Outdoors in Georgia [Jan. 1979]

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Outdoors
Georgia
Japuary 1979 75*

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JAN A

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George Busbee
Governor
Joe D. Tanner
Commissioner
BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Lloyd L. Summer, Jr. Chairman
Rome-- 7th District
J. Wimbric Walker Vice Chairman
McRae-- 8th District Sam Cofer
Secretary St. Simons Island
Coastal District Dolan E. Brown
-- Twin City 1st District
J. Leonard Eubanks Pelham-- 2nd District
Alton Draughon Pinehurst-- 3rd District
Linda S. Billingsley Atlanta-- 4th District
Mary Bailey Izard Atlanta-- 5th District
Marvin Billups, Jr. Atlanta-- 6th District
Donald J. Carter Gainesville-- 9th District
Walter W. Eaves Elberton-- 10th District
Leonard E. Foote Waleska-- State-at-Large
James H. Butler
-- Marietta State-at-Large
A. Leo lanman, Jr. Ro swell-- State -ci t-Large
Wade H. Coleman
Valdosta-- State-at-Large
DIVISION DIRECTORS
Parks, Recreation and Historic Sites
Division
Henry D. Struble, Director
Game and Fish Division
Leon Kirkland, Director
Environmental Protection Division J. Leonard Ledbetter, Director
Office of Information and Education David Cranshaw, Director
Office of Administrative Services James H. Pittman, Director
Coastal Resources Division Robert J. Reimold, Director

OutdOOrS ip Georgia |

Volume 9

January 1979

Number 1

FEATURES

Andrews Raid: The Great Locomotive Chase . . Billy Townsend 2

.... OIG Interview: Leon Kirkland

Lucy Justus 8

Learning to Cope . . . Mary Eleanor Wickersham 12

Lighthouses

Gib Johnston 15

The Mansion at
Milledgeville

Mary Eleanor Wickersham 21

.... Focus: Georgia's Protected Species
Mary Anne Neville-Young and Ron Odom 25

Tide Tables 1979

29

FRONT COVER: The lighthouse at Cockspur Island. Photo by Gib Johnston.
BACK COVER: Painting of the bald eagle, an endangered species, by Barbara Win-
stead of Rome.

Phone--656-5660

MAGAZINE STAFF

David Cranshaw Aaron Pass

Editor-in-Chief Editor

Susan K. Wood
Brenda Lauth . Lucy Justus Liz Carmichael Jones

Managing Editor Circulation Manager
Writer Art Director

Michael Nunn Bob Busby Edward Brock Bill Bryant

Illustrate
Photo Editc Photographs Photographs

Outdoors in Georgia is the official monthly magazine of the Georgia Department of Nature Resources, published at the Department's offices, Room 714, 270 Washington Street, Atlanti Georgia 30334. Publication Number 217140. No advertising accepted. Subscriptions are $ for one year or $9 for three years. Gift subscriptions must be prepaid. Printed by Williarr Printing Company, Atlanta, Georgia. Copyright 1978, Outdoors in Georgia Magazine. Cor tributions are welcome, but the editors assume no responsibility or liability for loss or damage of articles, photographs, or illustrations. Second-class postage paid at Atlanta, Georgia. 29,000 copies printed at an approximate cost of $15,000. The Department of Natural Resources is an equal opportunity employer, and offers all persons the opportunity
to compete and participate in each area of DNR employment regardless of race, color, sex,
religion, national origin, age, physical or mental handicap or other non-merit factors.
Change of address: Please allow 8 weeks for address changes to become effective. Send old address as well as new address (old mailing label is preferred).
ISSN0147-720X

Outdoor
Corpnjerjtary

Whither Earth Day?

What is the status of conservation as an im-
portant public issue in 1979? Is it still a viable concern with broad public support or is it al-
ready passing into the recesses of memory along
with peace marches, 1950's nostalgia and other cultural artifacts of the 1970's?
The present decade was ushered in by Earth Day with a host of bright and beautiful attendants who professed the concept of wholeness of earth and the need to protect our ecological (sic) framework. Remember all those ". . . earth is a spaceship . . ." mottos on office walls?
Their vision caught on and great strides were
made on behalf of many environmental concerns. Now, however, there is a reported withering of ardor as we face increasing costs of living,
oil crises and reports of famine abroad and unreasonable grocery prices at home.
There has been considerable "I told you soing" from divergent quarters as former anti-eco-
freak spokespeople lay much of the blame on
environmental regulations which stymie indus-
try. From the other camp we hear, "Aha!, the
proflagrant waste of the Earth's resources has
caught up with you and now you're going to pay."
In truth, double digit inflation affects us all
January 1979

with no respect to where we stood on Earth Day. Also in truth, much has changed since the debut of the Decade of the Environment nine years ago. Its proponents and opponents are of course older and presumably milder. The issues are now less clearly divided by "good guy/bad guy" images and are being perceived, quite correctly, as more complex than previously thought.
Facing facts squarely, we must also admit that the conservation cause is now past the point of dynamic growth and does evince a certain ennui. This has thinned the ranks of some of the more feverish types who draw their intensity from the
limelight.
Now is the time for the hard work of refining
yesterday's enthusiasms into the workable solu-
tions for tomorrow. The energy crisis is real, and
so are several other environmental problems. This suggests that although the days of conserva-
tion flag waving may be gone, we must continue
to pursue solutions to problems which affect our
daily lives.
Received
JAN 23 1979
DOCUMENTS
V U LIBRARIES

THE GREAT LOCOMOTIVE
CHASE

^pombine the movie plots of Von Ryan's Express, The Great Escape, To Hell and Back, Judgment at Nuremburg with a dash of The Dirty Dozen and you
have most of the elements of the Andrew's Raid during the Civil War.
Over 1 200 articles and books have been published
concerning the Andrew's Raid. Two full-length movies
have been made around the raid. One, The General, is a classic silent comedy which starred Buster Keaton. The latest, The Great Locomotive Chase, was a Disney production starring Fess Parker, which was filmed
A partly in North Georgia. complete museum at
Kennesaw is devoted to the raid and a locomotive-sized
exhibit concerning the raid is located in Atlanta's
Cyclorama. Of course, the balladeers and the comic book industry could not miss an opportunity like the
raid either.
Why all the attention? Just the bare bones of the
story give an indication of why the Andrew's Raid
warranted and received this attention.
On the Virginia front, Union General George B.
McClellan was waging his disastrous Peninsula Campaign. In early April, 1862 the war in the West was more violent. The Battle of Pittsburgh Landing (Shiloh to the Yankee reader) was taking place as our story begins.
The Union Commander in west Tennessee, Brigadier General O. M. Mitchell, was looking toward the next target. He planned to penetrate the Confederate line
and seize lightly defended Chattanooga via Huntsville,
A Alabama. daring spy, James J. Andrews, proposed
an audacious plan that could have aided Mitchell. Andrews is a somewhat mysterious figure about
whom little is known. He stated that he was born in Hancock County, Virginia, but the Civil War found
him living in Fleming County, Kentucky. Here, 30-yearold Andrews worked as a house painter and singing

teacher. He was engaged to Miss Elizabeth Layton
and they were planning to marry soon. Fleming County was predominantly pro-Union and Andrews joined the Union cause as a spy. Since Andrews was not adverse
to turning a profit, his several spying trips to the
Confederacy were coupled with trading ventures. The Southerners especially welcomed the quinine that he brought across the lines, and this gave him a certain latitude of movement in Dixie.
Andrews' plan was a bit more ambitious than running quinine through the lines and returning with military information, which had been his normal course.
He intended to take a group of men 100 miles behind enemy lines, steal a train near Atlanta and burn railroad bridges behind him, all the way back to Tennessee.
General Mitchell approved the plan because, if successful, it would slow reinforcements to Chattanooga while he was moving in from the west. Earlier Andrews
had brought eight men into Atlanta to steal a train
and burn bridges, but their engineer, a Unionist from Georgia, failed to show up. Andrews, greatly dis-
appointed, and his volunteers, greatly relieved, made their way back to the Union lines. These eight volunteers were brave but not brave enough to try a
second time. Mitchell called for volunteers from three regiments
of Ohio Volunteer Infantry (O.V.I.) for the highly dangerous secret mission. Eight men from the 33rd O.V.I. , nine from the 21st O.V.I, and five from the 2nd O.V.I, plus a civilian replacement for a second regiment soldier volunteered. William Campbell, the civilian, had a shady background and was rather anxious to leave that particular area because of problems with the law.
The 23 men met with James J. Andrews in a dripping wet woods just off the Wartrace road near Shelbyville, Tennessee. The men, dressed in civilian clothing and

Japuary 1979

armed with revolvers, divided into small groups. Their orders were to make their way to Marietta, 20 miles north of Atlanta, board a northbound train together and await instructions from Andrews.
Andrews issued the same "cover story" to all the volunteers. The men on the way south were to say that they were from Fleming County, Kentucky and were on the way to join the Confederate Army. If they were questioned closely they were to join the nearest regiment. Private James Smith and Corporal Samuel Llewellyn had to do just that near Jasper, Tennessee. They later made their way to the Union lines.
In addition to the same cover story, Andrews made another error that was to have disastrous consequences. On the way south Andrews decided that the constant rain would slow Mitchell so he delayed their planned theft from April 1 1 to April 12. John Reed Porter and Martin Hawkins arrived in Marietta on the 10th and were not seen by the other 20 raiders. Most of the nervous raiders tried to sleep at the Kennesaw House, three or four to a bed. Before daybreak on April 12, Andrews gathered the remaining raiders around him for final instructions. Porter and Hawkins had still not
been seen so the others boarded the train without them. The train was a mixed passenger and freight, pulled
by one of the Western and Atlantic's (W. & A.) finest locomotives. The engineer was Jeff Cain, the fireman was Andrew J. Anderson and the conductor was
William A. Fuller. Anthony Murphy, foreman of machine and motive power for the Atlanta Shops, was on the train headed for Allatoona to check a stationary steam engine. Seven miles north from Marietta the locomotive, General, made a twenty-minute breakfast stop at Big Shanty (presently Kennesaw).
When the passengers and crew piled out for breakfast
at the Lacy Hotel, Andrews gave his orders to steal the train. There were three empty boxcars behind the engine and tender. Andrews ordered sixteen men into the cars, pulled the coupling pin behind them and walked to the General. Andrews, his two engineers, Private William J. Knight, Private Wilson W. Brown, and Private John A. Wilson clambered aboard the General. Sounds simple, but this took place within fifty
feet of the guard line around Camp McDonald where
several thousand Confederate recruits were training.
When the train pulled out, Fuller, Murphy and
Cain rushed out of the Lacy Hotel and started out
after it, much to the Camp McDonald guard's amusement. Before starting out, Murphy sent a messenger to Marietta to start a pursuit. Whether these men were
reacting instincively to get their train back, chasing
joyriding recruits or deserters they did not know at that time. They did what they perceived their duty to be. Surely they would recover their train two miles up the track where a crew was working at Moon Station.
That was not to be. The General had stopped to build up steam pressure that had gone down at Big Shanty. The sixteen closed up in that boxcar spent some anxious moments while the boiler was heated until the

pressure built up to the 120 pounds needed by the
General. Instead of being stopped at Moon Station the
raiders borrowed some tools and loaded some ties to use for blocking track and burning bridges. Brown had gotten an iron bar with which he planned to pull up spikes. Then, and all day long, he regretted that it was not a crowbar especially designed for pulling spikes.
The General's real crew was only minutes behind
when they jogged into Moon Station. The pursuers borrowed the work crew's hand car and started down
the long grade to the Etowah River. Their suspicions
A were more aroused. cut telegraph line indicated
more than a lark or a deserter at work. The pursuers moved on, sometimes having to stop to remove ties laid across the tracks by the raiders, sometimes even having to lift the handcar over missing rails.
The raiders were well in front and moving northward, through Acworth, Allatoona and then across the
W A Etowah River, where the piers of the & bridge
can still be seen. The raiders felt free. They had no idea that pursuit had begun. There was no telegraph station at Big Shanty and the line was cut behind them.
A branch line serving the Cooper Iron Works offered
the next problem. The engine Yonah was standing just yards from the main line. Andrews decided it presented no problem so the raiders left it in peace.
Fuller, Murphy, Cain and two hands from the section gang were catching up while the raiders stopped to pull up track, cutting telegraph wire and taking on wood and water. At Acworth, Murphy and Fuller borrowed two old shotguns and picked up two more men to help push and pole the handcar. The Yonah was still sitting there when the pursuers reached the
Etowah River. When Fuller explained the situation the
Yonah pulled out after the General and the "Great Locomotive Chase" was truly on.
While the pursuers were struggling just to keep in the chase, one of Andrew's errors caught up with the
raiders. General Mitchell had not delayed his move on Huntsville because of the rain. Mitchell had captured Huntsville and was moving toward Chattanooga. The Confederates were moving material out of the city
and toward Atlanta. Instead of the one passing train at Kingston that the regular schedule called for, there were three. The raiders were delayed for one hour and five precious minutes. Four minutes after they pulled
out, Fuller, Murphy and Cain arrived on the Yonah. With the main line clogged with the trains that had
just passed the raiders, the Yonah could go no further north. Murphy and Fuller started out on foot. The older Jeff Cain had to drop out. After a two mile trek the
Confederate pursuers reached the Rome line where the
William R. Smith was waiting. Loaded with volunteers
the smaller engine took out after the General. Although the raiders were anxious to get to Adairs-
ville, ten miles further north, they felt that they must guard against pursuit. They stopped to cut the telegraph
wire again, take up a rail and load wood to burn the
bridges in the driving rain. While the raiders were lifting

Outdoors \t) Georgia

the rail, without the proper tools, they heard a most
unwelcomed sound. From the south the whistle of what could only be a pursuing locomotive was heard. If the twenty armed men had known the strength of the pursuing train, they might have laid an ambush. They did not know, so no ambush was tried here or at any
other point.
The William R. Smith was stopped by the missing rail and Fuller and Murphy were once again on foot.
Two or three miles up the tracks the pursuers stopped
the Texas, which had passed the General at Adairsville. The engineer of the Texas, Peter Bracken, fireman Henry Haney and wood-passer Alonzo Martin, quickly joined in the pursuit. Bracken backed the Texas to
-- Adairsville, dropped twenty-one freight cars on the
siding and took after the General in reverse. The raiders had left Adairsville with the fair possi-
bility of running head on into the scheduled train. Andrews felt that the risk outweighed the possibility of getting caught. His carefully concocted story of running a wild train of three cars of powder to General Beauregard convinced the station agents once again to let him proceed.
The scheduled train had actually pulled out of Calhoun, but the crew heard the incessant whistle of the General and backed up to allow the General to pull into the siding. Andrews convinced the southbound train to pull out of his way. The track was clear ahead of them and a primary target, the Oostanaula Bridge, was just
ahead. Surely the pursuing train heard at Kingston
had been stopped. The wildly unprobable pursuit could not have been suspected or hardly even imagined.
The pursuers on the Texas pulled into the aroused town of Calhoun and quickly told their story. They
also picked up some help. Young Ed Henderson, the Dalton telegrapher who had come south looking for
the broken line, joined in the chase. Fleming Cox, an
engineer from the Memphis & Charleston, volunteered to take over the fifteen-year-old fireman Henry Haney's
duties. Several passengers also got into the tender of the Texas and the passenger train that the General and
Texas had passed at Calhoun joined in the chase. The engine and tender followed the Texas for the
rest of the chase and on the tender were Captain W. J.
Whitsitt of the 1st Georgia Confederate Volunteers with ten armed soldiers plus some recruits from north Georgia. Before it had been a score of revolvers
against two rusty shotguns. Now the Confederates would
have stood a chance if guns had come into play. The raiders felt they were in the clear, but to make
sure, they stopped to remove a rail about three miles north of Calhoun. They were busy at their work when they heard the whistle of the Texas. As William
Pittenger put it, "A thousand thunderclaps couldn't have startled us more." The raiders scrambled aboard before the rail was lifted, and the chase entered a new
phase. The raiders uncoupled a box car, but it slowed the experienced engineers only momentarily as they slowed to couple it to the Texas and kept on coming.

The rain-soaked Oostanaula Bridge was just ahead but

with the Texas so close, there was no opportunity to

fire it. Another boxcar was dropped in a vain attempt

to slow the Texas.

All pretense of a powder train for Beauregard was

dropped. The ends of the box cars were broken out

so that the raiders could move about freely and so they

could drop ties on the track to slow or derail the Texas.

That the Texas avoided the obstacles is remarkable

in itself. Fuller was riding on top of the tender and

would signal a stop. Four men were turning the brake

wheel with a lever while Murphy and Bracken were

pulling the reverse lever. Once the ties were removed,

it was full speed ahead until the next obstruction.

The raiders had gained enough time with their tactics

to make a fuel and water stop near Tilton, but the

Texas came in sight when they were only half full. The General had to move on. They needed a lead at

Dalton to make sure they could get through the town.

The General was slowed to make sure the switches were

open because by now the raiders were ahead of the

regular schedule, but Dalton was safely passed. Soon

afterward the raiders stopped to cut the telegraph wire.

It was too late.

Ed Henderson had been let off the Texas at Dalton

and all but the last few words of an alarm message got

through to Chattanooga. The track was taken up and a

cannon emplaced and a guard was mounted in the

raiders' path. Behind the raiders there was the Texas

with seven men, the passenger train from Calhoun with

Captain Whitsitt and, further behind, a troop-laden

train that had been brought up from Marietta.

The raiders now were in desperate shape and were

coming to realize it. They failed to try an ambush at the
W A & tunnel near Tunnel Hill and failed to try to fire

any bridges. The rain had dampened the hopes of

burning bridges, and the close pursuit had dampened
A the spirit of the raiders. fire was laid in the last re-

maining box car in hopes of leaving it burning on one

of the bridges across Chickamauga Creek. The General

sped through Ringgold but the wood was running out.

Andrews fully realized their plight and had been

dropping raiders off since Tunnel Hill. Past Ringgold,

Andrews burned everything available but still the

General was faltering for lack of steam. Two miles out

the General was stopped and the remaining raiders

took to the woods.

For 87 miles the General had done everything called

for. Sometimes reaching speeds of over 60 m.p.h. over

a poor track, the General had been bested by an equal

locomotive with a better supply of fuel. When the

Confederates pulled up to check their barely damaged

engine, the Great Locomotive Chase was over but the

story of the Andrews Raid was not. Those hours be-

tween 5:45 a.m. and 1 :00 p.m. were just the beginning

of the ordeal.

HANGED

By April 24, 1 862, 22 of the raiders had been cap-

tured. The cover story of coming from Fleming County,

January 1979

The William R. Smith takes up the chase. The Texas, in reverse, crosses the Oostanaula River.

The end of the chase at Graysville.

Outdoors it? Georgia

James J. Andrews
Kentucky had become the downfall of the men, captured in ones and twos by the military and the aroused populace looking for the "engine thieves and bridge burners." Soon all were gathered at the Swim's Jail in
Chattanooga. On May 3 1 , James J. Andrews was tried
in Chattanooga while twelve other raiders were tried in
Knoxville. When the shells started falling in Chattanooga, the Confederate authorities moved Andrews and his remaining men to Atlanta on June 7th. Within an
hour of his arrival Andrews was taken to the spot that is now near the intersection of Juniper and Third streets where he was hanged and buried. The tall, dignified Andrews went to his fate bravely. His end was not so dignified, though. The cheap cotton rope stretched and Andrews' feet touched the ground. Instead of dying with a clearly broken neck, Andrews strangled after the dirt was dug from under his feet. The papers carried the story across the battle lines, and Elizabeth Layton cancelled her wedding plans and was dead in two years from her intense bereavement.
On June 18, the seven raiders whose court-martial
had been completed were taken from the Fulton County
jail to what is now the southeast corner of Memorial
Drive and South Park Avenue. Here the seven were hanged and buried. Strangely, the raiders were not executed for stealing trains or trying to burn bridges but for "lurking in and around Confederate camps as spies, for the purpose of obtaining information." This charge was probably true of Andrews but not about the others. These raiders were later reinterred in the Chattanooga National Cemetery near a small bronze model of the General.
ESCAPE
In the week between Andrews' sentencing and his execution date, all efforts at Chattanooga were bent
January 1979

A -- toward escape. mass attempt was made by cutting -- through the ceiling with a pocket knife but only
Andrews and John Wollam made it out before the guards were alerted. Andrews was free from June 1 to June 4 and Wollam until late June. Wollam traveled mostly by foot along the Tennessee River and was back inside the Union territory when he was captured by a Rebel raiding party. Andrews had held his boots in his teeth as he climbed from the roof of the jail. He lost them and for the next three days he swam, crawled and sometimes ran from dogs. He lost his shirt, too, and when Andrews returned to jail, his men hardly recognized the gaunt, bruised, sunburned man with the battered, briar-scratched and stone-cut feet. The recaptured Wollam was taken to Atlanta to join his thirteen comrades. In October there was more talk of executing the engine thieves. The fever to escape became hotter and hotter. The fourteen rushed the guards at the evening meal on October 16 in a well-planned mass attempt. Eight of the fourteen eventually made it to
freedom. Alf Wilson and Mark Wood made their way
along the Chattahoochee and all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, where they met the blockading Federal gunboat Somerset. The other six went northward until they made it through the Union lines.
The remaining six raiders stayed in the Fulton County Jail until March 1 863. They were exchanged for Confederate prisoners at City Point, Virginia to finally end the saga of the Andrews Raiders.
CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR
The newly exchanged prisoners were brought to Washington where they were awarded the Medal of Honor. Jacob Parrott, the youngest raider, who had been beaten with a rawhide strap by his captors, was awarded the very first of these medals, which are authorized by Congress. Eventually, 19 of the raiders received the Medal of Honor. Campbell and Andrews were ineligible because they were civilians. George D. Wilson, Samuel Lewellyn and Charles P. Shadrack never received the medal, probably because no one ever
applied for them.
THE METAL VETERANS
The engines that played minor roles are gone. The Yonah was scrapped in Atlanta. The William R. Smith was leased to the Muscogee Railroad and burned in the Columbus shops by Wilson's raiders in April 1865.
Two of the most significant veterans of the Great
Locomotive Chase still exist. The race-winning Texas, extensively changed because of her conversion to coal, is exhibited by the City of Atlanta at the Cyclorama Building at Grant Park.
The General, which was severely damaged in the Atlanta Campaign, also is on exhibit. She rests at Kennesaw, only yards from where she was stolen on April 1 2, 1 862. However, the General on exhibit is not the General of old. The cab is new, the boiler is new and of different configuration. Air brakes were added to make a 1960s tour possible and oil tanks are covered by a fake wood pile, but she is still the General. $^

QB3- INTERVIEW:
LEON

KIBKLAND

By Lucy Justus

"What people see on the surface may be the opposite

of what the situation actually is," said Leon Kirkland,
director of the Game and Fish Division of the Depart-

ment of Natural Resources.

"This year, for instance, there is a considerable move-

ment afoot to increase the bag limit for deer," he con-
tinued. "We are harvesting a lot of deer and people think

there's plenty. But what we are headed for is killing less

than two deer, or not more than two.

"We are losing about 300,000 acres of wildlife habitat
a year to changing land uses. We had a period when A farming activities in Georgia decreased. lot of land

was planted back to timber and a lot was allowed to

grow up naturally. Consequently, we ended up a few

years ago with a maximum amount of the state forested

and a peak deer population.

"But that trend is now going in the other direction.

We Land is being cleared up.

are seeing an accelerated

A rate of clear-cutting and pine monoculture.

small

amount of this, of course, is fine because it provides

wildlife openings and it produces food for a few years.

But it's a different matter when you cut thousands of

acres of mixed pine and hardwood, and plant that land back to pine. Once the cover is complete, it shades out everything and there is no production of wildlife food of any significance for a long period of time. Then there
-- is urban sprawl all that development is using up wild-
life habitat.
"In order to maintain the deer herd at its present
level, we would have to increase our management efforts beyond what they are at present.
"At the same time, the people who hunt deer have
increased by leaps and bounds and are still increasing rapidly. In the past five years, there have been almost 100,000 new deer hunters.
"Right now, we have a hunter success in Georgia of approximately 20 percent. That means 8 out of 10 hunters don't kill a deer. Of the 20 percent who are success-
ful, approximately 13 percent kill one deer, and only 7 percent kill two deer. This means that the 7 percent killing two deer are harvesting 64 percent of those
taken. And the biologists tell me that 75 percent of the
bucks killed in central Georgia are not over a year and a half old because of the intense pressure that's already on

"It is our job to tell the people what
-- the facts are to educate them to -- what we need to do but there is al-
ways a lag in public opinion and
response.

I've seen a lot of mallards, black ducks, pintails . . . coming into beaver
ponds to feed. As far as ducks are concerned, the beaver has done more for ducks than we could ever have
done.

The difference between killing a deer and a steer is that you raise a steer to be tame and feed him and get him to trust you. Then one day you knock him in the head."

Outdoors it? Georgia

the herd. That pressure is going to increase.

"With a population of deer that has peaked out and a

population of hunters that is increasing, then we talk

We about raising the bag limit?

are talking about in-

creasing the limit when 7 percent of the hunters are

harvesting 64 percent of the deer. These facts would

warrant reduction of the bag limit in order to distribute

better the kill among hunters.

1 -- t is our job to tell the people what the facts are to
-- educate them to what we need to do but there is al-
ways a lag in public opinion and response. We may be

able to convince them to do what is best and we may not.

That has happened in conservation in too many in-

We stances.

are not able to regulate until long after the

time we should have been regulating."

Leon Kirkland considers public education one of the

most important aspects of his job.
He became director of the Game and Fish Division in

June 1978, succeeding Jack Crockford, one of the na-
tion's most respected Game and Fish directors.

Crockford had held the position since the reorganiza-

tion of state government in 1972 and his expertise and

integrity were instrumental in developing a division

Leon Kirkland is proud of. He is also thankful he

doesn't have to contend with the problems his predeces-

sors had.
In 1958, Leon Kirkland joined the staff of the old
Game and Fish Commission as a fisheries biologist. At
that time, the Commission was operating on an annual budget of about $1 million; politics sometimes interfered with business, and professional employees were few and far between.

In addition, the 1950s and 1960s were characterized

by legalized environmental blindness. The destruction

and abuse of natural resources had reached an appalling

peak. Streams were miserably polluted; wetlands were

drained and free-flowing streams dammed at an in-

credible rate; roads were designed and built with little

regard for the environment, and great schemes were

afoot to mine or develop marshlands and other coastal
resources. Game and Fish was embroiled in a constant

fight to protect fish and wildlife habitat.

"When I came here there were only about half a

dozen professional fisheries biologists in the state,"

Kirkland recalled. "Now we have between 25 and 30.

The same was true of game management. Jack Crock-

ford was our first wildlife biologist. He came in 1947.

The first fisheries biologist came in the early 1950s.

"In those days, we didn't have enough law enforce-

ment officers and training for them was non-existent.
When a new guy came on, he just worked with an old

guy in the adjoining county for a spell. That was the

We extent of his training.

have had a substantial increase

in the number of law enforcement officers and we now

We have a full-scale training program for them.

have a

very professional division with a budget of about $11

million."

Although the division does not have as many people

or as much money as the director would like, he thinks

Japuary 1979

it has enough of both to provide a good fish and wildlife
program. And he plans no major changes because he

thinks none are necessary. "I think the division is on

target," he said. "Of course, problems and conditions

change from year to year and we will adapt to those

changes, but I don't foresee any others."
One thing he plans is to work very hard at promoting

understanding between his division and the public. "The

problem is to keep people adequately informed so they

agree to what we need to do biologically," he said. "All

the laws and regulations have to be approved ultimately

by the people, so it is a matter of keeping us and the

people in tune, you might say. Regardless of how capable we are and how much we know about the resource, we can't manage it properly unless people under-

stand the facts and are willing to go along with what is

best for the resource biologically."
-- Sometimes through the lack of adequate and ac-- curate information people think the division is too
conservative in its regulation of wildlife. At other times,

for the same reason, they think it is not conservative

enough.

After the coastal shad population had been declining

for some time, many people, including commercial fishermen, thought the shad season should be closed. Game

and Fish didn't think so and the shad season remained

open.

Since shad streams are in much better condition than

in the past, the decline could not be attributed to pollu-

tion. Neither could it be attributed to fishing pressure

because tighter regulations had reduced the pressure.

"In nature, things don't start steady," Leon Kirkland

said. "They go in cycles. In looking at figures, the previ-

ous history, we could see that these fish did cycle. They

did so independent of fishing pressure.

"Based on our knowledge of the resource, harvest

information and the number of users, we felt the situa-

We tion didn't warrant closing the season.

think the

decrease in the shad population is part of a natural cycle
and we think we are now at the bottom of the cycle. This year we have started to climb. Hopefully we were right

and that recovery will continue."
Two other species of Georgia wildlife have made

striking recoveries in the last few years. One is the alli-

gator; the other, the bear. Both were considered rare.

"They have increased to a point that we think in the

very near future, there's going to be enough to allow

people to take some of them," Leon Kirkland observed.

"We now have somewhere around 80,000 to 100,000

We alligators.

are starting to get a lot of problems with

them. In many instances, we have to go in and trap and

We move them.

think in the next couple or three years

we will be able to have a limited taking of alligators and

selling the hides. But on a limited basis, where we can

control it.
"Bears are the same way. We estimate we have 1500

bears or more in the state, and enough so we are begin-
ning to have problems with them coming into town. We

have to capture them and take them back. Those two

species are doing real well."

When Georgia opens its bear season, Leon Kirkland

may be among the hunters. He does not consider hunt-

ing a mean or brutal sport and he thinks television has

given people a misleading impression of hunting and

nature in general. Many programs, he says, endow animals with human characteristics, depicting them as

totally gentle, passive creatures, while ignoring the

predator-prey relationship and the harshness of life in

the wild.

T
Xhere are a couple of good wildlife programs aired

TV on

now," he said. "You see things happening just as

they happen in nature: a snake strangles something to

death and swallows it or a pack of animals chases an-

other animal and pulls it down. It's cruel, you know, but

that's the way it is. Nature is cruel.

"It has been demonstrated that you could have a year-

10

around hunting season on squirrels, shoot them any way you want to and not have any impact on the squirrel
population.
"What happens is that if you leave the old squirrels there and they have young and times get tough, the little ones are going to starve to death. They are going to stay right there and starve to death. Sometimes they won't
be born, but in a lot of cases, they will starve or get diseased and die of disease. That's a pretty awful death.
The victim may drag around for weeks or sometimes months and finally succumb to the disease or pneu-
monia.
"In other words, you are not going to have more animals by not hunting them. It is a matter of how you
prefer the animal to die. Do you want it killed instantly
with a gun or do you want it to drag around and die on its own?"
Outdoors ip Georgia

Although he has tried, Leon Kirkland does not understand people who object to killing wild animals but not domestic ones. "The difference between killing a deer and a steer," he said, "is that you raise a steer to be tame and feed him and get him to trust you. Then one day you knock him in the head. But the deer stays out in the
wild and he can look after himself pretty well. You have not got his confidence in order to kill him. You go out there and compete with him in order to kill him. To me,
there is a lot of difference."

JLelevision may also have contributed to the increased interest in keeping wild animals as pets. "You find more and more people who want to keep skunks and lions and other wild animals," Kirkland said. "We could keep a

man busy 365 days a year just patrolling the pet trade

We in Atlanta and the wild animal business.

need a man

full-time to do nothing else in Atlanta. Other metro

areas have the same problem. It's just not as big in

other places because there are not as many people as

there are in Atlanta."
Under current Georgia law it is illegal for a private

citizen to keep any form of wildlife (animals which are

not native to the state) as a pet except by permit. Under

certain conditions, however, a citizen can keep wild

animals (creatures which are not native to the state).

Institutions, of course, can keep both for educational

and scientific purposes.

"We can issue permits that say wild animals and

wildlife can be kept for educational and scientific pur-
poses," Kirkland said. "We think that is the only legiti-

mate way a person ought to be able to keep wild an-
imals. We don't want to do away with circuses and zoos

and that sort of thing. There should be enough animals

around so kids can learn about them and enjoy them

and we have very strict laws about how such animals

have to be kept and looked after. But we hope to tighten

up the law so a private citizen can't keep most forms of

wildlife or wild animals."

Leon Kirkland is of the opinion that at least one wild

critter has been badly maligned. Beavers are generally

unpopular because they chew down trees and their dams

frequently result in flooding which damages crops, pas-
tures and forests. The Game and Fish Division assists landowners who are having such problems.

"But in a lot of cases, beavers build these ponds in

areas where the timber is not harvestable at all or is of

marginal quality. In those cases, beaver ponds are of tremendous benefit," Kirkland said. "They do a lot of things.

"During dry weather, they are sources of water for

various types of wildlife and the timber growing around
the edges gets some benefit. When you have heavy rains,

the water hits the beaver ponds, the silt settles out and

you keep the soil where it should be, or closer to where

it should be. That allows you to have cleaner water in

the stream.

"But the best thing is that those ponds are extremely
productive of both fish and wildlife. Some of the best

bass fishing and bream fishing I've ever had has been in

beaver ponds.

Japuary 1979

"The wood duck has been on the increase in Georgia and there is no doubt in my mind that one of the biggest
reasons is that we've got a distribution of beaver ponds over the state that's good habitat for the little ducks. They have to have some place when they hatch out and those ponds are extremely productive of aquatic vegetation and animal life that serve as food. I've seen a lot
-- of mallards, black ducks, pintails the whole bit
coming into beaver ponds to feed. As far as ducks are concerned, the beaver has done more for ducks than we
could ever have done."

Leon Kirkland has a lot of successes to his credit. He was responsible for Georgia's first successful rearing of striped bass, for inaugurating the walleye program in

the state, establishing two-story trout fisheries in several

lakes, for stocking white bass in most of the state's reservoirs and for beginning the smallmouth bass stock-
ing program. He was also responsible for the introduc-

tion of threadfin shad, a forage fish which provides food
for most game fish, in reservoirs.

Strangely, one of his biggest successes is a trout stream which has frustrated some of the best fishermen in the nation. Waters Creek in north Georgia is a trophy trout stream where anglers can see dozens of huge trout gliding about within a few inches of their hooks. But the fish, which are fed regularly, are not unduly eager to be
caught. And no rainbow or brown trout measuring less
than 22 inches can be kept, nor brook trout less than 18 inches.

"Some of the Trout Unlimited boys had been up to North Carolina where there is a stream similar to this," Kirkland recalled. "They came back wanting to know if we could set up a stream just for trophy trout fishing down here.

"The biggest problem was in finding a stream which had limited access and a place where somebody could

live close and really look after it. If you tried this in a normal stream without added protection you wouldn't

have any fish left in a week's time.

"We stocked Waters Creek the first year with big
brood fish and fed them through the winter and opened the stream the next spring. The Trout Unlimited people

are due a lot of credit for their cooperation and support. They have worked with us a lot and some years have actually manned the checking stations for us.
"We get 1,000 to 1,500 trips per season and I think it pretty well satisfies the demand as far as we can tell right now. If it ever got to the point where it didn't we would
consider another stream somewhere else." Because of Waters Creek, in 1972 Kirkland won TU's
Silver Trout Award for outstanding work with mountain

trout.

In retiring, Jack Crockford said of Kirkland, "He is a

very well qualified fisheries biologist, and he has picked

up a broad interest and understanding of the division.

He has an amazing grasp of the overall work of the de-

partment. He is a good planner and does well under

strain. Leon is remarkable in that respect. He is going to

make some improvements in the division."

&"

11

Learning to Cope

Fishing in a cool north Georgia trout stream. Lying on a sunny beach. Hiking our rolling woodlands. This is the therapy most of us know. But Georgia's outdoors is providing a different kind of therapeutic experience for some of our young people. Here is the story of one outdoor program which is meeting some very special needs.

By Mary Eleanor Wickersham
Photos by Kevin Schochat

Rain was continuous for the first four days. Then the

temperature dropped. An unpleasant 40 degrees be-

came a miserable zero. With a blanket of ice and snow

and wind gusts up to 40 miles per hour, the moun-

tains around Unicoi became treacherous overnight.

Hardly camping weather in anyone's manual, nine

youngsters and three adults braved these miserable

conditions for eleven long days. With the weather

making even the most simple tasks difficult, if not

impossible, the 1 1 to 15 year olds set up camp, gathered

wood, dug latrines, cooked their meals and somehow

managed to survive.

This was an endurance contest for any age group,

but the children who struggled through this experience

did something more than exist. Youngsters with be-

havioral and emotional problems, they learned through

this experience something about themselves and getting

along with others. Participating in the Georgia Out-

door Therapeutic Program, they were learning the basic

socialization skills they so desperately needed to better

cope with their environments back home.

Primitive camping as a means of therapy did not

originate in Georgia, but the program, jointly sponsored
by the Departments of Human and Natural Resources,

is a rarity on two counts. Not only is a state-operated

outdoor therapy program unusual, the cooperation

exhibited by these two state agencies is practically non-

existent in other places.

Barbara Harvey, acting director for Child and

DHR Adolescent Mental Health Services for

and chair-

person of the task force which planned the program,

talked about its origins. "Chris Delaporte, then with

12

DNR, and Bob Pulliam of our department had talked

about organizing a wilderness program for troubled

children. I got pulled in with several others from both

departments and we took the ideas to Governor Carter."

Upon learning its service goals and determining there

was no existent program providing these services, Carter

gave the group the go-ahead to seek federal funds to

develop a demonstration program. His approval was a

step in the right direction, but no money had been

allocated for the project. "I'll have to hand it to Barbara

Harvey and the others on the original task force," says

Bill Marx, then superintendent of Unicoi State Park.

"They scratched and hustled and found money to get it

started and to keep it going."
DHR received grants from the Office of Economic

Opportunity and the Law Enforcement Assistance

DNR Association, and

agreed to provide land and sup-

port services for the camp to be located near Unicoi.

But its opening was still not guaranteed. Even after

Outdoors ip Georgia

detailed site studies of the area were completed, there
was no money to print the report. The task force hap-

pily located Housing and Urban Development funds

and by the fall of '74, Georgia's first outdoor thera-

peutic program was a long-awaited reality.

Then came 1975. Outdoor therapy backers had to

search for money again, but the program had been well

DHR received enough to earn

funding, a federal Title

XX DNR grant and continued

support.

Now in its fourth year of operation, the program is

well established and growing. The reason is simple.

Outdoor therapy works. Washington County School

System teacher Bobby Nash, a two year veteran of the

camping trips, explains why it helps. "Primitive camp-

ing strips a kid of outside bombardment. It takes him

back to a simple existence. Through the responsibilities

he must accept and with the absence of extraneous

January 1979

stimulation, a youngster can begin rebuilding his be-
havioral patterns himself. He learns to cope."
Children from eight to eighteen in an established group from the mental health system, the juvenile court system, public schools and the Department of Family
and Children's Services who have experienced diffi-
culty in getting along with their parents, teachers and peers are eligible for the center's short term program.
A residential program for children with more severe
problems also operates and is currently expanding. Not only is the outdoor therapy program an addi-
tional and different type of mental health facility for
Georgia, it in many cases saves the taxpayers' money. "A number of the children in our residential program
would have had to be hospitalized at an approximate cost of $100 a day," explained Barbara Harvey. "In both long and short term programs, the cost per child is about $20 per day." With the center working with 30 to 40 children each month in the short term program and the number of residential participants growing,
considerable savings may be realized over a period of
time.
Outdoor therapy has other advantages for the child.
When he leaves the program, he can feel good about himself. He has learned new skills: camping, hiking, canoeing, swimming and cooking. He knows he can
survive in the outdoors. As staff counselor Teri Reddick reminded a group of Washington County youngsters who braved the January weather, "You're tough and you know it!" Armed with new skills, they no longer have to fight to prove their prowess. "The real
confrontation," the counselor explains, "is between the child and his ability to meet and solve his problems.
Each child must confront himself and grow at his own
pace."
13

For further information on the Outdoor Therapeutic Program, contact Ross Cooper, P. O. Box 256, Helen, Georgia 30545, phone: 404/878-2899.

Program director Ross Cooper talked about how
the program works. "Therapeutic camping provides opportunities to deal with problems in a reality-oriented setting 24 hours a day. The group process is the primary
treatment tool. When a problem occurs, the group stops
and does not continue until a satisfactory solution has been agreed upon."
Satisfactory solutions aren't always easy to come by and during the first days of a trip, the problems come fast and furious. Meals are not ready on time, dishes
-- not clean, assigned chores not completed, fighting, steal-
ing, not listening to instructions these are real prob-
lems which must be faced when a group of people has to work together to exist. Group sessions can be called any time day or night, but they cannot end until a solution is reached by the group.
"Counselors try to avoid being conventional authority figures," explained co-counselor Kevin Schochat. "There
were times, of course, when we had to assume authority, but the idea is to let the children handle their own
problems."
Once camp is established and routine chores are
understood, the youngsters go through an interaction course. In one exercise, the whole group must figure out
how to cross over a 12-foot wall. Later they attempt
having the entire group stand on a free-swinging log.
As the hours pass, group members begin to see that cooperation is essential if they want to get anything

accomplished.
"The first days weren't easy," recalls Nash, "and the weather didn't help matters. But by the seventh day only three groups were called. That was progress!"
Schochat tells about one youngster who initially
refused to attend group sessions at all. Before the trip
was over, he had cut through the snow and ice to make steps down a steep embankment so that retrieving water would be easier for everyone. But is such improvement widespread? And is it long lasting?
Nash and Schochat agreed that behavior was not significantly different when the students returned to
school. "No one would expect a miracle cure, a 100%
change in 1 1 days," Nash said, "but I can see marked changes in some of the children and mild improvement
in all of them." "They all learned camping skills, a great deal of
insight into race relations and that there are ways of dealing with problems other than fighting," Schochat added.
At a post-camping group session, counselors and children munched gorp, a high energy food they had nibbled on the trail, and saw Schochat's slides made during the trip. They saw themselves cooking and hauling water and lugging firewood and practically freezing in January's frigid mountain air. They laughed
and they talked and they reminisced. And they felt good
about themselves.

14

Outdoors it? Georgia

Lighthouses
VAvr/i
!-E2 on Georgia's coast
By Gib Johnston Photos by the Author
A preacher's wife was the inspiration for the
most widely-used phrase ever uttered to refer to the state of Georgia. Generations of politicians
have thundered the words "From Rabun Gap To Tybee Light" in orating about the state,
following the pattern established by General John B. Gordon when he successfully ran for governor in 1886. Gen. Gordon was paraphrasing Methodist Bishop George Foster
Pierce who in 1884 paid tribute to his wife on
the celebration of their golden wedding
anniversary. Bishop Pierce said, "A finer woman, a better wife, a more prudent
-- counsellor I could not have found between
the Tybee Lighthouse and Rabun Gap."
*"a***

The first order Fresnel lens inside Tybee
lighthouse. The prismatic effect makes the world
look upside-down.
Because the bishop coined that now-cliched phrase, Tybee Lighthouse has become one of Georgia's most identifiable landmarks.
It seems odd that a lighthouse would be so fondly and passionately referred to by so many generations of Georgia politicians, especially since these structures are more often thought of in conjunction with the rocky, cold and stormy coasts of more northern latitudes. Yet Tybee Light dates from the earliest moments of Georgia history. James Oglethorpe ordered a marker constructed on Tybee Island in 1734, making the light possibly the second oldest in the United States. Historically Speaking
Lighthouses or light towers have occupied special places in history and have been held in awe by land-
lubbers and seafarers alike. Two of the most famous,
The Pharos of Alexandria (c. 280 B.C. ) and the Colossus of Rhodes (built between 292 and 280 B.C.),
are among the Seven Wonders of the World. And some
scholars suggest that the myth of Cyclops, the giant
with the single eye, originated in the fear of primitive peoples of the lighthouses that dotted the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.
Well-known names are associated with lighthouses. One, Italy's Genoa Lighthouse (1161), had as its
keeper in the 1400s a man from a family of weavers.
He, no doubt, had some influence in molding the future of his nephew in navigation and seamanship. His name was Antonio Colombo; his nephew, Cristoforo, won his place in history as Christopher Columbus.
The first lighthouse in the New World was at Vera
Cruz, Mexico in the late sixteenth century. North America's first was the Boston Light ( 1716) ; second was at Cape Breton, Nova Scotia (1733) and the third was Oglethorpe's pride, Tybee Light, first lighted around 1778 although it had stood as a daymark
since 1736.
Those first lighthouses were very simple: a pile of
16

stones with a fire built on top of them; a torch; a bonfire. Since the distance that the flame can be seen is directly proportional to its distance above the ground, towers were built to elevate the flame. Hence the structures
we now know as lighthouses came into being.
Unfortunately, early lighthouses were less efficient when they were needed most, during fog and rain. In the 1700s, tallow candles and oil lamps were installed
in many lighthouses where roofs had been built to protect the flame. The lights thus became more reliable in bad weather. The low intensity of the lights was also a
problem and often mariners found it almost impossible to distinguish between the lighthouse and a dwelling on the shore. Unscrupulous "wrecker" gangs capitalized on this situation by setting up lights to lure ships onto rocks in order to plunder the cargo from the wrecked ships. Obviously more and better light was needed. Lenses Intensify Light
The first attempt to intensify the light was made in France where a cone, covered with bright tin plates, was hung above a wood or coal fire. This worked, but the soot from the fire soon coated the metal plates and made the brighter light impossible to maintain. The first real advancement came in England where, during a "convival evening amongst the scientific gentlemen of London" one gentleman bet another that he could read the newspaper by the light of a candle 200 feet away. He won his bet by lining a wooden bowl with bits of
A mirror stuck in putty. candle, properly placed in the
center of the bowl, illuminated the paper sufficiently
for reading.
Wick lamps were widely used but were not the final solution. Although brighter, the smoke hazed the
glass, thus diminishing the light.
In 1871, Ami Argand developed a lamp with a
hollow, circular wick that allowed oxygen to pass both inside and outside the wick. The flame was intense, equal to seven candles and smokeless.
Outdoors \t) Georgia

Using this lamp and the parabolic reflector of the convival Englishman, American ship captain Winslow Lewis developed a better system that became the standard for American light. Lewis' parabola was of the "washbasin variety" and when combined with the greenish tinted lenses of the day, had the effect of diminishing the light and defeating the original purpose of it. However the United States Lighthouse Board was so enamored of the Lewis System that the U.S. lagged behind Europe in quality of navigation aids, since the far superior Fresnel lens was available in Europe.
As a comparison of the various systems, only 3.5% of the light from a candle reached a ship. The reflector increased the amount to 17%. The Fresnel lens
allowed 83% to be seen.
In 1822, Augustin Fresnel, a French physicist, single-handedly revolutionized lighthouses with the invention of his lens. This innovation was not part of his job, however, and the French government forbade him to continue.
His lens resembles a giant, old-fashioned bee hive.
A single lamp is surrounded, above and below, by
prisms which reflect all the light through a lens in a narrow sheet. This lens is still in use throughout the world and is the preferred system although more modern optics and high intensity lamps are probably superior. It has served candles, oil lamps, oil vapor lamps, gas lights and in this century electric lamps. It is the epitome of beauty and utility.
Some of the early lighthouses were very elaborate structures and were as tall as 500 feet. Such outrageously tall structures are of time past now; the modern
height is around 150 feet. Higher lights can be seen
further at sea, but the horizontal light beam from taller
lighthouses is not visible at close range.
Tybee lighthouse

Georgia's Lighthouses--Tybee Of the dozen or so lighthouses that have stood in
Georgia, only Tybee, South Channel (or Cockspur Island), Sapelo Island, St. Simons Island and Little Cumberland lighthouses still survive, and only two of these, Tybee and St. Simons, are still in service. The others have vanished, and there is little left to mark
their passage.
The "Grande Dame" of Georgia lights is Tybee. The first structure on this site was ordered built by James Edward Oglethorpe in 1732 with a completion date set
for 1734. Various complications, sickness, isolation and difficult living conditions prevented actual completion until 1736 and then only after Oglethorpe threatened William Blytheman, the builder, with jail. The structure was 90 feet tall with a 25-foot base and was octagonal in shape with a brick foundation. Severe winters in 1740
and 1741 did great damage to the tower, and Thomas ' Sumner was hired to repair the damage, but when it was found to be beyond repair, a second tower was built.
This tower stood 94 feet tall with a 30 foot flagstaff and was fully weatherboarded, with a roof; it lasted until the early 1770s. The third tower was a 100-foot tall brick structure that was, at some unknown time in history, lighted with candles. In 1857, however, a second order Fresnel lens was installed there.
During the Civil War there was a Confederate unit stationed on Tyee Island. When they found it necessary
to withdraw from the Island because of encroaching Union forces, the Confederates exploded a keg of powder in the tower in an attempt to destroy the lighthouse. The explosion destroyed the wooden staircase and caused considerable damage to the upper reaches of the tower. In 1867, after extensive renova-

)

The light at Cockspur Island, built in 1848-9, is now owned by the National Park Service.

tions, the light, now 150 feet above sea level and fitted
with a first order Fresnel lens, was returned to service. (First, second and third order refer to the size of the
lens and, therefore, to the intensity of the light emitted.
A first order lens like that now at Tybee is the largest
and brightest available. Storms during the decade of the 1870s caused the
brick tower to vibrate and crack, and the tower was condemned and a new one was recommended. This recommendation was repeated yearly for the next eight
years, but no funds were appropriated. An earthquake
in 1 886 broke the lens and lengthened the cracks; repairs were then made. The 1867 renovation of the original 1773 tower is still in operation today with a first order Fresnel lens yielding candlepower that is visible
19 miles at sea. The light now serves as the rear range for Tybee Roads
Cockspur Island There has been a lighthouse at Cockspur Island, a
few miles up the Savannah River from Tybee Light, since 1772, but little is known about the earliest one. In 1 848-49, the South Channel Light was built on an oyster bed just off the south tip of the island. Simultaneously, a sister light was built on Oyster Bed Island
in the north channel. Why one survived the other is a
matter of fate that seems a part of this light's destiny.
This fate may or may not have been founded in the name of the first keeper, John H. Lightburn. The real test came during the War Between the States when
Yankees unleashed their new-fangled rifled cannon upon the Confederate band garrisoned in Fort Pulaski. The positions of the northern guns put the lighthouse in

direct line of fire. However the fort was breached so quickly that Yankee fire spared the lighthouse.
The light was returned to service in 1866 and continued until 1909 when it was discontinued due to the use of the north channel by the deep water ships. Service as a harbor beacon continued until 1949 when the tower was abandoned by the U.S. Coast Guard. The tower was transferred to the National Park Service in 1958, and last year, the 129-year-old structure underwent repair and restoration.
Sapelo
The Sapelo Island Lighthouse was built on five acres of land purchased from Thomas Spalding on the south end of that island at the mouth of Doboy Sound. Winslow Lewis, developer of the lamp system that bears his name, was hired to construct the tower. Captain Lewis installed a 15-inch reflector-type light at Sapelo
light in 1820. With two exceptions, the installation of a range
beacon and the substitution of the reflectors with a new
fourth order (probably Fresnel) lens, the first 35 years of this light's history were uneventful.
During the Civil War, the light station was "much
injured by the rebels," as one source reported. Repairs
were made in 1867 and the station was reactivated in 1 868. At the same time, the new, skeleton frame beacon, "660 feet distance from the tower," was displayed.
In the middle 1870s, the beacon had begun to rot and plans were laid for a new iron beacon to replace it. This new beacon was installed in 1 877 and today is a magnificent structure, adorned with Victorian gingerbread trim.
Outdoors ip Georgia

(Top photo) The beacon at Sapelo Island was built in 1877. (Below) Sapelo's lighthouse stands today, an abandoned sentinel on Georgia's coast.

Sometime around 1890, the lighthouse began a losing battle with the sea. Each annual report to the Lighthouse Board emphasized the encroachment. In 1902, the keeper's residence, which was then uninhabitable, was torn down and its bricks used to reinforce the ground at the base of the tower. This measure was effective for a while, but the tower finally lost its battle.
The present tower was built in 1904-5 and the lighting apparatus was installed and lighted on September 18,
1905.
The light was discontinued sometime prior to 1930, but the tower is still standing (as is the cast iron beacon) and in good condition. This lighthouse is now owned by the state of Georgia. Little Cumberland
The need for a lighthouse at the entrance to St. Andrew's Sound between Cumberland and Jekyll Island was evident as early as 1802 when money was appropriated for the construction of the Little Cumberland Lighthouse. During the next 35 years, more than $55,000 was earmarked for this project and more than $30,000 was returned as surplus funds. Finally in 1 838, the light was established, and according to records of the Lighthouse Board, it remained in continuous
operation until the early part of this century.
There was some sort of activity involving the lighthouse during the Civil War, for in 1 867, it was written that "extensive repairs have been made to restore it after its damage by the rebels." However, the damage was not so extensive that the light was taken out of
service.
Around 1 879, there were reports of encroachment by the sea on the land to the northwest of the tower, and in 1876, a large brick wall was built to a depth of two feet below the tower and the space between filled with concrete and paved over with brick to slow the damage.
In 1879, the "old style" tower (which had timbers built into the brickwork) showed decay and plans were made to repair the structure with iron.
The iron lantern deck that had rusted to the point that it was not secure was replaced with a temporary wooden deck and in 1901 the new iron deck was put
into place. History, it seems, has dealt kindly with this, the
oldest standing lighthouse tower in Georgia, though with only few repairs listed in 82 years, it was taken out of service in 1919 in favor of automated buoys.
The structure was sold at auction in 1921 and is now the property of the Little Cumberland Island Association which in 1968 renovated and repaired it and for a short time relighted the lamp. This light was short-lived, however, due to the hazard it presented
to navigation in the area.
St. Simons The story of the building of St. Simons Lighthouse
was the subject of a book, appropriately titled Lighthouse, written by Eugenia Price. In 1807 James
Gould, a native of Granville, Massachusetts who has spent many years in the timber business in Georgia and
north Florida, submitted a bid for building the newly
19

The St. Simons lighthouse, an 1872 structure,
is still in service today.
proposed St. Simons Lighthouse. The light and keeper's house were to be built on four acres of land at the south end of the Island which had been sold to the government (for $1 ) by Gould's friend, St. Simons' planter John Couper. The light, completed in 1810 and formally lighted in 1811, was an octagonal tower, 75 feet high
with a 10-foot iron lantern equipped with a set of oil lamps for illumination. James Gould served as lighthouse keeper for 27 years.
In 1857, St. Simons Lighthouse was fitted with a new
20

third order lens, replacing the old, less effective oil
lamps. At the same time, the station was recommended

for a first-order lens since, just the year before, Congress had authorized the establishment of a naval base in
nearby Brunswick. However war, which broke out a
few years later, prevented the installation of such a lens.
In 1862 when Confederates were forced to abandon

this island, too, they destroyed the station at St. Simons and blew up the tower. Bids for reconstruction of the light were opened in 1868 and work started soon

thereafter.

This construction, however, was not to be completed until almost four years later. The major problem was

not in the construction but in "stagnant ponds ... a

source of malarial poisoning." There was widespread illness among the builders, and work was halted when the "contractor and one of his bondsmen . . . died at the work." After that, most of the work on the project was done in the winter months and the light was, at last, illuminated on the night of September 1 , 1 872.
While the earthquake of 1887 did minor damage to the St. Simons Light, its other history is without incident.

This station is still in service today, operated by the U.S. Coast Guard with a first order lens and automated
light. As a landmark and showplace, St. Simons Light, its attached keepers house and the rumored ghost whose

footsteps can supposedly be heard on the stairs, is second to none.

Access to these Georgia lighthouses is as different as the structures themselves. Tybee Light is open to the

public but large groups must take turns climbing the tower for only a limited number of people are allowed

inside at one time. Since this is still operated by the U.S. Coast Guard, it is a good idea to contact them for

permission.

The South Channel Light (or Cockspur Island Light) is part of Fort Pulaski National Monument and is open

to the public. It's a long, hot walk up the tower; getting

to the tower involves wading a small tidal creek. (This is more practical at low tide.) The tower is also

accessible by small boat. Permission is not absolutely

necessary, but visitors might check in with the

superintendent of Fort Pulaski before visiting this

lighthouse.
Sapelo and Little Cumberland lights are generally inaccessible to visitors. Sapelo, which is owned by the

Department of Natural Resources, is located within the University of Georgia's Marine Research Center and there is no good way to see the tower. Little Cumberland Light is privately owned by the Little Cumberland Island Association, and permission from them to visit

the lighthouse is mandatory.

St. Simons Lighthouse, operated by the Coast Guard,

is not open to the public, but the keeper's house, next door, is open and houses a fine museum.
The two operational lighthouses, naturally, continue

to serve as they have through the years, and though

inactive, unlighted and abandoned, the other three

join them in serving as familiar landmarks for boaters

on the Georgia coast.

^

Outdoors it) Georgia

cMarfsioii

c^Milledgeville

By Mary Eleanor Wickersham Photographs by Kevin Schochat

It was May 9. The rains had finally stopped, the sun
making spring more than a promise. The rays burst through the window, lighting J. C. Bonner's book-lined study on Jackson Street in Milledgevile.
On another May 9, just two blocks away, but 103
years earlier, the spring sunshine went unnoticed. The Confederacy having fallen, Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown waited in the Executive Mansion on Clarke Street. That evening a squad of Union cavalrymen dismounted and marched up the front steps, passed between the huge columns, and entered the front door of the Mansion. The Governor answered their call, coming
to the rail in the rotunda to learn of his arrest.
Brown's arrest and the subsequent move of the capital to Atlanta marked the end of an era. The war was over. Milledgevile, no longer the seat of government and without bridges, telegraph lines or railroads, all of which had been destroyed by Sherman's army, was more
isolated than ever. James C. Bonner, Milledgeville's esteemed, white-
haired gentleman historian, has told the story of his adopted town in a recently published book, Milledgeville, Georgia's Antebellum Capital (University of Georgia Press, $14.50). Throughout that book are references to the Executive Mansion and its role in the
town's history. And happily for lovers of history, that
old Governor's Mansion still stands, its stout pink stuccoed walls a monument to another time.
Georgia's first governors' residences were, however,
more humble. The 1807 residence was nothing more than a double log cabin on South Jefferson Street. In October of that year, Mrs. Jared Irwin prepared to move to this simple house which overlooked Fishing Creek in the new capital town of Millegdeville. Proud of her position as governer's wife, she was determined to enter Milledgeville in some vehicle more elegant than an
January 1979

The Governor's Mansion at Milledgeville is now home to the president of Georgia College.
21

oxcart. Having stopped at the inn between Sandersville and Milledgeville for refreshment, she remained outdoors in the handsome gig the Governor had bought for her. Suddenly, a big rooster flew out, frightening the horse which threw Mrs. Irwin from her carriage. She suffered a broken leg and, as fate would have it, she later entered Milledgeville stretched out on a mattress in an
oxcart.
In 1809 a two story clapboard house on South
Wayne was purchased by the state for $4,599. The
state of the third governor's house, built in 1820 on Green Street, was the reason money was appropriated for the more elegant governor's residence that stands today. Dr. Bonner says, "The few extant descriptions of this structure and its furnishings suggest that it was a house of little elegance; in fact one governor refused to
live there."
The simplicity of these pre-Mansion houses is not surprising. Bonner says that it was 1830 before Milledgeville began to emerge from its "frontier ethos." In fact, "not until after 1835 did forks come into general use in the dining rooms of Milledgeville's elite."
As the capital town grew more sophisticated and the condition of the 1820 residence more dilapidated, the legislature made its move. In January of 1836, they offered a $100 prize for plans for a governors' residence. Oddly enough, two men were awarded the prize at separate times. On March 10 John Pell received the award, and a month later, C. B. Cluskey won the prize by legislative action. Input also came from New York
architect H. A. Norris and from Connecticut builder, Timothy Porter. The dominating influence of Palladio's Villa is readily spotted as the mansion is still recognized as one of the more perfect examples of Greek Revival architecture in the South.
By the fall of 1838, the house was ready for its first family. The projected cost of $15,000 had been long
surpassed, the actual total amounting to $50,000. In fact, the construction of outbuildings was delayed because the budget had been exceeded.
In its early days, the Mansion was only sparsely furnished, a condition which Dr. Bonner suggests might have restricted the use of the Mansion for social events, particularly during George Gilmer's term which included two years in the new residence. Conditions did
improve as succeeding governors added their own furniture and the state appropriated more money for furnishings. The Mansion's second residents, Governor and Mrs. Charles J. McDonald, were given an allotment
by the legislature during their term of office. Mrs.
McDonald purchased a beautiful Axminster carpet with some of the money, only to have it badly damaged by hundreds of muddy shoes trampling over it the first night it was used.
As with any house, the ambiance of the Mansion depended on its residents. Mrs. McDonald apparently enjoyed simplicity. When the Governor's daughter was married, the invitations were delivered by hand by one of
the servants. An 1843 letter details how the young man
asked the invited guest to pick out her invitation from
22

the handful he grasped. It read "Governor and Mrs. McDonald ask the pleasure of your company on Thursday evening at half past 7 o'clock. None but young company are invited except a few neighbors." The writer of the letter said she thought the invitation showed "very little form for the head of State."
It was also during McDonald's term of office that local notable Billy Springer seated all of his 500 pounds on Mrs. McDonald's spindle legged sofa and broke
every leg off.
George W. Crawford, Georgia's chief from 1 843 to 1847, was the third governor to live in the Mansion. Dr. Bonner says, "Mrs. Crawford was a person easily accepted as a neighbor by residents of the town in all walks of life. For example, when the first lady stopped in a tavern to call upon the wife of world famous geologist Charles Lyell, the landlady easily made herself
one of the party and entered into the conversation as if both distinguished ladies were her guests."
If the Crawfords were known for their congeniality, the Mansion's fourth residents, Governor and Mrs. George W. Towns, were recognized as being refined and charming. It was, however, the Howell Cobbs, who lived in the Mansion from 1851 to 1853, who were known
for their lavish hospitality.
During the Cobb's tenure, the great dining hall which runs across the lower level of the Mansion, was often
filled with guests who enjoyed the bounteous meals
served from long tables. Yet, despite the gaiety, Mrs.
Cobb was a tragic figure. Three of her seven children
died during her husband's term in office. In 1853, Herschel Johnson took office. Although the
Governor had a reputation for being stern and unsociable, Mrs. Johnson was bright and popular with
men and women alike.
Dr. Bonner records an incident which an observer noted at the Mansion during Johnson's term as governor.
"A piney woods plebe . . .," having satisfied himself at
the food tables, went to an empty room and stood before a mirror. "He then took from his pocket a jack-knife and applied it vigorously to his teeth while gazing at his image with apparent satisfaction."
Although Johnson was quite democratic about his
invitations, there were some people who believed they deserved a free meal without such a formality. One woman recalled seeing long poles with hooks slide
through the open windows, only to be hastily retracted
bearing a whole turkey or ham from the tables inside.
Economically speaking, times in the South were still good. Yet, the air was rural and abundances of material
goods were unknown to most people. For example, one observer at an 1853 party at the Mansion described the ladies' gowns. Some, she said, "once had colors . . . which had yielded to the touch of time and water."
The move of Joseph Brown and his family to the Mansion provided another change. Elizabeth Gresham Brown worried about the cost of entertaining in the
Governor's Mansion. Beef was 8^ a pound, pork, 10^, and butter, 40^. She took comfort in saving money by raising vegetables in a garden on the Mansion's grounds.
Outdoors it? Georgia

As secession approached, the mood in the Mansion changed. When the Convention voted to secede in 1861, the town came alive. There were those who had fought
the move, like ex-Governor Johnson, but citizens joined together under the decision. The night of the vote, the church bells rang and a torch light procession approached the Governor's Mansion, illuminated by lighted candles in tin holders in every window pane of the house.
In November 1864, Sherman reached the capital city. With foresight, the Governor had removed most of the Mansion's portable furnishings for safekeeping. He also took away a milk cow and provisions for the larder, a servant thinking to rescue several cabbages from Mrs. Brown's garden. His forethought meant that Sherman had to sleep on "an improvised bed and to use a table made from boards and camp chairs."
Upon his return, Brown found oil paintings slashed by sabers, the strips fluttering loose in their frames. Old
law books were strewn over the floor, and what items had been left were ravaged. But the Yankees cannot bear the total responsibility of the destruction, for some of the looting had apparently been the work of
local people.
Repair of the Mansion after Sherman's foray was nearly impossible because materials and tools were not available. Yet, the Mansion survived, relatively
unscathed.
Although the war was over, the Mansion was still
to be the residence for other governors. Provisional Governor James Johnson lived there for a short time
until Governor Charles Jenkins moved in to begin his three year tenure in office. In fact, ex-Governor Brown and Provisional Governor Johnson lived in the Mansion simultaneously for a few weeks. As Mrs. Brown was to give birth to a son on October 5, 1865, the Brown family was allowed to remain at the Mansion until he was born and for six weeks after, until mother and child were
able to travel.
Governor Jenkins lived in the Mansion until 1868 when he was removed from office. Although Provisional Governor General Thomas Ruger lived there for a few months in 1868, the Mansion's time of grandeur was past. The capital was moving to Atlanta.
Suggestions were made that the Mansion be
transferred to the trustees of the state asylum. Others
thought it should become part of a Negro State University. The government did neither. For a time it became a 25^ a night flophouse and later a college
A dormitory. quarter century after the war, it once again
obtained mansion status by becoming the residence for
presidents of the school that is now called Georgia
College.
The strength of design and the quality of craftsmanship have allowed the Mansion to remain beautiful for 140 years. The basic layout of the house remains the same, renovations making the Mansion more accessible
to the public, yet not totally incongruous to the lifestyle those early Georgia governors knew.
The size of the Mansion is still impressive. From the
January 1979

(Top photo) In an eighteenth century Chippendale breakfront in the library, a small photograph of Governor George Gilmer, the first governor to occupy the Mansion, is surrounded by books from his law library. (Below) The view from the rotunda into the
library.
23

32-inch solid brick walls on the ground floor to its massive Ionic columns and from the hand-carved front doors to the rotunda with its 50-foot floor-to-dome expanse, visitors feel its magnificence. There is elegance, too, in the original marble mantels and the fine millwork around the windows.
Like Milledgeville itself, recognized by the National Trust for Historic Preservation as the only surviving example of a complete Federal period ( 1 780- 1 825
city, the furnishings of the house reflect that time. Two
particularly interesting pieces are Georgia-made: a two-
drawer table of walnut and pine, now used in the dining room and a birch sideboard in the game room.
Silk and brocade and fine masonry aside, the Mansion
was still home for many families. The kitchen, with its
intricately planned oven, its original square bricks and
its open fireplace, is still warm and inviting. Joseph Brown's recliner and Howell Cobb's china make us remember other days of living, of restful moments and festive levees. Even the quiet reserve of the upper story
where Georgia College President Dr. J. Whitney Bunting and his family live makes the Mansion more than a man-
In the formal dining room is a collection of fine eighteenth and nineteenth century American furniture.

sion. It is, after all, the living which makes the house. Standing in that grand rotunda with its wooden
railing, picturing Governor Brown answering the waiting soldier is easy. Pleasant and informed tour guides who have genuine affection for the Mansion made visitors'
impressions of Georgia life in the mid-nineteenth century even more vivid.
The sun still sparkles on the chandeliers and the sound of footsteps comes from overhead. And the Mansion, a treasure from Georgia's past, survives, its
pink walls reflecting the Georgia clay as clearly as ever.
The Mansion is open for touring on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays from 10 a.m. until 12 noon and on Tuesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays from 2 until 5 p.m. Admission is $1 for adults, .50 for students and .25 for groups of ten or more. For further information, write Mary Jo Thompson, Director of Mansion Tours, Georgia College, Box 517, Milledgeville, Georgia 31061 or call 912/453-4545.^
Mary Eleanor Wickersham of Sandersville is a newspaper columnist and freelance writer. Kevin Schochat, also of
Sandersville, is a freelance photographer. (Also see "Learn-
ing to Cope" on page 12.)

24

Outdoors ii> Georgia

focus:

IFtete

January 1979

By Mary Anne Neville-Young
and Ron Odom
Georgia's Protected Species Program began in 1973 with the enactment of two state laws. The Endangered Wildlife Act and the Wildflower Preservation Act not only laid the groundwork for species preservation within the state, but they also placed Georgia in the position of being one of only a few states to have a viable protected species program.
At present, Georgia legally provides protection for 23 species of plants. All of the wildlife listed, except for three species, also appear on the U.S. Department of Interior's Endangered Species list. These exceptions are the Sherman's Pocket Gopher, the Colonial Pocket Gopher, and the Georgia Blind Cave Salamander. Of
-- the 58 species of plants listed on the Georgia list, two
species the Persistent Trillium (Trillium persistens)
-- and Hairy Rattleweed (Baptisia arachnifera) are fed-
erally listed. This listing is significant since plant listing by the Fish and Wildlife Service is proceeding slowly due to the difficult nature of determining a plant's status.
At present only 17 plants are listed for the entire United
States. Two of these are the ones listed in Georgia.
In October 1977, the state of Georgia became the twentieth state to receive federal grant-in-aid funds from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to facilitate the development and operation of the endangered wildlife pro-
The Eastern brown pelican. Photo by Leonard Lee Rue III.
25

gram. These funds became available under Section 6 of
the 1973 Endangered Species Act, PL 93-205. Under the grant-in-aid formula, a sum of 66% matching funds
can be allocated to a state meeting designated criteria. These criteria are generally based on the ability of a state to conserve wildlife as indicated by the development of successful conservation programs for protected species, the establishment of procedures by which to acquire habitat for protected species and the existence of proper mechanisms for public input into the listing of
resident species.
Inherent in the language of this section of the Endangered Species Act was the fact that the federal government recognized that individual states were more familiar with the conservation needs of their resident wildlife than was the federal government. Unfortunately, the language of the Act was not interpreted to mean that plants should be included for cooperative fundings. Since many states were becoming motivated to initiate plant programs or, as in the case of Georgia, continuing development and implementation of a current program, the push was on to amend Section 6 of the 1973 law so that federal monies could be directed at states to continue their planning. In the summer of 1978, Georgia was a leader in pursuing an amendment to Section 6.
Congress received letters from former Director of Game
and Fish Jack Crockford supporting federal funding for plants and from the Commissioner of Natural Resources Joe Tanner. Tanner's letter stated: "The same type of criteria-based approval which qualified Georgia for cooperative funds for wildlife should be available for our protected plant program. Managing for both plant and wildlife species is a mutually compatible effort."
When the new amendment is implemented, Fish and
Wildlife Service officials state that Georgia should be one of the first states to qualify for funding.
Many aspects of Georgia's program contribute to the high profile it enjoys. Among these are the fact that the
list of species legally protected in this state is credible
and manageable. The 81 species listed are the result of
careful scrutiny of proposed listed species. This resulted in a compilation which was composed of only those species and wildlife determined by experts to be in the most need of protection. The protected species program in Georgia is unique too, in that legislation exists to
support the list of species This is in contrast to many states which may be only at the stage of list development
and which, thus, have a long, unmanageable list with no enforcement authority. The Protected Species Program in Georgia has been actively engaged in in-service training for the department's 205 law enforcement officials. These conservation rangers support the program by virtue of their job of enforcing the provisions of the two state laws. However, they are very vital to the entire protected species program in that they represent
trained individuals in the field who can be important to
another important program effort, the range and status monitoring of protected plants and wildlife. More important, however, they represent a vehicle for the dis-
persion of factual material regarding protected species
26

to the public. By the summer of 1979, ongoing in-service
training will have been established with all departmental
field personnel including those in Game Management,
Fisheries, and Parks.
It is evident to the department personnel who are
responsible for planning and implementing the protected species program that a good program cannot exist with-
out cooperation from many sources. That is why a top priority of the program is education. The concept of
education, as it applies to the program, must begin with an attempt to engender enthusiasm. Proper education will also alleviate fears that exist in regard to the words
"endangered species." It must be made perfectly clear that no endangered species program was designed to stop progress or halt development. The programs, as
they exist in the state, are to encourage early planning which carefully considers the impact of project activities
on endangered species or their habitats. The Protected Plant and Wildlife Program has joined efforts numerous times to mitigate conflicts between a proposed project
and a species protected under Georgia law. On the federal level many thousands of project conflicts have been
resolved. This all speaks highly of the harmony which can and should exist between development and conser-
vation interests. Beginning next issue, articles will be appearing in
Outdoors in Georgia discussing the state's protected species. These articles will discuss various aspects of endangerment and emphasize programs being carried out on state or federal levels to ensure a species' survival. In addition, articles will appear on some of our more unique species, ones which do not receive statutory protection as endangered or threatened but are still valuable resources whose populations need monitoring to assure they do not become endangered. These articles will represent the protected species program's continuing effort to increase positive awareness of the efforts directed toward conserving Georgia's natural heritages.
Outdoors it? Georgia

Persistent Trillium
A Kirt land's warbler with young. Left, the American
alligator.
January 1979

Georgia's
Protected
Wildlife

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status on Georgia List

Felis concolor cougar Felis concolor coryi *Geomys colonus
*Geomys fontanelus
Myotis grisescens Myotis sodalis Eubalaena glacialis Megaptera novaengliae Trichechus manatus
latirostris
Campephilus principalis
Picoides borealis
Dendroica kirtlandii Falco peregrinus anatum
Falco peregrinus tundrius
Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus
Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis
Vermirora bachmanii
Alligator mississippiensis
Dermochelys coriacea coriacea
Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata
Lepidochelys kempii
Drymarchon corals couperi *Haiedo triton Wallace'/
Acipenser brevirostrum
Typhlichthys subterraneus

Eastern Cougar Endangered

Florida Cougar Endangered

Colonial Pocket Gopher

Endangered

Sherman's Pocket Endangered Gopher

Gray Bat

Endangered

Indiana Bat

Endangered

Right Whale

Endangered

Humpback Whale Endangered

Manatee

Endangered

Ivory-billed
Woodpecker

Endangered

Red-Cockaded Woodpecker

Endangered

Kirtland's Warbler Endangered

Eastern Peregrine Endangered Falcon

Artie Peregrine Falcon

Endangered

Southern Bald Eagle

Endangered

Eastern Brown
Pelican

Endangered

Bachman's Warbler

Endangered

American
Alligator

Endangered

Leatherback
Turtle

Endangered

Hawksbill Turtle Endangered

Atlantic Ridley Turtle

Endangered

Indigo Snake

Threatened

Georgia Blind

Endangered

Cave Salamander

Shortnose Sturgeon

Endangered

Southern Cavefish Endangered

'These species only appear on the Georgia Protected Wildlife List. All others appear on both the state and federal list.

27

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status on Georgia List

Ampliianthus pusillus Arabis georgiana
Asplenium
heteroresiliens Baptist a arachnifera**
Bumelia thornei Cacalia diversifolia Calamintha dentata Carex amplisquama Carex biltmoreana Carex misera Carex purpurifera Croomia pauciflora Cuscuta harperi Cypripedium acaule
Cypripedium calceolus
Draba apnea
Echinacea laevigata
Elliottia racemosa
Fimbristylis perpusilla Fothergilla gardenii Hartwrightia floridana Hydrastis canadensis Hymenocallis coronaria
Isoetes melanospora
Jeffersonia diphylla Leavenworthis exigua var. exigua Lindernia saxicola Litsea aestivalis
Lythrum curtissii Myriophyllum laxum Nestronia umbellula Oxypolis canbyi

Amphianthus
Arbits or
Rock-Cress Spleenwort

Endangered Threatened
Threatened

Hairy Wild-indigo Endangered

Buckthorn

Endangered

Indian-Plantain

Threatened

Calamintha

Threatened

Carex

Threatened

Carex

Threatened

Carex

Threatened

Carex

Threatened

Croomia

Threatened

Cuscuta or Doddei Threatened

Moccasin-Flower or Pink Lady's Slipper

Threatened

Golden Slipper or Yellow Lady's Slipper

Threatened

Draba or Whitlow- Endangered Wort

Purple ConeFlower

Threatened

Elliottia or
Georgia Plume

Endangered

Fimbristylis

Endangered

Dwarf Witch-Alder Threatened

Hartwrightia

Threatened

Golden Seal

Endangered

Spider-Lily

Endangered

Quillwort

Threatened

Twinleaf

Endangered

Leavenworthia

Threatened

False Pimpernel Pond-Bush or Pond Spice Loosestrife Water-milfoil Nestronia Cow-Bane or
Hog Fennel

Endangered Threatened
Endangered Threatened Threatened Threatened

Georgia's

Protected

Plants

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status on Georgia List

Panicum hirstii Physostegia
veroniciformis Potentilla tridentata
Quercus oglethorpensis Rhododendron prunifolium
Salix floridana Sarracenia flava
Sarracenia leucophylla
Sarracenia minor
Sarracenia psittacina
Sarracenia purpurea
Sarracenia rubra
Schisandra glabra
Schizachyrium niveum Scutellaria montana
Sedum pusillum
Senecio millefolium Shortia galacifolia
Silene polypetala Thalictrum debile lorreya taxitolia
Trientalis borealis Trillium persistens**
Veratrum woodii Viburnum bracteatum Waldsteinia lobata

Panic Grass

Endangered

False DragonHead

Threatened

Three-toothed Cinquefoil

Endangered

Oglethorpe Oak Threatened

Plumleaf Azalea or Threatened Red Honeysuckle

Willow

Endangered

Fly-Catchers or Golden Trumpet

White Trumpet or Threatened
Pitcher-plant

Hooded Pitcher- Threatened

plant

Parrot Pitcher-plant

Threatened

Flytrap or Indian-Pitcher

Endangered

Sweet Pitcher-

Endangered

plant

Schisandra or Wild Sarsparilla

Threatened

Schizachyrium

Threatened

Large-flowered Skullcap

Threatened

Sedum or
Stonecrop

Threatened

Ragwort

Threatened

Oconee-Bells or Shortia

Endangered

Fringed Campion Endangered

Meadow Rue

Threatened

Stinking Cedar or Endangered Torreya

Star-Flower

Endangered

Persistent

Endangered

Trillium

False Hellebore Endangered

Arrow-Wood

Endangered

Barren Strawberry Threatened

'These species are protected by both federal and state legislation. All other plants listed here appear only on the
state list.

28

Outdoors ii> Georgia

1979 TIDE TABLES

This Tide Table for 1979 is furnished to you
compliments of OUTDOORS IN GEORGIA for
your use in coastal fishing and hunting. Fold it and put it in your tackle box, hunting coat, or
wherever it will always be handy,
for use all year long.

Predicted tide times and heights are shown for the Georgia coast at the bar at the Savannah River entrance. You may compute the tide times for other points listed by subtracting or adding hours and minutes as indicated.
A plus time indicates a later tide and a minus time an earlier tide. Daylight saving time is not used in this table. All daily time predictions are based on Eastern Standard Time meridian. Predicted tjmes may be converted to daylight
saving time by adding one hour to these data.
These data are from the 1979 Tide Tables for the East Coast of North and South America, National Ocean Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce, Rockville, Md. 20852.

GEORGIA Savannah River
Tybee Light Port Wentworth

DIFFERENCES

Ti me

High

Low

Water

Water

Hrs./Min. Hrs./Min

-0 08

-0 15

+0 33

+ 041

Tybee Creek and
Wassaw Sound
Tybee Creek entrance . . .
Isle of Hope, Skidaway River

-0 07 + 34 + 52

Ossabaw Sound
Fort McAlister, Ogeechee River Cane Patch Creek entrance .

+ 06 + 50 + 57

-0 02 + 09 + 25
+ 07 + 1 13 + 40

St. Catherines and Sapelo Sounds
Walburg Creek entrance . . Kilkenny Club, Kilkenny Creek
Sunbury, Medway River . .
.... Blackbeard Island
Mud R., at Old Teakettle Cr.

+ 25 + 031 + 56 + 20 +0 47

+ 20 + 13 + 42 + 19 + 43

DIFFERENCES

Ti me

High

Low

Doboy and Altamaha

Water

Water

Sounds

Hrs./Min. Hrs./Min

Blackbeard Cr., Blackbeard 1. .

Sapelo Island

Darien, Darien River

.

.

.

.

Wolf Island

Champney 1., S. Altamaha R. .

+0 21 + 00
+1 10
+ 06
+1 12

+ 44 + 02 + 1 12 + 35 + 2 30

St. Simons Sound
St. Simons Sound bar . . . . St. Simons Light Troup Cr. entr., Mackay R. . .
Brunswick, East River . . . .

+001 + 24 +0 54 +0 55

+ 05 + 28 + 49 + 40

St. Andrew Sound

Jekyll Point

Jointer Island, Jointer Creek .

Dover Bluff, Dover Creek

.

Cumberland Wh., Cumb. R. . .

+ 28
+1 02
+0 57 +0 40

+ 28 + 49 + 49 + 42

Cumberland Sound
St. Mary's Entr., north jetty . . Crooked River entrance . . . Harritts Bluff, Crooked River . St. Marys, St. Marys River . .

+0 15
+1 23
+2 09
+1 21

+ 15 + 1 12 + 2 12 + 1 13

Japuary 1979

29

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA. , 1979 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

JANUARY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h . m.

ft.

1 0341 -1 .4 M 0953 8.2
1621 -1.3 2214 7.3
2 0434 -1 .2 TU 1048 7.9
1712 -1 .2 2312 7.1
3 0528 -0.8 W 1146 7.5
1807 -1 .0
4 0013 7.0 TH 0629 -0.5
1244 7.0 1904 -0.7
5 0113 6.8 F 0732 -0.1
1342 6.6 2003 -0.6
6 0215 6.8 SA 0837 0.1
1442 6.3 2103 -0.5
7 0317 6.7 SU 0937 0.1
1546 6.1 2158 -0.5
8 0418 6.8 M 1036 0.1
1646 6.0 2249 -0.5
9 0515 6.9 TU 1126 0.0
1742 6.0 2337 -0.6
10 0607 7.0 W 1215 0.0 1828 6.1
11 0024 -0.6 TH 0647 7.2
1301 -0.1 1909 6.2
12 0109 -0.6 F 0726 7.2 1345 -0.2 1946 6.2
13 0153 -0.6 SA 0801 7.2
1424 -0.2 2019 6.2
14 0232 -0.6 SU 0835 7.1
1502 -0.2 2053 6.1
15 0311 -0.5 M 0908 7.0 1539 -0.1 2126 6.1

16 0350 -0.3 TU 0942 6.8
1614 -0.1 2203 6.0
17 0427 -0.1 W 1018 6.7 1648 0.0 2240 6.0
18 0506 0.1 TH 1058 6.5
1725 0.1 2322 6.0
19 0549 0.3 F 1140 6.3 1807 0.2
20 0010 6.0 SA 0639 0.4
1226 6.1 1857 0.2
21 0101 6.1 SU 0739 0.5
1319 6.0 1952 0.1
22 0158 6.3 M 0841 0.4 1415 6.0 2053 0.0
23 0300 6.5 TU 0944 0.2
1520 6.0 2153 -0.4
24 0407 6.8 W 1041 -0.2 1625 6.2 2252 -0.7
25 0513 7.3 TH 1139 -0.6
1731 6.5 2348 -1 .1
26 0612 7.7 F 1235 -1.0 1828 6.9
27 0045 -1 .5 SA 0707 8.1
1330 -1.4 1922 7.3
28 0141 -1.8 SU 0758 8.4
1421 -1 .7 2015 7.6
29 0234 -1 .9 M 0848 8.4 1512 -1.8 2106 7.7
30 0327 -1.8 TU 0939 8.2
1602 -1.8 2158 7.6
31 0419 -1.6 W 1030 7.8 1651 -1.6 2253 7.4

FEBRUARY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h .m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0511 -1 .2 TH 1125 7.3
1741 -1 .3 2349 7.2
2 0605 -0.7 F 1218 6.8
1834 -0.9
3 0044 6.9 SA 0703 -0.2
1314 6.3 1930 -0.5
4 0143 6.6 SU 0806 0.1
1412 5.9 2029 -0.3
5 0242 6.4 M 0908 0.3
1512 5.7 2127 -0.2
6 0345 6.3 TU 1007 0.4
1617 5.6 2222 -0.2
7 0445 6.4 W 1059 0.3
1713 5.6 2311 -0.3
8 0539 6.5 TH 1148 0.2
1803 5.8
9 0000 -0.4 F 0622 6.7
1235 0.0 1845 6.0
10 0045 -0.5 SA 0702 6.9
1317 -0.1 1922 6.2
11 0128 -0.6 SU 0738 7.0
1357 -0.2 1957 6.3
12 0209 -0.6 M 0811 7.0 1435 -0.3 2028 6.3
13 0248 -0.6 TU 0843 6.9
1509 -0.3 2100 6.4
14 0326 -0.5 W 0915 6.8 1542 -0.3 2134 6.4
15 0403 -0.4 TH 0949 6.7
1618 -0.2 2211 6.4

16 0439 -0.2 F 1027 6.6 1651 -0.1 2250 6.4
17 0520 0.0 SA 1108 6.4
1731 0.0 2336 6.5
18 0607 0.2 SU 1154 6.2
1818 0.0
19 0027 6.5 M 0701 0.4 1246 6.1 1914 0.1
20 0124 6.5 TU 0809 0.4
1345 6.0 2019 0.0
21 0228 6.6 W 0914 0.2 1450 6.0 2127 -0.2
22 0340 6.8 TH 1017 -0.1
1602 6.2 2230 -0.6
23 0452 7.2 F 1118 -0.6 1710 6.7 2331 -1 .0
24 0556 7.6 SA 1215 -1 .0
1814 7.2
25 0030 -1 .4 SU 0652 8.0
1309 -1 .4 1909 7.7
26 0126 -1 .7 M 0743 8.3 1401 -1 .7 2000 8.0
27 0220 -1 .9 TU 0831 8.3
1451 -1 .9 2050 8.1
28 0312 -1 .8 W 0920 8.1 1539 -1 .8 2139 8.0

MARCH

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0400 -1 .6 TH 1008 7.7
1626 -1 .6 2229 7.8

2 0451 -1.2 F 1059 7.2
1712 -1 .2 2320 7.4

3, 0541 SA 1149
1802

-0. :6 6.7
-0.7

4 0013 7.0 SU 0633 -0.1
1242 6.2 1855 -0.2
5 0105 6.6 M 0732 0.4
1337 5.8 1954 0.1
6 0201 6.3 TU 0832 0.7
1437 5.5 2052 0.3
7 0303 6.1 W 0933 0.7
1540 5.5 2151 0.3
8 0406 6.1 TH 1026 0.6
1642 5.6 2243 0.2
9 0503 6.3 F 1115 0.5
1734 5.8 2332 0.0
10 0552 6.5 SA 1201 0.3
1819 6.1

16 0339 -0.4 F 0922 6.8 1547 -0.2 2143 7.0
17 0416 -0.3 SA 0958 6.7
1621 -0.2 2223 7.0
18 0458 -0.1 SU 1043 6.5
1702 -0.1 2309 7 .0
19 0544 0.1 M 1130 6.4 1749 0.1
20 0002 6.9 TU 0639 0.3
1223 6.2 1849 0.2
21 0100 6.8 W 0744 0.4 1326 6.2 1956 0.2
22 0207 6.8 TH 0852 0.3
1434 6.2 2108 0.0
23 0321 6.9 F 0958 -0.1 1545 6.5 2217 -0.3
24 0433 7.2 SA 1057 -0.5
1658 7.0 2318 -0.8
25 0539 7.6 SU 1152 -1 .0
1800 7.6

11 0019 -0.2 SU 0633 6.7
1245 0.1 1856 6.4
12 0101 -0.4 M 0710 6.9 1325 -0.1 1931 6.6
13 0144 -0.5 TU 0744 7.0
1403 -0.2 2003 6.8
14 0223 -0.5 W 0816 7.0 1439 -0.3 2034 6.9
15 0302 -0.5 TH 0848 6.9
1511 -0.3 2106 7.0

26 0016 -1 .2 M 0635 7.9 1246 -1 .3 1854 8.1
27 0110 -1.5 TU 0726 8.1
1338 -1.6 1944 8.4
28 0203 -1 .6 W 0812 8.1 1426 -1 .7 2030 8.5
29 0254 -1.5 TH 0858 7.9
1512 -1.5 2117 8.4
30 0340 -1.3 F 0944 7.5 1558 -1 .2 2203 8.1
31 0427 -0.9 SA 1032 7.0
1643 -0.8 2251 7.6

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE REFERRED TO MEAN LOW WATER WHICH IS THE CHART DATUM OF SOUNDINGS.

30

Outdoors ii? Georgia

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE. GA. , 1979 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

APRIL

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0514 -0.4 SU 1120 6.6
1730 -0.3 2338 7.2
2 0602 0.1 M 1210 6.1
1821 0.2

3 0029 TU 0654
1303 1916
4 0121 W 0754
1358 2015
5 0217 TH 0852
1458 2115
6 0316 F 0948
1559 2210
7 0415 SA 1038
1654 2300
8 0507 SU 1123
1743 2347
9 0553 M 1206
1822

6.7 0.6 5.8 0.6
6.4 0.9 5.6 0.8
6.1 1.0 5.6 0.8
6.1 0.9 5.7 0.6
6.2 0.7 6.0 0.4
6.4 0.4 6.4 0.1
6.6 0.2 6.7

10 0032 -0.1 TU 0635 6.8
1246 0.0 1858 7.0
11 0114 -0.3 H 0710 6.9 1325 -0.1 1933 7.3
12 0156 -0.4 TH 0746 7.0
1405 -0.2 2007 7.5
13 0237 -0.5 F 0821 7.0 1442 -0.3 2041 7.6
14 0316 -0.4 SA 0857 6.9
1518 -0.3 2119 7.6
15 0357 -0.3 SU 0938 6.8
1558 -0.2 2202 7.5

16 0440 -0.2 M 1021 6.6 1643 -0.1 2251 7.4
17 0528 0.0 TU 1114 6.5
1732 0.1 2344 7.2
18 0625 0.2 M 1210 6.4 1833 0.3
19 0047 7.1 TH 0728 0.3
1315 6.4 1943 0.4
20 0153 7.0 F 0834 0.1 1424 6.5 2055 0.2
21 0304 7.0 SA 0938 -0.2
1535 6.8 2201 -0.1
22 0415 7.1 SU 1036 -0.6
1644 7.3 2303 -0.5
23 0519 7.4 M 1131 -0.9 1745 7.9
24 0000 -0.8 TU 0616 7.6
1222 -1.2 1837 8.3
25 0054 -1.1 W 0707 7.7 1312 -1.3 1924 8.6
26 0145 -1.2 TH 0752 7.7
1401 -1.3 2010 8.6
27 0233 -1.1 F 0838 7.5 1447 -1.2 2054 8.4
28 0319 -0.9 SA 0921 7.1
1531 -0.9 2136 8.1
29 0405 -0.6 SU 1005 6.8
1615 -0.5 2219 7.6
30 0448 -0.2 M 1050 6.4 1659 0.0 2304 7.2

MAY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h . m.

ft.

h .m. ft.

1 0533 0.2 16 0517 -0.3

TU 1136 6.1

W 1104 6.6

1746 0.4

1722 -0.1

2 351 6.8

2336 7.5

2 0620 0.6 17 0612 -0.2

W 1226 5.8 TH 1205 6.6

1838 0.8

1823 0.2

3 0039 6.5 TH 0713 0.8
1319 5.7 1935 1.0

4 0129 6.2

F 0809 0.9

1412 5.7

2034

1 .0

5 0223 6.1 SA 0903 0.9
1509 5.8 2132 0.9

6 0319 6.1 SU 0953 0.7
1607 6.1 2222 0.6

7 0415 6.2 M 1041 0.4
1658 6.5 2313 0.4

8 0507 6.4 TU 1126 0.2
1742 6.9 2358 0.1

9 0553 6.6 W 1208 0.0
1823 7.3

10 0044 -0.2 TH 0635 6.7
1249 -0.2 1903 7.6
11 0127 -0.3 F 0715 6.9 1330 -0.3 1940 7.9
12 0212 -0.5 SA 0754 6.9
1412 -0.4 2021 8.0
13 0255 -0.5 SU 0836 6.9
1455 -0.4 2101 8.0
14 0340 -0.5 M 0921 6.8 1540 -0.4 2147 7.9
15 0427 -0.4 TU 1009 6.7
1627 -0.3 2239 7.7

18 0036 7.2 F 0713 -0.1 1308 6.6 1931 0.3
19 0140 7.0 SA 0815 -0.2
1415 6.8 2041 0.2
20 0246 6.9 SU 0917 -0.4
1522 7.1 2148 0.0
21 0356 6.9 M 1015 -0.7 1628 7.5 2247 -0.3
22 0457 7.0 TU 1108 -0.9
1726 7.9 2342 -0.5
23 0556 7.1 W 1158 -1.1 1819 8.2
24 0035 -0.7 TH 0645 7.1
1248 -1.1 190 7 8.3
25 0125 -0.7 F 0731 7.1 1336 -1.0 1950 8.3
26 0213 -0.7 SA 0815 6.9
1421 -0.8 2031 8.1
27 0259 -0.5 SU 0857 6.7
1506 -0.6 2111 7.9
28 0341 -0.3 M 0936 6.4 1549 -0.3 2150 7.5
29 0422 -0.1 TU 1019 6.2
1631 0.1 2231 7.1
30 0504 0.2 W 1103 6.0 1714 0.4 2313 6.8
31 0546 0.4 TH 1149 5.8
1802 0.7 2359 6.5

JUNE

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0631 0.6 F 1236 5.8
1854 0.9
2 0045 6.3 SA 0722 0.7
1326 5.8 1950 1.0
3 0134 6.2 SU 0814 0.7
1419 6.0 2048 1.0
4 0224 6.1 M 0906 0.5
1514 6.2 2142 0.8
5 0320 6.1 TU 0956 0.3
1607 6.5 2233 0.5
6 0415 6.2 W 1042 0.1
1658 6.9 2323 0.2
7 0507 6.3 TH 1128 -0.2
1747 7.3
8 0011 -0.1 F 0600 6.5
1214 -0.4 1833 7.7
9 0101 -0.3 SA 0645 6.7
1301 -0.6 1917 8.0
10 0147 -0.6 SU 0730 6.8
1347 -0.7 2001 8.2
11 0235 -0.7 M 0817 6.9 1437 -0.8 2047 8.2
12 0324 -0.8 TU 0905 7.0
1526 -0.7 2136 8.1
13 0413 -0.8 W 0958 6.9 1619 -0.6 2229 7.9
14 0504 -0.8 TH 1056 6.9
1712 -0.4 2325 7.6
15 0557 -0.7 F 1157 6.9 1813 -0.1

16 0025 7.3 SA 0655 -0.6
1258 6.9 1918 0.1
17 0125 7.0 SU 0755 -0.5
1401 7.1 2025 0.1
18 0228 6.8 M 0854 -0.6 1506 7.2 2129 0.1
19 0332 6.6 TU 0951 -0.7
1609 7.4 2228 -0.1
20 0438 6.5 W 1044 -0.8 1708 7.7 2324 -0.2
21 0534 6.6 TH 1134 -0.8
1800 7.9
22 0016 -0.3 F 0625 6.6 1225 -0.8 1848 8.0
23 0105 -0.3 SA 0712 6.6
1311 -0.7 1929 7.9
24 0152 -0.3 SU 0754 6.5
1357 -0.6 2009 7.8
25 0236 -0.3 M 0834 6.4 1441 -0.4 2047 7.6
26 0316 -0.2 TU 0911 6.3
1523 -0.2 2124 7.4
27 0356 0.0 W 0950 6.1 1603 0.0 2200 7.1
28 0434 0.1 TH 1029 6.0
1645 0.3 2240 6.9
29 0512 0.3 F 1112 6.0 1727 0.6 2320 6.7
30 0553 0.4 SA 1154 6.0
1813 0.8

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE REFERRED TO MEAN LOW WATER WHICH IS THE CHART DATUK OF SOUNDINGS.

January 1979

6

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA., 1979 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

JULY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.n. ft.

ft.

1 0003 6.5 SU 0636 0.5
1242 6.0 1906 1.0

2 0049 6.3 M 0724 0.5
1329 6.1 2003 1.0

3 0139 6.2 TU 0817 0.5
1421 6.3 2058 0.9

4 0230 6.1 W 0909 0.3
1517 6.6 2155 0.7

5 0327 6.1 TH 1001 0.1
1617 7.0 2249 0.3

0426 1051 1713 2340

6.2 -0.2
7.4 0.0

7 0526 6.4 SA 1142 -0.5
1806 7.8

8 0032 -0.3 SU 0619 6.7
1235 -0.7 1856 8.2

0124 0711 1327 1945

-0.6 7.0
-0.9 8.4

10 0216 -0.9 TU 0802 7.2
1420 -1.0 2033 8.5

11 0306 -1.1 W 0854 7.4 1513 -1.1 2124 8.4

12 0355 -1.2 TH 0947 7.4
1606 -0.9 2216 8.2

13 0445 -1.2 F 1043 7.4 1659 -0.7 2312 7.8

14 0538 -1.0 SA 1141 7.4
1757 -0.3

15 0009 7.4 SU 0631 -0.8
1242 7.3 1858 0.0

16 0106 7.0 H 0729 -0.6 1342 7.3 2004 0.2
17 0208 6.6 TU 0829 -0.5
1444 7.3 2108 0.3
18 0310 6.4 W 0927 -0.4 1545 2209
19 0413 TH 1021
1646 2303
20 0515 6.2 F 1113 -0.4 1741 7.5 2355 0.2
21 0608 6.3 SA 1203 -0.4
1827 7.6
22 0045 0.1 SU 0653 6.4
1249 -0.4 1909 7.7
23 0128 0.0 H 0734 6.4 1334 -0.3 1946 7.6
24 0211 0.0 TU 0812 6.5
1418 -0.2 2023 7.6
25 0251 0.0 W 0846 6.4 1458 -0.1 2057 7.4
26 0327 0.0 TH 0921 6.4
1536 0.1 2131 7.2
27 0403 0.1 F 0954 6.4 1616 0.3 2206 7.1
28 0437 0.2 SA 1033 6.4
1656 0.5 2243 6.9
29 0514 0.3 SU 1114 6.4
1736 0.7 2324 6.7
30 0553 0.4 M 1157 6.4 1824 0.9
31 0009 6.5 TU 0638 0.5
1244 6.5 1919 1.1

AUGUST

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h .m.

ft.

h ,m. ft.

1 0052 6.3 16 0245 6.3

W 0728 0.5 TH 0901 0.1

1337 6.6

1520 7.2

2019 1.1

2144 0.8

2 0148 6.2 17 0348 6.2

TH 0825 0.5

F 0957 0.2

1434 6.8

1621 7.2

2119 0.9

2239 0.8

3 0248 6.2 18 0452 6.2

F 0924 0.2 SA 1050 0.2

1538 7.1

1718 7.3

2217 0.6

2331 0.7

4 0352 6.3 19 0547 6.3

SA 1022 -0.1 SU 1139 0.1

1641 7.5

1806 7.4

2313 0.2

5 0457 6.6 20 0016 0.5

SU 1118 -0.4

M 0632 6.5

1743 8.0

1225 0.1

1848 7.6

0008 -0.2 21 0101 0.4

0558 7.0 TU 0712 6.7

1215 -0.7

1311 0.0

1838 8.4

1924 7.6

7 0102 -0.7 22 0142 0.3

TU 0654 7.5

U 0746 6.8

1311 -1.0

1352 0.0

1929 8.7

1957 7.6

0154 -1.0 23 0220 0.2

0747 7.8 TH 0819 6.9

1406 -1.2

1433 0.1

2019 8.8

2029 7.6

9 0245 -1.3 24 0256 0.2

TH 0839 8.0

F 0851 7.0

1459 -1.2

1510 0.2

2109 8.7

2102 7.5

10 0334 -1.4 25 0331 0.3

F 0931 8.1 SA 0923 7.0

1552 -1.0

1549 0.3

2200 8.4

2134 7.3

11 0424 -1.3 26 0403 0.3

SA 1026 8.1 SU 0958 7.0

1643 -0.7

1626 0.5

2252 8.0

2208 7.1

12 0514 -1.1 27 0437 0.4

SU 1122 7.9

M 1035 7.0

1738 -0.3

1704 0.8

2348 7.5

2248 6.9

13 0605 -0.7 28 0514 0.6

M 1220 7.7 TU 1117 7.0

1836 0.1

1749 1.0

2330 6.7

14 0043 7,0 29 0556 0.7

TU 0701 -0.3

W 1207 7.0

1318 7.5

1840 1.2

1939 0.5

15 0143 6.6 30 0021

W 0801 0.0 TH 0647

1416 7.3

1300

2043 0.8

1942

31 0117 6.5 F 0749 0.7 1400 7.1 2047 1.1

SEPTEMBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0218 6.5 16 0423 6.3

SA 0855 0.6 SU 1023 0.7

1508 7.3

1646 7.2

2150 0.8

2302 1 .0

2 0327 6.6 17 0519 6.5

SU 0959 0.2

M 1113 0.6

1618 7.7

1737 7.3

2249 0.4

2347 0.8

3 0436 7.0 18 0604 6.8

M 1100 -0.2 TU 1200 0.4

1723 8.1

1819 7.5

2345 -0.2

4 0542 7.5 19 0028 0.6

TU 1158 -0.6

W 0645 7.1

1819 8.6

1245 0.3

1854 7.6

5 0040 -0.6 20 0109 0.5

W 0638 8.1 TH 0718 7.3

1255 -0.9

1325 0.2

1912 8.9

1928 7.7

6 0132 -1.0 21 0146 0.4

TH 0731 8.5

F 0750 7.4

1349 -1.1

1406 0.2

2001 9.0

2001 7.7

7 0222 -1.3 22 0222 0.3

F 0822 8.8 SA 0821 7.5

1442 -1.1

1444 0.3

2050 8.9

2031 7.6

8 0313 -1.3 23 0256 0.4

SA 0912 8.8 SU 0853 7.6

1534 -0.9

1521 0.4

2139 8.5

2105 7.5

9 0359 -1.2 24 0329 0.4

SU 1003 8.7

M 0925 7.6

1625 -0.6

1558 0.6

2229 8.1

2138 7.3

10 0448 -0.8 25 0405 0.5

M 1056 8.4 TU 1005 7.5

1717 -0.1

1639 0.8

2322 7.5

2219 7.1

11 0538 -0.4 26 0442 0.6

TU 1151 8.0

W 1048 7.5

1812 0.4

1722 1.0

2301 6.9

12 0018 7.0 27 0525 0.8

W 0631 0.1 TH 1136 7.4

1247 7.6

1815 1.2

1910 0.9

2354 6.7

13 0116 6.6 28 0618 0.9

TH 0730 0.5

F 1233 7.4

1346 7.3

1915 1.3

2013 1.2

14 0217 6.3 29 0053 6.7

F 0832 0.8 SA 0721 1.0

1446 7.1

1335 7.4

21 1

1.3

2022 1 .2

15 0322 6.2 30 0158 6.7

SA 0930 0.8 SU 0834 0.8

1551 7.1

1446 7.5

2212 1.2

2128 0.8

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE REFERRED TO MEAN LOW WATER WHICH IS THE CHART DATUM OF SOUNDINGS.

32

Outdoors it) Georgia

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA. 1979 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

OCTOBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h .m.

ft.

1 0311 6.9 16 0444 6.6

M 0943 0.5 TU 1044 0.9

1556 7.8

1654 7.1

2228 0.3

2310 0.9

2 0421 7.4 17 0531 6.9

TU 1044 0.1

M 1131 0.7

1702 8.1

1740 7.3

2323 -0.2

2352 0.7

3 0525 8.0 18 0611 7.2

W 1142 -0.4 TH 1214 0.5

1800 8.5

1819 7.4

4 0016 -0.7 TH 0624 8.6
1238 -0.7 1853 8.8

5 0107 -1 .0 F 0715 9.0
1333 -0.9 1942 8.9

6 0158 -1 .2 SA 0804 9.2
1425 -0.9 2030 8.7

7 0247 -1 .2 SU 0851 9.2
1515 -0.7 2116 8.4

8 0334 -0.9 M 0939 8.9
1605 -0.4 2206 7.9

9 0421 -0.6 TU 1029 8.5
1653 0.1 2256 7.4

10 0509 -0.1 W 1122 8.1 1744 0.6 2348 6.9

11 0601 0.4

TH 1215 7.6

1839

1 .1

12 0044 6.5 F 0657 0.9 1311 7.2 1939 1.4
13 0144 6.3 SA 0757 1 .2
1407 7.0 2039 1.5
14 0247 6.2 SU 0858 1.2
1506 6.9 2135 1 .4
15 0347 6.3 M 0953 1.1 1603 6.9 2226 1.2

19 0032 0.5 F 0648 7.5 1256 0.3 1854 7.5
20 0110 0.4 SA 0720 7.7
1338 0.3 1929 7.5
21 0147 0.3 SU 0754 7.9
1418 0.3 2003 7.5
22 0223 0.3 M 0827 8.0 1457 0.3 2036 7.4
23 0259 0.3 TU 0900 8.0
1536 0.4 2113 7.2
24 0338 0.4 U 0940 7.9 1618 0.6 2154 7.1
25 0417 0.5 TH 1024 7.8
1704 0.8 2243 6.9
26 0503 0.6 F 1117 7.6 1755 0.9 2336 6.8
27 0559 0.8 SA 1213 7.5
1855 1 .0
28 0039 6.7 SU 0706 0.9
1318 7.4 2001 0.9
29 0147 6.8 M 0816 0.8 1427 7.4 2106 0.6
30 0256 7.1 TU 0927 0.5
1537 7.6 2205 0.1
31 0407 7.6 W 1030 0.1 1642 7.8 2302 -0.4

NOVEMBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0510 8.1

16 0531

7.0

TH 1129 -0.3

F 1142 0.5

1742 8.1

1739 6.9

2353 -0.8

2353 0.3

2 0608 8.7 17 0612 7.4

F 1224 -0.6 SA 1227 0.3

1835 8.3

1820 7.0

3 0045 -1 .1 SA 0657 9.0
1316 -0.8 1923 8.3
4 0134 -1 .1 SU 0746 9.2
1408 -0.8 2010 8.1
5 0223 -1 .1 M 0831 9.1
1455 -0.6 2055 7.8
6 0309 -0.8 TU 0917 8.8
1542 -0.3 2141 7.4
7 0355 -0.5 W 1003 8.3
1628 0.1 2228 7.0
8 0441 0.0 TH 1051 7.8
1717 0.5 2317 6.6
9 0528 0.5 F 1138 7.4
1805 0.9

10 0009 SA 0621
1228 1858
11 0105 SU 0718
1321 1956
12 0159 M 0817 1414 2051
13 0258 TU 0914
1509 2142
14 0354 W 1007 1603 2228
15 0446 TH 1054
1654 2311

6.3 0.9 7.0
1 .2
6.1 1 .2 6.7 1 .3
6.0 1 .3 6.6
1 .2
6.1 1 .2 6.5 1 .0
6.4 1.0 6.6 0.8
6.7 0.7 6.7 0.5

18 0034 0.1

SU 0648 7.7

1 309

0.1

1857 7.1

19 01 15 0.0 M 0725 7.9 1353 0.0 1936 7.2

20 0154 -0.1 TU 0803 8.0
1434 0.0 2015 7.1

21 0235 -0.1 W 0841 8,0 1517 0.0 2053 7.1

22 0317 -0.1 TH 0923 8.0
1602 0.1 2138 6.9

23 0402 0.0

F 101 1

7.8

1648 0.2

2229 6.8

24 0451 0.1 SA 1103 7.6
1 740 0.3 2325 6.7

25 0548 0.3 SU 1201 7.4
1839 0.3

26 0029 6.7 M 0651 0.5 1303 7.2 1940 0.2

27 0135 6.9 TU 0803 0.5
1409 7.1 2044 0.0

28 0242 7.1

W 091 1

0.3

1516 7.1

2143 -0.3

29 0350 7.4 TH 1015 0.0
1622 7.2 2239 -0.7

30 0454 7.9 F 1113 -0.3 1724 7.3 2332 -0.9

DECEMBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

h.m. ft.

h.m. ft.

1 0550 8.3 SA 1206 -0.5
1818 7.4
2 0024 -1 .1 SU 0643 8.5
1259 -0.7 1907 7.5
3 0112 -1.2 M 0730 8.6
1349 -0.7 1952 7.4
4 0201 -1 .1 TU 0812 8.5
1438 -0.6 2035 7.2
5 0247 -0.9 W 0856 8.2
1521 -0.4 2119 6.9
6 0332 -0.6 TH 0938 7.9
1606 -0.1 2202 6.6
7 0415 -0.2 F 1021 7.5
1648 0.2 2248 6.3
8 0459 0.1 SA 1104 7.1
1730 0.5 2333 6.0
9 0546 0.5 SU 1149 6.7
1817 0.7

16 0534 7.0 SU 1152 0.1
1742 6.4 2358 -0.2
17 0619 7.4 M 1241 -0.1 1827 6.6
18 0043 -0.4 TU 0701 7.7
1327 -0.3 1911 6.8
19 0129 -0.6 W 0742 7.9 1414 -0.5 1955 6.9
20 0215 -0.7 TH 0827 8.0
1500 -0.6 2041 6.9
21 0302 -0.8 F 0910 8.0 1546 -0.6 2127 6.9
22 0351 -0.7 SA 1000 7.8
1634 -0.6 2219 6.9
23 0439 -0.6 SU 1051 7.6
1724 -0.6 2317 6.8
24 0536 -0.4 M 1149 7.3 1819 -0.5

10 0021 5.9 25 0017 6.8

M 0635 0.8 TU 0638 -0.1

1234 6.5

1247 7.0

1906 0.8

1919 -0.4

11 0111 5.8 26 0120 6.9

TU 0731

1 .0

W 0745 0.0

1321 6.3

1350 6.7

1959 0.8

2019 -0.5

12 0203 5.9 27 0226 7.0

W 0828 1 .0 TH 0853 0.0

1413 6.1

1455 6.6

2052 0.7

2120 -0.6

13 0257 6.0 28 0332 7.1

TH 0924 0.9

F 0956 -0.1

1506 6.1

1601 6.5

2141 0.5

2217 -0.8

14 0353 6.3 29 0436 7.4

F 1017 0.7 SA 1054 -0.3

1601 6.1

1705 6.5

2230 0.3

2310 -1 .0

15 0444 6.6 30 0534 7.6

SA 1105 0.4 SU 1150 -0.4

1652 6.3

1801 6.6

2315 0.0

31 0003 -1 .1 M 0627 7.8 1242 -0.5
1851 6.7

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE REFERRED TO MEAN LOW WATER WHICH IS THE CHART DATUM OF SOUNDINGS.

January 1979

33

UNIVERSITY OF GLORGiA
JAN 3 1979
LIBRARIES
VHAv&falf bu/ffc (tuft*