Reflections- Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network, Vol. 6, no. 2 (July 2006)

Volume VI, No. 2 July 2006
A Program of the Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources
INTERPRETING AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SAUTEE-NACOOCHEE VALLEY:
THE BEAN CREEK HISTORY PROJECT
Jeanne Cyriaque, African American Programs Coordinator
Historic Preservation Division
continued on page 2
The Sautee-Nacoochee Valley is located in White County and
includes an area that encompasses over 2,500 acres in the
Appalachian Highland region of Georgia. Situated on the
southeast edge of the Blue Ridge, the region’s landscape features
mountains and a series of irregularly shaped valleys that
intersperse hills along a backdrop of higher ridges. The Sautee
Valley is located on the northeast side and the Nacoochee Valley
lies beneath its southern edge. Four creeks run through these
valleys joining together as the Sautee Creek that ultimately flows
into the Chattahoochee River.
Bean Creek is located on the northern side of the SauteeNacoochee Valley. It is a place where an African American
community has existed since enslavement to the present. Bean
Creek Road is the gateway to the community that is located just off
Georgia Highway 255 in Sautee. One of the community landmark
buildings is the Bean Creek Missionary Baptist Church. The Old
Bean Creek Cemetery surrounds the church and families who are
buried there represent generations of African Americans whose
descendants live in the community today.
The history of this African American community is
intertwined with some of the white families who settled in the
foothills of northeast Georgia. When the Treaty of 1819 ceded
lands in the Sautee-Nacoochee Valley that were occupied by the
Cherokees, they were forced westward. The Land Lottery of 1820
provided impetus for white settlement. Soon 61 families from North
Carolina traveled to Georgia to begin farming in these valleys.
Among these early white settlers was the Williams family, who
arrived in the Nacoochee Valley in 1822.
The Williams family would soon become major landowners
in the region. They were descendants of Major Edward Williams of
Massachusetts. He later moved to North Carolina and married a
daughter of Daniel Brown before both families migrated to Georgia.
Bean Creek Missionary Baptist Church is a landmark in the
African American community. The Old Bean Creek Cemetery is
located on the hillside surrounding the church. The cemetery is
the final resting place for generations of Bean Creek families.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
An endangered circa 1850 slave cabin was moved to
this heritage site and nature preserve. When restored,
it will help to tell the story of African American life in
the Sautee-Nacoochee Valley from 1822-1865.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
2
Jeanne Cyriaque, continued from page 1
INTERPRETING AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SAUTEE-NACOOCHEE VALLEY:
THE BEAN CREEK HISTORY PROJECT
One of his sons, George Walton Williams, would later become a
successful businessman in Charleston, while Charles Williams
opened a store and operated a post office in the valley. Major
Williams was a progressive farmer who, like his Indian predecessors,
focused on subsistence farming. He grew corn, raised livestock
and established one of Georgia’s earliest dairies. A third son, Edwin
P. Williams, shared his father’s interest in farming, and emerged as
the most successful farmer in the Sautee-Nacoochee Valley.
Edwin P. Williams acquired considerable land in the years
leading up to the Civil War. In 1845, he purchased 2,300 acres of
land from James R. Wyly, making him the owner of a large portion of
the eastern edge of the valley. He and his brother Charles also
owned half of the 124 enslaved people who were recorded in the
1861 tax digest. Most of the farmers in White County had one-totwo slaves, but the Williams brothers were an exception. The
property of E.P. Williams was valued at $58,266 and his land holdings
were valued at $26,700 at the eve of the Civil War.
When the Civil War ended, E.P. Williams read the
Emancipation Proclamation to his slaves in front of a stone wall
at the site of his home. The freedmen did not leave the SauteeNacoochee Valley, as many of them continued to work for E.P.
Williams and other former slave owners as sharecroppers. These
African Americans began to settle in the area around Bean Creek,
and family descendants of these freedmen still live there today.
This 1948 map identifies landmarks that are significant
to the Bean Creek community and the places where
family residences are located. Map reprinted courtesy
of the Bean Creek History Project.
The Old Bean Creek Ball Ground is located just down the
road from the church. The Valley Vets played baseball here. They
were Bean Creek’s African American baseball team, and the Bean
Creek History Project of the Sautee Nacoochee Community
Association (SNCA) developed an exhibit, Celebrating One
Hundred Years of Bean Creek Baseball, to commemorate the
significance of the team to the Bean Creek community. SNCA
displayed the exhibit during a benefit concert that featured Nashville
singers Joni Bishop and Odessa Settles of the Princely Players.
The exhibit is currently on display at the University of Georgia.
Every year Bean Creek families and their descendants
attend a baseball game at the Old Bean Creek Ball Ground. This
annual event features the Valley Vets, and the Friends of Bean
Creek sell hot dogs, pottery and other memorabilia to commemorate
the veterans who played on the team.
The Bean Creek
History Project is an initiative
of SNCA. Caroline Crittenden
is the volunteer project
director who coordinates the
effort to preserve an old slave
cabin that once belonged to
descendants of E.P. Williams.
The cabin was once home to
servants of the Williams family.
After emancipation, the family
maintained the cabin. The
original cabin is 16 by 28 feet
with one room and two front
doors, but the Williams family
added a bath, bedroom, dining
room, kitchen and a front porch
for family members. In the
1930s, the granddaughter of
E.P. Williams lived in the cabin.
The baseball exhibit contains historic photos, uniforms and memorabilia
that document the history of the Valley Vets. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Jeanie Daves displays her pottery collection of Valley Vets memorabilia.
She is one of the volunteers who contribute their expertise to the Bean Creek
History Project. Some participants wear their Valley Vets baseball shirts.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Elnora “Bessie” Trammell (seated)
and her daughter, Mary Alice Stark
enjoy the annual Valley Vets baseball
game. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
3
Over the years, this circa 1850s cabin began to deteriorate. In 2002,
SNCA director Jim Johnston and his family agreed to donate the
slave cabin for preservation and a proposed heritage site with
the condition that it be moved to another location.
Crittenden assembled a talented team of persons to assist
with the cabin and the heritage project. Photographer David Greear
painstakingly documented every architectural feature of the cabin.
Barry Stiles is the craftsman who stabilized the cabin and removed
the additions. Stiles found that the original cabin was made of
yellow pine and oak, and it was
cut with a sash saw. He will
restore the cabin to its 1850s
form with similar wood. Linda
Aaron searched tax digests,
wills, and family records. She
is a UGA archivist, and has
assembled photos, census
information and additional
documentation for the project.
Andy Allen, president of the
Friends of Bean Creek, and
Lena Dorsey are leading the
effort to collect oral histories
and memorabilia from the Bean
Creek community to interpret
African American life in the
Sautee-Nacoochee Valley.
They were instrumental in
developing the project’s first
exhibit: Reflections of Bean
Creek. It was displayed at the
Sautee Nacoochee Center.
SNCA found a home
for the cabin and the heritage
site less than one mile from its
original location through a gift
from Lillian Hepinstall Everhart.
In 1989, she donated three
acres to SNCA along Georgia
Highway 17 for a nature
preserve. Everhart was an
environmentalist and wanted
this land conserved in its
natural habitat. Dale Brubaker, who is a museum consultant that
advises the project team, believes that the slave cabin and the nature
preserve complement each other.
Crittenden and Brubaker
thought this would be the
perfect site for the slave cabin,
walking trails through the
nature preserve, artifacts and
an interpretive center. When
Crittenden, Allen and craftsman
Stiles presented the plan to
locate the heritage site in this
natural and serene setting, they
received the overwhelming
support of SNCA and the Bean
Creek community.
The heritage site will
be an educational tool that will
feature the cabin and other
artifacts collected by the Bean
Creek community to tell the
story of African American life
in the valley from 1822 to 1865.
Besides the slave cabin, the
heritage site will include a piece
of a stone wall that, according
to oral tradition, was part of the wall where E.P. Williams read the
Emancipation Proclamation to his slaves at the close of the Civil
War. Other artifacts include a cooling vat that was used to refrigerate
dairy products for the Williams family, a stone bench that was
constructed by slaves, iron cauldrons that were used for laundry
and cooking, and some of the bricks that were made by slaves with
native clay. The heritage site is located just beyond the old Sautee
Store on Georgia Highway 17.
The slave cabin’s original appearance was modified by adding interior rooms,
windows and a front porch. These deteriorated elements were removed to
restore the slave cabin to its original size. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Stone mason David Vandiver
stabilized the chimney that was falling
into the cabin. He will reassemble
the chimney to its original form.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Caroline Crittenden and Andy Allen
are some of the community folk who
volunteer for the Bean Creek History
Project. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
This photo shows Andy Allen’s
great-grandmother, Mary Ann
Nicely (left) who was born enslaved
in the Sautee-Nacoochee Valley. She
is pictured in front of a log cabin
with Allen’s grandmother and
grandfather, Lessie and Ed Nicely.
Photo courtesy of Andy Allen
This photo shows the slave cabin resting on the
original rock piers in its new home at the Nacoochee
Valley African American Heritage Site & Nature
Preserve. Stone mason David Vandiver will reassemble
the rock chimney and hearth. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
When completed, the Nacoochee Valley African American
Heritage Site & Nature Preserve will document the history of the
cabin, celebrate the heritage and culture of the Bean Creek
community and interpret the story of slavery in the Nacoochee
Valley from the African American perspective. For more information
on how you can assist the slave cabin restoration and the African
American Heritage Site, visit the Sautee Nacoochee Community
Association website at www.snca.org.
4
Tiffany Tolbert, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
EXPLORING AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORIC RESOURCES IN
WASHINGTON AND WILKES COUNTY
Washington is located in Wilkes County, Georgia. Founded in
1780, Washington became the first town in the United States
to be named after George Washington. Washington was the site of
numerous historic events important to the history of Georgia as
well as the United States. For example, in 1795, Eli Whitney perfected
the cotton gin at the Mount Pleasant Plantation. Washington also
was the last meeting place for the Confederate government. In
May of 1865, Jefferson Davis and his cabinet met in Washington
and dissolved the Confederacy.
While the history of Washington and its important events
has been well documented, the history of African Americans in
Washington and Wilkes County was overlooked. Wilkes County
has always been home to a large number of African Americans. In
1802, it was home to 5,039 slaves. By 1820, the population included
1,057 farmers who owned 8,921 slaves. On the eve of the Civil War
in 1860, two thirds of Washington’s population was African
American, and many African American settlements developed.
These settlements eventually developed into neighborhoods and
served as the social, educational and political center of African
American life in Washington. Urban renewal destroyed most of the
historic African American resources during the late 20th century,
but there are a few significant historic resources that exist as
examples of African American life in Washington and Wilkes County.
Following the Civil War, African Americans settled in three
areas of Washington. The earliest African American residential
area in Washington was settled in the 1850s by free blacks. This
area was known as Baltimore in honor of the Baltimore (Maryland)
relief society that helped freed slaves after the Civil War. Most of
the African Americans who lived in Baltimore worked in homes of
Washington’s wealthy white citizens. The Wylieville area developed
after the Civil War just to the west and southwest of downtown
Washington. John Wylie, who acquired several hundred acres
during the 1860s, divided and sold numerous lots to freed slaves.
This area is also known as Freedmanville and Whitehall. Wylieville
became the center of African American life in Washington. It
contained many homes as well as its own commercial district known
as “The Corner” and Hodge Academy, an educational institution
for African Americans. While both the commercial district and
Hodge Academy are gone, Wylieville still contains many historic
residential structures.
In addition to the Baltimore and Whitehall communities,
many African Americans settled along Lexington Avenue. Among
them was Dr. Frederick Douglass Sessoms, Washington’s first
African American doctor. After moving from Hertford (North
Carolina) Dr. Sessoms became very influential in the community
where he was the only African American doctor as well as a civic
leader. By the turn of the 20th century, Dr. Sessoms was well
respected in both the black and white communities of Washington.
This mutual respect allowed him to perform medical procedures
with white doctors during a time when many white physicians refused
to consult with black doctors in the treatment of patients.
The most visible mark of Dr. Sessoms’ legacy is his home,
and it still stands in Washington. Dr. Sessoms’ daughter, Janet
Wilkerson, preserves his office just as it was when he practiced
medicine there, and maintains the house. The Sessoms house is
one of the largest and finest homes built in Washington’s African
American community.
Dr. Sessoms and his descendants are buried in Resthaven
Cemetery. Resthaven has served as Washington’s city cemetery
since 1857. The cemetery contains the graves of the earliest settlers
of Washington as well as many city leaders. The historic African
American section of the cemetery is located southwest of the white
section. Recently this cemetery has received additional care and
maintenance to aid its preservation.
This circa 1905 photo displays an African American church congregation
in the Whitehall area of Washington. The photographer was J.W. Stephenson.
Photo courtesy of the Georgia Archives, Vanishing Georgia Collection, wlk125.
Dr. Sessoms constructed this two-story, Folk Victorian style I-house around
1890. He built the home for his family and medical practice. His office
was located on the first floor with a separate, covered entrance for patients.
Photo by Tiffany Tolbert
As Washington’s
African American community
developed, congregations and
churches were organized to
serve the residents of these
neighborhoods. Three
churches were organized in the
Wylieville neighborhood
beginning in the 1860s.
Jackson Chapel A.M.E Church
is the oldest of these churches.
The preservation of
its historic resources has
always been a focus for the
City of Washington. The
Washington Historic District
was listed in the National
Register of Historic Places on
December 8, 2004. Recently,
the city was designated as a
Preserve America Community.
Preserve America is a White
House initiative that encourages
and supports community
efforts to preserve cultural and
natural heritage. Preserve America recognizes communities that
protect their historic resources while using them to promote
economic development and community revitalization. There are
currently 13 Preserve America Communities in Georgia.
There is an increased interest in preserving not only the
African American history of Washington, but also Wilkes County.
Wilkes County has many historic African American resources, but
the most endangered resources are the remaining rural
schoolhouses. Because the education of African Americans was
not publicly supported during segregation, many churches in
Wilkes County started their own schools. Many of these
schoolhouses have been destroyed, and today only a few African
American schoolhouses remain in Wilkes County.
The preservation of these schools is of particular interest
to Patricia Wilder. Ms. Wilder attended the New Hope School and
is a member of Jackson Chapel A.M.E Church. She believes that
the destruction of these schools is not simply the removal of
buildings, but also the removal of the history of African American
education in Wilkes County. Ms. Wilder is encouraged by the
preservation efforts at Jackson Chapel A.M.E Church. The church
is pursuing a historic marker and plans to unveil its bronze National
Register plaque in 2007 when the church celebrates its 140th
anniversary. Ms. Wilder is currently a member of the Washington
City Council and serves on the historic preservation committee.
5
Freed slaves built Jackson Chapel
A.M.E. Church in 1867 to serve the
African American community called
Wylieville in Washington. The church
is a community landmark building in
the Washington Historic District.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The Cherry Grove School is located next to the
Cherry Grove Baptist Church and Cemetery in
Wilkes County. It is a rare, one-room, wood
frame building and is distinguished by its stone
pier foundation. Photo by Tiffany Tolbert
Willie E. Burns is the current mayor of Washington. When
he was elected in 2004, Burns became the first African American
mayor in the town’s 226-year history. A native of Wilkes County,
Mayor Burns is the current president of the Georgia Conference of
Black Mayors. He has an immense interest in preserving and
interpreting Washington’s African American history as well as
promoting the city’s economic development. One of his initiatives
is the establishment of an African American history museum in
Washington. It is Mayor Burns’ hope that efforts, such as these,
will bring lasting attention to African Americans and their
contributions to Washington and Wilkes County.
This historic home was once the residence of Mango Wingfield. He built
this home in the Whitehall area of Washington. Wingfield was a local
entrepreneur and insurance agent. He was a member of Jackson Chapel
A.M.E. Church. It is an example of one of the more elaborate houses in the
African American community. Photo by Tiffany Tolbert
Built during the early 20th century, the New Hope
School educated many African American children
in Wilkes County until its closure in 1956. This
two-story wooden schoolhouse is located across
the road from the New Hope C.M.E. Church.
Photo by Tiffany Tolbert
6
CELEBRATING OUR COASTAL HERITAGE:
THE GEORGIA AFRICAN AMERICAN
HISTORIC PRESERVATION NETWORK
Carole Moore, Grants Coordinator
Historic Preservation Division
HISTORIC PRESERVATION LICENSE PLATE
ANNOUNCED BY DNR’S
HISTORIC PRESERVATION DIVISION
Georgia drivers can support historic preservation now by buying
a specialty license plate. Proceeds from sales of the new plate
will be used to help preserve significant historic buildings and sites
owned by non-profits and local governments throughout Georgia.
The new plate, chosen from among 23 entrants, was
designed by Georgia artist Larnie Higgins of Planet Studio in Atlanta
and depicts a historic train station located in Savannah. According
to the Historic Preservation Division (HPD) director Dr. Ray Luce,
“The train station represents the significant role railroads played
in the development of the state of Georgia. The design also
works as a symbol for a variety of other types of historic
resources around the state, including schools, theaters, city
halls and other public buildings.”
The license plate was authorized by the 2005 Georgia
General Assembly and signed into law at that time by Governor
Perdue. More than $20 from each $25 license tag fee will go to
HPD’s Georgia Heritage Grant Program, which provides funding for
historic preservation projects around the state. The funding is
direly needed. In 1997, a special legislative study committee
identified a $5 million per year goal for the Georgia Heritage Grant
program. The grant program has not yet reached that goal; indeed,
it reached its highest point in SFY 2002 at $500,000, and funding
amounts gradually have been cut since September 11, 2001.
Seventy-four participants joined the Georgia African American
Historic Preservation Network (GAAHPN) in Brunswick for the
annual meeting: Celebrating Our Coastal Heritage. The Brunswick
Landmarks Foundation sponsored the opening reception for the
GAAHPN annual meeting at Old City Hall. The building is used by
the Brunswick City Commission for meetings and provides offices
for the Main Street program.
The annual meeting workshops were held in the
educational building at First African Baptist Church. This
community landmark building is located in the Old Town Brunswick
Historic District. It was listed in the National Register of Historic
Places on April 3, 1979.
Jeanne Cyriaque, African American Programs Coordinator
Historic Preservation Division
Mayor Bryan Thompson welcomed GAAHPN to
Brunswick at the First African Baptist Church. Thompson is an
avid collector, and presented GAAHPN a historic photo of the first
wooden building that was built to educate African Americans after
the Civil War. This building no longer exists on the site of the
current campus of buildings named in honor of Captain Douglas
Risley, who was a Freedmen’s Bureau agent. Mayor Thompson
also presented a historic document that Captain Risley sent to the
Freedmen’s Bureau in 1870.
Last year, local governments and non-profits applied for
more than $1 million in grants, although there was only $129,000
available. Dr. Luce explained that even with low funding, the grant
program has made a significant impact on historic preservation
projects in Georgia. “In its first 11 years (SFY 1995-2006), just over
$3 million in matching grants were awarded to over 300 preservation
projects in the state. These projects included a wide range of
resources, such as lighthouses, cemeteries, theaters and
auditoriums, post offices, jails and depots, 25 courthouses, and
over 20 schools.”
The license plate can be reserved at county tag offices for
a $25 specialty tag fee. After 1,000 orders have been received, the
plate will be produced by the Georgia Motor Vehicle Division. To
find out more about the license plate and/or to use a mail-in order
form to reserve a plate, please visit HPD’s website at
www.gashpo.org or contact HPD’s grant coordinator Carole Moore
at 404/463-8434 or e-mail her at carole_moore@dnr.state.ga.us.
The educational building at First African Baptist Church is a sensitive
addition that complements the historic sanctuary. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
This wooden building was the first school that was built to educate
freedmen in Brunswick at the end of the Civil War. It was located on
the present site of several buildings that were constructed on the Risley
campus in the 20th century. Photo courtesy of Mayor Bryan Thompson
Tiffany Tolbert
African American
Programs Assistant
Voice 404/657-1054
Fax 404/657-1040
tiffany_tolbert@dnr.state.ga.us
7
Velmon Allen
Karl Webster Barnes
C. Donald Beall
Linda Cooks
Gerald Golden
Terry & Cynthia Hayes
Kris Roberts
Corinne Blencoe Thornton
Linda Wilkes
Thomas Williams
Isaac Johnson, Chair
706/738-1901
Beth Shorthouse, Vice-Chair
404/253-1488
Jeanne Mills, Secretary
404/753-6265
STEERING COMMITTEE
Jeanne Cyriaque
African American
Programs Coordinator
Reflections Editor
Voice 404/656-4768
Fax 404/657-1040
jeanne_cyriaque@dnr.state.ga.us
STAFF
Georgia’s graduate programs in historic
preservation and the technical assistance that
they provide in African American communities
was the topic explored by three programs: Georgia
State University, the Savannah College of Art and
Design and the University of Georgia. Clarissa
Myrick-Harris shared her expertise in a workshop
on oral history. She is the immediate past chair of
the Georgia National Register Review Board, and
is the co-curator of the exhibit: Red Was the
Midnight: The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot.
GAAHPN Steering Committee member Velmon
Allen, executive director of the Southeast
Georgia CDC and Brian Robinson of the
Brunswick Landmarks Foundation discussed
local community revitalization initiatives and
historic preservation.
Workshops concluded with presentations
on the Risley School, Brunswick’s first African
American school, and the Harrington School on
St. Simons Island. Colonel Thomas Fuller,
president of the Risley Alumni Association,
discussed the preservation of the Risley School
A field session included a tour of these
historic schools and other resources on St.
Simons Island. Colonel Thomas Fuller greeted
participants on the Risley campus, and Cynthia
Lee and Amy Roberts of the St. Simons African
American Heritage Coalition conducted the St.
Simons portion of the tour. When the participants
returned to First African Baptist Church, they were
treated to a fish fry and low country boil.
Celebrating Our Coastal Heritage was
sponsored at minimal cost to the participants
through donations from Lord, Aeck and Sargent
Architecture and the Society for Georgia
Archaeology. Brunswick volunteers including
GAAHPN Steering Committee member Velmon
Allen, Betsy Bean and Walter McNeely
orchestrated key connections to ensure
community participation. GAAHPN recognizes
the City of Brunswick, the Georgia Department
of Economic Development and the Glynn County
Board of Education, our government partners,
who provided facilites and in-kind services.
campus. Amy Roberts and Ronald Upshaw of
the St. Simons African American Heritage
Coalition presented the partnerships that have
evolved to preserve this endangered resource in
the Harrington community.
These contributions reflect the partnerships and
volunteerism that aid GAAHPN to provide
workshops and technical assistance to the
network, and we acknowledge your valuable
support of African American cultural and historic
resources in Georgia.
Richard Laub, Jennifer Martin Lewis and Brian
Robinson discussed the projects that their programs
assisted. Photo by Tiffany Tolbert
The Risley Alumni Association are the stewards for
this building on the campus. It is located between
Colored Memorial School and the former Risley
High School. Photo by Linda Cooks
Colonel Fuller shared the Risley Alumni Association
collection with participants. Photo by Richard Laub
Participants visited the Cassina Garden Club
tabby houses that were once slave cabins on
Hamilton Plantation. Photo by Tiffany Tolbert
Isaac Johnson
Chairman
The Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network (GAAHPN)
was established in January 1989. It is composed of representatives from
neighborhood organizations and preservation groups. GAAHPN was formed
in response to a growing interest in preserving the cultural and ethnic diversity of
Georgia’s African American heritage. This interest has translated into a number of
efforts which emphasize greater recognition of African American culture and
contributions to Georgia’s history. The GAAHPN Steering Committee meets regularly
to plan and implement ways to develop programs that will foster heritage education,
neighborhood revitalization, and support community and economic development.
The Network is an informal group of over 2,200 people who have an interest in
preservation. Members are briefed on the status of current and planned projects and are
encouraged to offer ideas, comments and suggestions. The meetings provide an
opportunity to share and learn from the preservation experience of others and to receive
technical information through workshops. Members receive a newsletter, Reflections,
produced by the Network. Visit the Historic Preservation Division website at
www.gashpo.org. Preservation information and previous issues of Reflections are
available online. Membership in the Network is free and open to all.
ABOUT GAAHPN
This publication has been financed in part with federal
funds from the National Park Service, Department of the
Interior, through the Historic Preservation Division,
Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The contents
and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the
mention of trade names, commercial products or
consultants constitute endorsement or recommendation
by the Department of the Interior or the Georgia
Department of Natural Resources. The Department
of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis
of race, color, national origin, or disability in its
federally assisted programs. If you believe you have
been discriminated against in any program, activity, or
facility, or if you desire more information, write to: Office
for Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C
Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.
Published quarterly by the
Historic Preservation Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
W. Ray Luce, Division Director &
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
Jeanne Cyriaque, Editor
A Program of the
Historic Preservation Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
34 Peachtree Street, NW
Suite 1600
Atlanta, GA 30303-2316