Reflections- Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network, Vol. 10, no. 2 (Dec. 2011)

Volume X, No. 2 December 2011
Jeanne Cyriaque, African American Programs Coordinator
Historic Preservation Division
continued on page 2
INTERPRETING AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE ON OSSABAW ISLAND
AND COMMUNITY FORMATION ON THE MAINLAND
Ossabaw Island is the third largest of Georgia’s barrier islands.
Its nearly 26,000 acres include tidal marsh, forests and
wildlife that comprise Georgia’s first Heritage Preserve.
Ossabaw has 225 known archaeological sites that document
continuous human habitation for 4,000 years. Native Americans
occupied Ossabaw until the Spanish occupation of the Georgia
coast in the mid-16th century. In 1733, the British founded the Georgia
colony in nearby Savannah. In 1760, Ossabaw Island was auctioned
to a private citizen and eventually acquired by John Morel. He
established an indigo plantation.
After Morel’s death in 1776, the island was divided into
three plantations for his heirs: North End, Middle Place, and South
End. After John Morel Jr. died, his share was sub-divided into two
plantations: South End and Buckhead. There are remains of three
tabby structures that were probably slave quarters and an overseer’s
house at Middle Place.
Buckhead and South End
still have archaeological
remains. Also, South End
has temporary structures for
the annual deer hunt.
Today, almost all
remaining historic structures
on Ossabaw Island lie at
North End and the Main
House complex. The Main
House was constructed from
1924-1926 in the Spanish
Colonial Revival style. It
was built by Dr. Henry N.
Torrey of Detroit for his
winter residence. Notable
architectural features include
a red-tile roof, tile and
Three tabby cabins remain on Ossabaw Island’s North End that are the focal point
for interpretation of African American life from enslavement through emancipation.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
terracotta ornament, and pink stucco walls. The Main House has
15 bedrooms, 16 bathrooms and a large great room with an exposed
wooden beam ceiling and fireplace, with a map of the island above
it. The dining room features tiles imported from Europe and a bay
window. The house is surrounded by formal gardens, a patio and
wrought iron balconies. Several sculptures exist in a rock garden
behind the house, including Peter Pan and Tinker Bell. Behind the
Main House there is a stable and studio.
North End includes the 1880s Clubhouse, the two-story,
frame, Boarding House, a single-story tabby smokehouse near the
Clubhouse and three extant tabby slave dwellings that evolved
into tenant houses after emancipation. The complex of buildings
lies near the Main Road that dates from the 1760s. This sandy,
unpaved road is the transportation spine on the island that leads
from Torrey’s Landing on the north end of the island to the southern
end. It has a series of mile
markers along the way that
date from the 18th century.
Eleanor Torrey
West is the sole permanent
resident of Ossabaw Island.
She and her husband Clifford
B. West founded the
Ossabaw Foundation and
implemented four programs
from 1961-1983: the Ossabaw
Island Project, the Genesis
Project, the Professional
Research Program and the
Public Use and Education
Program. The Ossabaw
Island Project invited scholars
in the arts, humanities and
2
Jeanne Cyriaque, continued from page 1
INTERPRETING AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE ON OSSABAW ISLAND
AND COMMUNITY FORMATION ON THE MAINLAND
sciences to visit the island to pursue their work. The Genesis
Project invited participants for botanical, zoological and ecological
investigations. The Professional Research Program allowed
scientists to study the Ossabaw natural wilderness environment,
and the Public Use and Education Program provided a similar
experience for environmental education.
Mrs. West, who is now 98, has lived on Ossabaw Island
full-time since 1986. She was the catalyst in her family’s decision to
sell Ossabaw Island to the State of Georgia in 1978. Ossabaw
Island became Georgia’s first Heritage Preserve, to be used solely
for “natural, scientific and cultural study, research, education and
environmentally sound preservation of the island’s ecosystem.”
The island is managed by the Wildlife Resources Division of the
Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR).
In 1995, the National Trust for Historic Preservation
included Ossabaw Island in its annual list of the most endangered
places in America. The following year, it was listed in the National
Register of Historic Places.
Eleanor “Sandy” West deposited four original inventories
of enslaved people recorded in 1812 at the Georgia Historical Society.
These people lived on the Morel plantations. Similarly, the Kollock
plantation journals documented 56-68 slaves who lived at South
End. Kollock’s 1860 journal indicates he had 71 slaves living in
nine houses on the island. The overseer’s journals recorded task
assignments from 1850-1861 and reveal how the plantation slaves
raised cotton and food for consumption. None of the main houses
remain from the plantation era. After the Civil War, absentee planters
Kollock and McDonald abandoned the island.
During Reconstruction, the island was managed by
Freedmen’s Bureau agent Tunis G. Campbell, who was also the
military governor of Sapelo and St. Catherines’ Islands. Campbell’s
report in 1865 indicated there were 78 freedmen on Ossabaw, while
much larger settlements existed on Sapelo (352) and St. Catherines
(369). The Freedmen’s Bureau role ended on Ossabaw Island in
1867, when an Act of Congress returned the four plantations to
their owners.
Though they had not acquired land of their own, African
Americans continued to live and farm on Ossabaw, and established
the Hinder Me Not Baptist Church there in the 1870s. The Zion
Baptist Association minutes indicate this church was established
on Ossabaw Island as early as 1878. The minister was Rev. B.O.
Butler and the church representative in the association was Thomas
Bond. There were 68 members in 1878 and the church membership
was 61 as late as 1885. The 1880 Census documented 160 people
who lived on the island in 40 houses. Middle Place still had cabins
occupied by freed people as late as 1896.
Three slave/tenant cabins stand in a row just off the Main
Road where the North End plantation once existed. These cabins
were constructed of tabby, an aggregate form of concrete made
from a mixture of lime, shell, water and sand. These vernacular
houses each had a main, interior room that is separated by a fireplace.
These two-room structures built c.1845 are intact. A tabby building
is on the North End of the island that was constructed in the 19th
century for agricultural purposes.
The Clubhouse was originally constructed for the 1876 Philadelphia
Centennial Exhibition. Later, it was purchased by John Wanamaker
and shipped to Ossabaw Island. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The Boarding House, located northwest of the Clubhouse, is
an early 20th century, Craftsman-style bungalow that was
used to house workers. Today, it provides lodging for island
visitors. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The Main Road on Ossabaw Island is unpaved with live oak and palm
trees providing a backdrop for the walking visitor.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
3 continued on page 4
The Ossabaw Island Foundation (TOIF) developed a
number of archaeological initiatives and partnerships to assist with
preservation of the island’s resources and interpretation of its rich,
Lowcountry history. In 2004, TOIF received a “Save America’s
Treasures” grant with additional support from the Woodruff
Foundation, the Charles Evans Hughes Foundation, and actress
Sandra Bullock. Dave Crass, who is the DNR Historic Preservation
Division (HPD) director and state archaeologist, provided additional
public support. Dan Elliott of Lamar Associates conducted
archaeological field studies resulting in over 17,000 artifacts that
provided valuable information about life in the cabins and the
surrounding North End site. This study provided information
about cooking hardware, clothing, ammunition and recreation of
the enslaved people who lived in the cabins.
In 2011, the archaeology section at HPD partnered with
the University of Tennessee Chattanooga (UTC) in a field school
on Ossabaw Island. Dr. Nick Honerkamp, students and HPD
archaeologists complimented Elliott’s earlier excavation and
identified additional field observations of historical occupations
on the North End. They found additional archaeological evidence
that two additional cabins may have existed near the extant three,
but further testing is necessary.
While the archaeology study was underway, six people
came to visit from Pin Point, the African American community five
miles away just outside of
Savannah. They shared their
memories of living in the three
tabby cabins while children in
the 1940s with Paul Pressly,
director of the Ossabaw Island
Education Alliance. They told
Pressly about their parents’
lives as servants, handymen
and gardeners who worked for
the Torrey family. That visit
inspired the Pin Point
residents to form Ossabaw
Heritage, Inc. to capture the
oral histories of residents and document their ancestral ties to
Ossabaw. Community residents are working closely with Barbara
Fertig, a history professor at Armstrong Atlantic State University
on this oral history initiative. The visit also inspired Pressly to
Tabby cabin #2 features dual front entrances and a central
fireplace. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
A tabby smokehouse dating from the 19th century lies
near the agricultural fields adjacent to the three cabins.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
enhance his efforts to interpret African American life on Ossabaw
and its continuity on the mainland.
A visit by these six former Ossabaw
Island residents was the catalyst for a
series of interpretive grants.
Photo courtesy of the Ossabaw Island
Education Alliance
In 2007, TOIF received a Consultation Grant from the
National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) to convene two
roundtables focusing on interpreting the African American
community that existed for over two centuries on Ossabaw Island
and the mainland. Paul Pressly and anthropologist/museum
consultant Deborah Mack are the co-directors of the interpretive
initiative. The first roundtable identified two humanities themes:
continuity and change of the African American community from
enslavement through emancipation and into the 20th century; and,
continuity and change of this community in relocating from a barrier
island to the mainland.
The second NEH-funded roundtable focused on
interpretive strategies, identifying benchmark sites and exemplary
methods to engage audiences. In 2008, TOIF sponsored a symposium
with over 400 participants that featured the work of nine scholars.
The University of Georgia Press subsequently produced a book
featuring their essays: The Atlantic World and African American
Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: Origins of the Gullah/Geechee.
A subsequent NEH planning grant, awarded in 2010, developed the
vision for a long-term outdoor interpretive exhibit that focuses on
three tabby cabins as the focal point.
The three tabby slave/tenant cabins and surrounding
buildings comprise a ten-acre site that sits on the North End of
Ossabaw Island. The cabins, constructed from 1820-1840, were lived
in as late as 1991. They provide a starting point for interpreting
three stories over time: enslaved people who worked there
throughout the colonial and antebellum periods, freedmen who
lived there during the second half of the 19th century, and the
community who relocated to the mainland in the 1890s.
In 1898, a major hurricane hit the Georgia coast, and the
African Americans resettled on the mainland just south of Savannah
in Chatham County in a community known as Pin Point. Members
of the old church established a new church in Pin Point called
Sweetfield of Eden Baptist Church. The church and cemetery are
still standing today.
Hanif Haynes, president of the Pin Point Betterment
Association, a consortium of community members, partnered with
the Georgia Conservancy to develop a blueprint initiative and
pursued designation as a local historic district. The association
applied for the designation with the Chatham County Historic
Preservation Commission. Ellen Harris, cultural resource and urban
4
Jeanne Cyriaque, continued from page 3
INTERPRETING AFRICAN AMERICAN LIFE ON OSSABAW ISLAND
AND COMMUNITY FORMATION ON THE MAINLAND
Sweetfield of Eden Baptist Church is a community landmark
building in Pin Point. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
planning manager with the Metropolitan Planning Commission,
worked with the association to achieve its designation.
The Pin Point Historic District was Chatham County’s
first locally designated district. The Pin Point community began
around 1896, when freedmen from Ossabaw Island purchased
land from Judge Henry McAlpin. The following year, a parcel
was purchased for the Sweetfield Church. The 1961 building
remains at the site today. In the late 1920s, a Rosenwald School
was constructed at Pin Point, though that building has not
survived. The district includes 60 residences, and community
landmark buildings.
On November 19, 2011 the Georgia Historical Society
(GHS) erected a historic marker at the edge of the community
cemetery next to Sweetfield of Eden Baptist Church. The Pin Point
Betterment Association sponsored the marker, and welcomed home
Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, their native-born keynote
speaker. Justice Thomas spent his formative years in Pin Point,
Pin Point Hall is a community meeting facility. Photo
courtesy of the Savannah Metropolitan Planning Commission
When African Americans re-established their community
in Pin Point, their skills in shrimping, crabbing and oyster processing
came with them, as the community provided a workforce for seafood
factories that emerged there. One oyster factory, A.S. Varn and Son,
operated in Pin Point almost 60 years from 1926-1985. It employed
most of the Pin Point community. Workers were engaged in
processing/canning oysters and deviled crabs for delivery to
restaurants on the east coast. Over the years the Varn complex fell
into disrepair until a year ago when restoration began.
The Pin Point Heritage Museum was unveiled after the
GHS marker dedication on November 19th. The museum features
several small buildings that interpret oyster harvesting. One building
has a mural that portrays community activities. Posters in every
building depict community members with accompanying audio clips.
Both Ossabaw Island and the Pin Point community are
important resources in the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
that was designated by Congress in 2006. These places, their
significant stories, and current preservation initiatives, will provide
a viable and tangible link to Georgia’s Gullah/Geechee heritage.
and his mother still lives in the community. He moved to Savannah
in his youth, but still recalled playing on Pin Point Road when it
was unpaved. When he was appointed to the Supreme Court in
1991, he “always hoped when he left to bring honor to Pin Point.”
He thanked Barbara Fertig for her work as the “devoted recorder of
the community” and Emily Owens for spearheading the opening
of the Pin Point Heritage Museum.
U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas
returns home to Pin Point to dedicate the Georgia
Historical Society marker. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
These are two of the buildings in the Pin Point
Heritage Museum that interpret community life and
work in the oyster industry. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
5
ATLANTA’S SOUTH-VIEW CEMETERY IMPLEMENTS
“AFRICAN AMERICAN VOICES” TOURS
LaVonne Williams, African American Programs Assistant
Historic Preservation Division
continued on page 6
South-View Cemetery was founded in February, 1886, by six
black businessmen including Jacob McKinley, George W.
Graham and Albert Watts. They petitioned the State of Georgia for
a charter to establish a respectable place to lay their loved ones to
rest. Before the creation of South-View, African Americans were
buried at Oakland Cemetery in the segregated section designated
for blacks. Originally 25 acres, the cemetery presently includes
over 100 acres and is home to some of Georgia’s most prominent
men and women. South-View Cemetery is near the Lakewood
Heights, Norwood Manor and Thomasville communities Still
providing burial services, the cemetery operates on its 1886 premise
that a dignified burial place should be available to all regardless of
race, creed or religious affiliation.
Unlike many historic cemeteries, South-View remains
active, holding hundreds of funerals each year. Families around the
world have ties to the grounds, including the current president of
South-View, Winifred Watts Hemphill. Her familial ties to the
cemetery span back many generations starting with her greatgrandfather Albert Watts and her uncle, Albert H. Watts. Albert
Watts was one of the pioneers of South-View and a prominent
businessman in Atlanta. Mrs. Hemphill’s uncle Albert H. Watts
began working at South-View in 1931 when he was still a teenager.
By 1961, Watts became manager of the cemetery and was president
and treasurer of South-View in 1977. Carrying forward the principals
of the founders and her family, Mrs. Hemphill and staff continue to
provide a respectable burial place for all people.
South-View has both perpetual care and non-perpetual
care areas. All cemetery lots today are sold with perpetual care
provisions but the historic, non-perpetual section was originally
maintained by families. Today, the Historic South-View Preservation
Foundation, a non-profit organization, augments the cemetery’s
preservation through fundraising and interpretive projects. Since
Winifred Watts Hemphill and board
memberDr. D.L. Henderson partner
to preserve South-View Cemetery and
interpret its importance to Atlanta’s
African-American past.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The historic section of South-View Cemetery is the final resting place for
many notable men and women of Atlanta, including Reverend and Mrs.
Martin Luther King, Sr., Geneva Haugabrooks, Grace Towns Hamilton
and Bishop Henry McNeal Turner. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
William ‘Bill’ Allison is the president
of Historic South-View Preservation
Foundation. Allison has led the
organization since 2004.
2004, the foundation, whose
board of directors include
historians, preservationists
and individuals with family
connections to South-View
Cemetery, has received grant
support. The Mary Allen
Lindsey Branan Foundation
aided the development of a
preservation plan while the
Watson Brown Foundation
helped to restore monuments
and graves. Other preservation
funders include the Price
Gilbert Jr. Charitable Fund and
the David, Helen and Marian
Woodward Fund-Atlanta.
Since its inception
the foundation has been
active in preserving African
American history throughout
the city by collaborating with other organizations. As part of the
Coalition to Remember the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot, services were
held at South-View in conjunction with the centennial
commemoration.
They have also become a preservation partner in Phoenix
Flies, A Citywide Celebration of Living Landmarks. As part of
the Sacred Spaces tour organized by the Atlanta Preservation
Center, South-View joined five
other Atlanta venues including
Ahavath Achim Synagogue,
Paces Ferry UMC, Al-Farooq
Masjid, Big Bethel A.M.E.
Church, and North Avenue
Presbyterian Church in guided
tours of their facilites.
Dr. D.L. Henderson
conducted the South-View
Cemetery Sacred Spaces tour
which featured ministers from
historic African American
churches in Atlanta. All of
these denominations have
significant church leaders who
are buried at South-View. Other
historians provided anecdotes
and personal recollections
about loved ones who were
ministers or discussed the
communities that surround the
cemetery.
6
Dr. Pearlie Dove is one of the board
members of Historic South-View
Preservation Foundation. She attended
the cemetery’s 125th Charter Day
ceremony. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Carrie Cunningham owned and operated the Royal
Peacock on Auburn Avenue. Opened in 1949, the Royal Peacock
provided a stage for several notable African-American artists like
B. B. King, Little Richard, Aretha Franklin and Gladys Knight. That
same year she opened Hotel Royal for visiting performers who
were unable to stay at white hotels.
LaVonne Williams,continued from page 5
ATLANTA’S SOUTH-VIEW CEMETERY IMPLEMENTS
“AFRICAN AMERICAN VOICES” TOURS
Carrie Cunningham is buried in a granite mausoleum with three additional
family members. She bought the Top Hat on Auburn Avenue in 1948 and
renamed it the Royal Peacock. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The pedestal of the angel lists the names of the
founders of South-View: Jacob McKinley,
Robert Grant, Albert Watts, George Graham,
Charles Morgan and John Render.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Reverend Dr. Michael Harris, pastor of Wheat Street Baptist
Church, discusses the legacy of Reverend Dr. William Holmes
Borders, Sr. on the Sacred Spaces tour. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The South-View 125th
anniversary celebration was a
recent accomplishment. SouthView Cemetery received the
Phoenix Award from the office
of Mayor Kasim Reed for
outstanding contributions to
the city and citizens of Atlanta.
Foundation board member and
historian Dr. D. L. Henderson
increases public awareness
about South-View’s historic
past through guided walking
tours and, more recently, cell
phone tours.
The cell phone tour
focuses on the historic nonperpetual care section. It was
a collaborative effort with
Oakland Cemetery that jointly provides summaries of the lives and
accomplishments of African Americans interred at these sites. Similar
to Oakland’s cell phone tour, a heritage tourist can stop by the
visitors’ center at South-View to pick up a site map that provides the
phone number needed to begin the tour. Each stop along the tour
has a numbered granite marker. The tour begins at the Angel and
over the phone you get a great introduction to South-View and its
contribution to the community. Once you hear the introduction
you are given directions to the next stop and prompted to dial the
corresponding number on the granite marker. While walking to the
next marker you can enjoy soothing classical music or you can
hang-up and re-dial the tour phone number and then dial the
corresponding marker number once you reach your stop. Normal
cell phone rates apply to the cell phone user while on the tour. Here
are some of the influential persons interred at South-View Cemetery
that are featured in the 14-stop tour:
7
John Wesley Dobbs, grandfather of Atlanta’s first black
mayor, Maynard Jackson, was a prominent leader in Atlanta. In
1911 Dobbs was initiated into the Prince Hall Masons, a black
fraternal order. He was elected Grand Master in 1935 and was often
called the “unofficial mayor of Auburn Avenue.” Dobbs was a large
proponent of voter registration in the black community. In 1936 he
founded the Atlanta Civic and Political League and, along with
attorney A. T. Walden, co-founded the Atlanta Negro Voters League
in 1946.
Alonzo Herndon was born into slavery in Walton County
on June 26, 1858. He arrived in Atlanta in 1883 where he later
purchased half interest in a barber shop on Marietta Street that was
owned by William Dougherty Hutchins. By 1904, Herndon owned
three barber shops in Atlanta. His prosperous barber shops served
an exclusively white clientele composed of the city’s leading lawyers,
judges, politicians, and businessmen. With much success in
barbering, he expanded to real estate where he eventually acquired
more than 100 homes and other commercial property. He then turned
to insurance. In 1905, he purchased a failing mutual aid association
that he incorporated as the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association.
The firm grew rapidly in the 1920’s, expanding its operations into a
half dozen new states, including Florida, Kansas, Kentucky,
Missouri, Tennessee, and Texas. At the time of his death in 1927,
he was Atlanta’s wealthiest black citizen.
The broken column at the gravesite of John Wesley Dobbs
represents the fall of a Free Mason leader. Dobbs was the
Grand Master of the Prince Hall Masons and is credited
with naming Auburn Avenue “Sweet Auburn.”
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Cemeteries like South-View are great historical resources
that tell the story of community life, cultural practices and religious
beliefs of African Americans. For the last 125 years South-View has
been a leader in community service for the citizens of Atlanta. Visit
historic South-View and Oakland Cemeteries to learn more about
African Americans who impacted the history of Atlanta. Their selfguided cell phone tours are free and open to the public. Walking
tours at South-View are also free and open to the public.
The Herndon family plot has a large, marble marker engraved
with the family name. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Martin Luther King, Sr. was born in 1899, and was the
second of nine children. He was a native Georgian who was ordained
while a teenager because of his preaching abilities. When he came
to Atlanta, he married Alberta Williams in 1926, the daughter of
Reverend A.D. Williams, who was then pastor of Ebenezer Baptist
Church. King would succeed Williams as Ebenezer’s pastor, a post
that he held for 44 years. Daddy King, as he was affectionately
called, led voter registation drives long before his son, Martin Jr.
led the Civil Rights Movement. Mrs. King was an accomplished
musician who led the Ebenezer choir.
Nasir Muhammad lectures to the participants of the Sacred Spaces
Celebration at South-View Cemetery. This guided tour featured ministers
and community historians who provided additional stories about the pastors
who are buried there. At this stop, Muhammad discusses Reverend Charles
Hubert and his significance to Morehouse College.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and his wife, Alberta Williams King, are
interred at South-View Cemetery. One of his quotes that is embedded in the
marble mausoleum is “Still in business, just moved upstairs.”
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
The Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network (GAAHPN)
was established in January 1989. It is composed of representatives from
neighborhood organizations and preservation groups. GAAHPN was formed
in response to a growing interest in preserving the cultural and built diversity of Georgia’s
African American heritage. This interest has translated into a number of efforts which
emphasize greater recognition of African American culture and contributions to Georgia’s
history. The GAAHPN Steering Committee plans and implements ways to develop
programs that will foster heritage education, neighborhood revitalization, and support
community and economic development.
The Network is an informal group of over 3,000 people who have an interest in
preservation. Members are briefed on the status of current and planned projects and are
encouraged to offer ideas, comments and suggestions. The meetings provide an
opportunity to share and learn from the preservation experience of others and to receive
technical information through workshops. Members receive a newsletter, Reflections,
produced by the Network. Visit the Historic Preservation Division website at
www.georgiashpo.org. Preservation information and previous issues of Reflections are
available online. Membership in the Network is free and open to all.
ABOUT GAAHPN
This publication has been financed in part with federal
funds from the National Park Service, Department of the
Interior, through the Historic Preservation Division,
Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The contents
and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the
mention of trade names, commercial products or
consultants constitute endorsement or recommendation
by the Department of the Interior or the Georgia
Department of Natural Resources. The Department
of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis
of race, color, national origin, or disability in its
federally assisted programs. If you believe you have
been discriminated against in any program, activity, or
facility, or if you desire more information, write to: Office
for Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C
Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.
Published quarterly by the
Historic Preservation Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Dr. David Crass, Division Director
Jeanne Cyriaque, Editor
Lillian Davis
Dr. Gerald C. & Barbara Golden
Terry & Cynthia Hayes
Richard Laub
Christine Miller-Betts
Kenneth Rollins
Isaac Johnson, Chair
706/738-1901
Velmon Allen, Vice-Chair
GAAHPN Network
912/261-1898
STEERING COMMITTEE
Isaac Johnson
Chairman
Jeanne Cyriaque
African American
Programs Coordinator
Reflections Editor
Voice 404/656-4768
Fax 404/657-1368
jeanne.cyriaque@dnr.state.ga.us
STAFF
8
LaVonne Williams
African American
Programs Assistant
Voice 404/657-1054
Fax 404/657-1368
lavonne.williams@dnr.state.ga.us
Since its first issue appeared in December 2000, Reflections has documented
hundreds of Georgia’s African American historic resources. Now all of these
articles are available on the Historic Preservation Division website
www.georgiashpo.org. Search for links to your topic by categories: cemeteries, churches,
districts, farms, lodges, medical, people, places, schools, and theatres. You can now
subscribe to Reflections from the homepage. Reflections is a recipient of a Leadership
in History Award from the American Association for State and Local History
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