DNR outdoor report [Vol. 5, no. 2 (Summer 1990)]

Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites
1991 Georgia State Parks & Historic Sites Calendar Available Now
A new adventure unfolds each month in the 1991 State Parks and Historic Sites calendar. From quaint covered bridges to Georgia's "Little Grand Canyon," you'll discover just how easy it is to make the most of your getaway retreats.
The breathtaking photographs in this year's calendar capture the scenic beauty of the mountains, lakes, wateifalls, and nature trails. Mountain music programs, living history demonstrations, arts and crafts festivals, canoe excursions, and wildflower hikes are only a few of the special events highlighted each month. The calendar also explores Georgia's abundant nongame wildlife.
J(s the perfect gift-- for you, or a friend! To find out how you can purchase the 1991 State Parks and Historic Sites calendar, visit your nearest state park or historic site.
Purchase the official 1991 Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites Calendar
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Available at all 59 state parks and historic sites

DNR
Outdoor Report

Vol. 5, No.2

Summer 1990

Contents

Cover photo of Cloud/and Canyon State Park by Craig M. Tanner Raccoon , Jim Couch.

Features

2 When Wildlife Moves In
Coping with , and conquering, nuisance wildlife requires perseverance and, often, advice from experts .
9 Shellfishing for Fun in Coastal Georgia
There' s no time like the present to go out and enjoy Georgia' s excellent public shellfish harvest areas
14 Stargazing at Hard Labor Creek
Georgia State University's new observatory at Hard Labor Creek State Park allows visitors to watch the skies.
16 Controlling Toxics in the Environment

Intensive efforts to control taxies in the environment will eliminate many pollutants in coming years, and greatly reduce many more
Departments

Calendar of Events

21

'How To:' Reduce the Waste Stream

20

Naturally Delicious

12

Georgia ' s DNR Outdoor Report is published quarterly by the Communications Office of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to promote a better understanding of DNR management and conservation programs. The magazine is di stributed as a public service to county and municipal governments, public libraries and school s.
Lonice C. Barrett, Commissioner Katherine Thurber, Communications Director Deborah Dewberry , Managing Editor Omar Rasheed, Graphic Produ ction Artist. Regul ar contributors: Lisa Dudley, Gib Johnston , Lucy Justus, Kathy Matthews, Thomas Smith , Dottie Sweat, Robin Russell. Publishing offices, 205 Butler St. S.E., Suite 1258, Atl anta, Ga. 30334.

Joe Frank Harris Governor Lonice C. Barrett Commi ss ioner
The Board of Natural Resources
James Griffin, Jr Chairman, Member-at-Large
Patricia C. Edwards Vice-Chairman, Third District
C. Tom Griffith Secretary, Tenth District
Dolan E. Brown, Jr. First District
J. Leonard Eubanks Second District
Linda S. Billingsley Fourth District
E.R. Mitchell, Jr Fifth District
Felker W Ward, Jr Sixth District
C.W (Sonny) Jackson Seventh District
Curtis Farrar Eighth District
Donald J. Carter Ninth District
James (Herb) Butler Member-at-Large
Glenn E. Taylor Member-at-Large
John Lanigan Member-at-Large
Will D. (Billy) Herrin Coastal District
1

Clockwise. 'Coons, squirrels and 'possums are among the critters people may find sharing their property.

conqCuoepni.nngg, wniutzh.s,aanncde
wildlife requires perseverance and,
often, advice from experts.
Photos of squirrel and opossum courtesy of the Piedmont National Wildlife Ref uge.

hen
ildlife
Moves In

By Gib Johnston

T he woes of unwanted wildlife are well understood by the owner of an expensive house in an Atlanta suburb who, a few years ago, called the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) for help because raccoons were living in his chimney
He decided to shoot them. When he fired up the chimney, a wounded, soot-covered raccoon fell into the fireplace and headed at top speed for the nearest exit. Unable to get out, the raccoon leapt from white chair to white sofa, climbed the white curtains and, on the white carpet, left a trail of soot, blood and feces. The damage totaled more than $10,000. This man learned that ridding a home of nuisance wildlife involves more than gun-play
As cities and towns expand into the fields and forests of Georgia, more people face the prospect of protecting their homes from an onslaught of wild animals. Today, bears are few, mountain lions are gone and wolves haven't existed in Georgia for centuries. Our predators are squirrels, raccoons, opossums, woodpeckers, beavers, deer and other creatures that abound in the state.
At first, it may be difficult to understand the problems that peaceful an imals can cause. It can strike home, however, often on a spring morning, when one is rudely awakened by the jackhammer sound of a woodpeckerjust outside the bedroom or the nighttime rustling of squirrels in the attic.

Or, white light may gleam from the eyes of a deer on the roadside as your car approaches on a moonless night- will the deer leap out in front of you? Encounters like these range from annoying to deadly serious and can cause hundreds, even thousands, of dollars in property damage.
Biologists from DNR 's Game and Fish

Division, the Cooperative Extension Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service and local animal control and humane societies are besieged with calls, especially early spring through fall, from citizens with wildlife problems. They usually request that someone come out and trap the problem animal , take it somewhere and
3

White-tail deer are among the creatures steadily moving to the edge of town, their dining preferences can include home gardens and landscaping.

release it. Unfortunately, no agency, and not even the combination of all agencies that deal with wildlife, have enough manpower or money to respond to all such calls. The best that can be offered is advice on how the property owner can solve the problem.
The Major Pests
The major pests, according to calls received in Game and Fish Division offices, are raccoons, woodpeckers, squirrels, opossums, beaver and deer.
Raccoons seldom cause major damage but are the consummate pest, getting into garbage cans, home vegetable gardens and nesting in the attic. Nesting is the most troublesome because the animals' presence can be unsanitary , and they reorganize the attic for the nest. Any attempt to approach a raccoon can result in a painful encounter but it is unlikely a human will get so close. 'Coons also take exception to molestation by dogs and cats. 4

Woodpeckers are, without doubt, the most noticeable of the pests. They love to peck on wood or almost anything else that makes noise when they do so. The noise is a territorial signal by which the bird tells all others of his kind that this is his territory
If the woodpecker has forsaken the gutters and is pecking on your siding, it has probably identified the house as a giant dead tree in which it will build a nest. When the bird pecks in various locations, it is probably looking for insects in this "dead tree", tearing out chunks of wood in its quest for them. These problems are particularly acute on the popular two- to three-story, cedar sided houses. If unattended, damage could become severe, costing into the thousands of dollars.
Another reason the woodpecker may be drilling holes in your siding, and it is certainly no scientific observation, is that woodpeckers simply enjoy pecking. Nevertheless, the damage they do while pecking, for food or fun, is identical.
Squirrels! In all her wisdom , Mother

Nature could not create a more persistent creature. When squirrels set their seemingly one-track minds on eating all the food in the bird feeder, nesting in your attic or eaves, or destroying all the fruit, vegetables and nuts in the yard, nothing will change their course. Squirrels are intelligent and easily figure a way around any trap, baffle or repair. Besides eating gardens, fruits and bird seed, squirrels like to chew They are rodents and their incisors continue to grow throughout life. Gnawing keeps these teeth sharp and worn to a usable length and it is this that causes problems. Attic squirrels could begin to chew on electrical wires and if these short out, not only is it tragic for the squirrel, which is electrocuted, but it is often tragic for the homeowner because an attic fire results.
Few hOmeowners think that opossums have any saving graces. Their unkempt coat, pink, bare feet , scaly, rat-like tail , ragged ears and pointed snout with endless rows of sharp teeth are repulsive to most people. The opossum is seldom anything

but a pest, and it can damage fruit and

vegetables in the garden. The problems

most homeowners have with 'possums is

that they are omnivorous, omnipresent and

have an extreme propensity for the garbage

em.

,

Beavers are semi-aquatic rodents gener-

ally thought of as creatures of the forest

streams where they gnaw down trees to

make dams and lodges. Unfortunately ,

beavers have found both large and small

suburban communities to their liking. With

many city-dwellers there are mixed emo-

tions about beavers. While it is exciting to

have these woodland creatures nearby, it is

difficult to deal with their damage. They

eat the soft inner bark, twigs and new shoots

of almost any plant. Expensive landscape plantings are a smorgasbord for beavers. Ponds formed by their dams can destroy acres of trees and shrubs. When a colony moves into the local lake, the fascination with their industrious behavior soon wears thin.
Another animal of the forest steadily moving into the edge oftown is the whitetail deer Everyone likes deer until they begin dining in the vegetable patch or on the prize horticultural plants in the yard. Deer pose a different problem - size. The average deer in Georgia weighs about 140 lbs. It requires a lot of food. More and more people are learning the terror of an evening on the highway when a deer suddenly ap-

The pileated woodpecker is among those that persistently attack home siding If all else fails, a good coat of oil-based paint may stop the bird' specking.

pears at the edge of the headlight beams. At best, a deer-automobile collision can cause thousands of dollars in damage to a car. Serious injuries, as well as a few deaths, have also resulted from such collisions.
There are Solutions
Wildlife problems are dealt with in two major ways - by removal or exclusion. Removal, as the term suggests, is getting rid ofthe animal and includes trapping in all its forms , and destruction of the offending creature. Exclusion means to leave the animal where it is while preventing damage or other undesirable results of having it around.
Destruction of an animal, pest or not, is not desirable but in certain instances there is no alternative. Georgia law protects all species, but not necessarily an animal that is destroying property Permits to kill a pest species can be obtained from DNR 's Game and Fish Division but these are issued only after other methods of control have proven ineffective.
Trapping is the choice method if an animal is to be removed. Traps vary from the Conibear type which kills the animal, to the steel trap which holds the creature by its leg, to the cage type traps like the Havahart, which take the animal alive. Each is effective and has its place. No one trap is effective for all species.
Exclusion is a catch-all term, covering things like nets over fruit trees to keep birds away , wire netting tacked to eaves to divert woodpeckers and tin wrapped around tree trunks and shrubs to prevent beaver damage. Exclusion is the most desirable form of wildlife control but it is invariably more work and more money
It is impossible in the limited space here to describe all the control methods for every animal, under every circumstance. The most effective methods for the most common problems will be recommended, along with some alternatives. No one should expect that any one method or combination of methods will be 100 percent effective. Some may be distasteful. If the solutions are not acceptable, then learning to tolerate the pest and its damage is the only thing left to do.
Raccoons and opossums are probably the easiest of the nuisance animals to control. A word of caution is in order- before going to the trouble to prevent the nightly garbage can raid, be sure that the culprit is a 'coon or ' possum. It could easily be one
5

of the neighborhood dogs. Ifthe contents of the can are scattered all over the place, dogs are most likely guilty ' Coons and ' possums tend to dine where the garbage falls.
Thi s problem is solved by securing the can to a post or the wall so it cannot be overturned. Animals may climb up, remove the lid of the can and help themselves, so the lid should be secured to the can. Elastic shock-cord does a good job, but rope or chain will also do well.
If trapping is the desired solution , use a wire-box trap such as a Havahart or Tommahawk, at least 10" x 10" x 24", and if there is a choice, use a larger one. For bait, use sardines by partially opening the can, eating a few, and rolling the lid back in place. Then drop the can in the trap behind the triggering mechanism. If the trap is successful, use extreme caution when you release the animal. Remember, the animal is wild, scared and can be unpredictable .
Whi le raccoons are the easiest to control,
6

Ponds formed by beaver dams above) can flood acres of trees and shrubs. Inset, a Georgia beaver

woodpeckers are the most difficult. The goal is to stop the bird from attacking the house. The best way is to disturb the bird each time it begins to peck by knocking on the walls in the area where it is working. Thi s must be done consistently for as long as the bird continues pecking. Most people lack the time and/or patience thi s method requires.

Fright devices are often suggested for woodpeckers. These include strips of aluminum ~il hung from the eaves to flash in the sun. Helium-filled mylar balloons tied so they bounce in the wind also show promi se. Plastic owls and rubber snakes placed near woodpecker damage are effective for a while, and some homeowners drape netting from the eaves of the house to

ward the birds off. Of these methods, the netting works best but is the least attractive. Since woodpecker damage is primarily a problem in houses two or more stories high with unfinished or stained cedar siding, a good coat ofopaque, oil-based paint, which tends to repel the birds, may be tire answer.
Squirrels are most easily controlled by a year-round trapping program. A few traps baited with peanut butter can largely eliminate the squirrel problem in a yard. Squirrels have learned to co-exist with humans well, and have little fear of people. Consequently, they take every advantage of the opportunities provided by humans.
The main source of the squirrel problem is overpopulation. More squirrels can exist in an urban setting than in the same size natural area. Traps keep overpopulation under control. Box traps, small Conibear traps and large rat traps are effective.
Beavers do not damage buildings, but a few can do amazing damage to the trees and shrubs around a lake or pond. When damage begins, take immediate steps to protect valuable trees and plants. A couple of turns around the base of a tree with hardware cloth (wire mesh) will prevent their destruction. However, this is unsightly and usually not a permanent solution.
Beavers must be trapped to get rid of them. There is a live trap for beavers, but it is expensive, cumbersome and only marginally effective. Beavers will not enter a box trap so the only alternatives are the steel trap and the Conibear trap. These very efficient traps require the attention of an expert. If the traps are not properly set the possibility of catching the neighborhood dogs exists. It is recommended that someone experienced with these traps be engaged to rid the lake of beavers.
Deer move silently at night and in one evening can destroy a garden, new orchard or horticultural plantings around the place. The best protection for a garden plot is an electric fence, which is inexpensive and works well. For larger plots such as orchards or areas near the house where an electric fence would be impractical there are effective repellents. Someone from DNR 's Game and Fish Division can furnish advice on this.
For those who elect to live-trap a pest species there is an additional problem what to do with the animal in the trap. The easy answer is "take it down the road and let it out." However, animals often have a large home range and if freed too close to your property, could return. Also remem-

Raccoons may rearrange your attic for a nest, but are among the easiest of animal "invaders" to deal with.

ber that the property owner where you release the animal may be having similar problems, and will not appreciate your adding to his woes.
Try Experimenting
Besides these suggestions for dealing with nuisance wildlife, there are many other methods. Through experimentation, property owners can discover those that work best. Remember, in Georgia, all wildlife is protected by law Before you begin a nuisance abatement project, contact the Game and Fish Division at (404) 656-4994. Experts there will evaluate your situation and perhaps issue a permit for eliminating the nuisance animal. They may also have other suggestions to make the job easier for

you. Game and Fish Division personnel are always good sources of information on wildlife.
The UniversityofGeorgia's Cooperative Extension Service has many good brochures and booklets on dealing with nuisance wildlife. Other sources of help are the many nature centers in the state, or local animal control departments. Most commercial pest controllers will not handle wildlife complaints, although these increasingly have a wildlife service or can recommend someone.
Most importantly, start to work with a nuisance wildlife problem as soon as it begins. Each day the animal has to settle into its routine, the more difficult it will be to break that routine.
7

Georgia's public shellfish areas are among the nation's finest, open year-round, and there's no time like the present to go
out and enjoy this tasty natural resource!

T o most coastal residents, the shell beds that line the edges of creeks and waters of coastal Georgia are a familiar sight. To some, these areas represent a good area to fish for spotted sea trout and other species. Others see these areas as a hazard that will rip and entangle crab and cast nets. But what may come as a surprise to most people is that many of these areas have been designated by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) for public shellfish harvest.
Designated oyster and clam harvesting areas are open year around, but there is no time like the present to go out and enjoy one of Georgia's tastiest natural resources.
Oysters grow best when attached to one another, which explains why recreational oyster hunters only need to find one good oyster bed to fill their quota. Since it takes between 400 and 500 oysters to fill a bushel, most recreational harvesters can get all the oysters they need by gathering the legal limit of two bushels per person, up to six bushels per boat.
8

Clam lovers are also in luck since many of the designated public recreational harvest areas also contain clams. The quota for clam harvesting is slightly lower than that for oysters, with a maximum of one bushel per person and two bushels per boat.
DNR Shellfish Management
DNR's Coastal Resources Division has designated more than 19,000 acres of public recreational shellfish harvesting areas, divided between the six coastal counties of Chatham, Bryan, Liberty, Mcintosh, Glynn and Camden. The proposed shellfish harvest areas are tested and monitored extensively for more than a year before biologists certify these areas as safe for shellfish consumption using National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP) standards.
The Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference (ISSC) is a cooperative organization made up of all shellfish producing states, non-producing states, the U.S. Food and Drug

Shellfishing for Fun In Coastal Georgia
By Dottie Sweat

Administration and other agencies that generate guidelines for shellfish growing area classification and handling procedures. DNR and the Department of Agriculture (DOA) jointly manage the safety of Georgia's shellfish by following strict guidelines set forth by the NSSP Adherence to these guidelines helps insure that shellfish are safe to eat when harvested and that shellfish do not become contaminated during commercial storage, handling and shipping. The commercial aspects of shellfish handling, processing and shipment are regulated by the DOA.
Since the DNR Shellfish Program was established in 1985, Georgia is the only state that has been found in total compliance with NSSP guidelines.
Oysters and clams are filter feeders and may filter as much as 50 gallons of water per day through their gills to gather food particles from the water. Oysters may also gather impurities and pollutants during the filter feeding process, so it is important that oysters and clams are taken only from approved waters.
Approved public harvesting areas are marked by blue DNR signs. Yellow signs warn against harvesting in areas where water quality may be substandard. Some approved areas are adversely impacted by periods of excessive freshwater discharge and have, in the past, been temporarily closed to public harvest following heavy rainfall. In addition to maintaining public recreational harvest areas, the DNR is responsible for classifying and permitting harvest on 7,500 acres of state owned marshlands and 15,600 acres of private marshlands under lease to commercial harvesters. There are presently eight licensed commercial harvesting companies in Georgia.
The majority of the oysters harvested in Georgia are bagged in burlap sacks and sold, though there is one commercial harvester in Georgia in the process of setting up a shucking plant. Most clams are sold to the New England area, though some are sold to local wholesalers and restaurants in Georgia.

On an old model barge, oyster shells are blown into the water as part ofDNR' s coastal transplanting operations. Opposite. Coastal Resources' new 'R.V Oyster Catcher'
People who purchase bags of shellfish from wholesale or retail markets should look for a certification tag indicating the state of origin. These tags indicate that shellfish were harvested in approved growing waters. Packaged fresh oysters, usually sold in pint containers, must bear the certification number from the state in which they were harvested as well as the name and address of the packer. In a restaurant or grocery store, those interested have the right to request to see the certification tag that was on the shellfish container.
9

The New 'R.V. Oyster Catcher'
The Coastal Resources Division recently purchased a specially designed transport vessel to use in shellfish research and monitoring activities. The only vessel of its kind in the nation, this 30-foot craft, dubbed the R.V Oyster Catcher, was purchased for $86,000 using settlement funds received from the Amazon Venture oil spill in 1986. Built by Sea Ark Marine, Inc. in Arkansas, the boat is all aluminum with a barge-type hull designed to work in the very shallow inshore waters.
The barge will primarily be used to improve oyster and clam harvesting opportunities in Georgia, says Brad Williams, DNR's Shellfish Program leader. A few of the projects planned for the barge include relaying oysters and clams from one growing location to another and moving
10

Top . clam harvesters should take a rake along to help sift through the mud. Inset: opening oysters requires gloves, a blunt knife and a fair amount ofprying.
shells to other locations so spat can attach and form new beds. Designed for operation by a two person crew, the R. V Oyster Catcher can carry a maximum of 6,000 lbs. of deck cargo.
"The barge was purchased to help the Coastal Resources Division enhance the state's shellfish resources," says Williams. "The shallow water capabilities and large cargo capacity of this barge make it a much better shellfish project vessel than the boat we used in the past. In addition to relaying and replanting operations, DNR will experiment with new harvest techniques that will be beneficial to private oyster and clam industries."
The vessel will also be used to deploy fish aggregating devices (FADs) designed for use while constructing a number of inshore artificial reefs by the Recreation Fisheries Program. This will greatly enhance recreational harvest of finfish in Georgia.
Oyster Harvesting Tips
People who want to harv~t their own oysters should plan to go at low tide when most of the shell beds are exposed. Since the oyster's only protection is its hard, razor-sharp shell, recreational harvesters should wear protective shoes, gloves and clothing. A small hammer, screwdriver or wooden mallet should also be taken to separate the oysters from other shell material.

The best oysters tend to be those nearest the water at low tide since these oysters have been covered by sea water the longest, and are usually larger. Several good oysters are often found in one cluster, or the large singles can be separated using a hammer and screwdriver.
The shape of the shell depends on the oyster's environment. However, the minimufh size for legal harvest is three inches long. A long, narrow shell is generally found in areas where oysters have grown in a congested space. Thick, round oysters grow in the less populated areas. Though the rounded shell may be more appealing to the eye, the taste of the oysters inside probably will not differ significantly. Remember to take only those oysters with tightly closed shells, or those which close their shells when tapped lightly Open shells mean the oysters inside are dead and unsafe for consumption.
Clam Harvesting Tips
Clams are available throughout coastal Georgia as well, but they are not as extensive as the oyster areas. The Shellfish Program has transplanted more than 61 ,000 clams to recreational harvest areas along the Georgia coast to improve recreational harvest opportunities for the public. If clams are your quarry, contact the Coastal Resources Division in Brunswick to find out what areas are ideal for clamming.

As with oysters, clams are easier to reach at low tide. Take along a garden rake to help sift through the mud. The mud you sift should not be too soft. A relatively firm sand/ mud or shell/mud mixture is best. As a rule, large clams, known as "chowders," tend to be tough so pick smaller clams for the best eating. Clams must be at least one inch thick or approximately two and one-half inches in diameter to be legally harvested.
Storage and Cooking
Freshly harvested shellfish may be eaten immediately or stored for later use. To store oysters or clams alive in the shell, keep them in cool temperatures or refrigerate them. Refrigerated oysters may survive for 48 hours or longer. Leaving mud on the shells will not help keep the shellfish alive so washing them is usually preferable and makes for easier handling. Under ideal conditions, shellfish may be kept alive for up to two weeks. Oyster and clam meats can be shucked from the shell and refrigerated or they may be frozen. However, frozen meats usually darken and do not appear as appetizing as the fresh product.
For more information on oysters and clams in Georgia, or for a free map of recreational shellfish harvesting areas, contact the Georgia Department of Natural Resources ' Coastal Resources Division, One Conservation Way, Brunswick, Georgia, 31523-8600, or call (912) 264-7218.

See~,~~
Uh tpUe'r,te ~ 4eefl, ~ ~
Experience some of the most special parts of Georgia's coast during the third annual Weekend for Wildlife. See exotic wildlife in the Okefenokee Swamp, on White Oak Plantation, and on Sapelo, Cumberland and St. Catherines Islands. Look for the endangered right whale as DNR's research vessel Bagby sails for a pelagic bird watch. Explore estuarine ecology aboard the research vessel Anna. Enjoy wildlife photography during birdwalks and beach walks along beautiful Sea Island.
This exciting weekend costs $695 (couple) and $475 (single) and includes two nights at the 5-Star, 5-Diamond Ooister, meals, resort facilities, day-trips, educational seminars and the fun-filled Saturday night "Wildlife Adventures" party.
Don't miss your chance to see Georgia's coast like you've never seen it before. Write "Weekend for Wildlife," 205 Butler St., SE, Suite 1252, Atlanta, GA 30334 or call (404) 656-0772.
Weekend for Wildlife February 8-10
at The Cloister on Sea Island
All proceeds go to the Georgia Nongame Wildlife Fund
11

Naturally Delicious

Coastal Georgia Shellfish & Crab

Preparing Your Shellfish
W hen shucking oysters or clams, always wear protective gloves to prevent cuts. Use a heavy, dull knife, screwdriver or oyster knife to pry them open. To open the oysters or clams, grip the shell in one hand, slip the knife into any crack around the hinge, and gently pry the shell apart. Live shellfish can hold their shells tightly closed, so a little pressure and twist of the wrist is also necessary.
There are numerous ways to eat shellfish, but a true shellfish lover often drinks the meat straight from the shell, including the seawater inside, known as "shell liquor." Others prefer raw or steamed shellfish with crackers, lemon juice and cocktail sauce. Oysters and clams can also be fried, baked on the half shell, placed in breads, stews and casseroles, sauteed or roasted.
Have An Oyster Roast!
Oyster roasts are popular on the Georgia coast and are a common sight during the fall and winter months. To roast oysters, place a large sheet of metal over an open fire or barbecue pit. Once the sheet is hot, place the oysters on the metal and cover them with wet burlap or some other heavy, wet cloth. The oysters are ready when the shells are slightly opened and can be enjoyed plain or with melted butter and cocktail sauce.
12

Oyster Stew
1 pint oysters, drained 4 tablespoons butter 1 quart milk 11/2 teaspoons salt' 1/8 teaspoon pepper Paprika
Melt butter, add oysters and cook three minutes or until oyster edges curl. Add milk, salt and pepper and bring almost to a boil. Serve at once. Serves eight.

Shipman's Deviled Crabs
1 lb. crab meat (mix 2/3 body to 1/3 claw if preferred)
1 cup bread crumbs, plain or seasoned 2 eggs, well beaten 1-2 tablespoons mayonnaise Worscestershire sauce to taste Tabasco to taste Juice of one lemon or one tablespoon cider vinegar Salt to taste Black pepper to taste 1-2 teaspoons Creole seasoning, depending
on desired spiciness 1 clove garlic, diced finely (optional) 2-3 stalks celery, diced 1 small to medium bell pepper (ripe,
preferably) 1 onion, diced 2/3 stick butter or oleo margarine Paprika
Saute celery, onion, bell pepper and garlic in butter or margarine. Mix in crab meat, bread crumbs, eggs, mustard, mayonnaise, worcestershire, lemon juice or vinegar, salt, pepper and creole seasoning in large mixing bowl. Add sauteed vegetables and mix well. Spoon into crab shells, garnish with paprika. May be wrapped individually or frozen. Cook at 350 degrees for 10 to 12 minutes. Mixture may also be spooned into casserole, topped with grated cheddar cheese and baked uncovered for 25 to 30 minutes at 400 degrees.
-Susan Shipman
Crab Lovers' Spread
lib. Georgia crab meat, fresh or pasteurized
1 package (six to 10 oz.) Italian salad dressing mix
1 cup sour cream 112 cup mayonnaise or salad dressing 1 tablespoon horseradish mustard Chopped parsley (garnish) Assorted chips, crackers or raw vegetables
Remove any shell or cartilage from crab meat. Combine crab meat, salad dressing mix, sour cream, mayonnaise and horseradish mustard. Chill if desired. Garnish with parsley. Serve with crackers, chips or vegetables. Makes about three cups.

Crabs must measure jille inches from spike to spike
to be legaUy hanested in Georgia.
Crab Soume
8 slices white bread 2 cups cooked Georgia crab meat, flaked 1/2 cup mayonnaise 1 small onion, chopped 110 1/2 oz. can asparagus, drained 4 eggs, beaten 3 cups milk 1 can cream of asparagus or cream of mushroom soup 1/2 cup shredded cheddar cheese Paprika
Dice four slices of bread and place in bottom of greased, eight by 12 inch casserole dish. Combine crab meat, mayonnaise and onion. Spread over bread. Top with asparagus. Combine eggs and milk, pour over asparagus. Cover and refrigerate overnight. Bake uncovered at 325 degrees for 15 minutes. Remove from oven and pour soup over top. Sprinkle with cheese and paprika. Continue baking for 50 minutes or until set. Serves eight.
(Recipes contributed by DNR Coastal Resources Division staff.)
13

The new GSU observatory at Hard Labor Creek near Rutledge.

Stargazing
At Hard Labor Creek State Park
By Kathy L. Matthews
14

0 n a dark, clear night the skies seem alive with the sparkle of far away objects. To the average eye, all of the twinkle is from distant stars. Maybe a constellation or two appear- the big dipper or a zodiac sign. But to a group of researchers at Hard Labor Creek State Park, the illuminations are more than fabled pictures in the sky; they are variable and binary stars, planets, quasars, quasar-like objects or a variety of other things, all integral parts of the universe.
The opening of the Hard Labor Creek Observatory at Hard Labor Creek State Park near Rutlege, Ga., marks the beginning of several research programs at Georgia State University (GSU). In a cooperative agreement with GSU, the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) provided the land for Georgia State's observatory The facility was built
... by GSU and the Georgia Board of Regents, and will be
operated by the University
Local Observatory Was Needed
Faculty and staff astronomers and graduate students at Georgia State University for some time have been actively involved in astronomical observations with telescopes in

Arizona, Hawaii, New Mexico, Mexico and the Chilean Andes. GSU has also worked with the NASA International Ultraviolet Explorer Satellite. The growing Department of Physics and Astronomy at Georgia State, however, was badly in need of a local observatory for long-term monitor-
... ing programs, for training students and testing new equip-
ment. In 1986, the National Science Foundation began seeking
a new home for a 16-inch research telescope from the National Astronomy Observatory at Kitt Peak, Arizona. Not prepared to continue paying the cost of operating the telescope, the Foundation announced the telescope's availability to astronomy programs with no facilities. Institutions from all over the nation submitted proposals for the use of the instrument, competing for access to the equipment.
Early in the proposal stages, GSU began discussion with DNR about the feasibility of locating the observatory within a state park. The bright lights of metropolitan Atlanta would severely limit the power of the astronomical equipment, so GSU sought a dark location, easily accessible to the university's downtown campus. A site was selected on a hilltop at Hard Labor Creek State Park, in a relatively undeveloped area.
GSU was awarded the telescope, a dome in which to house it, and a variety of instrumentation. Agnes Scott College, also seeking a darker sky for its telescope, relocated a 30-inch telescope to the Hard Labor Creek observatory The telescope had been operated by the Decatur college since the late 1940s. The two educational institutions now share time on the 30-inch telescope equally
"This observatory is a fine example of interagency cooperation," comments Jim Pittman of the DNR Real Estate Unit. "The effort helps Georgia State in becoming a premier astronomy school and this spills back over into educational opportunities for Agnes Scott, as well as recreation within the Georgia State Parks system."
The joint venture not only gives Georgia State University a research facility, it also offers the park's visitors still another recreational activity GSU schedules special star-gazing programs throughout the year for park users. The schedule is set on a quarterly basis and those interested may contact the park.
Significance of Research
In addition to the two large telescopes, the Hard Labor Creek Observatory has three eight-inch portable telescopes. Other equipment includes a photo-electric photometer, used to measure the brightness of celestial objects, and an image tube, which intensifies the light of very distant stars, making faint stars more visible to researchers.
Under the direction of Dr. H.R. Miller, the observatory has begun several research projects. Tying into the basic question of how the universe was formed, quasars and quasar-like objects are being studied. These light sources, billions of light years away, are seen today on Earth as they actually were 10 billion years ago. Work in the areas of binary and variable stars ties into several larger pursuits -

Sophisticated equipment at GSU' s observatory will allow astronomers to record previously undetectable stars.
discovery of how stars, including our own sun, were formed; insight into how fast stars live out their lives; and the search for planets and other stars. New programs and additional instrumentation are being planned.
A new telescope for spectroscopic observations of stars is being built. The special purpose telescope will include a spectrograph and a direct "charge coupled device" (CCD) camera and will have the largest aperture of any telescope in the Southeast.
A CCD camera captures incoming photons of light and rather than using photographic plates, creates images in numerical readings, enabling the data to be read by computers. The significance of a larger aperture is that less light is required to capture a photographic image, and very distant stars and dying stars previously unrecordable can be recorded and researched. Several research programs requiring extremely precise measurements will be made possible by such equipment.
Finding the Park
Hard Labor Creek State Park is located on 5,805 acres just north of Rutledge, Georgia. Activities at the park include hiking, horseback riding (no horse rental), golf on an 18-hole championship golf course and fishing in either of the park's two lakes. Overnight facilities include 49 tent and trailer sites and 20 rental cottages. For more information on Hard Labor Creek State Park or the new observatory, contact the park at (404) 557-2863.
15

Controlling Toxics
In the Environment

Intensive efferts to control toxics in the environment will eliminate many in coming years, and greatly reduce many more.

By Lucy 1ustus and Deborah Dewberry
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F or the past two years, minimizing toxic s in the environment, and eliminating them whenever possible, has been the Georgia Department of Natural Resources ' (DNR) highest priority This priority is set forth in DNR 's Five-Year Strategy, a comprehensive management plan updated yearly to meet the state's changing environmental challenges.
Toxics are substances that, in certain quantities , can endanger the health of humans, plants and animals. They may be released into the environment through industrial processes, accidental spills during their transport, or in other ways. DNR 's Environmental Protection Division (EPD)

has the front-line responsibility for controlling toxics in the environment.
Although DNR has been controlling toxic substances since 1972, industries have developed and marketed thousands of new chemicals since. As scientific research has increased understanding of the effects of toxic substances on human health, DNR 's efforts to control their occurrence in air, land and water have kept pace.
"Controlling toxics is a long-range effort which will require continuing work, but with the strategy developed and the cooperation of industries, demonstrable progress in most of our program areas has been made," says Harold F. Reheis, Assistant

DNR' s Emergency Response Team is on call 24 hours a day for incidents related to chemical spills (far left). Far right, a DNR Land Protection inspector conducts an onsite review ofplans for a sanitary landfill.

Director of Environmental Protection. "DNR 's strategy is aimed at reducing or eliminating any source of chemicals in the environment to levels below established standards for air, surface water, groundwater, community water systems and solid waste management facilities ," he adds.
Laws are important in controlling toxics. "EPD currently administers 20 state and federal laws, most aimed primarily at protecting the public from harmful contaminants in the environment," Rehei s adds. "Of the federa l laws, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) with its Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know program, are

among the newest approaches to controlling toxics."
A Task Force of representatives from DNR 's Land, Air and Water Protection branches has been formed recently to help assure that all pollution control efforts, including those for toxics, concentrate on elimination, rather than moving contaminants from one waste stream to another, according to John Taylor, DNR 's Chief of Land Protection.
"As a multimedia team , the Task Force coordinates to make sure pollutants, including toxics, are reduced ," he says. Taylor adds that DNR 's hazardous waste inspectors are being trained in how toxics

are generated, as well as how they can be reducedoreliminated. AllEPD's inspectors will eventually be able to work with industries for better pollution control in this way, he adds.
DNR also maintains extensive monitoring networks and a specially trained Emergency Response Team, on call around the clock, to help minimize environmental impact in emergencies related to accidental releases of chemicals. The team is currently being expanded to make it even more effective, according to Reheis.
Air Protection
Since the 1970s, the state has adopted and enforced federal hazardous air emission standards as soon as the U.S. EPA has developed them , according to Bob Collom, chief of DNR 's Air Protection Branch. In the early 1980s, DNR developed and implemented a Toxics Guideline Procedure to control emissions of certain toxics well before the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began to impose controls, he adds. "Over the past 20 years the federal government has only regulated seven toxic compounds. The state's Toxics
17

Georgia Industries Improve Source Control of Hazardous Waste

C urrent indications are that the volume of hazardous waste produced in Georgia last year will be 32 million tons lower than that produced in 1987. A number of industries have made striking permanent reductions in the amount of hazardous waste generated:
In Savannah, Kemira, Inc., installed treatment tanks to neutralize acid waste from production of titanium dioxide. The company reduced its waste by 90 percent, from 36.8 million tons in 1987 to 3.7 million tons in 1989.
Hobart Corp., Richmond Hill, eliminated 3,282 tons of hazardous waste by changing methods of cleaning and degreasing equipment.
Federal Pacific Electric Co., Vidalia, improved its system for managing sludge from its electroplating operation, reducing hazardous waste by 6,172 tons.
In Atlanta, Delta Air Lines eliminated 580 tons of hazardous waste by modifying its waste treatment plant to separate oil and grease from plating shop waste.

Koppers Co. in Conley eliminated 100 tons of toxie waste by changing its method of handling wood-preserving refuse.
Lockheed Georgia of Marietta enhanced its treatment of electroplating waste and reduced hazardous waste generated by 234 tons.
Merck and Co. ofAlbany closed a surface impoundment and improved process controls and utilization of manufacturing equipment, resulting in more than a 99 percent reduction of hazardous waste generated.
Metalux Lighting of Americus changed its paint application system, substituting a nonhazardous polyester powder coat paint for formerly used compounds. Better housekeeping was instituted and together, thse steps reduced hazardous waste generation by 85 percent. Metalux Lighting also won the 1990 Georgia Recycler ofthe Year Award in the industrial category. The award' s 1989 winner was RhonePoulenc.
Source reduction measures like these are the best alternatives for hazardous waste.

Guideline Procedure reviews over 400 toxic compounds," Collom asserts.
DNR uses the Toxics Guideline Procedure to review substances released by all new and modified emission sources that must be permitted by the state, says Collom. Since 1984, DNR has used the Procedure to screen the emissions of over 800 industries.
Under the Procedure DNR limits allowable emissions to approximately one-hundredth of the safe exposure standard used by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), the federal body governing chemical exposure in the workplace. In 1988 and 1989, DNR used the Toxics Guideline Procedure to review the emissions of approximately 350 existing companies which emit 12 compounds the U.S. EPA had expressed concern about on a national level. Twelve companies needed additional controls to limit emissions of these substances to acceptable air quality levels around the plants. New permit limits were given these companies and
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all will be in compliance by December 31, 1990.
In 1988, methanol and acetone from pulp and paper mills accounted for 46 percent of all the air toxics released in Georgia. Between 80 and 90 percent of these emissions will soon be eliminated. DNR has required that paper mills reduce odor-causing sulfur gases during 1992, and the odor-control technology will also substantially cut the methanol and acetone emitted by these plants.
Congress has been considering major amendments to the Federal Clean Air Act, which are expected to be passed. According to Collom, the amendments will include a new section on toxic emissions control. Whereas current law requires U.S. EPA to set standards based on research determining what levels ofemissions are safe, which can take years, the new amendments will require that companies, in the next 10 to 12 years, install maximum controls for about 190 compounds without waiting for re-

search. U.S. EPA will then evaluate any residual risks. If significant risks still exist, more controls will be added, Collom explains.
The approach recognizes the critical need for research that safe exposure standards can be based on, and the need to control toxics while research is incomplete.
Water Protection
In December 1989, the Board of Natural Resources adopted new water quality standards for 119 toxic chemicals in Georgia. A review ofdischargers identified 49 industrial and municipal facilities which needed to improve or modify their wastewater treatment to reduce toxics in discharges, according to the new standards. All improvements must be completed by June 1993. Meanwhile, DNR is gathering additional information on other dischargers. When their permits are renewed, discharge limits will be adjusted when such changes are necessary to meet the new standards.
Drinking Water. U.S. EPA has established standards for 30 contaminants in drinking water DNR tests Georgia's drinking water for these and 50 additional pollutants. Each public water system must submit samples to DNR for laboratory analysis. (The analysis is done without charge to the owner/operator ofthe system.)
In 1988, 1989 and 1990, DNR tested more than 800 water systems serving 80 percent ofthe state's total population. Wells in seven of these communities exceeded safety standards for certain contaminants and six were immediately removed from service. The owner of the seventh well is under order to achieve compliance.
Land Protection
The goal of minimizing the potential for toxics in the environment is as vital as reduction of actual releases. In this vein, significant progress has been seen in the area ofhazardous waste, according to Land Protection Branch Chief John Taylor. "The state's Hazardous Waste Management Program has succeeded in getting all facilities that treat, store or dispose of hazardous waste in Georgia under strict controls, well ahead of the deadline required by federal law Georgia has also prohibited all land disposal ofhazardous waste since 1988. Now it must be rendered nonhazardous on-site or shipped to a designated hazardous waste facility, usually out-of-state, for proper disposal," Taylor points out.

DNR recently received a $300,000 grant from the U.S. EPA to expand a pollution prevention program begun in 1989. In cooperation with Georgia Tech, DNR 's Environmental Protection Division is helping industries find methods and/or teehnologies for reducing or eliminating hazardous pollutants.
DNR also works with industrial property owners to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous waste before the generation and disposal of these materials were regulated. "Many of these sites are now cleaned up as part ofreal estate transactions," Taylor says. "We receive 25 to 30 requests per month for information about sites. Hardly anybody buys business property now without an environmental assessment showing that the land is free of contamination."
DNR administers a trust fund to clean up sites contaminated after July 1, 1988 by leaking underground storage tanks (USTs). The program is funded by owner/ operators of underground tanks who electively pay a one-tenth-cent per gallon fee on the fuel products they store in tanks. Owner/operators who elect not to participate in contributing to the trust fund must provide assurance to the state that they are financially able to clean up any contamination caused by their tanks.
In most cases where leaking tanks have caused groundwater pollution before 1988, when Georgia's Underground Storage Tank Act began regulating USTs, the owners carry out the cleanup. If the owner is unavailable or unwilling to decontaminate the area, the U.S. EPA decontaminates the area and recovers costs at a later date.
The state's solid waste management rules which went into effect in June 1989 require liners, leachate collection systems, monitoring wells, methane gas monitoring and more stringentclosure and post-closure care for sanitary landfills, Taylor points out. These measures will protect groundwater against the possibility of leakage from landfills.
Emergency Planning
The 1984 tragedy in Bhopal, India, in which more than 2,000 people died from the accidental release ofmethyl isocyanate, prompted the federal government to begin a program to determine what extremely hazardous materials are used in this country and where they are located, says Jim Setser, Chief of DNR 's Program Coordination Branch. "One result was Title III of the

DNR tests groundwater for contaminants . Statewide monitoring networks with approximately 100 stations each continuously gauge air and water quality.

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), requiring industries that handle more than the specified amount of any of several hundred hazardous substances, to notify state, local and federal authorities that these materials are in the community," Setser explains. The companies are also required to report any release of these materials to the environment and to develop plans for handling emergencies involving these chemicals.
"Through this reporting we know what toxics are located where, and can respond more quickly and efficiently in emergencies, and work more closely with industries to reduce releases and the potential for releases," Setser says.
Since 1973, DNR's Environmental Protection Division has had a specially trained Emergency Response Team, on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The team's first responsibility is to minimize the environmental impact ofhazardous chemicals in emergencies. The team's second responsibility is to gather evidence for enforcement actions. The team receives 3,000 reports ofchemical related incidents yearly
In the past, team members have been volunteers combining emergency service

with their regular jobs. DNR has recently established a full-time team, however, which will be extensively cross-trained and will follow through on enforcement actions. "A full-time team will result in more timely enforcement actions," Setser points out.
DNR is currently expanding its laboratory program, adding additional staff and cross-training them, partly because of the increased emphasis on analyzing toxic substances. Among the positions being added will be a toxicologist, or expert on toxics.
DNR maintains statewide monitoring networks with approximately 100 stations each, for continuous monitoring of air and water quality and background levels of radioactive materials. DNR is currently monitoring groundwater on the coastal plain to assure that aquifers contain no harmful pollutants.
DNR's ongoing, intensive efforts to control toxics will, in the next few years, eliminate some from the environment and greatly reduce many more. However, the lifestyles people have developed produce an enormous volume and variety of hazardous substances. Eliminating their occurrence in_ the environment will be a continuing challenge, and remains DNR's highest priority
19

Reduce the Waste Stream
Citizens can effectively help reduce waste through recycling. Here, sorted materials await curbside pickup.
By Thomas Smith
E very Georgian generates approximately 4.5 pounds of garbage each day. Collectively at that rate, six million residents generate 13,500 tons of garbage daily. As a nation, Americans dispose of an estimated 160 million tons of garbage annually.
These startling numbers have been on the rise in Georgia and nationally since the 1890s, when the first organized efforts to amass waste in landfills began. The figures indicate a general reluctance to reduce the solid waste stream, or cut down on the garbage we generate in our homes, offices and businesses.
Primary reasons for the present burgeoning waste situation are convenience and economics - the use of a wide range of products that are disposable rather than reusable; availability of products which cost less to replace than repair; and increases in overpackaged products. The consequences of the "throw-away" lifestyle are conclusive: the United States produces more than twice as much waste, per capita, as any other country.
Efforts to Manage It
Efforts to manage solid waste have improved significantly in the past 20 years. More communities, governments and industries are concerned about the reality of dwindling natural resources and the need to conserve raw materials, while reducing the waste generated. In addition, the difficulty in siting environmentally acceptable solid waste disposal sites is forcing renewed efforts in waste reduction.
During the 1990 session of the Georgia General Assem-
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bly, legislators unanimously approved the Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Act of 1990. Provisions of the bill mandate: l) a 25 percent reduction, statewide, in the amount of municipal solid waste generated by the year 1996; 2) an annual status report of Georgia's solid waste situation beginning in January 1991; and 3) solid waste management plans by each local government by July 1992.
As individuals, everyone can reduce the wasteful consumption and use of products that glut the waste stream. Here are tips you can use to control waste generated:
Precyclingis becoming achoice for environmentally-conscious individuals, families and communities, and involves selecting products on the basis of their "safeness" for the environment. To "precycle" in your home, buy in bulk. Look for products in retiUable containers. Avoid nonrecyclable packaging. Don't pay for overpackaging. Take your own bag to the store and reuse it.
Recycle glass, aluminum, plastic, newspapers and other materials, as well as the oil you change in your car. By separating these items at home, you are reducing quantities of solid waste that would have gone to landfills. Through the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Project PETRO program, you can calll-800-GA-EPD to fmd the location of a used oil collection center near your community. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution operates a Recycling Hotline (222-2000) to direct peopfe to recycling stations.
Compost food and yard waste. Nearly all kitchen scraps - coffee grounds, potato peels, eggshells and melon rinds - make good compost. Composting will save space in your trash can and in your community's landfill. DNR and your county extension office have information on home composting systems.
Various state agencies are participating in waste reduction programs. In one such program, DNR and 29 agencies currently recycle white and computer paper, in cooperation with the Georgia Building Authority and Browning-Ferris Industries of Georgia, Inc. During the first two months of the program, DNR cut overall waste generation by 41 percent.
On a larger scale, McDonald's, the world's largest fast food chain, has developed waste reduction programs. The company has begun to recycle polystyrene foam packaging and reduce the amount of packaging for all its food and drink items. Measures like these keep tens of millions of pounds of materials from entering the waste stream. Also, through redesigning the shipping packs for several foods, the company has eliminated the need for additional millions of pounds of packaging.
Georgia based Coca-Cola Co., Chick-Fil-A and other large corporations have also begun innovative waste management and/or recycling programs. Numerous companies are following such examples and initiating their own waste reduction and recy'eling programs.
Efforts to reduce the solid waste we generate appear promising. With statewide solid waste reduction, individual and family waste control participation, and government and corporate programs, people can unlearn the "throw-away" lifestyle and greatly offset the need for landfills.

Calendar

Many state parks and historic sites will host native American events this fall.

SEPTEMBER
INDIAN COOKING PROGRAM September 15, 10 a.m. 3:30p.m. Etowah Historic Site, Cartersville 404/387-3747
ARTS AND CRAFTS FESTIVAL September 15, 9 a.m.- 4:30 p.m. Crooked River State Park, St. Marys Free. 912/882-5256.
HAMBURG HARVEST FESTIVAL September 15, 9 a.m. - 10 p.m.; Sept. 16, 9 a.m. - 6 p.m. Hamburg State Park, Mitchell 912/552-2393.
FALADAY September 16, 1 - 4 p.m. Little White House Historic Site, Warm Springs Admission fee. 404/655-3511.
POW/MIA DAY September 16,2- 4 p.m. Georgia Veterans Memorial State Park, Cordele Free. 912/273-2190.

Juliette; 912/986-5172.
BATS September 29, 7 - 9 p.m. Panola Mountain Conservation Park, Stockbridge Free. 404/474-2914.
NATIVE AMERICANS OF THE SOUTHEAST September 29, 10 - 4; 8 9 p.m. Unicoi State Park, Helen Free. 404/878-2201, ext. 283.
PLANTATION STORYTELLING September 29, 10 a.m. - 3:30 p.m. Jarrell Plantation, Juliette Admission fee. 912/986-5172.
AUTUMN LEAVES ARTS & CRAFTS September 29 & 30, 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. John Tanner State Park, Carrollton Free. 404/832-7545.
OCTOBER
INDIGO, A COLONIAL EXPORT October 6, 11 a.m. - 4 p.m. Sunbury Historic Site, Midway Admission fee. 912/884-5999.

CCC REUNION September 20 - 23 F.D. Roosevelt State Park, Pine Mtn. Free. 404/663-4858.

INDIAN RECOGNITION MONTH October 6, 13, & 20; 1 p.m. Indian Springs State Park, Indian Springs Free. 404/775-7241.

CHEROKEE HOMECOMING DAY September 22, 9:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. New Echota Historic Site, Calhoun Free. 404/629-8151.
STORYTELLING WORKSHOP September 22 Jarrell Plantation Historic Site,

ARTIFACT IDENTIFICATION & WEAPON DEMONSTRATION DAY October 13, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Kolomoki Historic Park, Blakely 912/723-3398.
HARVEST FESTIVAL October 13, 10:30 a.m. - 9:30 p.m.

Tugaloo State Park, Lavonia Free. 404/356-4362.
ENDANGERED BIRDS October 13, 1() a.m. - Noon Laura S. Walker State Park, Waycross Free. 912/287-4900.
NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE APPRECIATION DAY October 13, 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. Amicalola Falls State Park, Dawsonville Free. 404/265-2885.
MOUNTAIN FIBER CREATIONS October 13 & 14, 10 a.m.- 4 p.m. Unicoi State Park, Helen 404/878-2201, ext. 283.
OLD MILL POND ARTS & CRAFTS October 13, 10 a.m.- 6 p.m.; October 14, Noon- 6 p.m. George L. Smith State Park, Twin City Free. 912/763-2885.
OCTOBERFEST October 20, 1 - 6 p.m. F.D. Roosevelt State Park, Pine Mtn. Free. 404/663-4858.
MUSHROOM WONDER October 20, 9:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. Panola Mountain Conservation Park, Stockbridge Free. 404/474-2914.
NIGHT OF GOTHIC HORROR October 26, 7 - 8 p.m. Lapham-Patterson House Historic Site, Thomasville Admission fee. 912/225-4004.
EXCAVATING TECHNIQUES October 27, 10 a.m.- 4 p.m. Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site, Cartersville Admission fee. 404/387-3747.
OUTDOOR SKILLS PROGRAM October 27, 10 a.m.- 5 p.m. John Tanner State Park, Carrollton Free. Preregistration required. 404/832-7545.
FALL HARVEST MUSIC AND DANCE October 27,2-4 p.m. & 8- 11 p.m. Unicoi State Park, Helen Concert admission: $3/adults; $1/ages 6-12; kids under six free. 404/878-2201, ext. 282.
A NIGHT AT OLD FORT KING GEORGE October 27,10 a.m.- 5 p.m. & October 28, 10 a.m. - 9 p.m. Fort King George Historic Site, Darien Admission fee. 912/437-4770.
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DN
FILM & VIDEO PRODUCTIONS
G eorgia, the largest state east of the Mississippi, stretches across almost 60,000 square miles of mountains, swamps, beaches, and forests . The Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) serves as custodian for these natural areas, and for the rich plant and animal life that flourishes here.
DNR films and videotapes reflect Georgia 's abundant natural resources. These award-winning productions deal with important conservation issues and encourage a better understanding of our environment. Because of their exceptional quality, many of these programs have achieved widespread national and international recognition.
All DNR productions are available on 16mm film, 3/4" videotape, and 1/2" VHS videotape. They are loaned at no charge or can be purchased.
TO ORDER A FREE FILM & VIDEO CATALOGUE, Contact DNR Film & Video, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 205 Butler Street, SE, Suite 1258, Atlanta, GA 30334, (404) 656-0772

DNR Outdoor Report Georgia Department of Natural Resources 205 Butler St. S.E. Suite 1252 Atlanta, Ga. 30334

BULK RATE U.S. POSTAGE
PAID Permit No. 1043 Atlanta, Ga. 30334
lOM/$5313