Outdoors in Georgia [Jan. 1976]

Outdoors
Georgia
Japuary 1976 50c

George Busbee
Governor
Joe D. Tanner
Commissioner
George T. Bagby
Deputy Commissioner
BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Leonard E. Foote Chairman
Waleska-- State-at-Large Wade H. Coleman Vice Chairman
Valdosta-- State-at-Large Leo T. Barber, Jr. Secretary
Moultrie-- 2nd District James F. Darby
Vidalia-lst District
Dr. Robert A. Collins, Jr. Americus-- 3rd District George P. Dillard Decatur--4th District
Mary Bailey Izard Atlanta-- 5th District
James A. Mankin Griffin-6th District Lloyd L. Summer, Jr.
Rome-- 7th District
J. Wimbric Walker
McRae-- 8th District
Donald J. Carter Gainesville-- 9th District
Leonard Bassford Augusta-- 10th District
Sam Cofer
St. Simons Island Coastal District James D. Cone Decatur-- State-at-Large A. Calhoun Todd, Jr.
Macon-- State-at-Large
DIVISION DIRECTORS
Parks and Historic Sites Division Henry D. Struble, Director
Game and Fish Division
Jack Crockford, Director
Environmental Protection Division J. Leonard Ledbetter, Director
Earth and Water Division Sam M. Pickering, Jr., Director
Office of Planning and Research
Office of Administrative Services James H. Pittman, Director
Public Relations and Information David Cranshaw, Director

OutdOOrS ip Georgia

Volume 5

January 1976

Number 1

FEATURES

Under the Gold

Bill Hammack 3

To Have More Quail Netmakers
Oasis
My Boy and I
1976 Tide Tables

Ron Simpson 8 Jingle Davis 15
Bob Lee 19 Dick Davis 25
26

DEPARTMENTS

Sportsman's Calendar

31

Letters

32

FRONT COVER: Bobwhite quail, one of the state's greatest wildlife resources, by
Liz Carmichcipl Jones.
BACK COVER: The gold dome of the Capitol, a symbol of Georgia government. Photo by Bob Busby.

MAGAZINE STAFF
Phone-656-5660

David Cranshaw Bill Morehead

Editor-in-Chief Editor

Aaron Pass Rebecca N. Marshall Dick Davis Bill Hammack Jingle Davis
Susan Wood

Managing Editor
Writer Writer Writer Writer Writer Priscilla C. Powell

Liz Carmichael Jones Jose Vinas Bob Busby Edward Brock
.... Cathy Cardarelli
Jim Couch Circulation Manager

Art Director Artist
Photo Editor Photographer Photographer Photographer

Outdoors in Georgia is the official monthly magazine of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, published at the Department's offices, Room 713, 270 Washington Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30334. No advertising accepted. Subscriptions are $3 for one year or $6 for three years. Printed by Williams Printing Company, Atlanta, Georgia. Articles and photographs may be reprinted when proper credit given. Contributions are welcome, but the editors assume no responsibility or liability for loss or damage of articles, photographs, or illustrations. Second-class postage paid at Atlanta, Georgia. 35,000 copies printed at an approximate cost of $14,500. The Department of Natural Resources is an Equal Opportunity employer, and employs without regard to race, creed, color, sex, age, or national origin.

T,his is my swan song. I am retiring as Deputy Com-
missioner on the first of January. By the time you read this I will already be referred to as Ole Whasizname
Who Used to Work Here. But as I go, I've got a few
words in parting for the readers of Outdoors in Georgia.

First, this business of conservation and stewardship

of natural resources needs all the help it can get from

We the average citizen.

already have all the help we

need from special interests and, in the nature of politics,

are likely to get much more.

As an unusual example of special interests, when I first came to the old Game and Fish Commission, there
were a very few people with our University system
who drew their pay as ecologists. Now, the woods are full of them (I should say the laboratories are full of
-- A them the woods are as bare as ever). whole new
special interest group has arisen, and sometimes I won-
-- der if the propagation of this new religion environ-- mental protectionism consumes too much of our en-
ergy, leaving little to protect the environment!

Frankly the Alcovy Swamp and our coastal marshes,

two examples of our precious natural heritage, are not

-- saved from destruction we have merely protected them

We -- for the time being.

can lose them at any time at

any time the average citizen forgets to insist that they

be saved. There are always people ready to use our

common natural heritage for their own selfish needs.
-- These people are not mean or ugly they are simply

human beings like you and I. When we face these

people, be they environmental extremists or developers.

we have to be selfish for the average man, for the com-
mon interests, and for future Georgians.
The nature of the conservation game is politics. Get apathetic about politics, if you will, that is your pre-
-- rogative. Then watch as special interests who are
never apathetic about politics gobble up your swamps,
-- -- woodlands, and wildlife. It can happen indeed, it will -- happen if you don't keep it from happening.
I am no doomsday prophet. I do not believe it is too
late to save our environment. I believe we can have orderly growth and development while protecting our
resources. Preservation is not always the single best use of a resource, just as wholesale development is not
always the best use. I am more optimistic about our
natural resources than I have ever been, for we, all of
-- us from the urban Atlantan to the farmer in Attapul-
gus, have seen what can happen if we forget. It has always been our goal to manage Georgia's
resources in such a way that those of us living today could reap a bountiful harvest of our game and fish, enjoying these resources to the fullest, while managing and conserving them in such a manner that generations of Georgians yet unborn may also be able to enjoy the same natural resources.
This may be my swan song but it is just the beginning
for the outdoors in Georgia. Let us all fight to keep it
the way it should be. I may be retiring but I am not retiring from my desire to have a Georgia that remains
full of nature's handiwork.

January 1976

Under the

Gold
Georgia's Capitol, a continuing legacy

By Bill Hammack

Wearing a 43-ounce cap of Georgia gold worth about $6,000 on today's market stands the state's 86-yearold Capitol, a beloved landmark whose value cannot be measured in money. The State Capitol is more than
-- a workplace in an array of state office buildings it is
a heritage to all Georgians, and a heritage wears no
price tag.
In this day of steel and glass and concrete buildings
-- which have about as much personality as a rusty re-
inforcing rod, the stately Capitol with its classic
-- renaissance architecture is a sight for skyscraper-
weary eyes. But only a few decades ago it had become something of an eyesore.
The post-World War I depression hit the farm harder
and longer than any other sector of the national economy. Georgia, then firmly rooted in agriculture, suffered severely, and the government had to hoe a barren row.
Lacking necessary upkeep money, state officials had no choice but to let the Capitol backslide. Its grassy lawns grew patched and brown, and its shrubbery was scraggled and sparse. Inside the grand old building,
ceilings cracked, paint peeled, the dome creaked and settled dangerously. The copper lady atop the dome was literally falling apart. Her lifted torch-bearing arm had
Photo by Cathy Cardarelli
January 1976

worked loose and in high windstorms it swung back and forth as though she were signaling for help.
Help was on the way. When he was governor, U.S. Senator Herman Talmadge started the Capitol spruce-
up by having the exterior sandblasted. In 1957 Governor Marvin Griffin turned the jurisdiction of the building and grounds over to Secretary of State Ben W. Fortson, Jr., making the necessary funds available
for renovation.
"Mr. Ben" remembers investigating the Capitol's
disrepair. "We found some scary things," he said. "For instance, people couldn't go up into the dome because
it was too dangerous. The stairway was in terrible shape. And the dome was settling so badly we had to jack it up." Mr. Ben went to work with vigor on his new Capitol assignment: restoring, refurbishing, repair-
ing, rebuilding.
Today the imposing edifice glows in its five-acre setting of green lawns and bright flowers and well-tended shrubs. It has become a mecca for tourists and a happy experience for Georgia students who absorb history the exciting way as they tour the Capitol.
Some of the Georgians who forged the history of our
State are represented in sculpture that surrounds the

--

building. There are statues of General John B. Gordon,
the first Governor to move into the Capitol; Thomas E. Watson, who served as both U.S. Representative and Senator and who established Rural Free Delivery; Eugene Talmadge, elected Governor for four terms; and Governor and Mrs. Joseph E. Brown. The sculpture of the Browns is one of the few husband-wife statues in
the world and the only one of a governor and his first lady. The most recent monument, dedicated last year, is of U.S. Senator and former Governor Richard Brevard Russell, Jr. The uplifted right arm of Senator Russell's statue, viewed from a certain angle on Washington Street south of the statue, seems to gesture toward the Capitol as though inviting attention to this remarkable
building.
And Georgia's Capitol was remarkable from the first.
It was built within its initial appropriation, a feat which seems incredible when considered in light of today's runaway inflation and the overruns which beset current construction projects. Even in the 1880s, when the Capitol was erected, the accomplishment was unprecedented. The legislature appropriated $1 million for the structure and after all the bills were paid, the building fund account showed a balance of $118.43.
Before work could begin on the marble and limestone landmark which would become an arena for epic political battles, there was a fight about where the Capitol was to be located. The old capital city, Milledgeville,
fought to retain that distinction, while Atlanta struggled to acquire it. Atlanta won.
In 1879 the Legislature designated the old City Hall
area in Atlanta as the site of the new Capitol. Work
did not begin right away because of a situation familiar
-- to state officials today shortage of funds. Not until
1 883 was the Legislature able to provide the money, stipulating that costs should not exceed $1 million. The lawmakers named a five-man commission with the Governor serving as ex-officio chairman to direct construction work. The commission chose a design submitted by a Chicago architectural firm and, after calling for bids twice, picked an Ohio builder. Indiana limestone was selected for the exterior after the commissioners looked into the possibility of using Georgia marble or granite. They rejected the bid incorporating Georgia marble because it overran the budget by about $15,000.
-- -- However, the commissioners were able to build the
halls including the walls, floors and stairs of Georgia marble, and they used other native materials in the construction as often as they could. Iron girders were fabricated in Pennsylvania of Georgia ore; most of the woodwork was cut in Georgia forests, and 450,000 bricks from the old City Hall were salvaged for the new Capitol.
When it was completed in 1889, five years after work
started, the dedication ceremonies drew huge crowds of people who marveled at the impressive structure which was, at the time, Atlanta's tallest building. They packed the interior, many stopping to gape in awe at

the breathtaking open rotunda which rises 237 feet from the second floor through the tiers of upper stories to the ceiling of the dome. They crowded around the windows of the dome, admiring the sweeping view of Stone Mountain, Kennesaw Mountain, and the rolling countryside all around.

The Capitol today attracts a steady stream of visitors who come to see the chambers of the House of Representatives and the Senate and the offices of the Governor. Through the years, various groups and agencies have contributed to the Capitol's charm with displays of state minerals and wildlife, Indian artifacts and exhibits on state agriculture and history. The building abounds in historic works of art. There are portraits
and busts of men and women who contributed sig-

nificantly to the state.

Georgia's founder. General James Edward Ogle-

thorpe, is there, along with Button Gwinnett, one of

Georgia's three signers of the Declaration of Inde-

pendence. Gwinnett's rare autograph is worth a fortune
-- today Georgia owns one. Other Georgians are hon-- ored Margaret Mitchell, author of Gone With the

Wind; Moina Michael, who started the custom of

wearing red poppies on Veteran's Day; Juliette Gordon

Low, founder of the Girl Scouts; Dr. Martin Luther

King, Jr., winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964;

Dr. Crawford Long, the first surgeon to use ether as an

anesthetic; Alexander Stephens, who served as vice

president of the Confederacy and later as governor of

Georgia. Stephens was a man who never topped the

A hundred-pound mark on the scales.

political op-

ponent once bellowed at Stephens that he could grease

him and swallow him whole. Stephens replied that

if his antagonist carried out his threat, he'd have more

brains in his belly than he had in his head.

The quartet of portraits around the top of the rotunda are the oldest owned by the state. Of Washington, Jefferson, Franklin and Oglethorpe, they were painted in 1826 for $200. In the 1950s, when the portraits needed cleaning and restoration, the bill came to $30,000.
The golden cap on the Capitol dome was not part of the original construction. At first, the dome was topped with homely galvanized steel. Over the years the steel deteriorated and when the Capitol was renovated, in 1958, citizens of Dahlonega and Lumpkin County donated 43 ounces of native gold for the dome. The old steel was stripped off, exposing the terra cotta block
underpinnings, and gilders applied the gold leaf in strips four-millionths of an inch thick. At the same time, the Capitol's numerous fireplaces were covered, the tall ceilings were lowered and a number of modern windows were installed. Although the Secretary of State's office was refurbished and restored, Mr. Ben insisted that it retain its tall ceilings and lofty wooden windows.
The figure atop the dome is a lady of some mystery. The 2.000-pound statue seems appropriate to the struc-
ture, but Secretary of State Fortson says he can find

nothing in the original building plans calling for a
statue on the dome. One report says that the figure

Outdoors ir> Georgia

Right: By May of 1958, renovation
of the Capitol was underway. Bottom right: Ben Fortson rolled his wheelchair
to a precarious perch on the dome
to inspect repairs.
Below: Here's what the fourth floor looked like before restoration started.
Photos courtesy of Secretary of State
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January 1976

Photos by Cathy Cai darrlli

Photo by Bob Busby
Exhibits display Georgia's myriad wildlife.
From the rotunda, looking 237 feet up toward the dome.
Color motif of the chamber of the House of Representatives is red. In the Senate Chamber, it's blue.
-- cast by an Ohio firm was intended to grace that state's
Capitol. Another account says the statue was created
specifically for the dome of Georgia's Capitol. It hardly matters now, however, for "Miss Freedom" stands, 15 feet tall, on Georgia's Capitol dome and none would dream of removing her.
In one hand she holds a sword, which is about the only weapon Secretary of State Fortson failed to use in his celebrated war on the starlings. In 1963 hordes
-- of starlings invaded the Capitol roosting in the eaves,
perching on the window sills, chittering shrilly from the shrubs, and covering everything with a smelly snowstorm of white droppings. The starling, introduced to
the United States in the late 19th century, is generally
despised because of the damage it does to buildings and statues. (See "The Invaders," Outdoors in Georgia, December 1975.)
When the starling plague struck. Mr. Ben fought
-- back. He fought with shotguns his gunners brought
down thousands of the feathered varmints. But with
Outdoors ii? Georgia

Photo by Cathy Cardarelli
Flat's of all 50 slates hang in the Capitol's Hall of States.
millions of the birds roosting around the Capitol, the difference was scarcely noticeable.
He tried smudge pots; he tried feather dusters as scarecrows. Somebody suggested moth balls in gallon
syrup buckets, and Fortson festooned the trees around
the Capitol with them. Some of the buckets still hang
there today.
For seven and a half years, the starlings came as regularly to Georgia's Capitol as the swallows come to Capistrano. They arrived after the first November cold snap and stayed until March, oblivious to the curses hurled up at them by passing pedestrians.
The Secretary of State, however, is not a man to
give up easily. People joked about Ben Fortson's war with the starlings, though the damage they did wasn't funny, nor was the expense of cleaning up after them
each spring.
Mr. Ben put his agile brain to work. He concocted
a plan to get rid of the varmints by keeping the birds
lrom sitting down. He stocked up on Roman candles
January 1976

and one early November, he and his chosen attack team maintained a 24-hour vigil at the Capitol for four solid
weeks.

They were ready on the night the starlings arrived, seemingly by the millions. Fortson and his troops cut
loose with 360 Roman candles. It looked like an ex-
plosion in a fireworks factory. It looked like an Armageddon of anti-aircraft fire. It looked like Sherman was
on the rampage again. The Roman candles thumped
and spit red and blue fire in high-arching trails, and the starlings retreated with squawks and flaps and flutterings. Every time the birds would swoop in to roost, Mr.
Ben and his men would open fire.
On the following night, the starlings came swarming
in again. Again they were met by Fortson's withering
Roman candle firepower. He was determined that not a single starling would find a roosting place. On the
third night of the battle, only about a thousand starlings showed up. They were ruthlessly driven away by the
Roman candle corps. On the fourth night, Fortson and his men searched the skies, waiting, weapons at the ready. No starlings. The hours passed, but the starlings never came. And they've never been back since.

Victor in the starling war, the Secretary of State took care of the Capitol for 14 years.

In 1971 Steve Polk, Director of Administration of

the Georgia Building Authority since 1968, was given

the added responsibility of managing the Capitol and

its grounds. Polk, who came up through the ranks in

the Georgia State Patrol to earn his captain's bars, was

born and raised on a farm in Newton County.

Captain Polk says he was a pretty good farmer, but

the record shows he is a top horticultural producer. In

1974 the crop of beauty he raised on the Capitol

grounds won the first award ever presented to a govern-

mental organization by the Men's Garden Clubs of

America. It was the second such award ever conferred

in the 44-year history of this national group of over 300

garden clubs. Their "Certificate of Meritorious Achieve-

ment" was awarded Captain Polk "for beautification of

Capitol square ... for contributing to the quality of our

Nation's beauty and environment."

In January, 1975 Captain Polk was officially com-

mended for bringing "much honor and recognition to

the State of Georgia through his fine efforts to enhance

the beauty of the Capitol area."

Besides enhancing the Capitol's beauty. Captain Polk

supports all efforts to "bring in the school kids." He says, "We want to make their visits to the Capitol as

interesting as they are educational, and as educational

as they are interesting."
To this end he enlisted the consulting services of the

late Bernice McCullar. distinguished Georgia educator,

historian and author.

Captain Polk regards that part of his job devoted to

the Capitol and its grounds with a farmer's down-to-

earth directness. "We've got to look after the Capitol,"

he says. "After all, it belongs to Georgia's 4!/2 million

people."

r

To Have
More Quail
By Ron Simpson
Photography by Bob Busby
Probably more is known about management of the bobwhite quail
(Colinus virginianus) than any other
upland game species in North Amer-
ica. Despite this plenitude of information, relatively few Georgia land-
owners ever attempt to manage
quail.
Most don't know how, because no practical management information has ever reached them. Others may feel quail management is too costly,
in loss of productive agricultural acreage and in monetary outlay. Still
others may have tried some manage-
ment without any technical assistance and realized little or no increase in the number of quail during the hunting season.
Quail populations can be increased on most areas if the right
habitat management practices are implemented. And this often can be accomplished at minimum cost. For advice on correct management practices, landowners should contact the
Game and Fish Division. Profes-
sional wildlife biologists are avail-
Outdoors ip Georgia

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able through an extension service, and their recommendations often
can determine the management an area needs to produce the desired re-
sults at the least cost.
Federal cost sharing on certain wildlife management practices is available. For detailed information about a particular county, contact
that county's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service office.
Before discussing recommended
practices, it is wise to look at the bobwhite's life history. Understanding the quail helps in understanding
why certain practices are important. The familiar "bob - bob - white"
whistle, heard as early as February, is a sure sign that the breeding season is not far off. Covey break-up
and pairing (the bobwhite is monogamous, one male mating with one female) starts in March. Usually
there is about a 15% surplus of
males, insuring that all females have a mate.
May, June. July, and August are the most important nesting months.

A few nests may be built as early as
March or as late as October, but this is not the norm. Quail select nest sites where vegetative ground cover is about 50%; cover of this type offers optimum screening for nests and adequate passageways for quail movement.
If the nest is broken up, the female will usually re-nest. The number of eggs laid in a nest decreases with each new attempt: hens in Georgia lay an average of 16 eggs in nests built in April but average only
9 eggs in August nests. And contrary to many stories about multiple
broods, a pair of quail will raise only
one brood of chicks per year. Renesting occurs only if previous attempts fail.
Studies have indicated that chick mortality between hatching and 15
weeks may be as high as 50%. This loss can be reduced by habitat man-
agement practices that consider the special needs of young quail. The chick's diet must be high in protein; this is supplied through consumption

of animal matter. Management that produces an abundance of insect life at the quail's level, and which pro-
tects the feeding birds, will increase
chick survival.
The annual diet of a bobwhite is comprised of 60-65% seeds, 15-
20% fruits, 15% animal matter, and 5% green forage. The impor-
tance of these varies with the sea-
sons. Peak fruit consumption occurs in the late spring and summer, when such foods are available, and consumption of animal matter is greatest in summer and fall.
The bobwhite uses a variety of
different covers. In addition to the
nesting cover, quail must have protective cover for feeding, roosting,
loafing, and escape. One area of cover may often serve a dual role.
Generally, feeding and loafing cover has grass and herbaceous vegetation which is slightly more open or sparse than roosting and escape cover.
The greatest loss of bobwhites in
Georgia, excluding chicks, is during either the hunting season or the

January 1976

For successful nesting, quail depend on good nesting habitat, favorable weather, and an adequate food supply.

Controlled burning is a variable technique in quail habitat
management. It removes dead ground litter and encourages the
growth of plants which furnish the birds food and cover.
After burning, a fresh, green under.story sprouts if the forest has
been properly thinned.

breeding season. Where habitat conditions are good and hunter harvest is low, spring and summer losses
will equal or exceed those of the
winter.
A quail population is controlled
by the quality of available habitat.
-- There can be only as many quail as
the habitat will support no more, no less. Losses from other factors such as predation, disease, and, in some cases, starvation, must occur if
the excess is not harvested. Summer
quail production usually exceeds
the ability of the habitat to support all birds through an entire year.
Natural mortality approaches 80%,
so hunters should be able to harvest
30-50% of the birds without endan-
gering next year's population. Historically, predation and pre-
dator control usually have received considerable attention in quail management programs. But more often than not. these attempts were ineffective. As mentioned previously.

natural mortality will maintain a bobwhite population that is balanced with what the habitat can support, and predation is simply one of nature's methods of preventing overpopulation.
Predation is usually a problem
only where man has changed the
A ecological balance. quail popula-
tion that does not exceed the habitat's carrying capacity is highly re-
sistant to predatory pressure. Many
of the quail taken by predators arc those that are diseased or crippled. Although foxes, bobcats, hawks, and owls do take an occasional quail, they can actually aid the bobwhite population by taking a large number of rodents. Rodents compete with quail for food, and when the rodent population is high, they can destroy a substantial proportion of the quail nests on an area. Because this balance between predators and prey species is so complex, no control of predators should be at-

tempted without substantial reason and professional advice.
The vast majority of the habitat improvements needed for quail are related to food, cover, or both. Unmanaged land in Georgia usually produces little food and has either too much or too little cover.
The following management practices are the ones most commonly used in the Southeast. They are pre-
sented to give people interested in
managing quail some knowledge of what is involved in producing more
birds.
Quail habitat management is based on varying or diversifying forest, brush, grass, and cultivated land
to produce the maximum amount of
food and cover. However, shuffling all of these land-use types on a farm
for maximum quail benefit is seldom
feasible or economically justifiable.
An alternative is to manage each type individually. Management prac-
tices are designed to duplicate in one

10

Outdoors ip Georgia

Japuary 1976

11

In agricultural areas, waste grain can be an important food source for quail, particularly if it is near protective cover.

habitat the same situation that exists where the different types meet or
border each other.
The widespread, and probably most beneficial, management practice used in pine and low-grade hardwood stands is controlled burning. Burning removes the thick litter
(pinestraw, leaves, grass, etc.) that is
usually present in unburned stands, and it stimulates the germination of the leguminous plant seeds such as partridge pea, lespedcza, and butterfly pea. These are very important bobwhite foods in late winter. Insects necessary for chicks after hatching are also greatly increased by burning an area, and the cover is thinned enough so that the insects can be found by chicks.

February or early March is the best time to burn, but if hardwood undergrowth is dense, a burn delayed until the undergrowth begins to leaf out assists in controlling and reducing this problem. The frequency with which a site is burned depends on soil fertility and moisture. Average sites probably need burning once every two years, poor dry sites once every three years, and rich
moist sites every year. If all ground cover will be re-
moved by burning, selected areas of cover should be protected from the fire. Clumps of desirable shrubs
(wild plum, hawthorn, hackberry, sassafras, blackberry) 20 to 30 feet in diameter provide protective cover
and should be saved. One to two

acres of broomsedge, wiregrass or
various other clump-type grasses
suitable for nesting should be pro-
tected for early nesting attempts.
Harrowing or constructing firebreaks will keep the burn from such
areas.
If a stand of timber is so dense that direct sunlight cannot reach the ground, burning alone will be of little value. Such a stand should be
thinned. Food and cover plants in
the developing understory vegetation will then be able to receive the sunlight necessary for growth.
Thinning of over-stocked timber is also a beneficial forest management practice; it releases the remaining trees from an over-crowded situation and increases their growth rate. In stands where there is a long rotation period, such as saw-timber or pole timber, the forest canopy opened by a thinning will gradually be closed as the trees grow. Several thinnings are necessary during the full rotation period to maintain a productive understory.
Cover and food may also be pro-
vided by introducing various plants recognized as valuable to quail.
Some of the best ones are Clemson combine pea, kobe lespedeza, Ko-
rean lespedeza, bi-color lespedeza, wild plum, and hairy vetch. Insect
life, as well as seeds, are made more available to quail by many of these
plantings. In fact, the quail popula-
tion on some areas may actually benefit more from the insects produced and consumed by quail chicks
than by the seed produced in these
plantings.
The size of food patches should be at least one-fourth acre. The number of patches needed is determined by the vegetative character of the managed area and by the de-
sires of the manager. A minimum
of one cover area, planted or na-

12

Outdoors ip Georgia

tural, should be developed for every
10 acres of managed land.
Small openings, as well as thin-
nings, in quality hardwood stands can be developed to increase the
quail productivity in these areas.
They should be about one-half acre in size and can be planted in food plants such as Clemson combine pea
A and partridge pea. border strip of
serecia or bi-color lespedeza about 15 feet wide can be added for cover. Again, the dictates of the land and
manager will determine the number and distribution of these.
Pasture and cropland are almost always very low on cover for quail, because of heavy cattle grazing and today's "clean" farming practices. Clearing every fence-row and cleaning areas of low productivity, even
when they may not be worth farm-
ing, decrease the natural diversity
and the value to quail. Heavilygrazed areas are also normally low
in quail benefits.
Open pasture and cropland can be made more habitable for quail

by allowing border fence-rows to revert to natural vegetation, and by developing thickets and hedge rows across the fields for cover. Quail will not use the middle of even a 20-acre pasture or field, they will use only the edges where there is protective
cover.
The extent to which an area may
be crossed with the thickets and hedge rows must be decided by the farm manager.
In pastures these should be plants
such as wild plum and hawthorn that are seldom grazed by cattle. These plants will protect some quail food plants from grazing, as well as providing cover. Fencing of cover lanes and food patches is an effec-
tive, but costly, practice.
On cultivated land, a hedgerow or
cover land can simply be a strip about 15 feet wide which is left out of cultivation. Permanent lanes can be established by leaving the same strip uncultivated for several years. Grass, shrubs, and tree species usually need only 3 to 5 years to

become established. If more rapid development and results are wanted,
these strips can be planted in pine with clumps of plums, etc., at regular intervals. These clumps of protective cover add to the diversity of land barren of quail benefits.

Where cultivated land is bordered
by woodland, a 15-to 20-foot strip can be left between the two. It can be planted or left to revert naturally to desirable species like beggarweed and ragweed. Serecia or bi-color lespedeza are two of the perennial species that can be established between woodland and cultivated land.

These are but a few of the prac-

tices that are beneficial to quail.
Some may be more satisfactory on
one area than on another. Consult
Game and Fish Division biologists

to determine which practice or prac-
tices to use. There may be some

simple practices for small areas that

are compatible with the major land-

use and which will provide all the

bobwhites' life requirements.

()

January 1976

13

Netmakers
By Jingle Davis
Photography by Cathy Cardarelli

January 1976

Hicks Walker of Sapelo Island is one of the
handful of netmakers on the Georgia coast who

knows how to knit a cast net, starting from scratch with

a pound ball of twine, a needle and a wooden

Now gauge.

in his seventies and retired, he can take

time off from tending his sugar cane patch and

chickens to string up a net on the small front porch

of his frame house.

Like the spiders spinning their own nets in the rafters above his head, Walker's movements are swift and certain. His large, knarled hands move skillfully through the silky mesh as his dark eyes drift thoughtfully out to the sunlit pasture where a
A swaybacked mule is feeding. pileated woodpecker
rat-a-tat-tats from his perch in a pine tree and a dove coos sadly from the fencerow.
The remote island settlement where Walker lives
-- is called Hog Hammock, and its people most
descendants of slaves who planted and picked cotton for
-- Sapelo's earlier owners have experienced a certain
amount of cultural isolation from mainland America. Walker, for example, still knits all of his cast nets by hand.
He is amused by a question as to whether he profits financially from his netmaking work. He shakes
his head slowly and grins, showing a wide gap where several front teeth are missing. "No, no, this
no way to make money. I do it this way 'cause this
the way my daddy teach me when I was thirteen years old. Maybe I make a net for a friend along
and along, but nobody make no money buildin' a net this way. Not any more."
The cast nets Walker makes today are almost the same as nets made by fishermen three thousand years

15

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-- ago. The materials are more sophisticated cotton
and nylon twine instead of vines and grasses; lead sinkers instead of smooth river pebbles for weights; cow bone or plastic for the net's collar instead of a slice of animal horn.
But the basic design is the same. Ancient fishermen knitted the same circle, varying the size of
the mesh and the length of the net to their own needs. At the center of the cast net is a collar of bone
or plastic or metal. Several dozen lines, called tucks, run from the net's weighted perimeter up through the collar, where they fasten to a swivel. The swivel attaches to one end of the hand line, while the other end is looped securely around the caster's wrist.
After the fisherman casts his net, he retrieves
it by pulling the hand line. As he pulls, the tucks draw the bottom of the net inward and upward toward
the collar, trapping his catch in a neat bag.
Walker says he builds his own cast nets about
five and a half feet from collar to weighted foot line, but adds that his cousin, Earl, knits his nets
-- longer. "My cousin a big man stands about six
and a half feet tall. He need a big net."
Earl Walker's nets have a diameter of fourteen feet,
-- and measure close to fifteen yards around the
circumference. If Earl makes a perfect throw and Earl
-- usually does his net will blanket a hundred
and fifty square feet of sea water and possibly trap a whole school of mullet.
Tracking Earl down in order to get a first-hand
demonstration of his net casting prowess proved to be a bit of a problem. Earl's wife said he'd gone to Bank's to help butcher a pig. At Bank's house, it turned out that Earl had left to go by basketmaker
A Allen Green's place. score of people were
gathered in Green's back yard, boiling down freshly-
squeezed cane juice in outdoor vats, but again,
Earl had already come and gone. "Try Bennie's store," Green advised. "He not be there now, he be there
'tirectly."
Bennie Johnson's general store, the only commercial venture on Sapelo Island, is in the heart of the
Hog Hammock settlement. Green knew that
eventually Earl would drop by Bennie's for a cold drink and some relaxed sociability.
Sure enough, Earl arrived at Bennie's a short time later and agreed to postpone the ten speckled
trout he'd caught down at the Big Hole. "You want to see me throw a cast net? Just
throw it?" he asked incredulously. "This not the right time to catch mullet."
Assured that he wasn't expected to catch any fish. Earl led the way to Sapelo's pristine beach.
Earl, as noted, is quite tall and lanky, but when he throws his cast net, he moves with a dancer's
grace. In his right hand, he holds the fifty-foot coil of hand line and, with the same hand, grasps the net
at a point midway down its length. Then he raises
the net's skirt to his mouth, gripping the foot
January 1976

-- -- line or perhaps a lead sinker tightly in his teeth.
He slides his left hand as far as he can reach down
the foot line, giving himself a triangular contact with
the web of mesh and metal.
Earl swings the net across his body, twisting at the waist and bending his knees slightly. In a surge and flow of motion, he spins the net outward, timing the release of teeth and hands to a split second so
the net will flare into a complete circle. Many
a novice, learning to cast a heavy mullet net, has painfully loosened a few incisors by letting go with both hands but hanging doggedly on with his teeth.
Casting a net well requires almost as much skill
as knitting a net by hand.
Since Earl's nets are weighted with about eight
pounds of lead and weigh even more when they're wet, he may be one of the world's great undiscovered
olympic-class throwers.
Both Earl and Hicks say it takes several weeks to knit a cast net and even longer to build the smaller-meshed cast net for catching shrimp.
But even the largest of the Walkers' cast nets are tiny things when compared to the giant otter trawl nets pulled by Georgia's commercial shrimping fleet. These nets often range upwards of seventy feet, and if Georgia shrimpers knitted such monsters by hand, the price of shrimp would undoubtedly skyrocket.
Fortunately, there is an alternative.
O. Fulton Love Jr., who operates Georgia's
largest commercial net shop, located on the banks of the Ogeechee River near Richmond Hill, said his shop probably turns out 200 to 300 nets each year. With this sort of volume, Love says hand-knitting the mesh as Walker does is out of the question.
"We buy machine-made mesh in bales from
companies in Michigan and Tennessee," Love said.
-- "My assistants and I use patterns just like -- dressmaking patterns to cut up the material. We sew
up the edges, hang the net to the lines, add the weights and floats. About the only time we use a net
needle is to repair a net."
Love started out as a shade-tree netmaker, building beach seines and gill nets and catfish traps. At that time, he was working as a commercial shrimper, but a bad season convinced him he could make more money building and repairing nets than he
could as a fisherman.
"That was eight years ago," he says. "We've built up the business, and I guess the Ogeechee Net Shop is doing about $200,000 of volume a year now. If everything goes well, I'll put on a truck next year and make regular calls on the shrimp docks up and down the coast, picking up and delivering nets."
After Love's nets are stitched into final shape, he
-- dips them in vats of "Plastinet" a greenish fluid that
stiffens the net fabric and makes it more durable. "I think we're the first outfit on the Georgia coast to use the green dip," Love said. "It's far superior to the old hot tar dip. Even though the green dip runs
17

--

about eighty cents a foot and you can dip a whole net in tar for about $20, I haven't had a single
fisherman ask me to use tar dip this year."
The green dip, he said, makes the net fish better. "It doesn't hold as much water and it's easier to clean."
Love picked up a large styrofoam fishing float and threw it thirty feet up into the top of a giant net draped over a tall creosote pole. The float hung up near the top of the net.
"O.K., Shadow, get it, boy," he told his ninety-pound black Labrador retriever, and, claws clutching and muscles straining, the dog climbed straight up the fragile-looking mesh. At the top, Shadow took the float in his mouth and came bounding proudly down
to his master, leaving the net entirely intact.
Love had proved his point about the green dip.
Helping Georgia's commercial fishermen upgrade their industry is the job of Jack Rivers, a fisheries

specialist with the University of Georgia's Marine Extension Office in Brunswick. Rivers, a seventeen-year veteran of the National Marine Fisheries Service, probably has the best overall view of Georgia nets and netmakers. Obviously, nets are as vital as boats
to the Georgians who make their living shrimping.
"With a few notable exceptions, the nets Georgians
use are pretty much the same as those used in
Biblical days," he said. "Fishermen tend to be
-- traditionalists I come from a Portuguese fishing family -- myself and they usually modified their nets
with small variations here and there, rather than making radical changes. But the otter trawl net, used almost exclusively by the state's commercial shrimp boats today, is a real newcomer to the net business. It's only been around about half a century."
Although otter trawls come in all sizes, the net essentially conforms to the shape of a wishbone, with wooden doors attached to the wishbone's legs. Otter-brown wooden boards called doors, angled to resist the water as the net is dragged along by twin cables from the boat's booms, spread the wings of the net. At the juncture of the wings is a purse-shaped bag, complete with drawstrings, where the shrimp
are trapped. When the net is winched back
-- on board the boat, the boat's crew called strikers
loosens the purse strings and the catch pours out on deck.
Before the days of otter trawls, Rivers said, commercial fishermen were more or less confined to fishing with gill nets, cast nets, beach seines or purse seines. While all of these net styles are still in use today purse seining for tuna is a multi-million
-- -- dollar industry the advent of the otter trawl after
World War I probably contributed most to
Georgia's commercial shrimpers.
Even the art of net repair is not commonly practiced by fishermen nowadays. "There's no incentive," Rivers said. "It's quicker to carry a spare net on a
commercial boat and change nets if anything happens. Then the shrimper can get his old net repaired when he comes in to dock. The boat owners get a percentage of the boat's gross, which is earmarked for boat maintenance, engine upkeep and net repairs. The captain and strikers wouldn't make anything extra if they took up net repair. If a captain owns his boat, he might, but otherwise, he'd save the work for someone else."
Rivers said he does know how to knit a cast net by hand. "It's a lot of work, and I haven't made one for years," he said. "The last one I made took
ages. It was a beautiful net. First time I took it out
casting, I forgot to tie the handline to the net swivel, just like a landlubber."
He shook his head at the memory of his own
carelessness. "I cast the net in about ten fathoms of
water, and then stood there in my boat with tears in my eyes, watching my beautiful net sink straight
to the bottom." ()
Outdoors it? Georgia

<$a.
1776 1976
asis
Something providing relief from the usual: REFUGE,

By Bob Lee Photography by Bob Busby

\Jf all the trials and tribulations which beset Africans
brought in bondage to North America, there was one bright spot. Denied freedom, possessions and every basic
-- human dignity by slave law, the slaves were allowed
one outlet religion, and with religion, the church.
More than a place of simple religious instructions, the Negro church quickly became central to its community. It was truly all things to all men; it had to be, it was the only thing a slave really had. It offered religion, assembly, social organization, and momentary release from a dreary existence. Here even people enslaved could express themselves, contribute to their com-
munity, learn, and most important, hope. Today, the church becomes a necessary source of
information when exploring the history of black people in America, for it was the only place they could legally record their actions. Many professions, business enterprises, and fraternal organizations among blacks owe
their beginnings mainly to the progressive elements of the churches.
Early religious life of the American Negro was characterized by revival meetings. The deep religious feel-
ings of the slaves released frenzied expressions at these
meetings. When the devotee began to "feel" the spirit
and was seized by this force, he became filled with animated joy, characterized by a fervor unlike any-
thing the present-day generation has seen. Typically, it
started as a low murmur or moan and gradually built
January 1976

up, progressing to a kind of mad abandonment with
stamping, shrieking, and shouting. There was constant rushing to and fro, waving of the arms, crying, weeping, and the state of "blind vision," best described as a trance. There was the firm belief among the blacks that without this visible manifestation of religion, there could be no sincere communication with God. There were instances when the children would laugh and make
light of what they thought was funny. When caught at
this mockery, they received a swift and firm hand across the mouth or the head. Whereas "shouting" would seem grotesque and funny to the child, it was an important characteristic of Negro religion.
Forced to abandon his African heritage, the slave reluctantly accepted Christianity. It was later to become a tool for survival. Religion made it possible to assemble. For years religion was the only thing the slave could call his own. Methodists and Baptists of America owe much to the silent influence of the millions of black converts. This is true in America, and it is true in Georgia, where the Negro Baptist Church had its be-
ginning. Much of the religion of the poor whites at the
turn of the 20th century was an unacknowledged imitation of black thought and methods. Gospel hymns which swept through American churches consisted largely of debased imitations of Negro melodies, made by
someone who caught the jingle but not the music, the body but not the soul of the Jubilee songs.
Please turn page
[9

Jubilee songs arc usually sung by a choir or a quartet
with its own unique style. The lyrics express fulfillment
of hope. There is jubilation!
Walk together children don't you get weary There's a great camp meeting in the
Promised Land.
The music of Negro religion is characterized by its plaintive, rhythmic melody, accented with cadence. Originating in African forests, where its counterpart is heard today, it was adapted, changed and intensified
by the tragic soul-life of the slave. And under the stress
of slave law and whip, these songs became the one true expression of a people's sorrow, hope, and despair. James Weldon Johnson developed rhythmic folklore from these hymns and captured the souls of black folks in "Lift Every Voice and Sing."
The Negro preacher is a unique personality developed on American soil: a leader, politician, orator, "boss," the center of a group of men, once small, but
today numbering in the thousands. Such a man came to

Georgia in the first half of the eighteenth century. His
name was George Leile. Licensed as a probationer for two years, Leile car-
ried the "word" to the slave quarters and the plantations on the Savannah River. Sometime before the Revolution he was liberated to preach. During this time Leile lived in Burke County with his master, Deacon Henry Sharpe. The black preacher was befriended by a British officer when the heirs to Deacon Sharpe's
estate attempted to reclaim him as a slave. When the
Americans recaptured Savannah in 1782 and the British were forced to evacuate, the British officer suggested Leile follow him to the West Indies, warning that if he remained, he would continue to have trouble with white Americans. Leile and some 5,000 other blacks took the journey, and he later established the First Baptist Church in Jamaica. Before leaving Savannah, Leile baptized several Negroes, including Andrew Bryan and his wife Hannah.
This was long before the 1788 date given as the founding of the Negro church in Georgia. It is difficult

The church organ at the Bryan Baptist Church. Built in 1856 by the H. Knauff Company of
Philadelphia, the organ was purchased from the Independent Presbyterian Church and installed in the early 1890s.

20

Outdoors \ty Georgia

Born in 1881 in Franklin County, and one of three

children, Rev. E. R. Norris is "the oldest rat in the

barn." His ministerial career had the typical beginning.

His conversion into the Baptist ministry "was some-

thing I didn't want to be," he said. "God whipped me,"

he continues. "Put me down with pneumonia for ninety days; I surrendered to Him and said I'll do what He

wants me to do. I preached to the sun and to the moon

every day and night; preaching right on, just like the

world was on fire. When the crisis passed, I knew this

was God's calling me."

Preacher came from a line of "long-livers" and is of-

He ficially retired, but is still active.

was recently recog-

nized by the mayor as the oldest active minister in

Toccoa.

"I'm just an old mud hole Baptist, and I'm glad to

be a duck. God has blessed me for the state to open its

heart and pass me out a little something from the taxes.

I thank the Lord for that."

A stained glass window in the First African Baptist Church commemorates Rev. Andrew Bryan (top) and Rev. Andrew Marshall (bottom). Rev. Marshall was a
central figure in the move to a new church site in 1832.
This resulted in the splitting of the congregation between the First African and what was to become the Bryan Baptist Church.

Japuary 1976

21

to accurately establish the correct order of Negro churches in America. The slaves were worshipping
somewhere before 1788, and there may well have been
loosely structured groups resembling a congregation, but they were not acknowledged as such until the white Association decided to recognize them.
In 1788 a white preacher from Kiokee Creek in Augusta constituted the First African Baptist Church
at Brampton in Savannah and ordained Andrew Bryan as the first Negro pastor in America. Undoubtedly,
Negroes had been allowed Christian worship services previously, as at Silver Bluff, South Carolina, from 1733-1750. Records show that a Reverend Samuel
Thomas conducted a parish and gave religious instruction to some slaves. In addition, the plantation owner
allowed David George, a slave, to conduct worship services and act as a preacher. These first halting steps led up to the organized Negro church.
During those days, the slaves were allowed "big church" only every three months, as a pass was required for them to be away from the plantation from sun-up to sun-down. It was not often that Negroes could acquire passes to get to church, as there were masters
who did not follow religion very carefully themselves.
22

The First African Baptist Church, located at Franklin Square in Savannah. Built mostly by slaves working when their masters' allowed, the First African was the first congregation admitted to the Georgia Baptist Association in 1790.
Interior of First Africa Baptist shown at right.
In 1813 Andrew Marshall, Bryan's nephew, suc-
ceeded his uncle as pastor of the First African Baptist
Church. In 1832 he led the split in the church, when the congregation moved from the original site to the present site on Franklin Square, named after Benjamin Franklin, British agent for the colony. This new site was purchased from the white Savannah Baptist Church, whose congregation moved to Chippewa
Square.
Andrew Marshall was extremely popular. He was said to be a powerful and exciting preacher. The whites, after attending their own Sunday services, would often come to hear him preach, and later some of them invited him to preach in Philadelphia to raise money for a new church. He went there, but probably because of his 99
years, the long trip and the climatic change, his health
Outdoors ii? Georgia

began to decline. On his way back to Savannah, he died
at Richmond, Virginia. The minority of the membership that remained at
Yamacraw, the original site of the church, made up the congregation for the newly-named Bryan Baptist Church. This small group was led by Jed Black and Adam. Johnson, a member of the deacon board. Johnson previously had fought with Pastor Marshall, and
after the break, kept a minority of the congregation on
the original site. In May of 1790, the First African Bap-
tist Church was admitted into the Georgia Baptist Association at its session at Brier Creek, Burke County.
On April 5, 1802, the church united with the Savannah
Baptist Church and the Newington Church in forming the Savannah Baptist Association. At the next statewide meeting, the Association recorded the First African as the first Negro church in the state. It recorded the Bryan Church as the third. Since that time the decision was reversed to the original site of Bryan Church. Today, the membership of the Bryan- church outnum-
bers that of the First African.
Each church is a distinct feature of Negro history, and each can legitimately trace its beginning to 1788. The Bryan church is on its original site; that spot of

ground has supported a church since its first pastor
Andrew Bryan bought the site in 1793. He built the first church there in 1794. It may be the oldest piece of real estate owned continuously by Negroes in North
America.
Andrew Bryan was a slave when he did this, and he did it where Negroes were not allowed to own property outright; in fact, it was against the law. Bryan needed three upstanding white citizens from the community
to serve as trustees for his purchase, but nonetheless, it
was his. "It is a touching experience to look at the deed and realize that this remarkable, intelligent man, un-
lettered, consummated the sale with an 'X'," said W. W. Law, President of the Savannah NAACP. "However,
he had been able, through his sacrifices, ingenuity, and thrift, to acquire the 15 pounds of sterling necessary
to close the deal."
The First African Church is a tremendous awe-inspiring structure, completed in the early 1850s, long before freedom. Though some freemen were present, most who worked on the structure were slaves. What went into this building were their own energies and sacrifices, their hopes and dreams, their sincerity and determina-
tion.

January 1976

23

The Bryan Baptist Church, on Bryan Street in Savannah, remains on the original site purchased by Rev. Andrew Bryan in 1793.

The men worked various jobs during the day, coming by lantern light and by candle light to work well into the dawn on the building. They did this work on their own time or for as long as the master would allow them to be away. The women brought food to the workers,
carried water and gave up time with their families. Such an accomplishment, when slavery was the order of the day, spoke well for the leadership of the slaves and for the kind of community they made up.
It was not by chance that much of the Negro's early
religious activity took place in Georgia. Chattel slavery
was not legally practiced in Georgia until 1749. The founder of Georgia, James Oglethorpe, thought slavery against the law and gospel. So, many Negroes came to Savannah to avoid bondage and to gain employment. Following the Revolution, many more moved there as freemen or came with their masters.
There is an account in the letters published in the Negro Journal, written by Leile and Bryan, that an
attempt was made to educate the slaves. And there was an actual accounting of members who could read and
write. The Sunday school reportedly taught reading, writing, and letters. In Bryan's early correspondence with Northern whites and whites in England, he con-

stantly asked for books and other learning materials.

It is clear the early Negro church was about things

other than "shouting" and scripture reading. It en-

couraged self-help among the slaves.

Two of the three Negroes from Savannah who were

elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1868

were members of the Bryan membership. They were

James Peters and James Sims. Sims wrote the book en-

titled The First Colored Baptist Church. E. K. Love of

the First African membership responded with his book.

First African Baptist Church of North America. The

books were written following the split in the congrega-

tion and both are excellent resource materials. It was

at this point that the Negro church in America would

begin to reap fruits from long, laborious years of shaping

and molding the Afro-American into a productive part

of Western culture.

Though the rule of the day was separation of church

and state, this was not so for the Negro. It could not

be. The church provided the teachings and tools which

made self-assertion for the slave possible. It provided

a stage upon which to rehearse in preparation for open-

ing night. The opening night came three years after

freedom.



24

Outdoors ip Georgia

--
My Boy
and I

By Dick Davis
Today my boy and J went hunting,
and he enjoyed a most successful day. It was a time of triumph for him, and a time of thanksgiving on
my part for having been privileged to share this important moment with
him. It was also a time of reflection for both him and me.
John has grown up in a different world than the one I knew as a boy and young adult, where the woods and rivers and streams, the trees, wildlife and plants were never far
from my doorway. Later, while
studying forestry in college and then as a professional forester I was able
to deepen my understanding of the
out-of-doors in all its facets. With
this basis of professional conservation work, I have been able to gain a little clearer insight into the real relationship between our God-given natural resources and our people and
their needs. So I believe I know what had made possible this day of
hunting sport and companionship and triumph for John and me.
Though he has always loved the out-of-doors and spent a few of his younger years in the mountains, John has known more of the metro world of the 1960s and '70s. Cars, girls, dances, rock-and-roll, proms, football and hieh school stardom in

the sprints were the pertinent part of his environment. His has been
--the life most Americans now know cities, masses of people, skyscrapers, traffic jams, rockets soaring into
outer space on TV, and people competing for living space. For John the outdoor world of woods and streams and wildlife was not as available as it was for me. Even so, he has known far more of the satisfactions and joys of outdoor life
than have millions of youngsters growing up in our ghettos and concrete canyons and sprawling suburbs.
But more important than my re-
flections on this hunt were John's feelings, the lessons he was learning and the sense of values he was developing.
From the day we first started
handling guns together, I have constantly tried to teach him gun safety and to remind him of the power
-- for sport or for tragedy that he
holds in his hand when carrying a rifle or shotgun. I have told him time and again that hunting is a valid and humane sport when done according to laws and regulations.
-- Habitat destruction not legal hunt-- ing is the major factor limiting
wildlife populations.
It has probably sounded like a stuck record as I've talked about the urgent need to protect and expand our wildlife habitat areas, to accelerate our efforts to save our

wilderness, to conserve and. expand

our woodlands through planned,

scientific forest management and

utilization, and particularly to edu-

cate our people in the need for, and

methods of. conservation.
When he and I go fishing or hunting, I'm sure he has come to expect me to express disgust for the care-

less and unlawful littering that mars

the landscape.
All of this moved through my
mind when we were in the woods
-- today and I somehow felt that

John had similar thoughts.
And something else occurred to
-- me something John and I have

talked about during our days in the

-- outdoors. Wouldn't it be great if

every American boy

especially

those in the ghettos, the high-rises

and the asphalt jungles of the cities
--could know the uplift of recrea-
tion in the fields and woods and on

the lakes and rivers? Wouldn't that
do much to help bring out the abun-

dant good in the generations of

young Americans? Wouldn't it give

a fuller meaning to their lives, help bring them closer to the Almighty
and to a higher destiny? For many

of us. the out-of-doors has always

been a sanctuary along with the church and the home. I hope I have

imparted this inner feeling to John.

John and I went hunting today. Not a big thing, perhaps. But to us,

a great thing.

January 1976

25

1916 GEORGIA IDE TABLES
This Tide Table for 1976 is furnished to you compliments of OUTDOORS IN GEORGIA for your use in coastal fishing and hunting.
Fold it and put it in your tackle box, hunting coat, or wherever it will always be
handy, for use all year long.
To keep up-to-date on everything about outdoor recreation in Georgia, keep up your
OUTDOORS IN GEORGIA subscription. For new subscriptions, send $3.00 for a year, $5.00 for two years or $6.00 for three years to OUTDOORS IN GEORGIA, 270 Wash-
ington St., S.W ., Atlanta, Georgia 30334. For renewals, please furnish the address label
from your latest issue. P.S. Please remember . . . be a good sportsman. Obey all regulations and don't litter!
Predicted tide times and heights are shown for the Georgia coast at the bar at the Savannah River entrance. You may compute the tide times for other points listed by subtracting or adding hours and minutes as indicated. A plus time indicates a later tide and a minus time an earlier tide. Daylight saving time is not used in this table. All daily time predictions are based on Eastern Standard Time meridian. Predicted times may be converted to daylight saving time by adding one hour to these data.
These data are from the 1976 Tide Tables for the East Coast of North and South America, National Ocean Survey, U.S. Department of Commerce, Rockville, Md. 20852.

GEORGIA Savannah River
Tybee Light Port Wentworth

DIFFERENCES

Time

High

Low

Water

Water

Hrs./Min

Hrs./Min.

-0 08 + 33

-0 15 + 41

Tybee Creek and
Wassaw Sound
Tybee Creek entrance . . . Thunderbolt Isle of Hope, Skidaway River

-0 07 + 34 + 52

Ossabaw Sound

Egg Island

+ 06

Fort McAllister, Ogeechee River + 50

Cane Patch Creek entrance .

+ 57

St. Catherines and
Sapelo Sounds Walburg Creek entrance .
Kilkenny Club, Kilkenny Creek
Sunbury, Medway River .
.... Blackbeard Island
Mud R., at Old Teakettle Cr.

+ 25 + 031 + 56 + 20 + 47

+ 02 + 09 + 25
+ 07 + 1 13 + 40
+ 20 + 13 + 42 + 19 + 43

Doboy and Altamaha

Sounds

Blackbeard Cr., Blackbeard 1.

Sapelo Island

Darien, Darien River

.

.

.

Wolf Island

Champney 1., S. Altamaha R.

DIFFERENCES

T me

High

Low

Water

Water

Hrs./Min. Hrs./Min

. +0 21
00
. +1 10
+ 06
+1-12
.

+ 44 + 02 + 1 12 + 35 + 2 30

St. Simons Sound

St. Simons Sound bar

.

.

.

+001
.

St. Simons Light

+ 24

Troup Cr. entr., Mackay R.

. +0 54

+055 Brunswick, East River . . . .

-0 05 + 28 + 49 + 40

St. Andrew Sound

Jekyll Point

+ 28

Jointer Island, Jointer Creek . +1 02

Dover Blu:, Dover Creek . . . +0 57

Cumberland Wh., Cumb. R. . . +0 40

+ 28 + 49 + 49 + 42

Cumberland Sound

St. Marys Entr., north jetty

. +0 15

Crooked River entrance

+1 .

.

.

23

Harritts Bluff, Crooked River . +2 09

St. Marys, St. Marys River

. +1 21

+ 15 + 1 12 + 2 12 + 1 13

26

Outdoors \ty Georgia

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA., 1976 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW HATERS

JANUARY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M.

FT.

1 0122 -1 .1 TH 0749 8.0
1404 -0.8 1959 6.8
2 0212 -1 .0 F 0832 7.8
1450 -0.8 2043 6.8
3 0259 -0.8 SA 0913 7.5
1533 -0.7 2125 6.6
4 0341 -0.6 SU 0954 7.2
1613 -0.5 2206 6.5
5 0424 -0.3 M 1034 6.8
1655 -0.3 2248 6.3
6 0504 0.0 TU 1112 6.5
1736 -0.1 2330 6.2
7 0549 0.4 W 1154 6.1
1818 0.1

16 0057 -0.9 F 0707 7.6 1333 -0.5 1928 6.6
17 0147 -1.1 SA 0750 7.8
1420 -0.8 2011 6.8
18 0234 -1 .3 SU 0833 7.9
1504 -1 .0 2057 7.0
19 0321 -1 .3 M 0919 7.8 1 549 -1 .1 2147 7.1
20 0410 -1 .2 TU 1006 7.6
1635 -1 .1 2237 7.1
21 0501 -1 .0 W 1058 7.3 1724 -1 .0 2333 7.1
22 0556 -0.7 TH 1151 7.0
1817 -0.8

8 0015 6.1 TH 0636 0.6
1236 5.9 1906 0.3

9 0102 6.0 F 0729 0.8
1321 5.7 1956 0.4

10 0151 6.0

SA 0827 0.9

1411

5.5

2050 0.3

1 1 0246

6.1

SU 0924 0.8

1508 5.4

2143 0.2

12 0343 6.3 M 1017 0.6 1605 5.5 2233 0.0

13 0441 6.5 TU 1107 0.4
1705 5.7 2322 -0.3

14 0534 6.9 W 1158 0.1 1756 5.9

15 0011 -0.6 TH 0624 7.3
1247 -0.2 1843 6.3

23 0031 7.0 F 0655 -0.4 1250 6.6 1916 -0.6
24 01 35 6.9 SA 0802 -0.1
1350 6.2 2019 -0.5
25 0242 6.8 SU 0908 -0.1
1455 6.0 2124 -0.5
26 0353 6.8 M 1012 -0.1 1607 5.9 2226 -0.6
27 0502 7.0 TU 11 10 -0.3
1715 6.1 2323 -0.7
28 0600 7.2 W 1206 -0.5 1811 6.3
29 0016 -0.8 TH 0651 7.4
1256 -0.6 1901 6.5
30 0106 -0.9 F 0734 7.4 1343 -0.8 1943 6.6
31 0153 -0.9 SA 0815 7.4
1427 -0.8 2023 6.7

FEBRUARY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0238 -0.9 SU 0853 7.2
1507 -0.8 2059 6.7

2 0318 -0.7 M 0925 6.9
1543 -0.7 2134 6.6

3 0355 -0.5

TU 1000 6.7

1620 -0.5

221 1

6.5

4 0434 -0.2 W 1034 6.4
1657 -0.3 2251 6.4

5 0512 0.1

TH 1 109

6.1

1736 -0.1

2330 6.3

6 0554 0.4 F 1149 5.8
1818 0.1

7 0013 6.2

SA 0641 0.6

1231

5.6

1907 0.3

8 0103 6.1 SU 0735 0.8
1321 5.4 2001 0.4

9 0155 6.1

M 0836 0.9

141 7

5.3

2058 0.3

10 0255 6.2 TU 0937 0.7
1517 5.4 2156 0.1

11 0356 6.4 W 1033 0.4 1622 5.6 2251 -0.3

12 0459 6.7 TH 1126 0.0
1723 6.0 2345 -0.7

1 3 0555

7.2

F 1218 -0.4

1819 6.5

14 0036 -1 .1 SA 0645 7.6
1307 -0.8 1908 7.0
15 0127 -1 .4 SU 0731 7.9
1355 -1 .2 1954 7.4

16 0216 -1 .6 M 0816 8.0 1441 -1 .4 2042 7.7

1 7 0305 -1 .7 TU 0902 7.9
1527 -1 .5 2129 7.8

18 0355 -1 .6

W 0950 7.7

1614 -1.5

2221

7.7

19 0445 -1.3 TH 1040 7.4
1703 -1.2 2317 7.5

20 0539 -0.9 F 1135 6.9 1754 -0.9

21 0015 7.2 SA 0638 -0.5
1231 6.5 1854 -0.5

22 0116 6.9

SU 0743 -0.1

1 334

6.1

1959 -0.2

23 0224 6.7 M 0850 0.1 1441 5.9 2108 -0. 1

24 0337 6.6 TU 0953 0.1
1553 5.8 2209 -0.2

25 0446 6.7 W 1051 0.0 1700 6.0 2308 -0.3

26 0545 6.9 TH 1145 -0.2
1758 6.3

27 0000 -0.5 F 0635 7.0 1232 -0.4 1844 6.6

28 0048 -0.6 SA 0715 7.1
1 317 -0.5 1923 6.8

29 0132 -0.7

SU 0751

7.1

1358 -0.6

1958 6.9

MARCH

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0214 -0.6 M 0823 7.0
1436 -0.6 2032 7.0

2 0251 -0.6 TU 0856 6.8
1512 -0.6 2105 7.0

3 0329 -0.4 W 0926 6.6
1547 -0.4 2137 6.9

4 0403 -0.2 TH 0957 6.4
1621 -0.2 221 3 6.8

5 0440 0.0

F 1031

6.2

1657 0.0

2251 6.7

6 0517 0.3 SA 1109 5.9
1737 0.2 2333 6.5

7 0602 SU 1 151
1821

0.6 5.7 0.4

8 0021 6.4 M 0651 0.8
1242 5.6 1916 0.6

9 01 14

6.3

TU 0753 0.9

1337 5.5

2019 0.5

10 0212 6.4 W 0858 0.8 1440 5.6 2122 0.3

11 0317 6.5 TH 0959 0.5
1549 5.9 2221 -0.1

12 0425 6.8 F 1054 0.0 1657 6.4 2318 -0.6

13 0525 7.2 SA 1148 -0.5
1755 7.1

14 001 2 -1 .0 SU 0619 7 .6
1237 -0.9 1848 7.7
15 0106 -1 .4 M 0707 8.0 1328 -1 .3 1936 8.1

16 0157 -1.7 TU 0757 8.1
1416 -1 .6 2025 8.4
17 0249 -1 .7 W 0844 8.0 1504 -1 .6 2113 8.5
18 0339 -1 .6 TH 0932 7.8
1553 -1 .5 2203 8.3
19 0431 -1 .3 F 1024 7.4 1643 -1 .2 2259 7.9
20 0522 -0.9 SA 1117 6.9
1736 -0.7 2357 7.5
21 0620 -0.4 SU 1215 6.5
1834 -0.2

22 0100 7.1 M 0721 0.0 1319 6.2 1939 0.2

23 0204 6.7 TU 0827 0.3
1425 6.0 2047 0.3

24 0314 6.5

W 0930 0.3

1535 6.0

21 51

0.3

25 0420 6.5 TH 1026 0.2
1639 6.2 2249 0.2

26 0521 6.6 F 1116 0.0 1734 6.5 2339 0.0

27 0606 6.7 SA 1203 -0.1
1819 6.8

28 0025 -0.2 SU 0648 6.8
1244 -0.3 1856 7.1
29 0107 -0.3 M 0723 6.9 1325 -0.4 1930 7.2
30 0147 -0.3 TU 0755 6.8
1403 -0.4 2002 7.3
31 0226 -0.3 U 0825 6.7 1439 -0.3 2033 7.3

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE RECKONED FROM THE DATUM OF SOUNDINGS ON CHARTS OF THE LOCALITY WHICH IS MEAN LOW WATER.

January 1976

27

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA., 1976 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

APRIL

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0302 -0.2 TH 0855 6.6
1514 -0.2 2105 7.3
2 0337 -0.1 F 0926 6.4
1549 0.0 2140 7.2
3 0413 0.1 SA 0958 6.2
1624 0.2 2217 7.1
4 0450 0.4 SU 1035 6.0
1703 0.4 2259 6.9
5 0531 0.6 M 1120 5.9
1749 0.5 2349 6.8
6 0618 0.8 TU 1212 5.8
1841 0.7

7 0041

6.7

W 0718 0.8

1308 5.9

1945 0.7

8 0140 6.7 TH 0822 0.7
1413 6.1 2052 0.5

9 0242 6.7 F 0924 0.4
1520 6.4 2156 0.1

10 0351 6.9 SA 1023 -0.1
1630 7.0 2255 -0.4

11 0454 7.2 SU 1116 -0.6
1730 7.6 2351 -0.9

12 0552 7.6 M 1209 -1 .0 1825 8.2

13 0046 -1 .3 TU 0645 7.9
1301 -1 .4 1917 8.7
14 0139 -1 .5 W 0736 8.0 1352 -1 .5 2006 8.9
15 0231 -1 .6 TH 0825 7.9
1442 -1 .5 2055 8.8

16 0323 -1 .5 F 0915 7.7 1533 -1 .3 2147 8.6
17 04.14 -1 .2 SA 1006 7.3
1622 -0.9 2241 8.1
18 0504 -0.8 SU 1101 6.9
1717 -0.5 2338 7.6
19 0600 -0.3 M 1200 6.5 1813 0.0
20 0038 7.1 TU 0700 0.1
1300 6.3 1916 0.5
21 0140 6.7 W 0800 0.3 1404 6.1 2021 0.7
22 0241 6.5 TH 0900 0.4
1505 6.2 2123 0.7
23 0342 6.3 F 0953 0.3 1605 6.3 2219 0.6
24 0441 6.3 SA 1041 0.2
1700 6.6 2308 0.4
25 0530 6.4 SU 1126 0.0
1745 6.9 2355 0.2
26 0612 6.5 M 1208 -0.1 1824 7.2
27 0037 0.1 TU 0648 6.5
1248 -0.2 1900 7.4
28 01 18 0.0 W 0722 6.6 1328 -0.2 1933 7.5
29 0159 -0.1 TH 0754 6.5
1406 -0.2 2006 7.6
30 0237 0.0 F 0826 6.4 1443 -0.1 2039 7.5

MAY

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0313 0.1 SA 0858 6.3
1521 0.1 2115 7.5

2 0350 0.2 SU 0933 6.2
1557 0.2 2152 7.3

3 0429 0.3

M 1011

6.1

1638 0.3

2235 7.2

4 0511 TU 1058
1721 2324

0.4 6.0 0.5 7.1

5 0557 0.5 W 1149 6.1
1815 0.6

6 0015 7.0 TH 0650 0.5
1249 6.2 1919 0.6
7 0113 6.9 F 0752 0.4
1352 6.5 2027 0.5
8 0214 6.9 SA 0854 0.1
1458 6.8 2132 0.1
9 0320 6.9 SU 0953 -0.3
1604 7.3 2233 -0.3
10 0425 7.1 M 1049 -0.7 1707 7.9 2330 -0.7
11 0526 7.3 TU 1142 -1 .1
1806 8.4

12 0025 -1 .0 W 0622 7.5 1237 -1 .3 1859 8.8
1 3 0120 -1 .3 TH 0715 7.6
1329 -1 .4 1950 8.9
14 0214 -1 .3 F 0806 7.6 1422 -1 .3 2039 8.8
15 0307 -1 .3 SA 0857 7.4
1514 -1 .1 2130 8.5

16 0357 -1 .1 SU 0950 7.1
1605 -0.8 2221 8.1
17 0448 -0.7 M 1043 6.8
1656 -0.3 2316 7.6
18 0538 -0.4 TU 1141 6.5
1750 0.1

19 0012 7.1 W 0630 0.0 1236 6.3 1847 0.5

20 0106 6.6 TH 0726 0.2
1332 6.2 1948 0.8

21 0158 6.3 F 0820 0.3 1428 6.2 2047 0.9

22 0254 6.1 SA 0914 0.3
1521 6.4 2143 0.8

23 0349 6.0 SU 1001 0.2
1617 6.6 2233 0.7

24 0441 6.0 M 1046 0.1 1703 6.8 2320 0.5

25 0529 TU 1 130
1747

6.1 0.0 7.1

26 0004 0.3

W 0611

6.1

1211 -0.1

1827 7.3

27 0048 0.2 TH 0648 6.2
1253 -0.1 1904 7.5

28 0130 0.1 F 0725 6.2 1334 -0.1 1939 7.6

29 021 1

0.1

SA 0759 6.2

1416 -0.1

2015 7.6

30 0250 0.0 SU 0836 6.2
1455 -0.1 2051 7.6

31 0329 0.0 M 0913 6.2 1536 0.0 2131 7.5

JUNE

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0410 0.1 TU 0955 6.2
1619 0.1 2213 7.4
2 0451 0.1 - W 1042 6.3
1704 0.2 2303 7.3
3 0536 0.1 TH 1136 6.4
1759 0.3 2355 7.1
4 0627 0.0 F 1234 6.6
1858 0.4
5 0050 7.0 SA 0724 -0.1
1334 6.8 2005 0.3
6 0150 6.8 SU 0825 -0.3
1437 7.1 2109 0.1
7 0252 6.8 M 0926 -0.5
154 3 7.5 2212 -0.2
8 0358 6.8 TU 1023 -0.8
1649 7.9 2311 -0.5
9 0502 6.9 W 1120 -1 .0
1748 8.3

16 0512 -0.5 W 1114 6.5 1722 0.1 2337 6.9
17 0559 -0.2 TH 1204 6.4
1813 0.5

18 0026 6.5

F 064 7

0.1

1254 6.3

1905 0.8

19 0113 6.2

SA 0736 0.2

1342 6.3

2003

1 .0

20 0201 5.9

SU 0827 0.3

1433 6.3

2059

1 .0

21 0251

5.8

M 0917 0.3

1523 6.4

2152 0.9

22 0345 5.7 TU 1004 0.2
1617 6.6 2242 0.8

23 0438 5.7 W 1052 0.1 1707 6.9 2329 0.6

24 0529 5.8 TH 1136 0.0
1752 7.2

10 0008 -0.8 TH 0603 7.0
1216 -1 .2 1845 8.5
11 0104 -1 .0 F 0659 7.1 1309 -1 .2 1936 8.6
12 0157 -1 .1 SA 0751 7.2
1404 -1 .2 2025 8.5
13 0250 -1 .1 SU 0842 7.1
1455 -1 .0 2114 8.3
14 0339 -1 .0 M 0932 6.9 1546 -0.7 2203 7.9
15 0426 -0.7 TU 1023 6.7
1634 -0.3 2251 7.4

25 0016 0.4 F 0614 5.9 1222 -0.1 1835 7.4
26 0101 0.2 SA 0656 6.1
1307 -0.2 1914 7.6
27 0144 0.0 SU 0734 6.2
1349 -0.3 1953 7.7
28 0227 -0.1 M 0813 6.3 1434 -0.3 2031 7.8
29 0307 -0.2 TU 0854 6.5
1516 -0.3 2113 7.7
30 0349 -0.3 W 0939 6.6 1602 -0.3 2157 7.6

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE RECKONED FROM THE DATUM OF SOUNDINGS ON CHARTS OF THE LOCALITY WHICH IS MEAN LOW WATER.

28

Outdoors it? Georgia

.

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA., 1976 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

JULY

TIME HT.

TIME HT

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0432 -0.4 TH 1027 6.7
1648 -0.2 2244 7.5

2 0516 -0.4

F 1121

6.8

1741 0.0

2336 7.2

3 0605 -0.4 SA 1217 7.0
1839 0.2

4 0029 7.0 SU 0702 -0.4
1316 7.1 1944 0.2

5 0128 M 0801
1418 2051

6.8 -0.4
7.3 0.2

6 0230 6.6 TU 0903 -0.5
1527 7.5 2155 0.0

7 0338 6.5 W 1005 -0.6
1633 7.7 2255 -0.2

8 0446 6.5 TH 1103 -0.8
1737 8.0 2352 -0.4

9 0550 6.7 F 1200 -0.9
1832 8.2

16 0521 F 1125 1736 2340
17 0605 SA 1207
1823

-0.2 6.6 0.5 6.5
0.1 6.5 0.8

18 0023 SU 0649
1252 1915
19 0107 M 0739 1341 2011
20 0156 TU 0830
1432 2108
21 0249 W 0924 1527 2201
22 0346 TH 1013
1623 2254
23 0446 F 1102 1715 2342
24 0539 SA 1151
1805

6.2 0.3 6.4
1 .1
5.6 0.5 6.6
1 .1
5.6 0.3 6.8 0.9 5.7 0.2 7.1 0.6 6.0 0.0 7.4

10 0048 -0.6 SA 0646 6.9
1255 -0.9 1924 8.3
11 0140 -0.8 SU 0738 7.0
1348 -0.9 2011 8.2
12 0230 -0.8 M 0826 7.0 1438 -0.8 2054 8.0
13 0316 -0.8 TU 0912 7.0
1525 -0.5 2138 7.7
14 0358 -0.7 W 0954 6.9 1608 -0.2 2219 7.3
15 0440 -0.5 TH 1040 6.7
1653 0.1 2301 6.9

25 0030 0.3 SU 0627 6.3
1237 -0.2 1849 7.7

26 0115 0.0 M 0710 6.6 1325 -0.4 1932 8.0

27 0201 -0.2 TU 0752 6.9
1411 -0.6 2012 8.1

28 0243 -0.5 W 0837 7.1 1500 -0.6 2055 8.1

29 0326 TH 0921
1546 2139

-0.6 7.3
-0.6 8.0

30 0410 -0.7 F 1010 7.4 1635 -0.4 2226 7.7

31 0456 SA 1103
1725 2317

-0.7
7.5 -0.2
7.4

AUGUST

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0544 -0.6 16 0605 0.5

SU 1159 7.5

M 1205 6.7

1823 0.1

1828 1.3

2 0013 M 0639
1300 1927

7.1 -0.4
7.4 0.3

3 0112 6.7 TU 0741 -0.2
1403 7.4 2034 0.4

4 0215 W 0846
1511 2140

6.5 -0.1
7.4 0.4

5 0324 6.4 TH 0951 -0.2
1623 7.6 2241 0.2

6 0436 6.5 F 1050 -0.3
1726 7.8 2337 0.0

7 0540 6.7 SA 1147 -0.4
1823 8.0

8 0030 -0.3 SU 0635 7.0
1240 -0.5 1910 8.1

9 0120 -0.4 M 0723 7.2
1331 -0.5 1954 8.1

10 0206 -0.5 TU 0806 7.3
1417 -0.4 2033 7.9

11 0249 -0.5 W 0846 7.3 1501 -0.2 2110 7.6

12 0329 -0.4 TH 0924 7.2
1541 0.0 2147 7.3

13 0406 -0.2

F 1003

7.1

1621 0.3

2219 7.0

14 0445 0.0 SA 1042 7.0
1701 0.6 2256 6.7

15 0522 0.3

SU 1122 6.8

1741

1.0

2336 6.4

17 0018 TU 0650
1252 1921
18 0103 W 0743 1343 2022
19 0159 TH 0840
1439 2122
20 0258 F 0937 1539 2217
21 0404 SA 1030
1639 2310
22 0505 SU 1123
1732 2358
23 0558 M 1212 1822

6.1 0.8 6.7 1 .5
5.8 0.7 6.9
1 .2
6.0 0.5 7.2 0.8 6.3 0.2 7.6 0.4

24 0045 0.0 TU 0646 7.3
1301 -0.5 1907 8.3

25 0130 -0.3 W 0730 7.7 1350 -0.7 1950 8.5

26 0217 -0.6 TH 0817 8.1
1440 -0.8 2033 8.5

27 0301 -0.8 F 0903 8.3 1528 -0.7 2121 8.3

28 0347 -0.9 SA 0952 8.3
1618 -0.5 2208 8.0

29 0434 -0.7 SU 1045 8.2
1709 -0.2 2259 7.6

30 0525 M 1143 1807 2357

-0.5 8.0 0.2 7.2

31 0620 -0.1 TU 1244 7.8
1910 0.5

SEPTEMBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0058 W 0724
1350 2017
2 0203 TH 0832
1500 2124
3 0316 F 0938
1612 2225
4 0426 SA 1038
1715 2319
5 0529 SU 1134
1808

6.8 0.2 7.6 0.7
6.6 0.4 7.5 0.7
6.5 0.4 7.5 0.6
6.6 0.2 7.7 0.3
6.9 0.1 7.9

6 0009 0.1 M 0620 7.3
1224 0.0 1853 8.0

7 0054 -0.1 TU 0705 7.5
1311 -0.1 1931 7.9

8 0138 -0.1 W 0742 7.7
1354 0.0 2007 7.8

9 0217 -0.2 TH 0817 7.7
1435 0.1 2040 7.6

10 0257 -0.1 F 0853 7.7 1513 0.3 2112 7.4

1 1 0331 SA 0926
1550 2144

0.1 7.6 0.5 7.1

12 0408 0.3 SU 1000 7.4
1627 0.8 2216 6.8

13 0445 0.6 M 1040 7.3 1706 1.1 2251 6.6

14 0524 0.8 TU 1122 7.1
1749 1.4 2336 6.3

15 0607 1.1

W 1209 7.0

1841

1.6

16 0023 6.1

TH 0700

1 .2

1258 6.9

1937

1 .8

17 0119 F 0800 1357 2042

6.1 1 .3 6.9 1 .7

18 0220 6.1

SA 0901

1 .1

1458 7.1

2140

19 0327 6.4 SU 1000 0.8
1601 7.4 2234 0.9

20 0430 6.8 M 1054 0.4 1700 7.7 2324 0.4

21 0529 TU 1147
1752

7.4 -0.1
8.1

22 0012 -0.1 W 0621 8.0 1238 -0.4 1840 8.5

23 0101 -0.5 TH 0710 8.5
1329 -0.7 1928 8.7

24 0149 -0.8 F 0757 8.9 1420 -0.8 2014 8.7

25 0236 -0.9 SA 0844 9.0
1510 -0.8 2101 8.5

26 0324 -0.9

SU 0933 9.0

1600 -0.6

21 50

8.1

27 0414 -0.7 M 1027 8.7 1653 -0.2 2245 7.7

28 0504 -0.3 TU 1125 8.3
1749 0.2 2343 7.3

29 0602 0.2 W 1228 8.0 1852 0.6

30 0046 6.9 TH 0705 0.6
1335 7.6 1958 0.9

TIME MERIDIAN 7 5 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE RECKONED FROM THE DATUM OF SOUNDINGS ON CHARTS OF THE LOCALITY WHICH IS MEAN LOW WATER.

January 1976

29

SAVANNAH RIVER ENTRANCE, GA., 1076 TIMES AND HEIGHTS OF HIGH AND LOW WATERS

OCTOBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M.

FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0152 F 0815
1445 2103
2 0304 SA 0922
1552 2201
3 0410 SU 1022
1652 2255
4 0510 M 1115
1743 2342
5 0559 TU 1202
1828
6 0025 W 0641
1248 1906
7 0106 TH 0715
1329 1938
8 0146 F 0750
1409 2010
9 0223 SA 0822
1446 2040
10 0300 SU 0854
1523 211 1
11 0335 M 0927 1559 2144
12 041 1 TU 1003
1635 2221
13 0448 W 1045 1717 2302
14 0530 TH 1130
1803 2349
15 0621 F 1225 1858

6.7 0.8 7.4 0.9
6.7 0.8 7.4 0.7
6.8 0.7 7.5 0.5
7.1 0.5 7.6 0.3
7.5 0.4 7.7
0.2 7.7 0.3 7.7
0.1 7.9 0.3 7.6
0.1 8.0 0.3 7.4
0.1 8.0 0.5 7.3
0.3 7.9 0.6 7.0
0.5 7.7 0.9 6.8
0.7 7.6
1 .1
6.6
0.9 7.4
1 .4
6.4
1 .1
7.2
1 .5
6.3
1 .3 7.1 1 .6

16 0046 SA 0721
1 321 2001

6.3
1 .3 7.1 1 .5

17 0149 SU 0827
1421 2103

6.4
1 .2
7.2
1 .2

18 0253 6.7

M 0931 0.9

1521

7.4

2159 0.7

19 0359 7.2 TU 1028 0.4
1623 7.7 2252 0.2

20 0503 7.8 W 1123 -0.1 1722 8.0 2342 -0.3

21 0555 8.4 TH 1216 -0.5
1814 8.3

22 0032 -0.7 F 0648 9.0 1309 -0.8 1904 8.5

23 0122 -1 .0 SA 0738 9.3
1401 -0.9
19 54 8.5

24 0213 -1 .1 SU 0827 9.4
1454 -0.9 2042 8.3

25 0303 -1 .0

M 0917 9.2

1546 -0.7

21 34

8.0

26 0355 -0.7

TU 101 1

8.8

1638 -0.3

2229 7.6

27 0448 -0.3 W 1109 8.4 1733 0.1 2328 7.2

28 0544 0.2 TH 1210 7.9
1831 0.5

29 0031 6.9 F 0647 0.6 1313 7.5 1936 0.7

30 0136 6.7 SA 0754 0.9
1418 7.2 2036 0.8

31 0241 SU 0859
1520 2132

6.7
1 .0 7.0 0.7

NOVEMBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0345 6.8 16 0224 6.9

M 0957 0.9 TU 0901 0.6

1620 7.0

1447 7.1

2223 0.5

2124 0.3

2 0441 TU 1049
1713 2309

7.1 0.8 7.0 0.4

17 0330 7.3 W 1002 0.2 1551 7.3 2220 -0.2

3 0530 7.3 18 0434 7.8

W 1 137

0.6

TH 1 100 -0.2

1755 7.1

1653 7.5

2353 0.2

2315 -0.7

4 0611 7.6 19 0534 8.4

TH 1220 0.5

F 1155 -0.6

1835 7.1

1 750

7.8

5 0034 F 0646
1 302 1909
6 0113 SA 0722
1 341 1941
7 0152 SU 0754
1420 2013
8 0229 M 0827
1458 2042
9 0306 TU 0901
1534 2117
10 0343 W 0938 1614 2152
11 0423 TH 1018
1651 2235
12 0504 F 1 101 1736 2325
1 3 0553 SA 1 151
1826
14 0021 SU 0651
1247 1924
15 0121 M 0756 1347 2024

0.1 7.8 0.4 7.1
0.1 7.9 0.4 7.0
0.1 7.9 0.4 6.9
0.2 7.8 0.5 6.7
0.3 7.7 0.7 6.6
0.5 7.6 0.8 6.4
0.6 7.4
1 .0
6.3
0.8 7.3
1 .1
6.3
0.9 7.2
1 .1
6.4 1 .0 7.1 1 .0
6.5 0.9 7.1 0.7

20 0008 -1 .0 SA 0630 8.8
1251 -0.9 1845 7.9
21 0101 -1 .2 SU 0722 9.1
1344 -1 .0 1936 8.0
22 0155 -1.3 M 0812 9.1 1437 -1 .0 2028 7.9
23 0247 -1 .2 TU 0904 8.9
1530 -0.9 2119 7.6
24 0338 -0.9 W 0956 8.6 1620 -0.7 2214 7.3
25 0432 -0.5 TH 1051 8.1
1712 -0.3 2312 7.0
26 0524 -0.1 F 1148 7.6 1806 0.0
27 0010 6.7 SA 0621 0.4
1243 7.1 1902 0.3
28 0108 6.5 SU 0723 0.7
1342 6.7 1959 0.4
29 0206 6.5 M 0825 0.9 1438 6.5 2053 0.5
30 0304 6.5 TU 0924 0.9
1533 6.3 2145 0.4

DECEMBER

TIME HT.

TIME HT.

DAY

DAY

H.M. FT.

H.M. FT.

1 0401

6.6

W 1015 0.8

1628 6.2

2233 0.3

2 0450 6.8 TH 1103 0.7
1716 6.3 2316 0.1

3 0535 7.1 F 1149 0.5
1800 6.4

4 0000 0.0 SA 0616 7.3
1232 0.4 1837 6.4

5 0043 -0.1 SU 0653 7.4
1315 0.3 1913 6.4

6 0122 -0.1 M 0730 7.5
1355 0.2 1948 6.4

7 0203 -0.1 TU 0805 7.6
1435 0.2 2021 6.4

8 0242 -0.1 W 0840 7.5
1512 0.2 2054 6.3

9 0321

0.0

TH 0917 7.5

1551 0.3

2133 6.3

10 0400 0.1 F 0955 7.3
1631 0.3 2217 6.3

1 1 0444 SA 1039
1712 2304

0.2 7.2 0.3 6.3

12 0531 0.3 SU 1127 7.1
1758 0.3 2358 6.5

13 0626 0.4 M 1221 6.9 1851 0.2

14 0055 6.6 TU 0727 0.4
1317 6.8 1951 0.0
15 0159 6.9 W 0834 0.3 1417 6.7 2053 -0.2

16 0304 7.2 TH 0938 0.0
1522 6.7 2153 -0.6
17 0412 7.5 F 1039 -0.3 1628 6.8 2252 -0.9
18 0516 8.0 SA 11 37 -0.7
1731 7.0 2347 -1 .2
19 0616 8.3 SU 1234 -0.9
1830 7.2

20 0044 -1 .4 M 0709 8.6 1328 -1 .1 1922 7.4
21 0138 -1 .5 TU 0800 8.6
1422 -1 .2 2015 7.4
22 0231 -1 .4 W 0850 8.4 1512 -1 .2 2106 7.3
23 0322 -1 .2 TH 0940 8.1
1602 -1 .0 2155 7.1
24 0413 -0.9 F 1029 7.7 1648 -0.8 2248 6.8
25 0459 -0.5 SA 1118 7.2
1736 -0.5 2339 6.6
26 0551 0.0 SU 1209 6.7
1823 -0.1

27 0031

6.4

M 0644 0.4

1255 6.3

1916 0.1

28 0121 6.2 TU 0741 0.7
1345 5.9 2009 0.2

29 0214 6.1 W 0837 0.8 1437 5.7 2100 0.3

30 0309 6.1 TH 0936 0.8
1532 5.6 2151 0.2

31 0402 6.3 F 1025 0.7 1628 5.6 2239 0.1

TIME MERIDIAN 75 W. 0000 IS MIDNIGHT. 1200 IS NOON. HEIGHTS ARE RECKONED FROM THE DATUM OF SOUNDINGS ON CHARTS OF THE LOCALITY WHICH IS MEAN LOW WATER.

30

Outdoors ip Georgia

Sportsnjai/s Calendar

SMALL GAME
FOX-- No closed season, statewide; No
bag limit. Electronic calls may not be used.
BOBCAT-Sept. 15-Feb. 28, statewide; No bag limit. Electronic calls may not be
used.
GROLSE-Oct. 18-Feb. 28 statewide; bag
limit 3 daily.
OPOSSUM -Oct. 18-Feb. 28, in GameZones I & IA, no bag limit. No closed
season in Game Zones II, III, IV, V,
and VI, no bag limit.
QUAIL-Nov.20-Feb. 28, statewide; daily
bag limit 12, (Possession 36)
RABBIT-Nov. 20-Feb. 28, statewide;
daily bag limit 10.
RACCOON-Oct. 18-Feb. 28 in Game Zones I and IA; daily bag limit 1. No closed season in Game Zones II, III,
IV, V and VI, no bag limit.
SQUIRREL-Sept. 15-Feb. 28 in Game
Zones I and IA; bag limit 10. Oct. 15-
Feb. 28 in Game Zones II, III, IV, V
and VI, bag limit 10.

EXTRA SCAUP LIMIT: In addition to
regular duck bag, an extra 2 daily and 4
in possession may be taken throughout
the season east (seaward) of Intracoastal
Waterway in Chatham. Bryan, Liberty, Mcintosh. Glynn and Camden Counties.
EXTRA BLUE-WINGED TEAL LIMIT:
For nine (9) consecutive days, Nov. 19 through Nov. 27, 1975, 2 daily and 4 in possession in addition to the regular duck
bag.

COOTS: Nov. 19 through Dec. 3, 1975

Dec. 17, 1975. through Jan. 20, 1976

15 daily; 30 in possession

GALLINULES: Nov. 19 through Jan. 20,

1976

15 daily: 30 in possession

MERGANSERS: Nov. 19 through Dec.

3. 1975

Dec. 17 through Jan. 20, 1976

-- 5 daily; 10 in possession
Except Hooded Merganser

1 daily: 2

in possession

SEA DUCKS: (Scoters. Eiders, Old
Squaws) Nov. 19 through Jan. 20, 1976 7 daily; 14 in possession Singly or in the aggregate
SNOW GEESE: (Including Blue Geese)
Dec. 22 through Jan. 20, 1976 2 daily: 4 in possession
ATLANTIC BRANT: Dec. 22 through
Jan. 20, 1976 4 daily: 8 in possession Shooting hotirs on Nov. 19 and Dec. 17, 1975, for all ducks, coots, mergansers and gallinules shall be from 12 noon until sunset, local time. All other shooting hours shall be from Vi hour before sunrise to sunset daily.
MIGRATORY BIRDS
SNIPE: Nov. 20 through Jan. 23, 1976
8 daily; 16 in possession
WOODCOCK: Nov. 20 - Jan. 23, 1976
5 daily; 10 in possession

WATERFOWL SEASON
DUCKS: Nov. 19 through Dec. 3, 1975
Dec. 17, 1975. through Jan. 20, 1976 Shooting hours begin at noon, Nov. 19
-- and Dec. 17, respectively. All other days
during the season Vi hour before sun-
rise to sunset. 5 daily: 10 in possession
-- Wood ducks 2 daily, 4 in possession -- Black ducks 1 daily, 2 in possession
Season closed on Canvasbacks, Redheads and Canada Geese
Japuary 1976

^ I *W '

vi- 1

31

Letters
to tf?e Editor
I want to register my concern too,
that this fine magazine not continue in its swing toward being another "Scenic South." The editors appear to have said: "Let's change it the way we want it." Photography and one page, frameable pictures are
appreciated!
Robert M. Cash
With reference to Crumbley's let-
ter in the November issue, I am
neither a hunter nor a fisherman, and yet I subscribe to your magazine and like it because it has other articles than those on hunting and fishing (which I never read). I like it because it has other articles on the outdoors, which makes it true
to its name. When it should have
nothing but hunting and fishing in it. then I cease to subscribe.
E. M. Coulter
Athens, GA
I have just completed reading the November issue of Outdoors in Georgia and compliment your staff on one of your finest issues in recent
months. It reminds me of the old days when Outdoors in Georgia was
full of articles of interest to the Georgia outdoor sportsman.
I became a subscriber of Outdoors in Georgia years ago and miss the
old magazine. I always thought it was one of the finest magazines available. I wish you would devote
more pages on the old subjects.
I agree with Mr. Charles L. Crummly whose letter you published in the November 1975 issue when he said, "You have changed an infor-
mative sportsman's publication to a "Scenic South" type booklet for Georgia." I have never met Mr.
Crumbly but I agree with his statement very much.
I am not criticizing "Scenic South"
magazine. I believe it is a fine maga-

zine. I enjoyed reading it for many
years. I subscribed to it to read of historical and interesting places in the south (including Georgia). 1 subscribed to Outdoors in Georgia for a different reason. I truly wish
you could publish more issues containing those subjects that caused many of your subscribers to originally subscribe to Outdoors in Georgia.
Again I compliment you on the November issue which was an improvement over other recent issues. 1 compliment Bob Busby for his photo of the whitetail buck on page 3. I hope to see more photos of this
type in future issues.
I am a bow hunter and would like to see more articles on bow hunting
-- included in OIG. I think a story
on Blackbeard Island the arrival, transportation, stands, rules, and hills would make an interesting story for future issues. Also the Ogeechee River is a fine river in Georgia. I would like to see an article on it in some future issue.
J. D. Fleming
Swainsboro, GA

I would like to express my views

on the matter of hunting. I have

been lucky enough to be one of

those who have had the opportunity

to enjoy the woods as I was grow-
ing up. I am now fifteen years old

and feel as though the outdoors was

and still is one of the main factors
in my life. Ever since I was knee-

high I have loved to wake up at

day break and head for the lake to

my test

skills at fishing.

This fall, my father and I have

spent time in the woods, trying to

polish up our knowledge of nature.

1 get tired of hearing people speak

of how inhumane hunting is. If they

feel we are endangering the exis-

tence of wildlife, I would like to

see their expression while they

watched the animals die of starva-
tion because of over-population. No

species ever hunted by modern

sportsmen has ever become extinct.

There are more than 100 species on

the endangered list, none of which

have ever been hunted by modern

sportsmen. Hunters today are not

against wildlife preservation. As

proof, hunters contribute more
money for wildlife management than
ALL the preservationist groups com-
bined.
I hope that I never see the day when hunting is stopped by a group
of people who don't look beyond the television. I am one of many who
will oppose any actions against the outdoor activity of hunting.
Clint Demetriou
Tucker, GA

I have been wishing for some time to write you on the general excellence of your magazine. However, the November edition prompt-
ed me to do so at once.

I particularly wish to commend
you on the editorial by Mr. Carlson and the article, "Anti-Hunting, a Wasteful Issue."

I have hunted all my life, now
sixty-seven, and though lately a
jaunt for quail is the extent of my
activities. I simply cannot understand the anti-hunting crowd. I was
TV especially upset by the recent
documentary, "The Guns of Autumn." Such blatant twisting of the facts should not be allowed and the so-called follow up explanation did nothing to mend the situation.

Unfortunately, we do have some

so-called hunters who abuse the

my privilege, but in

lifetime I've

found them to be much in the mi-

nority.
As stated by Mr. Kozicky and Mr. Madson as well as by Mr. Carlson, why can't the non-hunters, who

are entitled to their opinion, leave
the hunters alone and use their energy in more worthwhile fields.
Without sensible taking of game and without decent game management we soon would have no game

at all.
May I again congratulate you on
the all-round excellence of your
magazine and especially the new format which covers a lot more than just hunting and fishing alone. Keep up the good work and perhaps you

will tip the scales against such prop-
aganda as "The Guns of Autumn."

Leon English
GA East Point,

32

Corpipg Next Moi?tI>...
The Nightstalkers. Jingle Davis relates a novice's initiation into three unusual coastal
fishing techniques.
Less Waste with Waste. This seeming contradiction in terms is explored by Becky Marshall's report on a method of solid waste disposal which is more efficient than con-
ventional landfills.
Seashells. Almost everyone collects seashells while idly strolling on the beach. John
Young tells of the fascination of seashell collecting as a full-time hobby.
Purple Martins. Long sought by man as a neighbor, this beneficial bird is profiled by R. A. Romanes in February OIG.

-- Our magazine wants to serve all Georgians. Why not subscribe today? If you are a
subscriber send us the name of a person you'd like to see get our magazine. We'll send
a courtesy copy of Outdoors in Georgia along with a note saying that you took the time to be thoughtful. That's a lot of mileage for a post card!

Outdoors
ip Georgia
1/76
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