on the entire farm.
"The above plan of diversified farming is the way, I think, a sugar-cane crop should be .grown, and such a system of farming is so fascinating to me that I have moved from town to the coun-

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t ry in order to be in close touch with every detail of the farm, also 1n order to raise my boys 'Close to nature's heart.'
" I kept an approximate account of the cost of growing and manufacturing this cane crop separately from the general farm -account, and I will now go into details of same:
"First in order is the cost of the seed cane: this item costs me 11othing, and need not cost any cane-grower anything. My seed <Came from the stubbles of previous year's cane crop, and in order to make this seed cost nothing, I plant cotton on the stubble after burning off and harrowing down well with tooth harrow, and I let the cotton and stubble cane grow together. I almost invariably get enough cotton to pay all expenses of fertilizing and cultivat-ing the stubble cane, and get enough seed cane to plant the same number of acres in cane the succeeding year. Of the seventy acres in cotton in I902, mentioned above, forty-three acres was cane :stubble land and yielded nearly a half bale of cotton to the acre, in addition to the stubble cane with which I planted my I903 crop; this half bale of cotton per acre more than paid the entire expense -of growing and putting down seed cane. Sometimes we can get an extra growth of cane from stubbles, and grind a portion, and still have enough left to plant same number of acres the next year, and at same time make cotton enough to pay all expense of grow:ing the stubble cane. It is, therefore, a safe proposition to say that seed cane need not cost anything.
"Having disposed of one important item, v iz. : the seed cane, I will now give the items of expense on the forty-three acres of cane in round numbers:
Per acre. Labor preparing land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. . .$ I oo Stripping seed cane and planting . . . . . ..: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 oo Cultivating, plowing and hoeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 oo I,200 pounds commercial fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I2 oo Labor stripping, cutting and piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 oo Labor hauling cane to mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 oo Manufacturing into syrup, IS barrels .. . ...... . ..... IS 00
T otal cost per acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... $45 oo
"This does not include feed and hire of teams, nor land rent, nor interest on money invested, for the reason that I make the teams self-sustaining outside of the cane crop, and as the land be1ongs to me, the total profit represents the amount I receive for r ent of same, and includes the interest on money invested.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

"Taking above cost per acre as a basis, forty-three acres of cane, at $45 per acre, would cost $I ,935 Subtracting this amount from the amount received for syrup, $5,567, leaves the net profit on the forty-three acres of cane $3,632, which is $84-47 per acre. Now, by subtracting the profit on the cane, $3,632, from the totaL profit on the entire farm, $5,843, we have left $2,2 I I, which represents the entire profit on the miscellaneous crops when severed from the cane crop, and as the miscellaneous crops occupied 334 acres of the farm, we have a net profit of $6.62 per acre on generaf . crops against $84.47 per acre on sugar-cane. I will say in passing that this profit is exceeded by many of our smaller cane-growers who plant cow peas and other rich spots.
"vVhile the above profit was satisfactory to me, it is a fact that this profit would have been increased about so per cent. by the use of a first-class modem manufacturing plant.
"In order to substantiate this statement, I will now go into the subject of my method of manufacture; and for the benefit of those of our cane-growers, who are using horse-power and who are contemplating putting in small steam cooking plants, I will describe minutely and in detail my outfit and my method of operation ; by thus going into minute details, those present, who are familiar with more modem and scientific methods, may see how crude are our processes even at their best.
"My manufacturing plant consists of one forty-five horse-power steam boiler, two fifteen horse-power engines, two 2,6oo No. 3 roller mills, large rolls eighteen inches in diameter, two galvanized iron cooking vats, with copper coils for steam heat, and the necessary ptunps, piping and tanks; also wagon scales, cane derrick, cane car, bagasse carrier, etc. The total cost of this outfit approximates $2,5oo, including the building.
"The two mills are not geared together so as to get the best extraction by running same cane through both mills, as is done in modem mills, but are set up on the ground, side by side, both mills being run at same time and fed lightly in order to be able tokey them tighter than if fed full. I have frequent breakdowns with these mills, as they are too frail to do the work I try to make them do.
"I secured an extraction of juice estimated at about 64 per cent. of the weight of the cane with these mills. One fifteen horse-power engine is sufficient to drive both mills, and I have !he second engine simply as a reserve in case of accident to engine m use.

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"The cane is tied in bundles with ropes laid across the wagon beds in the field, about r,ooo pounds in each bundle, two bundles to the load; after weighing each load on wagon scale, the cane is lifted from -wagon by a hand derrick and placed on small car, which is shoved to an inclined platform in front of the mills and dumped from the car, ':Vhich works on pivot, onto the inclined platform, the bundles of cane sliding down the incline to the mills so that one hand can easily feed each mill. The bagasse is carried by elevators from each mill to a platform, from which it is carted in dump-carts direct to the field and scattered on the land as fast as ground, to be plowed under later.
"The juice is filtered through a small box of black moss as it comes from the mills to remove the coarse fibre, and is then elevatecl by a steam jet to a larger moss filter, this filter being a fiftygallon barrel packed full of black, cleaned moss; this filter barrel is placed in the top of the building so that the juice will flow from the same into the juice tank, which is made of galvanized iron, and is large enough to hold two charges of juice.
"The two cooking vats are placed side by side, and at such elevation as will permit juice to flow by gravity from juice tank into first cooking vat, and from this vat into the second cooking vat. The first vat is used for defecating or skimming, and after the juice is thoroughly skimmed in same it is then allowed to flow into second vat, where it is evaporated into syrup, and another charge of juice let into first vat, and this process goes on in this way continually. At the outlet from the first vat into the second vat, I use a bag filter, made of thin sea-island sheeting (this bag is about six feet long and two feet wide) ; it must be this large to allow the juice to run through rapidly; this filter or strainer removes a considerable portion of sediment and solid matter that can not be skimmed off, because it will not rise to top. The solid matter thus removed is largely the same class of matter that is removed by use of settling tanks in up-to-elate cane mills. The skimming process is kept up constantly in the second or finishing vat, until the juice is reduced to syrup of a density registering 34 degrees, Beaume; then the syrtlp is drawn out into syrup tank, from which the syrup is canned or barreled. If canned, it is done while the syrup is very hot and hermetically sealed at once. The syrup is strained through hea vy flannel bag, as it flows from finishing vat into syrup tank, and it is surprising how much black solid matter we get from the syrup with this flannel strainer, when it is considered that the juice has been filtered through three feet of moss,

328

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

then skimmed thoroughly in first vat and strained through cotton bag as it goes into second vat, and then skimmed continuously while evaporating. Just here I will mention that I have found it advisable to allow the heavy scum, coml}lonly called the blanket, to rise slowly and thoroughly in the skimming vat before breaking or removing the same, being very careful not to let any of it boil in, and to wait a minute or two after shutting off the steam before removing it in order to allow the scum to harden somewhat, and it is decidedly better to remove the blanket by raking it off with a paddle rather than to skim it off with the ordinary skimmer commonly used by farmers. In order to facilitate the removing of the blanket, I have my skimming vat constructed with a flange on one side twelve inches wide, and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees, and under the lip of this flange I have a gut- ter into which the scum is raked and from "hich it flows into the skimming barrels.
"I have four barrels for skimming, the bottom of each being tapped with iron pipe, which is connected with same steam jet with which I elevate the juice from the mill. I fill the skimming barrels in rotation, and by the time I begin filling the last barrel, the skimmings in the first barrel have become clarified by slight fermentation, so that practially all the scum has risen to the top and left the clear juice in the bottom of the barrel. I then pump this clarified juice by means of the steam jet from the first barrel into the moss filter, from whence it flows into the juice tank. I then keep up this regular rotation of filling and emptying these skimming barrels, and by this method I am able to use about two-thirds of the skimmings. This clarified juice from the skimmings is slightly acid when it goes into the juice vat, and this aids somewhat the clarification of the juice in the skimming vat.
"I use no lime or sulphur in clarification and have succeeded so far in making as bright a syrup by the above method as some of my neighbors make by the use of sulphur and lime. I will state, however, that these parties do not use settling tanks, which may account for the fact that they do not make any better grades of syrup with sulphur and lime than I make without it. This is one of the problems, among many others, that we are looking to the Department of Agricuture to settle for us.
"As to the quality of the syrup thus made, I will say that I have here samples of the product for your inspection. I do not claim that this syrup is better than that made by some others in my section, who are equally careful and painstaking, and who em-

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:ploy practically the same methods, and in justice to the smaller cane-growers of my section who are still using the old-fashioned horse mill and iron open kettle, I desire to say that in some in:stances they succee.d in making an excellent grade of syrup, but the great disadvantage in this method is the lack of uniformity in the grade of the syrup.
"My cooking vats are elevated sufficiently to allow the con.densed steam from the copper coils in the vats to flow into a tank, which is elevated slightly above my steam boiler, and from this tank it is pumped while hot into the steam boiler. This is an important factor in cutting clown the expenses fo r fuel.
"My plant described above is a fair representation of a dozen -or more such plants located around Cairo, and represent our larg.est and best outfits with the exception of one at Ingleside plantation, operated by the Messrs. \i\Tight, where they have a threeroller mill, weighing 8,ooo pounds, and where they use sulphur :and lime for clarifying; also, except one now being located about eighteen miles from Cairo, in Decatur county, with a capacity of .2oo tons of cane per clay. This plant is a second-hand outfit from Louisiana, and it is proposed to make sugar on same as well as syrup.
"The capacity of my plant is 35 tons of cane in twenty-four hours, and by buying cane from my neighbors I am able to run .day and night.
"Now I will go back to the proposition .that, with a modem and first-class outfit, my profit would have been increased about :fifty per cent.
"By a modern outfit I mean a six-roller mill with a crusher, or -a nine-roller mill with a capacity of at least 200 tons of cane in twenty-four hours. Such a mill should give an extraction of seventy-eight per cent. by the aid of saturation between the rolls. 'The mill should be equipped with chain-carrier and feeder, and best cooking outfit, including sulphur and liming process, settling tanks and filter process, so as to utilize practically all the skimming. Such a mill would make possible the use of the bagasse for fuel, which would save about two-thirds the fuel, and would :also greatly reduce the expense of manufacturing.
"With a mill of this description, of large enough capacity, I could have waited to begin grinding until my cane was matured. This would have saved a considerable waste, as will be seen from the following data:

3:30

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

"I began grinding cane October 20 and finished December- I8.. During the first half of this grinding season I secured an average of 19;/z gallons of syrup from a ton of cane, and during the la.tter half I secured 23;/z gallons per ton. Thus Y<?U see I could have gained four gallons of symp on every ton of cane ground during the first half of the season by waiting until the cane was matured to begin grinding. This would have given me I,752 gallons increase in the syrup output. This increase in syrup at twentyseven cents per gallon is $473 As stated before, my mills gave an average extraction of sixty-four per cent. With a mill that would give an extraction of seventy-eight per cent. the increase would have been 4,I36 gallons of syrup at twenty-seven cents$I,II6.72.
"The approximate cost of manufacturing on my outfit is $r per barrel of thirty gallons, whereas on a first-class plant the cost would be reduced to about fifty cents per barrel. This would have been a saving on my crop of $3I5. These three items of saving aggregate $I,904.72, which is slightly more than fifty per cent. of my entire profit on this cane crop. This gain does not. include the saving by using practically all the skimmings. With an up-to-date cane mill, the net profit per acre on my cane cropin I902 would have been approximately $I28 instead of $84.
"It may be claimed that I902 was an exceptionally favorable season, and to some extent that is true, but I beg to submit that with the most unfavorable seasons I have never failed to get a yield of ten 30-gallon barrels of syrup per acre, and with this minimum yield the net profit is $56.32 peracre with my crude and wasteful plant, and would be $84 per acre with a first-class mill."
The speaker then told the convention how he prepared for planting his crop, dug his seed cane before freezing temperatureset in, using stubble cane if available, or short-jointed cane-the shorter the better. In bedding he covered roots with moist earth. Best time for bedding just before a rain. In preparing land he broke his land deep in the fall or winter and harrowed in the spring with a disc plow. Used a disc cultivator to lay off rows. In planting used guano distributor with eight-inch round shove! on same to open the furrow. Cut cane in pieces from one to two feet long-aiming to get four or five eyes on each piece.
"We are forced to the conclusion that sugar cane can not be grown profitably in Georgia without the aid of fertilizers, and in order to emphasize the great importance of fertilizers, I will

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. 331:.

state at the outset the result of an experiment made last year OJ:L this point:
"The yield per acre on good land not fertilized was twelve tons cane, and the maximum yield on the same land with 2,000 pounds guano per acre was thirty-nine tons, thus giving a gain of twenty-seven tons cane per acre as the result of 2,000 pounds. guano; the twenty-seven tons cane at $3.50 per ton is worth $94.50, and the 2,ooo pounds guano cost $21; this shows a net gain of $73.50 per acre as the result of this fertilizer.
"On my crop last year I used 1,200 pounds of guano per acre at two applications of the following formula: Twelve hundred pounds 16 per cent. acid phosphate, 400 potmds 8 per cent. cottonseed meal, 200 pounds nitrate soda, 200 pounds muriate of
potash. "Seeing that the possibilities in sugar-cane for the South-
eastern States are so great, it is of vital importance that we get one method of culture and manufacture perfected, and that we get the syrup introduced into all the markets, and by right business methods so advertise and push the sale of the goods through all proper channels that there will be no slacking off in the already greatly increasing demand.
"As to improved methods of culture and manufacture, we are looking to the Department of Agriculture to help solve many of these problems; beginning with the best way to save seed.. Can the tops be utilized for seed? How is the best way to preserve and utilize the stubbles? When is the best time to plant,. fall or spring? Which is the best variety? What is the most profitable fertilizer? what width rows? What class of. soil is . best? What preceding crops to plant? Will irrigation pay? And many other questions in culture are unsettled and need intelligent and persistent experimentation. And when it comes to manufacture, we need to know what kind of machinery to buy. What is greatest profit point as to extraction? Will saturation of bagasse in milling injure quality of syrup? How to best utilize the skimmings? How to clarify juices? How 'to make syrup of uniform color and density? How to prevent fermentation in barrels? How to make heavy syrup and prevent granulation? The last two points are of vital importance. They are the Scylla and Charybdis of the syrup business. It is imperative that we steer clear of thin syrup that will sour, on one hand, and of thick syrup that will turn to sugar on the other. Fermentation is the bane of the syrup industry, and while we have been for-

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

tunate for some years in being able to dispose of practically the entire output before the warm weather and f~rmentation set in, we have no assurance that it will always be so.
"We ought to be able to put our syrup on the market unadulterated at all seasons of the year, in barrels, and with safety _guarantee it not to work or ferment.
"Tmsting that I have so presented the cultivation of sugarcane in Georgia, and have propounded a sufficient number of questions to put this convention and the people of Georgia to thinking, I thank you for your patient hearing."
Proper efforts are being made to establish refineries where most needed. Other necessary steps have already been taken and other enterprises are being planned which give bright promise of placing Georgia hereafter in the leadi ng position which rightfully belongs to her as a great sugar and syrup State, which her capabilities are ready to secure to her so soon as the proper use is made of them.
Already some of the best table syrup made in the United states goes forth from Thomas, Brooks, Decatur and the adjoining counties. Cairo, Bainbridge, Quitman, Thomasville and other towns of South Georgia are deriving large profits from the trade in syrup made from the sugar-cane, and already these syrups -have been pronounced among the finest flavored that are found -in any of the markets in the United States.
Good work in cane experimentation is being done at the four stations organized under appropriations by the United States De--partment of Agriculture and located at Guyton, Waycross, Quitman and Cairo.
Complete plants for the making of sugar can be obtained at several places in the United States. But it is probable that the most improved machinery can be obtained in New Orleans, where every manufacturer is familiar with its practical use. Every upto-date factory must have a first-class mill with filter presses, -clarifiers, evaporators, settling-tanks, juice-tanks and syrup-tanks. One embarking in the business of syrup-making must study carefully the sterilization of syrup, which, after being sterilized, must -be kept indefinitely in sterilized vessels.
If the most improved methods are used, the cost of extracting i:he juice from the stalks and converting it into symp is a mere Jraction of a cent per ga llon.

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333:

SOILS ADAPTED TO CANE CULTURE.
The best soils for sugar-cane are those naturally rich and fertile, though remunerati ve crops can be grown upon those of m~erate fertility, if well prepared and fertilized . Climate, rainfall and . manure are more important factors than soils. Sandy soils without manures produce small stalks, while calcareous soils develop a cane of superior size and quality, rich in saccharine matter. Canes that are grown on rich, alluvial soils not properly drained are poor in their sugar produce, and, though they yield a large quantity of syrup, it is not of the best.
PREPARATION AND PLANTING.
Before planting all soils should be well prepared, properly fertilized and perfectly drained. It is best to break or flush the land, then bed into rows from five to six feet wide. Next the bed should be opened, and in this furrow the cane should be planted. The part of the stalk selected for seed should be deposited in an open furrow and well covered, which covering in the fall should be several inches thick. Removing the extra soil in early spring tends to secure early germination. The preparation of the soil should be thorough and deep. Cultivate rapidly and as shallow as the soil will permit, and lay by when the canes shade the. ground.
It has been the practice of some to plant the entire cane, and' of others to use only the portion which is least fitted for making sugar. On this point Dr. \t\ . C. Stubbs, of Louisiana, says: "It can be positively asserted that the upper third of our canes can be profitably used for planting our crop, and we can send the lower two-thirds of our entire crop to the sugar-house, thus increasing largely our sugar yields and diminishing our heavy outlay annually for seed."
The cane may be planted any time between September and March. But it is the general practice to platJt in January and February, after sugar-making is completed. After the frost has disappeared, the earth is removed by the plow from each side of the cane and the top earth is then scraped off, with the view of preventing too early vegetation. It should be kept clear of weeds and grass by frequent and careful hoei ng until it has produced_ shoots enough to afford a full stand.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

In the latter part of May or early June it should be hilled about four inches, after which it should be let alone till ready for the mill. The bottom of the stalk begins to ripen in August or September, from which time it ripens upward at the rate of about six inches a week until about the middle of October, when it is usually ready for the mill.

FERTILIZERS FOR CANE.
In the cultivation of cane it is very desirable to insure a large growth by September 1st. Hence the fertilizers used should contain enough nitrogenous matter to produce this result. Phosphoric acid is very beneficial to its growth. Potash may be necessary upon light, sandy soils.
Experiments have shown that the limits of profit in the use of fertilizers for sugar-cane are between forty and fifty pounds .of nitrogen obtained from cottonseed meal and from forty to 'eighty pounds of phosphoric acid.

HARVESTING.
So soon as the cane is ready for harvesting, it is customary to top it, or cut off the upper end of the stalk as far as the leaves are .dry. Then, after the leaves have been stripped from the standing stalk, it is cut close to the ground with a cane knife and carried in carts to the mill, where it is at once passed through the rollers for expressing the juice.
The juice, so soon as extracted, is put into the kettles, boiled, skimmed and reduced to the point where it is ready for granulation or conversion into sugar.
The stalks from which the juice has been extracted are shredded 1ike cornstalks and, being mixed with ground grain, are fed to stock with success. By some they are held in higher esteem, when thus prepared, than cornstalks or cottonseed hulls.

THE GRASSES AND HAY.
\i\Thile Georgia has won great reputation as a corn and cotton 'State, ranking high on these products, she has also in some sec:tions shown a gratifying progress in the production of hay.

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It is not the object of any pamphlet sent out by the Georgia Tiepartment of Agriculture to advise the abandonment of the _greatest money crop with which any people were ever blest, viz. : cotton; but to urg-e the addition of another which, under the conditions that attend its cultivation in Georgia, can with very little trouble and expense add millions of clear money to the bank account of our farmers.
If we look upon an agricultural n)ap of the United States we shall find that lands bring the highest prices in States or parts of States where the grasses and forage crops are cultivated with greatest care; while, on the other hand, lands sell cheapest where the greatest efforts are made to raise all cotton and kill all grass.

NATIVE GRASSES.
There are many grasses and forage plants that do well in Georgia when properly cultivated; but we have also those which live in spite of neglect and even survive efforts at extirpation.
Among these the most important is a grass that at one time was, by many fanners, considered a great pest, but is now held in high esteem over the greater part of Georgia. This is the wellknown and most useful Bermuda Gr(JlSs, which was introduced from the West Indies, but has made its home for so long a time over such large sections of the South that it may be considered naturalized, if not a native. It is the best pasture grass known to the Southern States, because it can endure the greatest amount of summer heat and will stand a drouth that would kill most other grasses.
Colonel T. C. Howard, at one time Secretary of Georgia Department of Agriculture, said: "The desideratum of the South is a g rass that is perennial, nutritious and adapted to the climate. While we have grasses and forage plants that do well when nursed, we have few that live and thrive here as in their native 'habitat.' The Bemmda and crab grass are at home in the South; they not only live, but live in spite of neglect, and when petted and encouraged they make such grateful returns as astonish the
benefactor. I have known $I 14 worth of hay sold from seven-
eighths of an acre of Bern1uda grass in one season. I have known this 'pest,' so-called, extirpated after twenty years-sod that had been undisturbed by any tool- and astonishing crops, both of cotton and com, raised in plo,ce of it the first year. Indeed, I doubt if even the far-famed blue grass sod is a better

336

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

fertilizer, and every one knows what the \Vestern Virginians: think of that as a restorer of impoverished land."
Bern1Uda will furnish for seven months of the year, and for nine months in the average year, the best pa~mage that can be possibly had for all kinds of stock, and in that way will pay better than any land on the farn1. In Georgia our farms have too. little land devoted to pastures, and, therefore, it is feed, feed, feed, for twelve months in the year, to the detriment of our pockets. and the injury of our stock, that are never so healthy as when on a good pasture.
Those who have tried Bernmda for pasturage have been delighted with the results. It will stand the severest grazing, and after stock has been pastured upon it, its growth is largely increased. Bermuda grass will thrive on any land where cotton grows well. One acre of it will, it is claimed, on soil suited to its. growth, maintain ten sheep for ten months of the year. It is good for any kind of stock, remember.
If Bermuda is supplemented by pasture of winter grasses for grazing sheep, it will enable a farmer to not only increase his meat supply, but will also furnish him with wool to sell to those who need it for manufacturing purposes. Besides, he can, with little expense, maintain a fine herd of cattle to furnish him with milk and beef for home nse, and for the market, and also oxen with which to work his land. Horses and mules also enjoy it and thrive upon it.
The large number of earth-worms that gather under a Bermuda sod add greatly to the fertility of the soil. \Vhen in summer hogs are turned into the pasture, the worms and grass, which they greatly enjoy, make a very fattening food.
There are years in which we can have Bermuda grass the year round. But this is not always the case. Therefore, in order tohave on the same land good winter and summer pasturage, tear up the Bermuda sod by the plow and then, after harrowing, but before rolling, sow white clover and hairy vetch. These will grow up in the late fall, as the Bermuda dies down, and, when the hot weather comes on, the Bermuda will spring up again and take their place.
Bermuda makes excellent hay wherever it is allowed to grow to a sufficient height for mowing. To make good hay and obtain the largest yield, it must be mowed from three to five times. every summer; for if left t,mtil the culms harden, it will not f~iye the best results. When properly mowed and cured, it is doubi.ful

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if any hay which comes to our markets is eaten by all kinds of stock with more relish than that made from Bermuda grass. There have been some very large yields of this hay in Georgia. In Greene county, situated in the middle Georgia belt, there have been raised on one acre thirteen thousand nine htmdred and fifty-
three pounds of the best Bem1t1da hay. Remember that while the cultivation of many other grasses
involves some expense, Bermuda can be bad by the poorest
fam1er. The man who devo.tes most of his land to cotton, will do welt
to select for his pasture that which has a good Bermuda sod. Perhaps there are some who do not know the manner of setting
land with a Bermuda sod. For the benefit of such vve give the foUowing directions: This grass is not usually propagated by seed, since this is the more expensive method. But if this plan be:
preferred, the seed can be sown in early spring, late summer or
early fall. The usual plan is to cut pieces of the turf and scatter them along shallow furrows, or sow them over the land well-prepared by plO\Ying and harrowing, and cover or compress the roots into the soil with a roller or drag brush; or the plants can be 2"athered, root and branch, from any patch of ground covered by them; and, after being shaken free from earth, passed through a cuttinR box, as though being prepared for the stall. The11 sow these little cuttings by hand broadcast before the harrow in the spring. Every joint will germinate and bud, and the grass will speedily take possession of the field.
If a farmer should desire to change his pasture, which some of our best agriculturists do frequently, for the purpose of devoting the land to other crops, he can kill out the Bermuda by one of the follO\Ying methods: Run a coulter or narrow bull tongue plow through it; then turn the surface over, but not under, with a turning plow that has been set to run very shallow. This turn~ the roots over, exposing them to cold and frost, which will certainly kill it. The other method is: LeaYe it ungrazed, then broom sedge will grow up and certainly kill it in three or four years.
If the farmer has not other land well suited fot pasturing, he can, before making the change, set a sufficient portion in Bermuda in the manner already described. Then he can soon have another fine pasture, and where the late one stood, when he turns up the Bermuda sod in the manner already described, he will find land that has been rendered marvelously fertile by both the Bermuda and the droppings of the cattle that have grazed upon it. It is
~2& b .

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

doubtful whether it would haYe been any more improved by those wonderful restorers of worn-out land, the cowpea or the velvet bean, of which ''"e " ill treat more fully farther on. Bermuda grass seed cost 75 cents a pound, or for IOO pounds and upwards at the rate of 65 cents a pound.
Cmb and Croz(J-foot grasses ?re both well known and are esteemed both for hay and pasture. The crow-foot is confined to the lower and sandy lands of the State, and the hay made from it is generally more highly esteemed than that from crab grass.
The hay from these grasses, while large in quantity, is light as compared to that of better grasses; that is, under ordinary treatment. But, if they are cut before the seed is ripe, or as soon as they are in blossom, there will be little complaint of this sort.
Crab grass springs up wherever cultivation cease , and rapidly takes possession of the field. After oats, if cut when in flower, it will make a very large yield of hay sometimes giving more forage than was obtained from the oa ts that preceded it. If managed " ell, it forms an excellent pasturage all summer and until late in the fall. If immediately after cutting the oats or other grain, hogs are for a short time turned in to eat up the shattered grain which remains, and then turned out and all stock excluded until the grass .gets a good start, the fatmer " ill have a splendid pasture until frost. It is not well to pasture clover and the cultivated grasses to any considerable extent during the summer. \Vhen the cool weather comes and the crab grass is no longer available, the stock can be turned in upon the clover and cultivated grasses. By this sort of management the Southern farmer has a great advantage over his Northern brother. Especially is this true of the dairyman. In Bibb county on the border of Middle and Southern Georgia there have been cut from oi1e acre in one season over 9,000 pounds of crab grass hay.
Garmm.a or Sesame Grass is one of the largest and most beautiful perennial grasses, reaching often a height of seven feet. It is found over the whole South, from the mountains to the coast, and its leaves bear a strong resemblance to those of corn. The hay cut from it is very much like fodder, and is much less expensiye. The roots are strong. Although it is a difficult task to plow it up, very close grazing will kill it and the mass of dead roots plowed under will greatly enrich the soil. Since the seed break off from the stem a single seed at a time, and hence vegetate with great uncertainty, it is usual to propagate it by setting out slips of the roots about two feet apart each \\'ay.

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THE BROME GRASSES.
'The brome grasses vary widely in their agricultural value. The Bromus inermis, or awnless brome grass, also called 5mooth and Hungarian brome grass, is highly valued as a forage and hay plant in the \Vest and in some places in our own and -other Southern States, on account of its drouth-resisting qualities. "Rescue grass bears a somewhat sim~lar relation to the agriculture of the South," says F. H. Hillman, assistant in the national seed laboratory for botanical investigatior..s and experiments, in his excellent pamphlet on "The Seeds of Rescue Grass and Chess." "Chess (or cheat)," says the same writer, "is less -valuable than either (viz. : Bromus inermis or rescue grass). Some value is assigned to it .in certain localities, but it has been 1ong and widely recognized as a most troublesome weed. The frequency with which it occurs in grain fields has led to the erroneous belief, adhered to by many farmers even to the present day, that chess is a degenerated form of wheat. Chess seeds are often abundant among the seeds of the cereal grains and the Jarger grass seeds, and sometimes occur with reel clover seed." Hon. Frederick V. Coville, ational Botanist, says: "For some reason confusion has arisen in the Southern States regarding rescue grass and chess. Seed of the latter, which, though occasionally grown as a forage crop, is ordinarily a grain-field weed, has been offered for sale repeatedly under the name of the former, which is a valuable forage grass; and it has been thought desirable to issue a brief description of the two, so that both seedsmen and purchasers may be able to distinguish them." Mr. Hillman's pamphlet, which was prepared under the direction of Mr.
A. J. Pieters, botanist in charge of the seed laboratory, farther
says: "With the aid of specimens, or descriptions, there should be no difficulty in distinguishing the seed of rescue grass from that of chess. The differences between the seed of chess (or cheat) and that of its near ally, Bromus racemosus, are more difficult to detect; but from a practical standpoint this i not so important, since the two plants are very similar in habit, and it is probable that in many localities the latter would prove quite as undesirable as chess."
The seed of R escue Grass ( Bromus unioloides), also called Schrader's Brome grass and Arctic grass, are thus described:
"Florets or seeds 0 to r inch long, strongly compressed from the

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.GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

sides, sharply keeled along the back, lanceolate as viewed from the side, the apex tapering and usually tipped by a short awn at the base of which the glume is slightly notched; margins of the glume membranous edged, and usually not infolded except at the base ; veins 4 or 5 on each side of the mid-nerve, or keel, evident as narrow ridges; palea two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the glume, which wholly incloses it; grain folded lengthwise ancf tightly claspinlthe infolded center of the palea. The florets are light or yellowish-brown or straw-colored, often greenish and sometimes purplish. The surface varies from smooth to very finely rough-hairy, the latter condition being particularly evident on the veins and pedicel. when spread thinly on a level surface the seeds lie on one of the flattetled sides."
The seeds of Chess (Bromus secalinus), also called Cheat and' W1:llcerd's Br011-te Grass, are described as follows :
"Florets about ;4 to S-I6 of an inch long, exclusive of the awn,.
which varies from I-27 to I-9 of an inch, not compressed, cylindrical or somewhat spindle-shaped, obtuse at the apex; glume notched at the apex above the insertion of the awn; margins more or less infolded below the middle, narrowly or scarcely membranous edged above the middle, usually not all flaring at the apex;. veins three on each side of the mid-nerve, very indistinct; palea equal to the glume, deeply-grooved conformably with the grain; the keels hispid-ciliate and partially or wholly exposed; grain equal to the Ghtme and Pa.lea (or chaff), open, e..,"posed at the apex of the floret, deeply g rooved, reddi sh-brown, sometimes occurring free from gluine and palea. The florets are light or dark-brown and m ostly smooth, and sometimes have a light diffused luste r under the lens.
"The more evident characters by which rescue grass seed and chess may be distinguished upon comparison are as follows:
"Rescue grass seeds being strongly compressed lie only on one side when resting on a level urface and thus appear lance-shaped. or broadly awl-shaped, tapering uniformly to a sharp, short-awned: point. In contrast the chess seed are from little more than one- fourth to one-ha If as long, more robust, not evidently flattened,.. nearly cylindrical, grooved along one side, abruptly pointed, the apex with a very short or somewhat longer awn, or awnless_ When resting on a level surface they may lie slightly at one side of the mid-vein of the back, exposing to view the grooved face and a part of one side; or they may lie on the grooved face, showing the back. They more rarely rest directly on the back. Fur-

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1thermore, the general color of a sample of chess is much darkerbrown than one of rescue grass seed."
Of the upright chess, or Bromus racemosus, it is only neces-
:sary to say that the florets are about 75 of an inch long, exclusive of the slender awn, which varies from a little more than 1-7 to 75
of an inch in length, similar to those of chess in general form. "These seeds are as easily distinguished from rescue grass seeds :as are those of chess. They are most readily distinguished from -chess seeds by the broader glume, longer awn and shorter palea :and grain."
The following statement of the relative values of rescue grass :and chess is contributed by Mr. Carlton R. Ball, Assistant Agrostologist of the Department of Agriculture:
"Rescue grass was introduced into the South some fifty years :ago and has since been widely cultivated. Its chief value is for winter and early spring grazing. It is very hardy and makes a luxuriant and rapid growth throughout the winter under favor:able conditions. Although it is an annual plant, it is said to be<eome a short-lived perennial under close grazing, which prevents the production of seed. In ordinary practice, the grass is allowed to reseed itself each season. Where grazed, stock should be taken -off long enough to allow seed to ripen in the early summer. If it is cut for hay in March, the aftermath will usually reseed the ground. A summer crop may be grown on the same ground, if ;t be taken off early enough to allow the young plants to begin their growth in the fall. Rescue grass is best adapted to rich, loamy soils. On light, poor soils it is probably inferior to rye -or oats for pasturage or hay.
"Chess is becoming more and more common in Southern wheat
-fields * * * * "
In feeding value, as indicated by chemical analyses, chess ranks lower than most grasses, including rescue grass. This has been proved to be true of it, even in the Northwest, where it is so 1argely used for hay.
Two years ago the Georgia Department of Agriculture pub-lished an article on rescue grass, which we will repeat here as.a iitting close of the discussion of this division of the subject of native grasses:
RESCUE GRASS.
One of our friends has requested that we republish an article that appeared about two years ago on "Rescue Grass." vVe take pleasure in complying with this request.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE.

Rescue grass is probably the finest for winter grazing, and the most prolific in southern latitudes. It requires a rich, loamy soil, and comes up in September, growing rapidly during even the coldest winter. It affo1ds a rich pasturage of the most succulent stems and leaves from December I to May I, or it may be mowed for hay two or three times during Apri l and May and then allowed to mature a crop of seed, which in gathering will shatter, or leave enough seed on the ground to reseed the land, so that one sowing,. if properly treated, will suffice.
After mowing two or three times, from IOO to I so bushels of seed may be made on an acre. The seed may be sown from June' to February, but to get the best results it should be sown in June, when peas are sown for forage.
There are some peculiarities about this grass seed. It will not germinate in summer. The colder the weather in winter the: faster it grows, unless the stems have commenced j ointing, when a freeze will kill it do~vn, only to come out again, however, greatly increased in thickness. When not mowed the grass grows slowly, but when it is mowed or grazed upon the growth is hastened. The plots upon which the grass has been sown can be broken upfrom June I to IS , fertilized and sown in peas, or planted in corn: and field beans. By this method the grass will not only be improved, but splendid crops of peavine hay, or of corn and beans,. can be made. The seed that are left on the ground in May wilT lie dormant until the cool nights in September.
The seeds are quoted by seedsmen at 2S cents per pound, but about IOO pounds may be obtained from Dr. A. M. Winn & Son, of Lawrenceville, Ga., at IS cents per pound, or I2 cents a pound,. if as much as 10 pounds are bought; a.lso I so pounds can be ob-
tained from Mr. J. T. Baxter, of Suwannee, Ga., at the same price~ The foregoing information is furnished largely by Mr. J. T .
Baxter, who has successfully grown Rescue grass.-Sta:te Deprortmen.t of Agricultu.re.
T!-Ie seed of Bromus inermis cost 2S cents a pound, or $2o for IOO pounds. The seed of Bromus secalinus (chess or cheat) I2~ cents a pound; for I4 pounds and upward, I I cents a pound.
f ohnson Gra.ss is a stout, erect perennial grass, having rather broad leaves and large panicle, which is open at flowering time. It resembles ordinary sweet sorghum, but is smaller and more slender. The introduction of Johnson grass into this country is said to have been after the following manner: Governo r Means, of South Carolina, having received a request from the Sultan of

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Turkey to send him some one who could teach the Turks the art of raising cotton, sent over a gentleman, who, upon his return, brought with him, among the seeds of other plants, those of the now famous J ohnson grass. Colonel William J ohnson, who owned a la rge plantation at Marion Juncti on, tear Selma, A labama, about the year 1840, while on a visit to South Carolina, obtained seed of this grass and sowed it on the bottoms of his farm on the Alabama river. I:Iaving been first ctt!tivated to any great extent by Colonel J ohnson, this grass received over a large section of country the name of J ohnson grass, though in South Carolina it was known as Means grass, from the name of the Governor, who was instrumental in its introduction, and by this name it is still called in many localities.
It is sometimes called also Guinea grass, though this name properly belongs to a very different plant, whose botanical name is P a11iwm M (ll%imu.m.
Different localities have given it different names, some of which were given by seed dealers in order to create .a demand for a supposed new grass. Some of these names are : Aleppo grass, Alabama Guinea grass, Cuba grass, Egyptian grass, Green Valley grass, Syrian grass, St. Mary's grass, False Guii1ea grass, also A rabian millet, A ustralian millet, Egyptian millet, Morocco millet and E vergreen millet.
In sixty yea.rs from the time of its introduction it has spread westward to Texas and along irrigation ditches of N ew Mexico, Arizona and California, thence along the coast reg ion to Oregon and Washingtoti It is evidently well adapted to the vast area over which it has spread, partly because many person~, recognizing its value for hay and pasture, have purchased the seed and have established meadows, from which, by infection, it has been . still more widely disseminated.
A ll kinds of farm stock, feeding upon this grass and running at large, scatter its seed, which, wherever dropped, quickly germinates and has a vigorous growth. J ohnson grass thri ves best in rich, moist, alluvial soil. It makes a good quality of hay if cut while just in fl ower. Meadows should be broken up at least every third yea r so as to loosen the matted sten1s. Meadows thus treated need no reseeding. when this grass is turned in the spring, cow-peas may be sown with it ; when in the fall , it is well to use oats with it. It affords good pasture during the summer, when treated in the same way as meadows.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,.

Mr. N. B. Moore, who lived and died near Augusta, Ga., preferred this grass to any other for hay on account of its luxuriant growth and ,abundant yield. From his one hundred acres of grass land he derived annually an income of from seven to ten thousand dollars.
For twelve yearf'prior to I86S Mr. Moore's land had received annually five hundred cords of stable manure hauled from Augusta, besides wood ashes in large quantity. From I867 to I874 this land was top dressed with commercial fertilizers. In autumn it was his habit to have the land scarified both ways with sharp steel-toothed harrows and then to sow over the stubble a peck of red clover per acre, which, with volunteer vetches, came off about the middle of May. The second yield Of clover was uniformly eaten up by grasshoppers. 1 e tap-root remained to fertilize the then coming grass, ' "" 1ich he had cut when from two to three feet high.
The difficultv of eradicating J ohnson grass has caused it to be much dreaded oy farmers, and in Texas aws have been passed regulating its use.
It can be destroyed by hand labor, digging out the un derground stem s. If fallow land oe plo.ved during hot dry weather, thus exposing the sten1s to the heat of the sun, the grass will soon be killed. Severe frosts produce the same result. Extra hand labo r during the cultivation of a cotton crop will also kill it. If a farmer desires to set a field with J ohnson g1ass, let him prepare a good seed-bed by first turning up the land with a turning plow ; then go over the furrows with a subsoil plow. Text, let him harrow and rolL Then sow the seed broadcast.
The price of J ohnson grass seed is about I 5 cents a pound, or $11 for 100 pounds.
COW-PEAS A rn PEAVINE HAY, VELVET BEAN, ETC.
Until something more than thirty yea rs ago the cultivation of cow-peas \Vas confined mainly to the cotton-growing States; but so famous have they become as a soi l renovator that they are now a staple crop in the border Southern and some of the fiddle States, holding in many latitudes through out the South the place held by clover in the Torth. The name "pea" is not a strictly correct term as applied to this plant, sine~ it is closely related to our common beans, and does not, in general appea rance, resemble a pea, except in its blossom and fruit.

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Of course the cow-pea will do better on good land than on -poor; but whenever it is necessary to bring up a piece of wornout land, this is the first crop that can be grown upon it. A better soil renovator would be hard to find, and a succession of crops of these valuable legumes has been frequently known to bring the mos t worn-out soil to a condition of profitable production. Valuable as are peavines and peas. for stock feed, their chief excellence is this property of restoring exhausted lands.
Of the many varieties of the cow-pea, the best known in Georgia are the WM.ppoonvill, the Black Cfa!J, the R ed Clary and the -unknown.
The cow-pea is probably superior to all other leguminous plants in producing maximum results in minimum time. The vines and r oots supply to the soil as much humus as clover, with this great advantage: they will grow upon soi l which clover would wither and die. Peas can be sown in Georgia any time between April I .1d August I ; in other words, in the late spring or early and middle summer. The soil may be prepared by breaking it with a tvvo-horse plow. About one bushel and a half tr-. the acre should .be sown, and then the ground should be well hanowed. Some
-fam1ers prefer to drill the peas in rows from 23/z to 3 feet apart,
placing the peas at interva ls of one to two inches in the row. After they have come up a cultivator should be run betvveen the rows.
Peas planted between the corn rows at the second or last plow:;ng of the corn furnish a large amount of feed.
The best time for cutting hay is when the first pods begin to turn yellow, while the leaves are yet g reen and the stems tender. If the cutting is delayed until all the peas have ripened the stalks will be hard and the leaves will fall off, thus being_wasted. Be careful to cut in clear weather and after the dew is off.
In the early fall the crop of peavines is either harvested for hay or buried for fertilizer. The more economical plan, as we have said in other publications of this department, is to harvest the crop for hay, then tum under the stubble and the roots, which a re said to contain the greater part of the elements so essential for the renovati on of the soil.
The average production of peavine hay to the acre is from 2,500 to 4,000 pounds; but under scientific cultivation g ood lands l1ave been known to yield over Io,ooo pounds to the acre. The cow-pea succeeds well under the most diverse conditioris of soil .and climate from the extreme South to the Central and ortQ.ern

346

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

States, flourishing on rich, alluvial lands and making fairly good yields on the most barren and worn-out hillsides. It is essentially a supplementary or intermediate crop. In the peach-growing districts it is much used for planting in orchards, f01: which
a purpose it is very useful. It is very beneficial crop also in the
trucking sections for planting between rows of asparagus, or for the purpose of occupying the ground after the removal of anyearly spring crop.
The cow-pea, like other plants o_f the bean family, draws a partof its nitrogen from the air, and, therefore, when plowed under, leaves the soil not only richer in vegetable matter than before, but also in the most expensive fertilizing element, nitrogen, so that the farmer need apply only the potash and phosphoric acid . It also improves the mechanical condition of the soil by the opening and loosening effect proclucecl by its deep-feeding roots. The cowpea being the principal leguminous plant of the South, since it js grown for hay, forage and the crop of peas or seed, and be.jng so important as a soil renovator, should be most carefully pt:"otectecl from disease.
The most troublesome ailment of this important plant is the wilt disease, or pea sickness, which has of late become quite prevalent and has caused much damage in the two Carolinas, Georgia,. Alabama, Mississippi and L ouisiana. This disease is similar to that in cotton, okra, watermelon, and other plants; and yet theyare not intercommunicable; that is, the cow-pea disease attacks . nothing but the cow-pea, and so on with each of the others. The cotton wilt fungus has been found in the soil after seven years devoted to other crops. In the cow-pea, however, the amount of wilt is greatly diminished when other crops intervene, but it is: doubtful whether the soil can be entirely riel of the fungus in this . way.
The substitution for a time of some other leguminous crop for cow-peas seems to offer a good remedy. F or this purpose the velvet bean appears to be the best. It is not subject to wilt, but is . somewhat liable to the root-knot worm or nematode. It is even superior to the cow-pea fot shading out grass, producing a heavy growth of forage, which makes excellent hay, or, if plowed' under, makes a valuable fertilizer. But it requires a long season,. and, except in the extrme South, does not ripen seed, which is,. therefore, very expensive. On account of its trailing habit and long runners it is difficult to cut it for hay or to plow it under_

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Its tendency to climb into the trees also renders it objectionable-
in orchards. The soy bean and Florida beggar weel may be also usee!.
as a substitute crop. Bt!t there is no complete substitute for the cow-pea; hence the value of finding one that is resistant to the
wilt disease. Mr. vV. A. Orton, assistant pathologist of the United States
Department of . Agrict1lture, on whose treatise on "Some Diseases of the Cow-pea" we have drawn in this article, says that Mr. T . S. vVilliams, of Monetta, S. C. , has found that the Iron Cow -pea, cultivated by him, has proved resistant to the wilt disease.
Mr. Orton says: "The writer visited Mr. vVilliams * * *
and saw the fields in questi on. The Iron pea was making a vigorous, healthy growth, where other varieties had died
the year before. * * * * In one field where the Iron pea
was growing by the side of a common field cow-pea the Iron pea was healthy, while the other died very badly from the wilt disease. o nematodes were found in any of these fields. A neighbor of Mr. Williams', who for two years had all his peas die, planted the Iron pea this year ( 1901) at Mr. Williams' suggestion and made an excellent crop."
Experiments were made by the United States Department of Agriculture in co-operation with Mr. Williams at Monetta, S. C., . on land thoroughly infected with cow-pea wilt. On May 29, 1901, a number of varieties of cow-pea, soy bean, velvet bean and some Japanese forage plants were planted on one and one- half acres. "The soil was sanely, in good condition and well fertilized. A crop of winter oats had been removed and the land thoroughly prepared. A ll the varieties tested were planted by
hand in the same way, in rows about 30 feet apart and 18 inches
apart in the hill; two to ten seeds in a hill, according to the nature of the variety. The field was well cultivated. The care taken in: planting secured a good stand, and nearly all the plants grew welL until July. " Then the wilt disease appeared among the cow-peas, and the injury was increased by the presence in the soil of the root-knot wom1 or nematode, with the addition of a severe drought in July and the early part of August. The velvet beans did very well, making a heavy growth; but the seed did not mature. They seemed to be completely r.esistant to the wilt disease.. The soy beans were a disappointment, suffering fron1 nematode and the dry weather. The Japanese cow-peas, doing fairly well

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

for a while, were at the last considerably injured by wilt and the nematode. All of the American cow-peas made a good start and had an equal chance, ~ut the Iron cow-pea was the only one that
made any crop. In an article by Herbert J. Webber, physiologist,
and W. A. Orton, assistant pathologist, on "A Cow-pea Resistant to Root-knot ( Heterodesa Radicicola, or the Iron Cow-pea)" is thus described :
"The Iron cow-pea is quite distinct in character from any other varieties known to the writers. One peculiarity is its habit of continuous blooming-it may have fl owers and ripe fruit on the :same plant. As a result of this it continues to ripen its seed over :a considerable period and retains its foliage meanwhile. This is :a decided disadvantage, if the peas are grown for their fruit; but if the crop is grown for forage, the attendant character of retaining the leaves green tmtil frost allows the grower greater latitude :in harvesting, and this may be a decided advantage. \ iVhile some -other varieties of cow-peas possess some qualities superior to the Iron, the latter is surely a good variety for general purposes, and is especially valuable on account of its disease-resistant quali-
ties. * * * * The Iron cow-pea is to be highly recom-
mended for cultivation on all soils that are known to be infested with one or the other of these diseases (Wilt or Root-knot). On soils free from these diseases some other variety may give better results, though the Iron is a good hay variety. In peach and plum orchards, and places where it is feared the cow-pea would induce the spread of root-knot, the Iron variety can be grovvn without danger."
The Iron cow-pea, however, may not always prove resistant. -From the varieties so well known in Georgia, a careful and observant fam1er may find seed of plants that have proved resistant. If wilt disease or root-knot, which may both be described under the common term of "blight," should attack a portion of his crop, even in the part of the field attacked he will find plants that have resisted successfully the ravages of blight. Let him select from these plants those that amid the surrounding ruin have proved resistant, and save these for his planting for next season. A similar method of thwarting the attacks of the blight has been tried with cotton and has proved successful. Therefore, from his favorite varieties, the farmer can find resistant plants by observing proper care and diligence.
The V duet B eron has been p_lanted in parts of Florida for more

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than twenty years, and wherever used has proven a wonderfut
soil renovator. In :rviiddle Georgia this bean should be planted in April or
May, or about the same time that cow-peas are planted, and abou in the same manner; ay, from three to five beans in a place, fron ; I2 to I4 inches apart in 3-foot rows. When the bean begins to run use the plow or cultivator. One or two plowing~ will besufficient. The average yield per acre is about I5 to 25 bushels.
of the beans. The vines, which are very abundant, make fine forage for cattle
and horses, or can be left on the land to be turned under in the fall. This is said to be a splendid renovator of exhausted lands,. some even preferring it to the cow-pea.
Th e Soja Bean, also called Soy bean and Coffee bean, is an erect annual legume with hairy stems and leaves, and has from a remote antiquity been cultivated in China and Japan. This bean, whose botanic name is Glycine Hispida, was largely introduced into this country and Europe about twenty years ago, since which time thorough trials of its value for forage and food have been made. The number of varieties is quite large. These vary il! the color of their seeds and the length of time which the plant~ requ ire for coming to matu rity. The seed is planted in drill ~
20 to 3 feet apart and at the rate of about half a bushel to tb
acre. The cultivation is very much like that of Indian corn. The Soia beans are sometimes planted bet\veen the hills of com. They are fed to stock green, as silage or as hay. For ensilage or green forage they can hardly be surpassed, but since their haulms are somewhat woody, th ey do not make the best quality of hay. As green forage they will make in favorable loca lities from 6 to 8 tons per acre, while the yield of beans is from 40 to IOO bushels to the acre. It is claimed by some that the feeding value of this bean is gieater than tha.t of any other known forage plant except the peanut. The bean contains from 32 to 42 per cent. of protein and from 12 to 2I per cent. of fat in fresh material. The hay contains from 14 to I 5 per cent. of crude protein and from I 2 to 2I per cent. of fat in fresh material. \i\Then fed to milch cows, a rati on of soja beans increases the yield of milk, improves thequality of butter and causes the animal to gain rapidly in weight. In China and Japan this bean is an article of human diet, and substances similar to oil, cheese and butter and a variety of dishes: relished by the people of those countries are prepared from it.

.350

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUl'tE.

WHEAT HAY.
There are fam1ers in Georgia, notably in Troup county, who hold wheat hay in high esteem as feed for stock. They consider it a well-balanced ration, taking the place of both grass and grain.
The method of curing wheat for h y is as follows : Cut the stalks close to the surface of the ground, while the grain is in fairly good "dough state." If you wait later the straw will become woody; if you cut earlier there will be waste, since weight and nutriment will be wanting. Be sure that the cutting is done on a morning which gives good promise of a clear day. Mow as you would other grass; but rake into wind-rows the afternoon of the clay on which the cutting is clone. The following day carry it into the bam, and this is all that will be needed if the weather is clear and warm. The barn curing, like the field curing, is .quickly clone. In ten days or two weeks after the hay has been put in the barn it should be baled. This baling should not be delayed longer than two weeks, since in that case it loses not only its nutriment, but also its pleasant odor and beautiful color.
This hay makes from two to three tons (or from 4,000 to 6,ooo pounds) to the acre, and brings from $15.00 to $I8.oo per ton.
Pea-vine hay brings from $I 2.00 to $14.00 per ton ; Bermuda from $13.00 to $15 .00 per ton; J ohnson grass from $8.oo to $w.oo per ton ; English vetch and Reel Clover (mixed) $12.oo to $14.00 per ton; shredded com-stalks from $5 .00 to $6.oo per ton.
ALFALFA OR LUCERNE AND CLOVER.
Although Alfalfa or Lucerne is cultivated to some extent in Georgia, it has not received the attention that its merits should claim. It is doubtful if any forage plant excels it for abundant yield, longevity and hardness. It is a species of clover and will fl ourish under heat that would kill any other kind of clover. Altitude does not affect it so much as the depth and warmth of the soil, or the depth of the water-table beneath the surface. It will grow on favorable soil at almost any altitude from the le.vel of the sea to 7,000 feet above the sea. Although it is not injured by a considerable amount of sand in the soil, yet it thrives best in .a rich, sandy loam, containing lime and having a porous subsoil.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

351

It requires much nursing and careful preparation to secure a

good stand; but when that has been obtained upon suitable soil,

it may yield abundant crops for thirty or more years. It rarely

reaches a sufficient height for hay during the first year, but attains

its best growth in the third year. If it has been properly man-

aged up to that time, it makes splendid hay, and the number of

cattle that one acre of it will feed throughout a season by soiling

is wonderful. Alfalfa is a good grass for hay, but not for pas-

turage, because the trampling of stock so compacts it that the plant

-deteriorates. It may be used as pasture for hogs, which, being of

-lighter weight, do not injure it so much, and ten or twenty of

them can obtain sufficient forage for an entire season from one

acre of it. The price of Alfalfa (lucerne) seed is 17 cents a

pound; or for 30 pounds and upwards, 160 cents.

Crimson or Scarlet Clover requires for its best growth a . rich

clayey loam, containing more or less carbonate of lime, and yet

no t a calcareous loam. For green manuring it ranks high, and

1nakes excellent pasture during the fall months when other green

-crops have dried up. It is an annual, and on favorable soil obtains

.a height of three feet.

After it has made its growth during the fall and winter months

the clover can be cut in the spring and its stubble turned under.

Then the same field may be planted in corn. It is excellent food

for milch cows, since it produces a full fl ow of milk ; but it should

never be fed to the stock after it has ceased flowering. The prac-

tice of feeding stock with the straw after it has been raised and

threshed as a seed crop, should be avoided. The price of crimson

-or scarlet clover seed is 10 cents a pound; or for 30 pounds and

Over, 9 cents.

_

Such land as will produce remunerative crops of wheat or corn

is well adapted to R ed Clover. This grass, though inferior to

lucerne (or Alfalfa) in the quantity and quality of its hay, does,

notwithstanding, make abundance of good hay, with this a.dvan-

tage, that it affords splendid pasturing, which Alfalfa does not.

There have been fine clover fields among the mountains, in Mid-

dle Georgia and on the coast; notably on Hutchinson's Island, op-

posite Savannah.

A suitable soil for clover is one containing a large percentage

-of clay. Extremely sandy soils will not do for it; but with a

sandy surface and a clay subsoil, the clay may be brought to the

.surface and manured. The subsoil for clover must be dry. It will

352

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 0 1" AGRICULTURE.

not thrive on wet lands, but will flourish even on bottom lands that have been thoroughly drained.
Captain C. W. H oward, a recognized authority, in his "Manual on the Cultivation of the Grasses and Forage Plants at the South," publi heel in I88I, says: "Clover should be cut for hay as soon as a portion of the heads begin to turn brown. Earlier than this it is too watery; later it is too woody. . . . The great object is to cure it as much as pos ib!e in the shade. The hay, when cut at the proper time and cured in this way, will be of a nice green color with all the leaves and blossoms attached. . . . No live stock should be turned upon a clover field until the clover is in blossom . The temptati on to violate this rule is very great. Clover springs so early and our li ve stock is so hungry that the inducement is very great to put them upon the clover before the proper time. But it would be less costly to buy food than to do this. By too early pasturing the clover is killed out, and it is then said that clovet- will not ucceed at the South .
"Precauti ons should be taken in turning horse or cattle irito a clover field. If they are hungry at the time, they will overea t themselves, and the result is an attack of what is called hoven. The animal swells and often, in a short time, dies. T o prevent this, live stock turned into a clover field shoul d previously be fully fed; they should not have had access to salt within twentyfour hours; they should not, the first day, remain more than half an hour, and the dew should have been eli sipated." Kentucky red clover seed cost I 7 cents a pound; or for 30 pounds and upward s, I 5 cents a pound.
T-Vhite Clover will, in the South, grow tall enough to be cut by itself which is not the case in the North. In the spring it affords excellent pa ture for hogs, sheep and cattle, and is also good for horses, until the blossoms fall, " ben it salivates them. This is also true of the econd crop of red clover. \ iVhite clover is highly prized in England for its manurial propetiies.
OTHER GRASSES.
. Timoth'y, called sometimes cat-tail and sometimes herd's grass, ts useful only for hay, and should be cut when in full bloom. The well-drained rice land of the Georgia coast will produce it in perfecti on, as will also the richest of the bottom land that is dry enoug h for wheat. The price of timothy seed is IO cents a.. pound, or for 25 pounds and upwards, 8 cents a pound.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

353

Herd's Grass, called in New England Reel T op, may be sown 1n the fall or in the spring, either alone or with wheat, barley, 'rye or oats. It is often sown with other gras~es, as timotl:y and clover. Being a permanent grass for all soils and ~ umversal feeder, i is of special value to every farmer. vVhen It has been cut for hay its aftermath makes excellent late summer and fall pasture . The seed of hetcl's gras , or Red Top, cost IO cents a po und, or 1.00 for a bushel of I4 pounds.
ItaliattL Rye grass, though short-lived and having a duration of only two or three years, is a very valuable gra s when early forage is desired. Indifferent to climate and texture of soil, and requiring on ly dryness and richness, it grows successfully in every part of Georgia, thriving best on rich , moist alluvial lands and calcareous looms. If sowed in August or September, it will be ready for grazing in Februa.ry. Although giving large yields for hay or winter grazing, it is doubtful whether it be more valuable than barley or rye for these purposes.
The Vetch, or tare, is found in t\\"o varietie : the winter and summer vetch. The latter is not much esteemed in Georgia becau e it will not for summer soi ling yield as much green forage as corn. The hairy winter vetch being ready for the first cutting during the first warm spell in Febntary, is very useful for soiling early in the sp ring. The seed should be sown early in August, all owing one bushel to the acre. where land has been well-manured the vetch yields a large amount of early cut food, or it may be made into nutritious hay, or may be used as a winter pasture. All stock eat it green and cured. It does not thrive on wet lands, but needs considerable rain during its early grovvth. The price of the seed is IS cents a pound. Sow IS to 20 pounds to the acre on Bermuda grass sod, or with small grain.
111met, in its various varietie , eight of which have been cultivated in this country, is used for soiling purposes for hay and for seed. All the millet family requires a strong, rich. deep soil, sttfficiently clayey to retain a large amount of moisture; but at the same time the land must be thoroughly drained. For the growth of a large crop of millet there is needed not only a clay soil in a moist situation, but this soil must be enriched by the application of well-rotted stable manure, kept in good tilth and thoroughly prepared by frequent plowings or harrowings. The millet must be cut as soon as it begins to head, and before it bloom . More than fifty bushels of eed to the acre haYe been rai eel on rich land,
23 a b

354

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT O.F AGRICULTURE.

and the hay made from it is of good quality and large quantity. Captain H oward said that f01 forage purposes it was not superior to oats and was inferior to the yetch. Millet is an annual. The seed of German millet (best Southern) cost $2.2 5 per bushel.
Meadow Oa.t Grarss is excellent for winter pasttua~e. Though rich upland is its proper soil, it ' rill grow on more sanely soil than :most of the artificial grasses. It matures so rapidly that seed .sown in the spring will produce seed in the fall. Since the seed 'becomes ripe.even while the stalk is green, it can be saved by cut.ting off the heads with a cradle and tying in bundles, after which the rest can be mowed for hay. Cattle should not graze upon it in summer and fall. After Christmas they can feed upon it until the latter part of February, o-r even later, until the other grasses spring, unless it is designed to make hay of it.
Orchawd Grrus, which is so called because it grows wild in orchards or in thinned wo dland, ranks next to JY!eadozv Oa.t g rass for winter pasturage, or for hay. In order to be sweet and nutriti ous it should be cut as soon as it blossoms. The seed cost 20 cents a pound, or $2.75 per bushel of I4 pounds.
Blue Gra.ss, so celebrated in Kentucky and Tennessee, is used to some extent in Georgia for lawns a11d ya rd s, thriving very well in some of the soi ls of Georgia. The Texas blue grass, so called from its native State, is a hardy perennial and has a vigorous growth. It will grow luxuriant ly in fertile soils, especially in calcareous loams. It is an excellent pasture grass for the extrerne South, remaining green thmughout the year, growing through the winter months and blooming in the latter part of April or the first of May. The seed of blue grass cost I 5 cents a pound.
Oats, cut just before the straw begins to turn, make a valuable winter forage for horses, cattle and sheep. They should be cut with a mowing blade and cured as hay, and, before feeding, should be cut up with a cutting knife.
The trouble with all annual g rasses is that the same opera ti on must be repeated every year, \Yhich is a great annoyance, considering that there are so man y others just as good, which last for many years.
Cont, when desired as a forage crop, is planted very close together and on ri ch and \\ell-prepared soils makes an enormous yield. There have been cut of it from one acre in Greene county as much as 27,I30 pounds in a season . The wh ole crop is cut while yet green and ten der, and then properly cured. If desired for ensilage, it is cut up green and deposited in a silo pit.

!BULLETIN NO. 40.

355

'Ca11e Fora:ge is prepared in a simila.r way from sorghum cane, :and gives an immense yield.
\ i\T ill the ctiltivation of grass for hay be a paying investment 1n Georgia? Vlfe think that we can safely answer yes, even if the -farmer d0es nothing more than save the money which he now pays out for Northern and Western hay.
But he can do more than that: By raising a good hay that is -uniform in quality and weight, and neatly baled, he will find a -ready mat'ket for 'its sa1e in our towns and cities among those who :now purchase fhat -~ihic11 is imported from other States.
Everything must 'have a beginning. There was a time when no one thought of raising peaches for the market in Georgia ; but our orchards now bring into our State mi ll ions of dollars every :year.
If a good artic1e of grass is prod uced in sufficient quantities, there will be no trouble about finding a market. Many a tract of land now lying waste can, 'l. ith its waving grass, help to swell the ceoffers of its owners and many a reel old hill, all seamed with :gullies, can cover up its scars with a beautiful carpet of living :green, upon whicla graze its well-fed herds, whose milk and flesh ,ot toil will prove a certaiin a11d unfailing source of income.
The Georgia Ex1)eriment Station furnishes the followi ng excellent formula for fertiJi:zer for corn and the grasses:

Acid r>hosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . I ,000 pounds

Muriate of potash . . . . . . . .

30 pounds

Cottonseed-meal ...... . . . . . . .. .... 1,250 pounds

2,280 pounds
Apply enough of t11e above formula to get from 100 to 200 J)OUnds of acid phosp11ate per acre.

'TABLE SHOWING THE PRICES OF THE VARIOUS GRASS SEEDS AND THE NUMBER OF POUNDS TO BE SOWN TO THE ACRE.

Bermttdcn Grass.-65 cents a pound wholesale, $1.50 retail.

'Two pounds will seed an acre broa.dcasted on well-plowed or

.finely harrowed land. After broadcasting, plow in li~th~h-', or, as

:many think better, roll down.





356

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT Or' AGRICULTURE.

BROME GRASSES.
Bromus Inermis or Hwngatria~~ Bro11u Grass.-20 to 25 cents a pound wholesale. Sow 40 pounds to the acre.
Br011~us Unioloides (Rescue grass or Arctic grass) .-25 cents a pound wholesale. Sow 40 pounds to the acre.
Bromus S ecaJimts (Chess or Cheat).-I I to I 2,0 cents a poundl wholesale.
CLOVER SEEDS.
A!falfa. or Lucerne.-I6,0 to I7 cents per pound wholesale. ' Sow I 5 pounds to the acre.
R ed Clover.-I5 to I7 cents per pound wholesale. Sow I6. pounds to the acre.
Scarlet or Cril!nson Clover.---<) to IO cents per pound wholesale. Sow I 5 ~ounds to the acre.
OTHER GRASS SEEDS. Blue Grass.-True Kentucky Blue Grass and Texas Blue
Grass; I 5 cents per pound wholesale. Sow 30 pounds to the
acre. H erd's or R ed Top G1'ass.-Io cents per pound wholesale. Sow
40 pounds to the acre. Italian R ye Grass.-Sow 30 pounds to the acre. Johnson Grass.---<) to I 5 cents a pound, according to amount
purchased. Kaffir Corn.-Sow 10 pounds per acre. !11eadow Oa-t Gmll's.-Smv 30 pounds to the acre. Millet (Common, al o Hunga ri an) .- s cents per pound, ot
$2.2Sper bushel of so pounds. Sow so pounds to the acre. Millet (Pearl or Cat-tai l) .-IS cents a pound. Sow IO pounds.
to the acre. J11ilo Mai::e (Guinea or Dhoura Corn) .-Sow 6 pounds to the
acre. 01-clwrd G1'ass.- 2o cents per pound. $2.75 per bushel of I4.
pound s. Sow 50 pounds to the ac re. S oja Bca.JI.-Sow one-half bushel to the acre. S orghum Fora.gc.-10 cents a pound. Common country seect
for forage $r.so per bushel. T i111othy. -8 to IO cents a pound, according to amount pur-
chased. If SO\Yn alone. sow I 5 pound s to the acre. There are4S pounds to the bushel.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

357 .

Vetch (Hairy).-IS cents a pound. Sow broadcast two bush4f!ls to the acre. If sown in August, September or October in :States south of the latitude of the Potomac, it has given fine re:sults for pasturage in early spring or for mowing for hay in April. If sown upon Bermuda grass sod, or with small grain, :sow I 5 or 20 pounds to the acre.
English Vetch.-8 to IO cents a pound.

TRUCK FARMS AND MARKET GARDENS.

Long before the Civil War truck-farming was an industry of ~ll that section o f Georgia contiguous to Savannah, and an im-portant part o-f the cargoes of vessels sailing from that port con.sisted of fruits and vegetables for Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Augusta, too, was one of the points from which melons, fruits and vegetables were sent northward, either by rail or by -steamer from Charleston and Savannah.
Of recent years there has been a steady growth in this business and now, not only in the neighborhood of our cities and towns, but even near little stations scattered along the great lines of railroad that traverse all sections of Georgia market gardens have multiplied, until trucking is one of the recognized industries of our State.
The neighborhood of Savannah is still one of the chief centers of this business. The soil in that section of Georgia is well .adapted to the raising of fruits and vegetables, and the climate 1s such that one crop or another can be grown almost every m onth of the twelve.
If one is satisfied that a business will pay, there is no difficulty .about getting him to embark in it. There are many in Georgia who would find it profitable for them to engage in this business.
Let us look for a moment at' what has beeri accomplished by -some of our citizens who have engaged extensively in truck-farm-. 1ng.
Soon after the close of the Civil War Major Garland M. Ryals moved from Virginia to Georgia and settled in Savannah. He began the business of truck-fanning, devoted himself diligently to it, and has been rewarded by the accumulation of considerable

358

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE:

property. He keeps up a constant rotation of crops-. From one: acre he gathers 400 crates of cabbage, selling them at $L3S a: crate, or $s4o.oo for the product of one acre.
After the cabbages have been gathered, he raises a crop of corn: which brings him $30.00. Then he raises a fair crop of radishes,. the sale of which, added to the other amounts, will bring the total income of one acre toabout $700 in one yeac
Another fam1er near Savannah gathered over sou bushels of cucumbers from a single acre, which sold for a rittle more tharr $S40, bringing him an enormous profit.
Another truck-fanner sold from one acre $400' worth of beets,. for which vegetable there is always great demand in the Notihern: markets in early spring.
The truck-farmers in the vicinity of Savannah gmw lettuce inr midwinter, with no other protection during the cold' spells than a light covering of leaves or canvas.
English peas cpnstitute one of the most profitable crops. Since in South Georgia they ar.e ready for the table at Christmas time,. they bring in the Eastern markets the highest price. One fanner reports a net profit from two acres of this crop of over $6oo in: one season.
The crop of tomatoes can be so planted as to con1.e in just as the Notihern supply is exhausted and they always command goocf prices. One man who had a small truck farm west of Savannah! made $2so net from less than one acre of tomatoes-.
Mr. L. C. Oliver, of Bloomingdale, on the line of the Central" of Georgia R~ilway, gives the following estimate of cost ana profit by the acre on the Irish potato crop alone-. Expense for fertilizing, seed, planting and working, gatherin'g am:l freightr was $100. The product of that acre was sixty barrels at $4 a barrel, amounting to $240. This gives a net profit of $'I40 an acre on this one crop.
Irish Potatoes were at one time raised in Georgia entirely f01- . home consumption. But the demand for early vegetables in the Northern markets is such that it has caused a great increase in their cultivation. The truck-farmers of Georgia have not been slow to recognize this fact.
Our Irish potatoes. command the early and best prices;. and theGeorgia truck-farmer need fear no danger of being forced out of the market by his Eastern or Western competitors.
In April, I89S, a South Georgia truck-farmer shipped north ISQt barrels of Irish potatoes which brought him $7.so a barrel,. otr $I,I2S.

BULLETIN NO. 40.

35~

Ordinarily two crops of Irish potatoes are made in the year. There is an instance where a farmer in Decatur, Georgia, raised three crops in one year.
S weet PotGJtoes will thrive in our climate in almost any loose, well-drained soil. A light, sandy loam g ives the best selling potato.
The sweet potato draws potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid from the soi l, and these must be resto red by the proper kind of fertiliz.er. But the best method of deciding which kind of fertilizer one needs for his potatoes is to try two or three different kinds of fertilizers on patches of the same kind of soil a.;1d watcl? the result. In storing sweet potatoes they should be partly dried and cleaned and then stored in a dry, warm place.
Sweet potatoes may foll ow almost any kind of a cro~, but should not follow a sod, because they are then too liable to attacks by cut-worms.
Deep plow ing is rather a disadvantage to the sweet potato. Of course the crop must be kept clean until the vines have taken possession of the fiel d.
A t this time Celery is being g rown in Florida at a profit of $r.soo to $2,000 per acre, and there are many places in Georgia along the various lines of railway where just as good results may be obtained.
Asparragus is also a very profitable crop, ranking in this respect but a little below celery. The ex pense of cultivation is no g reater than that of any other field crop, but, like all quickly maturing plants, it requires heavy applicati ons of manure. This should be applied in late winter, or just before the shoots appear.
The vicinity of Brunswick, the Georgia port of the Southern and Plant or A tlantic Coas t Line systems of rail way, is the center of a large trucking busi ness. All kind s of vegetables and early fruits do well here. The bottom lands of the rivers of Southeastern Georgia, after being drained, are admirably suited to celery, cabbage, potatoes, strawberries and other products. vVith. some vegetables as many as three crops can be raised on the same ground in one yea r.
Eastern Georg ia already supplies a large part of the demanrl for early vegetables and fruits in the markets of the orth and. East, and all Southern Georgia is rapidly entering the list of competitors for this trade. In peaches Southern Georgia still takes. the lead, but in favorable seasons orthwest Georgia follows close behind, while 1 ortheast Georgia is also forging to the front.

360

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Middle and Northwest Georgia over their lines of railway make large shipments of vegetables, p.eaches, berries and other fruits to Louisville, Cincinnati, Chicago and the Northwest..
Georgia has already become the greatest peach Sfa,te in the Union. There are now over I6,ooo,ooo trees in her commercial orchards, of which more than 8,ooo,ooo are in bearing. In a good season the peach crop wi ll bring into the State many millions of dollars. The subject of peaches, however, belongs rather to horticulture than to truck-farming.
Georgia stands unrivaled in her watermelcms, and enjoys a national reputati on. So extensive is the cultivation of watermelons and so large their shipments and sales that this crop is already counted as one of the great money producers of Geor~ia. Although only about 28,ooo acres were reported in the last United States census, yet when all raised for the markets and for home use are taken into the count, the number of acres devoted to watermelons wi ll closely approximate, if they do not exceed, IOO,ooo. The transportation of the watermelon crop of Georgia requires in a good season Io,ooo cars. As many as 3I6,ooo melons have been sold in or shipped from Augusta in one season.
Of more than 7tJ,ooo acres reported to the census bureau in I900 as being used in the cultivation of miscella:neou.s vegetables, there was a detailed report of only 38,504 acres. Of these 27,874 acres were devoted to watermelons, 2,87I to cabbages, I,707 to musk-melons or cantaloupes, 900 to tomatoes and J,603 to other vegetables. Of course we know that these figures are far below the reality, and that the total of 73,489 acres reported as devoted to miscellaneous vegetables is far below the real number thus employed.
Hence the total value of the miscellaneous vegetables including melons, which is reported at $3,009,306, must fall short of the real value of all produced in Georgia. Irish and sweet potatoes . are not included in the list of miscellaneous vegetables, but are reported separately ;ts follows: Irish potatoes, 8,477 acres, producing 553, I29 bushels, valued at $326,853; sweet potatoes, 70,620 acres, producing 5,087,674 bushels, valued at $2,354,390.
The onion crop was reported separately as 4I8 acres, producing 44,9I8 bushels, valued at $44,592. Thus we see the value of the vegetables of Georgia, in which, by the United States census, are included watermelons and cantaloupes, was reported in I900 at
$5,735,14L

BULLETIN NO. 40.

361

Of small {nt1:ts there were reported 1,634 acres with a product valued at $90,785. Of grapes it was reported that 4,754 acres showed a product valued at $170,603.
Adding the values of small fruits and grapes to that of all vegetables reported, we have $5,996,529, or in round numbers .about $6,ooo,ooo, no contemptible sum; and it must be rememoered that this is below the true figures, which the government authorities have not been able to fully ascertain.
The peach crop of Georgia was a failure in 1899, the year for which the estimates were made for 1900, but in any good season :its value is many millions.
R(JlSpberries with proper attention make good yields in North :and Middle Georgia.
Blackberries are abundant, both wild and cultivated. Among the latter the "Early Harvest" is the most favorably known, because it is early, but it is no better in flavor or quality than many of our native varieties. The vines should be set out in rows 3x6 feet. Cultivation is no more troublesome than that of cotton, :but the demand for them is limited.
The yield is several thousand quarts per acre, and the cost of :picking is about one and one-half cents a qua.rt.
The strmtberry is our best market berry, and is of many kinds. Those best suited to our market are:
The "Excelsior," a very early berry, enormously productive, of -very large size, when not allowed to mat too thickly in the row, of a dark red color; the "Lady Thompson," a well-known Southern berry, which follows the "Excelsior" in ripening, of large size, prolific, firm , having a good flavor; the "Brandywine," the "Clyde," the "vVilson," the "Sample,"* the "Bubach."* all midseason berrjes of excellent quality and very productive; the "Howell," medium late, "\iVilliam Belt," an enormous berry, medium late; the "Cumberland Triumph," medium late, one of our most -productive and beautifully colored berries; the "Gandy," a very late berry, exceedingly productive, of the largest size and among -the best flavored, especially adapted to Middle and Iorth Geor:gia. Among other berries especially adapted to the Piedmont section of Georgia we would recommend "Johnson's Early," which in some sections bears a go<Xl second crop, and the "Greenvi lle," very productive, of good size, color and quality, from n1edium to late in season.
"Th e Bn bach And Sample bel ong to the pi s tillate vari ety a nd rPqu!re to b e fe r t ' l ized by the p ~ ll.. n from o ther be rrle. For this purpose w e specially commend t ue Brandy-wine, which should be planted near them In alternate rows.

362

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

Proper preparation and fertilization are more essential than~ the character of the soil. Many of our lands contain sand and clay; but these can be made very producti ve of strawberries byadding other ingredients in large quantities, especially potash and phosphoric acid. Mulching with straw is necessary, prime straw having proved the best material for this purpose. Coarse litter, lot and stable manure, to which potash must be acldecl, may be applied in the fall with goocl results. A crop of peas will add much to the productiveness of land intended for strawberries. The truck-farmer must start out with the idea of using large quantities of phosphoric acid and potash with such animal manure as he can raise on the place.
A Mr. Duncan, near New A lbany, Indiana, who for thirty years has made large profits on strawberries, does not find it necessary or profitable to follow a custom very prevalent in some localities of transplantino- every year. He kept one plot of several acres for fifteen years, and has this year a plot from which he has . taken nine crops. He manages thus: "After harvesting his crop,. he runs over the patch with his mower set to cut very low. As soon as they are sufficiently dry he burns off the patch. Then he goes through with the small bar-shear plow, cutting the row clown to the desired width and throwing the dirt away from it. He next cultivates the middles out thoroughly and finally goes through with the hoe, thinning out the plants in the row. He claims that this is more profitable than setting out a new plot, since he gets a larger yield of fruit than from new settings. He covers his. plants with straw in Tovember instead of waiting until the ground. is frozen, as many do. This is in brief what is sa.id of Mr. Dun-can's method by "Green's Fruit Grower and Home Companion," published in Rochester, N. Y. In this same journal we notice that a Mr. A. W. Purdy says: "I have observed that rows of strawberries tha.t have been worked down narrow, in taking up plants the last spring, are proclucing double the crop and fruit double the size and better every way than matted plots, wherethe rows have not been worked between. I would have hit it, had I nm my spring tooth cultivator between all of our rows. two or three times, tearing out weeds, grass and plants. I an1 more and more convinced that as a rule, strawberries are set too close, and are allowed to make too wide matted rows. I am satisfied that to grow strawberries for fruit, from three to three and' a half feet apart each way is best, and they should be cultivated: both ways."

BULLETIN NO . 40.
One farmer in Lamkin, Iowa, reports that two years ago he sold $sao worth of strawberries from 26 rows 220 feet long, or about half an acre, and last year from the same patch sold $300 worth. His experience does not seem to prove that he did as well on the same patch the second year as the first. But experiences. . varv.
Mr. S. S. Smith, of Decatur, Ga., well know n in the Atlanta market as a cultivator of fancy strawberries, and who has experimented extensively with different varieties, from a plot covering a third of an acre, set with "Lady Thompsons" and "Ciydes',.. in medium matted rows, gives the following results of experiments: He set out his plants in N:ovember of 1900; in the following spring he gathered a small crop; in the spring of 1902 he sold $2SO worth of large, handsonre berries; in the spring of 1903, without resetting, he sold $300 worth of enormous berries from the same plot. He thinks it very essential tha.t the plants should not be allovved to mat too closely in the row, and also that they should be kept entirely free of grass and weeds and receive the highest fet-tilizing and cultivation.
Strawberries are native to the North and South, with this advantage in favor of the latter, that in the South the seasons are longer, and hence, with proper attention, more money should be made from an acre than in the North .
Cost of a.n acre of straw berries.-Plowing, $3.00; harrowing, $3.00; marking, so cents; plants ( 8,ooo), $2 s.oo, average price; trimming and preparing, $s.oo; setting plants, $4.00; cultivating with horse, $7.50; hoeing six times, $r8.oo; fertilizer, one-half ton, $rs.oo; 4 tons straw, $20.00; applying straw, $s .oo. About $wo for first year. Usual sales from an acre about four times. the cost, says a correspondent in the Rural N e--m Yorker.
For home supply it pays very well to set out potted strawberry plants for fruiting next year, but for market use it would hardly pay. Potted plants are excellent for those who have small gar- . dens, or who have neglected to set a new bed of strawberries the previous spring, but want to have some fruit next spring. Small pots can be used to set the new plants in. Fill them vvith rich soil and bury the plants in the earth to their tops, where new runners are forming. Place the end of a runner on top of the center of each pot. A little clod may then be laid upon it to hold it in . place, until its roots take good hold of the soil. When well rooted they can be taken out of the pots and set in place where the

::364

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

new patch is to be. If properly treated and tilled they ought to bear well the next fruit season.
We have said thus much about strawberries, because they have already become one of the most important crops of our truck.farmers here in Georgia.

SOME DISEASES OF GARDEN PLANTS.
Plants, like animals, have their peculiar diseases, which arise from different causes. Some impair the productiveness of the plants, while others kill them entirely.
The Irish potato has a di sease, known as "scab," which is caused by a fungous growth upon the surface of the potato. If :seed potatoes be soaked in formalin just before being planted, the adhering ftmgi w111 be killed and the risk from scab be greatly -diminished. One-half pint of formalin to fifteen gallons of water makes a good solution. A pint of formalin can be purchased for seventy-five cents. The same solution can be used for several bushels.
Potato blight is caused by a fungus which attacks the leaves of the plant. Spraying is the remedy for this disease.
Club root is a disease of the cabbage, cauliflower and turnip. From eighty to ninety bushels of lime applied to each acre is an -excellent ren1edy for this disease.

INSECT PESTS OF THE GARDEN.
The cabbage wonn is one of the most destructive pests of the garden. It comes from the eggs la.id by the butterfly, which is frequently seen hovering about the cabbage patch. The pupa cases may be seen during the winter on trees and fences, and under boards and stones. Destroy these cases and you will greatly diminish the chances for a cabbage-worm visitation the ne.."Xt spring. Birds greatly aid in the destructi on of the pupa cases and the larvce. Paris green on young plants will kill many larvce.
The plant louse is very troublesome, but can be easily killed by ~praying. The squash bug does great damage to young plants, and is difficult to get rid of. Y otmg squashes and other young plants can be protected to a great extent by small nettings. If a small board be laid near the young plants the bugs will collect under it during the night for shelter and can be easily killed in the morning. Since these bugs prefer squash, their attacks on cucum-

BULLETIN NO. 40.

365.

bers or melons may be largely prevented by planting squashes here

and there among the melons.

They serve as "trap plants," and it will be easier to pick the

bugs off these than to go over the whole field.

The flea beetle is dangerous to potatoes, egg-plants, tomatoes.

and other garden plants. The larvce live insi~e the leaves, tun-

neling through them, as it were. Plaster, soot, ashes. or tobacco,

will repel the attacks of this insect upon the garden.

Weevils are frequently found among garden seeds. A good

remedy is to put infected seed in a tight box or bin and place on

top of the pile a dish of ca rbon bisulphide in the proportion of one-

teaspoonful to each bushel of seeds. Canvas or heavy cloth should

be spread over the bin, so that the fnmes can not escape into the-

air, but wi ll be forced down through the mass of see.ds, killing the

weevils or other insect pests that may be there. In order to in-

sure complete success, theseeds should be thus fumigated for from

two to five days.

Do not go near the bin with a light, because the fumes of carbon:

bisulphide are very inflanm1able.

Every farmer, whether he engages in the trucking business or-

not, should have a garden in which to grow all the vegetables.

needed for the home table, and the small fruits. also.

In making a truck-garden for the market, the vegetables and

small fruits should be planted in rows, so that the cultivating

tools may be drawn by a horse or mule.

The miscellaneous vegetables and fruits, which so many peop-le

are apt to consider as too insignificant for tlieii attenti on often

prove more profitable than the larger crops. It is true in this.

case as in others that the weak things of this. wodd'. sometime:;.

surpass the mighty.

.

Of course the la rge crops must be raised.; but there is a vast.

amount of soil in Georgia now lying idle which can be utilized'

for market gardens, for whose products there is:an eyer-increasing

demand, not only abtoad, but in the ra.pidly growing citie,s a.nct

towns of our own State, for which the supplyis often inadequate..

Vve give her~ agai n the special formul as few trucking crops.

prepared by State Chemist J ohn M. McCandless, together with;

his remarks prefacing them.

:366

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SPECIAL FORMULAS FOR TRU CKING CROPS.

"Those who raise early vegetables for market, or what are known as trucking crops, require special formulas. The trucker must get his crop to market early, or he is likely to find no market for it. He therefore must force his crop in every practicable way. One of the chief methods of doing this is by the use of very rich -o r high-grade fertilizers used in very large quantities per acre, -one thousand and even as high as two thousand pounds per acre of the very highest grade fertilizer being often used. Large quantities of nitrogen are required, and part of this nitrogen must -be in the form of the very soluble nitrate of soda, which di ssolves in water as readi ly as sugar or salt. This valuable ingredient of trucking crops should not be mjxed with acid phos-phate, especially if the latter is damp, if the mixture is intended to stand for any great length of time before use. There is a ten-dency for the acid phosphate to cause a decompositi on of the nitrate of soda with a resulting loss of nitrogen. As to the :amounts to be used per acre the trucker must use his own judgment and experience with his soil, remembering that economy in this direction has not been found to pay by those wishing an early market crop of vegetables. It is rarely the case that less than fi ve 'hundred pounds per acre will pay. The formulas g iven below l1ave been selected mainly from some of the trucking bulletins of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. "

..A .For Celery: 7 p e1 cent. Ammonia, 5 p er cent. Availab'e Phosphoric

A cid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 300 lbs. Nitrate of soda .. . ... I

6iW01O1 "' ' FAicsihd spchroasp.,. 1. 3- p r... c. t. .. .. I~ . . ~ 6_'n! pr...c t A 1111_n oma . .

_ 3_00 "

"1 ate potasll

" un



I will

yteld

o.'l 3.0

"

Avatl. phos. actd. Pota.;h.

l 2,000 "

)

'2. 250lbs. Nitratesoda .. . ..... .



ou60o'-l1oo1 """
3

DA r;edd bI lood13..p..r ..ct M CI . ptlOS.,t ' h . ''

~

will

yi eld

{

57..f2l

pr. ct. .

AAvmami l.onphtao.s. acid.

una e po a. I

7.8 " Potash .

2,000 "

j

B. Fo1 Iri sh Potatoes: 6 pm cent. Ammonia, 7 'pe1 cent. Ava ;zable Phosplw7ic Acid, 8 p e1 cent. Po~etsh.

1. 300 lbs. Ni t rate of soda ...... I

fiOO ;; Co~tonseed meal . ... ~

{ 5.4 pr. ct . Ammonia .

j' 8J0oo0
,

"

Al\1cut dnaptheops o. t.a.,.h.

.

.

-.

.

.

wt'11 yteld 7.2 S.l "

PAovtaats1h. p- hos. act'd.

2,000 "

BULLETIN NO. 40.

367

:2.

. 1 300 lbs Nitrate of soda .... .

liOO
800 " 300 "

Fish ~crap . ..... . .. . Acid. phos., J.! pr. c t fur tate potash. . . . . .

~ will yield
1

58 pr. ct. Ammonia.

{

6 :8 7.8

" "

Avail. phos. acid. Potash.

2,000 "

J

...
.:>.

u2o0o0
600

lbs . "
"

Nitrate soda . ..... ... Fish scrap . . . .... . Dissolved bone black.

I
~

will

yield

{

6.4 6.6

pr. ct. "

Ammonia. Avail. phos.

. t.ctd.

300 " Muriate potash . .....

7.8 " Potash.

2,000 "

J

-4.

220 lbs. itrate soda .... . . .. . I

. 500
9i0

,,

DriE>d blood . . . . ... . . } Acid pho>., 14 pr. ct. will yield

~ 310 " Muriate potash . . .. . .

6.1 pr. ct. Ammonia. 6.8 " A vail. phos . aJid. 8.0 " Potash.

2,000 "

.5. SOO lbs. Nitrate soda ..... .. . . I

Hl\0 " 80 " 300 "

Oott.onsePd meal .... Acid phos, 13 pr. ct . Muriate potash .. ... .

~

will

yield

ii.4

{

6.0 8.3

pr. ct. Ammonia.
" Avail. phos. " Potash.

acid .

J 2'000"
6 . 300 lb~.

Kitrate soda .. ... .. . .

I

000
800
300 ---

''
"
"

Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . Acid phos., 13 pr. ct .. Su lph. pota~h. H. G ..

I ~ will yield I
I

5.5 pr . ct. Ammonia.

{

6.4 i. S

" "

Avail phos. acid. Potash.

2,000 "

)

0. Fo1 B eets and L ettuce : 6 7Je1 cent . Ammonia, 5 p e1 cent Available .l't1.os,,h01ic Acid, 8 pm cent . Potash.

1. SOO lbs. Kitrate soda .... . . ... I

800 " Cotlonst>ed meal. I

{ 6.2 pr. ct. Ammonia.

r 60 " Acid phos., 13pr.ct. l will yield 4.9 " Avail. phos.acid.

300 " luriate potash . . .

8.5 " Potash.

2,000 ,,

)

2. 200 lbs . I\itrate soda . . ..... . . I

SOO " Fish scrap . . ~

~ 5.9 pr. ct. Ammonia.

~ 700

"

Actd phos., 11 pr. ct . will yield
Muriate potash ... .. I

li .4 i .8

"

Avail phos. acid. Potash.

::>,000 "

)

D. Fm Cabbage, Caul~fl nve1, Vucwnbe1s t;tnd ~felons: 6 pe1' cent. Ammo-

nia, 5 1Je1 cent. Available Ph.osphonc Actcl, 7 ]Jet cent. .Potash.

I 1. 300lbs. t-.itratesoda ....

7.10 ' Co~tonseed meal .. I

{ 6.0 pr. ct. Ammonia.

r 'iOO " Actd. phos., ll pr. ct . will yield 4.8 " Avail. phos . acid.

I 250 " l\1unate potash ... . .

7.1 " Potash .

2,1 00 "

)

368

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

E. Fb1 Spinach: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 8 pe1 cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 6 p( 1 cent. Potash.

1.

200 lbs. Nitrate soda .... . .... ')
f o50 '' Fish scrap ... .. ..... .
950 ;: Acid. phos., 14 pr. ct .. will yield
~ 230 Munate potash .. . . . .

5.2 pr. ct. Ammonia.
7.7 " Avail. phos. acid. 6.0 " Potash.

2,000 "

)

2. 300 lbs. Nitrate soda. .

')

J 1,050000 "" 200 "

.CAocitdtopnhsoese.d, 1m4 eparl. c. t. .... Muriate potash ......

~

. . Wlll yield

~

~5:0~

pr ;,c "

t

~A~I:n~J~?hO~mhoas..

. aCid .

2,000 "

F. For Radishes a nd Tu1nips: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 7 p t1' cent. Available

f Phosphmic Acid, 8 pe1 cent. Potash.
1. 2.i Olbs. Nitrate soda . .. .... .

550 "

~ 900

" "

Cottonseed Acid phos.,

m 13

eal. pr.

. ct

.

. .

Muriate potash... . . .

. w1ll

. y1eld

{

~4:6~-

t pr;,c
"

A



t~I:D~J~?hO~nhioa.s .

. aCld -

2,000

)

G. For Asparagus: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 7 per cent. Availabfc Ph osphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 200 lbs. Nitrate soda . . . .. ... . ')

jr 700 "
800 "

CAoctidtonpsheoesd, 1m3eparl.. .c.t.... 1

.

.

{ 49 pr ~ .C t A ITII!lOm a .

.

- .-3-00 "

M ate potash

un,



wlll y1 eld 6.1 8.-! "

A vall. phos. aCid. Potash.

2,0UO "

H . Fo1 Egg Plant and Tomtltoes: 5 per cent. Ammonia., 6 per cent. A w ilaUe Phospho ric. Acid, 7 per cent. Pota sh.

1. 200 lbs . Nitrate soda . . . .. . ... ')

j " 11 874000 ""
__:60 "

CAoc tidtopnhseoed., m13epalr.. .c.t.... Muriate potash ..... .

~ .
wlll

. Yleld

{

4~:.9!

pr:,c t .

~A~:m~~?1o:mhoas. .

. acld.

i/,000 "

I. F or Onions : 5 pe1 cent Ammonia , 5 pe1 cent. A vailable Phospho1ic Acid, 8 per cent. P ota sh.

1. 200 lbs. ' i tra te soda . ... . ... . ')

I { 750 "
750 " 300 "

Cottonseed meal. . . . .

Acid phos., II pr. ct.. Muriate potash . . ... .

( will .yield

5.1 pr. ct. Ammonia. 5. 1 " Avail. phos. acid. 8.5 " Potash.

1

2,000 "

)

BULLETIN NO. 40.

369

J. For S weet Potatoes: 3 per cent. Ammonia, 7 per cent. Available Phosphoric

Acid, 8 per cent. P otash .

1. 100 lbs. Nitrate soda ... .. ... . 1

I { 400 ;: Fis~ scrap.

3.5 pr. ct. .Ammonia.

r 1,180 " ACI~ phos., 11 pr. ct . will yield 7.8 .. Avail. phos. acid.

J . 320 Munate pota8h . . . ...

8.3 " Potash.

2,000 "

2. 100 lbs. Nitrate soda .. ... . . . . j

500 1,100

:: ,,

Co~tonseed ACI~ phos .,

meal. 13 pr.

. .. ct..

1~ will

{ 3.5 pr. ct. Ammonia. yield 7.8 " Avail. phos. acid ,

300 Mur1ate potash . . . . . . 1

8.3 " Potash.

. 2,000 ,, .

J

K. For Beans and Peas: 9 per cent. Ammonia, 7percentAvailable Phosphoric Acid, 7 per cent Potash.

1. 100 lbs. Nitrate soda.

}

~50 :: C.o~tonseed meal.

~ 2.9 pr. ct. Ammonia.

1,200 " ACld.phos., 11 pr. ct. . will yield 7.1 " Avail. phos. acid.

250 Munate potash. .

6.9 " Potash.

2,000 "


24 a b


370

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

TREATMENT OF ORCHARDS I FESTED .WITH SAN JOSE SCALE.*
WILMON NEWELL, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.
'Bulletin No. 4 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, is:sued in September, I902, and Bulletin o. 5, issued in November, I902, by Prof. W. M. Scott, former State Entomologist, give full and practical instr~ctions for treating scale-infested orchards. A number of experiments have been conducted by this office since the publication of the above and these results have been such that it seems advisable to place them before the fruitgrowers in the present bulletin.
The development of successful methods of controlli'ng the San Jose scale has been rapid, but not until recently has full and satisfactory control been possible. When the Georgia State Board of Entomology was established in I898, the occurrence of San Jose scale in a commercial orchard was commonly considered as meaning a total destruction, and several owners of infested orchards had even given up all hope and had allowed their trees to succumb to this dreaded pest. The undertaking before Prof. Scott was a most formidable one, but through the hearty support and cooperation of the State Board of Entomology, as well as the hearty assistance given by the horticulturists of the State, he was enabled to bring to the aid of the orchardists all known methods of fighting the San J ose scale, as well as the results obtained by experiments in various parts of the United States. In addition to this, Prof. Scott carried on extensive experiments each year, looking to the improvement of methods and the possible introduction of new and better measures. His efforts in this line have "been attended by marked success and the progress made by Georgia in successfully controlling the San J ose scale, has not been exceeded by any other State. Indeed, we feel safe in saying that t o-clay the commercial orchardists of Georgia are bett'=!r equipped for, and more thoroughly understand, controlling thi s d~eacled pest than those of any State in the U nion.
The various materials, washes, and "patent" compounds that have promised to prove at all successful have been tested in Geor-
*Aiso publi shed as Bulletin No.8 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology.


BULL,ETIN NO. 40.

371

gia. Of all the substances tested, however, none have proved at .:all satisfactory :under Georgia conditions except the oil treatments, and the lime-sulphur- salt wash.

WINTER TREATMENT-OILS.
The use of oils, both kerosene and crude petroleum, has been -extensive in Georgia orchards. The results upon the whole have been highly satisfactory, and the efficiency of the oi l in killing San Jose scale can not be doubted. While a few isolated cases . of injury to the trees have occurred, they are in most cases trace-able to defective spraying machinery or to carelessness on the part of the negro laborers employed. The oils have been applied with "mechanical mixture" pumps or in the form of emulsions with soap. The latter has proved the most satisfactory, an~ we nave heard of but one case of injury to trees where the emulsion was used. Even in this case, the evidence indicates that the mixture was not properly emulsified by powerful agitation and hence .a perfect emulsion was not obtained.
The mechanical mixture pumps referred to above consist es.sentially of two separate tanks for containing the oil and water, .a separate pump for each, and mechanical devices whereby t~ flow of each can be regulated to secure the percentage of oil desired. During the past few years, the writer has made careful tests of several such pumps, manufactured by different firms. In no case have we found a pump which can be depended upon to maintain even approximately a given percentage. In one experiment a new pump direct from the factory and pronounced by the makers as being in perfect condition, was kept constantly running for one hour. The levers and pumps were set to throw a mixture .of I 5 per cent. oil and 85 per cent. water. Tests made during the i1o'.1r showed that the percentage of oil varied from ro to 820 per cent. Such pumps can not be depended upon, especially as any slight derangement or clogging is most certain to result in the percentage varying to a dangerous degre.e or in stopping the flow of either the oil or water. Undiluted oil sprayed upon a peachtree is almost certain to kill the tree, while pure water is useless so far as the scale insects are concerned.
where intelligent white labor is available, and the pumps are kept in order and frequently tested to see that the percenta?"e i~ f airly constant, the mechanical mixture pumps can be effectively -used. Indeed, large commercial orchards have been sprayed with these pumps without a single tree being injured. Where negro

372

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

help is used, however, the risk is greater. The laborers are prone to stop a pump long enough for the oil and water in the hose to separate. They also exercise less intelligence and judgment in keeping pumps in order and properly adjusted. It is likewise almost impossible for a foreman to keep several pumps under constant supervision and keep all properly adjusted. To the or- . chardist who has successfully controlled the scale by using the mechanical mixtures of oil and water, without injury to his trees, we do not recommend the adoption of other measures. . However, we can not unqualifiedly sanction the use of "mechanical mixture"
pumps. At the time of publishing Bulletins Nos. 4 and 5 of this office~
no more efficient agency than that of the oils was known. The lime-sulphur-salt wash had not at that time been sufficiently tested to warrant its full recommendation for Georgia conditions. While some slight injury to trees has occurred-in most cases through defective machinery or work; in other cases perhaps through circumstances not wholly under the control of the orchardistthe owner of infested orchards may well compare the slight damage done with the inevitably heavy damage that would have resulted from the scale had not the treatment been adopted.
Professor Scott's experiments have shown that a stre!.J.gth of less than 20 per cent. of oil, with water, is not effective against the San Jose scale. Experiments carried out by the writer in the peach belt of northern Ohio in I900-0I gave similar results, and also showed that a percentage of 35 per cent. or over of oil resulted in injury to the trees, even when perfectly dormant. For all condition's the safe percentage is probably as low as 25, and hence we are confined to very narrow limits, i. e., the use of oi~ (either crude oil or kerosene) at a strength varying between 20 and 25 per cent. Experiments have been conducted by this office, in which oils and the lime-sulphur-salt wash were used side by side on infested trees. The comparative results are given below in the paragraph treating upon the latter preparation.

OIL EMULSIONS.



Where it is deemed advisable to use any of the oils, they are most safely applied in the form of emulsions. For the preparation of the emulsion, we can do no better than to give the directions published by Prof. W. M. Scott in Bulletin No. 5, which are as follows :
"Form~tla and Directions.-An emulsion of either crude pe-

BULLETIN NO. 40.

373

troleum or kerosene may be made according to the following formula:
"2 pounds potash ~hale-oil soap. "4 gallons water. "8 gallons oil.
"Weigh the soap carefully and place with the water in a vess~l over the fire, using a slight excess of water to make up for evaporation. Fit a pump with a short piece of hose, to which is attached a nozzle for throwing a straight stream 3-I6 to _% inch in <liameter. Pour the oil into the barrel or tub in which the pump 1:> set-away from the fire-and when the whale-oil soap is dis:Solved and the solution begins to boil, add it to the oil and pump .the whole vigorously back into itself for a period of at least ten .min,utes. The stream from the nozzle should be directed straight -downward into the mixture so as to stir it to the very bottom. After a few minutes the oil and soap solution will be seen to comb ine, forming a thick, creamy emulsion, wl:lich when perfectly made will remain without change for weeks.
"For a 20 per cent. strength add water to make 40 gallons.
"For a I 5 per cent. strength add water to make 5331 gallons.
"For a IO per cent. strength add water i'o make 8o gallons.
uMaterials and P~tmp Required.-Either crude oil or kerosene will give good results in making emulsion. The soap should preferably be some soft whale-oil soap, such as Good's No. 3 If a hard soap is used the emulsion will be curdy, and only with diffi-culty mix with water.
"The ordinary Bordeaux spray pump answers very well for mixing the emulsion, but almost any pump will do that can be fitted with the requisite section of hose and nozzle. A 'Bordeaux' or 'Seneca' nozzle gives a very satisfactory sized stream for this work, though rather small.
"The water used must be soft, for if hard no stable emulsion -can be prepared, and it sometimes happens that foreign substances chancing to be present will prevent the emulsification. In case limestone or hard water is to be employed, it should be :brokeh by the addition of a small quantity of lye. If a lot of soap solution and oil, for any reason, fails to emulsify properly, the best thing to do is to throw the whole away, carefully clean up the pump, wash out all the vessels used and begin over.
"Properties of the Ewtulsion.-The emulsion, if well made of the proper soap, will retain its creamy consistency when cold, and

374

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE;.


is easily mixed with water in all proportions. No alarm should be

felt if a small portion of the soap and watq fails to emulsify, and

separates at the bottom, or, if after being exposed to the air for

some time, a thin scum forms over the surface. If on long-

standing globules of free oil rise to the surface, or if a thin ring

oi qil collects around the sides of the containing vessel, the emul-



sion should either be thrown away, or warmed up and agitated:

afresh.

"When diluted the emulsion may slowly rise, like cream, to the

surface, and in order to prevent this the spray pump in which it

is to be used should be provided with an agitator."

As stated above, we do not consider the oil treatment nearly so

effectual as the lime-sulphur-salt, but where oils are used, vve

consider the 20 per cent. emulsion the best form for winter treat-

ment.

THE LIME-SULPHUR-SALT WASH.

As the San Jose scale first appeared in the United States upon the Pacific coast, various remedies were tried by Oregon and California fruit-growers. Their experience developed the fact that for California conditions the lime-sulphur-salt wash gave excellent results. Upon the appearance of the scale in the East, this same wash, as well as others, was tested under eastern conditions. An experiment with the 1ime-sulphur-salt wash was conducted by Prof. C. L. Marlatt, of the United States Department of Agriculture in I894, but the results were reported as extremely unfavorable.*
Professor Marlatt's negative report evidently had the effect of discouraging further experiments along this line by entomologists, it being taken for granted that the wash could not be successful under climatic conditions prevailing in the South and East. Accordingly attention was directed mainly to the various oils and' soaps in the hope of securing a satisfactory treatment.
In I900 Professor Marlatt again conducted experiments with the lime-sulphur-salt wash, t and in this case exceptionally good results were obtained. In I90I Prof. S. A. Forbes undertook detailed experiments with this wash in Illinois and secured excellent results.
In the winter of I90I-02 -the writer carried out experiments with this same wash in Ohio under the direction of Prof. F. M. Webster, and the results obtained compared favorably with those obtained by using whale-oil soap and the kerosene treatmentsthen in extensive use in Ohio peach orchards.

*Bulletin No.8 n. seriPS, Dlv of Ent. pp. 61 and 71. t Bulletin No. 30, n . series, Dlv. of Ent. pp. 3!-37. Bulletin No. 71, Ill. Ag . JCxp. Station,



BULLETIN NO. 40.

375

So far as we are able to determine the first extensive use of the lime-sulphur-salt wash in the East was by Mr. E. C. Green, who, during the winter of 1901-02 employed this preparation almost exclusively in treating scale-infested peach orchards in !illinois, under the direction of Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist.
At abqut this time Prof. W. M. Scott commenced experimenting with this wash in Georgia. The unfavorable report made by Prof. Marlatt in 1894 caused entomologists to "go slow" in using and recommending this insecticide, and Professor Scott, with his usual precaution, first tested it in a small way. His experiments of 1901-02 gave promise of the wash being successful under Georgia conditions.t In the winter of 1902-03 the lime-sulphursalt wash was tested much more extensively by Professor Scott, and was also used by the owners of several large commercial orchards. The results of these treatments were given by Professor Scott in his address before the Georgia State Horticultural Society at Athens, Ga., August 3 and 4, 1903, and will .appear in the proceedings of that society. A brief mention of the results obtained will not, however, be out of place in the present connection.
In February, 1903, the Ohio Fruit Land Company's orchard at Myrtle, Ga.; was sprayed with the regular strength of lime-sulphur-salt wash under direction of the manager, Mr. C. W. Withoft. All trees were thoroughly coated, and after the spraying was finished Prof. W. M. Scott selected a number of badly-infested trees for continued careful observation. No extra pains were taken in treating these trees, hence they furnished a reliable indication of the efficiency of this treatment as generally carrie<;! out. The trees selected for study were all heavily incrusted with San Jose scale, and the most of them were in such bad condition that their recovery was not expected. The trees have been examined from time to time during the present season, and the results of the examination are given in the following table :
t Bulletin No. 4, Ga. State Board of E t1tomology, pp. 20-21.

TAB.LE I.
Effect of the IAmer-Sulphur-Salt Wash upon Trees H eavily Incrusted with 8an Jose Scale.

z 0

Condition when Date Percent. of Larvre

...Q)
Q)

'reatment.

Sprayed.

Examined. Live Scale. Found.

Condition of Tree at Date of Examination.

.0 M
:0:a

E-1

I ( I1

1

'Lime-sulphur-sal tl wash in Feb., '03.

Incrusted.

April20, '03)

20

I

0

0
>1-<
t:;j
M

" I
" I

" "

I I

" "

I ( I2

June 17, '0.)3

4

I

I ( I I 2
Aug. 7, 'Oi)l

Trace(3)

0

IScales sluffing from bark, new healthy bark forming beneath scales.

I(.J.) Luxuiant ~rowth . Bark clean and

0

bright. ery few old scales still ad-

>:'t:a!
t-J :;:::
M z
.t-J

hering to bark.

0

2 I

" I "

IApril 20, ;031

22

I 0

I

,, I

"

[ I

"

IJune 17, '031

8

I 0

ISame condition as t ree No. 1.

I

"

I I I 5

Aug. 7, '031 - - -( ) Scattering

"

"

"

'l1
> 0:..:.a..
(c:):
Gc::
~

3 I
16)1

" "

I I I . InnecaFrluystdeedadanadt ;June 17,' 03
I I I time of treatment Ipnuctruosutet d".wHataedr June 17, '03

l 4
I 2 (7)

0 0

ITree fully recovered and making a vigorous growth.

..

sprouts."

.-.
~\:!)

(8)1

5 I
(li) I

" "

Incrusted. I
l "

IJune 17, '031 !June 17, '031

5 3

I
I

0 0

Growing well.
" .
I

,, I

H

7
--

I

"

"

IAug. 7, '031

I I I IcoInnscidruerseteddpaasntdall June 17, 03

chance of recov'ry

I _ _(10)1 Trace

Vigorous growth.

4

15vcrreafwolulnndg Joanr-~ Putting out well.

en tire tree.

" I

"

I

"

- - \Aug. 7, '031

IAbtouurtell~mcamleS:I Healthy, vigorous growth. per twig.

(1) From notes by Prof. W. M. Scott.

(2) Examination by Scott and Newell .

(3) By" trace" meaning that a careful examination of from five to fifteen minutes was required to find a living

scale.

(4) Found a few half-grown female scales most of which had recently died. On entire tree found but 3live scales.

(5) At this date, found 2 adult and 4 partially grown females on trunk of this tree, and an average of 1 immature

scale on each young shoot.

(~) Trees 1, 2, 3 and 4 are all of the variety Bell (Syn= Belle of Georgia .)

(7) Examination shvwed large numbers of adult females, brown and discolored, but not yet dried out-that had

but recently died.

(8) At this date many adult females had but recently died. Under a number of adult female scales were found

living larvre, but none could be found crawling about or established upon the bark or twigs.

(9) Variety, Early Rive r.

(10) On Aug. 7, found one adult female with larvre underneath scale, and 6 immature females. Many scales of

this year's breeding had established themselves on treated portions of the bark, but had recently died.

(11) Variety, Early River.



: :, ' 1q:!!
t
8
z H z
~
~
e.:~
-.J -.J

!378

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

From the above results it will be noted that several very interesting points are brought to light.
First, the lime-sulphur-salt is not immediately destructive to the adult insects, but for a considerable time does prevent the larvc:e from establishing themselves on the treated portions.
Second, that the wash slowly corrodes the scaly covering, ultimately exposing the mature insect to the action of the weather and offering ready access to predaceous enemies.
Third, that after much of the material has been washed from the trees, the larvc:e can establish themselves and grow for some little time, but .that sufficient material evidently remains to eventually kill the great majority of them. The death of larvc:e in considerable numbers was noticed on several of the above trees as much as five months after treatment. An insecticide which exerts a continuous action for several months is obviously more desirable than one which, even though more powerful, is effective for a few days only.
Experiments with the lime-sulphur-salt were conducted in a number of other orchards by Professor Scott, and orchards treated independently by the owners were also kept under supervision during the summer. In all of them the same gratifying results were secured.
In no case was there any indication of injury to the trees, except where the wash was applied after the buds began to open. In such cases the fruit buds-and in some instances the twigswere killed back, thereby decreasing the fruit crop. In the orchard of Mr. S. H. Rumph at Marshallville, Ga., three plots, each , containing Belles and Elbertas, were used in a comparative exp~iment. Plot I was sprayed in February with an oil emulsion containing 20 per cent. of oil. Plot 2 was sprayed in December with the lime-sulphur-salt. Plot 3 was given the same treatment as No. 2, and in addition, was sprayed again with the lime-sulphur-salt wash in early March, just Lefore the buds opened. Space can not be taken here to give the results of the various examinations, but, briefly stated, the trees sprayed with lime-sulphur-salt wash in December have had as little scale upon them this summer as have the trees sprayed with oil emulsion in Feb-
ruary. The double treatment, i. e., spraying with lime-sulphur-
salt in December and again in early March, was far rriore effective than either the December treatment alone, or the oil emulsion treatment in February.
The orchard of Mr. J. D. Hendrickson at Lee Pope, Ga., was
sprayed under the efficient direction of the manager, Mr. C. G.

BULI..ETIN NO. 40.

McCarty, with I 5 per cent. of oil, using a mechanical mixture pump. This treatment was followed about two weeks later with a thorough spraying with lime-sulphur-salt. About 55,000 trees were given rhis treatment and not more than five or six trees were in any way injured. These injured trees, we were informed by Mr. McCarty, were given several applications of the oil mixture. Our earlier examinations of this orchard the present season failed to reveal a single living scale, even on trees previously incrusted,. thus showing that the treatment had been thorough and effective. When the writer last examined this orchard on September 8, I903, only a very few living scales could be found.
From the experience" of the past year we must conclude that the lime-sulphur-salt wash is more effective than the various emulsions and mixtures of oils, and that it is safer. The advantages and disadvantages of the two may be compared as follows:

OILS
Complicated mechanical mixture pumps must be used, or the oil made into an emulsion.
"Mechanical mixture" pumps readily get "out of order."
The oil and water mixture requires constant testing to see that the percentage of oil does not exceed the limit of safety.
When the pumps are stopped for any length of time, the oil and water in the hose will separate and either pure oil or pure water will be thrown when the pump is again started.
The necessity of frequently being compelled to send to distant points
for oil, and often consequent delay of treatment at proper time.

LIME-SULPHUR-SALT
Simply constructed and powerful pumps can be used.
"Single" or simpler pumps are less likely to get out of order and breaks are more quickly noticed.
No testing of percentage is neces- sary.
The lime-sulphur-salt mixture is homogeneous, hence does not separate upon standing.
Composed of common materials. obtainable in almost every town and. village in the State.

MAKING THE LIME-SULPHUR-SALT.
The standard formula, which was used in the experiments cited above, is as follows:
Lime ( unslaked) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 lbs. Sulphur . ..... ..... ..... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . 20 lbs. Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 5 lbs. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o lbs.



:a so

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

. '

We have been most successful in making this mixture according to the following plan: Place about one-fourth of the water In an iron kettle and bring to a boil. When the boil\vg point is reached add the unslaked lime, and during the consequent violent boiling add the sulphur (which should previously have been mixed with water), and keep w"ell stirred. A few minutes later add the salt and continue the boiling for two hours. Water may have to be added from time to time to make up for evaporation - sufficient water should be kept in the kettle to prevent "burning," but more than this is not desirable. At the end of the two hours add water to make 6o gallons and strain through a fine mesh iron strainer into the tank of spray pump. Apply while still hot.
This wash has a marked corrosive action upon brass and copper, and so far as possible iron shou!d be used in handling it and in the pumps. Brass and copper pumps can, however, be used with a minimum amount of corroding if they be thoroughly washed out with clear water after each day's spraying.
In applying this wash the trees should be thoroughly coated, using "Vermorel" nozzles. As soon as dry, the coating appears white and if portions of the trees have escaped application these are readily noticed. The trees should be carefully examined and if it is found that any part, no matter how small, has escaped, it should be sprayed, even if necessary to drive through .with the pumps a second time.
In large orchards the lime-sulphur-salt mixture can be made most economically and rapidly by using live steam and boiling .the materials in tanks or barrels.
SUMMER TREATMENT.
For several years past the use of a ten per cent. oil emulsion or .-a dilute whale-oil soap solution has been considered about the only available summer treatment for San Jose scale. During the past year, however, Prof. W. M. Scott conceived the idea of using the lime-sulphur-salt as a summer wash on the trunks and 'limbs of scale-infested trees. It has been tested at several points in the State and has proven highly satisfactory as a means of checking the scale. The regular strength, as given in the formula above, is used, the wash being applied to the trunks and larger 1imbs with a mop or paint brush. None of the mixture is placed upon the foliage or young growth and of course does not affect the scale upon these parts. The killing of practically all scale


BULLETIN NO. 40.

381

upon the trunk and large limbs not only materially reduces the scale already upon the tree, but checks the rapid rate of increase~
Infested trees thus' treated during the summer months have a.
much better chance of withstanding the attacks of the scale untit thoro~gh winter treatment can be undertaken.

CONCLUSIONS.

(I) That for successful control of the San Jose scale, thor-

ough winter treatment must be adopted. Summer treatment~

while extremely valuable for checking scale in recently discov-

ered cases, can not alone prevent serious damage to the trees.

( 2) That a thorough spraying with the lime-sulphur-salt wash.

in December and again in late Februa!y or early March, is the-

most effective treatment for San Jose scale that has yet been de--

vised.



(3) That a single spraying with lime-sulphur-salt in February

or early March is more effective than the same application made-

in December or January, and is slightly more effective than win-

ter treatment with 20 per cent. crude oil or kerosene.

(4) That the lime-sulphur-salt mixture is entirely harmless to.

deciduous fruit trees if applied when these are in a dormant con-

dition, b1,tt that its application after th.e buds begin to open will

res~tlt in injury to the latter and to the twigs.

SPRAY PUMPS.

For general orchard work in the application of such mixtures. a::; oil emulsion, the lime-sulphur-salt wash and Bordeaux mixture, a strong, well-made barrel sprayer is usually the most useful. Among those that deserve mention here are the "Pomona," _ manufactured by the Goulds Manufacturing Company, Seneca. Falls, N . Y.; the "Advance," manufa.ctured by the Deming Com-pany, Salem, Ohio, and the "Eclipse," manufactured by Morrill & Morley, Benton Harbor, Mich. The Field Force Pump Company, Elmira, N. Y., the Bean Pump Company, Hudson, Mich., the Myers Pump Company, Geo. H. Stahl, Quincy, Ill., and the Spray Motor Company, Buffalo, N. Y., are also manufacturers. of good spray pumps.
The Beck & Gregg Hardware Company, and the Cotton States. Belting and Supply Company, both of Atlanta, Ga., also handle: spraying machinery.

-2 8 2


G~ORGIA D~PARTM~NT OF AGRICULTUR~.

Each pump should be fitted with two leads of twenty or twenty-

five foot discharge hose, Vermorel nozzles and cut-off cocks. An

-order for a pump should specify that these attachments are

wanted.



For use in yards, gardens and family orchards a knapsack

pump will usually be sufficient. Even a small bucket pump may

be found useful for light work. These may be obtained from al-

n1ost any manufacturer of spray pumps.





FROM BULLETIN GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AG.RICUL'l'URE.
SERIAL No. 41.
SEASON t900-t90t.
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
AND
ILLUMINATING OILS

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
0. B. STEVENS,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.

JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

R. G. WILLIAMS, l!l'irst Assistant State Chemist.

J. Q. BUI'l.TON Second Assistant State Chemist

REM \RKS OF THE COMMISSIONER.
E ach ct:op yea r ha s its O\Yn peculiarities, and this is no excepti on. Last year co rn and cotton were retarded by cool weather, rain s and coo l night , \\"hile this year they were retarded over large areas by long-continued drouth . Yet the farmers of Georgi a rai sed paying crops last year, and " e trust that, by the blessing of God, they will do the same this year.
A t the time that \\"e sent out letters for informati on concerning the crop conditions for our fay-June report, things did not look Yery pm mising, except for fruit. Since then there has been marked improvement in both cotton and corn, and the promise of the best peach year ever kn own in Geo rrria has been fulfilled. \ Vith about $6,ooo,ooo coming into our State from the peach orchards and the hope of remunerative crops of corn and cotton, even if they should happen to fall below normal in production, our farmers should take courage and labor with renewed energy. The ravages of the cotton boll weeYil in certain secti on of Texa have awakened considerable apprehensi on among the farmers of the South. This pest ha s not yet eros eel the Mississippi, and it is to be hoped that the measures for preventing its spread may prove successful.
The Georgia Department of _ griculture, the State Entomological Department, th e Horticultural and Agricultural Societies held consultati ons, and the outcome of these delibe-rati ons is the legislation providing quarantine regulation against the weevil. \Vhile it behooYes u to take eYery precauti on again tits introducti on into our fields, we feel assured that a remedy again t this insect \\ill be cli scO\ered, as has been clone in the case of all previous enemies of our ct:ops.
Profe sor 0. F. Cook, of the nitecl Sta.tes Entom ological Bureau, has been experimenting " ith the Guatemalan ant, which he says is the great de troyer of the weevil and other enemies of .c tton and it elf in no \Yay harmful to crops. Of course, we are inclined to look " ith suspici on upon aJI such clefenclers, lest they prove as great ape t as the English sparrow. But if the Guatemalan ant is \\"hat Professor Cook claims for it, then we can congratulate our ehes that the remedy has been discovered.
25 a b

386

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

There are some who claim that the South ca11, by a more sc-ientific system of cultivation, raise I s,ooo,ooo bales of cotton each year, and sti ll others say that within the present limits the South will some clay raise 8o,ooo,ooo bales. Whether these extravagant figures shall ever be reached is of little practical advantage to us just now.
V.fe think we can congratulate ourselves that for several years at least the supply \\"ill fall enough short of the demand for c ur great staple to insure us remunerative prices and to put the pr,_;sperity of Southern farme rs on a permanent basi s.
It is difficult under present labor conditi ons to see how c nr farmers are to increase the production of cotton. Perhaps it may be clone, if they can draw away laborers that ha ve fl ocked to the cities and towns. If they can do thi s it may be ~o Pw rle i :imcnt of manufacturing interests. \i\Till not intensive farming go far towards the solution of this problem?
Some con tend tha.t in immigrati on is found our best solution. The Department of Agriculture is in favor of progress and considers the bringing into Georgia of a desirable class of immigrants a step in the right directio n. But what we want is immigrati on of m~ricans from other States of the Union-people who are imbued with American ideas and a clear understanding of them-so that the South may continue to be, as in the past, the best exa mple of true mericanism in race and in p'rin ciples.
SUGAR-CANE.
Encowaging reports come to u about sugar-cane. \ Ve have information that leads us to believe that thi s industry is taking on new life in Georoia, and encourages our hope that at no distant clay the Empire State of the South will take the rank that she is capable of holding as a sy rup and suga r-producing State.
In order to bring this to pass it is not necessary to_ devote a single acre less to corn and cotton, the two leading staples of Georgia. \ Ve de ire to see our State hold even a higher rank than now as a corn and cotton growing country, but we will also g ladl y hail the clay when Georgia brings her sugar-cane crop to a valuation that shall place it on a par with what a re now out principal wea.lth-proclucers in the field of agri culture.
During the decade ending with I900 South Georgia outstripped the other sections of the State in the increase of pol)ulation. This ought to mean much for the growth of the sugar-cane crop, the larger part of which is raised in South Georgia:

BULI,ETIN NO. 4L

387

OUR EXPERIMEN' STATION.
The experiment station at Griffin, under the conduct of Hon .
R. J. Redding and his energetic assistants, is doing a good work
for Georgia in sending out va luable literature through our daily papers, as well as in the great object-lesson presented by the wellmanaged farm.
T o the inAuences of the experiment station near Waycross, under the management of Professor A rthur Given, of the United States Experiment Station Department, is due in a ve ry large measure the increased interest in the cultivati on of sugar-cane all over Southern Georgia.
RAISE YOUR OWN SUPPLIES.
We have so repeatedly g iven adv ice about the best meth ods of preparing the soil and cultivating vari ous crops, that we will not repeat them at this time. But \\'e repeat again the advice that we have g iven over and over and that we expect to continually offer.
It is thi s : Let all our farmers raise their own supplies. No matter how low the price of anythi ng that you purchase, it is not cheap if you can grow it yourself. Raise your own corn , whea.t, oats 'and hay, and make on the farm food supplies for man and beast. H ave poultry, hogs, mutton and beef rai sed at home, and J1ave milch cows enough to supply your table with milk and butter. Then you will reduce to the minimum the articles th at you will be compelled to purchase for table use. Your cotton or sugarCane will then be money cr ps. giv ing you the ability to dress well, improve your chYellings, purchase the best farm implements and 'keep the best of stock, besides laying up for a rain y day.
OUTLOOK IS ENCOU RA GING.
In view of progress al ready made we feel that we can congratuhte the farmers of Georgia as well as our merchants and manufacturer s, whose success is la rgely based on tha.t of our agricul-t ural classes, on the improved cond itions all over our State, and ihe bright prospect of increased advancement by Georgia in popu1ation, wealth and all th at goes to make a people great and good.
0. B. STEVENS, " Commissioner of Agriculture.

388

GEORGIA Dr,PARTMENT 01~ AGRICUL1'URE.

REPORT OF THE STATE CHEi\1IST.

S1'ATE OF GEORGIA) D EPARTMEN'f OF AGRICULTURE)
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. ATLA TAJ A ugust 25, I904.
H on. 0 . B. Ste-<N'IISJ Colllmissiou cr of Agriculture of th e Sta.te of Georgia..
D EAR Sm: A ttached to this repo rt I beg to hand you tables of analyses of commercial ferti li zers so ld in the State of Georg ia during the sea on of I903-I904: the number of brands on the market thi s season is I ,24I as against 895 the previous yea r. Each succeeding year now breaks tl1e record of the prev ious yea r in the num be r of tons of fertilizer -sold in this State ; the record for thi s season shows the hitherto unapproachecl figures of 689,9I6.7"2 tons. I desire at thi s time to call your attention to the report which I made to you las t yea r, in which I urged the passage of a general pure-food law for Georgia; since that time whenever the opportunity has offered in the cour e of the year I have made such analyses of food-s tuffs as our limi ted time permitted. This work is far from being as complete as I would like, but is the best that could be clone with the time and means at my disposal. I shall not burden you in thi s place with the technical details of the chemical work clone, but ,,ill rapidl y summarize the re ults.
The ana lyt ical data are g iven in the accompanying tables. I haYe a pri,ate reco rd of the places from \Yhich a ll the articles analyzed \\"ere purchased ; I have, however, deemed it be t to de ignate all such a rticles simply by number, as doubtless most merchants are .themselYes ignorant and innocent of any ad ulterati on, being as much in need of the protecting a.rm of a rigi d ly en- forced law aga inst a lulteration as the consumer.
COFFEES .
Of ten samples of coffee boug ht in open market, none were found to be adulterated ; the price of coffee has, ho \\ever, been. low and the incentive to adulteration small.

BULLETIN N 0. 4I.

389

BU'fTERS.
Of fifteen samples of butter, three were found to be "renovated" butters or "proce s'' butters, one of them having been made to take up as much as 44 per cent. of water. Renovated butters are old or rancid butters which have been "processed" so as to make them ta te like fresh butter; three were rancid, althoug h genuine butters ; none \Yere found to contain oleoma r garine, or cottonseed oil , thus ind icating the efficiency \Y ith which the pre ent Federal law outla wing these products is en forced. One sample, N o. I 5, boLwht as "butterine," wa the most respectable in th e lot, masquerading un der no false "colors" as most of the butters, did, but was clean, pure beef fat, wi th perhaps a touch of clean, pure cotton eed oil in it. Such honest comme rcial products a re deserving of \\icier appreciati on and consumpti on.
I
OLIVE OILS.
Of eleYen samples of oli,-e oil, two were found to conta in cottonseed oil , one peanut oil, t\\'o \Yere rancid and one was marked cooking oi l, not claiming to be olive oil; it was cottonseed oil of excellent quality, clean a11d nutty in flav or.
VI N EGARS .
Nine sample of vinegar were bought and ana lyzed; cider vinegar was called for in each case. Of these only three could be called genuine cider vinegar, the rest \\ere spi rit vinega rs a nd were deficient in strength of acetic acid; one conta ined Yinega r eels and three had mouldy gro\\'th .
In this connection , and as showing the importance to the a o-ri cultur::tl interests of the State of legislati on in regard to cider vinega r, a \\ell as other pure foods, I qu ote in full from a letter of M r. A. S. Gardner, of College Hill Fa rm, Cobb county, Ga., to the depa rtment:
J uNE 24, I903.
Jo.,fr. 0. B. Stevens, C0111 111 issioJJ e1 of A ariwltllre, State Capitol, City.
:QEAR SIR: I have noticed. from time to time in the daily papers of this city, that members of the Legislature would do something for the protection of farmers to prevent adulteration

390

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

of certain products made by them. I know that certain States have pure food laws, and it is a serious offense for any one to adulterate or manufacture anything that would be injurious and sold under the name of a harmless product.
For instance, we are advised to grow fruits as a paying crop, and I am satisfied that there are th ousands of bushels of apples that could be put into vinegar in the State of Georgia that now absolutely go to waste, as the growers are not near enough to market to ship them with a profit, and most of the apples come on at a time when the market is glutted with other vegetab les and fruits, and same can not be handl ed in a profitable way, but if the farmers could utilize their apples to make Yinega r and cider it would save thousands of dollars annual ly to the fmit-gro,,ers and small fa rm ers of the State.
I kn ow this from experience I had three or four yea rs since. I made fifty barrels of vinegar from my apples, which was the product of a private orchard. Thi s was the only \Yay I could save the apples. This vinegar, made from pure apple-juice, has been offered to the wholesale and retail trade in several cities i:-; Georgia, who will not buy pure apple vinegar for the simple reason that they can procure vinegar manufactured from acids that has never seen an apple and is thoroughly injuri ous to use as a vmegar.
Gr wers of apples can not manufacture vinegar out of pure
apple-juice without going to a cost of 25 cents per gall on, and
for this reason can not compete with acid vinega rs that can be manufactured for three or four cents per gallon and sold to the wholesale and retail trade for ten cents per gallon, and then sold
to the consumer at 25 to 40 cents per gallon . They kn ow that the
vinega r they are selling is not what the consumer thinks he is buying.
The people in thi s State are protected hon1 bad oil and imi tation butter, etc. , and I am sure that there is nothin g so injurious as the vinegar that is made and sold in this State. I will venture to state that there is not one gallon out of a thousand used in this State that is pure.
There is no use to advi se farmers and fruit-growers to plant orchards of apples for market, for it will not pay without they can have the same protection th a t other States give "their producers.
There is ah,ays a lot of hot air whet: the Legislature meets in

BULLETIN NO. 41.

391

the papers about some benefit that the farmer would get, but that is about all he gets in the end.

I will appreciate it very much if you will suggest some way

whereby this product can be protected, and I will take much

pleasure in co-operating with you toward this encl.



Yours very truly,
J. A. S. GARDNER,
College Hill Farm, Marietta, Cobb county, Ga.

Further comment is unnecessary as showing the importance of pure-food leg islation to the development of the peacfi, apple and rider and vinegar industries of the State.

CATSUPS.
Of eight samples of catsups, four were dyed with aniline colors, six contained benzoic acid as preservative and one salicylic and benzoic acids.
On the subject of antiseptics in fo od Dr. Scoville, who has studied the subject, says :
"It is claimed by the manufacturers who make use of them, and also stated by some authorities, that the use of antiseptics in small quantities in foods is not harmful. H owever, they are always used in sufficient quantities to delay fermentati on; and fermentati on stopped by such means out of the stomach wi ll , as the food still contain s the antiseptic, be stopped in the stomach to a greater or less degree, making more work for the digestive juices and consequently retarding digestion. The quantity used is often too small to have a direct effect when absorbed into the system; but, put a little forma ldehyde in the milk each clay; add to this a little benzoic acid in the tomato catsup, a little salicylic acid in the canned fruits and vegetables, a littl e boracic acid in meats and leoma rgarine, a little copper or zinc from the beautiful green of the pickles and peas, and the meal has deposited some poisonous material, which , with the repeated deposits of other meals, must and does have a harmful effect upon the stomach, nerves and health.
"Some manufacturers compound and put these acids upon the market under the names of 'p reserval ine,' 'freezine,' 'freezem," and similar label s, to be used by th ose who are ignorant of the antiseptics from which they are made, or the effect of such anti,;eptics upon the system. \ Vhen labeled and sold under these:

392

GEORGIA DEPAR'fMEN1' OF AGRICULTURE.

names they are guaranteed to be 'perfectly harmless' and to 'keep all kinds of perishable food substances perfectly fresh and in a sound state, in any kind of weather and temperature for any length of time \Yith out the use of ice.' T he st rong paralyzan t power claimed for antiseptics is sufficient to condemn their use in foods, for a substance \\hich can preserve perishable foods under any conditi on, and fo r any len g th of time, will also affect the delicate digestive ferments of the stomach.
"There is an overwhelmi ng testim ony f rom scienti ts that these anti septics are, for various reasons and in different degrees, ha rmful wh en taken into the system. Even t ho e wh o favo r their use in small quant ities agree th at thei r u e shoul d be made know n to the con umer. Recoa-n izecl exper imen ts show them to be antidigestive and accumul ative; that they a re el iminated by the kidneys, and that such eliminati on g ives ri se to Yari ous forms of kidney trouble; that some of them affect the higher ner ve-centers and depre s the heart action.
"Dr. J. Kister, of .Berlin , h a~ recently car ri ed out some re-
searches on the ph ys iological effects of boracic acid. The ingestion of from 40 to 50 grains of boracic acid daily by strong and healthful 'subj ects gave ri se in from four to ten clays to albuminuri a, which persisted concurrently with the aclmini trati on of the drug. In further experim ents I 5 grains a clay sufficed
to produce vomi ting and diarrhea . The admini stration of I5-
graii1 doses in a normal subject \\as followed within two hours by its ap1 earance in the urine, compl ete elimination takin g eight clays. vVith half that close exc reti on began at once, and las ted five clays. The doctor con iders th at the da ily ingestion of even small doses of boracic acid is apt to g ive ri se to cumulative effects, which may ultimately determine tox ic symptoms, and hi experience tend s to show th at youno persons a re much m re suscep tible to the influence of the d rug tha11 is the case later in life.
"Chief Chemist \\ il ey, of the . S. Bureau of Chemi stry, considers sali cylic acid 'very deleterious to health,' and tates : 'There is no preservative whi ch pa ralyzes the ferments wh ich create decay that does no t at the same time paralyze to the same extent the ferments th at produce dia-esti on.' He aJso say : 'The very fact that any substance preserves food from decay shows th a t it is not fit to enter the stomach, especially if tlie stomach be delicate and the di oe ti on feeble,' and aga in he states: 'I ma intain that no food should ever be offered for sale wh ich contains a preservative without that fact 1eing plain ly marked upon it.'

BULLETIN NO. 41.

393

"Prof. E. H. Jenkin s, of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, says: 'These modern preservatives are used withDut any notice b;;ing given by the vendor that they are used,' and when this notice is not g iven, 'that opportunity and ri ght of the indi vid ual to find out whether they will or will not inj ure him is taken away.'
"Dr. A lbert B. Prescott, of the University of M ichigan, states: 'I believe that in general preservatives and antiseptics in food are unfav rable to digestion and injurious to health.'
"Prof. Mitchell, f wisconsin, state : 'Any antiseptic which is an active antiseptic is necessarily deleterious to health. It stops the \\'Orking of the normal enzymes or ferments, and it stops the digestive processes which take place in the organ s, and it stops in a measure the changes which take place normally in the food pro !nets, possibly, in some cases.'
' '\Vhatever questi ons concerning the use of anti eptics in foods are unsettled, these are facts; they are a cumulative, harmful drug, and should be taken into the system only upon the prescripti on of a physician or upon the knowledge of the one " ho i eating the food that it contains an antiseptic; they supplant to sonie degree the cleanliness and care neces ary to produce wh ole ome foods, coYe r up deficiencies and cause the use of many food articles of an unhealthy character; th~ use of the more harmful should be prohibited, the use of small quantities of tho e less harmfu l should be rigidly restricted, and only permitted when the fact of their use is made known to the actual consumer.
"\Vatching the various food products with rega rd to anti eptics alone is a large task, so extensively and recklessly a re they used in the numberle s articles of food on the market. Many food industries are built upon this principle of preserving foods entirely " ith antiseptic ; it is a wrong principle and sh ould be dis- ' couraged. The representatives of such fO<Jd factories present many arguments and schemes to pmtect the profit which accrue from the sub tituti on of a pinch of some antiseptic for the more costly meth od s of ice, sugar, cleanliness and care employed by the manufacturers of the best food articles. To cite a fact, axiomatic of all dru gs, that the single in ta.nce of a mild antiseptic in minutest quantit ies has but ve ry little effect in the y tem, doe not defend the reckle s use of anti septics, a practice dangerous to the public's health.

394

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL'rURE.

CANNED CORN.

In eight cans of corn examined, saccharin was found present

as a preservative in four; os. I, 2, 5 and 8 contained old, hard

grains, with bits of shuck present; 3, 4 and 6 showt:.cl clark stains, mdicating action on the walls of the can.

.

FLOUR.

Twelve samples of flour \\ere examined without finding any

evidence of ad ulterati on, showing the benefit of the nati onal law against adulterating or mixing flour, which is at present being enforced. Some years sine~ the writer, as chemist to the board

of health of At lanta, examined a number of samples of flour and

found a large percentage ad ulterated with corn fl our, a specially

prepared product.

CONDENSED MILKS.

By reference to the table of analyses you \\'ill observe that these milks are composed of a large amount of cane sugar, together with the milk sugar, fat and prote in of ordinary milk, concentrated to about one-third the bulk of the average milk. The only objection I can urge against these milks is that the degree of dilttti on recommenclecl on the labels for feeding infants is so great (about fourteen times) that a child \YOu lei be practically starved if feel upon th em as directed; or else be com.pelled to swa ll ow large quantities of an ill-balanced rati on with resulting gastric disturbances, as you may see by referrin g to the tab le where l have calculated the percentage of milk sol ids and fat in the milk diluted as recommended, and placed them alongside of similar quantities in normal human milk. You will note the great differ-ence between the two, and the poverty of the diluted milk in both fats and solids.

WHISKIES.
Of eleven ~amples of whisky analyzed, all \\'ere artificial or imitation whiskies but two, one of these was corn whisky, the other was whisky with the Government stamp showi ng it to be bottled in bond. The imitat ion or artificial whiskies are all made by diluting col ogne spirits or strong alcohol with water, coloring with caramel, and then flavoring with a trace of essence; 111 some \:ases a little genuine whisky is blended with the mixture.

BULLETIN NO. 4L

395-

POISONOUS TABLEWARE.
As illustrating the many insidious dangers that lie in wait fOtman, woman and child in their food and drink, I noticed the other clay while eating at a leadin g restaurant a bottle of pepper sauce with a metallic dropper or short tube passing through the cork. Being suspicious of it, and as it was just in the condition to test, being in actual use, I pulled it out of the bottle and carried it off without leave. I now make public acknowledgment of the theft, and will make full restitution on complaint of the owner. On pouring a little pure water through this metal tube, so a to rinse out the dried pepper sa uce, and then examining the so lution, I found /e(Jid in abundance ; so that every person \Yh o used that pepper sauce on their food swall owed each time a small close of acetate of lead (or sugar of lead). Having noticed a number of similar droppers or tubes in use at many of the leading sodafountains in acid-phosphate bottles and lime-juice bottles, I bought another stopper from a leading soda supply-house, and found it also to contain lead as part of the all oy. There is no excuse fot the use of these metallic poisoners, save crimina l ign orance and carelessness. Reese says in his work on T oxicolocry : " ll the salts of lead are poisonous; chronic poisoning may result fmm the continued internal use of any lead compound or from accidental introduction of the metal into the system through drinkingwater (which has stood in contact with lead pipes), or articles of food c ntaining it. Lead colic is one of the earlier symptorns, followed by paralysis or pa lsy. D oubtless many cases of obscure spinal, cerebral and cardiac eli ease are really O\\ing to chronic lead-poisoning, that element ha ving been introduced unsuspected into the system."
ATLANTA AND MACON MILKS.
Of eight samples of milk from Macon, one was found to be skim milk and two were watered milks, the rest of good quality.
Of fifteen samples of milk from \tlanta one was skim milk, though sold as good wh ole milk ; one was watered, and three showed evidence of careless or filthy handling-for hYO the price of IO cents a pint was demanded.

~96

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CATTLE AND STOCK FEEDS.
The growing importance of the dairy and stock-feed ing industry in Georgia demands protection for that rapidly increasing class of feeders who do not and can not produce their own feedstuffs. The meanne s of the man wh o will adulterate foods so ld to human bein gs who are endo,yed with reason, and can at least -complain if they suspect food fraud, is far exceeded by the miscreant \Yho ad ulterates foods for dumb brutes, wh o can not complain, and must eat \Yhat is et before them or do without.
The m ost outrao-eous fraud I have met with is that of a sample sold .a wheat-bran, and " hi ch consisted entirely of the ground lm k o r chaff of ri ce. This m aterial is produced in large quantity in L oui siana and Texas, and to some extent along the Georgia and. Carolina coasts. This outer hull of the 'rice grain contains only a very small percentage of protein and fat, and of this small amou nt none is digestible, wing to the fact that this hull is a mechanical irritant to the stomachs of animal , being composed largely of si li ca, the ends of the fibers being sha rp an 1 pricking almost li ke a needle. If aJ1 animal could be induced to eat the stuff, it would produce sickness and vomiting. In this particular case the buyer
brought suit against the seller fo r cheating and swindling; I was
appealed to by the buyer and analyzed the stuff, went to the place set for trial to testify, but " as neve r called on, as the_case was settled.
Feeling the great importance of the matter, I have procured, with your kind a sistance, thirty-two samples of commercial feeds from Atlanta, Macon ana \ug usta, analyses of which wi ll be found in the accompanying tables. In four sample of feed I have been able to detect with the microscope the presence of this fra udul ent and injurious ad ulterant, ?'ice hulls) and in two out of five samples of wheat-bran the pre ence of ground corncobs. The protein, which is the specially valuable ing redient in a.ll these feeds, varies from 7 per cent. to 43 0 per cent., and yet practically the same price of $25 a ton is cha rged fo r them a ll , many of the
p oorer feeds being sold at higher prices than the richer. Low-
gracle sea island cottonseed meal, with 25 per cent. protei n, is so ld as a feedstuff at about the same price as the high-grade upland meal with 45 per cent. protein.
Evidently a system of in pection and analysis i needed and a Jaw requiring all manufacturers and dealers in commercial feed to register their brands with the Commissioner of Agriculture,

B LLETIN NO. 4!.

397

and to brand on the sacks the g ua ranteed percentage of protein and fat cla imed fo r their respective products, just as is now done with commercial fertilizers. The ana lyses and the valuati ons. sh'oul d be published ann ua ll y, as is the case with commercial fertili ze rs, so that the consumer may see just what he is buying, and be oove rn ed accordingl y. T he State Chemi st should advise the feeder ho w to make and mix hi s own feed s to obta in the best results and at the least outlay of cash, a lso to avoid such feeds as. No. 7, ,\hich is sold as a combined medicine and food, and at the enormou pri ce of $ro a. hundred or $zoo a ton. It is composed of lin s~ed meal , bran, charcoa l, sa lt and a little gentian as a bitter, and is reall y worth little more than any of the other feeds.
The passage and stri ct enforcement of such a law would be fo llowed by a marked red uction in the prices of mi xed feeds; a clea rer understanding on the part of the feeder of the principles of scientific feed ing, a keener appreciation of the val ue of cottoneed meal as the best and cheapest feedst uff in the world , and conseq uently an increased consumption and enhanced va lue for the same, together " ith the development of the beef and dairy industri es of the State.
But we do not want a new and sepa rate law for feedstuffs. spread on the statute books with no provision fo r enforcement, as we now have la" s for pure milk, bu tter, cheese, syrup and so forth ; but we do need one gene ral , compreh ensive law di rected again st ad ulteration of all kin d of food or drink, whether in tende I for the use and consumpti on of human beings or of stock Such a measure to be of val ue mu t ca rry with it amp le prov i ion for its enfo rcemen t and execution just as the fertili zer la w is at present enfo rced and executed . I drew up such a bill modeled upon the nati onal pure food law, which passed the Hou e at H1e last session of Congress. The measure " as intr duced in th e Georg ia L eg islature and vas fav orably recommended by the H ou se Committee on Agriculture, but, owing to th e congested conditi on of business in the H ouse, failed to come up for act ion. I fee l, ho\\'ever, very hopeful of its passage anoth er yea r. Should it pass, it will necessa rily add heavi ly to the duties of thi s divisi on, and I '"atlld here call your attenti on to the fac t th at the force of chemists now at work is no g reate r than it " as fifteen yea rs ago. alth ough the fertil izer tonnage and in pections ha ve more than doubled in that time.
New duties ha ve also been added by the pa sage of a la w providing fo r the in pection of spirits of turpentine, and making the

.:398

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

State Chemist the referee in cases of clisput~ between the inspector and parties charged with adulterati on. In consequence of the operation of this new law unexpected and a rduous dut ies have been imposed upon the chemical divi sion this year, and samples of turpentine, analyses of which are urgently desired by the naval stores in spector, are now waiting in the laboratory for analysis ~until a relaxati on of the pressure of other duties gives an opportunity to reach them. Many anal yses desired by citizensof drink-ing-wa ters, to ascertain their purity, ariel other general work, must necessarily be refused for lack of time and the force to execute them . There sh ould be some re1~11edy for thi s state of affairs. The State Chemi st should have auth ority, with the consent of , the Commi sioner, to employ additi onal assi stance whenever demanded by the exigencies of the public service.
Just a fter the tables of anal yses of foods to " hich I have been referring, I gi,e a copy of the proposed new pure food law, which was fa vorabl y reported by the H ouse Committee on Agriculture. I al so reprint from the journal of the American Chemical Society, in which it first appea red , a new method for the analysis of turpentine, and the detection of adulteration therein. As there were no meth ods in the books by mean s of which the adulterati on of turpentine \\ith kerose ne and wood spirits could be detected, it became necessary fo r me to work out a meth od of pmceclure, in which I haYe fortunatel y succeeded , and which has been very 'kindly i10ti cecl by some of the mos t di stingui shed chemi sts in the country.
Respectfull y submitted.
} No. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 41 .

3U 9

CIDER VINECARS.

I No,. Acetic Acid. , Tota l Sol ds . ,

YerUent.

P erC~ 1 1t.

Ash.

Alka.l ioity
or Ash

I

1

3.52

2

3.49

0.22 0.21

0.05 0.02

0.1 0. 1

c,c, .

3

4.52

2-18

0. 35

2.4 "

4

4. 16

l. ll

0.28

2.0 "

5

2 .!l9

0.09

0 028

0.1 "

6

4 53

0.25

0.03

0.1 "

7

4 42

2.27

0.37

4.0 "

8

3.00

0.21

0 03

01 "

9

4.2\l

l!. iO

0.36

3.5 "

Hem arks.
Adulterated.
"
Ge nuin e. Adulterated.
" "
Genui ne. Adulterated. Genuine.

No. 2 contained vinegar eels. Nos. 3, 5 and 9 showed moulds.

PARTIAL ANALYSES OF CATTLE FEEDS.
FRO)[ ATLAN'l'A, MACON, AUGUSTA .

Nos.

Nitrogen.

Proleln.

Price p N 100.

'

1

1.60

10.00

$ 1 60

2

2.04

12.75

1 30

5

2.43

J5.19

7

2.R-l

17 .75

I 10
10 c.o

8

2.67

16 ti9

1 30

9

2.70

16.k7

1 30

1 I

6.72

42 00

1 10

12

1.70

10.62

1 2f)

15

6. 18

3S.6J

1 10

18

1.98

12. 37

1 25

21

1.62

10.12

1 40

22

1.60

10 00

1 25

24

4 .1R

26.12

1 15

25

4.46

27 87

. .. .

26

4 . ~0

~ 6 . 62

1 15

27

4. 3S

27.37

1 15

28

4.00

25.00

1 07

2!)

7. 12

44.50

. . ..

30

6.04

37. 75

....

31

6.72

42 .00

1 25

32

6.96

43 50

33

0. 44

2.75

1. . 2.5.

No. 2 contains rice hulls . No. 12.contains ground cobs.

Name.

Chick feed.

Dairy feed.

Wheat brnn.

Stock feed.

Wheat bran.

" "
C. S. MPal.

Wheat bran.

U. S. m eal.

"Cow fo od. "

Stock food.

" "

C .,,S .

mea l.
"

C.S l\f. "seconds."

C. S. m eal.

Sea Is la nd m eal.

C. S. meal.

" " " " " "
R ice hull s.

400

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CO M PLETE ANALYSES OF CAT T LE F EE DS.

I Nos.

Wate

FROM ATLANTA, MACON, AUGl'STA.

/ ~rotei~., Fat.

Cude fibrP .

Ash .

I Ca.rbo-

Prire

hydrat es . ]:CI" 100.

3 11.24

9.88

4

8.85 . 8.81

6

9 .78

7.7 -i

13

8 65

9. 18

]4

8.25

9.12

16

9 32

7.81

17

R. 30

7.62

19

9.28

8 .37

20

9.6ti

7. 19

23

!1 .17

8.3 1

3.60 3.2 i 3.93 fi.28 3.68 2.84 2 77 3.04 3.5 1 3.05

1.79 15.77 13. 35 11.67 11. 23 10.li7 13.1 5 11. 22 12.61)
11 .57

1.1!~
10.91 6.34 2.10 R 60 3.50 4.34 3 45
6.-~6
3.57

71.87 !)2.45
58 . R5 69. 12 64. 12 6'1 .86
63.~2
64 .64 60.41;
35.67

$ 1.50 1. 30
1.50 1.2(>
1.40 1.25
1.30
. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . .. ..
... .......

Nos . 4, 11 a nd 20 contained rice hulls.

M ILK SAMPLES FROM A TLANTA .

I Nos. Specific Gravity., Total Solids.

Fat.

Acidity.

1

1.031

12.70

2

l.O<lO

11.20

3

1. 028

14.70

4

1.()3 15

13 .30

5

1.033

12.60

6

1.03 15

14.25

7

1.0315

1 1.85

8

1.029

14 35

9

] .0325

12.35

10

1.0'25

15 .60

11

. .. . ..

.. ...

12

1.03 15

12 . 10

13

1.039

12.60

14

1.027

12 40

15

1.029

10.05

4.00 2 flO
6.50 4.40
3.70 5.20 3.20
5. 0 3.40 7.60
. . ...
:l.40
4.30 4 .60
2.20

Normal.
" " "
7.6 0 Normal.
"
",,
4.1 0 3 8" Normal.
" " "

No. 2 is skim-milk. Nos. 4 and 5 were sold at 10 cents a pin t ; No.5 showed evidence of carel ess o r fi lth y handling. No. 7 was sold as skim-milk. Nos. 1.0 and 11 showed ev idence of careless or filthy handling. No. 15 is water ed milk.

r:--- . . -

BULLETIN NO. 41 .

401

MILK SAMPLES FROM MACON.

I I No. Sp"cific Gravity.

Total Solids.

Fat.

Acidity.

1

J.O zg

2

1 .0305

3

102g

4

1.03 1

r;

1 0~35

(:i

1.0302

7

1.0238

R

1.031

No. 4 is skim-mi :k. No.5 is watered mille No.7 is watered m ilk.

14. 36 1<!.82 13.4U 10.30 ll.go 1'1.50 g_20
12.70

5.80

Normal.

4.20

"

5.00

"

2.40

"

2.40

"

4.0U

",,

2.60

4.00

"

Nos.
1 (a) 2
(a) 3
4
(a) 5
6 7 8 (b) g (b) 10 11 (b) 12 13 14 (c) 15

Wate r.
11 .76 18.26 28.47 12.28 43 .g7 14.57 12.27 12.3g 15.56 J3. 32
g.76 12.15
8.74 11.80 9.53

BUTTERS .

I .Vo la tile

Iodlr.e

Acds.

NumlJe r .

22 cc

25.2 "

28 .1 ''

30.6 "

25. i "

27 25

4

," ,

27.8 " . . .... 26 .6 " 27.3 "
27 "
3~.7 " 238..84 ",,

32 34.5
il~..')
2g .57
31.74 30.72 4'l.24
34.8 31.87 32. 13 34 .56 35.1)7
28. 16 35 .20 5"5.55

Heat of Bromi nat!on.

go yo

c

g.25 8.5 g_oo

8.75 12.00 go go go

9.75 g.5 go

g .25 14.5

Fa t . ~
85.7(1 7.7.43 70.84 84 .6G 51.67 82.08 8-5.21 82.49 80.40 83.51 85 .s g 84 .Gl 86.37 85 .38 86. 15

(a) Renovated butter (b) Rancid . (c) Butterin e. All except 15 contained artificial coloring matter, chiefly anna tto.

26 a b

402

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Noo.
1 2 3 4 5 Q
7
:8 '9 10

Water, Per Ceut.
3.45 3.93 3.31 3 05 2 91 1. 93 2. 19 5 .32 1 .88 5. 38

CO F FEE.

Ash.

ISpecific gravity or JO% tnfuFion.

5. 70 5.62 4 .90
5.60 5 .1l8 5 .82 5.35 5 18 4.87 5.!W

1.0105 ] . 010 1 .0102 1 .010.')
l.CJ02
1.010 1 .010 1.0103 1 .0 103 1 .010

Nitrogen .
2.45 2 .ao
:2u.3s2
2 . 25 2 . 22 2. 44
2.22 2.:w

All genuine.

Nos.

Iodine No.

OLIVE-01 LS.

I H Pat of
Bromlllalion.

Halphen TeEt.

Becchi Trst.

1 2 (a ) 3 4 {c) 5 (b) ()
(b ) 7 8 9
1\ (a)lO P.1'- (a)l l

83. 4 80 .3 97 7
S l.ti 80 .9 82. I 113 .2 82. 7 81.2 101.7 108 .7

22 c 2:!0
2 ~. 5
21 23 21 5
2~0
::!20
22272i.0.')0

No color.
" Red. No color.
" " "
"
"
Red, Deep Red.

8o . ;-,.;,1

"
10

!!:::;;~

( a ) (b ) (r.)

-f.v' otto nseed - 0 1'I s. Rancid. ([Jo nta ins arachidic

ac id , show ing

peanut-oil.

No reduc tion.
"
Dark.
No red,,uction .
" " " "
Dark. Very dark.

1o.i.H }' I I (!1M!)1~-..r.!>!~ :-~. P.=er=C==,n~t ~=' r=C~e=-n=t--=a~=si-Ad~~oe;=tY=icW==Ha=EsISt=h.!!K=:ethr=IsyE~.!S==~.a'=oss=Ae l=m0=y1t=1, =~To=t=al=S=ol=id=s ~~lC-'eo~1roCr~einn=g t

I 7I fO,..

j
it"t

N

o



~~ r..

A lcohol _ lC<hol Webigyht.r ,I' olbuym e.

In

Aclo It" .Per

Ace tate Ale h o i In gr . pe:J in grs._ p e r

in Gra ins ~n U.S. Gallon.

Mlltter RemF ouvlePdr 'bsy

o .. , ()

U.S. (;al. U.S. Gal. U. 8. uo l

Earth .

-....,------_____,_ _ __

I.rl?. 1
2-
B
4
5 6 .nJJnn ilr. 8 9 10 11 12

' id6 t 7 . 095 4 1.1.2

8-.352 8.676 23 47 '

8 . 004 8.700 2 .43fl

7 -095 8. 166 3 .0H2

38 . 79 2;'; .52 20.42

8 .S52 14 .036 Hl. 25
~-1~t ~ ,n t\~r~h? r '- 7g :~~8

1 . 392 2.938

4 .105

3 .534 6.158

4 .52-1. 10. 263

2.08~

4 .10-'i

12!J.92 157.00 276. 25 283.33 12B .58
7. 25 123.54 120 .1 3 11 8 913 76.68 68.93

so .%
77 77 76 85 No color. 44
8:!
80 80
83 No co1or .

No. 7 is a gen uine whi key bottled in bond.

.

No. 12 is sim ply dilute alcohol, l'na!yzed for the purpose of comparison.

No. 6 is corn whi skey ; all the others are artificial whiskies.

ANALYSES OF CONDENSED M I LK, WiTH CRITICA L COMPARISONS.

Nos.

Water.

Fat.

Mill< Suga r . Proteids.

I I DdUIPd 14

.

Ash .

I I I CanP SUJ?ar

tmes.

by difference . llli k Sulids. Fat.

Human Milk.

e1:;:!

t"'

1 2 3

22.40

10 .8

13 .7ii

8 !15

2. 10

23.40

12.70

16 .HO

k .50

2 05

25.60

9.1\0

13.40

11. 25

2.50

4:?.00 il<L55 3i .'iii

3.03 0.92 Fat .. .... . 3.20.% 3.4 l 1.08 Proteid s .. 2 3!l 3. 12 0.8 1 Sugar .... 6.!53

t"'
zM....;

4 5 tl

26 .00

10.90

16 .00

8.80

1.85

32.00

8.50 I U .70

7 .62

1 .\10

26.00

10.80

14 .10

10.15

2.00

36.25 :-!6.28 3ti.95

3.20 0.95 Ash . ..... 0.29

2.70 0 72 Water ... . 87.29.%

3.16 0.92

- --

z
9

7

I 25.50

11.00

-

14 .30

9.10

2. 10

38.00 3. ll 0.94

100 .00.% .p..
1-1

The res ults in columns .S a"nd 9 show wh at would be the composition of the different brands when diluLed four teen

t im es for infant use, a s is recommended on most of the labels. The figu~es in co lumn 10 give the composition of

normal human milk. Briefly, woman 's milk contains 12.71 .% milk solid~, 3.2.% fat, ver s us abo ut 3.% mi lk solids and

l ess than 1% fat in the diluted condensed mi lks.

.1>. 0 <:>:>

404

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

PROPOSED NEW PURE FOOD LAW FOR GEORGIA.

An Act entitled an Act to prevent the adulteration, misbrandingand imitations of foods for man or beast, of beverages, candies. and condiments, or the manufacture and sale thereof in theState of Georgia, prescribing a penalty for the violation hereof,. providing for the inspection and analysis of the articles des<;ribed by the Georgia State Department of Agriculture, charg- ing the State's solicitors with the enforcement hereof, and providing means therefor, and repealing all laws or parts of laws. in conflict herewith.
SECTION I. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful for any person or corporation, their agent or servant, or wi1ile: acting as agent or servant of any other person or corporation, to manufacture for sale or offer for sale with in the limits of this. 'State any article of food or drink which is unwholesome, misbranded or adulterated within the meaning of this Act.
DEFINI'10NS.
SEc. 2 . That the term "food," as used herein, shall include all. articles used for food, drink, confectionery or condiment by man. or domestic animals, whether simple, mixed or compound. The term "misbranded," as used herein, shall apply to all articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the: package or label of which shall bear any statement regarding the ingredients or substances contained in such article, which statement shall be false or misleading in any particular.
ADULTERATIONS AND MISPRANDING.
SEc. 3 That for the purpose of this Act an article shall be: deemed to be adulterated-
In case of confectionery : If it contains terra alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substances or poisonous colors or flavors, or other ingredients, deleterious or detrimental to health.

BULLETIN NO. 41.

405

In case of food 'an article shall be deemed to be adulterated: First. If any substance or substances has or have been mixed <.>r packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its .quality or strength. Second. If any substance or substances has or have been sub.stituted wholly or in part for the article. Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted. Fourth. If it ;::ontain any added poisonous or other ingredient which may render such article injurious to the health of the per.son consuming it. Fifth. If it consists in whole or in part of a filthy, decomposed, or putrid animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an :animal unfit for food, whether manufactured, or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal, or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter. An article of food shall be deemed to be misbranded: First. If it he offered for sale under th~ distinctive name of another article. Second. If it be mixed, colored, powdered, or stained in a manner whereby damage, or inferiority is concealed, so that such -product, when sold or offered for sale, shall deceive or tend to deceive the purchaser. Third. If it be labeled or branded with intent so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, or purport to be a foreign product when 11ot so, or is an imitation, either in package or label, of another substance of a previously established name, or which has been trademarked or patented. Fourth. If the package containing it or its label shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding the ingredients or the substance contained therein, whi ch statement, des ign, or device shall be false or misleading in any particular, or if the same is falsely branded as to the State, Territory, or place in which it is manufactured or produced : Provided, however, that an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases : First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be ;now or from time to time hereafter known as articles of food under their own distinctive names. Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded or tagged so as ;to plainly indicate that they are mixtures, compounds, combinat ions, imitations or blends: Provided, that the same shall be la-

406

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

beled, branded or tagged so as to show the character and constituents thereof: And provided further, that nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods which contain no unwholesome added ingredients to disclose their trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or imitation: Provided further, that no dealer shall be convicted under the provisions of this Act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, jobber, manufacturer or other party from whom he purchased such articles, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this Act, designating it: And provided further, that said guarantor or guarantors reside in the State of Georgia. Said guaranty, to afford protection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the sale of such article to such dealer, and said party or parties shall be amenable to the pt )Secutions, fines and other penalties " hich would attach in duecor~rse to the dealer under the provisions of this Act.
SEc. 6. That the State Department of Agriculture is hereby charged with the duties of inspection and anaiysis required for the proper enforcement of this Act. That the Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby directed to appoint officers; who shall perform all the duties required in the executi on of this Act. That the Commissioner, realizing the responsibilities resting on him for the
protection of the lives and health of the people, shall, in making these appoiritments, be guided by the results of careful and dili- gent inquiry into the character, fitness and reputation for integrity and industry of all the officers whom he may appoint, who may be .in any way entr usted with the execution of this law; that such officers, when appointed, shall hold office during good behavior and attention to duty, and shall not be removed from office except for cause.
SEc. 7 Be it further enacted, That as soon as this Act becomes effective the Commissioner is authorized to appoint a foodinspector for the State of Georgia, wh0 shall receive a salary not to exceed $I,SOO per annum, and actual expenses whi le discharging his duty. His whole time shall be at the disposal of the Commissioner, and his duty shall be to travel about the State as directecl, and take samples of food and feedstuffs, as directed, and forward them to the Department of Agriculture for scientific examination and analysis. The Commissioner is also authorized io appoint, on the passage of this bill, by and with the advice and consent of the State Chemist, two additional chemists. The high-

BULLETIN NO. 41.

407

est salary paid to any assistant chemist shall not exceed $r,soo per annum. He shall also provide a stenographer and porter for the Stat~ Chemist and such stationery and office supplies as may be nece~sary. He may also appoint an additional clerk in his own office, if required ; all of these expenses to be paid out of the funds appropriated for carrying out the provisions of this Act.
SEc. 8. That samples for analysis shall be taken by the duly qual ified and sworn inspector, who shall take samples of such articles as may be directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and in the manner described below; wherever practicable, samples shall be taken in origi nal unbroken packages; such packages shall be wrapped in paper and tied securely, and sealed over the cord with sealing-wax, on which the inspector shall impress hi s official seal. That in case where it is not practicable to send the sample for c.nalysis in an ori gi nal package, as for insta111:~e in the case of syrups or other liquids in barrels or flour in barrels, etc., the inspector shall take a fair sample of the same in the presence of the seller, place i,t in a suitable receptacle, secu rely close and wax it, and impress his official seal upon the wax and forward the same to the Commissioner of Agriculture. In the execution of his duties, the inspector shall have free access at all reasonable hours into any place where it is suspected that impure foods are Leing manufactured, or wherein any article of food or drink adulterated with any deleterious or foreign ingredient exists. In calling for and taking a sample of any goods, the inspector shall tender to the seller the market price asked for the same. SEc. 9 That all manufacturers, dealers, jobbers and manipulators of feedstuffs for domestic animals, stock or cattle, who may desire to sell or offer for sale it} the State of Georgia such feedstuffs, shall first file with the Commissioner of Agricu lture of the State of Georgia upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of Agriculture, the names and brands of the various feedstuffs or mixtures of fe'!dstuffs which they may desire to sell in this State either by themselves or their agents, together with the name and add ress of the ma11ufacturer or manipulator, and also the g uaran-
teed analysis ther2of, in protein and fat, and if -a mixture of different feedstuffs, stating the names of the different ingredients. Before selling or offering for sale in this State such commercial feedstuffs, the manufacturer or seller should brand or attach to each bag, barrel or package thereof, the name and address of the manufacturer, the name or brand of the feedstuff, the net weight of the package in pounds, and the guaranteed analys is of the feedstuff, giving the guarantee of protein and fat in minimum per-

408

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

centage only. These items only shall be branded or printed on the sack or attached to the package in the following order:
1. The number of net pounds in package. 2. The brand name or trademark of the material. 3 The "Guaranteed Analysis." 4 Protein, per cent.
_s. Fat, per cent.
6. Name and address of manufacturer.
If the feeding-stuff be sold in bulk or in packages belonging to the purchaser, a statement covering the above information shall :be furnished by the seller to the buyer. When cottonseed-meal :is offe11ed ior sale as a feedstuff, it must contain not less than :thirt'Y-eight and six-tenths per cent. of protein, unless said meal ibe made from Sea Island seed, when upon application, the Commissioner of Agriculture will fix a standard below which such ,.meal shall not fall. The sale of all mouldy and damaged feed~stuffs is prohibited as feeds, except on full notice in writing to the ;purchaser of the nature and extent of the damage: The feeding.stuffs wh.ich are required to conform with these provisions of the Jaw include: All feeding-st~dfs e.vcept cottonseed-hulls, hays and straws; whole seeds and meals of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian 'com, buckwheat and broomcorn; not mixed with other sub...sta~Lces, but sold sepa1ately, as distinct articles of commerce. Should any of these materials, otherwise exempt, be mixed or ;adulterated with any substance for purpose of sale, the package which contains it, or in which it is offered for sale, must have plainly marked or indicated thereon the true composition of the mixture, or the character of the adulteration.
SEc. IO. Be it further enacted, That all manufacturers and manipulators, or agents representi ng them, who have registered their feedstuffs in compliance with section 9 of this Act, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags, stating that said tax tags are to be usecl upon brands of feedstuffs registered in accordance with thi s Act, and said request shall be accompanied with sum of twenty-five cents per ton as an inspection fee, except in the case of cottonseed-meals, where the present fee of ten cents a ton must be paid, whereupon it shall be theduty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties applying, who shall attach a tag to each bag, barrel or package thereof, which, when attached to said package, shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act. Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturer

BULLETIN NO. 41.

409

shall not be used for another season, and shall not be redeemed

by the Department of Agriculture.

SEc. I 1. That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Ag-

riculture and the State Chemist to fix standards of purity for food

products in accordance with those adopted by the Committee on

F ood Standards, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists of

the United States. Whenever the State Chemist shall find by

analysis that adulterated, misbranded or imitation food products

have been manufactured for sale or put on sale in this State, he

shall forthwith furnish a certificate of analysis to that effect to

the Commissioner of Agriculture, who shall transmit the same

to the State solicitor in the county where said adulterated, mis-

branded or imitation focd product was found. It shall be the

duty of the State solicitor to prosecute au-persons violating any

of the provisions of this Act, as soon as he receives the evidence

transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture.



SEc. I2. Every certificate of analysis duly signed by the State

Chemist of Georgia, and impressed with his official seal, shall be

presumptive evidence of the facts therein stated, and shall be ad-

missible in any of the courts of this State on the trial of any issue

in volving the merits of any adulterated, misbranded or imitation

food product.

SEc. IJ . The State Chemist shall make an annual report to

the Commissioner of,Agriculture on adulterated foods, which re-

port may be included in that now made on commercial fertilizers

and published therewith.

SEc. 14 Any person or corporation violating any of the pro-

visions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and

shall for the first offence be punished by a fine of not less than

twenty-five dollars nor more than two hundred dollars, and all

necessary costs.

SEc. IS. That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have

authority to establish such rules and regulations as shall not be

inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and as in his judg-

ment will best carry out the requi rements thereof. He may ex-

ercise discretion as to the class of products he first subjects to

rigorous inspection and analysis, reali zi ng that the fullest and

most complete execution of this law under a limited appropriation

must be a matter of growth. His first efforts shall be more par-

ticularly directed to fostering young and growing agricultural

industries of the State, as the dairy, beef, fruit and syrup indus-

tries, by suppressing adulteration in butter, cheese, m.ilk, feed-

stuffs, ciders, vinegars and syrups.

410

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SEc. I6. Be it further enacted, That in order to enforce and carry out the provisions of this Act, the sum of ten thou.sand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated and set aside out of the fees arising from the inspection an l analysis of fertilizers, and so much thereof as is necessary is made immediately available.
SEc. I7. No action shall be maintained in any court in this State on account of any sale or other contract made in violation of this Act; provided, this. Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August, I905.
SEc. I8. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws~ in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.

[R p1inted from th e Journal of the American Ch~mical Socie ty, V ul. XXVI. No.~. .A.ugust,l9tu.)
THE TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF SPIRITS OF TURPENTI E, WITH A NEW METHOD FOR THE DETECriO OF PETROLEUM ADULTERATIO S AI D OF WOOD SPIRITS OF TURPE TINE.

Bv ]No. M. McCANDLESS.
R eceivert May 26, 1904.
An Act, passed by the last General Assembly of Georgta, provided for the appointment of an inspector of naval stores for thi . State, forbade the adulteration of pure spirits of turpentine, with petroleum, wood turpentine or other adulterants, and in case of dispute between the party charged with adulteration and the inspector, provides that a properly drawn and sealed sample be sent to th~ State Chemist to decide the issue. In this way it has become my duty to study the existing methods for the analysis of turpentine and the detection of its adulteration. A good review of the previous literature on the subject is given by \i\Torstall in: his interesting article in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 23,302 (I904), and, as stated by him, this literatu r~ is scanty, and the various tests given, including specific gravity, etc., somewhat unsatisfactory. The usual adulterants are, petroleum oil, gasoline, rosin spirits, and recently there has been intro-

BULLETIN NO. 4I.

411

duced another possible adulterant in the turpentine distilled from

pine wood and oldlightwood knots, and stumps, sometimes called

stump turpentine or stump spirits. Realizing the necesity of per-

sonal experience with samples of undoubted purity and previous

history, and being well situated for the purpose of obtaining such

samples, I secured from different sections of the State a number

of samples of genuine turpentine, representing the entire turpen-

tine-producing area of the State, also a number of samples of

wood spirits of turpentine.

As a preliminary test, Dunwoody's 99 per cent. acetic acid test

was tried, but without success in detecting known adu lterations.

The following figures for iodine absorpti on, specific gravity and

flash test were next obtained. The iodine absoq)tion determina-

tion were carried out precisely in the manner prescribed by W or-

stall,l weighing carefully about o. I gram of each sample into

glass-stopp.ered flac:ks, using 40 cc. of Hiibl solution, and allO\\-

ing the acti on to proceed for eighteen hours in the clark, conduct-

ing careful blank3 at th e same time. F lash tests were made in

the E lliott clo eel cup in the manner prescribed fo r the test of il-

luminating oils in Georgia.

N Ltture or sample .

__ ___ Spec ific Io~ dine _n_.n_ mbers.

grav ty at

15.5 l).

(1 )

t2)

Fln~h p0i1 1t .
OF

Pure spirits of turpe ntine, \Vare Co., Ga . 0.868 383

''

"

Calhoun Co. Ga . 0.86'i3 388

ilS8

"" "

" Decatur Co. , Ga. 0. 8595 380

375

" "

'' (yellow), Tel -

fair Co ., Ga . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. .. .. . 0.8927 371

85

Pu re spirits of turpent:ne, Wilcox Co., Ga . 0.8n 5 380

89

''

"

'' Emanuel Co.,

Ga. ...... .. . .. . . ... .... . . .. . .. ... . . .. 0.8658 397

Pure spiri ts of turpentine, Brooks Co .. Ga. 0.872 384

"

" 1\larianna, Fla ..

36-l

87

"

"

Savannah , Ga .. . O.!l655 ll!:l-!.9

1\Iixture , 96 per cent. of above and 4 per

cent. ke rose ne .. . . ............... . .. . .. .

383

Adulterated sampl e from city . . . .. . .. . . 0.8WJ 373

83

"

"

" inspec to r R No . 1 0.864 364

373

87

"

" " " 2 0.8565 356

88

"

,,

" ,, " 3 0.8665 390.7

89

Wood spirits fr om Mobil e . . . .. . .. ... ... . . 0.8625 :!82

''

" Ci ty f3 to re . . ~ . . : . ... .. 0.8 8 352

'' " Cordele ...... ...... . . 0.8605 351 .9

" " Waycross, steam pro-

cess (H) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8725 33l

Wood spirits, Waycro>s, steam process (R) 0. 8803 293

412

GEORGIA. DEPARTMENT O:F AGRICUL1'URE.

Allen gives the specific gravity of genuine oil as ranging from o.864 to 0.870; as is evident from an inspection of the above table, adulteration may exist and the specific gravity give no indication of it. Likewise with the flash tests; samples afterwards shown to be adulterated flashed at as high a temperature as the genuine oil. Doubtless spirits adulterated with gasoline or with kerosene, flashing at et. lower point than that permitted by the Georgia law ( I00 F. in the Elliott cup), would respond to this test. Although I had hoped for much more decisive evidence from the iodine absorption, it becomes evident from the variations in the figures for undoubtedly genuine oil, that the process can not be relied on for detecting small percentages of adulteratlon with petroleum.
Turning next to the methods of Armstrong, as given by Allen . in "Commercial Organic Analysis," second edition, Vol. II, I found the first method of distillation in a current of steam unsatisfactory and leaving the mind in doubt in case of small percentages of adulteration. I found this method for .detection of petroleum naphtha, by polymerization with s11lphuric acid followed by steam distillation, better, even for kerosene, but time-consuming and tedious, and permitting adulterations of 5 per cent. and under, o.f kerosene, to escape detection. I had no difficulty in detecting roper cent. adulteration by this method, but in the case of a 4 per cent. mixture I failed utterly to discover it. In this latter case the final volume of the distillate amounted to just 4 per cent., or entirely withi n the limits for genuine oil, as given by Allen for pure spirits in his description of the method. Moreover, the final product could not be positively identified, as the process had destroyed the characteristic fluorescence of the petroleum, eveiJ when dissolved in ether. At this point it occurred to me to test the refractive index of the oils resulting from the steam distillation and polymerization. Obtaining important results from this procedure, after much labor and experiment the following comparatively easy and rapid method of detecting petroleum was worked out :
Transfer roo cc. of the oil to a 6oo cc. flask, preferably of Jena
glass, add 50 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid from a graduate, a few cubic centimeters at a time, agitating the acid thoroughly with the oi l and cooling in a current or basin of water, if the action is very violent, between each addition of acid. \?\Then all the acid has been added a11d there is no further rise of tempera-
ture on repeated agitah::m, add 25 cc. of water to the flask, con-
:nect the flask by means of a double-bored cork and a suitable

llULLETIN NO. 4!.

413-

bulb-tube with a. Liebig condenser and also a large flask contain-

ing water. A current of live steam is now sent through the

mixed oils and acid in the flask at such a rate as not to project

any of the clark oils into the bulb-tube intervening between the

flask and condenser. Distil until the volume of distillate (mixed.

water and oil) reaches roo cc., now separate the oil from the

water and test with a few drops the refractive index, then meas-

ure the oil approximately, transfer to a small dry flask of so cc.

capacity, glass-stoppered, and add as much fuming sulphuric acid

as there was of oil; agitate violently, removing the stopper oc-

casionally for the escape of sulphur gases. Pour the resulting-

mixture into cold water, separate the oil which floats, transfer it

tv a distilling flask and repeat the distillation in a current of

steam. Distil to a volume of roo cc., separate the oil from the

water as before, take the refractive index, then polymerize the

resulting oil for the third time with at least an equal volume or

better, twice its volume, of fuming sulphuric acid. The resulting

mixture is again poured into cold water, the oil separated and

washed with cold water, its volume noted and the refrac(ive index

again taken. The instrument used in taking the refractive indices

was the "Zeiss butyro-refractometer," provided with a centesimal

scale, ranging from N D 1.42 to L49 For the sake of conven-

ience and greater distinctiveness the results given below are ex-

pressed in terms of the centesimal scale of the butyro-refractom-

eter. These may be translated into corresponding refractive in-

dices by means of the table given on page 342, volume III, of

Wiley's "Principles and Practice of Agricultural Analysis." Alt

readings were made at a temperature of 2 5 C. and by sodium. light.

Ntureofeampl e.
Calhoun Co., turpentine

Oil !rom Oil f om Oil !rom l'lt poly- ~n" poly- 3rct po ly Final vol n1erizat1on. m e rizn.uon. mrrtr.a tiou. cc.

. 79 5S

43.5

1.l

Decatur Co.,

"

. H

48

32 .0

1.2

Savannah purespirits ..

. 82

5~

350

0.7

Pure spirits with l per cent. kerosene . . 72 43

25.0

1.4

" " " 2 ,, "

"

. 65

39

21.0

2.2

" ,, 4 " "

" 5'1

34

18.0

2.7

Adulterated samples frominspectorR, No.1 49 17

13.0

3.5

"

" " 2 70

45

20.0

2.1

"

"

"

" " " 3 71

43

22.0

2.0

5 cc. of pure kerosene .

. . 18

12.0

2.9

Wood spirit, Cordele . . . . . . . . 80 66

43.0

2.0

" " crud6 . . . . . . . . . . 79 64

31.0

1.7

'' " steam process . . . .

. 69

45

30.0

1.8

" Mobile . . . . . . 78

64

3i.O

2.0

414

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

In no case was I able to reduce the reading below 30 with genuine turpentines or wood spirits, but with adulterated spirits, containing even as little as I per cent. of kerosene, the reading fell as low as 25 on the third polymerization, and could be slowly reduced to 22 by continued treatment with fuming acid; the greater the percentage of adulteration the lower in the scale would the reading fall.
I.have not succeeded yet in making the method quantitative, though the chemist would run but little risk in certifying the final volume to be the minimum percentage of petroleum, when the refractometer reading is as lovy as 22 . Adulteration with naphtha or kerosene with low flash-point would show still lower readings than those obtained above. The kerosene sold in this State flashes at or above I00 F. in the Elliott cup; it is, therefore, to be expected that adulteratioon with kerosene of a lower flash-point would show a somewhat low:er -reading. Adulteration with rosin spirits may be shown by the Lieberman-Storch test.
Adulteration with wood spirits is unlikely, since there is but little difference in price between wood and genuine spirits. The crude wood spirits may .be known by its odor, but with a highly refined article it would be different. Adulteration of this kind may be detected as follows: Kerosene or naphtha having been proved to be absent by tl1e above process of polymerization, a distillation is carried out on 100 cc. of the sample in a flask made precisely acording to the specifications of Engler for the distillation of illuminating oil.
The flame used .must be small, the thermometer rise very slowly, and the first 0.5 cc. of distillate collected by itself, drop by drop, ati.d the refractive index taken at 2 5 C. In the case of no genuine oil wi ll this fall below 6o, being usually 6I to 63. Several samples of wood spirits show readings as low as 59, 58 .and even 57 When the wood spirits do not show a low initial reading, they nearly always show a high reading on the final portion of the distillate. I have adopted the 97th and 98th cc. of the distillate as being in practice the most convenient to collect separately for the purpose of taking the final refractive index. In the_case of genuine spirits this reading will not exceed 77, usually much less, but with wood spirits will (especially if the initial reading be high) exceed 77 and may even reach 90. A further distinction between genuine and wood spirits may be observed during this distillation; in nearly all genuine spirits 95 per cent. will have distilled over by the time the temperature

BULLETIN NO. 41.

415

reaches 165 C.. whereas, with wood spirits, when 95 per cent, have come over, the thermometer is much hi gher than 165 . It i:; possible that the methods described above may, with modifications, be applied to the detection of turpentine in the more costly e~sential oils. I ha;re to thank Messrs. vVilliams and Burton, of this laboratory, for their indispensable aiel and valuable sugges-
tions during the 1nogress of the work.

TABLES OF ANALYSES
OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
FOR
SEASON OF 1903-1904.
~7 a b

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Seascn of 1903-1904.

-
00

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

"~'0::1.=.~.:,. ..
-=~ ~
~~c.
:"s ."Eo''"""'' z "

.,

..: .8
E
s..~... z"
..8
">-1

F'ert iliz r r In gredi ents A. ctualll(;r,~.~~~t.by State

4>~
- .=,=.~ ~ro~...

.;
""~'

..:,
.9

".'.(. =:>:

z

0 0..

Fertilizer lngredients Claimed by
Manufacturer s.

_! ~
,J:J 0
~.g~ ~ ~<
<..0c..

".,
to
0
z!l

..c !"l'
0
0..

I ~~ 0 ~g.;

I

cet-.::-
o ...,.,~ ::.: .=~..

I H~ e-< ""'

., .
-."."..
>:S
~~
til"O EE."'
c0p":

C'J 1'1
0::a
C'J
> H

A. D. Adair &; McCarty Adair's H . G. Blood and Bone ...... _.. X 5t 620 10 68 2 .48 3 .16 10

Bros., Atlanta, Ga.

."".

Soluble Pacific Guano .. Ammoniated Dissolved

.. . . .. Bone .

. ..

G w

52 2 Li 11.80 1.67 2 10 180 ll 50 8 .815 1.78 2 .38 8

Bl ood and Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . FF 24 557 11 23 1 66 1 .28 9

2 .47 3 1. 65 2 1.65 2
1.65 1

$20 40 $19 17 48 16 16 24 14 16 46 14

t1
1'1
:>'1::a1
~

McCarty's H. G. Cotton Grower ... . . . .. G 28 101 11 .315 1 .70 2 .41 10 1.65 2

17 63 16

IS:

"
"

Cotton Special. . . .. . . . .. . . . . I Soluble Bone . .... . .... . .. . .. M

4971

4625~0

11 10

10 90

.91 3 . 14 10 .94 1 .61 10

"

Fruit Special .... .. . . ..... . ..- A 1.'\7 9W 12 13 1.15 2

10

.82 3 .82 l .82 3

liS 48 14 14 liS 12 liS 97 14

z1'1
~

David Harum Ex . H. G . .. .. . . . ...... G lfl5 1::!47 10 95 3 .14 4 Adair's Formula. . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . G 53 215 11 .015 . ... . . 2

10 3 .30 4 10 . .. . 2

23 47 23 11 48 10

0
~

Adair's Special Potash Mixture ....... . . G 107: 467 8 .93 . .... 4 .41 s . . . . 4

12 15 11

>

'

c H . G. Potash Compound. . . .... . .. . ... R

"

" Compound. .. ..... . . . .. ..

.. A. & M. 13-4.. . . ....... .. .... . ..

Ad,,air's

H

.

G.

Dis. Dis.

Bone ....... Bone .. . . . ..

..... ... . .. .. ... . .. . ....

G w
G

" Dissolved Bone... ... . .... . .... A

103 1240 10 58 ...... 4 25 10

11 2 6S l 10 .78 . .. . 6 33 10

55 216 13 .73

4.25 18

175 1149 16 .30 .. . .. . . . . . 16

51 213 15 .58

14

51 565 13.68 . . . . .

12

. ... 4 .... 6 . ... 4
.. . . . .. .

13 08 12 14 98 14 liS 13 14 5 13 19 13 0

C::a'J
H ()
c:::
t"

. . ... . 12 72 11 0 . .. . . . 11 49 10 0

~
:c::a::

Manure Salts. ... . . . .. . ...... ... . ... . .. . DO 64 85 1

21 10 . . ... . . . 20

17 93 17 00 !'i

Armour Fertilizer Works, King Cotton .. .. . . .... . . .. . ...... ..... Z

Atlanta, Ga.

Ammoniated Dis, Bone and Potash . . . . . J

58 1134 8 50 1 .85 2 .31 8

12 14ii 12 .33 1.70 2

10

11..66551 22

16 18 14 4 17 91 16 4

Blood, Bone and Potash . . . ............ . 0 40 473 10 .05 4 .93 6 28 9 4 . 12 7

30 73 27 9

African Cotton Grower. . ... . . .. . . . ..... 0 45 430 10 20 2 .47 4 . 08 9 2.471 3

20 84 19 4

Superphosphate with Nitrogen and Pot-

a8h, No.1 . ..... . .. . .. ... . ... ... . P 38 292 11 75 1 .06 1.315 10

.821 1

14 88 12 5

Supuphosphate with Nitrogen and Pot-

ash, No. ? . ............... .. . . . ....... Z *9 113511 .23 .97 3 .3i 10

.8~ 3

15 94 14 {)

Sunrise Standard ... . ......... ..... w

" ''

s High Grade . . . . . . . . ... . .... . : . [
Special. . .... . . . ......... . ... . .

187 1151 8 .70 1 .881 2 01 8 38 461 12 . 18 1 .65 2 .02 10 120 978 10.18 1.07 2 . 30 9

1 1. 65 2 1. 65 2 .8:. 2

I 16 15 14 94 17 6 7 16 24 14 69 l i 1!5

Cotton Special . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . A. 230 90b 10 55 1 .81 2 .14 10 1. 6[> 2

17 24 16 24

" Special Potash Mixture . . . . . . t<.:E 29 5l:l 10.13 1 .74 3

9 1 .65 3

17 47 16 44

Armour's Cotton Producer Shield Brand y 117 71:.:! 12 .05 1 .65 3 .58 10 1.65 3

l ei 91 17 09

Armour's Wh ite Cloud . . . ... .... . ..... . JJ 88 1409 8 .50 1 .96 2 . 10 !i 1.65 ::!

16 37 14 94

Helmet H igh Grade. ... . ... . .... .. . G No . 8~:.! .. . . .. . . ................ . . . .. H
z No. 825 . ... . . . ... .. . ... .. . . .. . .. . . .. . z No . 8~6 . .. . . ... . ......... . . . .... . .....

97 463 11 65 1 .77 2 06 1U

11:-- 655 9 .48 1 65 2 .24 8

16 I 4!~ 8.80 1 .90 2

!i

11 4 19 8 .78 2 57 7 .28 8

l.ti[J 2 1 .65 2 1. 65 2 2.4i ti

17 76 16 24 16 10 14 94
16 29 14 94 22 97 21 05

No . No.

li;,3 933

.. .

.... . . . .. . . .

. . . . .... ... ... . .... . ... . . .. . ...... . . . .. . . .......

l:i
v

z No. 8.57 . ... ....... .. . . .... . . . . .. .... y
No. 814 .. . .. . ....... . ....... .. . . . .. ..

11 6 1055 8 .88 4 .28 3 . 15 !)

25 7i6 10 .5;j 2 .71 3 . 15 \)

30 441 10

3 . 1>1 5 .88 8

14 420 8 . 75 1 . 14 4

8

4 . 1:: 3 2.47 3 -!. 1 ~ 7
.!52 4

25 17 23 94 21 05 19 14 25 68 26 95 15 44 13 90

No. 921 . . .. .. ... ..... .. ......... .. .... . UD 87 !)59 9 .20 1 .65 1 . 79 \J

No. 282 .. . ... . .. .. ... . ....... .. .. .. . . .. G

7 80 11 .35 2 . 12 2 .22 8

No. 285 .. . . .. ..... .. .. .... . .... . . .... X 5 441:! 9 .78 1.65 5 . 1fl 8

l.ti 1 1. 65 2 I . tib 5

15 54 14 74 18 84 14 \J4

cIl::l
t"'

18 76 17 49 t"'

No. 386 .. . .................... . .. . ... . H 33 1:!6 9.88 2 .46 5 .21 8 No. 583 .... . . . ... . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. . Z 9:l 1077 9 . 73 4 .12 2 .56 8 Benton' s Red Rooster . . .. . .. . . . . . . .... M.\1 HI 8:i0 9 .83 1 .91 3 .29 9

2.47 6 4 . 12 3 i.ti5 :l

21 56 21 05 24 68 23 94 18 08 16 44

t>i
z>...-.i.

Truitt's Champion Guano . . . . . . . . . . . [

::iuperphospha te and Potash . .. ... .. . . p

"

" Potash . . . . ... . . .. G

" Potash ....... . . . . [{

88 \JS:l 11 .05 1 26 2 .42 1U

9 ~79 10 .73 . . . . .. 2 .34 10

\J:S 1:.!11 10 68 .. . ... 4 .38 lU

10 356 9 .40 . .... 4

8

1. 6, 2

.... 2

.. .... .

4 4

15 98 11 56

16 10

s2o4

z
9

13 26 12 50

12 11 ll 20 4>-

" Potash . .. . . . . .. . L 132 999 13 .28

4 .84 l :l .. . 4

15 34 14 45 !""'

"

" Potash . . . ....... .. GG 25 59li 16 . . . . .. 4 .21 16

" Potash . . ........ I

21 454 13 . 18 . .. .. 4.57 li

4
. .. . 4

16 58 16 40 15 04 13 80

Star Alkaline Bone .. . ..... .. .... . .. .. . 00 126 1373 9 .38 .. . . 3 .66 10

"

" Bone .. . . ... . .. . ........ . G 9ti 462 8 .65

4.42 8

2
... 4

11 80 10 80 11 97 11 40

.Sunrise " Bone ..... . ..... . ... . ..... 00 97 1371 10

.... . 2

"

" Bone . ... . .. ... ...... ... . . p 37 29 1 10 .35 ..... 4

lO . . .. i 10 . .. 4

10 80 10 80 12 72 12 50

"

" Bone . .. . .. . ... . . ... . . ... . DD

Star Phosphate . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y

Sunrise Dissolved Bone ..... ... . . . . . ..... 00

Armou r's i::luperphosphate . ... . ... .. ... . R

I "' '

Super Super

phosphate phosphate

. .

........ ... .. . ..

. .. .. .

. ..

IoG

- " Superphosphate .... .......... G

86 851.' 14 .48

4 . 14 13

19 -!:!8 15 .90 ...... . . . . . . 14

96 8

137U 355

14 .90 12 .83

.

.-.. ..

. . . . . 14
1~

125 479,17 .40 ,.. . . . . . ... . . 16

461 431 13 .98 .... . . ...... ,1 3

130 48114 .03 . ..... . ..... 14

... 4

15 53 14 45

... . ... .

...... .

12 93 11 70 12 28 11 70

, . . . . . ...

: .

. .

. .

.

........

... . ... .

10 94 10 40
13 91 1:! 00 11 65 11 05 11 72 11 70

.;:...
q;,

Analysis of Comm :rcial Ferti'izers for Season of 1903-1904.

~ ~

0

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
Armour Fertilizer Works,

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REJ!S L..:. ::D.

~
-"~'
'....,8r.i.,..~.,, ~~0.
~1: ~ - E""
z "

.,8.:

1

t'er ti li z.er lnrrrccll ents Actuall y t'o unu by State

E

Ch em i st.

"~z
B..
_g I. .."..!

.. -" - ~~0
~~.;
~]~ 0..

.";".:"
z

..;
.."5..'

Fertilizer lngre.. dients Claimed by
Manufacturers.

~ -~ .I " 2) 0

I

!;l;,..c :-2

be

..c,

;- O~.<U

z 0

!!

<>.l.cl:.:

"' z-

0

."'
1-=>-- a"g..;

.,. ""->.;.:;c~~I!

';r.:
".~E..~.!.:.-;.g..
e<

"-.E; .>o .B!
"~E].!"!
o as

~
M
0::a

~ (...)..
>

Atlanta, Ga .-Cont'd . !Trui tt's H. G . Acid Phosphate ........ . I

84 !181 10 .53 . ..... 2

10

2 I $11 14 $10 80 t::1

" Acid and Potash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

83 980 10 40 .. . . '. 4

10

" Acid and Potash . ..... . . .. . I 85 982 13 .70

3.38 13

Armour's Raw Bone Meal . .. .. . ....... . 0 0 Hi 11 21 26*410 3 .56 . . . . 22 .

4

12 75 12 50 !TI

4

14 37 14 45 24 51 ..... .

'"c:l
:>:a

Alabama

Chemical

Nitrate of Soda....... . ... . .. . . . ....... . F 100 1155 .. .... 15 .88 . ......... . 14 50 .. . Kainit ...... . . . .................... 0 44 429 . . . . . ... 12 .74 ..... . . . . 12 Cotton f:et> d Meal. ... . . ..... . ......... NN 41 1217 ...... 5 . 56 . .. .. . . .. . .. 6 .18 ... . Co .,!Loyd's Excelsior Guano .. . . ..... . . . . .. AA l'i 537 10 15 1 31 2 43 10 1 2

52 40 48 75

10 82 10 20

2u1s

62 57

23 67 14 10

o--i ~
zr.t
o--i

Montgomery, Ala.

Libf'rty Bell Guano ..... . ......... . . ... F 1ti 106 9 6b 1 . 65 2 .05 8 1-ieorgia A1 Guan o ......... . .... . .. .. R 171 923 8 . 68 1 90 2 . 57 8

1.65 2 165 ~

16 07 14 94 16 69 14 94

0
"')

Rex Btne C'ompound . . . . . . . . . . . . F H. G. lo-4 Pota sh Acid. . . . .. .. . . . F

2' 11510 .03 . . . 2.25 10

68 1105 12 .18 . . . ... 4

10

I :,!
4

11 03 10 80 13 91 12 50

>
()

S. C. Acid Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... F Rt>x Dissolved Bone . .. . .. ... ......... . F

(;4 110413 58 ....... . 12 ti9 JIO!\ 15 .25 .... . . . . . 14

11 42 10 40 12 51 ll 70

:..:.a..
()

Atlanta Oil and Fertz. Co., S usquehanna Ex H . G. G uano . . . .. ... . G 29 12i 14 .08 2 .49 2 .58 10 2 .4/ 3

22 15 19 80 ~

Atlanta, Ga.

!Uap itola H . G. Guano .... . ..... . . ... DD " ~tandard Gu ano . . . . . . .. . .. . MM
Bf'ef, Blood and Bone 1\lixture..... . . i Gi l t Edge H. G. Guano ... . .... . ....... G

:::8 1408 11 .85 70 141010.75 ti5 783 11 25 15 87 10 68

2 .18 1 .32 1. 02 2 .22

1 . 64 10 1.54 8 1 .78 9 3 . 58 10

1 .65 ::! 1.65 2
.8:! 2 1.65 2

18 88 16 24 15 24 14 94

t'
eo--i

14 78 12 85 ::a

19 90 16 24 !'1

" " Standard Guar o . .. . .... . .. DD lil 140710 65 1 .65 1 .66 8 1.65 2

16 87 14 94

" '' Cotton Grower .. . .... . . . ... MM 172 11 58 10.75 1.65 2

10

. 8::! 1

16 72 12 65

Floyd's H. G. Blood Gu ano.. ... ... . .. . G 27ti 1201 10

1 .89 2

10 1.65 2

17 03 16 24

"

" Meal Guano . .. .... . . ... . B 5~ 111612 .18 1 .75 2 18 10 1.65 2

18 13 16 ~4

Bruce's Big Bow l Gnano . . . ....... .. .. S 18 ' 1405 9 .50 1 .99 1 .46 8 1.65 ~

16 60 14 !H

"

" '' Guano . . . . . . . ...... .DD 4.J 84:: 12 20 1 65 2

10 1.113!) 2

17 67 16 24

--=:-:-;-;::;-7"""-:--:-:-:---J B uckt>ye Special. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MM IOil 933 12 . 15 1 .01 3 68 10

.82 3

16 94 14 35

"Total Phosphoric Acid.

Law-Hawkins High Grade. . ..... . .... . . G 16 88 10 . 30 2 .31 3 .88 10 1.65 2

20 20 16 24

Ashepoo Ferti li zer Co., Charleston, ::L U.

Hays' H. G. Gu ano ...... .... .. .. ..... G 272 1206 10 1 .78 2 .36 10
Braselton Bros. Farm e rs Club ... . ... . . UD I U 1356 12.03 1 . 69 2.26 lL Jewell ' s Standard <iuano .. . .. .. . . .... (i 278 1 ~Ub 9 .25 2.12 2.34 8

1.65 2
1. 65 2 1.6:J 2

16 97 16 24
. 17 91 16 89 17 59 14 94

C.

" Blood and Bone . ........ . .... . " S laughter House <i uano . .....
P. Lively & Son' s H. <i. G uano . ... ..

LJD DD !JD

Susq uehanna Ex. H. G. !Jis. Bone & Put. uG

58 57
U:n!!

8-!7 10 .90 84u 10 .58 11 7I 10 .95 51}11 14

.94 1 .45 1 .65

1 .36 1.54 2 4 .11

9 8
IU
13

uilt Edge D issolved Bone and Potash .. M.Nl lOo 1411 9 .28

3 .54 8

Gap i tola Dissolved Bone and Potash ... . 00 lUI 14~i 10 .93

2 .04 10

Red Uros::1 Dissolved Bone and Potash . . QQ 8 12tH 11 .95

2 .51 10

Capitola Acid Phosphate .. . ......... ... G 11 Iii; 14 .38 ...... .. . . 12

Atlanta H . G. Acid Phosphate . . ...... . . .Vl 33 5b4 15 .08

14

.82 2

13 93 12 85

1.65 2

15 56 14. 94

l. 6b 2

16 -85 16 24

.. . . 4 ' 15 19 14 45

... 4

11 64 ll :!0

. . .. 2

11 43 10 so

... 4

13 38 1:l 50

. .. . .. ' 11 94 10 40

. .. . . . . . 12 40 ll 70

IAshepoo H. G. .l:t'e r t ilize r . . .... . ....... HH 40 ti8\J 11.25 1 .9 2 2 .66 10

B lood and Dissolved Bone .. ::l 14~ 11 8b 10 .95 1.10 1 .48 IU

" bray Land Gua no ... ........ . AA 2 535 10 .55 1 .9 3 2 37 8

Eutaw H G . Golden Fertilizer ....... . . B 45 111 4 11

1 . 7b 2 .38 10

" .Blood and Bone Guano. . . . . . . . H. 258 1~8ti !0 .6 5 2 .0:1 1 58 9

H . B. S. & Co.'s Blood, Bone and Potash

a .0B~S.0&n~o.i~

St~r;d~~d.

B -

~~ G u~~ ~-.

.

DD l>D

6 41}U 11 .88 1 .2 0 1.33 JO b .oi!:ill 10 . 35 1 .9 b 2 ii b 8

Willingham's Boss Guano ..... ... . .. . . . K H. t.:r .l:Sateman's Special Guan o.. . . .. . . . 1:<.

52 1li6

8:!o 11 . 10 llM 10.75

1 83 3 '.3ti

1 .33 0

:o9

1.6.) 2 .8~ 1
l.ti.i 2
l.ti5 :l l.ti~ 1
.8'.! 1 l.tib 2 J .05 J i!.:lli 6

18 50 1ti 24

14 60 l:l ti5 t:d 17 82 14. 94 ~

17 64 16 24 17 56 14 74
15 57 12 65

!"' !"'
i.z.'..1....

z 17 7 5 14 114

16 97 14 74 :.lo 76 25 05

$:>

l:i. G. Harper's Choice Uommassee Blood and

J<'ertilizer . .. . .. Dissolved Bone . .

H. y

Ashepoo H. G. ~Super . Ac.d Phosphate .. H

201
lU-)

1280 11.26 708 10 .8J

3 .2 11 .05

4.
a Ob

lU
~

177 1051 12 . 15 .. ... . 4 .61 LU

3 . ~9 4 . 8 ~ <I 4

24 16 23 i!5 15 72 13 70

*:"-''

14 41 12 50

s Standard Golden Harvest Pot-

ash Acid Phosphate.. ..... Eutaw Standard Acid Phos.

. ........ and Potash

w

En oree Ac td Phosphate .. ... .. ...... . ... \J

141 1187 11 .48 . ..... 2 . 0~ 10

5Fi 75

738 11 . 65 1395 11 .48

........ ..

2 .46 2.17

10 10

.. ....

2 2

... 2

11 7i 10 80 12 2 6 10 80
11 90 10 80

Bron wood Acid P hosphate . . .... . . . ..... () H . G. Batemau's Special Acid & Potash R Ashepoo H. G. Acid Phosphate . . ....... . L

109 680 9 .43

4

8

199 1278 12 .43 .. ... 4 .53 10

27 26~ 15.90

.. ... . 14

....
. ..
. '

4 -1

1~ 13 11 20 14 53 12 50 12 93 11 70

Eutaw Standa rd XXX Acid Phosphate .. HH H . G. Bateman 's Acid Phosphate... . .. R Muriate of Potash .... . .... ... ..... ... . H Nitrate of Soda. ... . ... .......... . .. .. .. Lt
German Kainit .. . .... . , .......... ..... . L

5
20 ~
178 205 25

61!0 13 .40

l:l79 16 . 18

105:l 128 1
211

.. ....
..... . ... ..

... .
16 .60
. .... .

62 .96 .... ..
12 .77

13 H . .. ...
......

....
. ...
14 .81
....

45 ....
12

11 31 11 05 13 11 11 70
45 01 38 25 51 48 48 87 10 86 10 20

~ .~ ..

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1903- 1904.

.~ ,

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF LU:.:;l N ESS.

N AME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

.
."!l
.":8r:i~g
;".:.;;."E8".":;'

z "

Adrian Guano Co., Adrian ,,James Pride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CC 33

Ga.

Honor B ri ght . . . . .. . .... ... .... . ....... CC 36

Nonesuch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . CC 35

,; Fertilizer In gredi ents

r.8e "
~

Actually t'ound by State

Chemi st.

G;~

.!

=:g~.a c.;s
cSZ<

~
lQ:

-~=
..,;I

<E:;... :>

-
z

0
:...

8:~t 11 . 10 1 .ss 3.56 834 10 . 10 1 .90 2 . 59 833 9 .80 1 .08 3 .30

I Fertilizer lnc-re-

~-

dients Claimed by ;; C: ,;,

Manufacturers.

~ 5;;

~ g
c; "'
>~ ~

Q)~

l ~~.; ~E~

g . I ~~-d ::~::rpn.<o,...~

z <>C0:

.-iJ

~ ~~CIS

I 9 1.65 3

~=E ~.c;.:. ~~..,.
oot: Q

8Eet."'Si'

~
'H

6

$19 03 $16 44

8 1.65 2

17 63 14 94

8

.821 3

15 33 13 05

C)
l'1 0 :<:!
C)
>
tJ l'1

Wiregrass Potash Mixture . . . . ......... CC Alabama Cotton Oil Co.,
Demopolis, Ala .... . .. .. Cotton Seed Meal . ... . . . .. ... . . ....... I Alabama Cotton Oil Co .,

34 832 10 .80 .. ... 4 47 779 . .... . 6 20

8

4

11 721 11 20 >'1:1

6 .18, . ..

23 73 1 23 67

:.>.;.:.1,
~

Huntsville, Ala. . . ... . ... Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G

Selma, A Ia . . . . . . . . . . I 'otton Seed Meal .. . .. .... . . ... . .. ... . . 00

Americns Oil Co , Ameri-

cus, Ga ... .. . .. .. .. .. . Cutton Seed Meal ...... .. . .. ........ . F

Abbeville Cotton Oil Co.,

I U

Abbeville, Ga . . .... . . Cotton SePd Meal .. . .. .. . .. . . .. .... . ( FF

Arnold & Co., Elberton , Ga. Standard Guano . . . . .. . . . ..... . . ..... S

D. C. Alford & Co., Hart- Peerless Standard Guano . .... . ... . . .... S

well, Ga.

LandRake. . .. .. .... .. .. . ...... .. ..... B

The Anderson Co ., Com

merce, Ga. . . . . . . . . . . Anderson High Grade . . . . . . . . . ... . . B

Atlanta Fert and Imp. Co PlantPrs' XXXX H . G. Blood and Bone G

Atlanta. Ga .

E . & C. Special for Truck Farmers.. .. .. G

Andrew, Glenn & Co ., Carl-

~z1 9~1 .. .. 16.18 26 1122 .. .. . 6.56

.!~I ~~6.

6 .22 5 .48

95

5 .78

9 3261 9.35 1 .79 2 . 10 9 33 574 9 .70 1 . 26 3 . 16 9

89 1304 13 .70 1 . 15 2.10 9

lO3B411147112i1l1l1 .42581 11 .8814'1 22 ..715511100 109 47i 9 .98 2 .79 4 . 16 9

60..11881 .. .. ..

23 67,23 67 24 91 23 67

l'1
.~...,

6.1 ~ .. .

23 80 23 67

0 "i

. . . . ..

21 36 23 67 22 35 23 67

>
C)

1. 65 1.51 .85 2

16 35 15 16 15 73 12 88

:.<..:.!
(')

.85 2

17 07 12 88 C! t...".,

1 .65 2

18 46 16 24 C!

1.65 2 2.4S 4

17 70 16 24 :>;:1
21 81 20 03 !'i

ton, Ga ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pride of \arl ton.. . .. .. . .... .. .. . . . . . S

A., G. & Co.'s Acid Phosphate . . . ...... 8

Albany Warehouse Co., AI-



G~ fl6R,10 .701 1 89' 2 .21 8

71 970 10 58 .... I 4

8

1.65 2 4

17 66 u 94
12 87 11 20

bany, Ga .. ............ . . A. W. Co.'s Acid and Potash . . . . . . . . . . L 105 993112 . 33 ,.... " 2.361 10 Atlantic Chemical Co.. The.

2

12 61 10 80

Norfolk. Va.. Tarboro,

N. C., Columbia, S. 0.,1Atlantic H. G. Ammoniated Guano . . . . IT

6 413111 . 701 1.651 2 .301 10 1.()51 2

17 591 16 24

Macon, Ga ..... . . . . . . .

" Soluble G uano .. .. ... . ........ DD 28 497 8 .75 1 .95 2 . 11 s 1.65 2

16 50 14 94

Allison & Cannon, Lavonia,

Ga... ...... ....... . . . . .. . A. & C.'s Cotton Fertilizer .. ... . .. ..... S 39 578 9 65 1 .71 2 .29 8 1.65 2

16 45 14 94

Baugh & Sor.s Co. , Balti Animal Bone and Potash .............. F

more, Md .

Baugh's Corn Fertilizer ...... . .... .. . . . Y

Special Potato Manure .... .. . . Z

53 303 8 .55 1 . 73 2.34 8 68 697 9. 83 1 . 12 4 . 12 8 60 f07:l 9. 08 2 .02 8. 15 5

1.65 2 .8:! 4
l. 65 LO

15 84 14. 94 16 18 13 90 22 08 19 79

" General Crop Growe r .. . . . ... . . BB 4 5::!5 11 .33 1 . 12 1 .45 10

.82 1

" H . G. Vegetable Guano ... . . .. V 48 9-17 8

4 . 18 7.17 6 4 . 1:.! 7

14 88 1!! 65 27 68 26 04

"

Potato Guano .. . .... . .. . BB 3 5:.!4 7 . 15 4 . 12 7 .28 6

" Special Man ure !or Melons . .. . BB 2 52::l 10 . 95 2 .99 4.02 10

H . G. Cotton and T ruck Guano ... . . . ... H 152 660 11 . 18 1 . 78 3 .05 10

4 .1::! 7 3 .3 4 l.65 2

27 02 26 04 22 98 23 38 18 32 16 24

Genuine Lobos Peruvian Guano . ... ... C 79 407 25*65 2 .79 3 .80 *24 3 3 .50 21 46 ... . . .

"

" l'eruvianGuano . . .. ... . Y 14 108::J 26t50 2 .82 3.26 *:!4 3 3.50 21 17 . .... .

"

" Per u vian Guano .. ..... N 17 176 26:j:.l0 2 .81 2 .82 >'24 3 3 .50 21 60 ... . . .

Baugh's 10-4 Mixture ..... . ....... .. , .. K 83 91 b 11 .20 . . . . . . 4 .22 10

4

" Raw.BoneMeal ...... . . ... H. 39 12::l8 21 .60 8 .72 .. .. . . 21 3 .70

Pure Dissolved Animal Bone . . H 183 1053 16 .38 2 .30 ...... 13 2.06

16% Acid Phospha te . ..... .. .. H 256 11 65 16 68 . . . . . . . . . . 16

" H.G.AcidPhosphate ....... . . K 55 9 1316 . 55 . . . ....... 14

Muriate of Potat~h.. . . . . . .. .. ........... K 56 821 . . . . . . . .. . . 49 66 . .. . . . .. . . -!8

Blakely Oil & Fertilizeri Cotton Grower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L

Co., Blakely, Ga.

B. 0. & F . Co.'s F a vori te .............. L

10 200 10 .45 1 .68 2 . 59 8

11 20 1 12 . ~0 .88 2

10

1. 65 2 .82 1

Corn Grower . . .. ....... . ..... ... ... , ... L 41 272 12 . 70 .83 3.25 10

.8:/ 3

McDowell' sFavorite ...... . . .. ...... . . L 76 78611 .05 1 .66 3 . 55 9
Special Mixture . . . .................... AA 63 666 12 .40 1 . 72 2 .93 ;o

1. 6. 3 1. 6[:; 2

NewLan d Special. ..... ... ....... . ... L 12 ~0~ 10 . 75 ... . . . 4 .26 8

4

13 46 12 50 22 36 ... . . .

ctd:

E 20 83 17 85
13 44 1::l 00

z 13 35 11 70 8
42 20 40 80
. 17 1a 14 94

z 15 58 1~ 65

16 34 14 35 9

18 26 16 44

18 81 16 24 -!.:.>..-.

13 20 11 20

Pop ular Favorite. .. . .... . . .. ... . .. ... AA 64 66; 12.68 . . . . 2 92 10

2

13 32 10 8U

H. 0. & F. Co ' a Pota sh Acid . ..... . . . . AA 62 6ob 12 30 ... ... 4.24 10 Blakely Dissolved Bone and Potash .. .. KK 80 ll 6~ 15 .03 ...... 3.54 .L3

4

14 19 l2 50

4

15 37 14 45

"

'' Bone ........ . ... .. .. L 40 271 15 . 65 ...... . ..... 14

12 77 11 70

Cotton Seed Meal ............. . ...... . . KK 81 1163 . . . . 6 .66 . ... . .. ... . 6 . 18

25 25 23 67

BrownBros.,Elberton,Ga.GraniteCityGuano ... . ... ... . . ... .. . . S

8 3i5 9 .05 2 .25 2 .56 8 1.65 2

18 07 14 94

Acid Phospha te and Potash ....... . .... S

7 324 ll .73 . . . . . 2 . 39 10 .. . . 2

13 95 10 80

BlackshearMfg.Co., Black- Baxter' s tlpecial. .... . ..... . ...... ..... Z 122 1258 7 .25 3 .20 6 .40 6

shear, Ga.

Home Compound . ... ..... . . . . .... .. ... . Q 10 375 10.45 1 .25 2 .05 9

2 .88 5

23 31 :?0 25

1.23 1.50 15 25 13 78

*Available Phosphoric Acid 14 .55-Commercial value computed from this.

*t ""

",,'

"" 14 .()()-15. 3()-.

"
"

"
"

,,

" "

"

"

"

~~lo t.:)
~

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of J903-J904.

.c.
t-:1

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
Blackshear Mfg. Co.,

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

~

:;;

..; Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

.,
".,.

.,
E

g '

-gf.!l r..:

,8 Actually ~'ound by State dients Claimed by

E

Chemist.

Manufacturers.

~ " ,;, ~ co
_ g~ _:S ~

;:s~;: .Q~!S'Q"~."i.~S~

e:zS
.~s

u
~:G.a)":i~:-~=

~!

z::s

.c
j

<;.. fQ

-
z

..=;
0
""

:;~9._;g0:~::. <g
> ..c
<""

s:i

Ecv

.c
E

.z... "0"

c=~ ,.::-
-a ;....:e
;~:;t.=~
0~
-

h"' uCtI.'So)i\~3~
8 ..
_Q_

g
0 ::d
0.....

>

Blackshear, Ga.-Uont'diBlood and Potash ... . ... .... . .. ... .. .. Q 5% Potash Compound .... ...... .. ..... Q

!j 374 8 .90 1 86 2 .76 8 7 373 9 .90 1 . 32 5 03 9

1.65 2 1 .23 5

$16 85 $'4 94 tj 17 57 16 75 M

Imperial Peruvian Fertilizer.. ........ . Z

6 415 11 28 1 .87 9 . 55 11

Poor Land Guano . . . . . . ..... . .... . . ... CO Good Land Manure . . ........... . .... .. Z

6-! 9

837 9 53 416 11 .80

1 .84 1. 05

2 2

..4m7.

n 8

1.65 7 1 .65 2
.82 2

24 21 2L 14 ~

16 96 14 9-l 15 44 14 15

~

Favori t.e Cotton Fertilizer. . . . . . . . . . . . . Z Sea I sland Standard . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ... 0
Sea Island High Urade .. . ......... ... .. Z

10 41 i 1 8 .53 2 .94 3 .71 8

12 236 10 1 .72 2

8

41 592 11 .20 1 .78 2 .72 11

2 .47 3 1.65 2 1.65 2

20 99 18 50 16 47 14 94 18 06 16 89

1!:: M
~-

Prolific Cotton Grower .. .. .. .. .... . .... 0 Plow Boy Guano . ..... . . ..... . .. . . .. . . . Q

9 233 9 . 20 1 .97 3 .84 9 11 376 9 .73 .94 2 .38 9

1-65 3 .M2 2

18 34 16 44 14 04 12 85

0 "1

Blackshear Champion Fertilizer. . . . . . II
Cotton Cracker Guano ... . . . . ....... .. . z

Walker's Excelsior Fertilizer........... Wyley's Cane Formula . . ... .. .. .......

z Y

Blackshear Ammoniated Dis. Bone .... . Y

Peterson's Prolific Cutton Grower ...... BB

5 632 11 . 50 11 418 9 L15 711 12 .25 109 1078 9 .90 45 444 10 .03 14 5~0 10 03

1 .65 2 .01
1 86 2 20 1 .74 1.85

2 10

2 .20 9

3 .38 1L

3 .98 9

2

8

3 .50 9

1.65 2 1.65 1 1.65 3 2 47 5 1 . 85 2 1.65 3

17 21 16 24
16 95 14 74

>

19 56 17 74

;:; 19 67 20 84
16 56 14 9!

c(':)

18 19 16 44

Brooks' Cane Grower. . . . ... .... . ... . . Q 34 77D 8 .03 2 . 57 5 .62 6 2 47 5

21 07 18 90 c:

H. G. Acid with Potash . ....... . ... . .. .. CO 61 836 11 .23 . .. .. . 2 .21 11 Blackshear Acid with Potash .. . .. .. .. . . 0 10 234 11 .03 ..... 2 .02 10

3 2

11 78 12 30 11 48 10 80

~

12 % Acid Phosphate... .......... ...... Y 51 694 12 ...... .. .... 12

10 40 10 40

13% "

..

............. . .... 0

11 23'> 13.05 .... .- .. .... 13

11 08 11 05

z L6 % "

"

... .. ........... .. Q

Dark Cotton Seed Meal. . ___ . . . . . . .. ... .

13 377 16 .20 .. . .. . .. .. 16

104 11 32 .. .. . 4 .38

. .. ..

13 171 13 00 3.70 .. .. 16 96 14 72

Improved Sea Island Meal .... . ... . . . .. C 158 963 ...... 4 .74

.. .. .. 4.53 .

18 15 li 46

German Kainit . . ... .. ... ... . .. ... . .. . .. Q

Gl 372 . . . . . . .. . . 12 ..... . - .. - 12

10 20 10 :!0

Baker,

D.

~ .

Royston,

Ga.

)FMaurmriaetres'PSootalusbhle.

. . ...

... .. . . .....

....... ... . .. . .. . .. ....

BB S

1~~

i?~~ 10 '68

1'.98 5~ : ~~ "8".

.. 48 1.65 2

42 93 40 80 18 13 14 9!

Baker's Standard. . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ..... S 20 336 9 .63 1 .86 2 08 8 1.65 2

" Bone and Potash . . ... . .. ... .. S 149 118914.63 .. .. .. 4 08 13 .. .. 4

Bran nun, W. A & Co., More-Jl\foreland Special Fertilizer. . .... . .. . ... I 163 135311.78 2 .62 3 .40 10 2.47 3

land, Ga.

" H. G. Guano ....... . .. ... ... I 166138612.10 1 .65 2 .7010 1.65 ~

~tandard Guano .... . : . . . .... I 162 1382 10 . 10 1 .74 2 .46 8 1.65 2

13-4 Dis . Bone and Potash . . . . I 165 138513.60 . . . . . 4 13

4

' Standard Dis. Bone & Potash . [ 161 138 1 10 .68 .. .. .. 2 10

2

" H . G. Acid Phosphate ........ I 164 1384 14 .. .. . .. .. 12

Birmingham Fertilizer, Birmingham, Ala.

Birmingham H. G. Fertilizer . . .. . ...... C

"

S. G " ..... . ..... C

83 405,11 .20 1 .681 2 . 23 10 72 101 9 78 1 75 2 . 10 8

1.65 2 1.65 2

Dis. Bone Nitrogen & Pc>t. L 66 594 11 .43 .85 1 10

. 82 I.

"

H. G. Ammoniated Super-

phosphate . . . . . . ..... .. C H. G. Profit Producer . . . . . C

61 397 15 201 1 65 2 .99 14 6~ 3\18 13 .23 2 .45 5 86 12

1.651 2 3 30 4

t:l . G. Acid and Pot. Mixt . . C 10 37 10 55

2 10

2

"

H . G. Potash Bone . ..... F 56 30512 03

4 . 17 10

4

"

S. G. Bone Ash . .... .. ..... Z 34 590 8 48

4 .21 8

4

"

H. G. Dis. r- one and Muri-

ate Potash Mixture . . . C 65 399 13.05 .. .. 2 .64 12

2

"

S. G. Acid Phosphate . . . . C 16 139413.50 .. .. . .. .. . . u

"

H. G. Acid "

. ... C 43 16314.83 .... . ..... 14

"

'' SuperphC'sphate . .. . AA 91 1111 16.95 ............ 16

German Kainit ... .. .. .. ... U 19 42 ..... . ..... 13 .04 ..... . ... . .12

Boyd, Douglas, Griffin, Ga .,Boyd's H. G. Acid. .... . ............ .. . A 26 559 14 20 . . . . . . . . . 14

Rusha, S J ., Buford, Ga. .. Busha's H. G. Guano . . ............. . . .. DD 49 84310 .65 1 .66 2 .40 10 1.65 2

llutts, D.L.,Devereaux,Ga. Butt's Best...... .. ......... .. ....... . . T 140 95<) 12 .85 1 .85 6 . 34 10 1.65 5

Cotton Girl. .... . .... ....... .. .. .. .... T 109 955 11 .93 1 .38 2 .86 8 1.65 2

ZZZ . . ........ ........ .. ..... .. .. : . .. T 110 140613 . 33 . ..... 3 .39 10 .. .. 4

Bennett & Co., Dublin, Ga jB. & B.'s Sambo Guano . ... . ........ ... II 9 ' 634 9.70 1 .75 2.53 8 1.65 2

" " Champion Guano ... .. . . .. .. . II Ill 116610.25 1 79 1 44 9 1.65 1

Joyner's

"

.. .. ..... .. .. .. . .. . II 27 636 9.38 1 .75 3 .44 8 1. 65 2

Blanchard, Humber & Co.,,Humber's Compound....... ............ GG 28 60011.58 1 80 2 .37 10 1.61'> 2

Columbus, Ga.



"

. . . .. .. .. . .. . ...... li'F 34 723 12

1 .72 2 . 54 10 1 65 2

Muscogee High Grade Guano. . . . ...... FF 141 Jl3810 .90 1.83 4 .6610 2 4

.VI uscugee Guano . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... ...... FF 142 1H46 10 .35 1.65 4 . 52 8 2 4

Acid Phosphate and Potash . .. . . : . . . .. . GG ~9 60111.05 ...... 411 10

4

"

"

" Potash .... . ....... GG 30 60212 .98 ...... 4 .24 12

4

"

''

" Potash.. .. . .. . .. .. FF 35 72-!

. . . . .. 4 .09 12

4

16 76 14 94 15 57 14 45
21 78 19 so
18 19 16 24
16 99 14 94 14 84 14 45
11 24 10 so
11 75 10 40 17 31 16 24 16 50 14 94
13 68 12 65

20 46 19 fill

24 27 24 65

11 15 10 80 b:l

13 96 12 50 11 68 11 20

c:::
t"
.t.t.l".1,

z 13 32 12 10
11 37 10 40

12 24 11 70 13 62 13 00 10 87 10 20

z 9

11 83 11 70 17 00 16 24

~ ....

22 44 18 7'<1

17 33 14 94

14 14 12 50

16 82 14 94

16 38 1-l 74

17 38 14 94

18 07 16 24

18 23 l6 24

19 .67 19 tO

18 60 17 80

13 27 12 50

14 63 13 sn oj:>.

14 39 13 80

!>:)
01

Analysis of Comm?rcial Fertilizers for Season of 1903- 1904.

"""1>:)

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
Bartow Investment Co .,

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

.
."!:'!
-gii,.;
.".'!~:;~ .~s ~'"~'e""-~'
z "

] Fertilizer Ingredients Actually ound by State



Cht mist.

Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by
Manufacturers .

.fs:'Z
f!
~
..:1

.!~
~,g.:
...=:~:~~.~-
--: --=

".,.;,
0
z!:

...;:
.0..

~:~:.:..:..8c:g. -1
~~0~<

~ -
ebO
~

<~ z

~ !l
0
p..

.
~
:~.!
-::."~ ! .
.. - = --;:: ~.";:
~~~
0~.c..,!~

;->"""':'"a"~'' ~ .]~
...
'c""Q"J"~ oF=E "'
'-'-'

~
FJ
0 ::0
C...".l

Bartow, Ga . . . . . . . . . . . . Bar tow Cotton Hustler.... ... ...... . . V Bulloch Oil Mill , States-

701 951110.451 1 .911 2 .911 8

1.651 2

;.. $18 16 $ i4 94 t;j

boro . Ga . . . . . ... .. .... Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.) ....... . ... .. . .. 0 Bainbridge Oil Mill , Bain-
bridge, Ga.. . . . . . . . .. .. Cotton Seed Meal . . .... . . . . . .... . . .. . .. AA Buckeye Cotton Oil Co.,
Macon , Ga . . .. . . . . . . .. . Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H Augusta, Ga. ... . . . .. . . . . Cotton St>ed Meal .. . ... .... ...... ... . . T Braselton Bros., Hoschton,

!l;l 2471..... . 14 .96

3 .70

931 11101 .. .... I 6. 52

6.18

1211 55

6~61 ..... 7181.. ...

16 .58' . .. .. . 1...... 16 . 18
6 .241 ............ I 6 .18

M

"' 18 87 14 72 ;..
24 79 23 67 .:;...:l,

~

24 99 23 67 23 87 23 67

M.z..,

Ga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Special B. B. B . . . . . . . .... . ... .. . . . . . . DD 61 849 11 .35 2 29 2 .34 11

Brooks & Tabor, Lavonia B. & T . Standard Guano . ...... .. . . .... . t:l 17 31!4 10 . 50 1 ' 83 2 64 8

and Royston, Ga.

H. G . G uano . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B 85 130 1 11.93 1.65 2 24 10

Georgiai\llixture . . .. . .. .. . . ... . B So 1302 9.20 1.72 2 .66 8

Brooks' Bes t .. . . . ... . . .......... H 1!\4 11 91 12.20 2 .26 2 .54 9

'' B lack Diamond ............... S 153 llQO 11 .48 1 .86 3 .30 8

" Superb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 137 118612 .48 2.39 3 .33 11

Bone and Potash, No. 3 .. . . ... B Barnett, E. A., Washing-~BarnetL' s Standard Fertz . for Cotton ... W

87 1303 14 .03 .... . 3

14

143 752 11 .83 1.90 2 .-52 10

ton, Ga.

"

"

" for Cotton . .. 'vV 199 12ti0 10 . 53 1.70 2 35 8

Ben ton Supply Co., Monti-\Jasper Cotton Grower . ..... . .. . . ... . .. 'liM 17 879 11 . 13 1 . 12 1 47 10

ce ll o, Ga.

Benton's Black Crow ...... . . . . . . . . . . MM 15 87~ 10 .68 1 37 1 .27 10

"

Big Owl.... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. MM 12 877 9 .65 1 . 78 2 .27 8

Bone and Potash Compound ...... . . .. . MM 60 890 13 :13 . . .. . 2 . 13 10

Tucker's Big !6.. ... . ... . . . .... . ... .. . . MM 61 89 11208 .... .. 4 .38 12

Bradley Fert . Co , Boston, IBradley's H . G. Soluble Guano. . .. . .. . DD

Mass., and Charles'n,S.C. ''

Standard Potent ~uperphos-

93 1086 10 95 1.86 2 .26 10

1. 65 2 I .6- 2
1 fi5 2
1.65 2 2.05 2 .50 1 .65 2

19 51 16 89
17 69 14 95 17 69 16 24 16 51 14 9-l
20 13 17 33 18 99 14 94

0
~
;..
C"l
:.;...:.l
e()

2 _4,) 3

21 42 20 38 t.-.<.,

0

3

I .65 2

14 27 14 25 e
18 70 16 24 :;.:l

I .65 2

17 05 14 94 ~

.82i 1
. 82~ 1 1

14 77 i2 66 15 14 12 66

1 .65 , 2

16 67 14 94

2

12 94 10 80

4
1 . 6I>I ~

14 17 13 80 17 76 16 24

phate . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t:l 601 5861 9. 98: 2 .01 1 1 . 381 9 1. 851 1

16 88 15 40

Bradley's Standard P otent ~ uperphos- .

phate ..... . .. . ..... . .. . . ... . ..... . ... R Br ad ley's Am moniated Dissolved Bone . .::; Standard B. 0 . Sea .!fowl Guano. . .. . BB
Bradley's Standard X l::!uper Potash

53481 54!8S651190 .48381 21'.801 11 .43431 ~9 b 5'1.7 11 . 10 2 .07 1 .50 9

Acid Phosphate . .... . ..... .. ..... . . .. 1 1261 1400111 . 58 Br a<.Lley's l::!tandard Palmetto Acid Phos-

2

10

Bostwick M fg wick , Ga.

phate ... .. . .. ....... . ............... R

Co., Bost-ICotton Fer trilizer.. ........ ..... . . . . . . . !VI

Acid Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1\1.

"

"

a nd Potash . .. . .. .. . . lV1

Cotton Seed Meal .. ......... . . . . . . . . .. .

I.... 1830, 1 l:4lt8-65 1140..08881 .1...2.2 1 .451 1s2
111 1420 14.05 . : .. . .. . . .. 14 I 14 14:!1 11 .05 .. 4.30 12

Kutle r, Heath& Butler ,
\Jam ilia. Ga . Coweta ~ertilizer Co.,
New an, Ga

Heath's Cotton and Corn Fenilizer .. .. L
" H. Li. Acid Pho,.phate . . ... ... . L ''"'V. 0 . U." A Pure J::llood G ua no.. . .... G
Co~eta ~pec!al ~e r t!l ! zer . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 t:~pec1a1 :F er t1hzer ...... . ... . . ? X
" H . G. Fer til ize r ... . . .. ..... . .. A
" Animal Bone Fertilize r ... . ... . .K " Ammoniated Superphospha te

i41 1004 10 13\-J 1U02 15 .38 70 313 10 .95 1il0 898 11
\:1 445 11 .63 14 59 10 .63 '1.9 546, 8 95

1.52 . . . . 1 .67 2 17 2 47 1.87 1 .76

3 .52 8 . . . 14
2 .42 10 3 .78 .10 3 .91 10 2 .57 10 2 32 8

of Lime and Potash . . .. .... . X Au rora .A.mmonia te<.l Phospho . ... . . . A
.A.. A. P . Bone Ammoniated an d Potash M l::!ea Bird Special Fertilizer .. . . . . . . ... I
'' H. G. Liuauo . . . . .. ... ... . ..... X
,, " l::!tandard G uan o. . .. . ......... . W
Ammon iated l::! u perphospha te.. XX l::!pec1 al For mula Ammonia ted W Acme Soluble Guano .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A.
Boyd's Animal Bone Guano... .. ...... .. A Pope Brown'sSpecial Formula for Cotton X
13-4 Coweta Dissolved Bone an d Potash Li 12-4 Coweta Dissol ve d Bone and Potash Li
lU-4 Coweta D issol ved Bone a1.d Potash Li 8-4 Coweta D issolved Bone a nd Potash A Coweta H . ti. Dissol ved Bore an d Potash 1
" Stan da rd Dis. Bone r. ud Potash G Boyd's Ac id Phosph a te With Potash .. . .!A

4J 618 10

. 92

15 60 10.581 .65

8 1t9 12 .13 1 11

32 4fJI! 10 .98 2 .68

103 ~44 11 . 60 1 . 41

30 3fl5 9 . 53 1 .82

16 14 15 11 .88 . 95

2tl 60b 12 .80 1 12

6 1 56b 10 88 1 98

36 b60 11 . 55 1 .65

104 701 10 . 55 2 .01

75 ::i l5 14 . 10 .. . . ..

39 tl03 13.25 ..... .

72 1417 10 . 13 .... ..

ill fiti1 8 .40 .... .

bO 4ib 13 .33 .... ..

73 314 10 .25 . . .. .

13 58 10 .30 ... ..

3 . 16 10 1 .17 9 1 3 7 10 3 .37 10 2 .23 10 2.07 8 1 .26 1G 2 .62 10 2.36 10 2 .38 lU 3 .40 9 4 .26 13
4 .491 1:!
44 ..35501 180 2.37 12 2 .47 10 2 .32 ' 10

I
11..86551 11 1.85 1

17 11 15 40 16 18 14 74 17 94 15 40

2

11 82 10 80

12 27 10 40

1.651 2

14 40 14 94

11 73 11 70

4

13 43 13 80

6.18

. .. .. '1.3 ti7

1. 23 2.50 17 10 13 98

1 2 59 11 70

1. 65 2 2.47 3 2.47 3 1.65 2
l.ti5 2

17 26 16 24

20 12 19 80

1:;:1 ~

21 63 19 80 17 So 16 24 16 19 14 94

{::
!.%...1,

.82 3 l .tl5 1

z H
14 81 14 35
15 90 14 74 z

.8:l 1

15 30 12 ti5 9

2 .47 3 J . 65 2
l.ti5 2

21 43 19 80 16 68 16 24

~
H

16 54 14 94

.82 1

14 52 12 65

1..68521 32

16 83 J4 35 18 20 16 '1.4

1.65 2

17 56 16 24

l.ti5 3

18 97 !6 44

4

15 38 14 45

4

15 02 13 80

4

12 83 12 50

4

11 9 2 11 20

2

13 2 7 12 10

2

11 36 10 80

2

11 26 10 80

oj:>. !>:>

-.:(

Analysis of Commercial Fer ~ i'izers for Seas n of 1903-1904.

~ 1>:)

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

.
.!":!'
-c:Z..:
......;~~
-"(<."'
:"'S.2E: ~"'
z "

I .~8

F'frtilizer In ~re clie-nts Actually Fount! ~y State

Fertilizer lngre dients Claimed by

~;; ;: ;,

E

Chemist.

eaz~ Q~

~0f

--~::=::~.:.-~=

.8 ~ ~<

~eo
Q
;;

.:: ~ :

j <E: z ""

Manufacturers.

Q) ~ :0::; .

~

~I~."Olc~,.t:::<"uC <~

~Q,t
z b

..C
U)
.5 cl::

I I

.. =>- C ~g,....;.-;.;;..
==g..:::=<<~=....
"'

.,. >-"":'~""S.;
~ ~~ ~..0 il "sE'.""' '""u'
8{3

00 0 Pi 0
l:d 0.....

Coweta Fertilizer Co.,

>

Newnan, Ga. .... . . . .. . !Coweta H. G. Acid Phosphate . . . ...... A 46 564,14.08 .. .. . . . . .. . 14 Standard Acid Phosphate. . . . . S 62 5S712.10 .. ... . . . . . . 12

$11 75 $11 70 10 46 10 40

t::l Pi

" 16% Acid Phosphate.. . . . . . . . . I Sea Rird H G. Acid Phosphate........ .. I

29 45716 95 ... . .. . . .. . 16

42 77815.15 ... . ..

14

13 61 13 00 12 44 11 70

>'tl
l:d

Chickamauga Fert. Works,IChickamauga H . G. FertilizPr .... . . . . . A

Chickamauga Tenn.



H. G. Plant Food ........ A

"

Complete Fertilizer ... .. . D

Georgia, Homestead Guano ......... . ... D

128 819 11 . 10 1 87 2 .38 10 138 823 10 .78 1 68 2 .84 10
25 652 8 .45 1 .83 3.81 8 40 l 097 9 .23 1. 71 2 .28 8

1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 2 1.61i 2

18 00 16 24 .-j

17 155 L6 24 ~

17 36 14 94 16 18 14 94

P.z..i,

Old Glory Mixture. . .. . ..... . . ..... . .. D Canton Standard Guano .. ... ... . ...... J

36 109611.25 .98 1 . 50 10 4 14010 .78 169 2 .15 R

.82 1 1.65 2

14 41 12 65

17 00 14 94

0
>l}

Ben Hur H. G. Guano . . . . . . . .. ... . . A

Chickamauga H.G. Dissolv'd Bone, No.16 J

"

H.G. Dis~olv'd Bone, No. 14 J

"

Dissolved Bone . ..... . .... D

"

13-4 ... .. . . . . . . . . . . ...... [

Columbia Gun no Co. Nor- Columbia H. G. Cotton Grower . ... . .. . K

folk, Va., Tarboro, N. C., Roanoke Ammoniated Guan(., . . . . . . . . . R

129 82010 . 58 2 . 62 3.62 10

42 114417.40 ......... . 16

f> 141 15 .38 . . . . . . . . . 14

27 654 17 .08 .. . . . .. ... . 12

170 1387 14 70 . . . . . 4 40 13

43 825 11 .93 1. 95 2 .20 10

112 9 9 11

1 .92 3 .18 9

2.47 3
4 11..6655123

21 18 19 80
13 91 13 00 12 59 11 70 13 70 10 40 15 89 14 45

>
0
l..:.d..
(c):

18 21 16 24 t..".',

18 78 16 44- c:

Columbia, S. C., Macon, Columbia Soluble Guano . ... ....... .. . P

Ga.

J. C. Quillian Bros.' Cotton Guano . .. . . S

1 27!) 8 45 1 .68 2

8

53 584 9 13 1 84 2 .37 8

1.65 t 1 65 2

17 02 14 94 l:d 16 61 14 !14 !'1

Columbia Bone and Potash Mixture . .. . P 23 287 10 .68 . . . . . . 2 .68 10

2 I

11 81 10 80

"

Ron " and Potash Mixture . .. 1' 48 71613 .63 .. . .. 4

12

4

14 86 13 80

"

Bone and Potash Mixture . ... r 49 71'1 9 83 . . . . . . 2 89 8

4

11 44 11 :10

" Acid Phosphate ... . .. ... . ... MM 151 937 12 .23 .. .. . .. 12

10 59 10 40

Cobb, W. S., Caaton, Ga. . - ~Pride of Cherokile.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS 2~ 1343 11 . 18 2

2 .52 10 2 0612 50 18 60 18 02

Carmichael, J. H.., Jackson,

Ga .......... . . . .. . .... . BuLtsCountyGuano . .. . ... .. . . . . .. . A 118 817110 .801 1.741 2 411 8 1.65 2

17 41 14 94

Continental Fertilizer Co.,[Bear H. G. Guano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS

.!:\ashville, Tenn.

" " Beef. Blood and Bone ...... Y

" Economy Guano ................ . QQ

'' Standard Complete Guano . ....... JJ

'' Boll Producer ......... .... ...... FF

" Potash Mixture ........... . . .... . A

" " Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -\

" H. G. Dissolved Bone ..... . .. . . .. Y

Eddystone H. u. Ammoniated Bone ... . X

"

'' Fertilizer .. ... ........ QQ

Cumberland Fertilizer Co.,IA.lligator Packing Ilou , e Guano..... . . l:'.1:'

Nashville, Tenn.

" H. u. Ammoniated Bone ..... 110

" Double Extract......... .... .. P.l:'

Black Hawk Standard ............. . .. . . .I:'P

" H. G .......... . . . . . ..... P.P

Alligator Ten Four........ . ..... . .. .. . .I:'P

Thirteen Four . . ...... . . . ... uO

" H. G. Acid Phosphate and

Potash .... . ................ , ......... PP

Comer Oil Mill, Comer, Ga. Cotton ::leed Meal. .. .............. . ... S Canon; Oil & Fertilizer lo.,

6 134410 38 2 .63 3 . 56 10

43 4<ta 10 .10 1 . 65 2 . 12 10

4 125010 .85 1 .46 3 .44 10

2 (i 10.80 1.92 3 .54 8

25 558 11

1 .71 2 .02 11

43 5o3 10 43 . . . .. . 2.30 10

41 816 10 . 1~

4

lU

2~ 4:311 14 . 13

14

:l2 4-lti 10 .33 1.80 2 10 10

5 1251 11.43 3 .25 8 16 10

59 142t> 13 .08 1 .15 2

8

-l:t 11:n 11 .38 1 .23 3.72 10

(i~ 13:!-1 12 63 1 .25 2.49 10

5~
55

132::! 10 .85 13~;, 11 .43

1 .65 2 .15

21 ..13261 180

61 1i:l2ti 10.80

5 . 16 10

41 ll:l6 13.70

3 44 13

2.46' 3 1.65 2
.82 3 1.65 2 1 65 1
2 4
1.65 2 2 46 3 1.65 2 l.ti5 2 2 47 3 1 .65 2 1.65 2
4 4

I 66,1325114 .35 j.....
30, iJ71........ 7 . 14.

3. ...

33114 .......

.

.

~

6.18

4

Canon, Ga.......... . . . . Cotton Seed Meal. .... . ......... . _.. ... S

Conyers Oil Co., Conyer;,

-

67 9tJ7, ..... 7 .04. . ...

6 18

ua ..................... Cotton Seed Meal .......... . .. ........ MM 1861 137i l...... I 6 72 , ... ..

I Carroll County Oil & Mfg.

Co., Carrollton, Ga..... Cotton Seed Meal ..................... . X Cooper W. W., Flowery H. J. C. & Som' Htgh urade ........... DD

122 134

9-Jtil ..._._
124fi 12 . 95

6 .56 ..... 2 27 2 .54

10

Bra1cch, Ga.

H. J. C. & ::lons' II u. Acid Phosphate .. Dl)

Cumberland Bone Phos-

401 50316.03 ...... 1...... 115

6 18 6.18 1.651 ~

phate Co., Portland, Me..

and Charleston, S. t .... Cumberland Bone Snperphos'te of Lime CC 11-11 10~8 1 10 . 13 1 1 .681 1 691 9

Carlton Oil Mill, l arlton,



1. 651 1

Ga ..................... Cotton Seed Meal. ................... . S Combahee Fertilizer Co.,

70 969

6 .66......... . . . 6 .18

Charleston, S.C . ... .... Combahee Potato Guano .. ...... ..... Y 1341 13281 9 . 531 4 . 171 6 . 101 7 Cowart, Lofton & Co., Ar-

4.121 5

lington, l:ia ...... . . ... .. Arlington Star.dard Guano .. .......... L

The Daniel Sons & Palmer Danit:l's 4 Guano ...... . ............... . 0

Co., Millen, ~cia.

" Cotton and Corn Guano....... 0

188ti0,17362001,09..18331 11 .84941 22 .73311 88 87 761 8 .88 1 .91 2.34 8

11..6655122 1.65 2

21 04 19 77

16 79 16 24

17 38 14 35

18 96 14 94

17 10 16 04

11 33 10 80

12 58 12 50

11 78 11 70

17 03 lti 24

23 43 19 7.7

16 69 14 9-1

17 21 lti 24

17 04 19 80

16 21 14 li4

18 96 16 24

14 01 12 50 14 42 14 45

ct::d:
t<

t<

14 75 15 10 26 83 23 ti7

t.>..1.,
z

26 50 23 67 z
9 25 44 2'3 67
-!.>...-.
24 92 23 6i 20 66 It> 24 12 38 12 a5

16 15 14 74
25 25 23 67
27 73 24 99
16 06 14 &4 17 37 l4 9-1 oj::.
16 66 14 9! -~c

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Seas~n of 1903-1904.

~
C.:>

0

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTIUZER OR CHEMlCAL REGISTERED.

...
".!l
-c:.P ..:
fa~t
-~"'"E".'"8.':'""'.;.'~

I

z "

T he Daniel S.n s & Palmer[

Co. , Mill en, GR... . . . . Daniel 's P.otash a nd P hosphate . ........ 0 8S

Dothan Guano Co., Do- G range i\lh xtu re .... . . .......... . .. . . Q

I " D

thfln aV IS,

.vVA.laA. .

&Co. ,

l < 'or~ ,a nd Cotton Compound Macon , DaVIS Amazon Guano . . . . .

..... .. . . . .

.. ..

.... . . ..

Q R

Ga.

Potash Acid ..... . . ....... . ...... H

54 5;,
87 90

s I ~"~~ ,; F'ertili zrr Ingredien ts Fertilizer lng re-

.8 Actu&ll y ~ou n d by St..&te dients Claimed by

Ch emist.

Manufaeturers.

--""'

~
<

>"'~"

e;."z " ~;:::

.'l
.8"...
"...l

~ {~
:~-c
<;:

."='
1:
;.~

..c,
.<;
!:.

.! ~
~0 .
~-E.] ~ ~< <-0"..

""bO
z b

I

=""= I 'E=~

.c
I : I ""'
"0..

QJ=~
:~:-.=_ _
:;.c..-::

-;;>
'(j..O
t-o
uE0Eo.=-~

70:? 11 .251. ..... 4 .41 10

866 8 . 15, 1. 3 9 3 02 7

867 9 33 1 65 2 .12 8

731 10 . 13, 1 .83 2 .77 s

3ii2 10 45 ... 4

10

. . 4 $13 66 $12 0

I 65 3

15 03 15 4

1 6!) 2 12 15 90 15 4

1 65 2

17 56 14 4

. .. 4

12 79 12 0

0 t<1 0
~
0.....
>
t) t<1 "d
.>i.Q.,

.

" Ca r olin a Acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. R

avis F e r tilizer Co. , Quit- Dav s' Home Compo und wit h Potash . . . Q

man, Ga.

" Special Cotton Favorite . . ... . . . ,JJ
" So ut h Georgia T ri nle Potash. . .. . .r.r " Cane an d Melon H. G ............ . J.T

" Corn a nd Ua ne F e r tilize r . .

.J.T

" Charleston Potash Compound . .. .J J

'' C h:J rl eston Acid Phosphate . .... JJ

:mpi re State Chemical Co. Hodgson's 10-3-3. . . . . . . . . . . ........ M

AthPns, Ga.
.

Red Tap

,, 10-5--3. .
St11r Special Root Guano

. .... ..... .
Guano.. .. .

. .. . .
..........

. . ....
.. . .. ......

.

s s M

Gem of Athens Guano.. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . M

Hodgson's Standard Potomac Guano .

G..u.a. n..o..........................

s B

2161 1283 14 .65 1

.. ... . 14

;{7 774 10 35 , . 59 3 92 10

62 102(1 11 65 .82 4 .65 9

5.~ 1016 8 35 1.04 3 .01 8

54 10 15 11 6!) 1.45 '2 . 23 9

57 1017 9 .50 1 .65 2 .32 8

60 10 l 8 11 33 . . . .. 3 .60 8

f\1 10JIJ 1 6 0 8

13

70 12. 6 11 50 2 .6 4 3 48 10

11 5 1228 11 10 4 .11 4 .36 10

21 337 10 .78 1 95 3.45 !)

<!3 338 10 .05 2 .09, 2.52 10 ] f) 193 8 .88 1.99 2 20 8

111 1313 9 .33 1 75 2 .62 8

12 1 97!-l 8 .98 1.81 2 93 8

. . . ... 12 12 11 0 ~

.82 1 .82 4

14 59 12 5 16 82 14 5

t.z<..1,

.8:! 3

14 01 13 5

1. 6[! 3 1.65 2

16 84 16 4 16 18 14 4

0 "1

.

.
.

..
..

4 . . . .

2 .41 3

4 12 3

13 02 11 0 13 05 11 5 21 73 19 0 27 07 25 4

>
0
.~....
(')
c

1.65 3

18 96 16 4 t..".,

1 .6'- 2 1 67! 2

18 16 16 4 16 80 14 4

c
iQ

1.65 2

16 65 14 4 !'1

1.65 2

16 88 14 4

Special G ra in G ua no . . . . .. ...... . ..... .\1 16 Hl4 10 .20 .97 3

10

. 8~ 3

14 98 14 5

0. K. Bone Meal and Potash .. . ......... B 40 1:!:.!9 9 .43 1.30 2 .50 10

.82 1

15 14 12 i'i

Morni ng Glory Acid Phosphate . . . .... B 110 I:ll 2 12 .70 ... . 1 . 14 12 . .. 1

11 82 11 5

-

Ki ng Ac id Phosp hate .. . . ... . .. . . . . . . . M 80 625 10 ...... 2 .60 10 . . 2

11 31 10 0

Acid Phosp hate with 4% Phosph ate .. . . S H. G. 10-4 Aci d Phos p ~ a te. . . ... . . . .. . .. M Hodgson's 16% Acid P h ospha te . ... . .. . M

2~ 3:li-l 9 30

4 .20 8

23 54!l 11 .08 ... 4 .45 10

6 ~ 623 16 . 15

...... 16

... 4

. .. . . ..

4.. .

12 21 11 0

13 58 13 09

113""

0 00

~~ :~ ~ . ~~ Hodgson's Acid Phosphate .... .. 00 .... M 18 5~8 1 5 . 35 .... . . ... oo J 14

.... 1 .. . .

Peruvian Guano .. . . . ........ . . ... ..... M 106 1227 2 1*50 2 .47 2 66 *2L.ll 2.36 2 .65

_70

Et.iwan Fertilizer Co., Vharleston, S. C .

Nitrate of Soda .. . ....... . .. . . .. .. 00 M 94 1048 ...... 15 .92

Muriate of Potash ....... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 50

Kaintt.. ..... .... .... .. . ... ...... . 00 ... B 105 1309 . .. ..

. . 13.05

EtiwanBloodandBoneGuano . . .. .. ... Y 60 696 1215 1 . 72 2 .121 0

Etiwan Cotton Compound .. . .. ......... L 2e ~61 9 .60 2 .47 3

8

Plow Brand Ammoniated Di~. Bone .... J.J 25 7!19 9 4 0 1 .74 2 .52 8

Et1wan S pecial Potash Mixt.ure ..... ... JJ 24 7!lll 10 ...... 4 .55 8

D iamond Soluble Bone with Potas h ... I. li2 780 13 . . . . . . 2 .33 10

Diamond Soluble Bone . . . ............ C 7::l 401 14 .68 .. .......... 13

E tiwan H. G. A0id Phosphate .. . . . .. ... JJ 23 79115 .30 . . . . . . . 14

15 .60 .... . . .. 50 12 0. 1 65 2 2.47 3
. 1.65 2 ' 2
... ..... .

52 53 51 48 42 50 42 50 10 88 10 20 17 96 16 24 19 54 IS 50 16 59 14 94 11 66 11 20 13 03 10 RO 12 14 11 05 12 44 11 ';()

Etiwan Dissolved Bone . . . .. ... . . ... . .. l 11 8 989 14 30 . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Gen uin e German Kainit .. .. .. .. 00 00 .... CC 72 638.... . .. .. 12 .72 .. . ...

Empi re Guano Co., Nash-/Empire Favorite Manure .. ... . . . .. . ... X 10 ~ 9~3 10

.82 3 .52 10

ville, Tenn.

" Cotton Grower. oo DD 129 ll72 10 80 1 . 11 1 .40 10

" Standard Cotton Gro"er . . . . ... Ml\1. 85 930 9 . 0~ 2 .07 2 . 11 8

ArnmoniatedDi~solvedB one .. . . X 99 1-141 10.08 1.76 2 27 10

" Potash Mixture .. . : . .. .. .. .. .. l{ 170 922 11 .38 .. . .. 3 10

" Acid Phosphate . . .. ... . . . .... Y 1~ 4 133 1 12 . . . . . . . . . . . U

" Acid Ph,,sphate H . G ........ : X 100 942 14 .03 .......... 00 14

Eufaula Oil Co., Eufaula,

Ala . . .. . .. ... . . . ... . . ... Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C Elberton Oil Mill, Elber

90 617, . 00 00

6 . 30,. 0 0 0 ..

0 0 0
12
.821 a
1 1 1. 6512 1. 65 2
4
6 .18 . .. .

11 84 11 05 10 81 10 20 14 79 14 i:l5 14 14, 13 21 17 10 14 !14 16 88 16 24 12 54 12 50 10 40 10 40 11 72 11 70
24 06 23 67

ctx::l
f:
M
z ~
z
9

ton, Ga . . . . . . . ...... . .. Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S
E~er1~t:m.~e;~antile Co., E.a~ 8~~~s- _H_._~-. -~u-~n~ . ~~r - ?ot~~n} JJ

Elberton Oil and Fertilizer C. S. Compound Standard Fertilizer .... 8

Co., Elberton, Ga.

Standard Acid Phosphate..... . . . . ...... S

Ac,,id Phos,p, hate ..... .. . . . .. ... ..., .. ........ sS
Eastman Oil and Fertilizer

Co., EaRtman, Ga..... . -~Cotton Seed Meal ..... . . ...... . . . . .... U

Furman Farm Improve- Furman's H. G. Blood and Bone .. ... . . X

ment Co., Atlanta, Ga.

"

" Fertilizer . . ..... .... . A

" Cotton Special . ..... . . .. . .... A

" Harvest Queen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . W

31 320, .... .. , 6 .801.. 00
77 IOl!S 9 . 18 1.47 2 . 57 8
4 32 11 8 . 18 2 .04 2 .941 8 96 976 12 25 0 0 0 0 2 . 06 JO 90 97 5 11.25 0 000 3 .65 10 94 974 . 9 88 . ... 00 3 .33 8

7 383 .... 6.54 .. 0 0 .

4( 2

6 6 12 05 48 11 .20

2 .59 1 72

32 ..4b1811100

71) 8 1:2 11 58 1 17 3 .45 10

20~ 1 ~ 61 9 .03 1 .35 3.44 b

6 .18 ....

25 71 23 67

~
H

1.65 2

15 57 14 94

1.65 2 2 4 4

17 14 14 94 12 31 10 80 13 01 12 50 11 80 11 20

6. 18 . . . .
2.47 3 l.65 2
. 8~ 3 .8. 3

24 85 28 67
21 47 19 RO
20 43 16 24 16 90 14 35 15 84 13 05

*Available Phosphoric j.cid, 13 .60. Uommercial value computed on this.

."".."..''."

Analysis of Comm :rcial Fcrtiliz ~ rs for Season of 1903- 1904.

>!>.
C.:>

~

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
1
I

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

I -~ I ] -cc.:Z_ _rg.:
I " _:.1:.3:Q:~.QJ,uJ
I ;i~ ~ I...8.. "..". ! :;:E_

I ertili zer ln!;Y"Cdl ents

I

Actually Found by State

E

Ch e m i s t .

f:'Z ~~

3

,:,Q
:; ;": :r:-=~
:;..0'""~

"' ~

..J

~e:

! c0 .

Fertilizer Ingre-

dients Claimed by

Manufacturers.

I . ~-~.~~0..0~c:<E.
..;.;: z "' >0

c~A
2 ~

.<i
E
0

~
.:"'='
at =

Q,l'
.as2~as

:g.;~===

~':_.; -~~~

~.".C-e...1e:
e=<=:.":."
~""

Q,l'i J.o

..~..,

85EE-E~ ""

C'l M 0
::0
C...'.l

Furman Farm & Improve\Eturman's 912 .... . ........ .. ......... G 106 4oti 11 .!2 0 1 .30 2 .65 9

.8:! 2 $16 42 $12 85 >

m'entCo.,Atlanta , Ga.

"

Pride ..... . ..... .. ..... . ... . A 11l7 904 8 .05 1 .98 2 .02 8

Far mer's F ri P.nd..................... A 69 811 11 .26 1 .65 2 .44 10

1 .65 2 1.65 2

16 07 14 9~ 17 42 16 24

tl M

Hoswell Standard Fertilizer ... . .. . .. .. G Htafford'sH.G.Guano .. .. .......... \.
Gossett'sHighGrade ..... .. . . . .... . . A Premium Cotton Grower No . 4...... ... G

105 465 10 .46 1 .65 2 .45 8 234 910 10 .30 1 .84 2 .4810
162 1:103 10 .78 1 .75 2 .61 10 102 46~ 14 .43 ...... 4 .33 13

1 .ti5 l! 1 . II~ 2
1.65 2 4

16 91 l4 9~ 1746 l6:t4
17 68 16 24 15 66 14 45

">~'
a::

Premium Grower No.4.. .. ... .... . ... X 41 61 ; 18 05 ..... . 4.09 13

Furman's Bone and Potash. ....... . ... . A

3 49 10 .93 . .. .. . 4 .40 10

4 4

z 14 55 14 45 M
13 44 12 50 >i

Furman's Potash Special ........ ...... E

3 13 11 . .. .. . 6 .67 8

4

15 42 11 20

Farish Furman's Formula . . . . . . .

A

4 eO 10 .68 ..... 2 .23 10

2

11 40 10 80

0 "i

Furman 's 15-5 .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .... Y

"

H.G.Di ~ sd ve d.BoneNo.lll. A

" H. G. Dissolved Bone :Ko. 14. A

Paullin 's Ci ayCo.Fertilizer .... .. .. ... A

For tGainesFer tilizerCo.,,RustProoi Linano ..... .. . : .. .. ...... AA

R3 705 15 28 .. . .. 5 .08 15

3~ f 6:! 16 .03.. ....

16

7 5~ 15 58 . . . . . . . . . 14

90 11 09 10 .65 1 .77 2 .28 9

77 1209 9 .45 1 .82 3 . 12 8

... 5 11 665-' ll3!

16 81 16 60 13 02 13 00 12 72 11 70
17 29 15 i.i!l 17 89 15 79

>
C'l
.::.0..
c., ()

Fort Gaines Ga.

Paullin's H. G. Blood and Bone ...... . AA 76 G7l 10 .78 .. .. . 4

10 .... 4

13 00 12 50 t,.".,

I

Dissolved Hone . ........ .. .... ........ AA 79

Bone and Potash. ...... .. ..... .. .. .. . AA . RO

Farmers' 0!1 & Gu ano Co.,! Farmers' Extra .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . li 39

Sandersv1lle, Ga.

Sttmdard No. I .... . . .. . . . ......... .. , .. H 32 Acid P hosphate . . . . . .. . ........ . .. . .. . . HH 26

o72 14 .03 ...... .. . .. 14

673 13 .43 .. 2 12

I.... ..... 64~> 11 .68 1 .23 5 .16 9

639 9 .65 1 .70 2. 54J 8

6R6 15

14

2 1 5
1.651 2

11 72 11 70 C! 12 49 11 70 ::0 18 63 16 (10 !'1
16 64 14 94 12 86 11 70

Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. H H 301 68!! . . . . . 6 .54 ..... .

6.18

24 86 '23 ll7

Florida ManufacturingCo., .

Madison, Fla . ... . ... . ... Sea I sland Cotton Seed Meal .... ...... F 20 1101 ... .. . I 3 .78, .... . .

3 .70

14 98 14 72

Vlowery Branch Gip & Oil Co. Flowery Branch, (j a . Cotton Seed Meal ... . ..... . ... . ... . ... . DD 43 5041...... 1 6 .621 ...... 1.... .. 1 6 .18

25 12 23 67

'

Fort Valley Oil Co ., Fort

I25J ..... J ,6. 1s , Yalley, Ga ..... .. .... . .. Cotton Seed Meal .. ... ... ... .... ....... H
~Far m e rs' Cotton Seed Oil

321

6 801.. .... , .. .. ..

"" Mill , Mar t in, Ga . . . ... . Cotton Seed Meal ... .. . . ... .. . . ........ S 129 1183 .... .. 6 .36... .. .... ... . 6. 18

F a rme rs' Oil Mill, Roys-



ton, Ga . .. . . . . . . .

Cotton Seed Meal ..... . ...... .... . . ... . S

Fairburn Oi l & Fert. Co.,

15 332, . ... 6 .98,.. .. .. .. .. . 6. 18

Fa irburn, Ga ........ .... Cot tqn Seed Meal ........ .~ ...... ...... LL 16 874 Farmers' Oil Mill, Com-

6 .841......... ... 6 .18

merce, Ga. . . . . .. . ... .. . . Cotton Seed Meal ... . ..... ....... .. . . . . B 11 893 Fa rmers' Oil & Fe r t. Co.,

6 .98 ........... 6. 18

Lavonia, Ga ........ .. . . . Cotton Seed Meal .. . . .. .. . . . .. .. ... ... . S

F~de:ai Chem ical Co., Lou- Day~~eak Fer,tpizer .. ............ . . . . . C

ISvil le, Ky.

. . ................ .. C

131 1Hi4

7 . 14 ........... . ti . IR

28 155 10.10 2 .50 2 .98 8 1.65 2

176 91 8 10 .55 2 .02 2

8 1.61) 2

T"he

Com,p, lete

Fert"ili

ze r

. ... ........... .
.. ..... .... .. ..

Y
u

9 435 11 .48 1 . 69 2 .02 10 177 1216 11 .40 1 .95 2 10

Daybreak H. G. Acid Phosphate and

1. 65 2 1.65 2

Potash ...... . ... . ..... . . . . .......... Y

81 434113 .801..... I 4

12

2"

Daybreak H . G. Acid Phosphate and

Potash, No . 2 .... ... .. . ... . .......... C Daybreak H . G. Acid Phosphate and

6911

40(','12

9511. . . . . .

1
1

4

.

1
27112

, . .. .,4

Potash , No.3 .... . . . . .. . . .... . ...... . H 154 1::l9!l 11.63 .. . . .. 4 .52 10 .... 4

Daybreak S. G. Acid Phosphate and

Potash, No.1. .... .. . ... . ....... .. .. . . W 901 7451 10 .081..... . I 4 Daybreak S. G. Acid Phosphate and

8 .... . 4

Potash, No . 2.. . . .. . ...... . .. . .. . .. . . C 27 154 11 .28 . .. . . 2 .46 I0 I .... I 2
Daybreak Pure H. G. Acid Phosphate .. DD 70 852 14. 25 .......... 14 Daybreak Pure Standard Acid Phos .. . . I 74 785 12 .68 .. .... . .. . 12 '

Kainit .. . ...... . .. . ... . .......... ..... W Nitrate Soda . .. . . . . .. . ......... .. . ... . . W Farmers' Cotton Oil & Fer-

95 747 ........... 12 . 94 ... . .. . .. .112 96 9 ll . ..... 16 . .... . ...... 16

t ilizer Co. , Toccoa, Ga. .. Cotton Seed Meal . ........ . . ..... ...... B 93 1305 ... ... 6 .72 ..... ... ... . 6.18 Fayetteville Oil Co.. Fay-

etteville, Ga . . . . . . . . . . . Cotton Seed Meal. . ....... . ... . .. .. .. . . TT 1 .. . .. . . . . 6 .80 .... .. ... .. . 6. 18

Georgia Cotton Oil Co.,

.

Atlanta, Ga . .. . . ........ Cotton Seed Meal. .... .... . .... . .. . .. . . J Albany, Ga ...... ........ Cotton Seed Meal. . . ..... . .. ........ . .. L Augus ta, Ga . . .. .. . .. ... Cotton Seed Meal . . .... .......... .. . ... N
Columbus, Ga . ...... .. . . Cd'tton Seed Meal. . . ...... . . .... . ... . . . KK

16 149... 6 .48 .... . ...... 6.18
83 789 . . .... 6 .24 ...... . ..... 6. 18 70 1236 ...... 6 .40 .. .. . .. .... . 6. 18 34 76i . . . . . . 6 .{>4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .18

25 71 23 67

24 26 23 67

26 31 23 67

25 84 23 67

26 31 23 157

26 84 23 67 1~ 94 14 94 17 81 14 94 17 34 16 24
18 14 ll) ll4 c1::0:
f: 13 27 12 10 ..t.=.1;
z 14 64 13 80 H
14 00 12 50 z
9
11 25 11 20 ~ H
11 78 10 80 11 86 11 70 10 84 10 40
10 81 10 20
52 80 52 so

25 45 23 67

25 71 13 ti7

24 66 23 67

23 87 23 67

24 39 23 67 24 85 23 67

>!><:.:> <:.:>

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1903-1904. -

~ (;..:)

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
Georgia Cotton Oil Co., Atlanta, Ga.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

..
.!l 't-1~,.:
,;.,ra..;~..
:".:.a."s8".":;'
z "

,.;
.s8
t;Z"
~..
..8
.."..

Fertilizer Infedients

Actually Foun by State

Chemist.

.. _.,o ,_."-~ .., .=c.o
CO~"'<!! ..c..d

.;
;!""~ ;:;''

"'

,.;
3
~
"'

I Fertilizer Ingre-
dients Claimed by Manufacturers.

I . - _G>,.g.

.0 0
~-&]
"' z 11 "" <~.C~<

d
"~ '
!:

".;~ 0
~g.;
-~;...
"2.!-~
e~c.a;~...
1!<>.:> c<li

...
>-"-:="a ..
ii a-~;>.0. ru
"Eiel ~<J
8E6--

~
~
0
l:Q
.0...

>

Macon ... . .......... .... Cotton Seed Meal ............ ..... . .. .. A
Rome .. ....... .. .. ... . Cotton t!eed Meal. .... .. .. ............. 00
Grovania Oil and Fertilizer

12 !

57 ..... . 1120 .. ....

.... . 7

. . . . . . 0 0

6.94

.

6 .18 6.18

. . .. $26 37 $:13 67
0 26 17 23 6

t::! M
>"d

Co., Grovania, Ga.. . . Cotton Seed Meal . ........ .. ....... . ... H Griffi n Oil Co.. Griffin, Ga . Cotton Seed Meal. . . _..... .... ......... A

44 23

181 . .. . .. 6i ..... .

6 7

.18 .06

... . ..

.. . ..

0
.. ..


..

6.18 6.18

. . ..
. ..

23 67 23 6 26 57 23 6

~
~

Greene Co. Oil Co., Union Point, Ga ....... .. . . - .. . Cotton

SeE>d

Meal .. ... ... ..

............

w

Georgia Fertilizer and Oil Valdosta H igh Standard Guano . _. .. ... Q

~~i, ii'. 98 14
61

6 .'78 1 .65

.. .. .. 3

9

6 .18 1.65

0
3

25 65 23 6 18 37 16 4

M z
~

Co., Valdosta, Ga.

South Georgia Complete FE-rtilizer ..... L 32 264 9 .53 1 .65 2 .39 8 Lane's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone .. . . JJ 113 133.~ 9 . 15 1 . 14 1 .81 8

1.65 2 1.65 ' 2

16 26 14 9 13 84 14 9

0 "'i

Bone and Potash Compound .... . . .. . .. . JJ 6 796 14 05 .. .... 3 .39 12 . ... 4

14 61 13 8 >

Special Potash Compound ..... . .... :. . . JJ Acid Phosphate ... . .. ... . . . .... .... ... . L Acid Phosphate ........ . .. . . .. . . . . ... .. JJ
Cotton BE>ed Meal (8. I.) ...... . .... . ... BB German Kainit...... . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... L Ginn & Hendricks, Bow-
man, Ga _.... ... . _. _... . G. & H.'s Formula . . .......... . ...... . . s
Gibbs, L. Y., Sons & Co., W. G. & Co.'s Manipulated Guano...... co

2 794 9 ..... . 4

8

160 1005 15 .98

.. . . . . 14

36 802 17.48 ... .. . .. . . . 16

6 52tl 3 .88 0 0 Oo

o oo

162 1006 12 .48 0 0 0

000 oo.

156 119~ 10 .83 1 .82 2 .34 8 123 1040 8 .78 1 .70 2.12 8

. .

.. . . ..

4.. . .

. ... ... .

3 . 70

. ... 12

1.65 2 165 2

11 85 112 12 98 117 13 96 13 l) 15 31 14 7. 10 51 10 21 17 63 14 9 15 71 14 9

0
.l:.Q..
(c:): ~c::
l:Q
!'1

Savannah, Ga .

Excellent Georgia Guano . -... .... .. .. . BB 10 528 10.08 1 .78 1 .41 9 1.65 1

16 22 14 7

Gibb's High Grade Guano. ..... . .... __. G 247 1205 12 .23 1 .86 2.56 9 1.65 3

18 85 16 4

Georgia Standard .Acid Phosphate ... ... BB

11

52!-l 12.80 . ... . . 0000 0 0

12

. ...

10 92 10 41

Georgia Chemical Works, Patapsco Guano .... . : .. . .. . . .. . . .... .. N

Augusta, Ga.

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone .. .. .. ... .. c

15 472 11 .25 1 .82 2.09 10 6 34 '8 20 1 .86 2.12 8

1.6:) 2 1.65 2

17 68 16 215 86 14 9

Maryland Ammorriated Dissolved Bone

and Potash . ........ .. . ... . ......... R 28 484 9 .38 1 .92 1.15 9 1.65 1

15 99 14 7

Sea Guli Compound .... . ... , ... . , . . ... . R i5 358 ii .28 i . 24 2 .21 10 j 2 i l> 9o i4 16

Bal timo re Soluble.. .. . .. . ... .. . .... . ... C

7 35 11 .63 .86 1 .21 10

.82 1

14 02 12 65

Early Tr ucker .... ... . .. .... . . .... .. . .... N 38 522 7.65 4 .12 5 .05 7 4.12 5

25 45 24 99

H igh Grade Melon Fer tilizer .......... 0 57 1360 10 . 13 3.76 5 .38 10 3.30 4

26 18 23 38

Crown Guano ... . . ... . . ... . . ...... . . .. N 22 516 11 .30 1 .67 3

10 1.65 3

18 01 17 09

Mastodon Ammoniated Sol uble Phos ... P 5& 364 11 . 15 1 .71 2

10 1.65 2

17 19 16 24

Georgia Formula . .. .. . ........... ..... . F

9 32 9 70 1 .85 2 .02 8 1.65 2

16 71 14 94

Special Peruvian Compound . ........... H Cotton Seed Meal Mixture . ... ... ... . . . N

42 180 10 . 50 1 .09 3

10

13 259 10 .13 1 .65 1 09 9

.82 3 1.65 1

15 56 14 35 15 54 14 74

Meal Mixture . . ......... . ...... . ....... N 34 521 9 .45 1 .65 2 Good as Gold Guano. . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ..... N 23 517 9 .80 1.77 3

8 1.65 2 9 1.65 3

1 5 88 14 94 17 36 16 44

Superior Meal Mixtu re .. . .. . . . .. . . . . . .. N 25 518 11 . 73 1 . 65 2 .20 10 1.65 2

17 63 16 24

t-iem Cotton Grower ... .............. . .. N Three Oaks H . G. Guano .. . .. ... . . . . ... N

117 1294 10 .6 5 1 . 65 2 .14 9

33 520 8 .78 2 .47 2

8

1.65 2 2.46 2

16 84 15 59 18 15 17 61

Extra High Grade Guano .... . ......... N

H. G. XX Acid P hosphate with Potash . N

Acid Phosphate with 4% Potash ....... . p

Bone Acid

and Potash .. . Phosphate ....

. .

.... .. ..

...... . .....

. .. .. .

.. . . ..

.. ..

. .

F w

Patapsco Acid Phosphate.. . .. . ......... R

H. G. Extra Acid Phosphate. . . .. .... . . . R

Extra Dissolved Bone Phospha te .. ..... F

Dissolved Bone Phosphate .... . .. . ...... 0

12% Dissolved Bone Phospha te . .. ... . .. H

Dissolved Bone P hosphate .. . . . . . ...... . 0

Germnn K ainit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ... . F

74 16

1197 10.53 1 .70
260 10.60 .....

4 .18 4 .34

10 10

56 8

365 31

8 .40 11 .73

...... .......

4 .46 8 2 . 17 10

101 748 13 .13 ...... 1 .08 12

13 27 26

357 483 113

13 .93 12 .85 15.53

......
...... .....

1.08

2 .. .

.0.8.

12 12 14

148 1247 13 . 28

.. .. . 13

41 1363 12 .25 ......

12

9~
27

678 114

17 .93
. . . . ..

... ... . ....

. . . . ..
12 . 54

16 . .....

1.....6..5..

4 4 4

. ... 2
.... 1

. ... 1

........

2 ....

. ... ...

. . .. . .. .

. ...

12

18 60 17 94 13 18 12 50 11 85 ' ll 20
12 06 10 80
12 04 1125
12 57 11 25 12 71 12 10 12 69 11 70 11 23 11 (5 10 56 10 40
14 25 13 00 12 66 10 20

c::t:J:j ~
.t'i
,~_,
z z
9
~
;<

t'itrate of Soda ........... .. - ....... M

Grasselli Chemical Co., Bir.,Grasselli H. G. F .. rtilizer. . . .'. ... . . . .... AA

mingham , Ala.

" S. G. Fer tilizer . . .. . .. . .. . . . .. AA

9~
120 2-l

1042

15 .28

1341 11 .43 1 .45

541 9 .50 1 .76

.. .... 14 . 85 1 .45 10 1.6.5 2 .19 8 1.65

. ... 2
2

,,' '
"

S. G. Bone Ash .. . .......... . . . AA H. G. Potash Bone ........ . ... AA

22 25

540 10 .20
542 11 .75 ......

3 .46 8 3 . 15 10

... . 4
.... 4

H odgson Cotton Co., Ath-'

"

H. G. Acid Phosphate .. . ...... AA Kainit ... . ... .... .. ...... . .... AA

21 26

53!l 542

14 .90 .. . .

. .. . ...

. 12

14
1. . . . . .

:::: 112 ...

50 41 49 00 16 04 16 24 16 43 14 94 12 17 11 20 12 90 12 [jQ
12 28111 70 10 20 10 20

ens, Ga .

(See Empire Sta te Chemi-~

cal Co., Athens, Ga.) H arris & Moore, H ampton,

,

. .

j

Ga . .... . . . .. .. . .. .... '. Moore s SpeCial Pr1de. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A.

270, 1431110

I 11 .891 2 .78,10 1 1. 6512

17 69,16 24

.:::...
<:..:> Ot

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of l903- l904.

~ i;,.;)

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
1

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

@ .!:! "c'Cs:.;1..:.g.;
~~ ~ Q3 ~ u ~a3e~] -~ I z

s.: Ffr'tiliz er In gr edients

Fertili zer Ingre-

Jl Act n&ll )' ~ounl! by Stllte dicnts Clai med by

E

r hto mist.

~ z:l
~

d~-.:~:.:. -;.

.8~ . :j

~~>i.:~.:~--

~ ebll
:::
;o':

Manufaelurers.

.~ ; .

I ~-~().0 .
~ ..c....
=-; ~ <

g bbe

,.;
."a

0

:> 0

-

0

:_ .. _<0:______.2 ~

.~:::: :~-~

.,, ->"":c:""=

~~_;.
~ ;...,<::

~E

t=~ ;c

i;;-g Ee

c<

UEo(."-)

o:> 0 M 0
~

t . ... > HG~~s & Moore, Hampton ,~t~r(t~i~~t~~d.~o.n~ .a.~~. ~ota~h: : :: :::

~~~ ~~~~~g:~g ::: : : : ~

~! ~ $13 63 $13 60
1 : : : : [ . . . 12 41 11 70

0

Hays , A. N.,Covi ngton ,Ga . Newton Coun tyG uan o .. . .. . .. . ... ..... MM

"

" Special G uano ......... MM

"

" Guan o,No.l.. . .. ...... .MM

.A..N.Hays'G uan o .... .. ........ .. . .. . MM

Hoschton, C. 0. , Mill Mfg. Co., Hoschton ,

and Ga.

IlJ

ackson ducer

Coun ty ... . ... .

Favorite . . ... . .. .

Cotton . . .... ..

Pro-} . .. .

DD

H~~~c~~~~~t~.r.id~.andBig~~~ian .Uot- } DD

79 925 9 .80 80 926 13.73 81 927 11 .58 82 928 10 .05 94 1087 12 .10
62 85011 .45

1 .22 1 .02 2 .57 1 .22 1 .71
1 .98

2 .58 8 3 10 2 .9010 27610
2 .29 1o
2 .60 10

1. 65 2 .82 3
3 )!0 4 1. 65 2
1. 65 2
1. 65 2

Hi 18 14 94
17431435 21 06 23 54

t:l M
~

15 49 16 24

~
8

18 04 16 24

ts:
M z

18 78 16 24 8

Hammack,R ish& Sons, Coleman, Ga.

DeLaperri e re 's S pecial Red Elephant . DD i 3i 1173 13.93 1 .65 2 .06 10

Cotton Seed Meal .... ... .... ... ....... DD 110 J091 .. . 6 .96

.. ..

ICotton'sFavor iteStandard . ............ AA 83 676 9 .581 .77 2 .59 8

"

" Acid with Potash .. . . AA 81 674 13 .13.. . . . 2 . 21 10

3 3 6. 18 .. .. 1. 65 2
2

18 84 2l 55 26 24 23 67 16 86 14 94 13 00 10 80

0 "1
>


" Heard , Sw ift & Co., Middl e-

" Acid Phosp hate .... . AA 8::: 675 15 .50 . . . . . . . . . . 14

12 67 11 70 () C!

ton, Ga . . . . . ... ... . . . .. . Middl eton Cotton Seed Compound . . .. . S Hartwell Qil Mill , Hart-
well , Ga.. . . .. ........ . .. Cotton Seed Meal ........ .. .. ....... . S Hogansvill e Dry Goods &

65 965111 1151 1 .65 1 2.95 8 U l51 2 16 333, .. . . . 7 .08 , "" 6 18

G 17 79 14 94 C!
26 64 23 67 ~

Gro. Co., Hogansville ,Ga. Hogan sv ill e H. G. Fertilizer ........ ... I

'15 455111 .68 1.65 2 .59 10 1.65 2

17 83 16 24

Home Mi xture G ua no Co ., Home Mixt ure, No. 1 . . ..... .. ... .. .... F 13 10311 .65 1 .6 5 1 .20 9 1. 65 1

16 63 14 74

Columbus, Ga.

"

" No. 2 . . . . ...... . . . ..... H

1 69 9 .55 1 .66 2.44 8 1. 65 2

16 34 14 94

" "

" "

. N.o. 3 ... .. . . . . .. . . . .. .. H 48 182 11 .78 1 .65 2 .78 10
No. 4 .. ...... .. ........ GG 59 1082 10 .78 1 .73 4 06 8

1.65 ~ 1. 65 4

18 05 16 24 18 ' 76 16 64

Ammon ia t ed Fertili zer . ... . ... .. . ...... H

2 70 11 .65 .82 1 .66 10

.82 1

14 28 12 65

I Acid and Po tash , No.2 . . .... . .. . ... .. .. H " l' '' 10-4.. . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . AA

85 350 12 .38, .... .. 2 .40 10
1R oaq 1 .sa .... .. 4 .04 10

.. . 2 .. " 4

12 68 10 80 13 152 12 5Q

,,

"

"
"

"
"

" 12-2 .... . .. . .......... H
" No.4 . . .. ........ . .... H " 12-4 . .. .... . . ....... . . H

A.cid Phosphate, No. 14 ..... . ....... .... H

A.:ci_d _Phosphate .... . ...... . . .. ..... . ... KK

I\.am1 t ... . . . . . .. . .... .. .. ....... . . . . . KK

75 34613 .98 .... . . 2 .il 12

2

6so7
~6
37 39

1364 10 .10 . .... . 4 . 11 8 34S 14.05 . . .... 4.25 12
351 16 .15 ...... . . . . .. 14 7tlS 17 . 10 . ... .. . . . . .. 16 7ti~ 12.76 . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . .

.... 4
.. ... 4
... .... . .. . . . .. 12

is 47 i2 16

12 65 15 34

11 13

s2o0

13 10 11 70

13 71 13 00

10 89 10 40

f

Muriate of Potash .. . . . .... . ... . . . . .. . . KK

Nitrate of Soda . . . . ... Cerealite Top Dressing

. .. .... . . ..... ....

.. ..

..... . . . ....

KK
co

40 38 162

770 . . . . . . . .. . 51.89

1079 . . . . .. 15 .88 . . . . . . . .. . ..

1379

7.44 3 .44 ......

. .. . 14.85

50....

9 2.50

44 10 42 50 52 "40 49 00 30 07 34 42

uu lome :Fertilizer Chemical Boy kin's D issolved Animal Bone ....... JJ 116 11 SO14.70 2 . 19

J 2

Works, Baltimore, Md. Everybody's Fertilizer . . ..... . .. . .. . ...

!9 l t90 10

1 .16 2 .54 9

1. 65 .S2 2

IIand Trading Co., P elham, Wri ght's Home Com pound . . .... . . .. ... Q

Ga.

McBride's Cotton F ormula ............. Q

Acid Phosphate . . . .. ... . .......... .... . JJ

4ti 45 4

777 10 .33 2 03 1.72 77ti 8.65 1.85 3 795 15.08 ...... . . . . ..

Ss.50
14

1. 65 1.65 . .. .

1.50
3.. . .

Cotton Seed Meal ... . . .. . ............. L 15 204 . ... . 6 .74 ... . . . .. . .. 6 .18 . ...

19 37 15 84 15 08 12 S5 17 47 14 S4 16 87 15 79 12 40 11 70 25 51 23 67

Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.) .. . .. . ... . . . . .. . L Hogansville Oil Mill, I-Io

17 205

4.04

3.70 .... 15 84 14 72 t:d ~

gansville, Ga ... . ..... ... Cotton Seed Meal. .... ... ... . . ..... . ... [

Harlan,B.M.,Calhoun,Ga . I-I. G . Potash Mixt ure ..... . ...... . .. . . . E

S. G. Bone and Potash. . . . ... .. .... . .. . . E

Harper & Hewell, Dewey
s Rose, Ga . . .. . .. . . . ... .. . H. & H. Cotton Seed Meal Guano ......

Heard Co. Oil & Fert:i. Co., Heard Coun ty H. G. Fertilizer .. ... . ... I

Franklin, Ga.

Cotton Seed Meal. ..... .. ..... . . ...... . I

19 453 . .... . 6 .46 . .. . . . . . . ... 6 18 . . . ] 11 11 43 ... . . . 4 10 . . . . 4 5 15 12.13 ... .. . 2 . 27 tO . . .. 2

24 59 23 67

13 43 12 41

12 10

5so0

!:"' !:"' .M 8
H z

66 966 11 60 1 .97 2 .66 s J .65 2

18 90 H 94

.... 70 784 11.78 1 .68 2.16 10 1.65 2
26 456 . ... . . 6 .54 . . . ... . .. ... 6. 18

17 62 16 24 24 85 23 67

z
9

Jersey Oil Mill, Jersey, Ga. Cotton Seed Meal . . . . .. .. . ...... . .. .... B

Jelks, W. A. & Co ., Haw- J elk's Special Guan o . . ... .. . ........... y

kinsville, Ga.

Our Triumph Guano ..... .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . y

J elk's Double Strength Potash Acid . ... y

s Bone P hosphate . . ........... . . . .... .. .. y
Jones, W . 0. & Co., Elber- Standard G uano ........................

ton, Ga .

s Acid Phosphate . ............... . . .... ..

s Acid Phosphate .. ............ .. . . .....

6B 1393 ...... 6.80 . . . .. . ... ... 6.13 76 700 10 .60 1 . 25 2.69 8 .50 1.24 2

""" 25 71 23 67
15 89 13 \J1

=-'

75 699 9.85 1.24 4 .22 8.50 1.24 4

16 67 15 61

77 701 11 .75 .. . . . . 5

10 . ... 5

14 43 13 15

96 706 15 .05 . . . . .. .. . . . . 14 . . . . . ... 11 78 11 10

5 322 8.40 2 .05 2.42 8 l.ti5 2

16 87 14 94.

10 327 12.73 . . . . . 1 .67 10 .. . . 2

12 29 10 80

11 328 10.50

4 .08 8 .... 4

12 89 n 20

Jacksonville, Oil Mill Co., Jacksonville H. G. Fertilizer ... . ... . . . LL 18 875 10 . 10 1.65 2.24 10

Jack3onville, Ala.

Jacksonville H. G. Potash Acid . .. . .... . X 84. 939 10 .8 5 .. .... 4 .20 10

1.65 2 . ... !

16 50 16 24 13 22 12 50

Jackson Mercantile Co,, W . & C.'s H. G. Guano .. . . ..... ........ A 134 822 11 .40 2.01 2 .23 10

Jackson, Ga.

Acid Phosphate .... . ... . . . . . ......... .. A 123 1221 14 . 25 . ..... ..... . 13

Kitchens, T. L., Mitchell,

1...6.5.

2 ....

18 52 16 24 11 86 11 05

Ga .. ........ ..... . . . .... Kitchens' Mixture. .... ... . ... . . . . . . . HI-I 47 1233 10 .53 1.85 2.27 9 1 2

15 82 13 45

II>-
-C:..r:l

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of l903-l904.

~ ~

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
Louis ville Fertilizer Co. ,

. _.. I ..;a-. -..".. NAME OF FERTILIZER
.... ...."..' "' z. 1I ..... OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

.,
..!! ~~= t:S.
;-:"s=.".~Eo"<..~.:,.' z "

,; Fertilizer ln~rc<l i c n ts Fertilizer lngre-

e.! Actually Foun by State dients Claimed by

Chemist.

Manufacturers.

se:z"
f!

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~~~

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"' Ea?le H . G. Guano ... . .. ... ........ . .. . A 89 813 12 .80 1 .34 2.85 10 1.65 2

.,

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I

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'Cua.o>, teofeill.-5e=g~

$17 76 $16

4

LouisvillE:, Ky.

'

" Perfect Guano .. .... . .... . . G 143 1060 11 .70 1 . 65 2 .71 10 1 .65 2

17 94 16 4

00 0 M 0 ::0
0.... >

" "
" " " Lathrop Co tton Oil Co., "

Standard Ammoniated Bone ..... A Ammoniated Bone . .... . . ........ B 13-4 ... . .. . . ... ............ . ...... A
Potash Special. .. . . ..... . ........ u
Potash Mixture ......... . ........ C
Excelsior Tenn. Acid Pho&phate. . A

130 821 11 .28 1 .46 2 .31 8

53 1230 10 .03 1 .65 3 . 04 8

90 897 13 .48 . .. .. . 4 . 14 13

18 366 10 ...... 4.01 JO

16!l 964 11 .48

2 10

75 901 16 . ... . . . . . . .. 16

1.65 2 1.65 2
... . 4

16 70 14 4 17 14 14 4

t:1 M
"d

14 88 14 5 >

.... 4

12 51 12 0 ~

0

2

12 05 10 0 Is:

. . . . . ... 13 00 13 0 Mz

Hawkinsville, Ga... .. . .. Cotton Seed Meal ........ . ........ . . .. . u

6 382 . . .. .. 6 .36 . ... . . . . . . .. 6 .18 . . . . . 24 26 23 7 >-J:

Lowe, T. J ., Mableton, Ga. Ammoniated Dissolv'd Bone and Potash. J Red Land Guano . .. . . ..... . .... . ... . ... J
Lawrenceville Oil and Mfg.

28 1140 9.95 1 .24 2.27 9 29 1141 10 .48 1.89 1 . 50 9

1.24 2.40 15 08 14 8

1.65 1

16 91 14 4

0 .>%!
>

Co., Lawrenceville, Ga .. Co t ton Seed Meal. .... .. .. ....... ...... B Lazaretto Guano Co., Bal-
timore, Md. .... .. . . ..... H. G. Truck Guano.......... . ........ . . y

64 1117 ...... 6 .64 . . .... . .. ... 6.18 . ... 25 18 23 7

135 1329 7.48 5 .98 5 .71 7 6 .50 5

32 01 32 !j

~....
(c):

Lovett, Byrd B., Jr., & Bro., Sandy Land Rust Proof Formula ....... HH 14 1232 9 .68 1 . 13 4 .28 9

Sandersville, Ga.

Mogul Guano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . ... II 34 641 9 .53 1.44 2 .23 8

Planters' Prid e Guano .. ..... . ......... HH 80 1232 8 .88 1.45 2 . 13 8

Kitchen's Form ula .. ..... .. ......... . .. II 3S 645 10.30 1 .02 3

8

1 5 1.65 2 1. 65 2 1 3

G 16 26 16 0
15 44 14 4 c: ~ 14 96 14 4
15 20 13 5

C. E;l. :M:. Mixture .... . ......... .. .... . . . LT. 37 644 9 .80 .94 3

8

. 82 3

14 62 13 0

D. & W. Yad Meal. ................... .. II
Washington County Guano... .......... v

33 640 7 .53 2 .16 3 .13 8 41 948 9 .58 1 .65 2 .60 9

Acid and Potash .... . .... . ......... ... .. HH 24 684 11.03 .. . . . 3 . 13 10

1.65 3 1.65 2 . .. . 4

17 28 15 9 16. 47 15 9 12 43 12 0

Mogul Acid .. . . . ...... . ... .. . . . . ....... HH 25 685 10 .93 . .... 3 . 26 8

4

12 47 11 20

Louisville Mfg. Co ., L ouis- Miller's P ride . .... . .. ...... . ... .. ... . . . V 73 95? 9 .20 2 .06 3 .91 8 2.06 3

18 70 17 15

ville, Ga, ~

Stone's C. i::l. M. Mixt ure .... . .. . ...... V

~

y

24 532 9 .25 1 . 23 2.86 9 60 950 (} .28 ~ . 78 2 .32 8

1.23 2 1.65 ll

15 10 14 21
16 47 11 1

H. G. 12-4 . ...... . . .. . ... ...... . ..... . . V 74 126712.68 ..... . 4 .13 12

4

Lane, Tillman & Co., Val- ~ John Lane's Kolb Gem .. .. : . ..... .. . .. . JJ

dosta, Ga.

Sea Island King Cotton Grower. . . ... . .. JJ

45 804 8 .73 1 .89 2 .09 8 48 807 8 . 88 1 .66 2 .415 8

1.651 2 1.65 2

Premium Bone Compound . . ........ .... JJ -!7 806 9 .40 . ..... 4 .35 8

4

Acid Phosphate . .. .. .. . .... .... . . . . .. .. JJ 46 805 15 .48 ...... . .. .. . 14

Kainit ... . . . . . ..... . ... . ..... . . .. . . . .. .. JJ 49 808 .. . .. . . . . . . 13 22 ' . .. .. ,1 2

Lowry Bros., Dawson, Ga .. Lowry's 1 0--~ Acid .. ... . . .. .. . . .... .. ... C 95 679 11 .85 .... .. 4

10

4

11 Bone and Potash .... . ..... . . .. KK 4\J 115913 .20 . . ... 2.16 10

2

Mutual Fer tilizer Co ., Sa- H. P . and B.'s Cotton Hustler . .. . .... 0

vannah, Ga .

''

Superphosphate . . ... . .. . 0

42 427 10 .98 1 .96 2 .21 10 43 428 9 .10 1 .90 2.26 8

l.ti5 2 1.65 2

"

Ammonia ted Dis. Bone . . Y 111 71 0 9 .75 1.715 1 .28 9 1.65 1

Ellis' Snluble Pacific.... .... ...... . . . . .. E F. 31 513 8 .98 1.75 2 .26 8 1.65 2

" Productive Bone. . ... . .. . .... .,. UU 53 1292 10 . 28 2.61 3.64 9 ~ . 47 4

'' Productive Bone Superphosphate. FF 124 llU3 9 .60 1 . 91 1 .35 9 1.65 1

" Productive Bone Superphosphate. UU :.!8 142410 .65 2.15 2 .08 9.50 2.06 2

11 Harvest Fertilizer ..... . ... . ..... NN 10 1033 10

1 .23 1.70 10

.82 1

Chas. Ellis' Cumberland Fertilizer .. . . . 0 1::> 237 9.23 1 .69 2 . 8 1.65 2

''

Cumberland Fertilizer. . . . UU 8 12R9 9 .43 1 .72 3 . 64 8 3.30 4

B. and S. Special S. I. 0otton Fertilizer Z 40 610 10 . 05 1 .65 3

9 1.65 3

Suwann ee Ammoniated Bone Guano ... U 1\J 387 9 .08 1 .73 2. 06 8 1.65 2

Special ~ u gar Cane Grower . .. . .. .... ... Z 88 1075 7.45 2 .62 4.63 6 .50 2. 87 4

Lamar Keller's i::lpecial Truck Guan o . .. EE 54 861 7 .83 3. 58 5 .07 6 4 .10 4

Long Cotton Grower ... .. ..... .. . .. . . . . Y 110 7011 9 . 65 1 .92 3 . 51 9 1. 65 3

Potash Mixture.. . . . ... . , . . . . .... . .. .. 0 77 75710.53 .. . ... 5 . 12 10

4

11 Compound ....... . .. . . ... . . . . . .. 0 66 755 8 .20 ...... 4 .06 8

4

Dissolved Bone with Potash .. . .... . .. ...JJ 91 103010 .48 ...... 4.76 10

2

Acid .Phosphate ...... . .. ... .. ..... .. . .. JJ 93 10~9 13 . 23 .... .. .. .... 13

11 Phosphate .. .... .... .. .. . ... . . . . . Q 15 378 14 .45 .. .. .. . .. .. . 14

" Phosphate .... . . . .. .. .. . .... . .... . ~

53 728 12 . 715 .. 12 0 .. . . .. 0 ..

' ' Phosphate ..... . ... . .. . .. . .... . ... EE 34 51417 .03 ............ 16

German Kainit... . ..... . .. ........ ..... 0 16 240 .. ....... .. . 12 .36 . . . . .. .... 12

Marietta Fer tilizer Co., At- ~Li on H G. Guano .... ... ........ .... . . . G

lanta, Ga..

Royal Seal Guano . ........ . .. .. .. .. .... G

63 223 11.73 2 . 18 2.66 10 64 2:!4 11 .48 2 . 19 2 .67 10

1.65 2 1. 65 2

Tona wanda Guano . .... .. . .... . ... . . ... E 13 21 11 .05 1 .73 2 .24 10 1.65 2

Cooper's H. G. Guano . ... . . . . .... .. . ... G 61 222 11 .48 2 415 3 . 17 10 1. 65 2

oolid South Guano . . . . . . . ..... . . . .. . . . G 60 22 110 .05 1 .77 2 78 8 1.65 2

Planter's Pride Guano . .. . .. .... . . ..... M 25 1401 9 .93 1 .49 2 .26 8 1.65 2

Marietta Guano .... . .... . . . . .... .... .. . C 20 43 .10 05 1.76 2 .46 8 1. 6!) 2

Beef, Blood and Bone Compound . . .... . G 68 :.!26 10 .95 1.12 2 o68 9

082 2

14 35 13 80

16 27 14 9i

15 92 14 94

12 41 11 20

12 06 11 10

11 23 10 20

13 70 12 50

11 71 10 80

18 07 16 24

16 70 14 94

15 78 14 74

16 12 14 94

20 98 19 99

16 29 14 74

18 37 17 26

14 60 12 65 15 87 14 94 17 49 22 09

b:l
q
~

17 12 16 44 15 96 14 94 20 04 :9 70

~
z H

23 81 23 43 z

18 18 16 44 9

13 79 12 50 ~ 11 38 11 20 H

13 45 10 80

11 20 11 05

11 99 11 70

10 88 10 40

13 67 13 00

10 50 10 20

19 67 16 24

21 19 16 24

17 38 16 24

20 83 16 24

17 a3 14 94

15 88 14 94

us17 02 14 94 67 12 86

oj:>. ~ ~

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of J903- l904.

.~ ,.,

0

-----

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

i;J .!l
rg:e~
:"""~ :'S".""E8..'.',"S,"<II
z;:l

.: ~o r tl l izer lnfcdicnts

Fertilizer Ingre-

.8
6

Actunll y Foum by Stntc Chemist .

dients Claimed by Manufacturers.

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.8
... .8

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= ~~ 0 ...
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Od

'-'5

Marietta Fer tilizer Co ., Lion Special Guano .. .. .... .. ... . ...... AA 56 663 1 0 .6 3 .96 3 . 5 2 10

.82 3 $ 15 78 $14 35

Atlanta, Ga.

Magic Cotton Gr ower . , .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . G 14 1 1396 10 .73 .82 1.67 10

.82 1

13 69 12 65

C)
~
~

J ewe ll 's Standard G uano ..... .... . . . .. . QQ 3 1249 10 .8 0 1 .6 5 2.32 8

JE'well's Blood and Bone Compound . ... DD 30 498 10 .93 .88 2

9

1.'.1reen's Favorite . ..... ....... . ...... , . . X 64 1429 11 .2 3 1. 75 2 .6 2 10

1. 65 2 .82 2
1.65 2

17 03 14 9-! 14 30 12 85 17 89 16 24

wtj ~

Lion Truck Guano .... . .... ........ . . . . K 73 914 10 .32 2 .95 4 .44 10 3 .30 4

22 80 23 38 ~

M. F. Co.'s 13-4 ...... .. ... . ...... . . . .. G 66 225 14 . 93 ...... , 4 .0 3 13 Lion H. G. Ac id Phosphate with Potash QQ 1 1248 10 .63 . .... . 5 .14 10

.... 4 .... 4

15 72 14 45 ~ 13 88 12 50 w

Golden Gr a in Grower . .. .. . ... . ....... . E H 22 8 .78 .. .... 4 Wheat and Clover G rower..... .. . .. . . . . M 26 550 13 .0 3 . ... . . 2

8 .. .. 4 12 . . . . 2

11 70 11 20 12 77 12 10

2:
>-:1



c M.G. C. Dissolved Bone . .... . .. .. . ..... R
Dissolved B one with Potash .. . .. . ... ...

Marietta Acid P hosphate with Potash .. QQ

Jewell 's D issolved Bone with Po tas h .. . DD

Lion Potash Mixture ........... , .... .. MM

"

" Spec ial .. . ... . ... . . ....... . MM

48 487 10 .4 0 . . ... 22 45 10 50 ...... 2 L:248a 13 .6 5 ...... 32 500 10 ..... . 23 882 10 .10 ...... 24 883 9 .9 5 ... ...

2 .2 3 10 2 10 1. 0 7 11
2 .0 2 10 2 . 14 10 4 .1 5 10

... . 2

....
... .

2 1

. ... 2

.... 2

.... 4

11 25 10 80 11 12 10 80 12 38 10 60 10 82 10 80 10 98 10 80

0 '>1
>
C)
i..:.t.l.
(')

12 59 12 50 ~

" H. G. .-\cid Phosphate .. . .. .. ..... . G 57
i\farietta H. G. Acid Phosphate . . . . .. . . G 58 P ied mont Ac id Phosp hate .... . ... . .. ... ,f 5!i
Acid Phospha te . .. . ... . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . MM 113

:218 1 6 03 . . . ... . . . . . . 16 2L9 14 .28 . .. . .. ... ... 14 2 17 13 .4 0 . . . . .. . . . . . . 12 935 12 .53 . . ... . ... 12

.... ....
.. . ... . .. . . .. . .
. . . . . ...

13 02 13 00 11 88 ll 70 11 31 10 40 10 74 10 40

ti
~
~

Li on H. G. Dissol ved Bone . .. ...... ... . li 59 220 14 .3 5 .....

14 . .. . . . . 11 92 ll 70

German Kainit . .. . .. . .. ... . . . . . .. ...... F 61 30-! . .. . . . ...... 1 2 .68 . .. .. . . . . 12

10 6 4 10 20

Muriate of Potash . ... . ........... . .. .. DD 124 1170 . . . . . . .. . . . 50

. . . . ... . 50

42 50 42 50

Mabbett & Groover, Quit- Georg ia State Ammoniated .. . . ......... JJ 66 1m2 9 . 65 1 .6 6 2 . i 8 8 1.65 2

16 19 14 (14

man, Ga.

Mel on and Cane .... . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .... .JJ Cotton and Corn Compound wi th Nitro-

12011336 10 .10 1 .7 4 3 . 31

9

1.65 3

17 71 16 44

gen .... . . . . . ... . . . . ..... . .... . . . . . ... J J 64 1021 9 .6 3 . 82 3 .09 9

Bone and Potash Compou nd ..... . ..... JJ 69 1 ~57 11 .03

3 53 8

. 82
....

3 4

14 18 13 70 12 77 11 20

Bone and Potash Compound .. . ' ...... . . ,jj

Charleston Dissolved Bone .. ... .. . .. . .. JJ

Superior High Grade Dissolve>d Bone . .. .TJ

/Muriate Potash ..... . .. . ~ ..... . .. _. . .. . JJ

Mon tezuma Mfg. Oo., Mon- Ideal Guano... . . ..... ... .... ... ...... . F

t ezuma, Ga .

F elt()n's Favorite . ................ . . .. . . H

McKe nzie's Cotton Grower . . .. . . . . ..... H

Cotton Seed Meal .. ........ . . . . . .... .. . H

Mon ticello Cotton Oil Co. ,

115 1179 11 .35 ...... 4 10 .... 4

68 1024 14 .58 . ..... . . . . .. 13 . ... . ...

1 793 16 .50 ..... . . .. ... 16 . .. .

70 1025

.50 . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .50

108 1388 10.38 . 9 8 4 .22 8

.82 5

189 1056 10 95 2 . 17 2 .04 10 1 .65 2

191 138

1058 10
6511 . . . . ..

1 .97 2 .76 8 6 .46 . . . . . . . .. . . .

1.65 6 '.1 8

2
.. ..

13 37 12 50 12 07 11 05 13 32 13 00 42 50 42 i)O 16 29 14 75 18 60 16 24 17 94 14 94 24 59 23 67

Monticello. Ga .... .... . Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. MM 11 7 Milledgeville Oil Mill, Mil-

936 .. . . . . 7 .20 . ..... ...... . 6 .1 8 . .. .

27 03 23 67

ledgeville , Ga . . .. . . . . . . Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . ...... , .... . . ... . K Madison Oil Mill, Madison ,

35 547 . .. . .. 6 .86 . ... .. ... .. . 6 .18 . . . 25 91 23 67

Ga . .. ........... ... .... Cotton Seed Meal ... ... . . . . . . ...... ... \V 18 393 . . . . . 7 .06 . ... . .. .. 6 .18 .. . . 26 57 23 67 Mitchell County Fer ti lizer

Co., Camilla, Ga .. . . . . .. Cotton Seed .Meal . ... . .. ... .... .. . .. .. . A

Maysville Oil Mill, Mays-

ville, Ga .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. . Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. S

Morton Oil Mill, Millen , Ga. Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . 0

Mortimer, Edmund & Co..

New York ....... . ..... . Genuine Peru vian Guano . . .... . .. . .. ... B'

Manning, W. J., P owd er

Springs, Ga. . . . . . . .. . ... VIanning's H igh Grade . .. .......... .. .. J

Mandeville Mills, Carroll- Legal Tendf' r H. G. G. S.M. Guano ... . I

ton, Ga.

Legal Tende r S. G. C. S. M. Guano . .. . . I

XX I mp'd Cotjon Seed Meal Guano . ... I

XXX lmp'd Cotton Seed Meal Guano .. [

137 1000 . . . . . . 6 .64 . .. . .. . .. 6 .18 . .. 25 18 23 67 ct:d

44 581 . . . . . . 7 . 20 . .... . .. . .. 6.18 . .. . 27 03 23 67

!:"' !:"'

4 229 . . . . . 6 . 18 . . . . .. . ... . . 6 .18 . .. . 23 67 23 67 19 109 20"30 3 .35 4 .0 4 ~'20.50 3 .13 3 .9;i 26 03 .. .. .

~
z8..... z

54 1390 12 18 2 .04 2 .,.58 10 1.65 2

19 43 16 24 9

101 9B5 10 .03 1 .76 2 .70 10 1. 65 2

17 22 l(i 24 .j:>..

109 986 9 .28 1.65 2

8 1.6;"1 2

15 77 14 24 :-'

1 2~ fl9l 9 .48 1.90 2 .70 9 1. 65 2.50 17 33 16 02

99 9R-! 11

1 .65 2 . 54 1I 1 .65 2.50 17 34 17 3 1

XXXX Imp'd Cotton Seed Mea l Guano I 121 990 10.05 2 16 2 .99 10 2 ~.50 15 50 16 66

F ree Stat e Special Fertilizer.. . . . . . . . . I

10 H. G. 4 Potash Acid P hosphate . . ... . [

Mallett & Nutt, Jackson, B. B. B. H. G. Guano... . ..... . ......... A

Ga

Standard Grade Guano . ........... . . .. . A

117 f!S8 9 . 53 2 .50 3 .39 9

155 1380 11 .08 .. . .. 4

10

269 131.8 11 .40 1 .S6 2 36 10

266 1316 10 .80 1 .41 1.76 8

2.50 3 . .. 4 1. 65 2
1. 65 2

19 92 19 2-! 13 20 12 50 16 91 16 24 15 76 14 94

Morris' Choice ..... .. ...... .. . .... . .... A 267 1317 8 98 1 .81 2 .50 8 1.15 2 Middle Georgia Fertilizer

16 52 14 94

Co., Dublin, Ga .... . . .. Duke's Mixture .. ... . ....... . .. . . . . .. .. II Maret, A. J ., Lavonia, Ga. Lavonia Standard Grade .... .. . . . . .. .... S

23 635 9 08 1 .15 3.42 8 40 579 9 80 1 .99 2 .60 8

.82 3 1.65 2

15 19 13 05 17 74 14 94

" H igh Grade ..... : .............. S .J.l 580 12 .40 1 . 94 2 .46 10 1.65 2

19 15 16 24

~

''Total Phosphoric Acid '' Available Phosphoric .A.cid 17.78. Commercial val ue computed on this.

~ ~

Analysis of Commercial FertHzers for Seas:m of 1903-1904.

~ I
-g.i!:,!..;

,.;
,8 E

F'erti liz (~_T Jn g r ediPn ts
Actull y F'ound by State Chemist.

Fertilizer lngredien ts Claimed by
M a n u f a c tu r e r s.

I I :l -;;

'li!



;~; ;~

~ g.; >~ ~

.;..
*""!>.:)

BY WllOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

N AM E OF F ERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

~~~~ ~~ ~L ~

,~.::.; OE,_S:.:
='

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~

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.;
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~ ~ .: " ::~~:.:.].cC:.'<uO

I

:~:
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M.~~-n-ro-~-~F-e r-t~il-iz-er~C~o~., M--on~-\N~u-n-na~ll~y-' ~-C~h-o-.ic-e-.-.-. -.-.-..-.-.-.-.-..-.-.-.-.-.-..--. ~. ~-D-D~Z:_231

~42~

~~ z .-~~~<-E~~~~~~~~
11-:-150--C 69--1 .152 9 1.65 1 $-16-93-

$-14- 74

Ioe, Ga.

Walton H1gh Grade ...... ... : ...... .... DD 82 8v1 11 . 92 1. 72 2 .40 JO 1 .65 2

18 06 16 24

CottonProdu cer ... . . .... . . .. .. ... .... DD' 119 1094 10 .58 1 .72 2 .67 8 1.65 2

17 4.1 14 !H

Cotton Producer ....... ...... .... .'... DD 120! 109 ) 10 .45 1 . 75 2 57 10 1. 65 2 17 34 16 24

Monroe Standard ..... . ....... . ... .. .. .. DD 146 124610 .03 1 .65 2 .47 8 1.65 2

16 66 14 94

Nunnally's Bone and Potash . . . . ... . . . . . DD 211 494 14 .38 . . . . .. 4

13

0

4

15 34 14 45

~
.
''- -
t
.~
~ '

"

Bone and Potash.. ......... DD 22 495 12 .90 .... .. 2 17 10 ... 2

12 82 10 80 '~

McDonald & Wet:lver,Cuth- ~McD. & . W.'s Acid and Meal. ........... L

ber t, Ga .

"

Bone and Potash .. .. .. .. . L

9l 199 9 . 10 1 .65 3 . 10 8 78, 787 9 .25 .... .. 3 .76 10

1.65 2
.... 2

16 52 14 94 ~ 11 80 10 80

McDuffie Oil and Fertilizer Co., Thom son, Ga ... . .. . Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P
McClure & Payne, Duluth,

. 58 3661...... I 7 .20 . . . . .. .. ... 6.18 ... . 27 03 23 67 (

Ga . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . McClure's H. G. Special. .. ... .. . . ... . . . DD 52

McConnell, L. J. & Co. , Royston, High Grade. ... ... . . .. .. . . . . . . S 12

Royston, Ga.

" 1:\tandard Gr ade . . ... . . ..... .. S 13

" Bone and Potash Compound. .. S 14

McCawMfg.Co.,Macon ,Ga. Cotton Seed Meal .. .... .. . ... ... . . ... . A 10

McRae Oil and Fertilizer Co., McRae, Ga .. ... .. .. Telfair Tip Top ...... ...... .. ........ ... U 24

Telfair Tip Top.. .. .... ........ ...... .. Y 120

844 10 .88 1.86 2 .31 10 1.65 2

329 12 .75 1 .91 2 .22 10 1.65 2

330 10 .315 1 .77 2 .46 8 1.65 2

331 14 .75 " " " 55 .. .. 6 .74

4 .09
.....

13 . .. .

..

... . 6 . 18

4... .

3R9I 10 .30 1 .65 3 .157 9 713 10 . 58 1 .76 3 58 9

1.65 3 1.65 3

17 76 16 24 19 06 16 24 17 25 14 94 15 65 14 45 25 151 23 67
17 76 16 44 18 13 It> 44

' ~
( '
c
!c
~
!

South Georgia Crop Grower ............ U 26 839 9 .88 1 .65 2 .34 8 1.65 2

16 45 14 94

Good Luck . ......... . . . ... ... .. .. ...... U Cotton Seed Meal ... .. . . .. . ... . . . .. .. .. U

61 4:.1

11 29 840

9 .05 "".

.. .. " 6 .38

5 .51 .. .. ..

8 ...

..

.

. .. . 6.18

4
. ...

13 16 11 20 24 33 23 67

National Fertilizer Co., Old Hickory Guano .... ...... . . . ....... Y 80 703 9 . 58 1 .73 1.51 8 1.65 2

15 81 14 94

Nashville, Tenn

Cotton Growe r . . .... . . . ..... . . . . . ...... T 83 9[)3 11 .98 1 .65 2 . 25 10 1.65 2

18 58 16 24

H. G. Acid Phosphate . . . . ... . . : . . ... FF 79 1101 16 " . " . . . . .. 16 . . . . .... 13 00 13 00

~aflier Bros., Macon, Ga .. Farmers' Sa.m son Guano .... . . . .. . .. .. . K 11 169 10.43 1 .65 2 .26 8 1.65 2

16 74 14 94

Celebrated Blac~ Roc~ Acid . .... .... . .. K 14 17115 . 10 .. .. " . . . . . 14 ... . 0 0 ' 12 ~7 11 IQ

Neely, Th e, R. C. Waynesboro, Ga.

German Kainit .. .. .......... . . . .. . ..... K
Co.,IBurke County .. . .. . .. ........... . . ... . . V Burke Coun t y ................ . . . ....... N Neely's Acid P hosphate and Potash.... . N Acid Phosphate .... .. ..... . ....... . .. . . N

. 12 170 .. .... 18 .04 .. .... .. .... .. . 12

2 408 9 .90 1 .72 1 .69 9 1.65 1

9 11

256 258

9

2.72

8.25 ......

1 .61 5 .73

9 8

10 257 16 ...... . .. ... 14

l...f.\.5 ... .

1
4...

10 87 10 20 16 13 14 74 18 78 14 74 12 83 11 20
13 00 11 70

National Cotton Seed P rod-

uct Co., Memphis, Tenn . Cotton Seed Meal . ..... . ..... . .. . . . .. . . LL 4::l 13751 .....

6.04 6. 18 .... 23 21 23 67

Old Dominion Guano Co., Green's Choice . . ... . ... . . . .... .. ... . ... A 53 567 11.15 1 .90 2.65 10 1 65 2

18 37 ''6 24

Atlanta, Ga.

n. U ncl e Remus Guano . . . .. .............. A 21 tif> 11 .03 1 .93 2 .63 10
H. W. Camp & Sons' H. Guano . . .... G 208 1201 11.73 2 .47 3 .06 10

1. 05 2 1.65 2

18 36 16 24 20 97 16 24

Crowley's H. G. Guano ....... . ........ . G 207 1:?00 11 .65 2 .30 3 04 10 1. 65 2

20 34 16 24

S. P. Thompson's H. G. Guano .. .. . .... G 163 1064 11 . 13 1 .65 2 .86 10 1.65 2

17 70 16 24

Ki rby's H. G. Guano . . . ............ . . . G 159 1063 10 .88 1 . 66 2.74 10 1. 65 2

17 47 16 24

Old Dominion H. G. Guano .. .. . .. . . . ... I 110 99:2 11 .35 1 . 61> 2 . 24 10 1. 65 2

17 ~2 16 24

D.P. Moon & Co.'s H. G. u uano ... ..... :\1M 100 932 11 .53 1 . 65 2.42 10 ' 1.65 2

17 58 16 24

Old DominionS. G. Guano .. ... . ... ..... J
Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone . 13 Potent Pacific ... . . .. . .... . ............ T

24 152 8 .03 1 .78 2 57 8 50 1115 9.18 1.65 2 .57 8 17 414 10 . 15 1 . 65 2 .82 8

1.65 2 Ul5 2 1.65 2

15 87 14 94 16 18 14 94 17 02 14 94

b:f ~ t" t"

Farmer's Special Guano . . . . ..... . .. . . . . X 13:! 122;3 11 .28 .91 3.21 10 Blood and Bone Guano . ....... . .. . ..... X 29 613 11 .50 .94 1 .32 10 W. F. ('amp's H . G."Guano . . . ... ... .. . . DD 117 1093 10 .25 2 .20 3.03 10 W. L. Peel's Ex. H . G. Guano. ..... G 205 1198 11 . 15 2 .79 4.16 10

1 3 1 1 1.65 2 2 47 3

15 66 14 95 14 29 13 25
19 09 16 24

M
8z....

22 57 19 80 z

H. W. Camp & Sons' Dissolved Bone and Potash ......... .. ............ .... ... G 206 1199 12 .30 . . .... 5 .10 13

... . 4

9
14 92 14 45 ..j::..

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Potash .. .......... . ........ .. .......... .. I 111 987 11 .08 . . .... 2

12 . ... 2

;< 11 51 12 10

Old Domin ion Dissolved Bone and Potash X 23 447 10 .43 . . . .. . 4

10 . . . 4

12 78 12 50

"

"

Dissolved Bone and Potash I

" "

" "

Dissolved Bone and Potash I Dissolved Bone and Potash R Dissolved Bone and Potash A

"

"

Dissolved Bone and Potash I

Peel's Wheat Grower ... . . ... .. .. .. . : . . E

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone . .. . . . .. .. RR

" " " "
"

Dissolved Bone ..... .. ... A Dissolved Bone ... . . . . ... X Dissolved Bone . ... ..... . LL

Ober, G., Sons & Co., Balti-IOber's Special Ammoniated Dissolved

J110fe Mq.

~one ........... . .... ...... . .'......... ~

90 1254 11 .65 ...... 3 .70 13

14 451 12 .88 . . . . . . 4

12

71 730 15 .05 ...... 3 15

16 61 10 .83 .. . ... 2 .19 10

16 452 9.18 . . . ... 3 .33 8

4 14 8 .63 . . . . .. 2 .80 8

34 119

133g 14 .05 ... ... .... . .
818 13 .53 .. . .. . ......

12 13

24 1352(4 .03 . .... .. . ... 14

14 8i3 16 .73

16

126 1276112 .78 1 . 65 3 .04 10

. .. . 4

13 42 14 45

.... 4
.... 3

14 37 13 80 14 93 14 90

... . 2

11 50 10 80

.. .. 4
.... 4 .. . .
. . . . 0
. ...
.... . ... .... . . . .

11 39 11 20 10 59 ll 20 11 73 10 40 11 39 11 05 11 72 11 70 13 47 13 00

~

1.65 2

18 92 16 2*

ol:>. ~

1

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of l903- l904.

-- - --

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSI NESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Ober , G., Sons & Co ., Bal- Ober's F arme r s' Standard Ammoniated

-."~,
ro:Z :.:
S::::l-<,8
,".,r'"='.".,
J,..J.jQ,
:":'a$s"~
z;:s

,.; }'ertilizer I ngredients

Fertilizer Ingre-

$ Actually Found by State dien ts Claimed by

E

Ub c m i t.

;:s
j:>Z .8 ~
.8
"-.l

~.,~-" ~
;:;"~
~~

..,;
!z"0::"

~
!l
0
""

., _"M_ a
-~_g":E
~~<

nu
.

f

a

ct
,;
"to'
0
.h

u

rers.
..c
!"l'

> ,.c:
z <p..

p0..

timore, Md.

Phosphate. . .. . . ..... . ..... . . ... __ . . . . DD 33 501 10 .98 1 .82 2 .60 9 1. 65 2

..=, .,
~g~
~.r-:..,~
Qs."e';<~
SC'.,;.Q
o-<
<...

...._.,., ,
;:s::S
>::a.;
co""sE;'.."."o>'.'""."a~."',
UOi"j'

$17 94 $!5 59

J..
~ ~
g
0
~
0.>.....

Ober's :::ioluble Am moniated Superphospha te of Li me ......... _.. ..... . ... ... J
Ober 's Farmers' Mixture ........ . . . . .. H
A. & T. H.ll. Ammoniat'd Dissolv'd BoneS

22 151 11 .53 1 80 2 .43 8 16tj 66 111 .2 5 1.10 2 .40 9 3-! 575 11 .90 1.86 2 .61 10

1. 65 2 .82 2
1. 65 2

t:l

18 09 14 94 15 58 12 85 24 67 16 24

i'=1
">d
~
8

A. & T. Amm oniated Dissolved Bone . . . S Ober's Ac id Phosphate with Po tash . . . K
" Dissolved Bone and Potash . ..... S " Dissol ved Bone ... . ..... ... .... . . B

35 576 10 90 1 . 13 2 .40 9 17 1391 9 .83 . . . . . . 6 . 56 8 84 913 11 .65 .. . .. 2 .34 10
13 8\H 15 .98 . .. . .. ..... 14

.82 2 15 22 12 85 i!::

.. . . 4

14 56 11 20

. . .. 2

12 16 10 80

.... . .. . 13 18 .11 70

zi'=1
8

Ocilla Oil & Fertilizer
Co., Ocilla, Ga ... .... ... Cotton Seed Meal (8. I.) .. . ... ~- . . ..... u

Olivf:'r, W. J, Cotton Oil Oli ve r 's Acid anrl :M:eal Formul a . .. .. ... AA

Mill, Shellman , Ga.

" Acid, Meal and Po tas h ..... .. .. A.-\.

" Corn Maker . .... .. ..... . .. . . ... AA

" Cotton Make r ... . . ..... . ..... . . AA

Cotton Seed Meal . .... ... _. .. : . . .... ... L

Oconee Oil & F e rtilizer Athens H. G. Guano ... . ............... S

49 1128 . .... . 68 670 10 .68 67 . 669 11 .0 5 66 668 10 .75 125 1342 12 .08 183 132 1 . .
so 1210 10 .28

4 .16 . . ... . . . . .. 1 .42 2 .02 8 1.36 2 .69 10 2 .3"1 1.74 9 1 .65 4.52 12
6.18 . . . . . ..
1 .65 2.02 10

3 . 70 1.65 2 1.65 2 2.45 1 1. 65 4 G. 18 1.65 2

0

16 23 14 72 15 93 14 94 16 54 16 24 18 88 17 38 19 73 19 24

"1
>
0 .~.....
c()

G 23 67 23 67
16 43 16 24 c

Co ., Athens, Ga.

'

" S. G. Guano ........... . . . . . ... . M
Oconee H. G. tiuano ..... . . . ... . ... . . . . M

83 626 10 . 10 1.47 2 .36 R

178 ll613 10

1 .99 1 . 53 10

1. 65 2 I .65 2

16 01 14 94 ~ 16 96 16 24 ~

" Special Guano . . ... . . .. ....... . M 99 1044 10 . 25 1 .67 2 .80 10 2 .47 3

17 16 Hl 80

Blood and Bone Special Guano . . ... . . . . w 11 7 750 12 .30 1 .76 3 . 61 9 2.47 3

19 46 19 14

" " '' H.G.
" " " S. G.

" . . . .. . .. . w 11 9 1147 11 .85 1 .65 2 " . . . . . . . . . M' 34 555 10 .95 2 . 23 2

10 1.65 2 8 1.65 2

17 44 16 24 18 77 1-l 94

At hens H . G. Acid Phosphate .. .. . . .. . . M 81:! 1174 14 .53 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 . . . . . ... 12 04 11 70

Oco ue e "

H . G. A.cid Phosphate . .. . . Dissolved Bone and Potash

. .

. .

. .

.. ..

M w

147 1174 13 .28 . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11 8 751 10 .98 . . . . .. 1 .06 10

so ....
00

11 24 11 70

... . 2 10 63 10

" Dissolved Bone and Pot ash . .. . . QQ 6 1262 10 .63 . .. . .. 3 .08 10 .... 2

12 12 10 80

Cotton Seed Meal ........... . . ......... M 1 186 ..... 6 .64 ............ 6.181 . .. . 25 18 23 67

Tankage.. . .. .. . . ... . .... . .. ......... . .. M 60 631 ...... 7 38 .. .. ..... .. 6 .59 .. .. 24 35 21 74

Mu ria te of Potash .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .. . . M 102 1046 .. ...... .. .. 52 .08 .... . .. . . 50

44 26 42 50

Nitrate of Soda. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 100 1045 ... . .. 15 .. . ... . ... . . 15

49 50 49 50

Plan ter' s Oil, Co ., Albany,

Ga . .... . . ............... Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 42 16 1 .. .... 6 .68 ...... .. .. . 6.18

25 32 23 67

Planter's Co tton Oil Co.,

Augusta, Ga ... .. ... . . . . Cotton Seed Mettl ..... .. . ........ .... . . N 6S lOll ...... 5 .82... ..

6.18

22 49 23 67

Plan te r' s Oil Mill, Gain es-

vill e . Ga . ... . . . . . ....... . Cotton Seed Meal ......... .. . . .. ..... . DD 59 848...... 6 .60 .. ... .

6.131 .. 25 05 23 67

Pittard, J ohn T., Winter- Standard . .... .... ........ ... .. ...... B

2 89:Z 10 .93 1 .85 2 64 j 8 1.65 2

18 04 14 94

v ill e, Ga:

Potash Acid . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B ] 02 1308 11 . 55 .. .. .. 2 . 281 10

2

12 03 10 80

Powhattan Chemical Co .,

Richmond, Va . . ... . .... Magic Cot ton Grower ......... .. . .. . . . . S 162 1194 9.83 1 .86 2 .33 8 1. 651 2

17 10 14 94

Pettit, H ugh & Co., Mem-

phis, Tenn, . .. . . ..... .. . Cotton Seed Meal ..... . .. .. ... . . . . . .. . . C 18L 1297 ...... 6 .28 .. .... .... . 6. 18

Putney Fertilizer Co., Put- Standard Guano . . . .. . . ... ... ........... J J 75 10:27 10 .30 1 .81 3 .02 8

ney, Ga .

IMiller's F er til izer .. . .. .. . ..... .. .. .'... L 11 8 })97 11 . 18 1 . 50 5 10

1. 651 2 1 3

24 00 23 67 17 82 14 94 19 06 14 95

ctd
f:

Acid Pho~phate . .. . ........... . .. . .... . L 119 998 16 .40 ...... .... .. 15

Germ an Kainit, .......... . .......... . . . .JJ 74 102() .. . . . . . . . . 12.72 ... . .. .. . 112 Pioneer Guano Co ., Albany,IBlood and Bone Guan o .. ... . ..... .. .... KK 21 164 12.60 1 .48 2 .31 10 1. 65 2

Ga.

Samson Guan o . . .... .. . . ... .. ....... .. . Z 311 591 9 .38 1 . 65 2 43 0 1.65 2

Dissolved Bone wit h Potash ............ KK 20 763 10 .80 . . . .. 2 10

2

13 26 12 35 10 67 10 20 17 63 16 24

t:1
~
z H

16 19 14 94 z

11 32 10 so ~

Dissolved Bone w it h Potash . . ......... . L 11 7 996 9 . 35 . . . . . 3 . 60 8

4

11 74 11 20 -1>-

Charl eston Acid P hosphate. _.. .... .... C 11 4 682 14 .35 .......... .. 14

11 95 11 70 H

Ph<ll nix Grocery Co., Fitz-,Ph<llni:x: Standard Guano . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z

gerald, Ga .

" H . G. Guano . .. .. ... . ......... Z

80 1074 9 .90 1.53 2 .86 8 78 1073 11.33 1.65 3.26 10

11..6655122

16 51 14 9-l 18 '17 16 24

" Special Guano . . . . . . . ......... Z 127 ]133 11.40 .86 5 . 18 10

.82 5

17 24 16 05

Qu it man Oil Co., Quitman,ICotton Seed Meal ... . .... . . . . .. . .... .. . J.T 1! 2 1178 -... 5 .90 .. .. .. .... .. 6.18

22 75 23 67

Ga .

Cotton Seed MPal . . . ............. ... .. . Q :'6 772 . . . . . . 6 . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .18

23 67 23 67

Cotton Seed Meal (t:i. I .) . .. . .. . . . .. . ... . L 140 1003.. .. . 3 .74 ........ . 3'70

14 85 14 72

Read Phosphate Co., Nash- R ead ' s Blood and Bone, No . l. . . . . .. ... F 36 120 9 .78 1 . 77 2 .30 8 1. 65 2

16 74 14 94

ville, Tenn.

" So il Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M 47 628 8 .7 8 1 69 2 .41 8 1.65 2

15 92 14 94

Blood and Bone Special ....... . . R 176 1152 11 83 1

1.32 10

.82 1

14 71 12 65

Ma tch less Cotton Grower .... . . NN 16 1034 11.03 1 65 1 21 9 1. 65 2

16 24 15 59

Farmer 's Friend ......... . .... . II 8 633 10 .58 1 .65 1 . 67 9 1.65 2

16 33 15 59

" Farmer's Special Manure. .. . .... H 95 534 12 .75 97 3

10

.8~ 3

" Boss Cotton Grower . ............ Q 59 870 1.45 1 .14 2 .46 10

. 82 2

!' H . G: Ammoniated Bone .. . ... .. F 17 10712.20 1.78 2 .27 10 1.65 2

16 64 14 35

15 89 13 50 18 33 16 24

w::-. w::-.
01

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1903-1904.

>I>.
~

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

.
."!!' ".;.,':r~z...~..,: :':""a.'.s"8."!.,;'
z "

,.;
.8s
.. "~z
.'l
.8
j

}'ertllizer Ingredients

Actually Found by State

, Chemist.

_.., _..,

.;

.., .~c~o:z

"'
0

.".'"o'< <-~"

z ~

~
~
c0 .

Fertilizer lngredients Claimed by
Monu!acturers.

~-~ .~t-:JaO]
..~:.:.cc.g: <

ci
"bO
z ~

..ci
~
c0 .

I .>"".:'=-go .;.
. - I -~~ ":e;:;.;O:>-:..i.<.=d_
I ~ ~~ o.

-..","..
>~
o;, o.o !il-g Es .e~
8<3

0:>
0 M 0
~
0

Read Phosphate Co., Nash Read's Cotton Flower ........... . . . . . .. Q

ville, Tenn.-Cont'd.

" Red Diamond Special .. .... .. ... X

" H. G. Guano ......... .'..... ... . . N

58 869110 .40 1 .68 3 . 11 9

67 938 10 .85 2 .47 3 10

26 519 8 .80 3.32 4

8

1.65 3 2 .46 3 3 .30 4

$17 54'~ 20 35 22 67

4 >H
'7

9

tJ M

Skinner's Special Mixture ..... ......... N

Johnson & Brannan's H. G. Guano . ... . A

"
Cotton

"Seed

"
Meal.

H. G. ... ....

Guano and .. . .. . . . ....

A

Read's Alkaline Bone ..... .. .. .. . ..... . H

" Special Potash Mixture .. ....... X

" Bone and Potash . . ..... ....... . . F

" "

l Bone and Pot>~.sh ....... ..... . ... F
Bone and Potash. .. ......... H

" Bone and Potash .. ............ H

" Bone and Potash....... ... . . .... R

" Matchless Acid Phosphate . . .... L

" XXX Dissolved Bone ... ....... . F

" H. G. Acid Phosphate, .......... N

Straight Acid Phosphate . .... .... ...... JJ

Ge rmarl Kainit ............ .. . ...... .. .. JJ

German Kainit ....... .. ... . ......... . .. C
Royster, F . 8., Guano Co., Roys ter H . G. Soluble Guano . . ... . ..... w

4 253 8 .80 1 .71 3 . 17 8 217 1219 10 .40 1 .65 2 .24 10

1.65 2 1.65 2

218 21

1220 10 .08 121 11 .50

2..

.07 .. .

2 .62 10 2 .015 10

87 940 10 .73

4 10

35 119 11 .10 ...... 2.21 10

37 157a 13.08 . . . . .. 4 .09 10

78
134 20
121 34 12 110

347 9 . 28 658 10 . 10 359 12.88 203 15 .38
118.14 .93 471 17 .15 1176 16 . 13

... ...
...... .. . . .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ... . ..

4 4 .02 2 .01 . . . . ..
.....
. .. . ..

8 8 12 12
13 14
13

111 1177 . .. . .. ... .. . 12 .46 . ... ..

30 156 . . . . . . .. .. 12 .26

75 741 10 .48 1 .96 2 .98 10

1.65
....

2 2

. .. . 4

. ... 2

.. . . 4

.... 4

.. . . 4

0

2

.. .. .. ..

.... 0

........ ........
. . . . 12

.... 12

1. 65 2

16 65 16 70
18 20: 12 19 12 97 11 69 17 17 12 03 12 57 12 85 12 67 12 30 13 74 13 08 . 10 50 10 .41 18 40

4
4

">d ~

4 ~

0 0

M z
8

0 0

0 "1

0 0

>
0

0

~
H

0

()

5 0

d
~

>5 d

0 0

~
~

4

Norfolk, Va., Tarboro, N. Bonanza Tobacco Grower ........ . ...... K 118 1299 8 .93 2 30 3 .09 8 2.47 3

18 61

0

C., Columbia, con, Ga.

S.

0.,

Ma- Farmer's Bone Fertilizer ........ ... . ... Potomac Ammoniated Fertilizer..... ..

M w

27 551 9.85 1.74 -2 .27 8 76 742 10 .85 1 .65 3 .30 9

1.65 2 1.65 3

16 67 17 89

4 4

Royster's Bone and Potash Mixture ... . K

41 824 11 .10 ... . .. 2 .08 10

0

2

11 5!:1

0

," ,
"

Bone and Potash Mixture .... M 40 627 10 .20 0 4

10

Bone and Potash Mixture .... & H. G. 14% Acid Phosphate ... R

122 120

1403 12 .25 92115.40

. .. ... . .. ...

2 .51
... ...

12
14

Ooo
.... . ...

4 4
0000

12 63 12 69 12 61

0 0 0

cl ii. G. 16% Acid. Phosphate .. . R 119 920 i6 .SO ........ .... 16 . . . . . ... iS 68 13 00

!tamspeck, G. A., Decatur,,Ramspeck's Bone Phosphate Rpecial .. . G 166 1066 10 .50 2 .46 3 .38 R 2 .46 3

20 40 18 47

Ga.

"

Bone Phosphate Special . . . G 167 1067 14 10 1 .42 1 .48 10

.82 1

17 70 12 65

' "

Bone Phosphate Special .... G 165 1065 13 .70 1 .70 2 .92 10 1.65 2

19 59 16 24

8uuuy South Bono PhMphotu. . ...... .. G 168 1068 12 .88 1.20 1 .40 10

.82 1

16 12 12 tl5



" "

" "

Acid ....... .... ... . ....... G Aci.i ....... ............... G

169 170

1069 16.70 .. .. .. 1070 15 .60 .. . ...

..2...6.0.

10 12

. .. .
. . . .

2....

15 66 10 80 12 74 10 40

Richland Oil Co., Richland, 1

,

Ga . . . ................... ,Cotton Seed Meal. . . . . . . . .... ... ...... FF 65 725 . .. ... 6.36 . . . .. ...... 6.18 . .. . 24 26 23 67

Rutledge Oil Co., Rutledge, H. G. M. M.. . . .... . . . . .... ... ..... . . M 185 1367 9 .65 1 .85 2 .08 10 1.65 2

16 73 16 24

Ga.

H. P. Wallace H. G........ ............. M 13i 1050 10 58 1 .74 2 .33 10 1.65 2 17 19 16 24

No.1 Bone and Potash .. ............... M 136 1049 11 .80 . . . . . . 2 . 12 10 ... 2 12 07 10 80

No. 2 Bone and Potash ... .. .. .......... M 135 1048 13 .05 . . . . .. 2 . 15 12 .... 2

12 91 1~ 10

Acid Phosphate .. . ..... ...... . ....... . . M 132 1047 14 .40 ... .. . ... ... 14

.... 11 96 11 70

Cotton Seed Meal................... .. M 14 192 . . . . 7 20 . .. . .. . .. . . 6.18 0 27 03 23 67

Reynolds Bros., ton, Ga.

Washing-

Reynolds' Guano . ....... ... ........... . Acid ........... . ......................

p
w

Ragan, J.T. & Co., Dawson, Terrell County High Grade. . . . . . . . . . . . C

Ga.

"

" Standard Grade ........ C

Ray, C. P., Lavonia, Ga . . . . Cotton Grower . . ...... ........ .... .... 8

Scholze Bros.,Chattanooga, Complete Fertilizer ..... . ......... .. . . . D

Tenn.

Special Fruit Tree and Berry Grower ... D

51 297 8.90 1 .90 2 .64 8 153 753 15.88 ...... ... . 14 54 249 10 .80 1 .85 2 .88 10
18 41 9 .84 1.65 2 .76 8 135 1185 10 .65 1 .98 1 .81 8
42 1099 11 .95 1 65 2.07 8 43 11 00 11 .58 1 .55 6.57 8

1.65 2
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1 65 2 1.65 7

16 89 14 94 b:1

12 92 11 70 18 16 16 24 16 54 14 94 17 59 14 94
17 57 14 94 20 81 19 19

C! t"
lt.z:.=.."..1., z

Truck Farmer's Friend . ..... .... ... ... . D 4i 1098 11.23 1 .65 3.56 8 1.65 3

18 36 15 79 9

Smith, V. R., Douglasville,

~

Ga ..... ..... . ....... .... H. G. Meal Mixture ....... . ........... . X 115 945 11 .05 1.91 2 .68 10 1.65 2

18 36 16 24 ;<

Sparta Oil Mill, swta, Ga Cotton Seed Meal. .. ... .......... ..... . T 96 954 . . ... . 6 .52 . .. ... .. .... 6 .18 . .. . 24 72 23 67

Smith, T . ~ - & J. ., Ten- S. and S. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone .. II

nille, Ga.

Smith's Mixture .......... ........ .... II

31 41

638 10 05 1 .65 3 .92 647 9.03 1 28 3 . 13

9 8

1.1..6l:l52

2.50 3

17 90 16 01 15 35 13 05

Shores,

W. A.,

Baldwin,

Ga.

W.

A,., .

B.'s

H. G. Guano ................ 11-4 Bone and Potash . ...... .

s S

48 582 11 05 1 .65 2 10
49 583 11.18 ... ... 5.12 11

1...6. 5.

2 4

16 92 16 24 14 21 13 15

Screven County Oil Mill,

Sylvania, Ga ............ Cotton Seed Meal .... .. ...... ....... ... 0 47 432 .. ... . 6 .20

. .... 6 .18 . . . . 23 73 23 67

Stevens, Martin & Co., S. A.L ....... . .............. . ... ....... S 3l 57210 .35 1 .66 2 .12 8 1.65 2

16 60 14 94

Carlton, Ga.

S.M. Co.'s H. G. Guano .............. .. S Carlton Potash Bone ........ . ...... ... . 8

72 ]275 10 2 . 27 2 .63 10
73 971 10 .50 .. .. .. 4.50 8

1.65 2

0

4

18 82 16 24 13 24 11 20

Swift Fertilizer Works, At- Swift's Special H. G. Guano .... ..... . .. K 10 168 9 .73 3 .83 3 .13 9.50 4 . 12 3

24 21 24 20

lanta, Ga.

" Monarch "

" . .. ......... K 7 165 8 93 3 68 4 .55 8 3.2!l 4

24 40 22 05

" . Pioneer " Tobacco Grower .. DD 108 1089 9.45 1 .65 3 .75 8 " Cotton King H. G. Guano ...... A 24 68 11.10 2.76 2 .28 9

1.65 4 2 .47 2

""""'' 17 37 16 64
20 85 18 29 -:!

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1903- 1904.

~ ~

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

.
-o"N5~
c .. 0 .d.!<(!~O~~
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z =

,; I F'ert il iz~r ln~<r ~~ients
,5 Actually F'oun;i by St.:lte

E

(;bemist.

e / ~z =~ 0

~- 0 ~~.

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Fertilizer lngre-
:.., dienls Claimed by I Manufacturers.

C)
! ~.!

g . II ~~ ,--~- -~ ~~-~;

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Swift's Fer til izer Works,ISwifL's Farmers' Favorite H . G. Guano. Y

Atl anta , Ga.- Con t'd.

" Eagle H. G. Guano........... . K

78 702 -9~40 - 1 .85 3-:-o6 - 9- -1.65 -3- $ 17 41 $16 44

6 311 10 20 1 . 70 2 .37 10 1.65 2

16 85 16 24

0>....

" Golden Harvest Stand'rd Gu ano H 51 46R 11 . 25 1 .6 5 2 21 8

" Red Steer Standard Guano . .... G 83 360 11 . 10 1 .9 5 2 .31 8

" Cotton PlantAmmo'at'd Guano. G 42 173 10 .6 8 2 .09 1 .61 9

" Plow Boy Guano.. . . . . . . . . . . . G 43 17.J 11 .93 1

1 .39 10

" Cotton and Corn Growe r H. G.

Guano .. . .. . ... . ........ . ..... DD 109 1090 11 .53 2 .27 3 10

Atlan ta H. G. Phosphate and

Potash ..... . .. . .. . ....... . .. . B 75 11 19 12 .63 ... 4 12

1. 65 2 1. 65 2 1.651
.82 1
2 .47 3
. ... 4

15 53 1 14 94 tl

18 20 14 94 1780 14 74

M
">d

14 83 . 12 65 ~

Is:
20 13 19 80 M.z..,

14 21 13 so

" Farmers' Home Phosphate and

Potash .................. . .... E

7 17 11 .40 ...... 3 .22 10

" Plantation S. G. Phosphate and

Potash .. . ................... E 6 16 8 .75 .. . . .. 4. 31 8

Wheat Grower Phosphate and Potash ....................... E
" Field and Farm Phosphate and

101 20 10 .18 ..... 2 .76 10

Potash .

. ....... . ....... G 3 78 11 63

2 .08 10

Special H. G. Acid Phosphate ... R 213 1282 18. 53

.... 16

" Cultivator II. G. Acid Phosphate A 2:.! 66 16 .50 ......

14

0

. ... 4

12 74 12 50

"'1.
>

. .. 4

0
11 95 1 11 20 .~...

... 2

()
11 . 55 1 10 80 q

. ...
.. ..

2 . .. .

.. .. . .. .

11 28 10 80 14 64 13 00 13 32 11 70

G
q
l:d ~

" Chattahoochee S. U. Acid Phos-

pha~ . ............. . ..... .... P 24 28R 1 3 .43 ...... . . . . . 12 . . .. . . . . 12 63 10 40

Field's Gray Land Mixture Phosphate

and Potash. . . . ...... . ............. . P P 2 1156 14. 05

5 .14 12

Swift's Raw Bone Meal. .. . ............. K 116 1298 21 *80 4 .49 ...... *23

.... 4

16 10 13 80

3.29 . ... 23 23 . .. . ..

" Bone Meal............. . .. . .. . . JJ 53 1389 26*80 2 .55 . .. . . *25 2. 47 .. . . 22 37 . .....

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.Nitrate of Soda............ . ............ W 194 1259 ...... 15.72 ... .... 13 .1 7 .... ~ 51 87 43 4~

"Tutal Phosphoric Acid.

~~--~~;- ~- ~4 1:.201~ German Kainit ......... . .... .... ...... P
.,..Standard Chemical & Oil

1!1 :::

... 12 ..

: Co., Troy, Ala .......... . Blood and Bone .. . ... .... . .. .. . ....... AA 27

l. li5 2

a Sm ithonia Oil1\lill, Smith- Davy Crockett ......... . ........ . .... R 32 573 9 93 1 .95 2 .21 8 I .65 2

oni a, Ga.

l!'armera' Fa1ori te . .. .. .. . . .. . ......... . B 99 1307 10 .35 1 94 1 .76 B 1.65 2

Cotton Seed Meal . .. ........... .... . .. B l Oti 1310 . .. .. 1 6 80 .. . ..... . 6.18

11 2 2 10 20
17 29 14 94 17 36 14 94 17 21 14 94 25 71 23 67

Str ickland , A . J., Mfl[. S. G. Sea Isla nd Cotton Grower ........ .TJ

Works. Valdosta, Ga. Dissolved Bone and Potash Mixt ure .. .TJ

Smi th , B. G., Supp ly Co., Pride of Wa lton. ....... . ... .. . . .... . . DO

Soci al Circle, Gn.

S. S. A. (Smith's Spec ial Acid) ....... . . . DD

51 810 9 .05 1.65 2 24 8 50 809 8 75 .. . .. . 5 .05 8 7-! 853 12 .33 1 .79 2 .87 10 75 85 4 14 .601. .... 4 . 19 13

1. 65 2 ... 4 1.65 2 . .. 4

15 82 l4!H 12 58 11 20 18 95 16 2-! 15 65 14 45

Smith, Ga ..

C.V. & Co., Te:nnille, .... .... . ........

C.

V.

S.

&

Co.'s

Blootl

and

F ish

Scrap

..

rr

42 648 10 .73 1 .65 2 . 55 9

1.65 3

14 57 16 44

Southern Cotton Oil Co.,

Acwort.h, Ga . .. .. . .. .... Cotton Seed Meal. .. ... . . . . .. .... .. .... J -'" lington, Ga .... . . . .. Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . ........... . .. L

38 3

1142 197

..
..

.... . ...

5 .94 . ..... . . . . ..
6 .18 . .. ... ... . ..

6.1R 6 .18

....
....

22 88 23 6i 23 67 23 67

Athens, Ga. ............ Cotton SP-ed 1\leal. ...... . . . ... . ....... . M

Atlanta, Ga ............. Cotton Seed Mea l .. . ... . . .. ...... ... . . G

Car tersville, Ga ........ Cotton Seed Meal . . ......... . ......... pp

Cedartown, Ga ... . . .... Cotton Seed Meal ........... .. ....... . . 00

Cordele, Ga ......... . ... Dawson, Ga ...... ... ....

Cotton Cotton

Seed Seed

Meal. .. . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .... Mea l . . ..... . .. . . ..........

y
u

Forsyth , Ga .... . .. ..... . Cotton Seed Meal .. . ... . ..... . ....... A

71 23

G24 . . . ... iOO . . . . .

6 .78 ...... ......
6 .92 .. . . ... .

6.18 6.18

....

(j 13:!7 . . . . .. 6 .88

. ..... 6.18

3~ 11 23 .. . ..
10 436 . .. . .. 8 36 . . .... 9 5-! .....

6 .56 6 38 6 .18 6 .24

. . . . ..

. .. . .. ..

......... ..........

"6.18
6. 18 6 .18 1).18

.. . . ... . ... ...

25 65 23 67 26 11 23 67 25 98 23 o7 24 92 23 67 24 33 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 87 23 67

b;j
C!
t"' t"' M
~
z H z

Fort Gaines, Ga ........ . Cotton Seed Meal. . ........ . . . .... . .... AA 61 664 . . . . .. 6 66 ......

6. 18

25 25 23 67 9

Greensboro, Ga . . . . .. Cotton Seed Meal .............. . . ... .. \V 1 390 ... . 6 28 .. . . . . . ... 6.18 .... 24 00 23 67 +:>

Ha rmony G rove, Ga .. . . Cotton Seed Mea l. ......... . .......... . B Jackson , Gil ... .. ..... ... Cotton Seed Meal . .......... . ...... . A

80 1300 . . . ..
102 815

6.70 6 .66

....

.....

6. 18 6.J8

. ...
....

25 38 23 67 25 25 23 o7

;<

Jefferson, Ga ...... ...... Cotton Seed Meal . ............. . ....... DD 1 488

6 .48

6.18 .... 24 66 23 67

L avonia. Ga.... ... ...... Cotton Seed Mea l ...... .. .. . . . ... . . s
Locust Grove, Ga .. . . ... Cotton Seed Meal .. . . .... ... . . . . . .... A

38 17

577 . . . . .. 62 . . . . ..

6 .56 . . ....
6 .82 . ... ..

......

. .

..
..

6 .18 6 18

.... ...

24 9~ 23 67 25 78 23 G7

. Macon, Ga .............. Cotton Seed Meal. ..... . ........... . .. A
Monrce, Ga . .. . . . .... ... Cotton Seed Meal ....... . .. . .......... . DD Newnan , Ga .. . ........ . . Uotton Seed Meal .. . . . ................. I

8 19 34

53 . . . . ..
493 . .. . ..
460 .....

6.92 . .. . ..
6.52 ... . 6 .24

.... ..
.... .

6. 18 6 . 18 6. 18

... .
... . ...

26 11 23 67 24 79 23 67 23 87 23 67

Talbotton, Ga ... .. ... . . . Cotton Seed Meal. ...... . .... .. .... ... . H Aug usta , Ga .. . . .. .. . .. . Cotton Seed Meal. . . . . ...... .. . ....... N

6 74 71 1012 .. . .

6.18 6 .18

.

..
..

. .. ...

.... .. . . . ...

6.18 6.18

.. ..
....

23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67

Savan nah,

Ga . .... ..... .

Uotton

See d

Meal ... . .... .. .....

. ....

{

0
EE

7 56

231 862

.. .. .

5 .72 . . .... ... . . 6. 18
5 .30 . . .... ... ... 6.18 ....

22 15 23 67 20 77 23 67

W arrenton, Ga ............ Cotton Seed Meal ... . .. . .. . ......... . T Washi ngton, Ga ........... Cot.ton Seed Meal ..... .. . .. ........ .... P

.. 34 715 .. . . .. 6.58 . .. ... ..... 6. 18 .. . . 24 9 9 23 67

75

650 . . .. . . 6.80

, ...

tU8 .. .
fl O

2 5 71 23 67

~
c~o

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1903- 1904.

~ 0>

0

-

~-

- t)

:lj
"g'f!

S .

~ Fertilizer Ingredi ents

ji Actually, Fou1!il by State



Chcnust.

Fertilizer Ingredienta Claimed by

r

: ;;

'll

.

Manufacturers.

::: g~

;~;:;,
>::S

BY WHOM REGISTERED

NAME OF FERTILIZER

-=~ i: t';>Z .,~

AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

on CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

~~;.."e~0:..J~..:.

.s
."80"$'

:c ~..,;
c.c_
=:;~0.,(;.1

z ....:c: --------------~~--------------------~~~~j ~

N 43 1131 ......

1 Waynesbor o (Junes) ..... . Cotton Seed Meal.. .. . ...... ........ . N N

6 25~ . .. .. . 49 129. ......

Waynesboro (Neely)....... Cotton Seed Meal . ....... . . ... .. .. .. ... N 42 1007

t:luuLiw rn States Phosphate Augusta H. G. Guano .... . ............. P 17 2~ 10 63

'" Fertilizer Co. , :-'3\'!W Ammoniated Dissolved Bone .. .. .. .. .. ,p 21 285 8 .80

a

~

.,."
:0 g .

;tf:f:)
;.:

";;
c=
'=0-

=d~=..~Cc:.<'Ou
<~

5 .96 .... ... ... 5 .82 .... .. ... 5 .72 6 .04 ...... .. . 2 .25 2 .16 9.50 1 .75 2 .10 8

g
bO
zto
6.18 6.18 6.18 6 .18 2.06 1.65

Ij .s~.; ~=.::

..ci ~!cnl

s.ad ~
Sc-"
8...

]~
8e~e"6..s~'.

.. . $22 94 $23 7

.... 22 48 23 67

.. .

22 15 23 21

23 23

eCJ 7
7

2

18 76 17 26

2

15 87 14 \1 -!

~
::<l
0.....
> mt:l '>tl
.::.<;l

nahandAu gustu,Ga . P.and~'.AmmoniatedFertilizer . . . . . L

2< 20i 860 2.012 .06 8

1. 651 2

16571 49 4 :s:

A. G . C Formula.... . .... . ...... . ..... N S. S." Superlative Rone Guano ....... L
" Superlative Bone Guano...... .. Z

53 l:l96 8.55 1 .90 2 .20 8

34 266 8 .88 3.42 4

8

92 107!i 8 .40 3 .43 4 . 36 8

1.65 2 3.30 4 3 .30 4

16 29 28 05

14. 22

cg94

23 92 22 09

M.z.;

" H G . Soluble . .. ...... . . . .. .. (J(J 30 1291 9 .73 2 20 2.65 9.50 2.06 2

" Sea fsl andCotton ............ . L 33 265 10

1 .78 3 .09 !-J 1. 65 3

" Old Peruvian . .... ........ ... ... H 5 73 10 .88 1 .66 2 . 10 10 1. 65 2

" f:io.States P.&F.Co.'sStandard . L 36 , 26~ 8 .45 1 85 2 .28 8 1.65 2

" Pe ru vian Soluble Standard .... CO 56 1036 11 .88 1 72 2 .25 8 1.65 2

18 43 17 27 17 52 1644 16 92 16 24 16 13 14 g4 17 90 14 g4

0 "1
>
0
~
()

" GiantHighGrade ............ El!: 61 865 10 . 15 1 .82 2 . 2010 1.6'1 2

170616 24 ~

" Fi~h, Bone and Potash .... ... P 62 3()7 10 .73 1 02 3 . 12 10 " Fish. Hone and Potash . . .. ..... Y 4i 69. 11 .70 1 07 1 10

.82 3 .82 1

15 58 H 3 14 158 12 (i

ti
~

" Blood and Bone Guano ........ . P 63 368 10 .30 1 " Phospho l'otass ium ... ..... .... H 53 184 10 .45 . .

2

9

4 .05 10

.82 2 .. . . 4

f:i 14 29 12 8
12 83 12 5

" Extra Pol ash Compound . . . . P lf> 282 8 .70

4

8 .... 4

11 65 11 2

Paragon Ammo niated Guano..... . . . EE 16 508 9 . 58 1 .95 2.10 8 I. 6.5 2

17 03 14 g

T. Z . Dauiel's Special ...... . ........... 0 80 75H 9 28 2.32 3 . 08 8
KPlley's Colton Seed Meal Mixture.. .. . HH lio ! 23~ 10 .33 1.17 2 71 !J
" S. S." Phosphate Potassium . . . . ... . . H 53 18~ 10 .45 . . . . 4. 05 10

2 .06 3 .82 2 .... 4

18 90 17 1 US 47 12 8 12 83 12 5

Extra Potash Compound ....... P 15 282 8 .70

4

8 ... 4

11 65 11 2

" Bone and Potash ........ .. . . . . P 41 294 10 . 55 . . . . 2 .20 10 .... 2 11 33 10 8

Sprcinl Acid Phosphate . .. .. .. . .. .. . P 2Q 290 8 75

4

8 . .. 4

11 69 11 2

b

Augu~la Acid Ph sph nte . . . . . . . . . . . . . EE 70-10811 1 .70 "'" 2 .08 12

Acid .Phosphate.. .. . . . ........ T 141 !H:iO 12 .45 ..... 5 .48 1:/.

"S. S." Diseolved Bone. . . . ... .. . . .. . ... 0 153 962 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

" Jlissolvl:'d Bone ............ ..... EE 1!6 510 13 . 13 ....... ..... 13

" Dissolved Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P 39 :!93 14

. . . . . . . . . . 14

" Dissolved Bone ... . ............ . V

4 40\J 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Savannah

Guano

Co.,

Sa-~KUariungiuta..y.

.... .... .. ... ... . ... Ammoniated Bone .

.. ... . ....

.. . ... .... ..

L JE

35 27

2()7 " ... ...... 12 ". 5U 11 . 58 1 .79 2 .57 10

vannah, Ga.

Peruvian Standard Ammoniated Bone .. IT 5 611 10 43 1 .02 2 .48 9

Brazilian Standard Ammoniated Bone . . N 1 251 9 . 18 1.83 2 .12 8 I. Strickland's 0. S. .M:. Mixture . ... ... . Q 57 8ti8 9.65 1 .65 2 .48 ~

Pulaski Tripl e Potash Compound. ... .. FF 20 55611.40 .96 3 .40 10

Wire Grass and Ammoniated Bone ... EE 7 505 9 . 25 .95 8 . 27 8
Our own Ammoniated .!:lone .. ..... .. ... 0 u 243 10. 03 1 .80 1 .35 9
Excelsior Ammoniated Bone ... . . . . .... Q 18 379 9.98 1 . 78 1 .89 9

Diamond Cotton Food .A.mmon iat'u Bone E 8 11 50tJ 10 . 15 1 .81 1 .74 9

l:'ine Land Triple Potash Ammoniated

Bone. . .. . ....

. ........... . . .. . K

Peerless Ammoniated Bone . .. .... . .. . . V

11164 10.60 1.75 3 .45 9 9 410 10 .45 1 .76 2 .54 9

Bone, Fish and Potash Ammoniat'd Bou e U 13 385 9 .68 95 3 .40 8

Our Jewell Ammoniated Bone .... . ..... IT 8 38-1 8 .98 3 .58 4 .52 8

F ruitland Special . . .................... EE 64 8tJ4 11 .90 2 61 3 .68 10

Cotton Seed Meal .Mixture .. . .... . .. . ... Y 40 44:l10 . 15 1 83 1.49 9

XX Cotton Seed Meal Mixture .... ..... T Ill 956 9 . 13 1 .89 2 .32 8

10 and 2 Compound . ..... .. ..... . . . . . . H
10 ar.d 4 Compound ... . . . .......... ... I I!:E 10 and 4 Compound.... . .. . . ... . . .. ... 1 0

74 345 11 .80 .... .. 2 .29 10

R 899 11 .75 ... . . 4 .90 10

23 2H 11 . 15

4 .75 10

8 and 4 Compound. . ..... . ....... .. .. . . L 12 and 2 Compound . . ... . ... . .... ... .. .. N

24 210 10 .601 ... . 4 .20 8

~ 25:.! 13 .60 ... . 2

12

13 and 4 Compound . . .. .. .. . . ........ ... A.A.
12 and 4 Compound . ..... ... ... . . ... .... r

47 25

6ti2 14 65

4 .60113

714 12 .801.. " .. 4.80 12

Peerless Acid Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . .. L 54 593 15 .43 ..... .

14

English Dissolved .!:lone Acid Phosphate H 7'1. 344 14.20

12

XXXX Dissolved B<me Acid .l:'hosphate . 0
!f.- Kainit . . ... . ... . .... . . .. .... ... . .... .. 0
Tenness~e C~e mical Co., lOx G. .A.mn;~niated Bone .... . .. . ... H

26 24u 17 .05

15

2fJ 2.J5 "" . "" . 12 .90

4 7'/. 11 .20 1 . 67 2

10

Nashville, r enn.

Fertilizer . . ... .. ........ .. .... G 174 110711.48 2 .47 3 .28 10

" Cotton lluano . .. . . .... ........ X 51 619 11 .78 1 .98 1 .65 10

'' Slaughter House Bone ........ H 3 71 10 .30 1 . 65 2

8

5
12 1.65 2
.83 2 1.6fl 2 1.65 2
.83 3 .83 3 1.65 1 1.65 1 1.65 1
1.65 3 1.65 2
.83 3 3 30 4 2 .47 3 1.65 1 1.6fl 2
2 4 4 4 2 4 4
" .. 12 1.65 2 t 2.46 13 1.65 1 1.65 2

11 97 11 211
15 35 1-! ti5 10 40 10 40 11 13 lt 05 11 70 11 70 13 00 13 00 10 20 10 20 18 20 16 il4 14 85 12 89 16 41 14 94 16 44 14 94 16 06 14 38 14 52 13 OS 16 21 14 H 16 01 14 74 16 65 14 74
18 19 16 44 17 86 j5 59 14 91 13 08 24 13 22 09 22 07 l9 80 16 25 14 74 16 73 14 94 12 21 10 80 14 40 12 50 13 89 12 50 13 06 11 20 13 14 12 10 16 03 14 45
14 57 13 so
12 63 11 70 11 83 10 40 13 68 12 35 10 96 10 20 17 09 16 24
21 00,19 77 18 15 15 39 16 43 14 9-1


b:l ~

z
z
s:>
"."..'.
e~n
~

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of J903- J904.

c~:n

1>:)

~
-g:-e~ ~

..; }'ertillzer Ingredients
1l A.ctlmlly }'onnd by st..te

Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by

E

Chemist.

Manufacturers.

"=" _."".."',.
o=..~, >~ci

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

,~~~~.-,Irf~we.:.H~"0t. ~ z

Tenness~e Chemical Co.,[Ox 1:;1; G.:Spec!al Crop P roducer . . ..... . M.M 52

Nashville, Tenn .-Con.

SpeCial Tr uck Guano . ..... .. .. G 175

i':,>oZ 10~d
..8

;< =-=-=t . .,o-
::::
::.=.~
;;

j <;;:;

889 10 . 25 1108 10.80

~
ef)
~ o
z
1 3 .45

.
..~c: ~
""

~ .
.;..c~
:; -~<
<>~.>c<

4 .33 10 4 .40 1. 0

~ .g

z ~

!!
0
ll<

3..3802134

~:.... ~:;
~.:;~...
-"< '"'

"'; ~~
'E"" B
"5ES".c.'!"S
UC,3

$16 24 $14 35 24 74 :l3 38

~
0
~
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" Cotton an d Gra in Grower ..... G 13R 1059 11 1. 68 3 .03 8 " 13-4. .............. . .. . . . .. . . A 182 906 13 .35 ...... 4 . 18 13 ' ' Potash For mul a ............. A 179 142:l 11 . 13 . . . . . . 3 51 10 " Potash Mixtu re .... . .. . .. . ... . H 26 469J10 .03 . . . . . . 2 10

1.65 2 4 4 2

1786 1494 14 83 14 45 12 82 12 50
10 82 10 so

t:J
~ > ~

" H. G. Dissolved Bone . . . . . . . J 20 150 14 85 . . ... . .... 14

12 25 11 70 ~

Tabor & Almand, Elberton, Gr anite City Fertilizer ... . . . . . . ...... S 98 9771 9 .68 1 .97 2 .07 8

Ga .

BoneandPotash . .. . . .... .. ....... . . . . S

2 319 12 ...... 2 . 55 10

Bone and Potash ....... . .. . .. .......... S

1 318 10 .90 . ..... 1 4 .41 10

Tennille Oil Co., Tennille,

Ga .. . . ........ .. ..... . . C0tton Seed Meal .. ..... .. .. . : .... .. .. HH 29 687..... 6 .32 " ....

Tuscaror a Fertilizer Co., Tuscaror a 'Big Crop Fertilizer ..... . .... V 90 1349 1048 2 .07 2 . 18 10

A tlan Ia, Ga.

" Monar ch . . . ....... . ..... . .. . 0 137 1213 10 .80 2 .47 3 . 14 9

Standard Uotton Special. .... ... .. ... . . DD 17 491 9 .05 1 .65 2 .39 8

" Dissolved Bone and :Potash ... FF 140 ll37 10 .20 . . . . 2.01 10

H. G. Dissolved Bone and Potash ... ... . (1 77 403 10 .78 ..... 425 10

Tuscarora Acidulated Bone... . .. . .... GG 45 60-H3 .60 ' .. .. ' 3 .07 13

~:~5, ~
.... 4

17 15 14 94 12 56 10 80 13 43 12 50

M z
8

0

"'1

61..6158, 2.. ' .

24 13 23 67 18 09 16 24

>
0

2.47 3

20 44 19 14 ~

1.65 2 2

H

15 95 14 94 13 21 10 80

(c:):

4 4

ti 13 21 12 50
14 05 14 45 c::

H. G. Dissolved Bone . ... .. . . .......... KK 51 1160 Hi 93 . . . . . .. 14

I io .. 2:471 ~ Kainit. . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KK
Union Fertilizer Co., .At-~Champion Extra H igh Grade . . . . . ..... . G

72 39

1i~+ i3'.68

i.43 1 ~

1

12 95 n 70
10 20 10 20

~
fi

20 92 Hl 80

lanta, Ga.

Buffalo High Grade ............. . ... .. T Hi 1368 1180 1 .70 2 . 23 10 1 (i5 2

17 77 16 24

Georgia High Grade..... . ....... . .. . .. . X 57 1353 11 .85 1.47 2 10 1.65 2 16 85 16 24

Peruvian High Grade ...... ..... .. ..... G 34 132 13 .53 2 .25 2 .45 10 1.65 2

17 5 9 16 24

Beef. Blood anrl. Bone... .. ... . ... . .... R 107 917 10 .45 1 .14 2

9

.83 2

14 85 12 89

Old Plantation Guano .... .. .. .. .. .. . S !i6 1277 9 43 2 . 18 2 .20 8 1.65 2 17 79 14 94

Un ion Cotton Grower ........ . . .. ...... R lOS 1~87 11 . 23 1 43 1 .46 8
Dixie Quapo : ........ . ..... .. .. ... . ~ .. . ~ 89 1354. p .! 8 p}a 1 .~2 l:)

1.65 2 1.65 2

15 8 5 14 94
19 45 H ~t

Merrimac Guano . . ... , . , ........ .. . . . . G 38 13613 .40 2 23 2.39 8 1.65 2 M 69 14 94

Animal, Bone and Peruvian Compound. B 38 1113 10 .80 1.16 2 10

Farmers' H. G. Potash Acid Phosphate. R 109 . 918 12.03 ' . .. .. 5 10

Bone and Potash Mixture .............. RR
U. c. Potash Acid Phosphate . ....... .. . . QQ
Farmers' H . G. Dissolved Bone ......... RR

26 1339 9 .23

5 .27 8

7 28

1263 1337

11 .20 14

.. . ...
. ... .

2 .67
. .. .. .

8 14

.82 1

. ...
... .

4 4

... . 4

. ... . .. .

15 15 12 65 14 67 12 50 13 08 11 20 12 15 ll 20
11 70 11 70

Union Acid Phosphate ........... ...... G Dixie Acid Phosphate ................ .. G Merrimac Acid Phosphate . ...... ... .... G

12 13

...84.

13 .68 14.63

.....

.

.. ..

12 12

14 86 14 .50 ......

12

.... ... .
.... .. . . . .. . . ...

11 49 10 40 12 11 10 40
12 02 10 40

lTpson County Oil Mill, Thomaston, Ga......... . . Cotton Seed Meal . . . . . . . .. ............ J

.. 15 148

.
~

7 .06 ...... .. . ... 6.18 ....

26 58 23 6i

Uniontown Uotton Oil Co.,
Uniontown, Ala ......... Cotton Seed Meal ..... . ........... ... .. G 150 1061 ..... 6 .68 . . .... . .. . .. 6. 18 0 25 .82 23 67

Vtrginia-Carolina Co., Richmond.

Chem. Charles-

Atlantic Fertilizer Co.'sAtlantic Acid Phosphate

with

Potash.

s

158 1193 10.08 . . .... 2

10 . .. . 2

10 85 10 so

ton, Atlanta and Savan- Baldwin Fertilizer Co.'s-

nab .

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ..... . . . A
Georgia State Grange ............. . .. w

s 20 64 12 .65 1 .66 2.13 10
7 828 9.93 1 .74 2.24

1.65 2 1.(\5 2

b:j

18 10 16 24 16 69 14 94

c:::
~

" Farmers' Standard ........... Q
Blood, Bone and Potash . . .. . . .. .... . . H
Special Potash & Bone Formula . ... . . E
Potash Compound....... ... ..... .. ... F Bone and Potash .... . ...... . ... . ..... C

40 775 10 .55 1 .65 1 . 16 9

39 179 11.33 .87 1.15 10

11 309 12 .53 . .. ... 4 10

5 28 8.43 . .... . 4

8

3 308 11 .58 ...... 2 10

1.65 1 .82 1 .... 4 . . .. 4
.... 2

15 88 14 74
13 80 12 05 14 14 12 50

M 8
z H

11 48 11 20 z

11 82 10 80 9

Wheat and Grass Grower.. . ....... ... D
Dissolved Bone Phosphate..... ... .... cc
Georgia State Grange Acid Phosphate c

5
19 23

910.60 .. .... 2
570 13 .48 ..... ..... 46 13 .03 .. ... . . . . . ..

10 13 12

. ... 2

11 19 10 80 ~

. ... . . . . 11 86 11 05 ;<

. ... 0 11 07 10 40

Berkley Chemical Co.'s-

.Acid Phosphate with Potash ..... .. . . . 0 38 426 11.45 .. ... . ;1 .56 10 . ... 4 13 91 12 50

W. C. Bradley Co.'s-

H:G. Soluble Guano ............... { GG 12 595 11 .40 1 .74 2 .33 10 1. 65 2 17 73 16 24

"
"

Soluble Guano .. .. . .. .... .. .. FF
Potash Acid . ............. ... ... KK

31 56

721 11 .75 1 .78
1241 10.53 . . . . ..

2 4 .57

10 10

" Potash Acid ............ . ....... KK
Standard Potash Acid ................ C

28 188

765 12 .95 . ..... 1392 10.85 .... ..

2 .38 12 2 .28 10

1...6. 5.

2 4

...... .

2 2

17 81 16 24

13 32 12 50

13 04 11 58

12 10

s1o0

Commercial Guano Co.'s-

Chatham Ammoniat'd Bone Vegetator 0 37 425 9 .70 4 .68 4.76 8 4.94 5 28 38 28 35

Jones' Special Formula . ..... . . .... . ... . T 115 1242 10 .88 .95 3.06 10

.82 3

15 40 14 35

Marriman's Cotton Boll ........ .. .... .. F Complete Cotton Fertilizer. .... .. ... ... L

42 302 11 .30 1 .65 2 10 46 273 8.55 2 .07 2.31 8

1.65 2 1 .65 2

17 08 16 24 17 71 14 94

H::Ot
~

Analysis of Commzrcial Fertilizers for Season of 1903-1904.

~
01

............ .. . BY WHOM REGISTERED " . z.., -:; z AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

...
-"~' -gi~.,
... ,.c.
.,~ .,
::;;e.s
z

.; Fertilizer In ~redien ts

e.&

Actually ~o un by State Chemist.

i';'Z" B e

:,;-"~ . ~~~

" =
0

..8 ~~~ .l:l

.::
~
c0..

...l

Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by
Manufacturers.

~(I_J...g~. ~ ~<
<>(.p.c.:.

ci
"to' b

..c ~"'

p0..

.,
,!;!..,
;";.. g".!'! --E~....c:;.
~~~
:E::::c.,a.':).;c-.
0 ...

"' Virginia-Carolina Chemi
cal Co.- Continued.

-

Pomona Guano . .. . . . ......... .. ........ Marriman's Ammoniated Bone ....... _.
Excelsior Bone Compound . . . . ..... . .. . Georgia Bone Compound .. . .... . ...... .

NN M
0 p

Peruvian Bone Compound.... ....... ... p

. Excelsor Acid Phosphate . ...... . .. . .... ]:.'

Pomona Acid Phosphate ......... ... . .. L

9 1032- 9.08 1 .75 2 . 16 . 8

54 630 9 35 1.76 2.23 8

ll 38 10 .73 . . . . .. 4 10

11 607 10 .25 . . . . . . 2

10

10
6 49

280 8 78 2915. 10
274 13 .03

. .. . .. . . . ...
. .. ...

4.14
... .. . . . . . .

8 l4 12

1. 651 2 $ 16 lOl

1.65 2

1ft :3 6

....
... .

4 2

12 97 10 ,96

.. .. 4

11 82

.. . . ... 12 41

. ... . .. . 11 07

Chicora's Fertilizer Co.'s-

Compound Guano .............. ... ... G

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ........... Acid Phosphate with Potash ..........

K c

115 478 12.10 2 .04 2 .90 10 23 545 8 .85 1 .65 2 .38 8 34 158 12 . . . . .. 1.10 11

J. 6!j 2 1.65 2 . ... 1

19 65 15 61
11 96

~
g
~
C.....).
:>
t::1 M
":>d
~
:s: M z
~
0 "i

Durham Fertilizer Co.'sDurham Ammoniated Fertil izer .... . . DD

54

845 9.93 1 .97 1 .15

9

l.ti5 1

16 22

>
C)

Davie & Whitte'sOwl Brand Guano .. ........ . ....... G

Davis Warehouse Co.'sDavis H. G. Ammoniated

Bone ......

.

KK

Davis H. G. Potash Acid .... . . ...... . GG

Edisto Phosphate Co.'s-

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone .... .. . .. Soluble Guano ...... .. ....... . . . .....

I-I
MM

Potash and Dissolved Bone. . . . . . . .. XX

Acid Phosphate with Potash . ... . . . . F

Acid Phosphate with Potash ....'..... P

Dissolved Bone. ... .. ........ . .... . ... L

20 97 11 .23 1.90

32 766 11.78 1 .73 16 597 12 .95 . .. . ..

29 124 9.13 1 .67

20 8

881 1378

10 .45 10.50

1.38
. .. . ..

18 45

108 295

9 .30 10.75

.. . . ..
... ...

31 263 14.73 .. . . .

2 .31 8

2 . 18 10 2 .91 12

2

8

2 29 9

4 .64 10

4 .10 8

2 .25
.... .

10 12

1.65 2

18 13

1.65 2 . ... 2

17 '80 13 49

1.65 2 1.65 1 .... 4 . ... 4
. ... 2
. ... ... .

15 74 15 89 13 36 12 13 11 49
12 17

:..:.0...
()
~
~
~ ::0 ~

I mperial Fertilizer Co.'sBlue Ridge Soluble... .... . . .........

r

53 781 9 . 13 1 85 2 .24 8

Double Anchor Solut)le ... .. . ........ . W li6 740 10.()3 ], .(!8 1

~

1.65 2 1.65 1

16 53
15 83 HH

XXX Blood and Bone . ........ . .... .. C 33 157 10 .23 ' 1 .78 1 . 13 9 1.65 1

16 08 14 74

XXXX Bone and Potash ......... . .. . L

Acid Phosphate with Potash Peerless Acid Phosphate and

.. ..... Pota~h . .

c G

Imperial Dissolved Bone ............. F

120 1252 11 . 78 4 .27 ...... 10

21 98 9 .40 ...... 5 .09 8

85 38

406 11 .33 .. . .. 2 .10 10
300 13.45 ...... . .. .. . 12

. ... 4

.. ......
. ...

4 2 ....

13 88 12 50 13 03 11 20 11 74 10 80 11 34 10 40

Kennesaw Guano Co.'s-

Kennesaw Standard Guano.......... . A 80 317 9.15 1 .70 2 .50 8 1.65 2

16 28 14 94

" H. G. Guano....... . .. , .. . . I

2 4~9 12 .30 1 .72 2

10 1.65 2

17 97 Hi 24

" "

Blood, Bone and Meal. .. H 56 185 10 .05 .90 2 .03 9

Potash Special. ............ E

8 18 10 .80 ..... . 2.01 10

.82 2
. . .. ~

13 82 12 85 11 33 10 so

" " " "

Double Potash Bone ..... . T Wheat Grower ............ MM
Acid Phosphate .......... .X
H. G. Acid Phosphate .... . X Pure Animal Bone Meal ... J

63 1243 8

4.31

35 !'85 11 .45 . .... 4

36 27

614 615

13.68 16 .25

......
. . ...

... ...
... ...

10 143 21*65 3 90

8 10 12
H
... ..

.... 4

... 4

. ...
. ...

........

... . ....

11 46 11 20 13 44 1i! 50 11 49 10 40 13 16 11 70 22 03

Navassa Guano Co's-

NavasEa Cottou Fertilizer ..... . ..... . M 9 190 10.60 1 .65 2 .35 8

Navassa Dissolved Bone with Nitrogen

and Potash . . .... . ............... .. DD Navassa Potash Acid ....... ... ...... 00 Navassa Acid Phosphate ...... . ...... . P

12 142
6

491 1374

11.80 9 .93

1 .01
......

1 .37 4

277 12 .63 . ..... ... . ..

10 8 12

Orr & Co.'s-

Blood, Bone and Potash ....... . . . ... . .S 28 342 11 .88 1 .92 2 .69 10

Cotton and Grain Grower .... .... .... S 29 343 9 .98 1 .69 3.38 8

1.65 2

16 93 14 94 cttl

.82 1 . ... 4

14 76 12 65 12 45 n 20

~
!..'.t;

z . . . . ... 10 93 1::> 40 H

1.65 2 1.65 2

18 93 16 24 17 52 14 9!

z
9

Ammoniated Bone ............

8

Magnolia Acid Phosphate with Potash 8

27 341 10 .93 . 94 2 .64 9
26 340 13 .2 6 . .. . 1 .43 12

.82 2 . . .. 1

15 04 12 85 12 43 11 25

~
;<

Powers, Gibbs & Co.'s-

Eagle Island Ammoniated Guano .... X 12 622 9 . 38 1 .65 2 .06 8 1.65 2

15 88 14 94

Raisin Monumental Co.'s-
Dixie Guano ..... ... .... . ............. cc 29 829 8.43 1.74 2 .23 8 1.65 2

13 51 14 94

Giant Guano ......................... 0
Empire Guano . . ......... ... ....... . . v

18 241 8 30 1 .76 2.40 8 40 949 i o .o3 1.69 1 .10 9

1.65 2 1.65 1

15 83 14 9-1 15 62 14 74

Acid Phosphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ C 37 160 15 . 18 . . . . .. . . . . .. 14 . ... .... 12 46 11 70

Standard Fertilizer Co.'sHigh Grade Guano . . . . . . . . . . .

. ..... .

w

28 394 11.38 1 .65 3

9 1.65 3

17 98 16 44

Royal H. G. Guano ................. { Jw

44 1145 11 .43 1 .72 2.20 10 49 736 11 . 50 1.65 2 10

1.65 2 1.65 2

17 57 16 24 17 22 16 24

Standard Guano ................ . ..... P 26 289 8

1 .65 2 .21 8 1.6!> 2

15 19 14 94 ~

''To t~l PhospJ.oric 4ci\l,

01 Ql

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1903- 1904.

~ Ot

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSI NESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

VirginiaC.arolin a Chemi- Standard F ertilizer Co's.-Con t'd ..

.,.
N
't:l::a ~
." ....,0~
. .~~ .~,.
.. .8 .. ::as..!l
z =

..: (;'ertili zcr Ingredi ents

.2l Actuall y ~o u n d by StAte

..-"' =E
~z ~
.8
.."<

Chemist.

~~" i
:~~
--:-

c zt"c"'

~
!l
0
"'

Fertilizer Ingredients Claimed by
Manufacturers.

41 ~
~~ ].:.. E
~~<
<>(.p<..:

.. .c,i
~
zll

.c
. !l
p0..

cal Co.- Continued.

Standard Cotton Fertilizer ..... . . . .. . G 235 1204 10 .68 1 .96 2 .48 9 1. 65 1

., .~".:g:"=".~.
~...:-..=;
a; ";""'!
~t~
0.0:
'-'

.,,

-."<..=".

>;:a.;

co; .a>.

t
~

k ...

Q)"t) "

eE.""'""'

85

$18 12 $14 74

CT.>
~
~
0.... >

" " " "

Add Phosphate with Potash . . P

Acid Bone

Phosphate........ . . ... . . and Potash .. . .. .... . ...

F w

Bone and Potash .. .. .. ....... 0

2 27(i 8 .98 ...... 4 .24 8

15 J4

105 749

15 45 11 .93

.. . . ..
.. ... .

. . . . .. 4

14 10

24 47 10 .60 . . . .. . 2 . 12 10

. ...

. .

... ...

4. ...
4

. .. . 2

12 03 11 20 12 65 11 70 13 75 12 50 11 29 10 80

tl M
'>"d
~

Sou ther n Fertilizer Co.'s-

:;;;:

Pure Animal Bone Fertili ze r .. .. . .. . . G

Scott's Gossypium Phospho .. . ..... . . A

"
" "

Blood ~~orm ula ....... . .. _. . .. . p
Acid and Meal Formula .. . .. . . w Potassa Phospho . .... . . . . ... . . c

" Gossypium Potassa . . . ...... . . N

Rome Cor n and Cotton Grower ..... D

Georgia State Standard Ammoniated

Superphosghate .................... F

228 1202 9 . 10 4 .67 5 .86 8 4 .94 5

19 63 11 . 55 1 .83 2 . 13 10 1. 65 2

14 281 10 58 1.20 1 10

.8:? 1

396 31 12 .03 1 . 1 2 1 . 15 10

.82 1

56 2-50 14.35 ...... 2 .40 13 . .. . 2

55 1009 8

1 .96 8 .01 8 1.65 7

22 65 1 10 .20 1 .85 1 . 51 8 .50 1.65 1. 50

7 30 10

1.92 2 .23 8 1.65 2

28 90 28 35 17 9(5 16 24 14 28 12 65 15 09 12 65 13 96 12 75 21 08 19 Hl 16 61 14 84
17 32 14 94

M z
>-)
0
~
>
0
~
c()

Cotton Boll uano . .. . .. ... .. ....... . F

1 24 8 .80 2 .06 2 .37 8

Oglethor pe Ammoniated Dis. Bone .. . JJ 35 801 9 .63 1 .67 2 .07 8

Por t Royal Cotton Fer til izer .... . .... MM 37 886 9 10 1 .82 2 .46 8

High Potash F ormuln..... . . ...... . ... F 12 102 12 . 75 .97 3 .30 10

1.65 2 1. 65 2 1. 65 2
.82 3

17 13 14 !14 ~

16 13 14 94 c

16 60 14 !:14 16 89 14 35

~
rt

Scott's Animal Ammon iated Guano . . H 12 77 9 .90 2 . 11 1.30 9 1 65 1

17 09 14 74

Farmer's Ammoniat'd Dissolv'd Bone . Q
Tennessee Special Wheat Grower . . . . . v

2 369 10 .10 1 65 1 .27 9 7 4L2 10 60 . ..... 4 10

1.65 1
... 4

15 68 14 7~ 12 89 12 50

Cotton 4% Acid P hosphate ...... . . . . H

7 75 9 .65 .. . .. 4 01 8 . .. 4

12 28 11 20

Cotton Boll Hone and Potash . . ....... F

3 2() 11.45 . . . ... 3 .70 10 . . . . 2

13 19 10 80

'

cc Rome Bone and Po ash . . . .. .. ........ C 12 39 10 63 .. .. .. 2 . 20 10

Rome Standard Gua no ... ............

122 1039 7 .28 1.96 2 . 56 8

2 l 65 2

11 38 10 8C 15 96 14 94

Rome Blood and Bone . .. .... .... . .... HH 6 69 1 10 .95 1 03 1 10

.82 1

13 96 12 Gf

R ome Acid P hosphate . .. .. . .......... 0 36 136112 .65 .. .... .. . ... 12 . ... . . . 10 82 10 ~c

Double Potash Bone . . .... . ,,.,, , . : .. 111 Por t Royal Dissolved Bone ........... Q

r . .. 33
4

3iJ71; 13 .23 ........ ..3.6. .12

c Ga. State Standard Acid Phospha te. } BB 11 529 12 .80 .......... .. 12

" ''

"

" Phosphate.

4 33 13 .33 ...... .. .. .. 12

Scott's H. G. Acid Phosphate . ... .. .. C 45 163 15 .48 . . . . .. . . . . .. H

Southern Phosphate works-

Olympic Guano ... .... . . . .... . .... .. . H Monarch Guano .... . . . ........ . ..... G Penguin Guano........... . ......... K Ocmulgee Guano.... . ..... . ... . ... . . II Ti p Top Dissol ved Bone with Nitrogen

123 657 10.05 1.91 1 .47 9 19 96, 13 20 1 .82 2 .69 10 15 172 8 .78 1 .82 2 32 8 38 17tl 10 .33 1 . 65 1 .34 9

c an d Potash ........ . ................ M
Extra Str ong Potash Acid .. .. . .. . .. .. Potash Acid Phosphate. ... . ..... .... . y Acid Phosphate with Potash... .... .. . F Black Diamond Acid Phosphate ...... H Stono Phosphate Co.'s-

6 188 10 .58 1 . 15 1 10

1 3 13 .23 ...... 2 .01 12

49 693 12 .85 ..... . 1 .40 11

2 10

2ii 10.68 . .... . 76 14 .78 . . ....

4 .04
.. . . .

10 14

Sol uble Guano ................... . . . . 0 J as. G. Ti nslPy & Co.'s-

81 404 10.85 1 .65 1.21 !)

Stonewall Guano .... . . . ... . ......... . MM 46 887 9 .53 1 .65 2 .02 8 S. W. T ravers & Co.'s-

Beef Blood and Bone Fer tilizer ..... .. p Wando Phosphate Co.'s
Blood Guano ............ .. .... ... .. .. p
Soluble Guano.. . ..... . .... . ... . .. .... N V. 0 . C. Co.'s-

22 286 9 .93 1 .66 1 .12 9

7 278 9 48 1 .65 2 48 8

101 1293 9 .83 1 .85 2

!)

Ro yal H. G. Guan o for W heat. ... . .. J 44 1145 11 .43 1 .72 2 .20 10

Ch ampion Compou nd .... ... .. . . . . ... Z
Georgia Planters' Formula . .. . .... . .. v

Truck Farmers' Special Guan o . ... . . EE

Meal and Potash Mixture . . . ......... H. G. Grain Fertilizer . . .............

F w

c H. G. Cotton Fertilizer.... . . .. ....... v
Extra H. G. 20th Century Guano ....

Mon roe Guano .............. . ..... . .. DD

Oil Mill H . G. Fertilize r .... .. ...... MM

.. Oil Mill Standard Fertilizer .. ... . .. . B

Washington Oil Mill Standa rd Fertilizer p

"

" H. G. Fertil izer P

18 424 10 .05
78 1350 11 .05 47 860 11 .48 40 301 10 .20
51 737 11 .65 13 411 10.50
25 153 11 .18 8 1 856 10 .03 90 931 10 .70
6S 1118 8 .75 52 298 9 .80
53, 299 11 .65

82
1 .32 3 .28
.88 1 75
1 .65
2 .75 1. 7 2 1.65
1 .79
1 .90 1 75

3 .45 8

3 10

4 .03 10

3

8

4 .28 10

4 .33 10

3.58 10

~ . 71 9

10

2 .43 8

2 .54 8

2 . 21 10

.... 4 .... ....
.... 0
.... ... .... ...

11 45 11 ~0
11 21 10 40 10 92 10 40 11 28 10 40 12 66 11 70

1.65 1 1. 65 2 1. 65 2
1. 65 1

16 68 14 74 19 47 16 24 16 27 14 94 15 89 14 74

.82 1

14 11 12 65

.
.

.. ..

.

2 1

12 91 12 10 11 80 10 60

. ... 4 12 97 12 50

. .. . . . . . 12 17 11 70 qb::l

1.65 1

16 12 14 74

.r<
I;;

1. 65 2 1.65 1

15 95 14 94 .8z...
z 15 48 14 74

9

1.65 2 1.65 1

16 31 14 fl4 .j:>. 16 79 H 74 !'""

1.65 2
.82 3 .82 3 3 .30 4
.82 3 1.65 4.
1.65 4 2.47 3 1. 65 1 1.65 2 1. 65 2
1.65 3 1.65 2

17.43 16 24

14 76 13 70

16 68 14 35

24 30 23 38

14 68 13 70

19 56 17 94

18 54 17 94

21 97 19 80

16 24 14 74

16 69 16 24

16 25 H 94.

17 40 14 94 17 83 16 24

~ Ol -.:)

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of l903-l904.

~
<:11

00

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

...
".!:l
;~ '0:-;:: .
~tz.. ~
:"":0""-e"""-c'' z "

..; ~'ertllizer In g r edients

Fertilizer Ingre

eJl

Actually l<'ouml ~y State Chemist.

dients Claimed by Manufacturers.

e;-"z s
f

~. !-"~

.8 ::<

j

~a:

~
!z"0:"

!l
c0..

J!~ ~.8:2
~~<
<>(p.c..

~"I ..c !"l' p0..

=-"c-'co:
> c;=~~f
<: ..... ~ t~~
=.c~ E ~.c o-<
~

"""'- s:
CIS Cl3
t >~ 0
-a ~ 3 '(j..O
~-ot ss~ S ..... o OS Ucj

~
0
!>j

Virginia-Carolina -\hemi-~Warren County Oil Mill H _. G. Fertilizer W 7S 744 11.95 , 1 .65 2 .38 10

cal Co.-Continued.

"

"

" Standard " W 77 743 10 43 1 .82 2 53 8

1.65 2 1.65 2

$17 82/$16 24 17 54) 14 94

C....l >

KXXX Blood and Bone Guano . ........ 0 Phmnix Bone a nd Potash. . . . . . . . . . . OC V.C. 13-4 H. G. Special Potash Formula W
" 15-3 Special Potash Formula . ..... GG
'' 10-4 Bone and Potash . . .......... . X Taylor's Special D is. Bone with Potash. A Premium Potash Oomponnd ........... . FF
'' H. G. Acid Phosphate .... ... . GG

30 4i411.18 1.66 3 .18 . 9

17 569 12 . 18 ...... 4 29 12

63 912 14.60 ...... 4

13

15 59(; 15 .... .. 3.12 15

49 1355 11 .95

4 .26 10

97 Sl4 11 .10 .... 4 .52 10

26 7Hl 13.50

2.57 12

4S 606 16.73 ..... . ... 16

1.65 3
... 4 .... 4 . ... 3 .... 4 . .. 4 ... . 2

18 05 16 44
14 15 13 so
15 49 14 45

t:::l M
>'"d

14 98 14 90

!>j
8

13 98 12 50 is:

18 65 12 50 18 55 12 10 13 47 13 00

M z
8

Cotton Seed Meal .... .. ................ GG 43 .. .. ... . . . 6.94

. .. . .. 6.1S

German Kaini t .. : . ...... ............... 0
Nitrate of Soda...... ..... . ........... P Muriate of Potash .. . ..... ...... ..... .. H

21 47 23

44 296 123

.. . .. ... ..

. ... .. 13 .14 15.20 . .... .
.. ... . 50.88

. .. . ..
. .....

. .. .
14.S5

12....

. . . . 4S

V. C. C. Co., Savannah-

Florida Fruit Growers' Formula ...... L 106 99~ 7.65 3.55 3 62 7 2.S9 4

26 05 23 67 10 94 10 20 50 16 49 00
43 24 40 so
22 35 20 OS

0 '-:1
>
Cl
!.>...j
(c:):

Strawberry Special Fertilizer ...... .. Z 31 589 6.45 4 .28 4 .52 G 2.47 5
Old Dominion Potato Manure ........ NN 20 1146 9 50 a .74 7 . 77 7 4.12 s

G 24 75 1S 90
27 82 27 54 c::

Imperial Truck Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . } 00 120

"

" Fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . \V !)

High Grade Sea Island................ CC 59

Scoco Guano . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... () 115

900 12 .85 2.75 3.34 10 391 10 331 3 .42 4 .34 10 S3i> 9 .85 2 76 3 56 9
683 8 .73 1.84 2 . 15 s

3.30 4 3-30 4 1.65 3 1.65 2

~ 22 86 23 3S
24 28 23 :lS 19 82 16 44 16 16 14 94

Lefiler's Special Ammon'ted Dis. Bone 0 72 756 8.75 1 .801 2.18 s 1.65 2

16 07 14 94

"

" Compound .. ... ...... CC 32 S30 11.08 1.02 3

1S

.S2 3

15 71 14 35

Axon's Cotton Fertilizer .. ......... . 0 Good Luck . . ................ ... .. .... N

55 754 8 35 1 .80,2 .22 54 1013 8 .83 1 73 2.16

8 s

Hust Proof. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T 114 957 9 .88 1 .88 3 . 16 s

1.65 2 1.65 2 1 .6fi 3

15 84 14 94 15 87 14 94 17 91 15 79

Complete Cane Fertilizer............ N~ :) 1031) 8 .65 ~.10 2 .24 8 3 .30 2

20 30 20 <!!)

Vienna Cotton Oil Co., Vi- Special H. G. Acid Phosphate ...... ... . Y 146, 1332117.95, ...... J.. ... . I 16

enna, Ga.

Cotton Seed Meal ........... ...... ..... Y 17 437, ' ... 6.18.......

Villa Rica Cotton Oil Co.,





.... ... I 14 26 13 00
6. 18 ... 23 67 23 67

Villa Rica, Ga .. ..... . ... Cotton Seed Meal ...... . .. ... .. .. .... .. X

Warthen & Irwin, Sanders- Standard Guano ...... .. ... . .. ... .. .... . II

ville, Ga.

Double Potash.. . . ... . ..... .. . .......... II

Johnson's Pride ............. . . ..... .. ... I l

Winder 0,1 Mill Co., Win-

~~ ~g i().45 i:~g,. 2' 23,..8..
84 11 68 12.48 .96 5 26 9 85 642 10.85 1.29 3.12 8

6.18 .... 1.65 2
1 !5 1 3

26 90 23 67 16 89 14 \J4 18 34 16 00 16 55 13 65

der, Ga .................. Cotton Seed Meal . . .. ............. . .... ['D 1051 10881...... I 7.161 ...... 1. .. ... I 6.18 Woodbury Oil Mill, Wood-

26 78 23 67

bury, Ga .............. . . Cotton Seed Meal . ......... . . . . . . ...... R

Willingham, C. B., Macon, Bub Guano ........ , ................... .ti.

Ga.

Willingham's H. G. Celebrated Acid

831 ':'35 ...... I 7.121 ... .. I .... 16 .18, . ' .

ill16710

2

3.22 10 1.75 2

1

26 65 23 67 18 43 16 57

Phosphate .......... . ........... ... .. . K 8 166 14.981.. .. .. . .. .. . 1 14
I Walton Oil Co., Social Cir-
cle, Ga . . ...... : . . . . . . . . Cotton Seed Meal ......... . .... .... .. . IDD 76 85i'> ..... I 6 .54 .... .. Walker Bros ., Gnffin, Ga .. Cotton Seed Meal ............. . .. . . ... A 11 561...... 7 1.... ..
Wholesale Mercantile &

Cotton Co., Cartersville,

w~~~~; ]:;~~ &a~:; s~~~~~,~~rJF:~~ '8t~~d~;d A~~~~i~t~ci. B-~~~: I~

18 1214110 . 15 1.68 2 10
1 195 9 ~ 70 1.93 1.38 9

nah, Ga.

AAAATriplePotashAmmoniatedBone. U 4 38110.15 1.79 3.70 9

Egyptian t:'tandard Ammoniated Bone . EE 63 86310.95 1

1.Hi 10

Chi! ian Standard Ammoniated Bone .... EE 13 507 9.05 1 .78 2.63 !)

8 and 4 Compound .. . .. . ... . ... , ....... . L 39 270 6 .153 . ' .. .. 4 . 51 8

!Oand 4 Compound ... ............ .. . .. . CC 109 1037 12 . .. .. . 4 . 12 10

::ltandard Dissolved Bone Acid Phos-

6.18, . '. 6.18
1.65 2 1.65 1 1.65 3
.83 1 1.65 2
4 4

12 33 11 70

24 73 23 67 26 25 23 67

b:l ~



z 16 43 16 24
16 44 14 74

18 23 16 44 13 99 12 68 16 58 14 94

z
9

12 62 11 20

.j>..
H

12 6 0 12 50

phate ... . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. L English Dissolv. d Bone Acid Phosphate L Kainit............................ ... . .. U Yow& Cooper, Avalon, Ga !Avalon Scientific Special ....... .. ...... ~
H. G. Acid Phosphate . . . . . . . . :)

38 269,'13.48...... .. .. . 12 2 192 13.78 .. . ........ 12 21 388 . . . . ..... 13 88 .... .
108 119511.18 1 .87 2.64 9
160 119ti, 16 . 53 . . . . . . . . . 16

12 1. 651 2

11 46 10 40 11 71 10 40 11 80 10 20 18 77 16 5\J 13 34 lil 00

e""n"'
~

460

GEORGlA DEPARTMBNT OF AGRICULTURE.

Avemges of Ammoniated Fmtilize1s which Contain Available Phosphoric Acid, Ammonia and Potash.

Available Phosphoric Ammonia.
Acid.

Potash.

For the season of 1874-5........... For the season of l 875-6............
For the season of 1876-7. .. ... .. .
For the season of 1877-8............ For the season of 1878-9 .. . ... ..... For the season of 1879-80.. .... .... . For the season of 1880-1. .. ........ . For the season of 1881-2 .. . ....... . For the season of 1882-3.... .. .. .. .. For the season of 1883-4. . .......... For the season of 1i!84-5... .. ... .... For the season of 1885-6........... . For the season of 1886-7 .... . .. ..... For the season of 1887-8... . . . . ... .. For the season of 1888-9. .. .. ... .... For the season of 1889-90. . ... . ... . For the season of 1890-1. .. ........ . For the season of 1891-2. ........... For the season of 1892-3 . ........... For the season of 1893-4. .. ... ...... For the sea5on of 189-!o-5............ For the season of 1895-6...... . ..... For the season of 1896-7........... . For the sflason of 1897-8........... . For the season of 1898-9 .... ... ..... For the season of 1899-1900 ......... For the season of 1900-1901. ... . . ... For the season of 1901-2. 0 For the season of 1902-3............ For the season of 1903- 4..... .. ... . .

8.73 10 ..36 10.51 10.83 11.52 9.53 10.30 10.20 10.22 9.78 10.35 10.15 10.30 . 10.47 10.30 10.37 10.10 9.96 9.66 9.75 9.57 9.9-1 9.88 9.74 10.29 10.32 10.39 10.27 10.24 10.49

2.84

5.31

2 .98

2.79

2. 73

2.43

2.79

2.25

2.70

1.64

2.59

1.35

.2.53

1.45

2.48

2.58

2.53

1.48

2.47

1.5i

2.29

1.51

2.43

1.64

2.45

1.96

2.46

2.14

2.80

1.()0

2.75

1.95

2.56

] .85

2.34

1.81

2.32

1.89

2.51

2.02

2 .39

2.15

2.28

2.08

2 .21)

2.05

2.25

2.10

2.10

2 .16

2.10

2 .08

2.16

2.24

2.10

2.48

2.15

2.55

2.18

2.67

BULLETIN NO. 41.

461

Geneml Average of Acid Phosphates and Acid .Ehosphates with Potash .

Available Phosphoric Potash.
Acid.

For the season of 1::!74-5 . . . . ............. . .... .. . For the season of 1875-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . For the season of 1876-7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For .the feason of 187i-8 ............. .. . . ...... . . For the season of 1878-9 ................... . .... . For the season of 1879-80 ............. . ......... . For the season of 1880-1 ..... . .............. : . .. . For the season of 1881-2. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . .. .. . .. . For the season of 1882-3 ...... .. ....... ........ . . For the season of 1883-4 ....... ... .. ... .. ....... .
I
For the season of 1884-5 .. . .......... . . ......... . For the season of 1885-6 . ... . .... .......... ..... . For the season of 1886-7... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . For the season of 1887-8. . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . For the season of 1888-9 .... .... ................ For the season of 1889-90 ...... ....... . ......... . For the season of 1890-1 . .' . . . .. ....... ... . ...... For the season of 1891-2 . . ............. . .... . ... . For the season of 1892-3 ...... . ... ..... .... ..... . For the season of 1893-4........................ For the ~eason of 1894-5 ........................ . For the season of l 895-6 ............. . ... .... . .. . For the season of 1896-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . For the season of 1897-8 . . .... ....... ... . .. . .. .. . For the season of 1898-9 .. . ................ . .... . For the season of 1899-1900 ........... . ......... . For the season of 1900-01.. . .......... . ........ . For the season of 1901-2 . ... .... ........ ........ . For the season of 1902-3 .................. .. . .. . For the season of 1903-4....................... .

11.05 11.99 11.68 13.10 13.20 12.44 12.60 12.48 12.55 12.59 12.87 12.62 13.45 13.81 13.96 13.83 13.76 12.74 13.63 13.30 13.01 12.83 12 .53 12.66 12.42 12.25 12.74 12.39 12.25 13.08

3.85 4.64 4.54 2.16 1. 63 1.28 1.30 1.05 1.56 1.48 1.40 1.68 1.85 2.07 1.81 1. 88 2.09 1.69 1.52 2.05 2.26 2.36 2.fi7 2.37 2.62 2.83 2.!J5 3 . 15 3.23 3.42

462

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The number of brands inspected, analyzed and placed upon the market for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows:

For the season of 1874-5 . .. ..................... . ............. 110 brands For the season of 1875-6 . ... .. . . . .... .. .... ... .. . ........ . .... 101 brands For the season of 1876-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 brands For the season of 1877-8 . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... .... . . . .... . ........ . 127 brands For the season of 1878-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 brands For the season of 1879-80 ......... . .. . ..... . : . ............. . . 182 brands For the season of 1880-1.. . .. . ............ . .. . ... . . . ... ... . .. 226 brands For the season of 1881-2 ... . ......... . ..... .. ................. . 270 brands For the ileason of 1882-3 ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . ... . .. . .... . ....... 354 brands For the season of 1883-4 . .... . . . . .. .... .............. . ... .. . . . 336 brands For the season of 1884-5.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 brands For the season of 1885-6 . . ... ... . .. . . . . . . .. . .... .. ... . ... ... . 345 brands For the season of 1886-7 . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . . .. . ... 322 brands For the season of 1887-8 .. .. ........ ...... ..... . ... . .... .. .... 337 brands For the season of 1888-9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 brands For the season of i889-90 ... . .. .. . . ... . .... . ... .. ....... . .... 4~0 brands For the season of 1890-1 . . . ...... . ... .... .... .. . . ..... . . . .. . . . 492 brands* For the season of 1891-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 brands* For the season of 1892-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 brands* For the sAason of 1893-4 ... . .. . ..... . .. . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 brands* For the season of 1894-5 . ... . . ...... . .. ..... . ... . . . .. . .. .. . ... 874 brands* .For the season of 1895-6 .... .... . .. . .. . ... . ... . .. .. . ..... . .... 1062 brands* For the season of 1896- 7. . .. .. . . . .... . ..... . ... . . .. .. .. .. .... .1178 brands F or the season of lf/97-8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... .... 1300 brands* For the season of 1898:..9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 brands For the season of 1899-1900 .... . .. ... .. . ... . .. .. .. .......... . . 699 brands For the season of 1900-1 . . ... . ...... . .. . . . . . . . .. .... . .... .... 640 brands F 9r the season of 1901-2 . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. .. 735 brands For the season of 1902-3 . .. . ... . ...... . ... . . . ... . . .. .... . . . ... 895 brands For the season of 1903-4 . ........... ... .. . .. ...... . . . . . . .. . .. . 1241 brands
The number of brands marked with a star are incorrect a:cd misleading, as in the season of 1897-8, 843 brands were inspected, analyzed _Rnd admit-xed to sale, and not 1300.

BULLETIN NO. 41.

463

COMPARATIVE 'l'RADE IN FERTILIZERS.
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last thirty seasons:

There were inspected during the season of 1874-5 ........... 48,648.00 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1875-6 .........,.. 65,316 .00 tons
There were inspected during the season of 1876-7 ......... .. 75,824.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1877-8 ... . ....... 93,178.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1878-9. . . . . . . . . . . 85,049.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1&i9-80 . .. ..... .. 119,583.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1880-1 . ... . ... '... 152,424.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1881-2 ..... .. .... 125,3!!7 .00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1882-3 .... . ...... 125,377.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1883-4 .. ..... .... 151,949.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1884-5 . . . . . . . . . . 170,153.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1885-6 . ... . .. . . . .160,705.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1886-7 . ......... 166,078.08 tons There were inspected during the season of 188i-8 ... .. .. ... . 208,007.39 tons There were inspected during the season of 1888-9 ...... .... . 202,869 36 tons There were inspected during the season of 1889-90 . .. ...... 288,112.30 tons There were inspected during the season of 1890-1. ... . ..... 306,734.00 tons There were inspected during the season of 1891-2 ...... . ... .296,342.00 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1892-3 for . ....... . ..... 307,519.30 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1893-4 for ...... .... . ... 315,612.00 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1894-5 for ..... .... .... .226,532.20 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1895--6 for ....... ..... .. 335,617.80 tons Tngs were sold during the season of 1896-7 for .... ... .. .. . .. 401,979.10 tons Tags were sold during the season of 189 i-8 for ............. 424,081.00 tons Tngs were sold during the season of 1898-9 for .... .. . .... ... 342,1W9.30 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1899-1900 f0r ........... 412,755 50 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1900--1 for . .. . .. . ... . .. .478,847.70 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1901-2 for ............. .493,808.02 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1902-3 for ... .. ... . ... . .628,484.3 tons Tags were sold during the season of 1903-4 for .... .. . . ...... 689,916.5 tons

46 i

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE COTTON BOLL WEEVIL.

A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THE BOLL WEEVIL PROBLEM, WHATTHB GEORGIA STATE BOARD oF ENTOMOLOGY IS DOING TOWARDS PREVENTING TH~ POSSIBLE INTRODUCTION OF THIS-
' PEST INTO GEORGIA, AND THE RECENT BOLL WEEVIL-
QUARANTINE LAW ENACTED BY THE GEORGIA LEGISLATURE.
BY WILMON NEWELL, STATE ENTO!IIOLOGJST.

HISTORICAL.
The Mexican boll weevil has during the past year (I903) caused a very heavy loss to. the cotton growers of Texas. This. loss for the season is estimated by Dr. Howard of the United States Department of Agriculture at approximately $2s,ooo,ooo. This represents the loss to the planters, but the total loss to manufacturers, transportation companies and business men doubtless reaches as much as $roo,ooo,ooo. The extreme probability that the insect will eventually reach all sections of the cotton-growing area in the United States, and that it is likely to be distributed in the transportation of cottonseed and other agricultural products, makes it of special interest to all cotton planters.
All hope of exterminating the insect has been abandoned, as it has already spread over a territory which normally produces aoout one-third the cotton of the United States. Aside from its occurrence in Texas, the pest is also found in Mexico and Cuba. The first record of its damage to cotton dates back to 1856, when it appeared as a pest of cotton in the State of Coahuila in Mexico. Its ravages increased for several years until the culture of cotton was entirely abandoned in the hope of exterminating the pest. About twenty-five years later cotton culture was again commenced, but the weevil still persisted and soon did as much damage as before. The weevil gradually spread toward the Texas border, and, as early as r88~ or r88g, had appeared near Matamoras, Mexico, near the mouth of the Rio Grande river, opposite Brownsville, Texas. The Rio Grande

BULLETIN NO. 41.

465

river which is a wide stream at this point, seemed to check the

weev'n's north ward movement for a time, but in 1892 it ap peared near Brownsville_ on_ t~e Texas side of the river. I~ is,

of by

cwoiunrds~e,

possible ?r even

thflaetwmadctrvotsds,uablustwinerethbelolwignhat corfosksntohwelnedv~eer

since acqui1ed, it seems more than probable that the weevtl:;

were brought across the river in unginned cotton or in cotton-

seed. Now the country around Brownsville is not a cotton-

growing section of great importance, and had the culture of.

cotton been entirely .:;topped in that section for three or foul\

years, the weevil could, in all probability, have bee11 extermi-

nated. The government er.tomologists in r894 counseled the

Texas legislature to take the necessary steps towards wiping

out the insect, while this was still possible, but this advice was

disregarded. Many similar cases may be cited where States

have failed to make adequate appropriations for controlling in

sect pests and diseases while these were still confined to small

areas, yet when later on the pest had caused widespread dam-

age and covered large areas, big appropriations have been made

in a vain attempt to remedy the trouble which could have been

so cheaply prevented in the first place.

In r894 the weevil appeared at Alice and San Diego, Texas,

on the :l\1exican National Railroad. Its spread subsequently has

been at au average rate of about iifty miles per year, until at

present it covers nearly all the cotton-growing area of Texas

2.nd has reached the boundaries of the Indian Territory on the

north and Louisiana on the east. It has, in fact, already ap-

peared at two or three points in the latter State. That this

spread will continue until all parts of the cotton-growing area in

this country are reached, there seems no question. Tne prob-

lem confronted is indeed a national one. Not only are the

planters and business men in the infested territory affected, but

even the cotton mills of New England and of the Old World

mnst sooner or later feel the effects of the increased price of

cotton as a result of short crops due to the weevil attacks So

also will the customer-the man or woman who wears cotton

clothing-feel the increased cost of cotton goods regardless of

whether he may live in Texas, Georgia, New York or London.

The high prices prevailing for cotton (although these high

prices can be attributed to the work of the boll weevil in part

only) have stimulated European countries to develop cotton-

culture in their colonial possessions as rapidly as possible, so it

30 .. I>

466

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT 01" AGRICULTURE.

is not impossible that iu future years the United States will

furnish a much smaller part of the world's cotton supply than

heretofore. There is a possibility, of vil may obtain a foothold in these

cnoeuwrsce~ttthoant

the boll weecountries al-

though the agents of foreign countries who have been purchas-

ing _cottonseed in the United States during the past year have

avo1ded for the most part the weevil-infested area.

WHAT THE BOLL WEEVIL IS.

The adult weevil is a brownish beetle varying from threesixteenths to one-fourth of an inch in length. It is provided with a long. "snout" or bill and is not unlike the common acorn weevil in appearance. In color the boll weevils vary from a light gray to a chocolate brown or black. As a usual thing, the older the beetle, the darker in color it becomes, owing to the minute hairs wearing off the body. The boll weevi l is a not distant relative of the strawberry weevil and the plum curculio. There are many common species of weevils which so closely resemble it that the novice can tell them apart only with difficulty. The adult beetles pass the winter in trash, rubbish, cotton-bolls, etc., about the cotton fields, and also in the leaves and rubbish of timber lands. These weevils appear in the spring at about the time the first cotton plants appear above the ground, and having fasted since the previons autumn, now feed to a considerable extent upon the tender buds and stems of the young cotton plants.
As soon as the first squares appear t-he.. female beet 1es commence egg deposition. The female eats a hole into the square or form and dep)sits an egg therein. This process is then repeated upon the next sqnare, form or bloom, and so on. Each fem ale deposits from fifty to seventy-five eggs in this manner, and with few exceptions each egg is deposited in a separate square or form.
The f'gg hatches, in two or three days after being deposited , into a minute "worm" or larva wh ich immediately commence~ feeding- on the interior of the square. The square or form invariably falls to the ground at this time, and the larva continues its development therein . In from twelve to seventeen days this larva reach, s full growth; becoming about three-sixteenths of an inch in length, and is white and plump. It now passes into the pupal stage, still remaining in the square. During the pupal stage it takes no food, and this stage lasts from seven to ten days, at the end of which time it changes to the adult bee-

BULLETIN NO. 41.

467

tle and again commences the life cycle. vVe thus see that an .entire generation of weevils is developed approximately every thirty days during the entire growing season of cotton. During t he winter season a large percentage of the weevils are killed by unfavorable weather, by the attacks of . birds and animals, .etc., so that early in the spring there are comparatively few of them. Their damage to the cotton early in the se:~.son is, therefore, hardly noticeable, but as each thirty-day perio:i brings an increased generation the weevils are abundant enough by July .15th or August rst to puncture and destroy every square formed upon the plants. So long as plenty of squares are at hand, the .eggs are deposited in times itJ. preference to the bolls, but when the weevils have b:.-com~ S') abundant that the supply .Qf sqnares does not equal their demands, egg-> are then laid in the green bolls. Bolls set early in the summer escape injury from the weevil, but after about July~ISth in the weevilinfested district, every square is destroyed as fast as formed.
: THE QUESTION OF REMEDIES~ FOR~THE BOLL WEEVIL.
No really satisfactory remedy has been found for the pest 'The fact that the insect feeds very little except in the larval :Stage, and the fact that this stage is entirely protected within the square or boll, makes it impossible to kill the insects by the application of arsenical poisons to the plants. The first brood which appears in the spring-from winter quartersfeeds to some extent upon the young cotton-plants and some of them can be killed by applying poison at this time. The adult insect has a hard and horny covering, making it impracticable to destroy it by contact insecticides.
However, the government entomologists who have experimented against this pest extensively the past few years in 'Texas have found several means by which the ravages of the pest' can be reduced and a "profit-returning'' crop made in spite of the weevil. These measures are all simple and can be applied by any farmer. In the first place no ''top -crop" can eve r be made in a weevil-infested district. If cattle and mules .are turned into the cotton fields three or four weeks before the first autumn frosts and are allowed to eat off the young squ ares .and forms, a large number of weevils and larva= will be destroyed and a much smaller number will be left to go into winter quarters. During the winter a large number of these weevils are destroyed through natural agencies, so that the following spring they will be quite scarce. From!what has been said

4n8

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT aF' AGRICULTUR".E;.

above the reader will note that these few remaining will not. become ~eriously abundant until July OF August. An earlT variety of cotton should therefore be planted-as early as possible-and rushed to early maturity by frequent and early cultivations. This will enable the plants to set a good percentage of bolls before the weevils become abundant enough to destroy all the squares. These bolls - set early in the season-will constitute the crop, and the only crop that will be secured. We mentioned above the fact that the squares containing weevil eggs fall from the plants soon after these eggs hatch. Now,. if these fallen squares be kept gathered up from the ground and burned, the succeeding broods of the weevil will be reduced. in numbers. During mid-summer the sun is ofttimes hot enough w kill the larvae in these fallen squares as they :ie on the ground, provided they are not shaded by the cotton-plants. For this reason the rows should be planted well apart, and. plauts far apart in the rows. The rows should run also east and west instead of north and south, in order that as much direct sunlight as possible may reach the ground about the cotton plants.
This method of planting should be adopted by every cottonplanter, even though no weevils are present, for these methods also reduce the damage done by the boll worm and cotton caterpillar, insects which appear every year in greater or less numbers.
We do not here propose to discuss in detail the various ways. of combating the weevil, as the pest has not yet been found in Georgia. The above is given as showing in what direcL~on repressive measures must be taken when this pest ultimately appears in Georgia.
The boll weevil, in its natural spread 1 y 'flight, probablycould not reach Georgia for several years, but unfortunately the insect may be at any time introduced in shipments of cottonseed or baled bay, or even baled cotton from the infested districts of Texas or Louisiana.
Every farmer in Georgia should closely watch his cottotL during the growing season, and whenever he finds any new or unusual insect upon his cotton, should send samples of it tothe State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga., for determination. Thelatter party will at all times take pleasure in answering inquiries of this kind and always free of charge. If the first occurrence of the weevil can be detected as soon as it appears and. before it has a chance to spread over any considerable area, it

BULLE'I'IN NO. 4I.

469

"lllay be possible by drastic measures to stamp it out right there .and prevent losses of many thousands of dollars. Once it ob-tains a good start, however, there will be no such a thing as extermination. Because remedial measures have been mentioned above, the reader should not conclude that the weevil .can be circumvented or that as good crops can be made when it is present. No matter what measures may be employed or remedies used, the cotton crop is certain to be severely cut down by the weevil. Then, too, many remedial measures are expensive and their cost must be deducted from the profits of the crop.
vVe know full well that the first appearance of the boll weevil is likely to be around cotton-mills, oil-mills, lumber camps and along newly constructed lines of railway, because it is at such places that most important agricpltural products from , "Texas are used .
'THE W(')RK OF THE STATE BOARD OF ENTOMOLOGY, AND THE

GEORGIA QUARANTINE LAW.
The last State Legislature of Georgia was fully alive to the ,danger which threatens the cotton interests of Georgia, through the possible introduction of this pest. An Act of tl:Ie General Assembly, approved August 15, 1904, provides quarantine measures against this insect by placing restrictions upon the shipment of a number of agricultural products from Texas and Louisiana to Georgia points. The main text of these quar.antine regulations are given below in Sections 16 and 17 of the Act cited. The Legislature also made a special appropriation -of $z,ooo, immediately available, to be used for the purpose of disseminating information regarding the boll weevil among the planters of Georgia, for enforcing the quarantine regulations, .and for a systematic investigation with a view to determining whether this pest has already obtained a foothold in the State.
The Department of Entomology has in course of preparation :at the present time a bulletin describing and illustrating the boll weevil, its mode of work, and a description and illustration .of common insects closely resembling the weevil, and which :are often m istaken for it. This bulletin will be tlistributed among the farmers of the State, in order that they may be familiar with the appearance of the insect and be better prepared to keep a close lookout for it.
All reported occurrences of the weevil in Georgia are being

470

G~ORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

carefully investigated by the State Entomologist, and fields im localities where Texas cottotlseed or cotton have beln received! within recent years are being carefully examined.
It is now fully realized that the boll weevil was introduced into Texas, from Mexico, in seed-cotton or in cottonseed, and many of the isolated outbreaks of the weevil in North Texas. can be traced directly to shipments of agricultural produce from the infested sections. While as yet there is no authentic record of the weevil occurring east of the Mississippi river, still it must be borne in mind that no systematic effort has been made to determine this point. The farmers in the region east of the Mississippi have had no actual experience with the past, and,. even should the weevil occur in isolated outbreaks, the average farmer is likely to ascribe the damage to some other cause. On the other hand, the entomologists in these States, who are thoroughly familiar with the insect, have not heretofore been. provided with the time or money for making the necessary in- vestigations and for keeping a dose lookout for the pest.
The new Georgia law i.5 being placed in operation with all possible dispatch, and it is confidently expected that all the main dangers of introducing the boll weevil into Georgia will be eliminated. Within a year; also, the department fully ex- pects to have thoroughly investigated all of the many reported occurrences of this insect in the State. The following sections. are taken from an Act of the General Assemblv of the State of Georgia, approved August 151 1904, and giv'e in detail the quarantine measures now .in effect against the boll weevil:
"SECTION 15. It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly bring into the State of Georgia any living Mexican boll weevil, or any cotton-bolls, squares, plants or seeds containing the adult, pupal, larval or egg-stage of said Mexican boll weevil, unless the person shall, immediately upon its discovery, at. once destroy the same or turn over the same to the State Entomologist. Violation of this section shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of r895.
"SECTION r6. No cotton seed, seed-cotton, cottonseed-hulls. or cotton-lint, in bales or loose, shall be brought into this State from any points in the States of Texas and Louisiana, or from any other point in any other State or country wherein the Mexican boll weevil is known to exist, without having attached thereto in a prominent and conspicuous manner, a certificate signed by a duly authorized State or governmental Entomologist stating that said cottonseed, seed-cotton, cottonseed-hullS>

BULLETIN NO. 41.

471

or cotton-lint was grown in, and that the shipment of same

originated in, a locality where, hy actual .inspection by said of-

ficial, or his agent, the Mexican boll weevil was not found to

exist. Any steamship, railroad or express company, or other

common carrier, or any firm, person or corporation bringing

into this State any of the articles above mentioned without the

specified certificate attached , shall be deemed guilty of a mis-

demeanor. In case any common carrier enumerated violates

this section, then the general manager of such common carrier

or the captain of such offending vessel shall be deemed guilty

and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by Section

1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895



"SECTION 17. No oats, bay, fodder, husks, straw, forage of

any kind, corn in the husk, or shipments of nursery stock, fur-

niture, glassware, machinery or supplies of any description

which are packed or partially packed in or with straw, hay,

husks, grass, leaves, moss or other material originating upon

farms or plantations, shall be shipped into this State from points

in Texas and Louisiana or any other State or country in which

the Mexican boll weevil is known to exist, without having at-

tached thereto in a conspicuous manner the certificate provided

for in Section 16."

472

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ' .

COMMON INSECTS AFFECTING THE APPLE.

BY R. I. SMITH, ASSIS'l'AN'1' STA'l' E ENTOMOLOGIST.

Apple-growing in Georgia at the present time represents only a small per cent. of the fruit industry of the State. Other fruits, such as peach, pear and plum, have been considered as better adapted to this climate. In South Georgia we find only a few apple-tre'es planted, and these principally for family use; in Middle Georgia apples are grown somewhat extensively, while in North Georgia an apple orchard of commercial size is not an uncommon sight. It is true, however, that nearly every one having a family orchard attempts to grow a few appletrees; in fact, a famil y orchard, in its true sense, would not be complete without a few choice varieties of apples. For this and other reasons it may not be out of place at this time to mention a ff'w of the insects tha~ are most liable to interfere with successful and profitable apple-growing. The fact that one may see standing at the present time apple trees-particularl y in North Georgia-so old that the oldest inhabitants can not tell when they were planted would indicate that the apple grows naturally in this climate, and that it might be developed into <o.n important part of Georgia's fruit industry.
The commercial apple-grower will find that his trees must be protected from insects, and that they will need as much attention as ,any other class of fruit. Those who grow only a few trees will also find it advisable to watch out for insects in order to secure the best quality of fruit.
The complete list of insects which may at times prey upon the growing apple-trees and on the fruit is a very long one. In this paper only four of the most injurious will be considered, as it would occupy too much space to mention all of even the common apple insects.
THE WOOLLY APHIS.
(Scltizoneura lanigera .)
This little insect belongs to the same family as the plant-lice which infest the buds and leaves, and differs principally in that it secretes a white cottony substance about the body, and infests, as a rule, the roots of the tree. Its presence on the roots will be indicated by cottony masses, under which, if examined closely, may be found the pinkish-brown bodies of the lice. By

BULLETIN NO. 41.

473

feeding on the roots they cause abnormal swellings or galls, the tissue of which soon dies, and the result is that most of the roots are destroyed, and the tree from losing its main support -is liable to be blown over by a high wind. Besides the root form of the woolly aphis there is an aerial form which infests the trunk and limbs, but the injury is not great. This form feeds in cracks, old cuts or bruised places on the tree, and on accoun t of their white appearance may be readily seen. The damage done is mainly a killing of the bark at the point of contact. They may be 1eadily destroyed by spray in g with strong whale-oil soap solution, one pound to th e ga llon of wa.ter; with kerosene emulsion or with some tobar.co decoction, such as R ose Leaf T obacco E xtract, or a tobacco-water made by boilin g three pounds of tobacco-stems in five gallons of water, for t hree hours. I beiieve that the aerial form is more of an adva n tao-e than otherwi se, as it serves to give warnin g of the more serious injury occurring on the roots. A tree infected at th e root with woolly aphis usuall y presents a sickly appearance, a yellowish foliage with a n oticea ble scarcity of leaves.
Th e aphids, in this climate, live through the winter as hibernating agamic females, and commence to multipl y rapidly at the approach of warm weather. Later in the season winged indi viduals are developed which fly to other trees and start new colonies.
Th e remedy is easy to apply, but its efficiency depends upon starting when the aphids first appear, and while the trees are young. Tobacco-dust seems to be an effective remedy; this has been used with gratifying success in Ohio. To apply to four to five-year-old trees, remove the soil about two to three feet on each side of the tree to a depth of three to four inche::. and in this ctpening sprinkle about five pounds of fine tobaccodust and then replace the dirt. Larger quantities may be used on large trees. Other remedies, such as boiling hot water, potash soap, ashes, etc., have been tried, but with only moderate success. The tobacco remedy should be applied in the spring as soon as the ground is settled, and its thorough success depends on starting before the trees get old and badly injured.
BORERS.
Another common injury to apple trees is caused by borers in the main trunk near the surface of the ground. There are two borers that may cause serious damage, the round-headed and .the flat-headed borers. These names are applied to distinguish

474

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

the borers, and as the names imply, one is nearly cylindrical,. with a head about the same size as the body, while the otherhas a flattened head, very broad compared to the width of thebody. There is also a difference in the life history of the two, which should be understood in order to successfully combat them.

THE ROUND-HEADED BORER. (Sape1da candida.)

The adult round-headed borer is a beautiful beetle about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a pale, brownish-yellow color above with two bro::~d creamy whi te stripes running the entire length of the body. These beetles ap!Jear during May and June and the females soon commence to deposit eggs in cracks or minute crevices made by the beetles at or near the base of the tree. These eggs hat<;h in about two weeks into minute worms which immediately bore through the bark and commence to feed on the sap-wood. For the first year the y confine themselves to the sap-wood, making a disk-shaped burrow about the size of a silver dollar. Unless several are present in one tree the injury will not be very noticeable the first season. At the close of the first season the larva or borer, which is as yet only half-grown, goes to 'the lowest part of the burrow and remains quiet during the winter. The second year of the borer's life is passed in the sap-wood, but it does not confine its work to a small area, but may go around a small tree, completely girdling it. Where more than one borer is present in a a tree this is often the result. The second winter is also passed in th~ lowest part of the burrow. Three years are required for the borer to attain full size. The third season of a borer 's existence finds him boring into the heart of the wocd, and in the case of a small tree, the channel may extend nearly or quite to the opposite side. The borer attains its full development the third year, and after boring into the heart of the tree the channel through which it entered is closed with sawdust like castings and another opening is gnawed out through which the adult beetle will escape the following spring. In this latter channel the larva passes the third and last winter of its life, and in the spring the complete change to adult takes place and there emerges the beautiful beetle already described, ready to deposit eggs for the next generation.

BULLETIN NO.4!.

475-

When a borer is present in a tree the only remedy is to dig him out with a sharp knife. This should be done during August and September. Knowing the life hi'>tGry, it is evident that borers should be removed every year in order to get them while still in the first season's development. If any have gone into th~ heart of the tree a wire may be thrust in and worked around in the opening. When examining the trees for borers look for discolored patches of bark, which if pressed with the finger will be found hollow underneath. Oftentimes there will be an exudation of sap with some of the sawdust intermingled, showing that the larva is working underneath. The sap or gum, however, does not often come out in great quantities as with the peach-tree borer.
Besides apple, the round-headed borer may also infest pear, quince, juneberry, native crabs, ash and probably other trees ~

THE FLAT-HEADED BORER. ( Chrysobotlzrz's f emorata.) _;

The adult :fiat-headed borer is a beetle about one-half inch in length, bod y :flattened and oblong, tapering somewJ.at toward the posterior end. The color is greenish black with bronze reflections, the legs shine like burnished gold and the feet are shining green. About the life history of the flat-headed borer but little need be said, only that it is supposed to complete its transfonna~ion in a single year. From eggs that are laid this summer adult beetles will develop to emerge next spring. The remedy is the same as for the round-headed borer and should be attended to at the same time, i. e. August and September.
Aside from the knife, remedy the trees may be protected by a coat of whitewash or a thick alkali soap solution. A still better plan would be to wrap the trees to a height of eighteen inches with thick brown paper tied firmly and pressed into the cracks, so that no insect can crawl up underneath. Dirt should be piled around th e lower end of the band. Whitewash may be applied above the band. Whatever is used as a protection must be applied as early as May r st to be thoroughly effective. If paper is used it may be removed after the rst of August. This exterior covering of the trunk serves only to discourage the female in the deposition of eggs.

476

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE COLDING MOTH. ( Carpocapsa pomo11ella).

This is one of the enemies that has come to us from the Old World, and has now spread to nearly all parts of the United States where apples are grown. A large per cent. of the "wormy" apples are caused by the larvre of this moth . The adult moth is a most beautiful insect, but on account of its small size is seldom seen. The moth appears in the spring about the time the apple-trees are in bloom, and eggs are deposited on the young apples, usually close to the blossom end. The eggs hatch in from four to ten days into minute "worms." There are a variety of opinions as to how the little larva first -enters the apple, but it is known that a majority crawl into the blossom and then burrow into the flesh ot the apple. Many of the infested apples drop before attaining half size, and if so the larvre continue to feed in the fallen apples until g-rown, when they burrow out and spin cocoons in some protectf.d place under logse bark or in some rubbish. Frequently the infested apple will not drop and then the larva, when full grown, crawls out and down the trunk until it finds a suitable place to spin a cocoon. Knowledge of this habit is important when lookiiig for some remedy or means of control.
Remedt.es.
Spraying with some arsenical poison has proved to be profit.able, but this must be done at the proper time or it will be of little service. Thzs time zs just after the petals have fallen, whz"le the calyx end of the apple is w ide open . At this time also, it will be noticed that the apples all stand erect in such a way that a drop of water or spray mixture will be held as in a cup. Thus the first meal that the little larva gets will be a poisoned -one, and as most of the larvre enter the blossom end they will never live to enter the apple. This poison spray is best applied in the form of Bordeaux mixture 4-6 50 (i. e. 4 pounds
sn -of bluestone and 6 pounds of quicklime in gallons of water)
with the addition of 6 ounces paris green to each barrel of
Bordeaux. The Bordeaux stick.s better than penis green water and also acts as a fungicide, and hence is of double value.
Taking advantage of the habit of the larvre after leaving the .apple, of crawling down the trunk to find a sheltered place in -which to spin cocoo~s, we have a simple method of trapping the

BULLETIN NO. 41.

477

larvre by putting b4nds around the tree. For this purpose strips of burlap, old sacks or brown paper may be used . These bands should be four or five inches wide and held in place by stout twine. Place one band on the trunk and one on each main limu. These bands should be pnt in place within three weeks after the blooming period and examined every ten days and the larvre or pupre in the cocoons destroyed. The cocoons will be readily found, as they are white in color, although only half inch long. The bands must be examined at least every ten days or some adults may escape, and this is just what we wish to prevent.

478

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CROP REPORTS.
We have selected for this compilation two spectmen crop reports.
MAY CROP REPORT, ISSUED JUNE IS, I903.
The crop report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture, issued J tme 15, I-903, s.hows the acreage of the principal crops and their condition and prospects up to June 1st as near as can be ascertained from the answers to 1,500 letters sent out in May to reli able persons in diffet-ent sections of every county in Georgia,
these answers being returned the 1St and sth of JW1e. As is well
know n, the cool weather, rains and very late spring so retarded plantjng that every crop was l~te. Just so soon as the weather permitted, the farmers with energy and pluck so characteristic of the people of our State, went to work with a determined effort to offset by diligent labor the backwardness of the season, which was late from ten to thirty days, varying in different sections. The greater part of May was very favorable and to some ex tent counteracted the unfavorable conditions which at first prevailed. The last ten clays have been so wet as to set the crop back again somewhat; but favorable weather from now oi1 may yet crown the labor of our farmers with abundant harvests.
As will be noticed from the details which follow, this is the most exhaustive report that we have sent out from this depat:tment. Answers were received to a large majority of the circulars sent out, averaging from five to fourteen from each county. After making a careful tabulati on and accurate average of nearly sixty thousand answers to questions sent out from this department, we submit the follovving result :

CORN.

Acreage compared to last year.
:"'orthern section ..... 100 percent
Middle section . .. ... ~a " "
South ern section . .... 101 "
Average for Stat<::.... !:!9 "

Condition and prospect.
9-> per cent. Planted 15 days latt>. 82 " " Planted 1:? days late. 8-l " " Planted 15 days late.

87

14 days late.

Acr age for State, June 14, 1902, 84 per cent. ; condition and prospect for State, I902, 77 per cent.

CROP REPORTS, 1903 .

479

OATS.

Acreage compared to last year.
,..,orthern section .. . . S9 per cent. Middle section . . . . . 95 " Southern section . ... 101 "

Condlll ' nand Per cP.nt. of e rop now Pro,;pect. standng sown last full.

!H per cent.

25 per cent.

98 " ..

63 .. ..

91

,,

61 " "

AverageforState .. 95

''

93 " "

Acreage for State, June I4, I902, 84 per cent.; for State, I902,
7'7 per cent.

WHEAT.

Acreage compared to last year.

Condition and prospect Condition and prospect compared to last year. compared to an average

Nor thern section . 97 per cent . fll pe r cent.

!l:.! per cent.

Mid rile section . ... . . 93 " "

89 " ..

82 ii

"

Southern section .. . . 8 1

94 .. ..

87 "

Average for State . . . .. 90 ' ''

91 "

83

Acreage for State, June q, I902, 87 per cent.; condition and

prospect, June q, I902, 69 per cent.

COTTON.

Per cent. of acreage compared to 1902.
Northern section..104 per cent. Middle section ......102 " " Southern section ...103.

Per cent. of condition

Per cent. of amount of fertiliz-

and prospect.

er used on cotton as compared

Planted 14 days late 86 pr. ct. Planted 17 days late 82 pr. ct.

with 1902. 102 per cent. 106 .. ..

Planted 15 days late 82 pr. ct.

106 ..

AverageforState 103 ; ,.

Planted 15 days late 83 pr. ct.

105 ..

Acr-eage for State, June I4, I902, 96 per cent., conditi01i and

prospect for Sta.te, Jtme 14, I902, IOO per cent. Of the fertil-

izer used on cotton in 1903, the commercial fertilizer .was 86 per

cent. : the home-raised manure, I4 per cent.

SUGAR-CANE.

Ave rage per cent. compared to las t year.
Nort he rn SPCtaon . 911 per cent. 1\Iiddl esec tion ..... !l:l " Su uthPrn section . i.'i " "

Per cent. of stand compared to an average.
95 pPr cent. 91 " ' Ill ,,

AvPrage fo r State._ 8!l

99

Acreage for State, June q, I 902, 9 I per cent. ; condition and

prospect, I902, 96 per cent.

RICE.

Avera&-e in low land rice compared to last A verage in upland rice

year.

compared to last year.

Nor the rn section _. . JOO per cent. 100 per cent.

Midd le section

9'> ..

9 1 " ..

Southern section . 89 ,,

90 .. "

Condition and prospect.

70 per cent.

g .) H

U

!l l " "

Ave ragp, fo r State . -. . 9!
.Average furStateJune H, 1\JO:l .. ...... ~ 87

94 " "
90 ..

S5 " "
93

480

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT O:F AGRICULTURE.

SORGHUM .

Area compared to last year.
Northem section ... ~7 per cent. Middle section ..... 101 " '' Southern section . .. 103 "

Condition and prospect compared to last year.
9S per cent. P5 '' '' 9-t. " ,,

Average for State . . .. tOO "

96 " "

Average for State, June I4, I9Q2: Acreage, 99 per cent; condition and prospect, 96 per cent.

CLOVER AND GRASSES.

Area compared to last year.
Northern section . . . 9-l pe r cent. Middle section ...... 10:! " " Southern section... 95 " ' '

Condition and prospect compared to last year.
101 per cent. J 03 " " 'i' l , , "

Average for 1:3tate.... 95 " "

91 " "

Average for State, June I4, I902: Acreage, 102 per cent.; condition and prospect; 97 per cent.

FRUIT.

Per cent. of full crop now indicated.
Northern section ... . Middle section ..... . Southern section. , ..
Average for State. . .

Peaches.
20 percent. 30 " " 38 " ''
,,
29 "

Apples.

40 percent.

44 '' "

3.) H

''

40 .. "

Pears.
37 percent. 3\1 " " 36 ( 1 It
,,
37 "

Grapes.
83 1er cent.. 90 " " ts7 '' ''
87 "

The number of peachtrees in commercial orchards is reported as follows: 7,429,000 in the nor'thern section; 3,047,000 in the middle section; 6,2 5I ,ooo in the Southern section, making a grand total of I6,727,ooo. Probably not more than 6o per cent. of these have reached bearing age. The number of apple trees is reported as follows: 2,032,750 in the northern secti on; 81. 200 in the middle section; 2oo',5oo in the southern section. the total being 2,3 I4,450. The number of pear trees reported is as follows: 74,500 for the northern section; 55,300 for the middle section; I85,ooo for the southern section, making a total of 3 q,8oo. The number of acres repm-tecl in vineyards is. for the northern section, 7,272; for the middle section, 2,767; for the southern section, 2,2 I 7, making a total of 12, I 56. The acres in berries are, for the northern section, I,6I2; for the middle section, 938; for the southern section, 649, being a total of 3, I99 The amount of berries sold this year as compared to last year is, for the northern section, I I3 per cent.; for the middle section,.

CROP REPORTS, 1903.

101 per cent.; for the southern section, 98 per cent., making an average for the whole of IO..J. per cent. FiYe hundred of the r,soo reports sent out were mailed to the commercial fruit-growers of our State.

S1'0CK.

Condition of sheep compared to an average.

Condition of work stock compared to an average .

Northern section... 95 per cent. 98 per cPnt.

Middle eection .. 95 " '' ~outhern section . 93 "

9913 .". ",,

Average for State .. . . 94 "

,,
9-! "

Stock of hogs com'pared to last year.
91 per cent. 91 " " 93 "
92 " "

Blind-staggers and ch.olera are the diseases reported as affect-

ing stock and most of these diseases are chargeable to damaged

western corn. The moral is: Raise your own corn and hay, and

remove this complaint.

... 5 ... .-c= ..;
"'S'<~P "' "'"' o~ s2 <.Jrn "' ... SgJ ... ~

..;

0

0

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o..l "P<'r~n
s~
oo

.0 .0 ~
EJ.,; "'b.C ... 0)

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:"!'!":' .... "' .8.s C)+'
"' ;; ~.-c
....,<P
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I PI
"' ""'' P. bll

0~ '0~

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..,~

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+'0

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(J).!i: C) ...
0

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1i):.ti (.J.). ..c:: ~:: p., p., :l...

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Northern section. ~6% 10.J % 19,% 31% 50% $10 50 72 cts. 91 cts. 98% 96%

Middle section . . . 87% i06% 2'i% -!1,% 34% 9 50 7-!cts. 94 cts. 115% 101%

Sou tht'rn

section

6-6-J0

104.%
- --

3-8,-6

-39-%

-23%-

10 80
--

80 cts ---

101 cts. ---

-1-06-,%

103.%
---

AveragP for State 79.% 105% 28.% 37% 35% 10 25t 75 cts. 95 cts. 106% 100%

31" b

482

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

GEORGIA CROP REPORT

September 24, 1903.

The crop report of the Georgia Department of Agriculture, issued September 24, 1903, and based on the answers to nearly I,ooo letters sent to reliable persons in different sections of every county in the State, shows the condition and prospect of our principal crops up to the middle of the current month.
The report sho\YS a deterioration in the prospects of some of the crops, especially cotton.
Everything wa set back by the late pring, and when the prospect seemed good for a rally from the early unfavorable condition s, a long-continued drouth set in, which was at last broken by chilling rains that did much damage, especially to cotton.
Rust also has appeared in some sections, and in many instances the boll worm and caterpillar have made serious inroads.
Hay and rice that had not been housed suffered considerable damage.
The present condition and prospect of the various crops, as compared to last ] une, is as follows:

COTTON.

] une I 5, Sept. 24.

1903.

1903.

Northern section. . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... 86 p. c. 66 p. c.

Middle section . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .. .. 82 p. c. 68 p. c.

Southern section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 82 p. c. 72 p. c.

For entire State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 83 p. c. 69 p. c.

It is estimated that the entire crop will be about 19 per cent.

less than last year's crop.

CORN.

June IS,

1903.

Northern section..

. .......... 95 p. c.

Middle section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 82 p. c.

Southern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 84 p. c.

For entire State....

. ............. 87 p. c.

Sept. 24,
1903.
8s p. c.
82 p. c.
90 p. c. 86 p. c.

CROP REPORTS, 1903.

483

RICE.
June IS, I903.
~orthern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 70 p. c. Middle section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 96 p. c. Southern section. . . . .' . . . . . . . . ........ 9I p. c. For entire State ............ . , ........ 8s p. c.
Rice shows a considerable increase.

Sept. 24, I90;i. No r'pt.
9S p. c. 87 p. c.
9I P c.

SUGAR-CANE.

June IS, Sept. 24,

I903.

I903.

For entire State.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... 96 p. c. Ss p. c.

The forage crops of the State show a condition and prospect

of Ss per cent. as compared with 97 per cent. on June IS, 1903. The condition of live stock for the State shows 93 per cent.

as compared with 94 per cent. last June. For sweet pota-toes, tobacco, cowpeas and groundpeas there

was no report last June. The condition and prospects of these crops on September 24, 1903, are reported as follows:

SWEE1' POTATOES.
Northern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 7S per cent.

Middle section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... So per cent. Southern section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ..... . 82 per cent.

Entire State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 79 per cent.

TOBACCO.
Northern section . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 84 per cent. Middle section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. ..... 96 per cent. Southern section . . . . . . . . . : . . . .............. 82 per cent. Entire Siate. . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ............. 87 per cent.

COW PEAS.
Northern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 72 per cent. Middle section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... 74 per cent. Southern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 86 per cent. Entire State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . 77 per cent.

GROUNDPEAS.
Northern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 74 per cent. Middle section. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... 83 per cent. Southern section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 88 per cent. Entire State ..... . ........................ 82 per cent.

Cotton appears to be the greatest sufferer. There is a very slim chance for improvement in this crop.

Corn is doing fairly well, and so is sugar-cane. Corn on bot-

tom lands is good. In some sections poor on up-lands.

Rice seems to be holding its own b.etter than any other crop.