Georgia sound, Vol. 15, no. 4 (Late Fall 2009

Late Fall 2009

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Vol.15, No.4

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Coastal Georgia Land Summit
By: Sonny Emmert

The Georgia Coast is a wonderful place to live with its live oaks dripping with spanish moss, expansive marsh, recreation opportunities, and abundant wildlife. The Coast has remained relatively undeveloped as compared to the rest of the East Coast but with the coastal Georgia population expected to increase by 51 % by 2030 - change is coming. In order to accommodate the influx of new residents, large portions of land will need to be developed. Most of us do not want to lose the treasures we have grown so accustomed to, and we don't have to. We can prepare our communities for growth by conserving sensitive areas that contain essential habitat, preserving corridors, protecting waterways, and retaining green space. We can do more to protect our natural resources with proper planning and smarter growth. We have an opportunity to welcome growth and at the same time conserve coastal Georgia.

The Georgia Conservancy, the

Association of County

Commissioners of Georgia (ACCG),

and the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) recognize

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the need for land conservation education especially in times when development has slowed. The

time to start preparing is now. The Coastal Georgia Land Summit was recently held to assist local

governments, land planners, government agencies and conservation groups with that preparation. At

the Summit, attendees heard presentations on the importance of land conservation, case studies of

local and regional initiatives and examples of how to make conservation work in their communities.

"...witfi tfie Coasta{ Georgiay'!}1u{ation eryected to increase Gy 51% Gy 2030* - cfiange is coming."
*Source: Centerjor Quaflty Growth anaRegiona(Devef'!Pment at the Georgia Institute efTechno(ogy Sept
www.CoastalGaDNR.org

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Land Summit opens dialogue on Coastal Georgia Land Conservation Initiative

In the opening session of the Summit, Patty McIntosh, former Vice President of the Georgia Conservancy, and Jon Ambrose with the DNR/Wildlife Resources Division presented the Coastal Georgia Land Conservation Initiative. The Initiative, sponsored by a generous grant from the Robert W. Woodruff Foundation, is a cooperative effort between the Georgia Conservancy, ACCG, and DNR to enhance the ability of agencies and local governments to conserve important coastal habitat.

The one day event had a packed agenda with topics ranging from "Conservation 101" to "Marketing your Community" and "Local Funding Campaigns." Speakers included the Georgia DNR, Georgia Forestry Commission, Decatur County, Minerva Properties, LLC, The Nature Conservancy, Georgia Land Trust, Georgia Conservancy, Georgia Land Conservation Council and Chatham County Metropolitan Planning Commission. DNR Commissioner Chris Clark gave a compelling speech on the significance of getting outdoors and reconnecting with nature. He spoke to the greatness of Georgia's natural resources and importance of conserving them for future generations.

The Coastal Georgia Land Summit is scheduled to become an annual

event that will focus on conservation and protection of the region's DNR commissioner Chris Clark with Tybee

natural resources that are our greatest attractions.

Island City Council Member Paul Wolff

Regional Partnership to Focus on Coastal Issues
Governors' South Atlantic Alliance Formed

The Governors' South Atlantic Alliance was announced recently at the Coastal States Organization's Annual meeting in Charleston, SC. Governor Perdue joined North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida Governors to form the regional partnership addressing coastal issues. The mission of the Alliance is to significantly increase regional collaboration among the four states, with support from federal agencies, universities, regional organizations, non-governmental organizations, private businesses and the public, to sustain and enhance the region's coastal and ocean resources for the betterment of its citizenry. The priority issue areas of the Alliance are Healthy Ecosystems, Working Waterfronts, Clean Coastal and Ocean Waters, and Disaster Resilient Communities.

The Department of Natural Resources Coastal Resources

Working waterfronts are a priority for the Division and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Governors' South Atlantic Alliance

Administration held a workshop in October to discuss priority

issues specific to Georgia. The workshop attendees represented 12 different state agencies and

organizations. The daylong event captured important information concerning what the various

state agencies thought were important issues facing the Georgia Coast. Some of the key issues and

needs identified were floodplain mapping, harbor depth, water quality standards, and state level

restoration programs, just to name a few. Once each of the four states have compiled their issues and

needs, state representatives will develop a regional approach to the issues. More information on the

Alliance can be found at www.southatlanticalliance.org.

Late Fall 2009

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News and Notes
By Brad Gane CRD Assistant Director
Marina Lease Rules
Did you know that for profit marinas on our coast pay a lease fee for the water bottoms they occupy? House Bill 170 was passed by the Georgia Assembly and signed into law by Governor Perdue in May of this year. The Bill amended the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act and placed in law the lease rate used
by the Coastal Marshlands Protection Committee for years. The water bottoms lease rate for for-profit marinas was set at $1000 per acre per year with an annual adjustment to the rate based on the Consumer Price Index or other federal index. CRD staff has been involved in rulemaking to enact the requirements of the law and to set a means to adjust the rate annually. Public comment was solicited and staff will brief the DNR Board Coastal Committee at the December 1st meeting in Atlanta. The proposed rule is on the DNR CRD website (www.CoastalGADNR.org) and final action of the DNR Board to adopt the rule is planned for January 2010.

Rules for the Regulation of Marinas, Community Docks and Commercial Docks
New rules for the regulation of marinas, community docks and commercial docks were approved and adopted by the Board of Natural Resources at their October 28, 2009 meeting. These rules were the outcome of a multi-year process. Staff was directed by the Coastal Marshlands Protection Committee to begin a rulemaking process that included a stakeholders group, input through public comment periods and hearings, evaluation of neighboring state's policies and rules, and consideration of current permitting practices. The result is a tiered approach to permitting these structures in coastal Georgia. The new rules are on the DNR CRD website.
Liveaboards
You may recall a short discussion on liveaboards and the problem in coastal Georgia that appeared in the Summer 2009 issue of the Georgia Sound. Staff are stepping up their management of the problem by strengthening marina lease language and reminding operators of boats and marinas that living aboard a boat for more than 30 days without the permission of the Commissioner of the Department of Natural Resources is contrary to the Coastal Marshlands Protection Act. DNR Commissioner Clark recently released a letter that states in part ''Marina operators and dock owners that violate the conditions of their permit, revocable license, or marina lease by allowing liveaboards at their respective facilities may have their permit, license, and/or lease revoked." Those living aboard their boats are subject to civil and criminal enforcement action also. For marina operators, the Department will provide signage regarding the CMPA live-aboard restrictions at no cost.
Have a great Holiday Season! Get outdoors. Enjoy our great coastal climate.

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Coastal Incentive Grants Support a Variety of Projects

By: Susan Snyder Reeves

Each year the Georgia Coastal Management Program distributes some $1 million in Coastal Incentive grants to local governments, regional and state agencies, and state research and educational institutions in support of grassroots projects that promote the understanding, protection or enhancement of coastal natural and historic resources.

Since its inc~tion in 1998, die Coasta( Incentive Grantyrogram lias
sipyortea292ynjects ana d'istri6utea over $12,soo,ooo to aaaress issues
ana needs tlirougliout tlie efeven county coasta( region. Twenty-three awards were recently granted to a wide variety of recipients and projects, including local and regional planning projects, education and outreach, small-scale public access construction projects and research into current coastal issues. These projects began on October 1 and will be completed within the upcoming year.



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Coastal Incentive Grant Awards for 2009-2010 include*:

1. Georgia Coastal Research Council - University of Georgia Research

Foundation - A leader in the integration of science and management, the GCRC provides mechanisms for scientific exchange between scientists and coastal managers so that research results can be actively utilized in efforts to

Georgia's eleven coastal county region

understand and protect coastal natural resources. The GCRC is also involved

in active research regarding salt marsh die back, marsh hammock ecology and coastal water quality

issues.

2. Antibiotic Resistant Genes in Oyster Beds - Georgia College and State University- Now in year three, this project continues study of an alternative method for determining water quality in shellfish harvesting areas.

3. Viral Tracers in Septic Systems - Georgia Tech Research Corporation -A three-year research project, this research will develop new tracking methods to reveal septic system integrity. Use of these methods will enable local officials to better identify failing or inappropriate systems that contribute to coastal water contamination.

4. Oyster Reefs as Essential Fish Habitats - University of Georgia Marine Extension Service Georgia's inter-tidal oyster reefs are known to support a wide variety of coastal Georgia fish species but a clear understanding of this process is lacking. This two-year project studies oyster reef usage with a goal of developing a clearer understanding of the species using reefs and characteristics of the reefs that contribute to this process.

5. Sea Level Rise - University of Georgia River Basin CenterClimate change and associated sea level rise has the potential to dramatically affect coastal communities and ecosystems. This three-year project models potential sea level rise scenarios with anticipated land use and urban growth projections in a format that effectively communicates risks to community leaders, government officials and the public.
(more)

UGA River Basin Center will study sea level rise
www.CoastalGaDNR.org

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Late Fall 2009

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coastal incentive grants (cont'd)

6. Early Detection of Marsh Dieback - Savannah State University - This project researches potential causes of marsh dieback through fieldwork and laboratory experiments. The goal is to develop new methods for detection of early stages of marsh dieback so that management strategies may be implemented to prevent massive impacts.

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7. Effects of Canal Discharge on Marsh Platforms - Skidaway Institute of Oceanography - This project monitors marsh oxygen concentrations and sample types and number of marsh dependent organisms (blue crab, shrimp and juvenile fishes) at two sites, one strongly influenced by urban storm water runoff and an unaffected remote site. Results of this research will enable coastal managers to better predict the impact of upland development on marsh ecosystems.

8. Boating Impact on the Intracoastal Waterway - Skidaway Institute of Oceanography - Erosion caused by increased boating activities can undercut the marsh causing damage to valuable oyster beds. This project will survey the existing effects of boating on marsh banks along the intracoastal waterway in order to provide a tool for coastal managers in development decisions.

9. Threatened Cultural Resources Inventory - Skidaway Institute of Oceanography - Back-barrier islands, or marsh hammocks, contain a wealth of historical and archeological information but are threatened by coastal erosion. This project will document the resources on those most threatened hammocks to preserve the historical data and lay groundwork for potential inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.

10. Non-point Source Pollution Management - Wayne County - The goal of this three-year project is to provide support for the Wayne County Non-point Source Pollution Management Program and promote better understanding and educational opportunities to citizens regarding best management practices.

11. Dock Shading Field Assessment Project - Skidaway Institute of Oceanography - This project is the final year of a three-year study of the impact that dock materials, height and orientation have on the salt marsh ecosystem.

12. Response Plan for Harmful Algal Bloom Event - Coastal Health District - The goal of this one year project is to develop and implement a plan for the effective management of public health and natural resources in the event of a naturally occurring marine harmful algal bloom event.

Dock Shading Field Assessment Project -
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
* The remaining 11 awards will be highlighted in the next edition of the GaSound.
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DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COASTAL RESOURCES DIVISION

Georgia Coastal Management Program Cycle XIII, Grant Year 2010, Coastal Incentive Grants
Request for Proposal is accepting applications thru 3pm on January 15, 2010
Maximum award amount is $100,000 (theme related), $50,000 (construction) and $25,000 (demonstrated Critical Local Need)
1:1 non-federal match required
The Cycle XIII Application packet is currently available online at our web site - www.CoastalGaDNR.org or contact Susan Reeves at 912.264.7224for more information.

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Late Fall 2009

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Marsh Plants of Coastal Georgia
By: Lisia Kowalczyk
Any resident, and most visitors, of coastal Georgia can look out over our breathtaking scenery and easily identify salt marsh. Clearly, the salt marsh is that green grassy plant that the tidewater covers... or is it? There actually are 14 plants that Georgia law identifies as marsh and many of them are not grassy at all. Marsh plants are very specialized for the "zone" of marsh they live in and these zones of marsh are determined by how much tidal water reaches an area on average, which in turn is determined by the elevation of that area.

High Tide Marsh Zone The high marsh zone is the area adjacent to the upland which is higher than the rest of the marsh, and receives less tide. Plants in this zone need more fresh water to thrive and tend to be more bush like.
Silverling is an evergreen plant that grows in high marsh areas, and sometimes on the upland where the water table is high enough to reach the plants below the surface. It is often found along roadways and causeways that front the marsh where it does well in the exposed salt sediment left over from the disturbed construction soil. Due to the upright woody branches, Silverling makes excellent nesting habitat for various small bird species. The bush averages about 6-12 feet tall, with leaves that are toothed and pointed. Flowers are small and white and eventually convert to dandelion-like wind blown seeds, which have been known to aggravate hay fever symptoms.
Another high marsh plant is Saltmeadow cordgrass which is a low-growing, clumping grass with tightly rolled leaves that once had an interesting role agriculturally. The grass was once heavily grazed by livestock, especially cattle, and harvested yearly for the excellent hay it produced. Milk cows that grazed on the cordgrass were prized for their uniquely flavored milk because of the high salt content. Letters and diaries from coastal Georgia plantation owners often brag about the quality and flavor of their milk and butter due to the saltmeadow grass on which their cows grazed.

Silverling

Mid-marsh Zone Mid-marsh plants are very salt tolerant and take on many different forms.

Saltmeadow Cordgrass

The mid-marsh zone is often located in areas that the tide reaches easily, but then evaporates, leaving salty,

sandy flats. Only specialized plants that can handle high levels of salt can grow in these flats. Some plants in

this area are grass-like while others are fleshy and succulent-like. The different plant forms represent how

each species handles the salt.

Marsh plants are very specialized/or the "zone" of marsh they live in.

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Perennial Glasswort is a mid-marsh plant that grows to about 18" and doesn't have typical leaves. Fleshy segments grow from the woody stem, then stack vertically on top of each other. The plant was named as a "glass" wort because of the crunching, broken glass-like sound made when it's stepped on. Early settlers valued the plant as a source of salt and added it to many food dishes for flavoring. Segments can turn pink
and red in the fall, but the color change does not happen on every plant. Another easily recognized mid-marsh plant is Black Needle Rush. This plant gets its name from the black, almost dead appearance that the leaves assume, and for the sharp needlelike ends of the leaves. Needle Rush forms large brown stands that prevent penetration by most other marsh plants. The plants may appear dead, but younger dark green leaves can be found at the center of each 4-5 ft tall clump. This is a tough, hearty plant which spreads easily and is used by many species, like marsh rabbit, and waterfowl, for shelter and food. Larger animals, like deer and cattle, do not find it palatable and avoid the rush.
Perennial Glasswort

Low Marsh Zone

In the low marsh zone, the hallmark plant of the Georgia salt marsh is

Smooth cordgrass, or Spartina alterniflora. This bright green grass displays

varying heights which can range from 1 foot for the short form, to almost 6 feet for the tall form. All forms require significant daily inundation, although

Black Needle Rush

the salt brought in the daily tides is not required

for growth. The plant extracts salt from the water

and excretes it from pores in the leaves. Smooth

cordgrass is highly valued for the habitat it

provides to many intertidal animals like Fiddler

crabs and Ribbed mussels. Shoreline stabilization,

pollution filtering effects for heavy metals and

other toxins are also valuable assets of this plant.

One of the most important functions of the plant

begins when it dies. When cordgrass plants die off

they fall or float to marsh areas and decompose.

The rotting matter keeps the elevation of the

marsh from decreasing and provides nutrients for

other marsh plants and animals.

The plants that inhabit Georgia's salt marsh are

found in specific marsh zones where each is

Smooth Cordgrass

adapted to the amount of salt brought in and left by

the tides. Changes in fresh water input, such as runoff from the upland, alter the marsh zones by altering

the plants that can tolerate each zone. Changes in marsh zone composition can lead to weakened

shorelines and the reduction in overall water quality. Help preserve our coastal marshlands by reducing

areas that create fresh water runoff and by ensuring that all activities in the marsh are approved.

Contact DNR-CRD to arrange for staff to show you exactly where the marsh line is on your property.

Late Fall 2009

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Editors Note: Susan Shipman has seen a lot of changes during a career with Ga DNR/Coastal Resources Division that has spanned over 30 years. One thing that didn't change, however, was Shipman's legendary dedication to the protection of coastal Georgia's unique natural environment. On November 30th Shipman will retire as Director of the Coastal Resources Division - a position she has held since 2002. Her expertise, attention to detail and commitment to any project she manages will be missed. We wish her well as she moves on to the next phase of her career.
From the Director's Desk... Ship to Shore
By Susan Shipman Director, Coastal Resources Division
I have struggled with what I would write in this last column. Try as I might, I have concluded I am better at drafting legislation or a written direct testimony than I am at penning a farewell.
It is hard to believe that retirement is nigh. For over half of my life, the Department of Natural Resources has been my constant, and public service has been my passion. While the passion has not waned, after 63,787 hours (plus some) in the employ of Coastal Resources Division, I have concluded it is time to undertake new endeavors, to smell (and prune) the roses in my butterfly garden, spend time with family, and travel, while I am still able. I guess one might say I have experienced a carpe diem epiphany.
My retirement coincides with the Thanksgiving season, and I couldn't be more grateful. In many regards, mine has been a story book career. I came into the field of marine biology just as it was emerging as a full fledged work discipline. Fortunately for me, Joe Tanner, Duane Harris, and Bob Mahood took a leap of faith and hired a fledgling woman biologist in early 1979. They simply removed the glass ceiling --- I didn't have to get out the three inch spiked heels (a good thing, since I never owned a pair) to break through into the previously all male professional ranks. Thank you gentlemen for taking a chance on me. I appreciate your counsel, your belief and support of my work, and the opportunities for professional growth and career advancement you afforded me.
While I have clearly been blessed with a dynamic and fulfilling career, I count among my greatest blessings the colleagues and friends I've come to know inside and outside of DNR, through the agency's many partnerships. These friendships span three decades or more in some cases. While many were initiated thru work, many wonderful friendships have flourished beyond the work place. To the extended DNR family, including my own --especially Mark, we couldn't do our jobs without your strong support. You are the best cheerleaders and friends group an agency could ever have.

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Late Fall 2009

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I have been humbled by the many kind well wishes in recent weeks. However, any accolades paid to me are shared with my colleagues past and present. One or more were involved in the numerous accomplishments I have been credited for. There have been so many people behind the scenes these 31 years who have done the heavy lifting. I salute each of YOU!

I have been privileged to work with some of the finest men and women in state government, nationwide. My sincere gratitude to those who battle the heat, the bugs, the tides and other elements, who persevere at your computers despite a half baked (that's being generous) IT system, and those who are our ambassadors to local governments, other agencies, and the general public. The commitment, dedication, and professionalism with which my DNR colleagues embrace your work is unparalleled. Through your dedicated stewardship and conservation ethic, Georgia's exceptional coast will remain the jewel of the nation's coastlines.

A special shout out to former DNR Commissioners Joe Tanner, Leonard Ledbetter, Lonice Barrett, and Noel Holcomb, with gratitude for the professional growth opportunities you afforded me, the lessons you taught me and the privilege of working under your strong servant leadership. The agency has continued it's history of outstanding leadership with DNR Commissioner Chris Clark and incoming CRD Director Spud Woodward at the helm. I extend my support and well wishes to you gentlemen as you tackle the challenges ahead.

Shortly, I continue my pursuit of life's lessons in new and renewed directions. I will return to nature and field biology as I attempt bee-keeping. I am profoundly proud of my tenure at Coastal Resources Division and eternally grateful for the experience. In parting, I recall these words attributed to Theodore Suess Geisel, "Don't cry because it's over. Smile because it happened."

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Sunken Vessel Project Update
By: Josh Noble
Sunken vessels are a growing problem here on the Georgia coast. Many of these are private recreational or commercial fishing vessels that have been abandoned or either succumbed to the elements from a long service history. The removal of a vessel from coastal marshlands can sometimes be a challenging process that involves multiple regulatory agencies.

Removal of a sunken vessel starts with authorization from not only the Georgia Department of Natural

A trawler located in East River/Brunswick t at sank June 5,
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Resources-Coastal Resources Division (Ga DNR/CRD),

but also a permit from the United States Army Corps of Engineers when the removal occurs in a navigable

waterway or special aquatic site, such as the estuarine area. A Corps of Engineers permit is also needed if

the vessel is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places. Vessels that may be designated

on this list are those that have been submerged for 50 or more years.

To further complicate the removal process, a vessel may be unearthed or located during a coastal construction project that may be of historical ~ ru.""411!::' .. significance, requiring additional authorization from the GA DNR/ Historical Preservation Division (HPD), Underwater Archeological Section. There have been many sunken historical vessels discovered along the coast from the pre-Civil War era to World War II.

This vessel is currently under investigation for historical significance

If a vessel of unknown origin is discovered, please contact the Ga DNR to obtain guidance in the proper methods and procedures to follow before removing the vessel. Technical services are also available to determine if the vessel would be interest to the State of Georgia from an historical perspective.

Staff of the CRD Compliance and Enforcement Section have recently begun working with the HPD to streamline the permitting process for submerged cultural resources when a vessel of unknown origin is discovered. Through the combined use of side-scan sonar imaging and geographical databases in the initial survey work on site, staff can more quickly gather initial data. on a potentially historic vessel.

For more information on the sunken vessel program please contact the CRD Compliance and Enforcement Section at (912) 264-7218.

The Georgia Sound is produced by the Georgia DNR/Coastal Resources Division. If you would like more information please visit our web site at: www.CoastalGaDNR.org or contact Coastal Resources Division at (912)264-7218.
This publication is made possible through the efforts of the Ga DNR/Coastal Resources Staff and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant Award# NA07NOS4190182
Editor: Nancy Butler nancy.butler@dnr.state.ga.us

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Living Aboard Your Vessel in Coastal Georgia
By: Buck Bennett

For many people it is 'The Dream' - when the kids leave home you will get off the corporate treadmill and sail the great oceans. With no schedule to follow, spend the days traveling up and down the Intracoastal Waterway or even travel to exotic places.

Georgia has 118 miles of beautiful coastline and over 1500 miles of tributaries, not to mention, some very nice marinas for boaters to find sanctuary while traveling the east coast. But before you drop anchor for an extended stay, please be aware of Georgia's Coastal Marshlands Protection Act (CMPC) that restricts living aboard a vessel whether moored or at a marina to 30 days in a given calendar year. However, the commissioner may grant extensions of time beyond 30 days to persons making a request in writing stating the reasons for such extension.

Staff recently completed compliance inspections of marina facilities from St. Marys to Tybee Island. Inspection results found that boaters may be living aboard their vessels at several marinas along Georgia's coast. Many of these facilities have entered into water bottom lease agreements with the Department of Natural Resources, Coastal Resources Division (DNR-CRD) and marina operators have agreed to not allow live aboards in excess of 30-days in a calendar year at their respective facilities. Further, in many cases these marinas and community docks have been granted CMPA permits that contain a similar live aboard prohibition.

The 30-day live aboard restrictions are not just limited to marinas or community structures; the

Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan Police Department Marine Patrol has begun documenting live-aboards

on derelict and abandoned vessels and has identified several derelict vessels that are being inhabited by

their owners. The vessels are considered derelict because they do not have sails, a motor, or the vessel is

in such disrepair that the vessel cannot be used for its intended purpose. In 2009, the SCMPD Police

Chief formed a task force of the United States Coast Guard, Chatham County Health Department, DNR

Law Enforcement, DNR-CRD, Chatham Marine Patrol and elements of

the Police administrative staff to track derelict vessels and live-aboards.

LIVE - ABOARDS

Should you have questions regarding living aboard a vessel in Georgia waters or would like to request signage for your facility, please contact the Compliance & Enforcement Section, Coastal Resources Division at (912) 264-7218.
To assist marinas, commercial dock, and community dock owners in remaining compliant with their water bottoms lease and/or CMPA permit, the Department will be providing signage regarding the CMPA live-aboard restriction at no cost. Each permitted or leased facility is encouraged to post these signs in prominent locations so that the public can be informed ofthe live-aboard provision of the CMPA.

Except as otherwise provided by law occupying a live-aboard for more than 30 days during any calendar year Is prohibited In coastal marshlands, Including tidal water bottoms. Olflclal Code of Georgia Annotated (O .C.G.A. ) Section 12-5288. A tle-aboard is a floating vessel or other watrsr craft that Is moored to
a doc!(, tree, or piling or arichorad In lhe iastuarlne. waters of Georgfa and Is ulilizact as a human or anrmaJ abode . Llve-aboards Include, but are not Um1ted to, monohuHs. multlhulls, houseboats, floaUng homes, end other floaUng structures thal are uaed for human or anlmaJ habllatlon.
(O .C. G.A. 12-5 -282)
Georg Departm nt of N atural Reaource Coaata, Resources Divielon

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Bringing Back The Bivalves - Oyster Reef Restoration In Georgia
By: Gabe Gaddis
Step back in time to the early years of the 20th century, and the Georgia coast looked very different than it does today. One prominent feature found in those days, now absent, were oyster canneries. At least six such facilities were scattered along the coast providing backbreaking work for the harvesters, wealth for the owners and a delicacy for seafood lovers. However, the oystering boom lasted only a few decades. Overfishing was blamed for the initial declines and by the mid-20th century pollution and disease also began to take their toll on remaining oysters. Although oyster reefs can still be found throughout the marshes, the quantity of living oysters at the turn of the 21st century remains far below what European man found when they first came to Georgia. While the oyster has long been prized as table fare, it wasn't until recently that this humble bivalve was recognized as a keystone species in coastal ecosystems. Oyster reefs provide spawning, breeding, feeding and nursery habitat for myriad invertebrate and fish species earning them the designation of Essential Fish Habitat. In Georgia, most oyster reefs are found in the inter-tidal zone where they act as break waters reducing wave energy thus protecting the marshes from erosion. Oyster reefs can also improve water clarity and quality by filtering suspended particulate matter such as silt, algae and pollutants. A single oyster has the capacity of filtering 5 liters of water per hour.
The Nature Conservancy recently released a comprehensive global report assessing the state ofshellfish at the International Marine Conservation Congress. The report states that 85% of oyster reefs have been lost worldwide and suggests that oyster reefs could be the most severely impacted marine habitat on the planet.
You Build It, They Will Come For years, the focus of oyster restoration efforts has been to increase the amount of harvestable oysters in coastal waters. However, it's only recently that restoration of oyster reefs to provide ecological services has been given serious consideration. Nowadays, partnerships between the public and governmental and non governmental organizations are helping to create new oyster reefs along the Georgia coast.
A successful oyster restoration utilizing bagged oyster shell

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The first step is to find suitable locations for the deployment of cultch material - hard substrate that provides a settling place for larval oysters. Working with the Coastal Marshlands Protection Committee, staff of the Fish Habitat Enhancement Unit of the Coastal Resources Division has obtained a general permit to deploy cultch material throughout the Georgia coast on shorelines adjacent to state-owned uplands.

The next step is to find the cultch material. A wide variety of materials have been used with varying degrees of success - cement-coated bamboo stakes and PVC pipe, oak limb bundles and bags of oyster shell. By far, the preferred cultch material is recycled oyster shell, and that's why the University of Georgia Marine Extension Service and CRD Fish Habitat Enhancement Unit are partnering in the Generating Enhanced Oyster Reefs In Georgia's Inshore Areas (G.E.O.R.G.I.A.) project. Individuals and groups are asked to bring oyster shells from oyster roasts and family gatherings to these recycling centers, which are fenced enclosures marked with highly visible signage. No quantity is too small or too large.

G.E.O.R.G.I.A. Oyster Shell Recycling Centers are located along the coast:
Tybee Island Public Works on Polk Street Champney River Public Boat Ramp in McIntosh
County off U.S. Highway 17 DNR Coastal Regional Headquarters in
Brunswick off U.S. Highway 17 near the Sidney Lanier Bridge Jekyll Island Recycling Center located on South Riverview Drive

Once the shells are dried after exposure to sunlight for several weeks, they are placed in large mesh bags and transported to designated areas. Volunteers work with partner staff to deploy the oyster shell bags within the inter-tidal zone. It's a great way to get your hands (and other body parts!) dirty in the name of conservation.
During 2010, the CRD Fish Habitat Enhancement Unit will be partnering with the UGAMarine Extension Service, the Coastal Conservation Association/Georgia and The Nature Conservancy on several oyster reef restoration projects. Funding for the projects will be provided by grants from the Southeastern Aquatic Resources Partnership and the Fish America Foundation.

For more information, contact Gabe Gaddis at (912) 2647218 or gabe.gaddis@gadnr.org.

OYSTER LIF1E
CYCLE

www.CoastalGaDNR.org

Late Fall 2009

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Short Strikes
By Spud Woodward Assistant Directorfor Marine Fisheries

Busy Year For Buoy

Replacements

A few years ago, anglers and divers were surveyed to determine their opinions about various aspects of Georgia's Offshore Artificial Reef Project. A majority of respondents said they would prefer that buoys be maintained on all existing reef sites. In

response to this survey, CRD has continued to conduct annual underwater inspections of all 19 artificial reef buoy systems. Earlier this year, divers determined that 8 systems were in need of immediate replacement. After new buoys and chain were obtained and prepped, divers and deck crew working from the RN Marguerite began the arduous process of buoy replacement. Working in

Jeff Mericle, CRD Artificial ReefProject Coordinator, during buoy replacement

depths from 40 to 80 feet, often with limited visibility in strong currents, divers detached the existing buoys and attached a new buoy system with chain to the anchor systems. The final replacement occurred on November 18th when a new buoy was placed at Artificial Reef SAV, located about 6 nautical miles southeast of Tybee Island. The decommissioned buoys were returned to land for proper disposal. Fishing license revenues and Federal Aid In Sport Fish Restoration were used to fund this year's buoy replacement activities.

Emergency Repair To Demeries Creek Ramp Completed
Boaters in the Bryan County area received a rude surprise this past May when the public boat ramp located on Demeries Creek collapsed unexpectedly due to erosion. CRD staff in partnership with Bryan County officials developed an emergency repair plan, and a new ramp construction contract was awarded in mid-July. Over the following three months, Bryan County officials demolished the existing ramp and the contractor placed over 215 tons of rock to prepare the site. Finally, a two-stage concrete pour resulted in a 21-ft wide by 170-ft long finished ramp. On October 21st the ramp was opened to the public, just in time for prime autumn inshore fishing. Total project cost was $91,000 with Bryan County contributing $22,500 of cash and in-kind services. The remaining costs were covered with Federal Aid In Sport Fish Restoration Funds.

Erosion at the Demeries Creek Ramp before repairs

Newly constructed boat ramp is open following a 90-day joint project between
CRD and Bryan County

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Telemetered Tripletail Tell Tales

Page15

During the summer, sonic transmitters were surgically implanted in nine tripletail caught from channel markers in the Ossabaw estuary near Savannah. The fish ranged in length from 15 to 22 inches and were also fitted with conventional plastic external tags before release back into the Ossabaw estuary. Four waterproof and self-contained receivers placed underwater in an array surrounding the area where tagged tripletail were released can detect and record the transmitter's signal. Over a 46-day period from early July to late August, all the tagged fish were relocated at least once. Two fish were relocated a combination of 5,603 times before being harvested by anglers. Thus far, the sonic-tagging project has shown that some tripletail that migrate to the Georgia coast have a home estuary where they reside during the summer.

The project will continue in 2010, and, hopefully, some of the fish tagged in 2009 will return to the Ossabaw estuary showing that tripletail have a homing behavior previously unknown to scientists.

Shark Sonograms?

Spring through autumn, CRD biologists conduct a survey of the coastal Georgia shark population using circle-hook fishing gear. One particular area of interest for researchers is the reproductive biology of sharks. Many species give birth to fully developed offspring called pups. After the pups emerge from the female they are provided with no parental care. Fishery managers need a better understanding of the relationship between the shark species and its age, size, and the number of pups. Thus far, the most reliable way to collect these data has been to sacrifice a female shark; however, this can be problematic for species considered overfished. Recently, CRD biologists were able to field test several ultrasound devices manufactured for use by veterinarians. These water-resistant and shock-resistant instruments proved effective for determining the number and size of shark embryos in live sharks. If more field-testing proves successful, researchers may soon be using sonograms to determine the status of pregnant sharks just as physicians use the sonogram for human prenatal care.

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DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COASTAL RESOURCES D IV ISION

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Page16
Coas-iFest 2009
Near perfect weather brought more than 7,500 visitors to the 15t h annual CoastFest at GA DNR/Coastal Resources Division Headquarters along the South Brunswick River on Saturday, October 3, 2009.
With more than 80 environmental, educational research and resource exhibitors from throughout the southeast providing interactive exhibits and displays, CoastFest visitors of all ages participated in activities from recycling to coastal weather... native plants to sea turtles ... water conservation to archeology... herpetology to geology!! New additions to the 2009 event included magician Arhtur Atsma who used amazing magic tricks to teach science, Steve Hein from the Georgia Southern Center for Wildlife Education introduced the crowd to some slithery reptiles, a group of teachers from area schools and local government representatives were treated to a demo trawl aboard the RIV Anna to learn how CRD marine biologists monitor Georgia's shrimp fishery, the 'Save Georgia's Frogs' exhibit had visitors learning that our frogs are endangered and the CRD exhibit added a viewing only tank for one of Georgia's newest invasive species - Lionfish.
Since 1995, CRD in support of the three-week national 'CoastWeeks' event held in all 50 states to celebrate the nation's waters and shorelines has hosted
CoastFest on the first Saturday in October.
The 2009 CoastFest Art Contest received a record number of entries for the '09 theme 'SPLASH!'. From the more than 1200 paintings, sculptures and 3-D art submitted by area students, CRD has selected one image for the CoastFest 2010 logo that will appear in all promotional materials beginning summer '10 and on the CoastFest 2010 T-shirt.

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DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES COASTAL RESOURCES DIVISION

SAVE THE OATE. COAffFEn 2010 - SATURDAY, OCTOBER 2NO
www.CoastalGaDNR.org