Reflections- Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network, Vol. 10, no. 1 (July 2011)

Volume X, No. 1 July 2011
Jeanne Cyriaque, African American Programs Coordinator
Historic Preservation Division
continued on page 2
WHERE HISTORY MEETS TECHNOLOGY:
ATLANTA CEMETERIES IMPLEMENT “AFRICAN AMERICAN VOICES” TOURS
Oakland Cemetery was founded in 1850 on hilly terrain in
what is today southeast Atlanta. The cemetery is the final
resting place for some of Atlanta’s earliest residents,
including mayors, other public officials and clergymen. A brick wall
surrounding the cemetery was built in 1896, and inside its grounds
lie miles of brick streets and walkways lined by magnolia and
chestnut trees. Oakland Cemetery has distinct sections for
Confederate, Jewish, paupers and black interments.
In 1852, the black section of the cemetery was established
by the City Council on sloping ground in a small section of the
original six acres in the northeast part of the cemetery. By the onset
of the Civil War, 860 blacks were buried in the black section at
Oakland Cemetery. When the City of Atlanta purchased the remaining
land totaling 48 acres, black
graves were moved to the
newer section, while separate
from other races. Little is
known about the black
burials prior to Emancipation.
African Americans interred
during Reconstruction and
the latter part of the 19th
century represent the full
gamut of Atlanta’s black
middle class. They include
artisans, citizens, clergymen,
educators, statesmen and
businessmen.
Oakland Cemetery
was listed in the National
Register of Historic Places
on April 28, 1976. The
cemetery is owned by the
City of Atlanta and managed
Antoine Graves Sr. is buried in the sole mausoleum in the African American
Burial Ground at Oakland Cemetery. Eight family members are interred here.
Graves was a principal at the Houston Street School and was a successful real
estate broker. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
by the Bureau of Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs. Historic
Oakland Foundation is the nonprofit organization that educates
visitors about the people who are buried in the cemetery, administers
preservation initiatives, and sponsors public programs. Following
the disastrous tornado that hit the cemetery and surrounding
neighborhoods in March 2008, Historic Oakland Foundation (HOF)
received a $30,000 grant from the National Endowment for the
Humanities for damages that were not reimbursed by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Additional support came from a
Save America’s Treasures grant. The $200,000 provided funds to
restore and preserve up to 55 mausoleums that were damaged. In
December 2009, HOF received a $15,000 Partnership-in-Scholarship
grant from the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
The Partnership-inScholarship grant program is
a component of the National
Trust’s African American
Places Initiative and is
supported by the Ford
Foundation. These grants
provide financial support for
collaborations involving a
nonprofit organization and a
university or college that aid
the interpretation of an
African American historic
site and raise awareness of
their importance in American
history. Four projects
nationwide were awarded
grants totaling $60,000, and
this collaboration was the
Georgia winner.
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Jeanne Cyriaque, continued from page 1
Historic Oakland Foundation partnered with scholars from
Kennesaw State University (KSU) to develop “African American
Voices”, an exhibition, cell phone tour, and public preservation
Drs. Jennifer Dickey and Catherine Lewis are public
historians from Kennesaw State University who
collaborated with Historic Oakland Foundation to
develop the cell phone tour, exhibit and public programs.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
program. The project team members were: Drs. Catherine Lewis
and Jennifer Dickey, public historians from KSU, and Dr. D.L.
Henderson, project director and Oakland Foundation board member.
D.L. Henderson is currently a board member of Historic South-View
Preservation Foundation, too. The project enhanced interpretive
efforts and linked the African American burial site at Oakland to
South-View Cemetery, Atlanta’s post-Reconstruction cemetery
established by and for blacks in 1886 as “a cemetery of their own.”
The exhibition consists of four outdoor panels that focus
on African Americans interred at Oakland and South-View. These
were: Geography of Race, a panel that describes slavery and Jim
Crow practices that shaped the landscape of Oakland Cemetery;
Outdoor panels provide comprehensive information at
four stops along the cell phone tour routes at Oakland
and South-View Cemeteries. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Slave Square, a description of Oakland’s African American
interments from 1853-1865; African American Burial Ground, the
black section that opened in 1866; and, Historic South-View, a
panel that describes the origin and history of the cemetery that was
founded by six former slaves resulting in Atlanta’s first African
American cemetery.
Cell phone tours were implemented at Oakland and SouthView that provide audio summaries of the lives and accomplishments
of the African Americans who are buried there. The heritage tourist
simply stops by the visitors’ center at Oakland to pick up a rack
card with the dial-up access phone number and the corresponding
site map. Each stop also includes the phone number and the signage
is unobtrusive so that the visitor can clearly view the gravesite and
hear the audio presentation that is pertinent to that site. Normal
minutes apply to the cell phone user as they tour the stops. Here
are some of the persons interred in the African American Burial
Ground at Oakland Cemetery:
Jacob McKinley, who was born enslaved in North Carolina,
became a successful businessman in Atlanta. He employed 150
workers of both races at his brickyard, wood/coal business, and
grocery store, and was one of Atlanta’s wealthiest African Americans.
McKinley was one of the founders of South-View Cemetery.
Jacob McKinley’s gravestone is a single granite pedestal.
The gravesite has a marble step engraved with his surname.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Augustus Thompson
owned a blacksmith shop in
downtown Atlanta. He
organized the St. James Lodge,
the first African American
lodge in the city. Thompson
was an Odd Fellow, a fraternal
organization that provided
financial assistance with
burials.
Bishop Wesley John
Gaines wanted to preach from
an early age, and was the
second pastor of Big Bethel
A.M.E. Church, founded in
1847. He founded a school in
the basement of Big Bethel in
1881 that would become
Morris Brown College.
Carrie Steele Logan
was born enslaved and was
orphaned as a child. When she
Dr. D.L. Henderson is an independent
scholar who was the “African
American Voices” project director.
Henderson educates the focus group
about Augustus Thompson and the
significance of the anvil and the Odd
Fellows symbol on his gravestone at
Oakland Cemetery.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
WHERE HISTORY MEETS TECHNOLOGY:
ATLANTA CEMETERIES IMPLEMENT “AFRICAN AMERICAN VOICES” TOURS
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THE GATE CITY AS A HUB FOR MEDICAL
SERVICES: HEALTHCARE FOR
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN ATLANTA
Joy Melton, MHP
Atlanta was a hub for medical services, education and facilities
for African Americans in Georgia in the 19th and 20th centuries.
This article is the last of three consecutive Reflections articles
about healthcare for African Americans in Georgia. Several
prominent physicians, hospitals and schools emerged in Atlanta to
serve, educate and make a positive impact on African American
communities in spite of obstacles imposed in the segregated south.
continued on page 4
was freed, she began working as a maid at Union Station where she
often saw abandoned children. In 1886, she began to take these
children home at night, and began fundraising for a larger facility.
Though she died in 1900, the Carrie Steele-Pitts Home, Georgia’s
first African American orphanage, still operates today. Carrie Steele
Logan was inducted into Georgia Women of Achievement for her
humanitarian contributions to women’s history in the state.
William Finch was born enslaved in Wilkes County, and,
at the age of 15, was an apprentice to a tailor. He opened a tailor
shop in Atlanta, and became active in Atlanta politics. He and George
Graham, a South-View Cemetery founder, were the first African
Americans to serve on the Atlanta City Council in 1870. While a
councilman, he fought for public schools and universal education.
The project team
formed focus groups that
provided input on the
inaugural cell phone tour and
the exhibition panels.
Additionally, they hosted
launch parties and volunteer
workdays at the cemeteries.
A subsequent Reflections
article will explore the stops
on the cell phone tour at
South-View Cemetery, where
African American Atlantans
have been interred for 125
years. Visit these historic
Bishop Wesley John Gaines’ gravesite is planted with
rosemary, a Victorian symbol of remembrance. He was a
leader in the African Methodist Episcopal Church.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Carrie Steele Logan’s grave bears an inscription that
reads “mother of orphans, she has done what she could.”
She founded the first orphanage in Georgia for African
American children. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
Gate City Drugstore, heralded as the first Negro drugstore
in Georgia, was located on the corner of Auburn Avenue
and Bell Street in the Odd Fellows building. The comlex
also housed the Colored Auditorium, Masonic Lodge and
other businesses. The Odd Fellows Building and Auditorium
were listed in the National Register of Historic Places on
May 2, 1975. Image courtesy of the Atlanta Time Machine
The gravestone of William Finch is an
open archway that represents the soul’s
passage from earth into heaven.
Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
cemeteries and learn more through your cell phone about African
Americans who shaped the history of Atlanta.
Dr. Roderick Badger is buried at Oakland Cemetery in
Atlanta. Photo by Jeanne Cyriaque
As early as 1859, Dr. Roderick D. Badger (1834-1890) was
practicing dentistry in Atlanta as the first African American dentist.
Badger was the son of an enslaved mother and a white dentist in
DeKalb County. Roderick Badger learned dentistry from J.D. Badger,
his father and owner. In a December 1864 account to Governor Joseph
Brown, Roderick and his brother Bob Badger are mentioned. They were
assistant professors who were educating African American students
at a local black church in the aftermath of the Civil War. Roderick
became so popular among whites and blacks that white dentists
4
Joy Melton, continued from page 3
Dr. Georgia Rooks Dwelle
Image courtesy of the
U.S. National Library of Medicine
THE GATE CITY AS A HUB FOR MEDICAL
SERVICES: HEALTHCARE FOR
AFRICAN AMERICANS IN ATLANTA
Dr. Eliza Ann Grier made her mark
in Atlanta as the first African American
female physician licensed by the State
of Georgia. Image courtesy of the U.S.
National Library of Medicine.
an exhibit about the drugstore,
and the Auburn Avenue
Research Library houses
collections of the drugstore’s
owners.
In 1897, Dr. Eliza Ann
Grier was the first African
American woman licensed to
practice medicine in Georgia.
Although an emancipated
slave, Eliza managed within
seven years to graduate from
the Women’s Medical College
of Pennsylvania by alternating
between one year of school and
one of picking cotton to raise
funds. Grier’s application for a
license to practice medicine in
Atlanta, Georgia was reported
in newspapers nationally. The
Milwaukee Journal described Eliza as “bright and intelligent and
very popular with the people of her race.” The New York Times
noted keen interest in her medical practice. In 1898, the North
American Medical Review stated Grier was “found to be thoroughly
informed in her profession”. Grier’s desire to enter the field of
obstetrics was influenced by seeing black women assist in childbirth
while white doctors simply observed and collected all the fees. “For
this purpose I have qualified,” Eliza earnestly stated to the medical
licensing board. Some white doctors in Atlanta welcomed Eliza into
the profession. Unfortunately, Grier’s medical career was brief,
ending in 1901 when she fell ill from influenza. Nevertheless, Eliza
Grier made a significant
contribution to the medical
profession for African American
women in Georgia.
In 1900, Dr. Georgia
Rooks Dwelle was the first
Spelman College graduate to
attend medical school. After
graduating from Meharry
Medical College in Nashville,
Tennessee, she established the
Dwelle Infirmary, also known as
the Dwelle Sanitarium in 1920,
that was then located on North
Boulevard in Atlanta. To
improve child health Dr. Dwelle
held meetings for the Mothers
Club Workers in connection
with her well babies’ clinic. Dr. Dwelle was an advocate for disease
prevention and was appointed Vice-President of the National Medical
Association. After the Dwelle Infirmary closed its doors on April 30,
1949, the Beaumont School of Vocational Nursing, a nationally
recognized program, used the facility that no longer remains. Dr.
Dwelle remained active in the community and wrote that the practice
of medicine offered “an excellent opportunity to live the only
worthwhile life, ‘the life of Service’.” Dr. Dwelle died in 1977.
Moses Amos, the first African American licensed
pharmacist in Georgia, served as the Gate City Drug Store manager
and later gained full ownership of the drugstore. His nephew,
Miles G. Amos (1898-1995) also was a pharmacist and owner of the
Amos Drug Store in Atlanta for over 40 years. Miles Amos was
one of the first African Americans to win an Atlanta City Council
seat. Clayton R. Yates and Lorimer D. Milton purchased the Gate
City Drug Store on Auburn Avenue in 1922 and renamed it the
Yates and Milton Drugstore. Several chains of the Yates and
Milton Drug Store were in operation in Atlanta until the 1970s.
The Apex Museum, located on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, contains
Henry Rutherford Butler M.D. (1862/64-1931), Thomas
Heathe Slater M.D. (1865-1952), and Moses Amos, Pharmacist
(1866-1928) were among the leading healthcare professionals in
Atlanta in the late 19th and early 20th century. They all were
associated with the Gate City Drug Store, the first drugstore in
Georgia issued a pharmacy license that was owned and operated
by blacks. The pharmacy was located on the corner of Auburn
Avenue and Bell Street in the Odd Fellows Building. The Odd
Fellows Building is a brick, multi-story, Gothic Revival or Jacobean
Revival style commercial building that is embellished with terracotta
details. It was designed by William A. Edwards and erected by
Robert E. Pharrow in 1912. Dr. Butler was influential in matters
both within and outside of the medical field, serving as Grand
Master of the Prince Hall Masons and contributing writer for the
Atlanta Inquirer and the Atlanta Constitution. Dr. Slater, whose
medical career spanned over 40 years, paved the way for young
African American physicians as superintendent of the Douglass
Hospital that was open to more than 55 black physicians. Both Dr.
Butler and Dr. Slater were founders of the Atlanta Medical
Association and the National Medical Association.
petitioned the City Council against black professional and business
competition. The city took no resulting action against Badger, and
he continued to serve Atlantans in his practice until his death in
1890. His office was located downtown on Peachtree Street where
Woodruff Park is today.
Moses Amos, the first African American pharmacist
licensed in the state of Georgia, invited the all-white
licensing board to the Gate City Drugstore’s grand
opening. Amos apprenticed under a white pharmacist
who later sent him to pharmacy school.
Image courtesy of Auburn Avenue
5
Medical education for minorities played a significant role
in Atlanta, particularly within the Atlanta University Center. By the
early 20th century, Atlanta had become a hub for training black
nurses and other healthcare professionals in Georgia at the Fair
Haven Infirmary, the Gate City Drug Store, MacVicar Hospital, and
Spelman Seminary. Beginning in 1886, Spelman Seminary (today
known as Spelman College) is credited as starting the first nursing
school for African Americans in the U.S. MacVicar Hospital, also
known as McVicar, opened its doors to the public as a 30-bed
hospital and training school on Spelman’s campus in 1900. It was a
training facility for Spelman College’s nursing students.
In 1896 the brick, Italianate style MacVicar Hospital became a training
ground for Spelman’s nursing students. Although the nursing program
closed in 1928, the hospital was subsequently used as an infirmary for the
Atlanta University Center. The building was renovated in the late 1990s
and is currently the Health Services Center for Spelman College.
Photo by Joy Melton
Holy Family Hospital was erected in 1962 and was renamed Southwest
Community Hospital in 1975. This hospital that is presently vacant
represents one of the last major efforts to improve health facilities for
African Americans in Atlanta during segregation. Photo by Joy Melton
Mrs. Ludie Clay Andrews (1875-1969), public health and
race relations advocate, served as the superintendent of MacVicar
Hospital for 15 years. Andrews organized the Lula Grove Hospital
and Training School for Colored Nurses in 1906. “As parents
became interested I saw something happen to our people”, Mrs.
Andrews observed as she reflected on her resolve for disease
prevention. She later served as the first superintendent of the
Municipal Training School for Colored Nurses at Grady Hospital
from 1914-1920.
Atlanta’s Fair Haven Infirmary, later known as Mercer
Hospital, opened in 1908-09 as an adjunct to Morris Brown College.
A group of black physicians opened this 12-bed facility with an
operating room. They were: Dr. Thomas Heathe Slater,
superintendent; Dr. H.R. Butler, secretary-treasurer; Dr. L.B. Palmer,
Dr. L.P. Walton, Dr. W.F. Penn, Dr. A.D. Jones, and Miss Rosa Harris,
head nurse. Another facility opened in 1916 as the Morris Brown
College School of Nursing to encourage nurse training. The Atlanta
Constitution reported that the benefit of this hospital would be
twofold: providing more thorough training for colored nurses and
decreasing the spread of disease along racial and social lines. When
the new building was destroyed by fire in 1917, citizens of Atlanta
raised finances to help rebuild the structure.
Morehouse School of Medicine was established in 1975
as the first 20th century medical school for minorities in the United
States. Louis Sullivan, a 1954 Morehouse College graduate, was
the founding dean of the medical education program at the
Morehouse School of Medicine. Sullivan served as secretary of
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services from 1989 to
1993 before returning to Morehouse School of Medicine to serve
another term as dean from 1993 to 2002.
Holy Family Hospital was erected in 1962 several years
after the Medical Mission Sisters of the Catholic Church had a
vision in 1948 to build a facility for African Americans due to a
shortage of hospital beds for blacks in Atlanta. Sister M.
Theophane, Administrator of the Holy Family Hospital Building
Program conducted a large campaign, raising well over one million
for the project. The project was a joint effort between blacks and
whites raising private funds as well as federal funds provided by
the Hill-Burton Act. Aeck Associates designed the hospital and
Beer Construction Company erected the hospital on a 60-acre site
west of Fairburn Road and Sewell Road (now Benjamin E. Mays
Dr.) in Southwest Atlanta. The Atlanta Daily World reported in
1962 that Holy Family Hospital was “designed to become Atlanta’s
first completely integrated medical facility” in that it would include
a medical school, teaching staff, a chapel, facilities for surgery,
pediatrics, obstetrics, orthopedics, an out-patient clinic and 128
beds. Although some amenities had to be compromised, the building
was constructed debt free at a little more than half the original cost.
The hospital was renamed Southwest Community Hospital in 1975
and opened a $900,000 intensive care unit in 1984 that was paid in
full. The hospital closed its doors on January 16, 2009 after over
forty years of service.
6
Joy Melton, MHP
THE LEGACY OF GRADY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
Grady Memorial Hospital was one of the few hospitals established
in Georgia during the 19th century where both rich and poor,
whites and blacks, could go for medical attention. The Atlanta City
Council named the hospital in honor of Henry W. Grady, former
editor of the Atlanta Constitution. The original brick, Italianate
style building with Romanesque influence was designed by architect
Eugene Gardner and was built from 1890-1892. It contained several
wards including about 50 beds for whites and 50 for blacks. On
October 17, 1903 the male and female Negro wards that were wood
frame rather than brick construction were destroyed by fire. In 1910
a new building was erected for the white patients and black patients
remained in the original building.
By 1915, the former Atlanta Medical College complex located
across Butler Street became Emory University School of Medicine
and the City of Atlanta converted the buildings into a hospital for
African American patients in 1917. The basement of the black
hospital contained a large classroom, autopsy room, laboratories,
and the medical school library and offices. The original Grady
Hospital campus became known as the “white hospital” and the
other hospital across Butler Street (now Jesse Hill, Jr. Drive) was
the “colored hospital.” Collectively, the buildings became known
as the “the Gradys.”
A new, Neo-Classical style building named the J.J. Gray
Clinic was built in 1917. J.J. Gray from Tennessee donated funds
for outpatient and emergency services for African American
patients. Architectural features at the entrance include a recessed
roman arch porch topped with four pilasters. A Works Progress
Administration rear addition was built in 1936. In 1965, the same
year that Grady Hospital was integrated, the building was converted
into the Henry Woodruff Memorial Research Building for Emory
University faculty. The Gray Building and the former Atlanta Medical
College complex were officially named The Emory Division of Grady
Hospital. Here nurses, both white and black, received clinical
training in the former colored hospital.
The 1917 J.J. Gray building is one of the few remaining buildings
from the Emory Division of Grady Hospital for African American
patients. Today, it is known as the Woodruff Memorial Research
Extension. Photo by Joy Melton
Ludie Clay Andrews sued the Georgia State
Board of Examiners in 1909 to become
licensed. In 1920, Andrews became the first
African American registered nurse in
Georgia. Her portrait hangs in the MacVicar
Building on the campus of Spelman College.
The Grady Hospital School for Nurses was established
for white students in 1898 and the Municipal Training School for
Colored Nurses was established in 1917. Ludie Andrews, Georgia’s
first black registered nurse, was the director of the school for black
nurses from 1914-1922. Andrews made it possible for African
Americans to become registered nurses through a court battle with
the state of Georgia. Interestingly, while black nurses could be
employed at the black division of the hospital, black physicians
were restricted from practice. One black physician stated, “We
envy the nurses, they at least get a chance – we have none.” Such
restrictions led to the establishment of other medical clinics and
hospitals in Atlanta. In 1975, the Morehouse School of Medicine
was established to address the shortage of physicians in minority
communities and to assume responsibility for patient care,
education, and research at Grady.
Human Resources presently occupies the Romanesque style Georgia Hall, a
portion of Grady Hospital’s original building. Photo by Joy Melton
7
Dr. Asa G. Yancey established the
first accredited training program in
surgery for African Americans in
Alabama and Georgia. Source:
African American Yancey Genealogy
The International style Armstrong Hall, constructed in 1961, is currently
being renovated. Photo by Joy Melton
Piedmont Hall is currently used by the Morehouse School of
Medicine for classrooms and a clinic. Photo by Joy Melton
Since some private African American patients were
ineligible for admission to Grady Hospital due to income, the Hughes
Spalding Pavilion of Grady Memorial Hospital was dedicated in
1952. This over 100-bed, $2,000,000 hospital was built for African
American patients whose income was too great to qualify them for
admission into the Emory Division of Grady. The building was
named for Hughes Spalding, a white attorney who served as
chairman of the Fulton-DeKalb Hospital Authority. In 1958, a new
21-story International style building designed by Abreu and
Robeson was opened on Butler Street with 1,100 beds, 17 operating
rooms, 12 x-ray rooms and a chapel for $26,000,000. This H shaped
plan building continued to operate on a segregated basis with half
of the building used for whites and half for blacks.
In the 1990s several
architectural firms participated
in a $298 million renovation of
the hospital. Dr. Asa G.
Yancey, chief of surgery,
became the medical director at
the Hughes Spalding Pavilion
in 1958 and created an
accredited program for surgical
residents at Hughes Spalding.
In 1965, Dr. Roy C. Bell, a black
dentist, filed a lawsuit in
Federal Court to integrate the
medial staff and patients. After
desegregation, fewer black
patients used the Hughes
Spalding Pavilion since they
could receive service at any
Atlanta hospital and white
doctors could no longer
service their black patients at
separate facilities from white patients. The pavilion became the
pediatric wing of Grady Hospital in 1990-1992 and later housed
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. The building was demolished in
2010 to build a new structure to better meet the needs of children.
There are two buildings formerly used as nurse’s homes
that remain on the former black side of the Grady Hospital campus.
The first nurse’s home was built in 1946 with $400,000 in federal
funds provided from the Lanham Act. This building helped continue
the nursing program threatened by inadequate housing and poor
facilities. Robert & Company was the architecture firm employed to
design the building to include an auditorium, laboratory, classrooms,
and living quarters. The International style nurse’s building was
erected in 1961 at the corner of Armstrong Street and Piedmont
Avenue. Both buildings have recently undergone rehabilitation.
Today Grady Memorial Hospital continues its initial mission to serve
all people regardless of race or status in the Atlanta area.
THE LEGACY OF GRADY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL
Today, the Grady Hospital complex is a public hospital that serves residents
of all races who reside in Atlanta and Fulton County. Photo by Joy Melton
The Georgia African American Historic Preservation Network (GAAHPN)
was established in January 1989. It is composed of representatives from
neighborhood organizations and preservation groups. GAAHPN was formed
in response to a growing interest in preserving the cultural and built diversity of Georgia’s
African American heritage. This interest has translated into a number of efforts which
emphasize greater recognition of African American culture and contributions to Georgia’s
history. The GAAHPN Steering Committee plans and implements ways to develop
programs that will foster heritage education, neighborhood revitalization, and support
community and economic development.
The Network is an informal group of over 3,000 people who have an interest in
preservation. Members are briefed on the status of current and planned projects and are
encouraged to offer ideas, comments and suggestions. The meetings provide an
opportunity to share and learn from the preservation experience of others and to receive
technical information through workshops. Members receive a newsletter, Reflections,
produced by the Network. Visit the Historic Preservation Division website at
www.gashpo.org. Preservation information and previous issues of Reflections are
available online. Membership in the Network is free and open to all.
ABOUT GAAHPN
This publication has been financed in part with federal
funds from the National Park Service, Department of the
Interior, through the Historic Preservation Division,
Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The contents
and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the
mention of trade names, commercial products or
consultants constitute endorsement or recommendation
by the Department of the Interior or the Georgia
Department of Natural Resources. The Department
of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis
of race, color, national origin, or disability in its
federally assisted programs. If you believe you have
been discriminated against in any program, activity, or
facility, or if you desire more information, write to: Office
for Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C
Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20240.
Published quarterly by the
Historic Preservation Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Dr. David Crass, Division Director
Jeanne Cyriaque, Editor
Lillian Davis
Dr. Gerald C. & Barbara Golden
Terry & Cynthia Hayes
Richard Laub
Christine Miller-Betts
Kenneth Rollins
Isaac Johnson, Chair
706/738-1901
Velmon Allen, Vice-Chair
GAAHPN Network
912/261-1898
STEERING COMMITTEE
Isaac Johnson
Chairman
Jeanne Cyriaque
African American
Programs Coordinator
Reflections Editor
Voice 404/656-4768
Fax 404/657-1040
jeanne.cyriaque@dnr.state.ga.us
STAFF
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