Municipal Court Judges bulletin, Summer 2005

MUNICIPAL COURT
Judges Bulletin
Summer 2005 The Georgia Council of Municipal Court Judges Newsletter Vol. 6, No. 3

Council of Municipal Court Judges Officers 2005 - 2006
President Judge John K. Edwards, Jr., Valdosta
President Elect Judge Michael P. Cielinski, Columbus
First Vice President Judge Bill Clifton, Forsyth
Secretary Judge Kathy Gerhardt, Macon
Treasurer Judge A. Frost Ward, Morrow
Immediate Past President Judge William M. Coolidge III, Duluth
Editor Chief Judge Margaret Washburn, Duluth
District Representatives
District One Judge Kevin J. Street, Thunderbolt Judge Willie T. Yancey, II, Thunderbolt
District Two Judge Herbert W. Benson, Ashburn Judge Willie C. Weaver, Sr., Albany
District Three Judge Michael P. Cielinski, Columbus Judge David M. Pierce, Byron, Perry, Roberta
District Four Judge Angela T. Butts, Decatur Judge Warren W. Hoffman, Stone Mountain
District Five Judge Elaine Carlisle, Atlanta Judge Calvin S. Graves, Atlanta
District Six Judge John Clayton Davis, Forest Park Judge David J. Turner, Jr., Manchester
District Seven Judge Diane M. Busch, Marietta Judge Robert L. Whatley, Austell
District Eight Judge Tommy Bobbitt, III, Jeffersonville
Judge Charles Merritt, Jr., Madison
District Nine Judge Hammond Law, III, Flowery Branch Judge William F. Brogdon, Lawrenceville
District Ten Judge Chip Hardin, Washington Judge C. David Strickland, Covington

President's Corner

John K. Edwards, Jr. City of Valdosta
As we begin a new fiscal year for our Council of Municipal Court Judges, I want to thank all of you for your continued support and the confidence you have shown in me by allowing me to serve as your President. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to get to know so many of our judges better. I believe that we have a truly great year ahead and look forward to representing this Council and all the municipal courts throughout our State.
Our June Annual Recertification Seminar in Savannah was a great success. The informal feedback I received was very positive with strong participation from our membership. As you know, elections were held at our annual meeting and I want to congratulate our newest elected officers: Judge Michael P. Cielinski, President-Elect; Judge Bill Clifton, Vice-President; Judge Kathryn Gerhardt, Secretary; and Judge Frost Ward, Treasurer. In addition, special thanks to those members who agreed to serve as District Representatives for our Council. Your participation is of vital importance to this organization and we need your active involvement.
The Executive Committee also met in Savannah on June 22nd and heard from George Nolan of the Georgia Courts Automation Commission (GCAC) regarding their new initiative to certify software for the courts in Georgia. This far-reaching program will have a significant

impact on municipal courts as we respond to the State's new citation disposition reporting requirements in the coming months. Additional information regarding the role of the GCAC can be found at www.gcacommission.org. In response, we have formed a Strategic Planning Committee on Courts Automation for Municipal Courts. The GCAC has agreed to facilitate the meetings of this committee which will formulate a final report and strategic plan for municipal court automation. The Committee will consist of ten (10) municipal court judges and five (5) municipal court clerks or court administrators. If you would like to be involved, please let me know as we have a few judicial vacancies remaining on the Committee which need to be filled.
Two new committees were also created at this meeting: a Social Committee headed by Judge Bill F. Brogdon and Judge Kathryn M. Schrader, and a Scholarship Research Committee headed by Judge Frost Ward and me.
Our next meeting of the Executive Committee of the Council of Municipal Court Judges will be held on October 14th, 2005, at 1:00 p.m. at the Administrative Office of the Courts in Macon. In addition to the Executive Committee officers, we need our District representatives at this meeting so please makes plans to attend!
I hope that any of you with questions, suggestions or concerns will contact me at (229) 293-3171 or jedwards@valdostacity.com

Congratulations to Our Newly Elected Officers

Iappreciate our new President's confidence in me and my reappointment as Editor. John had a tough choice from a field of applicants for the position, so I will work hard to retain his trust.
As I announced at the business meeting during our Savannah seminar, I am changing the look and the quality of our news bulletin. But this starts with You. I am asking all of our newly elected district representative to send an article to me about a judge in their district and how that judge has served his or her community.
We have so many talented, neat, cool and smart judges in our municipal gene pool! It is time to talk about the positive things that we do and

what we give to our communities. I want some digital photos of you in your judicial capacities, your community service capacities or with your families. Also, if there is a change in your judiciary, let us know.
Let us know who should be honored in your district for his or her service. If there is an interesting development in the law, statutory or case law, send in an article and share it with all of us. We used to rely on Judge Bill Coolidge for all of the updates on the law. We owe it to Bill to keep up his good work.
Our newsletter is considered to be one of the best, so let's all contribute this year!
Thanks, Margaret Washburn

TABLE OF CONTENTS
President's Corner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Congratulations Newly Elected Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Benchbook Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Minutes of the Spring Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Tour of Humiliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Legislative Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Treasurer Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Indigent Defense Guidelines (SB 226) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Attorney General's Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Photo Gallery from June Seminar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Interesting Rulings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 GA Mock Trial Letter of Thanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 2005 Judicial Education Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Benchbook Report
Glen Ashman, Benchbook Committee
Work has begun on the 2005 update for the Municipal Judges benchbook. A couple of chapters will have substantial rewrites and updates and completion is planned for fall 2005.
We do need the help of all Municipal Judges. Any Judges that have useful court forms who can provide them to me will add to the quality and usefulness of the benchbook, and thanks are given to those who already have supplied forms. These can be emailed to me at geaatl@msn.com as an attachment. I prefer Word Perfect format, but Word format is also fine.
There have been a number of cases in the past year that have an effect on our courts and their operation - both state and federal. Any Judges who want to point out specific cases they have found of significance also can email them (the case caption and citation and a brief summary, or the full text, would be useful) to me.
As indigent defense is obviously a focus of attention and change, any Judges who have suggestions on adding to the material in that area, and we already have some material that will be added, also may email me.
The benchbook is as good as its contributors and suggestions are welcome.

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Summer 2005

Minutes of the Spring Meeting

The spring meeting of the Georgia Council of Municipal Judges was held on April 15, 2005, at the Administrative office of the Courts (AOC) office in Macon, Georgia. Judge John Edwards called the meeting to order at 10:10 a.m.
The first order of business was the consideration of the minutes of the Winter meeting held in Atlanta on February 3, 2005. Upon motion duly made and seconded, the minutes were approved as submitted.
Judge Edwards then called for the financial reports. Bernadette Smith reported that, as of March 31, 2005, $8,541.22 of the state appropriated funds had been spent, leaving a balance available of $11,458.78. She also announced that the State appropriated funds will be cut by an estimated $500.00 in the next fiscal years budget. In the absence of Judge Ward, who was unable to attend because of illness, Ms. Smith also gave the report with respect to private funds held by the Council. As of February 28, 2005, $43,981.03 remained on deposit in the private funds account. Since that time, a check in the amount of $1,000 had been presented to the Younger Lawyers Division of the State Bar of Georgia for use in support of its mock trial competition in memory of Judge William Coolidge, III leaving a balance of $42,981.03.
Judge Edwards gave a brief President's report. He noted that he has received a copy of the report of the Court Technology Committee and only a small section of the report addresses municipal courts. The focus of that section is on court clerks and their technology needs including the need for training. By way of information, he also noted that a legal research tool, the Case Maker, is in the process of being made available for municipal court
Summer 2005

judges, although it would be offered only to judges who are attorneys.
Marla Moore then gave the report for the AOC. She noted that her office had been very busy because of the recently ended legislative session, during which time her office tracked the status of proposed bills as they worked their way through the House and Senate. The Court Services Division had also been busy with such things as staffing conferences, holding meetings, working on technology for automated transmission of caseload information, and training for court clerks. With respect to training for clerks, Ms. Moore suggested that the Council seek the assistance of the Georgia Municipal Association (GMA) in pursuing legislation to require mandatory training of clerks despite the difference of opinion between the GMA and the AOC as to the proper agency to be in charge of the training. The AOC believes training should be overseen by judges since they are in a supervisory role over clerks, however, the GMA sees clerks as city employees. Ms. Moore recommended that the Municipal Court Judges Training Council take a more active role in setting up a training program. She also announced that Judge Dennis T. Still will serve as the municipal judges' representative on the Commission on Interpreters and that the Municipal Courts Salary Surveys will be sent out in July. In closing, the Committee was reminded that the AOC has research staff in Macon available to do research for judges.
The following committee reports were then given:
1. Newsletter. On behalf of Judge Washburn, Bernadette Smith asked for contributions. The next edition
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of the newsletter will be coming out as soon as the legislative summary is complete. She also reported that Judge John B. Adams of the City of Folkston will replace Judge Payne as Chair of the Golf Tournament Committee.
2. Nominating. Judge Pierce requested that judges submit nominations to him for officers for next year as well as for representatives on the Executive Committee.
3. Legislative. Marla Moore reported for Judge Barrett that the pretrial diversion bill which had been strongly supported by the Municipal Court Judges Council did not pass. It will automatically be on the agenda for the 2006 session.
Reports on liaisons with the following agencies were then given:
1. Judicial Council. Judge Edwards noted that there was nothing new to report and advised that he will attend the next meeting of the Judicial Council June 7-8, 2005 at the Marriott Hotel in Savannah.
2. Probation Advisory Council. Marla Moore reported for Judge War that the next meeting of the Council will be held in Valdosta, Georgia, May 19th. A planning session will also be held in June to work on controls and guidelines needed because of the proliferation of private probation services.
3. Georgia Superior Court Clerks Authority. Judge Bobbitt reminded judges of the July 1, 2005 deadline for electronic reporting of traffic tickets to DMVS.
4. Public Defender Standards
continued on page 4
Municipal Court Judges Bulletin

Minutes continued
Council. Judge Edwards reported for Judge Barrett that the Public Defender Standards Council adopted new standards for determining indigence on April 6, 2005. Copies of the standards are available through the AOC. He also reminded the judges that all courts need to have an ordinance in effect establishing an indigent defense program. A model ordinance has been proposed and is available from GMA. Per Judge Barrett, it was requested that each of these items be placed on the Municipal Judges website in addition to an announcement being placed on the listserv notifying the judges of the addition.
Under the heading of old business, Judge Edwards addressed the proposed response by the Council to the Chief Justice's report on indigent defense. He has decided not to write to the Chief Justice at this time because the Council is responding by addressing the issues raised in the report, two of which are mandatory training for municipal court clerks and the adoption of uniform municipal court rules. A follow-up letter to the Chief Justice may be appropriate at a later time to advise him of progress made in these areas.
Judge Edwards then gave an update on the status of the uniform rules. Keith Scott, a former magistrate judge who had chaired the Committee on Uniform Rules for the Council of Magistrate Courts, was
PLEASE
RECYCLE
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hired as a consultant and has drafted proposed rules. Copies were distributed to the judges present whom were asked to review the rules and give feedback to Judge Edwards. Once a final draft is ready, it will have to be adopted by the Council of Municipal Court Judges and then sent to the Georgia Supreme Court for approval. Judge Edwards asked that funds be allocated to pay the consultant and a motion was passed authorizing Judge Edwards to negotiate a contract with Mr. Scott for his work on the rules.
As an item of new business, a discussion was held about how to compute fees on cases made by camera. Since such cases have been designated civil cases, there is a question as to whether they should be subject to legislatively mandated fees. As yet, no definitive answer to this question has been given.
Also under the heading of new business, Judge Edwards advised that the death of Judge Coolidge created a vacancy on the Georgia Courts Automation Commission which

needed to be filled. Judge C. David Strickland, City of Porterdale, volunteered to serve as the Municipal Court representative on this Commission.
Judge Still then proposed that the Council host a reception at the Traffic Court Seminar in Savannah as a way to encourage judges to get to know one another. A motion was made to authorize the expenditure of funds for food, but not alcohol beverages for two receptions, Wednesday and Thursday during the seminar. The motion passed unanimously.
As the final order of business, Judge Edwards advised that the next meeting of the Council will be the Summer Annual meeting. It will be held in Savannah in conjunction with the Traffic Court Seminar in June.
There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned.
Respectfully submitted, Kathryn Gerhardt, Secretary

The Tour of Humiliation

The annual golf tournament, also known as the Humiliation Tour, was held on June 21 at the Savannah Harbor Inn. Our elder statesman from Savannah, Judge Charlie Brooks, handily defeated the field of duffers, and then retired to his home, whereupon he took a nap. The lovely Joan Hilliard easily
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defeated Judge Maurice Hilliard. Judge John Adams and Judge Larry Dillon fought for the bragging rights
to best ball or worst ball. As always, a good time was had by all. We have a new committee that will get the notices for next year's tournament to you by separate mailing from the news bulletin. However, always consult your bulletin for updates and news of your fellow judges.
Summer 2005

Legislative Update

From Charles Barrett, Legislative Committee Chair

The following legislation is of interest to municipal court judges, however, is in no way an exhaustive reprint of legislation passed this session:
HB 36 - MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS; CREATION; REVISE PROVISIONS This bill allows for the incorporation of municipal corporations. Among its many provisions, it eliminates certain distance requirements ("threemile rule"). The bill also allows for the creation of municipal courts at the discretion of the new municipality. Effective Date: April 15, 2005 (Date signed by Governor). This applies to 2005 legislation.
HB 48 - ETHICS IN GOVERNMENT; AMEND PROVISIONS This bill provides for a comprehensive change to ethics policy in relation to state government, local government, and public officers (which includes all judicial officers). Specifically, the bill affects ethics and conflicts of interest; changes certain definitions; changes certain provisions relative to declaration of policy; and changes several provisions relating to the Ethics Commission. With respect to the judiciary in particular, a person would not be eligible to fill a vacancy on the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, superior court, or state court in the case that the person had contributed to the Governor's campaign committee in the 30 days prior to the vacancy or any time after the vacancy. Any person aggrieved by a finding in violation of the provisions of the bill by the Commission shall be entitled to "judicial review." Effective Date: January 9, 2006 Signed by Governor on May 5, 2005

HB 236 - THEFT; CERTAIN SERVICES OR PROPERTY KNOWINGLY OBTAINED BY DECEPTION This bill will amend the Georgia code relating to the theft of services statute regarding rental cars. If a person knowingly uses false identification to obtain a rental car or does not return a rental car to its proper location and does not notify the owner, that person can be found guilty of the crime of theft. Effective Date: May 9, 2005 (Date signed by Governor)
SB 89 - CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, SCHEDULE I; DEFINITIONS, EXCEPTIONS This bill is an annual supplement to the drugs characterized as Schedule I controlled substances. The bill adds a number of new chemicals/compounds to be considered controlled substances for law enforcement purposes. Effective Date: May 9, 2005 (Date signed by Governor)
SB 106 - VIOLENT VIDEO GAME; DISPLAY EXPLANATION OF RATING SYSTEM; PENALTY This bill would require video game retailers to post rating system guidelines in a prominent and conspicuous location. Those violating the law will be subject to a civil fine of between $250 and $500 dollars per violation. Effective Date: May 10, 2005 (Date signed by Governor)

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HB 172 - CRIME VICTIMS RESTITUTION ACT OF 2005; ENACT The major provisions of HB172 include: Allows victims of crime in many cases to delay bringing a civil action against the perpetrator of a crime until the prosecution of the criminal case is complete. Requires the court to consider victim impact statements prior to sentencing or determining restitution. Makes restitution easier to collect by codifying a procedure that will allow the enforcement of restitution orders after the criminal sentence is complete. Restitution will be ordered even if a defendant is sentenced to prison for a period of straight time, life imprisonment, life without parole or even death penalty cases. Clarifies that individuals, businesses and other organizations are entitled to restitution. Whenever possible, juveniles that commit a crime must make restitution to their victims. The court is authorized, but not required, to make the parent or parents who have supervisory responsibility over the child to pay restitution to the victim where the court finds that the parent or parents knew or should have known of the juvenile's propensity to commit such acts and the acts are due to the parent's negligence or the parents' reckless disregard for the juvenile's propensity to commit such acts. In any case where the state, county or city is due restitution, the victim shall receive any restitution first. Makes restitution a priority by requiring that at least 50 percent of all payments by criminals be used to satisfy restitution to victims before any such payment can be used to sat-
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Legislation continued

isfy other fines and/or fees. Requires that restitution be disbursed to victims in a timely manner. Allows the court to require an offender to assign his or her wages to pay restitution. Requires the clerk of court, probation or parole officers to review all restitution orders at least twice a year to ensure that restitution is being paid. Allows the Department of Juvenile Justice or the Board of Pardons and Parole to intercept tax refunds when there is an outstanding amount of restitution owed a crime victim. The Department of Corrections already has this authority. Also listed under Fines & fees Effective Date: July 1, 2005 - signed by Governor on April 11, 2005
TRAFFIC LAW HB 20 - MOTOR VEHICLES; WINDOW TINT RESTRICTIONS; PROVISIONS This bill modifies current law regarding window tinting on personal automobiles. Current law will be changed to allow for no more than a 32 percent light transmission, plus or minus 3 percent, or increase light reflectance to more than 20 percent. The bill exempts law enforcement vehicles and limousines. Effective Date: May 2, 2005 (Date signed by Governor)
HB 279 - HIGHWAYS; VEHICLES HAULING CERTAIN PRODUCTS; WEIGHT LIMITATION VARIANCE Vehicles hauling certain raw materials are allowed a 5% variance on the weight limitations when hauling from the farm to the first point of marketing or processing. Anything over the newly allowable 5% variance will be subject to a fine of 5 cents per pound.

Effective Date: May 5, 2005 (Date signed by Governor)
HB 501 - DEPARTMENT OF DRIVER SERVICES; CREATE AS SUCCESSOR TO DMVS This bill dissolves the Department of Motor Vehicles, and replaces it with the Department of Driver Services. The new department will be responsible for issuing driver's licenses, which have been modified to create five- and ten-year licenses. Previous functions handled by the DMVS will be divided between the Departments of Public Safety and Revenue and the Public Service Commission. The bill will also remove the requirement that a driver take an eye examination; only first-time drivers and those over the age of 65 will be required to take such an examination. An amendment was incorporated into the bill which will modify the DUI license reinstatement fee from $200 to $500. Effective Date: July 1, 2005 - Signed by Governor on May 2, 2005
SB 226 - JOSHUA'S LAW; CREATE GEORGIA DRIVER'S EDUCATION COMMISSION This bill would require 16 year olds who wish to obtain a driver's license to complete a driver's education course (either through public school or at a private driving school). Those teenagers who do not complete a driver's education course will have to wait until they are 17 to obtain a driver's license. The bill also restricted

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the number of non-family members a teenage driver may have in the car. Additionally, a 5 percent fee will be assessed in the issuance of every traffic ticket issued in the state. The fee will be assessed and collected by the clerk or other court officer in charge of collecting moneys from fines. The fees will be paid to the Georgia Superior Court Clerk's Cooperative Authority for remittance to the Office of Treasury and Fiscal Services to be deposited into the general fund of the state treasury. Effective Date: The section applying to fees becomes effective on May 10, 2005 (Date signed by Governor), and will be repealed on June 30, 2008; the rest of the bill becomes effective January 1, 2007
SB 273 - DRIVER'S LICENSES; CLASS C; CHANGE DEFINITION This bill changes the definition of a class C license as follows: Any single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of less than 26,001 pounds, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating not in excess of 10,000 pounds, or any such vehicle towing a vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating in excess of 10,000 pounds, provided that the combination of vehicles has a gross combined vehicle weight rating less than 26,001 pounds. Effective Date: July 1, 2005 - Signed by Governor on May 5, 2005
Summer 2005

Financial Report
Submitted by Judge Frost Ward

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Municipal Court Judges Bulletin

Guidelines for Determining Indigence
This was provided at a recent seminar for your use in court or to add to your benchbook.
2005 POVERT Y GUIDELI NES AND ST ANDARDS FOR DETE RMINING
INDIGENCE

Size of Family
Unit

48 Contiguous States

150% or Less
(All types of Cases Qualify)

151 % plus (Misd., VOP, or Juvenile Offense punishable by imprisonment
(Parents Income) do not qualify unless person earns under 200% and can demonstrate undue hardship)

200% or Less
(All Felonies and Juveniles Charged
with Felonies (Parents Income))

People over 200% but less than 300%
(eligibility determined by extraordinary cost of case vs. disposable
income)

1

$9,570

$14,355

----

$19,140

$28,710

2

12,830

19,245

----

25,660

38,490

3

16,090

24,135

----

32,180

48,270

4

19,350

29,025

----

38,700

58,050

5

22,610

33,915

----

45,220

67,830

6

25,870

38,805

----

51,740

77,610

7

29,130

43,695

----

58,260

87,390

8

32,390

48,585

----

64,780

97,170

For each additional person, add

3,260

Source: Federal Register, Vol. 70, No.33, February 18, 2005, pp.8373-8375

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Summer 2005

Attorney General Opinion

Summer 2005

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Municipal Court Judges Bulletin

PHOTO GALLERY FROM JUNE SEMINAR

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Summer 2005

PHOTO GALLERY FROM JUNE SEMINAR

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Municipal Court Judges Bulletin

Interesting Rulings in Recent Criminal Cases

By: Senior Magistrate Judge R. Hopkins Kidd; DeKalb County

"If you can't get the exact date, do the best you can." Hunt vs. StateAO4AO256 Ga. Court of Appeals July 16, 2004
There is a recognized exception to the rule that an indictment must allege a specific date where the evidence does not permit the state to identify a single date on which the offense occurred, so the indictment instead may allege that the offense occurred between two particular dates.
"Get visitation order right or visitation may be wrong." Brassell vs. The State 589AO391 Court of Appeals State of Georgia

other weekend from 6 :00 p.m. Friday until 6 :00 p.m. on Sunday." Father kept child two extra days for visitation and warrant taken against father OCGA 16-5-45(b)(1)({;). Supreme Court 'held that Superior Court should have dismissed charge that the words: ("Shall include, but not be limited to..."). "Plainly does not limit the definition of "reasonable visitation" and father cannot be in violation of the statute unless the terms of the custody order are so clear that the parties have exact notice of the time which may not be transgressed. The court's decree is what causes the prosecution to fail and not the vagueness of the statute.

Father awarded visitation of minor child in divorce decree - "father have right of reasonable visitation, which shall include, but not be limited to, every

"If you don't have your lawyer, you may not get by." Collins vs. State A04A1O81, 08-17-04
Defendant was not entitled to a continuance to obtain legal counsel and prepare defense after trial court warned defendant of danger of representing himself when defendant fired his privately retained counsel 10 days before trial; trial court offered defendant appointment of standby counsel, which defendant refused. Defendant's conviction for cocaine trafficking is affirmed.
"Let the Defendant be heard." Coleman vs. State A04A 1976 (10-0104)
Judgment reversed as trial court erred in summarily sentencing defendant for contempt without filling him an opportunity to be heard.

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Summer 2005

High School Mock Trail

Summer 2005

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Municipal Court Judges Bulletin

2005 Judicial Education Courses Remaining

Basic Certification Recertification Course Judicial Use of Computers Traffic Violations, Ages 17-21 Pharmacology of Drugs Pharmacology of Drugs

September 14-16 September 15-16 September 15-16 October 13-14 October 27-28 December TBA

Georgia Center, Athens Georgia Center, Athens Georgia Center, Athens Georgia Center, Athens UGA Pharmacy School UGA Pharmacy School

To register please contact: Kathy Mitchem Institute of Continuing Judicial Education 123 Dean Rusk Hall University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602 Phone: 706/542-7402, FAX: 706/542-4211

Council of Municipal Court Judges
Administrative Office of the Courts 244 Washington Street, SW Suite 300 Atlanta, Georgia 30334

MARGARET GETTLE WASHBURN Chief Judge, Duluth Editor
DAVID L. RATLEY Director
MARLA MOORE Associate Director for Court Services
ASHLEY G. STOLLAR Graphic Design