Final report: southern region fisheries investigations [June 30, 1968]

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Text

Collection:: Georgia Government Publications
Serial:: Annual progress report: southern region fisheries investigations.
Title:: Final report: southern region fisheries investigations [June 30, 1968]
Creator:: Wyatt, Herbert
Holder, Daniel R
Loska, Paul
Contributor to Resource:: Georgia. Game and Fish Commission
Publisher:: Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia. Game and Fish Commission
Date of Original:: 1968-06-30
Subject:: Georgia
Location:: United States, Georgia, 32.75042, -83.50018
Medium:: publications (documents)
Type:: Text
Format:: application/pdf
Description:: Title from cover.
External Identifiers:: Call Number GA G275 .S1 F4 S6
Metadata URL:: https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/id:dlg_ggpd_i-ga-bg275-b-ps1-bf4-bs6
Digital Object URL:: https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/do:dlg_ggpd_i-ga-bg275-b-ps1-bf4-bs6
Language:: eng
Holding Institution:: University of Georgia. Map and Government Information Library
Rights:

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http://archive.org/details/southernregionfiOOwyat

FINAL
REPORT
SOUTHERN REGION FISHERIES
INVESTIGATIONS
Project F-l 9-R-3 July 1 , 1 967 to June 30, 1 968
FEDERAL AID IN FISH RESTORATION
State Game and Fish Commission
Trinity-Washington Street Building
270 Washington Street S.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30334

THE LIBRARIES
The University of Georgia

Completion Report of Southern Region Research Activities
July 1, 1967 to June 30, 1968
DJ, F-19-R-3
By Herbert Wyatt, Project Leader Daniel R. Holder, Assistent Project Leader Paul Loska, Biological Aide
-^WEflo
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LIBRARIES

V/ork Plan I
Job Number 1: Reservoir Fish Population Studies

During this report period of July, 1967 through June, 1968, fish population

studies were conducted as follows:

Lake Chattahoochee: August, 1967, 1 Area

Lake Blackshear:

July, 1967, 1 Area

May, 1968, 2 Areas

Lake Seminole:

July, 1967, 1 Area

April, 1968, 2 Areas

In addition to the above scheduled studies were made under the project outline,

an additional study was made on Lake Worth in September, 1967 and is reported

since this reservoir has been worked on F-8-R, F-9-R, F-14-R and will be in-

cluded in future DJ projects.

Lake Chattahoochee (Eufaula): This study was made in the same area as

the one made in 1966. This area is not as productive for game fish as areas

previously sampled farther downstream in the main body of the reservoir. The

location of this study, which is a cooperative venture between the Alabama

Department of Conservation, Auburn University Fisheries Laboratory, the Corps

of Engineers (Walter F. George Project) and the Georgia Game and Fish

Commission, was determined by the interests of the involved agencies in the

future effects of effluent from the Alabama Kraft pulp mill which will be releasing

it's waste into the reservoir approximately two miles above the study site. This
mill will probably commence operations during early 1968. We will have two

fish population studies to use as reference to determine any changes in the fishery that might be caused by wastes from the mill.
The study area is discussed in previous reports and the low productivity
(for game species) is again reflected in the fish recovered. The bluegill show
an increase over the previous study. Although gizzard shad continue to dominate the sample in terms of weight,
the threadfin shad are roughly 50 times more abundant than the gizzard shad. Of interest is the high numbers of young-of-the-year largemouth bass and
the small coosae bass. The coosae bass were seperated from the spotted bass and positive indentification was made by qualified personnel from the Auburn Fisheries Department.
Lake Blackshear: Largemouth bass continue to make up around 6% of the sample weight. The numbers of young-of-the-year and intermediate bass
remain good. Bluegill continue to look good in all size classes with a very high number
of harvestable sized fish being taken this year. Spotted suckers continue to dominate the weight percentage of the samples
followed in this category by gizzard shad. Extremely heavy reproduction of gizzard and threadfin shad and abundant
taillight shiners suggest an abundant forage supply for the smaller largemouth bass and will hopefully contibute to a strong year of bass.
Lake Seminole: The high largemouth bass population of the Saunders Slough study area continues as well as the good numbers of harvestable size

bluegill we have come to expect from this area. The sample from the Ten Mile Still Landing area indicated an improved
population from the very poor game fish population found in the past two years. The largemouth bass numbers improved and the bluegill showed a fantastic improvement with 372 harvestable sized bluegill being recovered from the two acre sample area. Both gizzard and threadfin shad were lower in the
sample than in previous years.
Lake Worth: In anticipation of a DJ project on this reservoir, a study was made to supply background information.
Unusual in this information was the very low population of largemouth bass, the low number of harvestable sized game fish of all species, and the heavy reproduction of bluegill and warmouth. The heavy reproduction of
catfish, golden shiner and other small forage species indicate a low predator fish population in Lake Worth. The reasons for this can only be determined by further studies.
To comply with the objective of determining the long range effects of the selective shad kill of 1959 on Lake Blackshear, Tables 1 through VI give the percentage by weight of those species believed to be the most important in
the reservoir.
These graphs have been adapted from the publication: "Selective Shad Removal in Southern Reservoirs" by Howard Zeller and Herbert Wyatt, 1967. This publication discusses the selective shad kill on Lake Blackshear to a great extent and draws on the studies continued under this project.

Table I shows the decline in the weight percentage of gizzard shad for four years following the selective kill with a recovery approximating that found in the pre-shad kill studies. The extremely high weight percentage of 1958 is based on a single sample and could have been, a biased sample. It is obvious that the kill of the thousands of pounds of shad did not materially effect the shad population in Lake Blackshear.
Table II shows the increase in the weight percentage of largemouth bass for the four years following the shad kill with an abrupt decline and leveling off since 1966. Perhaps the most interesting point here is the agreement from year to year of the percentage of bass which points up the value of Leon Kirkland's standardized sampling method.
The weight percentage of bluegill in the samples since 1962 show a decline
to a much lower level and may be representing a trend in the bluegill pop-
ulation.
The weight percentages of crappie and shellcracker both indicate a reaction for the four year period following the kill with the crappie showing an increase and the shellcracker a decrease.
The spotted sucker population of Lake Blackshear is very high and, in the absence of a large carp population or other bottom-feeding species,
consistently make up around one third of the weight percentage of the samples.
The high sucker population of 1959 indicates that they were little affected by the selective kill, although it is known from numerous observations that this species is very sensitive to low concentrations of rotenone in these waters. The subsequent low weight percentages suggest that the expanding bass

Table I
Percentage by Weight of Gizzard Shad in
Population Study Samples Lake Blackshear Samples Prior to shad kill Samples After Shad Kill
Sample Years

Table II
Percertage by 'Weight of Largeiaouth Bass ir Populat.ior Study Samples Lake Blackshear
Samples Prior bo shad kill Samples Prior to shad kill
Sam '.tie "Yeir TABLE III
Percer.-tage by Weight of Bluegill in Population Study Samples Lake Blackshear
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Samole Years

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TABLtf IV Percentage by Weight of Crappie in
Populabior Study Samples Lake Blackshear
Samples Prior to shad kill
Samples After Shad Kill

Sarrole Years

TABLE V

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Par car: bap; e by Flight of Shellcracker in Population Study Samples

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TABL3 VI
Percentage by Weigh b of Spobbed Sucker in Population Study Srmples Lake Blackshear
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population was sufficient to keep the weight of spotted suckers down, and that the
lbwer bass populations since 1965 have allowed the sucker population to build back. Another interesting possibility is that the high bluegili population corresponding
It i the years of low sucker populations might indicate a repression through inter-specific competition.
The inadequacies of this information to explain the variations and trends in fish populations is fully recognized and these graphs represent only what the reaction of these populations were.
Table VII lists data taken from the population studies taken for the indicated
yeart in an attempt to establish any trends in the fishery by the relative condition of the fish as indicated by the averaged weight of the harve stable sized individuals from the "Surber" reporting forms.
Additionally, since the bluegili fishery in the south Georgia impoundments receive s over 30% of the fishing effort, it is of importance to know if any one reservcir has better fishing in terms of larger sized fish, since in "bream"
fishing, large size is of importance and many complaints are received each year about the :.mall size of the "bream" in these reservoirs.
The information on the largemouth bass does not show any particular trend nor is it suggested to indicate the superior size or quality of bass fishing in one recervoir a-; opposed to another. The sample sizes, even when including the only the harvestable sized individuals, is still so small that meaningful / itionships could not be drawn. Of importance is the close agreement in the range of average weights of bass between the three impoundments and the differences in the averaged weight of each reservoir. Lake Eufaula (Chattahoochee),

a recently impounded lake, had larger harve stable size bass and Lake Blackshear, a 36 year eld reservoir, had smaller harvestable size bass.

Table VII
Average Weight In Ounces Of Harvestable Sized
Fish From Three South Georgia Reservoirs

Lake Eufaula - Chattahoochee

Year

Bluegill

Bass

1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966
Av. Mean - 1. 75

2.
2. 75 1.27 1. 72 1. 35 1. 37

(pre -impoundment) (partial impoundment) (full impoundment)

None
11.8
15. 17. 18. 8
33.2

Av. Mean - 19. 2

1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1965 1967 1968
Av. Mean - 1. 83

Lake Seminole

L. 75 1. 33 I. 00 1. 75 1. 75 3. 00 1. 20 2. 88

(end yr.

of impoun dm snt)

38. 75 17. 33 12. 75 26. 61 12. 46 15. 47 14. 27 10. 44

Av. Mean - 18. 5

Lake Blackshear

1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 1963 1965 1966 1967 1968
A v. Mean - 1. 74

2. 40 2.82 1.66 1. 52 0. 96 1. 64 1. 80 2. 00 1. 39 1.28

36. 00
None
15. 00 10. 50 25. 50
8. 33 17. 07 10,85 24. 00 12. 93
Av. Mean 16.

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Classification
Grouo A = Predatory Game Species Group B - Non-Predatory Game Fish
Group C - Non-Predatory Food Fish Group D - Predatory Food Fish Group E - Forage Fish
Totals

Total Wgt.
23. 2 34. 50
79. 80
16. 10 52. 35 205. 95

% Wg_t.
11 17
39
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25 100

Classification
Finger Hag
Intermediate
Ha rve stable
Totals

Total Wgt. 36. 70
35. 3
133. 95 205. 95

% Wgt.
18 17 65 100

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Classification
Group A - Predatory Game Species Group B = Non-Predatory Game Species
Group C - Non-Predatory Food Fish
Group D - Predatory Food Fish Group E - Forage Fish
Totals

Total Wgt. 10. 05
6. 30
5. 9
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14. 9
37.20

% Wgt.
27
17 16
T
40 100

Classification Fingerling Intermediate
Harve stable
Totals

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Classification

Total W_gt.

Group A - Predatory Game Species

5. 35

Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species

24.25

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4. 85

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17.45

Group E = Forage Fish

1.20

Totals

53. 10

% Wgt.
10
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9
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2
100

Classification Fingc rling Intermediate iiarve stable Totals

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Classification
Group A - Predatory Game Species Group B = Non-Predatory Game Species
Group C - Non-Predatory Food Fish Group D - Predatory Food Fish Group E - Forag_e Fish
Totals

Total W_gt. 9. 75
16. 65
35. 15
2.8
33, 30 97. 65

% Wgt.
10 17 36
3
34 100

Clas sification Fingerling Intermediate Harve stable Totals

Total Wgt.
2. 50 14. 95 80. 20
97.65

% Wgt.
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Classification
Group A - Predatory Game Species Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species
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Totals

Total Wgt. 6.25
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Classification Finger ling Intermediate Harvestable Totals

Total Wgt.
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Classification
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Totals

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Classification Fingerling Intermediate Harvestable Totals

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Lake Seminole - Toole's Landing - April 23, 24, 2 5, 1968

Classific ation
Grouo A Predatory Game Species Group B Non-Predatory Game Species
Group C Non-Predatory Food Fish
Group D Predatory Food Fish Group E Forage Fish
Totals

Total Wgt. 17.45
47. 35 91.
9.20 101. 60 266. 60

% Wgt.
7
18
34
3
38 100

Classification Fingerling Intermediate
Harve stable
Totals

Total Wgt.
4. 15 32. 95
229. 50
266.60

% Wgt.
2 12
86 100

26_6^6_0_#_
~1 - 'a

33

Work Plan 1 Job Number 2: Reservoir Creel Census
Creel census was conducted in 1967 on Lake Blackshear and Lake Seminole, The data is summarized and presented here.
Creel census conducted on Lake Seminole during 1968 will be reported in
the FY 1968 = 69 annual report.
Fishing success improved generally on both reservoirs during 1967. The catch per hour by species fished for largemouth bass in Lake Seminole
approached one half bass per man hour. This may be considered good fishing in these reservoirs. The catch per hour of 0. 3 bass per man in Lake
Blackshear could be considered fair in relation to the catch for this species in other Georgia re servoirs.
Both reservoirs provided good bluegill fishing with the catch per hour in Lake Blackshear being almost 2,, 5 and Seminole being almost 3. 0. This is well above the average catch per hour for this species in other Georgia reservoir d.
The catch per hour of 4 catfish in Lake Seminole reflects the very good success of channel catfish fishermen in this reservoir.
34

,

'

Totals

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October

September

August

July

June

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Work Plan I Job Number 3: Striped Bass Rearing And Stocking
The results of the 1967 striped bass stocking, while not becoming completed until within the period of this report, were reported in the 1966-67 annual
report.
Striped bass rearing efforts were conducted and are reported by the Coastal Region (F-20-R) although F-19-R project personnel assisted in the hatchery-
operation.
Rearing efforts in the Southern Region consisted of attempts to rear day old fry in the 4 acre nursery pond at Lake Seminole and in two 1 acre ponds at the
Dawson Fish Hatchery. The excellent results obtained in the Lake Seminole nursery pond duiing
1966 encouraged the utilization of this facility. The pond, described in prior reports, was prepared by blocking the canal leading into the lake and throughly treating the pond three times over a three month interval with one part per million of liquid rotenone. For the first time, all fish in the nursery pond were eliminated prior to the stocking of the striped bass.
Other pre-stocking preparations included the application of 100 pounds per acre of hydrated lime plus three bags (40 lbs. each) of 20-20-5 pond fertilizer. Motor oil and kerosene were added to the pond a few days before the striped bass were stocked.
Two days old striped bass fry transported in plastic bags were released
into the pond with tempering to adjust the fish to the pond water temperatures.
41

Wat i ! smperature in the pond was 75 degrees F. at the time of stocking. Approximately two hundred thousand fry were stocked.
Checks were made after one week and continued at frequent intervals from the time of stocking in April up into June. No striped bass were seen. The cause of mortality can only be guessed at, but in view of reports from others,
the high water temperature at the time of release could be responsible. In July, approximately 2,000 striped bass fingerlings, ranging from 3 to
4 inches, were transported from the Richmond Hill Fish Hatchery and stocked in the nursery pond. The pond was heavily fertilized (3 bags per acre) again since it had been allowed to clear, and an extremely heavy bloom of a colonial phytoplankton developed. This organism was tentatively identified as Volvox,
but this identification is in question.
This heavy bloom prevented observations by scuba gear from being successful and survival rates "ere not known. Positive survival was determined when striped bass were observed striking at the fathead minnows which had been stocked into the pond in March and April.
An extremely severe drought dropped the level of the reservoir and
isolated the nursery pond from the reservoir. Attempts to deepen the ditch by successive blasting with dynamite ultimately connected the nursery pond with the lake and the striped bass were free to swim into Lake Seminole in September.
The one acre ponds at Dawson Fish Hatchery were stocked with 100, 000 sac fry each at the same time as the nursery pond was stocked. These ponds had been fertilized and stocked with fathead minnows prior to the release
of the fry.
42

The loss of the hatchery personnel responsible for keeping records resulted in having inadequate records on the ponds before the ultimate harvest.
On August 1, one pond was drained and 598 striped bass fingerling, averaging 4. 5 inches, were transported and stocked in Lake Blackshear, Three fingerlings were lost, although the day was very hot and the water temperatures wer 86 degrees F. in the hatchery pond. Only three fingerlings were left in the pond. The hatchery pond was infested with tadpoles and the striped bass had consumed all the fathead minnow except a few 3 to 4 inch adults.
On draining, it was noted that the pond bottom was covered with dragon fly and stone fly nymp. The striped bass were very fat and in excellent condition despite the lack of other forage. Remains of the insect nymphs were found in the one striper sacrificed for stomach analysis, and it is assumed that these
fish fed and thrived on the insect diet.
The second hatchery pond was drained on October 24, 1968. An infestation
of filamentous algae delayed draining until it could be safely treated after the water temperatures dropped to minimize the possibility of oxygen depletion.
Six hundred and eighty five striped bass fingerlings were recovered from this pond and mortality was limited to 3 fish. These fish were stocked in Lake Blackshear. The condition of the pond and the fish was identical to the
pond previously drained.
In summary, it may be said that both method tests proved successful in a
limit-rd way. The lack of adeq-a^te records severely hampers evaluation of
the methods. The reasons for this shortcoming may be summed up by stating
that inadequate personnel and overextended programs prevent sufficient
attention to any particular phase of the project. 43

Work Plan II Job Number 1
The planned fall population studies in the sloughs for the year 1967 were delayed into the latter part of September because of low water. The water level continued to rececede, and it was decided to conduct slough population studies during the adverse low water conditions to compare the population structure of the sloughs under normal (average) water levels to the same sloughs under severely low water conditions.
The acreage, average depth, and the acre-feet of the slough study area are given in Table 1. The slough population studies were carried out in the same manner as in previous studies. The standing crop per acre,
the forage ratio, and the percentage of harvestable size game fish are
presented in Table II. Swingles classification of determining harvestable
size game fish was altered by counting the channel catfish as a game fish instead of as a non-game fish.
Weldon Slough, located on the Alapaha above Ray's Branch, was sampled September 19, 1967 and Burnt Bridge Lake Slough which is located on the Suwannee two miles above the Fargo Bridge was sampled October 3, 1967. The Weldon Slough yielded 28. 6 pounds of fish and the Burnt Bridge Slough sample of 1967 to the one of 1966 was the reduction of largemouth bass, chain pickerel, redfin pickerel, warmouth, flier, dollar sunfish, lake chubsucker, spotted gar and the absence of black crappie, brown bullhead,
yellow bullhead, yellow bullhead, and bowfin, The change in the fish population structure in sloughs from severe water
44

level changes demonstrates the influence of water level and duration to the utilization of the slough areas by fish. The importance of sloughs as prime spawning and nursery areas was suggested in previous reports on the
Suwannee. The low number of small centrarchids and bullheads under these drought conditions as compared to their higher number under normal
conditions should support the implication that sloughs serve as important spawning and nursery areas.
The slough studies were carried out with the assumptions that their limitations in not representing the mainstream population would be compensated by the adequate sampling of a known area and that any significant changes in the stream fish population would be reflected in the slough studies. The slcugh sample in the fall of 1967 was not typical of the main stream populations.
With the water level continuing to be low the following spring and despite the handicaps of sampling mainstreams, it was felt that mainstream studies '.vould be vital to the project. Three mainstream studies were carried out during the spring of 1968. They included a 1. 02 acre sample on the
Suwannee River,, 5 miles below North Prong, Suwannee River on May 15,
1968, a 1.25 acre sample en the Satilla River above U. S. Highway 301 at
Cov/bone Lake on May 2.7, 1968, and . 88 acre sample on the Alapaha River ir "'.i.i-j.m from Mayday Bridge at Cow Creek confluence on June 4, 1968.
The mainstream population study on the Satilla River was included as a res-ult of the pressure from local fishermen complaining about the poor
45

fishing in the stream. Since the water levels were optimium for sampling and since information on the fish population in the Satilla was limited, it was decided that a study would be carried out on the Satilla River and that the value of the information gained on the river would justify its inclusion with the stream population study segment of the project.
The basic objectives in these mainstream studies were to have a definitive population sample of the study area without a heavy kill below the sample area. Prior to each study, preliminary physical measurements re included in Table 1. Each study area was closed off on the downstream side with 3/8
inch mesh block off net. The rotenone was applied slowly on the upstream
side of the study area in five minute intervals over a period of 30-40 minutes
and drifted through the area at a concentration of 1 = 1,5 ppm. As the rotenone passed out of the study area, it was treated with potassium permanganate at the rate of 3 p. p.m. which has been determined at Auburn University to be
sufficient for rotenone detoxification. Difficulty in counteracting the toxicity
of rotenone was experienced on the Suwannee and the Satilla, resulting in a fish kill on the Suv/annee for 12 miles and on the Satilla for 1 mile.
The species and numbers of dead fish that were counted and removed from the Suv/annee River are shown in Table 3. All major species of fish
ere affected by the rotenone in the upper portion of the kill area. As the chemical drifted downstream it affected fewer fish and, by the 4th day after its release, had become selecti r e to 13-17 inch bov/fin and a few largemouth bass. It is worth noting that the bowfin made up 90. 7% by number of the total fish removed.
46

As noted in other areas under similar conditions, potassium permanganate

reacted .

e readily with the other dissolved constituents in the water rather

than with the rotenone. Bowfin appartntly were extremely sensitive to low

concentrations of rotenone.

Bioarsays using the water from the Suwannee River will need to be carried

out to determine:

1. The lethal dosage of rotenone and exposure time necessary to

kill each major species in the Suwannee, especially bowfin and

largemouth bass.
2. The maximum concentration of potassium permanganate that can

be applied to the Suwannee River water without killing fish.

3. The usefulness of potassium permanganate in neutralizing the

rotenone in the Suwannee River.

4. The best procedure that can be applied for sampling mainstream

fish populations with insignificant loss of fish below the study

area.

While problems were experienced in controlling the rotenone below the

study areas, excellent samples were collected on the Suwannee and Satilla

Rivers. The sample in the Alapaha was considered fair and its success was

undermined by the rupturing of the block-off net from the force of the current

which allowed a portion of the sample to be lost and possibly and incomplete

kill from the brief exposure time of the rotenone in the sample area.

The standing crop per acre, forage rotio, and percent of harvestable

47

-
sized game fish and non-game fish are shown in Table II. As noted in the previous report en the Suwannee, close agreement existed between the weight percentages
of the largemouth bass, chain pickerel, lake chubs-ackers, bowfin and spotted gar in the mainstream sample as compared to the slough sample in Burnt Bridge Lake during the fall of 1966. The numbers of harvestable sized bluegill and
warmouth sunfish were greater in the mainstream sample; yet, the number of fliers wa? extremely low. Apparently the flier preferred the still water areas of the sloughs. The averaged weight of harvestable size bass, chain pickerel, blue-gill, and warmouth, was 3. 16 pounds, 3. 47 pounds, . 77 pounds, and . 21
pounds, respectively, and demonstrates the excellent quality fishery of the
Suwannee River. As usual, the bowfin made up 76% by weight of the total
population and consisted of intermediate and adult size specimens. The notice
able low percent by weight of the non-predator game fish and food fish is again
attributed to the high population of predatory species. In view of the adverse water conditions that had prevailed throughout the year, it was surprising that the jmall fish of forage size were as abundant as they were.
The Satilla River, contrary to local belief, showed a strong population of harvestable size largemouth bass; however, the number of intermediate size base was weak and indicate a poor spawn or poor survival the previous year.
The abundance of the American eel may be a reflection of the weak intermediate
size bass population.
Compared to the Suwannee, the averaged sized of the harvestable bass in Satilla v/a s much smaller, reflecting the difference between the ecology
48

and population structure of the two streams. The Suwannee in its head waters
; 3 a slow moving stream having many pools and is connected by many sloughs.
Its floodplain is low and is easily flooded for lengthy periods of time creating abundant forage for the largemcuth bass whenever the water level drops. The Satilla is a meandering swift flowing stream, having a narrower floodplain
and is connected by numerous oxbow lakes. Because of the high flood plain and swiftness of the water, the water level is rather unstable and the production of abundant forage fish is lower which leads to poorer growth of the
bass.
The averaged size of the sunfish population was lower than in the Suwannee; however, good quality size specimens of redbreast sunfish were collected.
Ten inch bluegill were seen in the block off net but apparently swam off before
anyone could pick them up. The spotted suckers were the dominant food fish in the Satilla and made up 58% by weight of the total. Three young-of-theyear American shad were collected in the study. The channel catfish population was fair in the harvestable size group, but the intermediate size group appeared weak. The harvesting of fish in public streams with fish baskets was made illegal in 1964. It is hoped that this restriction will, over a period of years, improve the channel catfish population in the Satilla.
Though the sample size on the Alapaha was small, a significant point of interest was the presence of abundant channel catfish in the sample. The other species were fairly abundant except for bluegill and warmouth. The
absence of v/armouth may have been from the failure of a complete kill
49

or possibly the sample area had a low population of each. Warmouth and
spotted gar require a long exposure time before they are killed by rotenone.
The average size of the game fish in the Alapaha compared to the Suwannee and the Satilla was poor. In the Alapaha harvestable size largemouth bass
averaged less than . 5 pounds and the harvestable size redbreast averaged less than . 18 pounds. The factors contributing to this low average size suggests the need for intensive study of the Alapaha. Comparing the three mainstream studies it is obvious that the Suwannee had the highest quality fishery in size and in weight per unit area, that the Satilla had a fair pop-
ulation of game fish in size and number, and the Alapaha had the poorest quality of game fish in size. However, the Alapaha exhibited the best
catfish population and the best At value of the three streams.
50

_

_

Table I
Physical Measurements Of Stream Population Study Areas

Stream

Average Average Average Surface Acre Velocity C.F.S, _ Width Jft)_ .DepthJ ft )_ _Le_ngth_( ft )_ A_c^e_s_ _Fe et_

Suwannee

Slough

2.50

Mainstream 63.0

2.60

200

.20

.50

1.01 2.63

.16

23.6

A la pa ha

Slough

2.50

Mainstream 59.0

2.54

655

.33

.82

.88 2.23

.55

74.2

Satilla

123.3

2.95

528

1.25 3.69

.54 177.4

Stream Population Study Area, Standing Crop, Forage Ratio, And Percentage
Of Harvestable Size Game Fish and Non-Game Fish

Stream_
Suwannee Slough Mainstream

Date _?^IHPle_^_
Oct. 3, 1967
May 15, 1968

Standing Crop
J^^B^L^SL?. -E.ISL

n
J^r-

-vr
-1- ---

71.5 796.3

3.1 30.1 14.7 44.8 0.08 10.7 80.6 91.3

Satilla
Mainstream

May 27, 1968

151.4

2.4 19.0 66.6 85.6

Alapaha Slough
Mainstream

Sept. 19, 1967 June 4, 1968

85.8 27.5*

5.8

8.4 44.4 52.8

1.00 41.5 37.0 78.6

* Standing crop is lower than actual level since net set across the Alapaha had a section to rip, losing part of the sample.

51

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Classification

Total Wgt

Group A - Predatory GameSpecies
Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species Group C - Non-Predatory Food Fish Group D - Predatory Food Fish
Group E - Forage Fish TOTALS

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Classification
Fingerling Intermediate Harvestable
TOTALS

Total Wgt.
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Classification

Total Wgt.

Group A - Predatory Game Species Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species Group C - None-Predatory Food Fish Group D - Predatory Food Fish Group E - Forage Fish
TOTALS

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Fingerling [Intermediate Harvest able
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Classifiesation

Total Wgt

% Wgt

Group A - Predatory Game Species Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species Group C - Non-Predatory Food Fish Group D - Predatory Food Fish
Group E - Forage Fish TOTALS

61.7 26.2
30.8 677 .1
3.2 799.0

77
3.3 3.9 84 .7
4
100

Classification
Fingerling Intermediate
Harve stable
TOTAL

Total Wgt

% Wgt

3 .7
66.9 728.4 799.0

0.5
84
91.1
100.0

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03

Satilla River - Mainstream - Cowbone Lake - May 27 - 28, 1968

Classification

Total Wgt.

Group A - Predatory Game Species

18. 8

Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species

11. 7

Group C - Non-Predatory_Food Fish

120. 3

Group D - Predatory Food Fish

36. 6

Group E - Forage Fish

2.

Totals

189. 4

% Wgt.
9. 9
6.2
63. 5 19. 3
1. 1
100.

Classification Fingerling Intermediate
Harve stable
Total

Total Wgt.
3. 7
23. 6 162. 1
189.4

%Wgt.
1.9 12.5 85.6
100.

64

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Alapaha River - Mainstream, Mayday - June 4-5, 1968

Clas sification
Group A - Predatory Game Species Group B - Non-Predatory Game Species
Group C - Non-Predatory Food Fish
Group D - Predatory Food Fish Group E - Forage Fish
Totals

Total Wgt.
2. 8 2. 5 7. 5 10. 1 1. 7 24. 6

Classification Fingerling Intermediate
Harve stable
Totals

Total Wgt.
2. 5 2. 7
19. 4 24. 6

% Wgt.
11. 4 10. 2 30. 6 41.
6.9
100.
%W_gt. 10. 4 11.2 78. 4
100.

67

Table III
Downstream Fishkill, Suwannee River - May 15, 1968

Species_ Spotted Gar Bowfin Chain Pickerel L. Chubsucker
Warmouth
Bluegill Spotted Sunfish
L. M. Bass

Number
15
3628 22 65 60 40 47 124

_% By_Nu_mber_
0. 4 90. 7
0. 5 1. 6 1. 5
1.0 1.2
3. 1

Total

4001

100.0

* Kill resulting from slug of rotenone below population study area that

was not effectively detoxified.

68

Work Plan II Job Number II: Collection Of Physical And Chemical Data (Streams)
Taken from the U. S. Geological Survey records, the flow curves of the Suwannee River, and the Alapaha River for years 1966-67 and 1967-68 are given in Table 1 and 2. The flow curves of both streams for year 1966-67 (previous year) are included to better illustrate the change in the water discharge from a typical year to one with a severe drought. The average
flow on the Alapaha for year 1968 was 170 CFS compared to 827 CFS for the
previous year. The water discharge on both streams was the lowest recorded in 13 years which reflects the magnitude of the drought. Also shown in Table 1 is the general range of water discharge that provide optimum fishing
conditions.
The limnological data collected monthly on the Suwannee and on the Alapaha for year 1967 = 68 are summarized in Tables 3 and 4. No significant changes in the chemical parameters could be established from the effects of the
drought.
Monthly reading of total phosphate and nitrate nitrogen levels are shown in Table 5. The author questions the accuracy of the results due to the time elapse from the date the samples were collected and date that the samples were processed.
69

TABLE I Suwannee River Average Monthly Discharge in CFS
October to September and Relative Area of CFS for Optimum Fishing*. Gomtij, tions
966-67 typical flow curve
21967-68 drought flow curre
)ct. . .Nov. ..Dec. . .Jan.. .Feb... Mar. ..Apr. . .May.. . Jun. .. Jul. . .Aug... Sep.. .
Shaded portion represents water levels producing optimum fishing conditions.
- 70 -

TABLE^H
Alapaha River Average Monthly Discharge In GFS, October to September

Ufct. ..Nov. ..Dec

1966-67 typical flow curve

1967-68 drought

Jan.. .Feb. ..Mar. ..Apr. ..May.. . Jun. . .Jul... Aug. ..Sep

flow curve

- 71 -

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72

July 1967
August September October
November December
January 1968 February
March
April
May
June

Table 5

Monthly Phosphorous and Nitrogen Levels

Suwannee and Alapaha Rivers 1967 - 68

Total Ph (Dsphate

Nitrate Ni trogen

Suwannee Alapaha

Suwannee Alapaha

0. 74

*

0. 47

*

0. 74

0.25

0. 36

0. 38

0. 96

0. 61

0. 53

0. 62

0.40

0. 11

0. 28

0. 09

0. 02

0. 07

0. 29

0. 17

0. 10

0. 34

0. 36

0.23

0. 36

0. 09

1. 00

0.40

0. 01

0. 05

0. 10

0. 12

0. 01

0. 02

0. 09

0. 07

0. 01

0. 09

0. 09

0. 07

0. 01

0. 05

0. 08

0. 02

0. 05

0. 01

0. 08

0. 02

* Sample destroyed from freezing.

73

Work Plan II Job Number 3: Life History Studies
During the first year of the stream project, the rivers were in flood stage for most of the year, restricting sampling for life history information. The following year personnel changes on the project and job committments elsewhere limited accomplishments on life history except for the collection of data during the
population studies.
During the fall of 1967, the water level of the Suwannee River was the lowest it had been in recent years (Table 1, Job 2) and fishing success for game fish declined while the catch of non-game species increased. Due to the poor harvest of game fish, a movement was generated in the locality of the Suwannee River to allow the public to remove bowfin, gar and other rough fish by seining.
The Department felt that seining would be detrimental to the game fish and that, to counteract this movement, it would be necessary for project personnel to initiate a rough fish removal program under these low water conditions. Rough fish removal was not a part of the project plan; however, since the pressures compelled removal, it was decided that to justify the removal effort,
an intensive removal would be carried out on the Suwannee River with the
objective of utilizing as much of the data as possible, with time permissible,
on the life history segment of the project. Since the Suwannee contained a high predatory fish population, life history of these species was emphasized. In view of the objective, it is felt that the rough fish removal contributed greatly to the life history phase of the project with information that would not
74

have been otherwise obtained. It was hoped that if a sufficiently high poundage of rough fish could be removed,
t/ie game fish population might increase in response to the removal. It was also recognized that efforts to manage fish populations in other sections of the country by rough fish removal have failed, but since the unique situation offered the opportunity, it was decided to evaluate the removal as a management tool.
From November 1, 1967 to June 30, 1968, intensive removal of spotted gar,
bowfin, spotted sucker and lake chubsucker was carried out using a 400 volt A. C. rigged electric weir mounted on a boat or a combination A. C. -D. C. circuit and a D,, C. pulsating circuit that gave a combined output of 650 volts. Fyke nets and chemical treatment by rotenone were used also. The use of fyke nets aided in large catches, trapping the fish as they attempted to avoid the shocker, To minimize loss of game fish native to the Suwannee River, all game fish other than those utilized for life history information were returned to the stream unharmed after they had recovered from the shock.
The number, weight, percent removal of each species out of the total removal, and the pounds removed per mile of river in the 34 mile stretch frorr the Okefenokee Sill to the Florida line are summarized in Table 1. The removal effort was concentrated in the upper 17 miles since the bowfin were most abundant in that area. Less than 2 percent of the pounds of fish removed came from the lower 17 miles. It was noted that the density of bowfin, except for local high concentrations in certain areas, declined as distance increased downstream from the swamp. This is probably due to habitat change and it
may reflect the linkage of the swamp to the river in the production of this high
poundage.
75

The removal totaled 1773 spotted gar, weighing 1781 pounds, 15,250 bowfin weighing 28, 752 pounds, 436 lake chubsucker weighing 408. 9 pound and 43 spotted sucker weighing 113. 5 pounds for a weight of 3 1 , 055. 4 pounds of rough fish removed, Removal on a per mile basis was 514.8 rough fish weighing 914.4 pounds. For practical purposes, since 98% of the removal was confined to the upper 17 miles, the poundage of removal per mile would be double that given in Table 1. It is emphasized that the rough fish removal was conducted under the most favorable conditions possible. Bowfin were over-populated, their average size was 1. 89 pounds, and the low water concentrated them in the large pool areas.
Success Of Electrofishing Stream Fish Populations Prior to the application of rotenone in the mainstream population study on
the Suwannee May 15, 1968, two 3/8" block off nets were set across the upper
and lower ends of the L 01 acre sample area. The area was intensely sampled with electric shocker using a 400 volt A.C. circuit. The objectives were to compare the effectiveness of electric sampling to rotenone sampling in obtaining representative specimens of the various species in the Suwannee River and to determine to a certain extent the percentage of rough fish removal by concentrated electrofishing of an area under extremely optimum conditions.
The area was thoroughly sampled for one hour and 10 minutes until the law of diminishing returns had taken precedence. The sample area consisted predominately of a deep pool tapering on the upstream portion in width and in
depth. The shoreline was bordered with numerous tupelo gum trees having
massive root systems extending down into the water. Most of the area was
76

opened and easily accessible by the shocking boat.
The results are given in Table 2. As expected the smaller sized warmouth, spotted sunfish, yellow bullhead were not easily captured. This was primarily the result of the protection provided them by the root system of the Tupelo. These roots provide excellent cover and hinder the effectiveness of electro-
fishing.
The predatory species were readily sampled by the electric shocker. Representative samples were collected of all harvestable size fish that were fairly abundant in the area. Spotted sucker and flier were not collected by shocking. This was due to their extremely low number in the area.
The high number and weight of spotted gar and bowfin removed indicate the potential of removal under the most favorable conditions. However it should be pointed out that the area was closed off on each end, preventing the movement of fish out of the area as they tried to avoid the electric current in the water while shocking. The catch would be lower if the area was not sealed off. The results of this removal show that better than half of the spotted gar and approximately one-third of the bowfin were removed. Since these results were based on one sample area under the best of conditions, it is felt that additional comparisons using other areas of the Suwannee will
need to be carried out before drawing any conclusions on the rate of removal.
Spotted Gar Index Of Condition And Size Class Distribution
Examinations were made of 54 spotted gar for life history information.
77

Their average total length, average weight, and average index of condition by sex are presented in Table 5. The males had a smaller average length and weight than the females, but showed no discernable difference in the "C" factor. The
size class distribution of the spotted gar in Figure 1 shows a high number of intermediate size specimens which suggest an over-crowded population. The smallest individual collected was in the 12 inch size group. Year classes
cannot be established; however, the 12 = 15 inch size group may have been year
class I or II (spawn of 1966 or 1967).
Reproduction The average weight and reproductive condition by inch group of gar examined
from November 29, 1967, to June 27, 1968 are given in Table 6. All individuals smaller than the 15 inch size group were immature in their gonadal development. Two specimens in the 16 inch class also appeared immature. The condition of the mature gonads were difficult to classify and were analyzed according to the following criteria: Mature, Poorly Developed, Male and Female and Mature,
Well Developed, Male and Female. The writer recognizes that this system of classification is imperfect and involves considerable interpretation of the state of the gonads. Nevertheless it is felt that this data is best classified this way
until more is known about the reproductive condition of the gar. Using this approach, it is worthwhile to note that the females from 15 to 21 inches
contained well developed ovaries with eggs as well as those that did not have well developed eggs. All females larger than 2 3 inches had well developed eggs. It is possible that the poorly developed females require longer time
before sexual maturation. Another possibility may be that the stress in the
78

population from the low water condition and the population density of the predatory
species in the Suwannee may have limited gonadal development. The latter is more likely the situation sines no spawning activity, no ripe or spent specimens,
and no young-of-the-year gar were collected throughout the study.
Food Habits: Of 54 spotted gar examined from November 1967 to June 1968, 47 had empty
stomachs. The gar that had food in their stomach were collected May 15, 1968 from a rotenone sample. The presence of food in their stomachs may be the
result of their feeding on vulnerable prey that were feeling the effects of the rotenone. Examination of the stomach contents were made within three hours after collection. The fish remains in three of the gar were beyond identification, indicating the prey had been in the stomach before the rotenone application. Contents in the stomachs of the remaining four gar consisted of one dragonfly wing, one Hemipteran, one freshwater shrimp, and detritus. The limited
forage available to the gar population during these low water conditions may have contributed to the low number of food items in stomachs.
Bowfin
Population Estimate And Percent Of Removal In conjunction with the roughfish removal initiated November 2, 1967 in the
Suwannee, 50 bowfin were captured September 26-27, 1967 using 1 1/2 and 2
inch bar mesh gill nets, and 200 bowfin were collected October 23, 1967 by
electrofishing to be used in estimating the population of bowfin in that area.
These bowfin were fin clipped and released in good condition the same day they
79

were captured. The fish were released at Burnt Bridge Lake which is located 17 miles above the Florida line and 16 miles below the Okefenokee Swamp. During the removal phase, each bowfin was examined for a marked fin.
As bowfin were taken out along the river, it became apparent that the marked bowfin exhibited considerable movement out of the area of release. While the movement of bowfin weaken the practicality of making a population estimate in the area the bowfin were released, it was felt that if the mobile marked bowfin redistributed themselves along the stream according to the population density of bowfin in the various areas of the Suwannee and if the marked fish were readily sampled with a significant percent of recapture, an estimate of some
reliability could be obtained. Recognizing the limitations of the Peterson formula that has been pointed
out by others, this formula was used to calculate the bowfin population for that portion of the Suwannee River from the Okefenokee Sill to the Florida line. Bowfin Population Estimate And Percent Of Removal
Petersen Formula: P = AB

Where A = Total Captured B = Total Marked C = Total Recaptures

11,622 250 47

250 bowfin marked by removal of either right or left pectoral fin.

Estimate made from November 1, 1967 to May 15, 1968 - Population =

11, 622 (250) 47

= 61,819

80

,

Estimated percent of bowfin removed is as follows:

11622 = 18. 8% by May 15, 1968
61,819

1 1622

=

18. 8%

= 24. 7% by July 1, 1968

15,250

X

Bowfin population estimate was 61,819. By Jrly 1, 1968, it was estimated

that 24. 7% (15250) bowfin had been removed. This estimate was based on a

return of 47 recaptures out of 250 which is a 18. 8 percent sample of marked

fish and should have been a reliable estimate. The project leader wishes to

point out that, throughout the period of sampling, the estimates from time to

time were consistent and never deviated more than 5, 000 of the 61,819 estimate

indicating the estimate to be reliable.

Since no recaptures were collected downstream from the point of release,

it is possible that the first estimate overestimated the population. Less than

2 percent of the bowfin were collected below the middle location (point of

release of the marked bowfin) throughout the period of roughfish removal.

The low removal was the result of a lower density of bowfin in that area,

probably due to habitat change of the river. Consequently, less effort was

expended toward the removal in the downstream section. If the buck of the

bowfin were in areas that were heavily electrofished which all indications

point toward this, and if the majority of the marked and recaptured bowfin

were also in this area, the population estimate should be fairly reliable.

The high density of bowfin and the low water conditions existent at the

time of removal could have created a stress factor on the population and

stimulated movement away from the center of the stress area.

81

Recaptures of other bowfin marked and released at later dates showed movement upstream and downstream; however, since no recaptures were taken downstream from Burnt Bridge Lake due to the low population density, the intensity of downstream movement is not known. More is said on bowfin movements under the heading movements.
More recent estimates show a significantly lower population of bowfin than the 61, 000 estimate, and it is considered best not to draw any conclusions from the first estimate.
82

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Ul

4-

2!

00

Ui

CT-

Oo

Ul

cr-

OO

CvJ

o

n>

pj

ON

3

o

d

ft)

--
1
ro
o

--
i

O4>
GO

ro

00
o

--
i
CO

4-

--
1
UT

O0

4-
-.1

ro
ts)

O0

-JD

on

ro

Oo

-J

o

-J

o

Ul

cn

cr
CO CO
C!
no
CD

CD pj
a
<
hi CD

ro

hi

o
4>

ro

h-

s-

oo.
00

2!

o

o

r+

0)

oo

o

O0

O0

!

1

oo

4^

U1

1

oo

i

cr

o

ro

O
OO CT r+
0) *

00
c n
?v
(D fo
o
a
CO

U' OO

sO ^D
oO

-J
Ul
o
ro

4-

ro

cr-

vD

OO

4-

1
-J 00

--
1
CO
N-O

--
1
Ul -j -J

ro
D
00
oo

--
1
Ui
UOl

aro
aO0

o

H

o

oo

t\J

ro

-D

oh_

o
Ul

o

Ul

>

on

-JD

00

O0

-o

00
--
1
-X)

Oo

-
^i

-
a

-
00

-

5

oO

IS

O0 ro

00

Q .

a--

o

00

1 05

" 1
J"

ro

-J

o

o>

Ul

Ul

OO

-J

o

o

o

Ul

83

Table 2

Comparison Of Electrofishing Success To Rotenone

In Sampling Stream Fish Populations

ecies
pisosteus oculatus I otted_gar_

T Electrofishing

Roten one

No. % Wt. % No. % Wt.

Tctal"
% No. Wt.

4-

-[ (lbs)

4 T"

(lbs)

4

(lbs)

I i

I
_ I 48_ I 56^ 5 _|_3_8^3 I 57. 1
T"

37

43. 5 28.8142. 9 85

4

r-

67. 1

.mia calva
l.wfin
.ox niger
Ska in Pickerel

I

]_97_ \Z9 2_ 226.4 37.2 230

70. 3 382. 9| 62. 8 327 L.

609. 3

T

f

1

r

r

!

T"

I

1 !
... I 3 42.8 A _10^4 96. 3 1

I
57.2 0.41 3.7
4 I

10. 8

J imyson sucetta .ke chubsucker
f
J.nytrema melanops otted sucker
:
:alurus notalis :llow bullhead
'.ntrarchus macropterus
I
ier

5 |21. 7

5. 7 26.

.L.
1

r

T"

18 78.3 16. 2] 74.

L4

1

1--

23 21.9
-f

, + ___L

0.04

0.0

0. -4

100.

3. 3ll0a

.A r"

L_ I-

3. 3 .L.

3 110. 3

-1"

-t

!

I |

i__l__4?l

1.4 29.8
~l

_0^0_!

0. -I

26 89. 7_^_3_. _3 ^1 7_0_._2 h 29 \-

100.

0.

r-

J

2J100. \--

.]_.

4. 7
0.2

laenobryttus gulosus

' a-^I?",5iI

L_

i

T --!|13lT 5. 7 *

3. 1 27.2 213

1

1

I

94.

11.41 72.8 22 6

4

I--

14. 5

jjpomis macrochirus
ueg_ill_
^pomis punctatus
jotted sunfish

i

.. 6 J40.

"T

f

I

12 1

'

1.6,

+

[

5.2
n

56.

5A

60.

I--

1

H -o-i 16. 7 125 L! 8_-_44

--4. 43. 5 15

0Jr~ L.

T"

1

i

2. 01 83. 3 127

L_ I-

.J-.

9.2 2. 4

icropterus salmoides l ^gjmou th_ba s_

^38^ \ 1_0_

^5

24.2 47. 6

16

61. 5 26. 6| 52.4 26

-0.8

84

Movements To take advantage of the opportunity in following bowfin movements, 180 bowfin
were sampled, marked, and returned to the Suwannee approximately 5 miles above the Florida line (lower location) December 5, 1969- These bowfin were marked to observe for upstream movements from that area of the Suwannee. Periodic sampling in the lower half of the Suwannee in Georgia yielded an extremely low catch catch of bowfin and other rough fish and indicated a low population in that area compared to the high population characteristic of the upper half of thtSuwannee. Because of this low catch in which no recaptures were collected, 180 bowfin were captured at the right dike of the Okefenokee Sill (upper location) that
separates the Swamp from the East Prong Suwannee River, fin clipped, and
released. For each sample of bowfin that was marked and released, a different fin was clipped to identify the marked fish by area and by date. Because of the; downstream kill May 15, 1968 from the failure of the rotenone being effectively neutralized by the potassium permanganate in which the number of marked fish killed v/as not known, sampling of the marked fish for estimating bowfin population and for establishing their movements was discontinued after that date.
The type fin clip, number marked, the date released, the number of recaptures, and the sampling period are presented in Table 3, A total of 65 bowfin were captured and consisted of specimens from each type mark. A positive relationship is seen between the percent of recaptures and the number of days the recaptures were available to sampling. Fish that were available to sampling 226 days had a recovery of 26. percent as compared to the fish that were available for sampling 98 days and had 4. 4 percent recovery.
85

The movements of bowfin are summarized in Table 4. Local recaptures were those marked bowfin recaptured within two miles of the point of their release. Of the 65 recaptures, 29 were local recaptures, 29 were recaptures upstream, and 7 were recaptures downstream, indicating that over half of the bowfin exhibited movement greater than two miles from their point of release. The low catch of bowfin in the lower section was extremely low as previouslymentioned. The absence of recaptures from that area was not unusual. Assuming that bowfin behave similarly from area to area, one would deduce that movement in the lower section occurred if bowfin in the upper section exhibited movement downstream. Downstream movement was recorded for
seven of the bowfin released at the upper location. Since the point of release
of the bowfin at the upper location was at the Okefenokee Sill which separates the swamp from the East Prong Suwannee, upstream movement of bowfin could not occur here. The average distance traveled by the marked bowfin moving upstream was 13. 3 miles and the averaged distance going downstream was 6. 6 miles. One bowfin had moved 28 miles in 59 days after release.
The maximum mileage traveled during the shortest time period before re-
capture was 16 miles over a ten day period.
Coefficient Of Condition And Size Class Distribution The average total length, average weight, and index of condition are given
in Table 5 of 463 bowfin taken from the Suwannee River from November 1967 to June 1968. Males were smaller than females and had a lower "C" factor.
Because of the adverse water conditions existing throughout the study for year
86

1967-68, cne would expect the. "C" factor to shew this change. The results of

the changes in the "C" factor month by month are shown in Table 7. The index

of condition does reflect somewhat the stress that the bowfin were having from

their over-crowded condition and from the low water levels of the Suwannee.

For example, using equivalent average size specimens, the average total

mm length and average weight of bowfin examined in December was 458

and

2. 04 pounds which gave a "C" value of 3. 14. In April the corresponding values
were 462 mm, 1. 78 pounds, and 2. 69 "C" factor. The increase in May was

attributed to the slightly larger size specimens and to their increased feeding

activity when the water temperature had exceeded 75 F. It is seen that the

average size of the bowfin varied from sampling period to sampling period.

Those specimens collected upstream nearer the Okefenokee Dike and along the

bank were usually smaller than the specimens collected from the large pool

areas downstream. Bowfin collected in the same slough from sampling

period to sampling period would vary also.

The size class distribution of 327 bowfin collected May 15, 1968 from a 1

acre sample is illustrated in Figure 2. It is obvious that age classes cannot

be established. The smallest bowfin collected was in the 13 inch size group.

The smallest bowfin collected from November 1967 through June 1968 also

wac in the 13 inch size group. If bowfin recruitment occurred since November 1, 1967, smaller size specimens should have been collected. A total of 327

bowfin in Figure 2 were of harvestable size which indicates an over=crowded

population of adults.

87

Life History-

Reproduction - Bowfin Fecundity

For determining fecundity, gonads were removed from 34 females and

preserved in a 15% formalin solution. The ovaries were analyzed for fecundity

at the laboratory according to Lagler (1961). The procedure was as follows: The

right and left ovaries were removed from preserved solution and placed on dis-

pensing towels for approximately fifteen minutes to allow for moisture absorption

of ovaries on the paper towels. Remaining excess moisture on the ovaries was

wiped off with another dispensing towel. Then each ovary was palced on an

Ohaus Cent-O-Gram scale and weighed separately to the nearest hundreth of a

gram. From the upper, middle, and lower regions of each ovary > three samples

were removed, weighed, and counted individually. The three counts from each

ovary were averaged and projected to the total by projecting the number of eggs

per sample weight to the number of eggs per total weight. Average diameter of

ova for each female was determined from the mean number of three egg samples

mm required to fill a 100

groove.

Table 8 summarizes the fecundity of the 34 females. The females ranged in

mm mm length from 401

to 810

and in weight from 1. 18 pounds to 16. 31 pounds.

The index of condition ("C" factor) varied from 2. 66 to 5. 04 with a mean of

3. 44. The larger sized f eamle s tended to have a higher "C" factor. The

averaged total weight of the right and left ovaries combined was 108. 38 grams

Lagler, Karl F. 1961. Freshwater Fishery Biology. Dubuque, Iowa, Wn. C,

Brown Company,

2 Ed. ,

42 1

p.

88

and ranged from 11.44 grams to 260. 2 grams. As expected, the gonads weighed less in the smaller specimens and more in the larger ones. The averaged number of eggs for the left ovary was 7868 and the averaged number for the right ovary was 7741. The left ovary did not consistently show a higher count from female to female than the right ovary. The estimated total number of eggs per specimen ranged from 2,765 to 51,280. The average number of eggs per female
was 15, 609. Averaged cva diameter was 1. 95 mm, No relationship between
size of females and egg diameter could be established. The variations in the ova diameter are partly the result of changes in size from month to month as the eggs were maturing. See Table 9 for the change in the ova diameter from
November 1967 through March 1968 with confidence intervals established at the . 95 level of significance on the mean diameter.
Using the length, weight, and index of condition values against the fecundity
of each female, individual points were graphically plotted, and regression lines
were established for relationships (Figure 3, 4 and 5. ) A positive relationship
existed for each regression. The correlation coefficients computed for the relationships between fecundity to length, fecundity to weight, and fecundity to index of condition were . 896, . 955, and . 757 respectively. Since years classes of the females could not be determined, the relationship between fecundity and age could not be established.
89

Table 3
Bowfin Marked And Recaptured 1

Clipped
Lit Pectoral
R.ht Pectoral
f
Rsht Pelvic
f
Blh Pelvic
1a!

Number Marked
50 200 180 180 610

Date Released 27 Sep 67 23 Oct 67
4 Dec 67 2 Feb 68
_ ,_

Number
Recaptured
13
34
in 8
65

Percent Recaptured
26. 17.
5.6
4. 4 10.6

Maximum Number
Days Re_lea_s_ed
266 200
158 98
226

cecause of fish kill on the Suwannee River May 15, 1968, sampling of marked fish was
scontinued after that date.

90

Table 4

Bowfin Movement In The Suwannee River

Left

Right

Right

Both

Pectoral _Pectoral_ _^elvic_ J^elvic

Total_

kmber Marked
vocation Released

50 diddle

200 Middle

180

180

610

Lower Upper

--

lecaptures

13

34

10

8

65

Ijocal Recaptures Jpstream Recaptures

4

24

0*

1

29

9

10

10

*#

29

Downstream Recaptures

0*

0*

0*

7

7

\v. Mi. Upstream Movement

12.

11. 9

16. 1

',' >'f

13. 3

c^v. Mi. Downstream Movement

0*

0*

0*

6.6

6.6

Maximum Distance Traveled

14

16

28

16

18. 5

Days Max. Distance Traveled

35

11

59

10

__

* More than 98% of the bowfin collected were taken from the middle and upper section of the Suwannee River. The limited sample in the downstream section was too small to provide any recaptures of marked fish in that area.
* Bowfin marked and released at the right dike which is a barrier on the North Prong of the Suwannee River.

91

I

Table 5

Average Length, Average Weight, and Index Of Condition Of

Fish From The Suwannee River From November 1967 Through June 1968

I gec_ies_
\i potted Gar
Jowfin
^hain Pickerel -alee Chubcucker

i;<
Sex__
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T
M
F
T

Number

Average

_ Examined T"

_

T__Length

Xmm)

30

435

25

480

55

455

187
249 463
r-
23
13 36 r--
20 34 54

445 534 474
-;
444 513 469
-t
316 32 9 324

Average
T Weight. X1J2)

0. 71 1. 02 0. 85
""I

1. 71
2.86

I--

2. 37

1

1. 23

2. 13

r--

1. 56

--

0. 98 1. 06 1. 03

"C"
Factor,
1. 34 1. 35 1. 34
3. 09
3. 17 3. 14
1. 99 2. 23 2. 08
4.80 4.80 4. 87

Var mouth
31uegill
spotted Sunfish

M

8

F

4

T

\--

12

M

4

F

4

T

I--

8

M
F
T l_.

186 155 175

22 3 201
z i .;

134

146

.J

142

0. 35 0. 10 0. 27 I--

7. 30 4. 83 6. 48

0.66

9. 56

0. 47

7. 97

I--

0. 56

--I

8. 76

0. 15

7. 43

0. 16

7. 33

l_.

0. 16

.J

7. 36

L. M. Bass

M

8

F

22

T

L. 62

422 440 446
._l.

2. 95

6. 08

4. 03

5. 78

.L.

4. 19

.J.

6. 36

* The number of males and the number of females for bovfin and largemouth bass does not equal the total number since all specimens were not sexed.

92

FIGURE 1 Si e Class Distribution of 83 Spotted Gar Examined May 1$, 1968
15

10

4

O

I

16 '12

ik

it

iB

*o

^ fe '

fe^ fal

Inch Group

FIGURE 2

Size Class Distribution of 327 Bowfin Examined May 15, 1968

- 93 -

Table 6
Length By Inch Group, Average Weight, And Reproductive Condition Of 57
Spotted Gar Collected From November 29, 1967 To June 27, 1968

1
ich Number i

Mature

Mature
\

Average

Immature

Poorly Developed Well Developed

1

1

Wt. (lbs)j_Male Female Unknown Male

Female Male Female ,

12

1

2

13

1

2

14

5

15

3

16

6

17

10

]

18

7

19

8

[

20

5

.20

1

1

.23

2

1

!

. 34

1

3

1

|

. 35 .61 .80

2 1 1

1

X

X

1

!

J

4

17 |

!

]

2

.88 |
.92
1. 12

1
2
1
1

6

1

1

2

2

2

|

4
|

21

1

J

1. 35

22

1

1. 60

1

1

23

|

3

24

1

1. 85
1
2. 12

25

2

2. 50

1
11
3
1
2

26 !

1

2. 56
1

1

1

!

j

94

Table 7
Average Total Length, Average Weight, And Index Of Condition By Sex And
3y Month Of Bowfin From The Suwannee River From November 1968 Through June 1968

Males

T Nov. Dec

Jan.n Feb. Mar. Apr. ;

1

r

L.

~!

._i

I

May June , 1"

Number Length (mm)
Weight (lbs) "C"
Females

46 447 1. 80 3.42

20 438 1. 65 3. 07

58
449 1. 80
3. 16

1
453 1.62 2. 87

19
436
1. 50 2. 79

21 456 1. 66 2. 63

7
48 1. 38 2. 90

15
445 1. 64
2. 98

1

T

1

1

1

1

1

Number Length (mm)
Weight (lbs) "C"

83 518 3. 69 3.44

31
472 2. 33
3. 18

53 499 2. 74 3. 14

8
557 4.24
3. 30

19
458 1.85 2. 88

24 468 1.89 2. 74

12
506 2.67 3. 09

19
481 2.23

Total

Number Length (mm)
Weight (lbs) "C"
1.

129 492 3. 01 3. 43

51
458 2. 04
3. 14

111
472 2.24
3. 15

9
546
3. 95
3.24

.L.

+-

-U.

38
466 1.67 2. 84

45 462 1. 78 2. 69

48 478 2.40 3.00

-4-

.!_.

-L.

35 465 1. 98 2. 93

95

Table 3
Total Length, Weight, Index of Conditioi W .

v, ries, Estimated Ova

Production, and Ova Diameter of 34 Female be vfin from the Suwannee River

[Tct-.l
Length
I
(mm)

r
Weight
(lbs)

~ r
Condit ion
Factor C n ,i

40i
|
41
433 i 448
468
|
47 i 486
|
486
48 7 490 4 9' 491 516
539 540 ! 575
1 82
649 651
j
660 i 662
665 668 690 690 701 716
v.
?.; 5
j
746 75,
7-
773 810
8
599

1. 18 1. 50
1. 50 1. 69 1. 75 1. 75 2. 50 2. 50
2, 18
1. 94 2. 56
2. 18
2. 81 3. 00
3. 12
3. 75 4. 44 4. 62 6. 56 5. 75
6. 12
6. 06
7. 12
7. 62 7. 75 8. 31 8. 50 8, 94 10. 06 9. 44 9,88 9. 56 9. 56
16. 51 182. 51
5. 37

2. 99 3. 46 2. 95
3. 10 2, 81
2. 76 3. 32 3. 32 3. 08 2. 70 3. 56 3. 03 3, 36 3. 15 3 23 3. 25 3. 70 2. 66 2. 91 3. 27 3, 44 3. 37
96 3. 54 3. 85 3. 95
78 3. 94 39 *4 ,, 3. 65 j). 80
3, 44
3. 34 5. 04 116, 96 3. 44

Total Weig Number of Ova Estimated Av- ra ged

Right

L>sft I Rig i

Left Total Ova Ova D iameter

Ovarv j Ovarv_ Ovary Production

(mm)

"1

12.44 25. 74 11.44
26. 30 2 $ . 5 9 25. 16
39. 2
49 1 27,84 24. 09 51.70
44. 62 46. 42
22,01
77. 34 8 1. 90 59. 56 125. 15 112.86 107. 91 185.27 10 9. 17 162. 57 177. 78 17 5. 51 17 3.86 20 1. 63
246.87
223. 2 1)
201.63 184.07 84. 59 2 94. 99
260. 18
3685.07 108.48

. 7?

i

i

|

1 18

2997

29 7

761

5186
j
6 ' I

16
:

54 <

02

4 >83
j
164
;
4980
I
4236
|
c 3 -4
i
7271
|
8810
!
6841
J

;
! 8 934 1 9583 ' 11135

92 89

1
i
i 12765 18593
j
59 12865
j
14976
j
) :. 1
18158
j
25818
1
14
7868

2411 2492 1137 1532 207 3 460 3474 4546
..958 2 140
3805 566
4551
2 67 5
5117 6151 6103 6936 8442 6876 11438 8515 957 9 11547
102 62
12837 12 656 14884 1 ;094 12 556 15332
81 .16560 2 5462
263199 7741

4648 4869 2 765 3334 5070 6397 7235 9731 62 39 42 56 7268
7 168
8939 5837 10097 10387 11437 14207
172 52
13717 21401 17499 19162 22682 19551 25937 25321 33477
2575';
25421 30 308 17350 34718 51280 53071 3 15609

1. 48 1. 89 1. 75 2. 03 1. 95
1. 71 1. 90
1. 80 1. 76 1. 94 1. 84 1. 92 1. 89 1. 65 2. 04 2. 30 1. 79
2. 17
1. 94 2. 30
2. 15
1. 85
2. 12 2. 17 2, 17 1. 98 2, 10 2. 11 1. 92
2. 24
1. 90 1. 76 2. 15 1. 63 66. 30 1. 95

96

h*

II

H

i

CO u>

V>

OJ

CT,

<T\

4*

<X>

CTi

CO to
X

- L6 -
(Number of Eggs per Female)

H

o\

ro

cc

o

!J1
CO

O oo

o oo

oo
o

ooo

ooc

ooo

o oo

ooo

oo o

W
Z
Hi H- JO
P fl>
i-h D)
M rr O H3O
3
y rt W
tr (D H-
T5 en
C 0* S (D
p) rt
3s 3 CD
(D CD
3 (D

H- (D

< o hj

C fD

H-

a H 3

i|

C

Mi H- n

M rt

fD

^<

3

UJ

Z
o

P>
3a

<
f (D

&s
CD <
H rt
M tr
VD O
<T> \-t\
-J
^u>
rt
O
^ 3 CD
3 ju
Q M i-t &>
cr fD

H
lO
CA
CO

--

--o

,

FKTORR. *.
Relationship Between Fecundity And Total Weight In 3U Bowfin From The Suwannee River In Georgia, November 1967 February 1968

5Uoop,
U6000
0)
U2000
a) Cm
36000
D4 30000
(0
21*000
w
18000 o
12000
a)
i 6000

Y - 315.5 + 2965. 5X R -.955

2

ft

o

ft

10 12 ' lli 16 ifl

Weight in pounds

FIGURE 5

Relationship Between Fecundity and The Index Of Condition Of 3k Females From The Suwannee River From November 1967 To March 1968

51*000^

a) 1*8000^

U20CTC

36000^

Di
30000^
0)

W

2UOO0 m

M-l
O 18000^

12000^

-398UI4 + 16120X

6000

r - .757

-- -- -- -- -- -- 2T5

r.u

yA

m

r?

oo c?

Ind*x Of Condition

- 98 -

Reproduction - Gonadal Development

Table 10 summarizes the gonadal development condition by inchgroup of 284

bowfin that were examined from Novemb* r 1967 through April 14, 1968.

mm mm The males numbered 127 (44. 7%) and varied from 321

to 635

in length

mm and . 58 pounds to 5.40 pounds in weight. Their average length was 446

and

their averaged weight was 1. 73 pounds. Of the 127 males, 74 (58. 3%) exhibited

mature, well=developed gonad i and the remaining 53 males (41.7%) showed poorly-

developed gonads. 5mc all the males exhibited developed gonads and since size

losses could not be relied upon for aging purposes., maturity or immaturity could
not be established. Growth patt< ms of the angular, dentary and gullar bones

were also too inconsistent for d lineating age. The growth rings in the various

bones of the smaller males indi ated a minimum of three growing seasons,

suggesting that the males should have been exually mature.

The most obvious distin< tic is among the development of the male gonads was

their condition and their appearance. Most of the gonads were enlarged, thick,

and rich ir. color. Gonad- fitting this category were labeled as well-developed.

Those males having test; = which were small,, thin, and pale in color were

classified as poorly developed. Both stager of d- velopment were observed in all

size groups. The number of borderline specimens were few and were lumped

into the poorly developed group. No rip*1: males ;p< . lmens from which milt was

extracted) were collected or observed throughout the study. The water level

during April (the anticipated month of spawning)

i

e tremely low.

The

extremely low water and the < /' r=crowd< d c< edition of the bowfin population in

the Suwannee may have inhibited final development (ripening) of the testes.

99

The females numbered 213 (55. 3%) of the total and had an average length of

mm 498

and an average weight of 2,, 93 pounds. Their length varied from 333

mm mm to 810

and their weight varied from . 56 pounds to 14,, 37 pounds. The

ovarian development was difficult to ascertain for the same reasons given for

the males.

Ovaries from the various sized specimens consisted of the following descriptive

conditions:

1. Greyish colored fatty tissue without eggs.

2. Reddish matrix without eggs but sometimes have intermittent yellowish globules and grainules.

3. Fully developed grey, blue or purple colored ova. s

100

Table 9
.Averaged Monthly Breakdown of Number, Length, Weight, Ova Diameter, Confidence

Intervals on the Mean Ova Diameter at . 95 Significance Level of Female Bowfin

Average

Average

Ova

Confidence

Nfov-mber, 1967

5

610

S. 82

1.70

1.39-2.01

Tanuary

12

577

4.8^

1.99

1.75-2.23

February

12

587

4. 65

1.90

1.60=2.10

^3i^.h_.

._5_.

h&L

_^_3J_

-h^-

_^.-_91i.2^2L_

Table 10

dumber and Average Weight by Inch Group and Reproductive Condition of 284 Bowfin

Taken from the Suwannee River from November 2 9, 1967 - April 14, 1968

Length
(Inches)

Number Examined

12

13

1

14

5

15

34

16

42

17

37

18

57

19

22

20

29

21

18

22

10

23

6

24

5

25

7

26

9

27

6

28

3

29

9

30

3

31

2

Totaj_

_M4

Average Length (mm)

Average Weight (lbs)

Average Weight
.56 .58 1.02 1.06 1.32 1.56 2.02 2.30 2.76 3.45 3.85 4.76 5.34 5.91 7.31 8.60 9.62 11.67 11.99
_

Mal_e_s

Poorly

Well

Developed Developed

Fe^rria^le^

Developed Developed

Without

With

ZrBI

Eggs

1

2

7

10

16

8

10

15

6

16

2

7

4

9

2

4

2

3

2

1 1

1

2

17

14

4

10

2

11

4

10

3

14

2

11

1

4

1

3

1

5

4

2

12 5

3

5

1

_LiJJI-_3_?el 446 ' 1.73
101

4

5

3

f3_(4L_7%)_

1

1

_ 127_( 72_._4%i lli2_L_6%)
498

2. 93

\v^ UNU'7^ VV

L/BRARJES

Since potential spawning of bowfin is dependent upon the formation of mature

ova, the criteria used in this study for categorizing egg development was either the

presence of well developed eggs or the absence of well developed eggs. Ovaries not

showing well development of eggs were labeled developed without eggs and ovaries

having well developed eggs were classified as developed with eggs. Using this

criteria, 122 (72. 4%) of the females contained ovaries developed without eggs and

55 (27. 6%) had ovaries developed with eggs (Table 10). Also in Table 10 it is seen

that females less than 15. 5 inches (393 mm) did not exhibit any egg development.

mm The smallest female that showed development had a total length of 401

and

weighed 0. 56 pounds. The absence of eggs in females less than 15. 5 inches

suggests that females this size or smaller are sexually immature.

Reproduction = Spawning

No bowfin were examined that indicated a spawn in the Suwannee River during

the spring of 1968. Numerous minnow seine hauls showed no young-of-the-year

bowfin in the study area. The adult bowfin appeared to show increasing develop-

ment throughout the months of January, February, and March. During April the

female gonads became bloody on the posterior side and slowly began to be

reabsorbed. This process continued from the latter part of April into June.

The males began to show reabsorption during the latter part of March. By May

15, 1968, all eight males examined had reverted to the poorly developed gonadal

condition. The absence of bowfin reproduction in the Suwannee River below the

Okefenokee Sill is not fully understood.

mm One spav/n of about 500 young -of-the-year bowfin, averaging 31

long, was

102

collected from Alligator Creek on April 18, 1968. Alligator Creek is a small stream

located approximately ten miles South of Way-cross, Georgia and drains into the

Okefenokee Swamp. During April 1968 at a time when drought was at its worst,

Alligator Creek was not flowing and consisted of isolated potholes of water usually-

less than one foot in depth. The fingerling bowfin were collected from an area

having a dense stand of Utricuiaria sp,, , bladderwcrt. It is believed that these

bowfin were between two and three weeks old. The water temperature of this

pothole was 70. F, pH was 4. 5, carbon dioxide was 25 p. p. m- , and dissolved

oxygen was 6. p. p. m.

Seining in the same area was continued for several weeks to observe the

survival and growth of the fingerling bowfin. Chain pickerel had been spawning

since February in the tributary streams, Bowfin became susceptible prey to

the young-of-the-year chain pickerel and warmouth and were completely deci-

mated by May 5, 1968. This predation was supported by the presence of bowfin

mm mm in stomachs of several 60-70

chain pickerel and 50-60

warmouth.

Repeated seining in the same hole after the young bowfin disappeared were

made to locate the bowfin parents. Of the three adult bowfin collected, two

were males having well developed gonads that were not ripe and did not appear

to be spent and one was a female developed with eggs that were not flowing.

Obviously these were not the parents.

If stress in the bowfin population is reduced or relieved by the high removal

of bowfin and high water occurred at the optimum time for bowfin spawning, an

increase in egg development may be expected and a spawn in the river portion of the Suwannee below the Okefenokee Swamp may be stimulated during the spring

103

of 1969. Until a spawn is located that survives, efforts to determine age classes, growth rate, and sexual maturity will continue to be futile.
Bowfin - Food Habits
From November 1967 to June 1968, 462 bowfin were examined for stomach
contents. The food items in each stomach were identified and recorded in the field. The number of stomachs containing food item 3 were 67 (14. 5%) and the number not containing food items was 395 (85. 5%). The frequency of occurrence and the numerical count of the various food items in the stomachs are presented in Table II. Making up 28. 4% of the frequency of occurrence, crayfish was the single dominant food item, in the bowfin diet. Insects were found in 19 (28. 4%) of the stomachs. Dragon fly nymph was the insect that occurred most frequently. Caddis fly nymph (Molanna sp. ) and aquatic beetles (Coleoptera) occurred in 4 stomachs. Fish were found in 14 (20. 9%) of the stomachs and surprisingly, 12 (17. 9%) of the 14 stomachs contained non-game fish of which 5 were 14=16 inch bowfin. Inert matter was found in 7 stomachs and suggested recent feeding on insects. Small amounts of plant material and detritus were found in 14 stomachs. Numerically, crayfish was again the dominant food item followed by Molanna sp. The dominant fish species consumed was bowfin. The two game fish consumed were one chain pickerel and
one black crappie. The significance of the food habits of bowfin during these low water conditions
was their conspicious predation on non-game fish. This diet may be due to the extremely low population of forage size game fish in the pool areas. The population studies conducted May 15, 1968 had a good number of small forage size warmouth and spotted sunfish which were not found in the bowfin diet. The
104

warmouth and spotted sunfish tend to seek the cover of the tupelo gum roots and probably are not easily available as forage compared to the more exposed bottom
inhabiting yellow bullhead, lake chubsucker and bowfin.
As shown in Table 12, the major food items of the bowfin are compared to see if a change in diet occurs with change in size of bowfin. Bowfin from 15 to 24 inches preyed on insects and crayfish. Five fish were consumed in this size group. A change to an all-fish diet is suggested for bowfin larger than 23 inches. The 5 bowfin in the diet were consumed by 25 = 31 inch bow fin.

Bowfin - Disease and Parasite

Many of the bowfin examined were infected with the bacteria Psuedomonas or

Aeromonas ,

indicative of stress from an over -crowded population.

Tail and fin

rot were frequent. The fish louse Arqulus sp. was the common ectoparasite.

Many of the stomachs contained tapeworms. No bowfin dieoff from bacterial or

fungal infection was observed throughout the study; however, the high bowfin kill

from rotenone may have been greater due to the stress in the population.

Chain Pickerel Index of Condition and Size Class Distribution
Table 5 gives the average total length, average weight, and index of condition
by ?ex of 36 chain pickerel examined from November 1967 through June 1968. The males were smaller and had a lower "C" factor than the females. The sex ratio vac two to one in favor of che males. The number of chain pickerel collected in the one acre population study on May 15, 1968 was not adequate for establishing size class distribution. By inch grouping the chain pickerel

105

examined from February 2, 1968 to May 15, 1968, size classes could better be
established and are presented in Figure 6. Caution should be exercised not to confuse this size class distribution as the typical pickerel population structure in the Suwannee. This figure merely shows the size class distribution of individuals collected by electrofishing to indicate year classes and rate of growth.
The figure indicates 6 or 7 year classes. The I year class may be two year
classes. Assuming that the 8 and 10 inch pickerel are one year old, it takes six
years for the chain pickerel to reach a length of 28 inches and weigh in excess of 5 pounds. Reproduction
The average weight and reproductive condition of 41 chain pickerel examined
from November 27, 1967, to June 27, 1968 are shown in Table 13.
106

Table 11
Feed Habits of Suwannee River Bowfin November 1967 = June 196!

r ooa item

Frequency of Occurrence Percentage
Number of Stomachs No. of Stomachs

Decapoda Crayfish

19

28.4

19

28.4

Insecta

19

Ephemeroptera

i

Odonata

7

Dragonfly Nymph

5

Damselfly Nymph

2

Trichoptera

4

Molanna

4

Coleoptera

4

Unid. Insect Remains

28.4
1. 5
10.4
7, 5
3.0
6. 6. 6. 4. 5

Pisces

14

Game Fish

2

Chain Pickerel

1

Black Crappie

1

Non-game fish

12

Bowfin

5

Yellow Bullhead

2

Lake Chub sucker

1

Dollar Sunfish

J

Unid. Fish Remains

-.
L-

Fish Scale

1

Inert Matter

7

20. 9
3. 1. 5 1. 5
17.9
7. 5
3.0
1. 5 1. 5 3. 1. 7
10.4

Plant Debris & Detritus

L4

.0. 9

Total Number of Bowfin with Stomach Contents

No. 67

%
14. 5

Total Number of Bowfin with Stomach Content;

395

Numerical
Number of
Items
21 21
42
1
8 6 2
18 18 12
3
14
2
1 1
12
5 2
1
1
2
1
7
14

107

i

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U-
U>. ^^UiO^vOOO^OUI^nOOhO^JONN

L.

inj

--
i

--i

00 U"i t--

C\J 4^

^ tsj IV un

I--' U>
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ro

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rt
3 ._! o

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o
o
o

Q

c
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n

--

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o

n

Hi

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o
pi
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i

D

a>

o

o

H

cr cr

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o

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i

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p. i

00

4-

CO
P> hrjl

td

05

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34
a^
cr
4

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tfi 00

I

108

Immature pickerel were collected up to 10 inches. Depending again on the year classes of the 8 and 10 inch pickerel, it appears that maturity is reached by the second and third year in males and by the third or fourth year in females.
The time interval and temperature at which chain pickerel reproduction occurs
are summarized in Table 15. Fish examined in November and December 1967 had developing testes and well developed ovaries. The males appeared to maturated two or three weeks sooner than the females. Ripening males were observed during the first two weeks of January. Males from which milt could be stripped were seen from January 22, 1968 to March 14, 1968. Ripe females were examined from February 2, 1968 to March 14 1968. Chain pickerel appear to have a
s
spawning season lasting two months.
Numerous minnow seine hauls in the sloughs on February 2, 1968 yielded chain pickerel reproduction varying from fry size to two inch fingerling size pickerel.
The young=of=the=year fish were collected in areas of aquatic vegetation consisting of Utricularia sp. bladderwort, Juncus sp. , bullrushes, and Eleocharis acicularis, needlerush. The pickerel spawn appeared strong; however, the survival of the young of the year hatch is predicted to be poor due to the low water in the Suwannee,
Food Habits Table 17 shows the major feed items of 36 chain pickerel taken from the
Suwannee during the study. The number with food was 15 and the number without fish was 21. Occurring in 12 of Hie 15 stomachs, fish were the major food item
consumed. Game fish occurred in 6 (40. r<%) cf the stomachs. Two of the
stomachs had crayfish and one etomach had a dragon fly nymph. Table 19 gives
109

the frequency of occurrence cf the individual feed items by inch group of chain
pickerel. Warmouth occurred in 4 stomachs, indicating that they were more
available than the other gam-, fish. Pickerel larger than 19 inches appeared to
be on an all fish diet; however, the number of stomachs sxamined was sufficient
for baling conclusions.
Largemcuth Bass Index of Condition and Size Class Distributee n
The average length, average weight, and index of condition by sex of 62 largemouth bass are summarized in Table 5. The males were smaller than the females, yet they had a slightly higher index cf condition. The sex ratio showed almost
three times more females than males. This high ratio is partially due to the sampling of larger size specimens which were predominantly females.
The largemouth bars collected by electrofishing in the Suwannee from November 15, 1967 to December 13, 1967 provide a better sample size for establishing the bass year classes than did the sample collected May 15, 1969 on the population
study. The bass size class distribution is illustrated in Figure 7. The distribution given here represents the size classes of the bass collected by electrofishing and dees net represent the size ;lass distribution of the population. Four distinct age
classes are seen. Sines the bass were collected during November and December, the bass in the year class lack roughly one mo: tfc of n aching age class I.
Allowing for natural variation and time of hat :hing, it can be generalized that the annual average length of bass by the end of th b fii I ere ing season is 4 inches for year class, 8 inches for year class I, 10=11 inches for year class II, 13--15
10

inches for year class III and 17-19 inches for year class IV. Bass larger than 19 inches cannot be aged with any reliable success. The average weights of the bass representing the various inch groups are shown in Table 20.

Reproduction

The reproductive condition of 34 largemouth bass are presented in Table

20, Immature specimens up to 12 inches were collected. Two females in the

second year class appear to be developing and suggests that sexual maturity

is reached by the females by the end of their third year., All males that

could be sexed were mature. All bass larger than 19 inches were females.

The period of largemouth bass reproduction is given in Table 15. During

January February, and March, the gonads of both sexes were well developed. 9
Ripe males and females were examined from April 10, 1968 to May 15, 1968.

Spent females were collected May 15 and Jane 27, 1968. These results show

spawning of largemouth bass to begin the first week of April and to end

around the latter part of May. The water temperature when ripe specimens

were

collected

varied

from

o V6

to

o 79

F

Inch long fry were collected from the May 15, 1968 population study,

clearly indicating that spawning had occurred one to two weeks prior to that

date. Due to the fish kill below the population study area May 15, 1968, approximately 50, 000 fingerling bass were stoeked in the Suwannee on May

21, 1968 to supplement the natural spawn. If these bass have good survival

and if water conditions are favorable, a strong year class of bass should

reach harvestable size in 1971. Minnow seine hauls made in June indicate a

111

strong population of young -of -the -year bass which may or may not be from the
bass stocking. Bass reproduction in ponds and stream during the spring of 1968 was stronger than in previous years.
112

FIGURE 6 Size Glass Distribution of 29 Chain Pickeral Examined from
February 2, 1966 to May 1$, 1966 1$

10
tf

III II
VI

re i v i

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Inch Group

FIGURE 7

Size Class Distribution of 56 Largemouth Bass Examined from

November 15, 1967 to December 13, 1967

I5r
IV
V & VI
10

% ft

II I

o
1 5 $""

13 IT
Inch Group

- 113 -

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114

Food Habits Table 18 shows the food items found in the stomachs of 34 bass collected from
the Suwannee River. The number of bass with food in their stomachs was 17 (47, 2%) and the number without food was 19 (52. 8%). Fish were the major food item and occurred in 8 (47. 0%) of the stomachs. Game fish were found in two of the stomachs and consisted of 2 chain pickerel. No selectivity in the fish diet was seen. Decapods were found in 4 (23. 5%) of the stomachs and consisted
of 1 crayfish and 3 freshwater shrimp.
Insects occurred in 17. 7% of the stomachs and consisted of two grasshoppers and one dipteran. The bowfin came from the stomach of a 23 inch bass.
Bluegill
Index of Condition and Size Class Distribution
As shown in the results of the population studies on the Suwannee, bluegill are not abundant and consequently few were collected. The curtailment of extensive sampling on the Suwannee during May and June 1968 due to other project commitments also limited the amount of data collected on bluegill.
The average total length average weights and index on condition of bluegill 9
examined from November 1967 through June 1967 are shown in Table 5. The sex ratios were equal. Males were larger than females and had a
higher condition index factor than the females. Size classes of bluegill could
not be established from the 15 bluegill illustrated in Figure 8. The obvious point of significance was the number os specimens in the 8, 9 and 10 inch groups relative to tht total bluegill population, reflecting the tremendous
115

growth and size which may be explained by the low number of bluegill in the
population. The absence of bluegills in the 4 to 7 inch size groups points out either the poor spawn, poor survival, or both. Information on bluegill repro' duction and food habits are not included due to the small sample size.
116

Lake Chubsucker Index of Condition and Size Class Distribution The average total length, average weight, and index of condition of the lake
chubsuckers are presented in Table 5. Females outnumbered males 1. 7 to 1. The males had a smaller average size than the females, yet their "C" factor was higher
Figure 9 gives the size class distribution of 23 lake chubsuckers taken from
the 1 acre population sample of May 15, 1968. Similar to the bowfin and bluegill
population, the chubsuckers were mostly harvestablt- size adults and consequently age classes cannot be determined. The chubsuckers in the 4 inch size class are probably year class I,,
Reproduction
The limited number of small sized chubsuckers collected was considered inadequate for establishing sexual maturity. The three 4 = 5 inch individuals were immature and could not be sexed. Ovaries in two 10 inch females contained a yellowish matrix and it was uncertain if these specimens were
approaching maturity.
Ripe chubsuckers were collected from February 2, 1968 to May 15, 1968
which suggests a spawning period of 3 to 4 months. The period of lake chubsucker reproduction is given in Table 16. Ripe specimens were mostly collected in the mouths of the sloughs. The water temperature during the time that ripe specimens were collected ranged from 52 degrees F. to 79 degrees F. ; however, the temperature range during the actual spawning period
117

.
remains unknown. No fry were observed, but the seine results showed 2, and 3 inch chubsuckers
during June which may or may not be the young-of -the -year
Food Habits Food habits were not determined for the lake chubsucker.
118

,

Table 1 4
Time Interval and Water Temperature of Largemouth Bass Reproduction In The Suwannee River

Date

Mature (Well Developed)

Ripe

Spent

Water Temp.

]

j

Males

Females Males Females Males Females

r-

T"

|

T"

T

r

T

I

j, an 22, 1968

I

53

yeb 2, 1968

i'eb 22, 1968

52

Mar 14, 1968

61

,ipr 10, 1968

76

Apr 12, 1968

76

Aay 15, 1968

79

,'un 2 7, 1968

85

Table 1 5
Time Interval and Water Temperature of Chain Pickerel Reproduction In The Suwannee River

Mature (Well Developed) T" Ripe

T Spent

Water Temp.

Date

Males Females Males Females

T

T"

T"

T

^ov 2 9,

1967 |

2

Dec 13, 1967

4

|

Tan 14, 1968 |

Fan 25 1968 j
Feb 2, 1968 |

Feb 8, 1968 ]
Feb 22, 1968 I
Mar 14, 1968
]
^pr 12, 1968 1

Vlay 15, 1968

|

June 27 ,

19681

.J-.

60 60 55 53

51

52

61

76

79

2 (Reabsorbed)

85

--J 4-

j.

119

Table 1 6
Time Interval and Water Temperature of Lake Chubsucker Reproduction In The Suwannee River

!)ate

Mature (Well Developed) I

Ripe

Spent

Water Temp.

Males

Femal_es Males
I

Females 1 _M_^les_ _Fe ma le_s j

F

:Jov 29, 1967

60

)ec 13, 1967

60

'an 23, 1968

52

^eb 2, 1968

Teb 22, 1968

52

Vlar 14, 1968

61

^pr 12, 1968

76

May 15, 1968

79

Jun 27, 1968

.1.

.1.

.1.

.J.

85 J.

120

Table 17
Showing Major Food Items of 36 Chain Pickerel By Number and by Percentage

Kind

Frequency of Occurrence

Number

Percent

Insects Crayfish
Game Fish Non-Game Fish
Unid. Fish Remains
Total

1

6. 7

2

13. 3

b

40.

3

20.

3

20.

100.

Number with Stomach Contents

15

Number without Stomach Contents

21

Table 18

Frequency of Occurrence of Food Items of 34 Largemouth Bass Taken from the

Suwannee River from November 29, 1967 to June 27, 1968

Kind

Number

Percent

Insects
3
Diptera

I
Orthoptera
2
Decapoda
4
Crayfish

Fresh Water Shrimp

1

3
Pisces

Game Fish

8

2

Chain Pickerel

Non-Game Fish

2

B owf in

4

Pygmy Sunfish

1

Dollar Sunfish

Darter

Fish Remains

Mammalia

Fla. Water Rat

Inert Matter

Total Number with Stomach Contents Total Number without Stomach Contents

17. 7 5. 9
11. 8
23. 5 5. 9
17. 7 47. 11. 8
11.8
23. 5 5. 9 5. 9 5. 9 5. 9
11. 8 5. 9 5. 9
5.9
17 (47.2%) 19 (52. 8%)

121

1

i

1

]

Table 1 9

Frequency of Occurrence of Food Item of 36 Chain Pickerel by Inch Group Taken from the Suwannee River from November 2 9, 1967 to June 27, 1968

CO Pi

03

d

s

pi
H

CO

2

x
ex

CfJ
CO

a

x
CO

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^

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X

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2

^
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r c

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T3

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o3

QJ



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CO
m

bfl

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Eti

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s

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in

W

5

w

10

2

11

12

13

14

15

2

1

16

2

2

17

2

1

18

3

1

19

3

1

20

5

4

21

b

"5

22

I

23

4

3

24

2

2

25

2

1

26

27

1

1

28

29

1

1

36

21

122

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123

Warmouth
Index of Condition and Size Class Distribution
Warmouth were difficult to sample by electrofishing, consequently a low number was collected except for the excellent sample taken in the population study on May
15, 1968.
The average total length, average weight, and index of condition of 12 warmouth are given in Table 5. The sex ratios were two males to one female. The males were larger and had a higher "C" factor than the females.
In Figure 10 the size class distribution of 224 warmouth from the 1 acre sample of May 15, 1968 shows four year classes. In 4 growing seasons warmouth will grow to 10 inches and weigh 0. 8 pounds. The wide range in length of the first year class suggests that warmouth have a long spawning season.
Reproduction
Warmouth reproduction is not included due to lack of samples for establishing
sexual maturity, spawning time, and areas of reproduction.
Food Habits The food habits of 16 warmouth are shown in Table 21. The number with food
in their stomachs was 12 (75%) and the number without food in their stomachs was 4 (25%). Insects were the most frequent group of organisms eaten and occurred in 8 (66. 7%) of the stomachs. Dragon fly nymphs occurred in 3 (2 5%) of the stomachs. Pirate perch was the only fish consumed and occurred in 2 (16. 7%) stomachs. Decapods were in two (16. 7%) stomachs. Numerically, freshwater
124

shrimp were the most abundant food item in the stomachs. The food habits presented here are based on a small sample, and additional work should be directed to the food habits of this species. Warmouth are one of the dominant
game fish in the swamp and in the Suwannee River- An understanding in their
role is important to the project.
Spotted Sunfish Index of Condition and Size Class Distribution
Table 5 shows the average total length, average weight, and index of condition
by sex of 9 spotted sunfish. No significant difference was seen in size and in the "C" factor between the sexes. The sex ratio was Z to 1 in favor of the females; however this may have occurred by chance due to the low sample size. As with
the warmouth, spotted sunfish are difficult to sample by electrofishing.
The size class distribution of 127 spotted sunfish collected by rotenone May
15, 1968 is illustrated in Figure 11. The three established year classes show an average annual growth of 2. 33 inches. Spotted sunfish appear to have a long spawning season. The size groups of both warmouth and spotted sunfish show heavy recruitment into the population with a tremendous decline in number of the next size group. This decline points out the heavy predation on the forage species in the Suwannee River.
Reproduction and Food Habitr Reproduction and food habits are not included due to insufficient number
for analysis.
125

FIGURE 8 Size Class Distribution of 15 Bluegill Collected May 15, 1968 50 r
UO

30-

m 20
o

10-

H'H M'M 1

1

t

lo

Inch group

FIGURE 9

Size Class Distribution of 23 Lake Chubsucker Exanined May 15, 1968

60 r

Uo-
3
o
o
20

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Inch Group

- 126 -

FIGURE 10 Siae Class Distribution of 226 Warmo^th Collet<d Jfey 15>, 15
*>r

UO

30

3 20
o
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10

6

i' *

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4

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Inch Group

FIGURE 11

Size Class Distribution of 127 Spotted Sunfish Collected May 15, 1968

60

3
o o
Inch Group

Table 2 1
Major Food Item of 16 Warmouth Taken from the Suwannee River
From November 29, 1967 to June 27, 1968

~r Frequency of Occurrence

Numerical

Type_ of Ojrgani srns _Eaten l_Njmibe r _of_ Stomachy _P er_c ejrtage Number of Items

~1

~i"

Decapoda

2

Crayfish

1

Fresh-water Shrimp

1

16. 7

7

8. 3

1

8. 3

6

Insecta

8

Odonata

3

Dragonfly

3

Coleoptera

2

Unidentifiable Remains

3

66. 7

17

25.

4

25.

4

16. 7

6

25.

3

Pisces Pirate Perch

2

16. 7

2

2

16. 7

2

Total

12

100.

26

Number with Contents in Stomach 12

75%

Number without Contents in Stomach 4

2 5%

128

Redbreast Sunfish and Channel Catfish
No channel catfish or redbreast sunfish were collected for life history information. Only two redbreast approxima tely one pound in size were seen in the Suwannee River
throughout the report period,,
On April 26, 1968, 1,000 channel catfish averaging 10 inches in length and 6 ounces in weight, were released in the Suwannee River above Fargo to determine if they would remain in the area and if they could, in time, reproduce in that area. The catfish were tempered slowly from pH 6. 8 to pH 4. 5 (river pH),, No mortality was observed from stocking. According to local reports, several catches of channel catfish up to 35 fish were creeled by fishermen the week after the catfish were released. Surprisingly, no d,-.dd channel catfish were seen in the fish kill on May 15, 1968. Apparently the channel catfish were not in the kill area or they were able to tolerate the rotenone as it diluted downstream. Since channel catfish have
been noted to be very sensitive, to low rotenone concentrations in the Alapaha and Satilla Rivers, it is likely that few were in the kill area.
Redbreast sunfish were reared at the Bowen Mill Hatchery during 1966-67 to be released in the upper Suwannee River to determine if redbreast were limited in their distribution by the low pH or if high predation checked the spread of redbreast into the upper Suwannee River. Plans were to release the redbreast
in the spring of 1967 or 1968; however, the low water postponed the release.
Following the May 15 fish kill, it was decided *hat redbreast would be released
in the Suwannee River immediately despite low water levels to counter any public resentment concerning he fish kill.
129

On May 24, 1968, approximately 25,000 1-2 inch redbreast were stocked. The fish were slowly tempered from a pH of 7.2 to pH 4. 5 mortality from the stocking was virtually absent. In June, 1968, 30 seine hauls were made above Fargo
yielding 15 redbreast sunfish. Their growth appeared to be slow and was probably
due to lack of proper size food items. Evaluation of channel catfish and redbreast is planned on future studies of the
Suwannee River.
1 30

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