Vol. 7
ATLANTA, GA., MARCH, 1D37
No. 3
The Southern Pine Attracting Much
GEORGIA FORESTRY
Attention Recently
ASSOCIATION PRIZE WON BY STUDENT
Due Largely To The Discovery That A Fine Grade
AT DAWNVILLE
Of Newsprint Paper And Other Products
Can Be Made From It
TELLS OF IMPORTANCE
With Georgia entering the paper and the mills that are coming to the South, afpulp industry, the southern pines are des- ter seeing the mistake other mills have
OF PROTECTION AND REFORESTATION
tined to become an important cash crop. The South has for a short time been the source of wood for craft paper. With the discovery of Dr. Chas. Herty recently, that the "fat" in the pines can be removed, thereby making it possible to make the finest grade of Bond paper, within a very few years the paper industry in Georgia will be one of the largest sources of revenue.
The paper industry, which has been for the past number of years located in the North, is gradually looking to the South as the source of wood supply for the manufacture of paper. Several mills have
made in this reg-ard, are beginning to work with the timber owners and encourage them to follow a definite policy regarding cutting their timber for paper and pulp and treat their forest as a "farm crop", rather than cut all of their timber at one time. The timber owners are encouraged to sign pledges, calling for fire protection and sustained yield management. The mills through their trained foresters will assist the tim-
ber owners in carrying out this policy. If the timber owners will cooperate with
the mill owners in treating their forests as a "farm crop", they will be able to sell part of their timber for pulp wood, tur-
Harold Carson, student in the Dawnville Consolidated School, Whitfield County, is the winner of the second award of $5.00 offered by the Georgia Forestry Association for writing the best article pertaining to his school program.
In discussing the future of forestry in Georgia, Harold stresses the importance of preventing forest fires and of reforesting tha idle and worn-out lands. He also states that in 1932 a number of slash pine seedlings were planted in his community and that today these seedlings measure more than four inches D. B. H.
already located in the South.
pentine the larger trees and market the
The first unit of the Union Bag and Pa- trees that have been turpentined for a
per Mill at Savannah is already working long period of time for lumber. Unless
Looking Toward the Future of Forestry In Georgia
at full capacity, turning out 190 tons of they do manage their forests on this sys-
high-g-rade paper a day. A second unit, tem, it will not be many years before the
By
now under construction, will double its entire supply of wood will be exhausted.
HAROLD CARSON
production. This mill has a daily produc- The main reason the paper industry is The practice of preserving our forests
tjon of more than 12,000,000 bags, using coming to the South is because, through in Georgia is just in its infancy. We are
in this production more than 200 cords of the efforts of Dr. Chas. H. Herty, it has not yet educated to the value of our for-
wood.
been definitely proven that the paper from ests. We do not take care to protect our
At Brunswick, the Brunswick Pulp and the southern pines is as good quality, or forests from fires and many million acres
Paper Company is building a $3,500,000 better than that made from the northern are destroyed each year as a result. Fire
plant that will have a capacity of 400 tons spruce pines and can be made much cheap- not only harms the large trees but destroys
per day. With these two mills soon to be er. According to Dr. Herty, newsprint of our future trees. Fire destroys the forest
operating in Georgia, a new source of rev- the quality that would cost $47.48 per ton floor. This cover of needles and twigs acts
enue will bring into Georgia several thous- to produce in the North can be produced in as a sponge in taking up the rain. It
and dollars annually.
the South for $27.50. Pulp for making checks soil erosion. We have an outstand-
It has been the policy of some of the rayon, costing $70 plus freight charges to ing example of what will happen if too
paper mills in the South, up until a few the South, can be produced from southern many of our forest floors are destroyed.
years ago, to cut all of the timber from pines for $35.
One of the greatest floods in the history
the land at one cutting. After noticing To meet the argument of the paper mak- of the United States occurred recently in
that the supply of wood within a reason- ers of the North, that the pulp made from the Ohio Valley. As a result, a tremen-
able area of their mills was being exhaust- southern pines will not be of good enough dous number of lives were lost and prop-
ed, they realized that unless they changed quality to make paper in the larger mills, erty damage costs were estimated above
their practice of cutting all of the timber Dr. Herty sent three tons of pulp made a half billion dollars. Many millions of
at one cutting it would not be long before from southem pines to paper machines in dollars are being spent to hold these flood
they would have to purchase their supply Canada. The paper made from this pulp, waters by building levees but it is of more
I of wood from a distance from their mills, made on these machines, was of a quality importance that forests should be planted
which would greatly add to the cost of pro- equal to _any in the entire country: Se;eral that they may absorb these flood waters.
duction of the paper and pulp.
large daily newspapers of Georgia prmted Therefore, it is important that we protect
It is interesting to notice that some of
(Continue.d on Page 3)
(Continued on Page 2)
2
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
Forestry-Geological Review
VOCATIONAL STUDENT'S
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
ARTICLE
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
CLAUDE E..BOGGS, EDITOR
(Continued from Page 1) our forests and enter into a program of
Forestry Division
replacing the forests we have used.
Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester........Atlanta
SP-13
In this program there are two main di-
Jack Thurmond, Asst. State
visions. First, is protecting our forest
Forester ------------------------------------Atlanta On February 2, the clear cold sparkling from fires. Second, is the program of re-
Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr..Atlanta waters of mountain brook were impounded forestation.
w.T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester....-----;-Ro?Tie D. Young, Dist. Forester......GamesVllle S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester........Augusta
as the locks to the gates were sealed, thus matJdng the beginning of tho lake, it is estimated that three months will be required
Fire most commonly destroys our forest trees. If fire does not completely kill
R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester..........Columbus to send the waters over the spill-way, when the tree, it has other effects. It destroys
I W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester......Savannah full the area will embrace approximately the forest floor which is so valuable to
R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester......Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester........Albany
Herbert C. Carruth, Dist. Forester....Macon
Miss Hazel Nicholas, BookkeeperTreasurer -------------------------------- Atlanta
Mrs. John Y. Roberts, Secretary
17 acres.
This should prove a popular resort when it is opened to the public as the water is very invigorating especially on a hot dusty summer day. A beach of white sand has
successful tree growth and in preventing soil erosion. Fire destroys tree seed and young tree seedlings. From practical demonstration on the school forestry tract we have noted the difference between a burned and an unburned tract of forest
to State Forester______________________Atlanta been laid out and chained off from the land. Several years ago the agricultural
M. E. Murphy, Nurseryman............Albany deep water for the enjoyment of the kid- class burned off a small tract of forest
Mrs. W. L. Davis, Clerk
dies, it is in the shallow end of the lake under fire control and each year has noted
State Nursery ----------------------------Albany and near several large shady trees, making the effects upon the burned tract in com-
Miss Madeline Culbreth, Clerk District Office________________________Waycross
an ideal playground for the youngsters. The lake has a picturesque situation,
parison with the unburned tract. We noted from this demonstration that the pines in
Miss DMisiltdrircetd OWffoicoed_,___C___l_e__r_k___________________ Macon Pine Mountain towering in the background the burned tract are growing large at the
and the picnic shelter and grounds nestle base, are becoming affected with disease
Geological Division
at its foot, while on the slope above the and that the tree growth has almost stop-
Richard W. Smith, State Geologist,
rustic cabins with chimneys of native stone ped. There are large scars on the trees
and Secretary to Commission..Atlanta cluster among the pines that spread pro- and rosin is appearing on these scars, thus
G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist ---------------------------;-Atlanta
Lane Mitchell, Asst. State Geologist, on leave........----------~------------------Atlanta
Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk............Atlanta
Any information appearing in this pub lication may be uaed at any time provided proper credit ia given.-The Editor.
tecting branches above them, they form a charming group with the native shrubs and flowering plants as a setting. It will indeed be a welcome refuge from the hot blasts of summer.
The riumber of acres burned as well as the number of fires in this area has been materially reduced during this fire. season.
making the trees more subject to fire a second time. We found that there are no small trees growing because fire destroyed the seed as well as the young seedlings. On the unburned forest tract we found that the trees are of uniform shape and size, are making a steady growth and are free from scars and diseases.
This may be attributed to the fact that After noting the disastrous effects of
BULLETIN ON SOIL DEFENSE the fires are generally discovered and men fire upon our forest we should realize the
dispatched to control them before they value of protecting our forests from fires.
Presenting for the first time a comprehensive discussion of modern conservation farming methods, which have proved practical in preventing soil. erosion throughout the Piedmont section of five southeastern states, the Department of Agriculture has issued a new farmers' bulletin, "Soil Defense in the Piedmont", by E. M. Rowalt, of the Soil Conservation Service. This bulletin, 1767, may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., for 15 cents a copy.
can gain any headway, also due to the Park work not being confined to a small area it is easy to detect any unusual smoke in the neighborhood without waiting for the fire to be reported, or having fire scouts on patrol.
On the crest of Pine Mountain near Tip Top, the highest point, the Park entrance has been constructed. It is artistically laid out and at strategic points native plants have been moved and transplanted to add to the attractiveness of the surroundings. These planting areas are pro-
First, we should take care not to spread fire when burning brush piles, or burning off ditch banks, or any other way in which we are apt to spread fire. Second, we should establish firebreaks to protect our forests from fires that have already been spread.
Not only should we protect the forests we are growing but we should reforest much of our land. Most farmers in North Georgia today are farming worn-out hillsides from which they receive little profit. These lands should be reforested before
TREE FIGURES
tected by a curbing of native stones, a com- they wash out into deep gullies. Not only modious parking "overlook" has been ar- does reforestation play an important part
ranged which affords a convenient place in protecting our soil but it is a worth-
Forestry authorities state that a tree to pause and view the valley below. This while industry to be undertaken.
with a 26-inch trunk contains about 19 times as much lumber as a 9-inch tree, and that it is estimated that the uppers in the larger tree increase its average value per foot, almost doubling its gross returns as compared with the smaller tree. In other words, the quantity ratio is 19 to 1, but the gross value ration is 36 to 1.
panorama is an extensive and interesting one and is well worth anyones time to visit.
The Scenic Highway which continues from the entrance on to Warm Springs, through the Park, is being enhanced at various points by the planting of indigenous plants, to supplement the existing growth and add to the pleasure of the visitor who
Just to prove that reforestation is a worthwhile enterprise for North Georgia, there is a nice project of slash and loblolly pines about one mile from the school. These pines were set out in 1932 by the Dawnville Vocational Class. Today the slash pines will measure four inches D. B. H. Although the slash pine is not a native
This estimate is, of course, based on may drive through this naturally beauti- of North Georgia, this project proves tha
comparison of sound, normal trees.
ful and interesting section of the State. slash pines will grow in this section.
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
3
The Southern Pine Attracting Much Attention Recently
cleaned and taken to the 'chipper' where I ant part in soil erosion and flood control.
they are cut into chips about % inches I According to official records of the U. S.
long.
Forest Service on the continuous flow of
(Continued from Page 1)
"The process we are describing is that streams from 23 small watersheds, repreused to manufacture paper of a good grade. senting different types of forests and other
one edition of this paper. The editors That of a coarser grade is made in a little vegetative cover conditions, for periods of
have all been of the same opinion and have different process.
from one to two and a half years, it was
said that this paper was not only of a qual- "From the chipper the chips are taken found that for a twelve months' period the
ity equal to any in the country but was to a large boilerlike tank called the 'digest- average maximum water flow for all for-
better than most of what they were using, er'. Into this they are dumped, after which ested watersheds amounted to only 38 cu-
which comes from the North and part im- cooking liquor consisting of bisulphite of hie fee~ per second per square mile. In no
ported.
lime and free sulphurous acid is added. case did the water run-?~ from fo~~sted
1
Along with the development of the paper Steam is introduced directly into the bot- watersheds assume cnbcal conditiOns,
and pulp industry in the South from the tom of the digester, resulting in a general whereas from the non-forested watersheds
southern pine, another industry is being de- raising of the temperature until about ten numerous instances were recorded in which
veloped using the needles from these pines. hours later it approximates 300 degrees the maximum flow assumed very serious
In Hattiesburg, Mississippi, a product Farenheit. Then, by use of not only chem- flood proportions. Due to the rapidity of
known as "pine felt" is being developed. ical tests and observance of the color of growth of the pine, it is the species that is
This felt is to be used for upholstering, for the liquor but by the operator's experience being used in larger quantities today than
mattress filling and similar purposes.
in 'cooking' it may be known whether or any other species.
Pine needles brought to the plant by not digestion is complete. The chips still Realizing the importance of the southfarmers who collect them bring an average have the same form as before being cooked, ern pine in the economic development of
of $4.00 per ton. It takes two tons to make one ton of fiber. The needles are placed in a retort and chemically treated, then run through a series of carding ma-
but in the meantime certain cementing or holding materials between the fibres have been dissolved in the cooking acid.
"Short fibre pulp is needed for smooth
the South today, the_ Division of Forestry, of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development, has established two nurscries in which pine seedlings are raised
chines which tear them into fine threads. surface printing paper such as this. As and sold to timber owners of the State at After being thoroughly washed, dried, and pine is all 'long fibre', gum logs or other the cost of production. These nurseries are
baled, they are ready for market. The question is often asked-Why is the
slash pine so well suited for the manufacture of paper? The answer is-It will
hard woods are used to provide 'short fibre' pulps, these fumishing fibre only one quarter as long as the pine. No gum is used in making newsprint paper, this being all
located at Albany, Georgia, and Blairsville, Georgia. To show the increase in the amount of seedlings sold the first year these nurseries were operated and
grow at a much more rapid rate than most long fibre pine.
the past year, there were around 700,000
of the other pines. This species will often "From the digester the cooked chips and seedlings sold the first year and this year
grow to a diameter of more than twelve the liquor are blown into a closed tank, there will be more than 5,000,000 sold. inches in twenty to twenty-five years. In provided with a perforated tile bottom The price of these seedlings per thousand
the North it would require more than fifty through which the dissolved wood sub- is $2.00 for the pines and $3.00 for the years to produce a tree of twelve inches. stance and waste liquor are drained off. black locust. The supply of seedlings in
This fact, along with the fact that the From here the drained and washed pulp both nurseries is exhausted.
Southeast is well suited to grow these trees, goes over vibrating screens which remove The seedlings are sold at the age of one
is the main reason why pulp can be pro- knots and any portions of the wood which year. They are taken from the nurseries
duced at approximately one-half the cost have resisted cooking. And as a result at this age and sent to the buyers when
in the South of that in the North.
we come through the first process with un- it is recommended that they should be
The slash pine is, however, not the only bleached sulphite pulp of either gum or planted. At this age, the seedlings are
species growing in Georgia that can be pine, whichever grade of wood has been from ten to fifteen inches in height. If
used in the manufacture of paper and pulp. used. And after bleaching, the pulp is in planted at the proper time and in the prop-
Trees of any species of pine, of the same appearance much like short fibre bleached er manner, and nothing serious happens to
diameter, will produce the same amount cotton, and is practically pure cellulose.
them, there is no reason why one should
of pulp, and of the same quality as that "In a machine known as a beater, the not expect a large number of them to sur-
from the slash pine. The slash will attain bleached pine and the bleached gum sui- vive. Recommendations as to the time and
a larger diamete-r in less time than any of phite pulps are mixed, and to the mixture method of planting can be secured from
the others. The loblolly is the next fast- is added Georgia white clay."
the Division of Forestry by writing to the
est growing pine, and in some instances, An interesting experiment conducted re- State Forester.
under favorable conditions, will grow as cently by Elliott W. Reed, a prominent tim-
fast as the slash.
ber owner in Chatham County, from which
It is very interesting to follow one of he figured a possible income per acre per
Approximate Number of Seed
the logs through the paper mill. We are year, revealing that using 73.5 acres of Per Pound Borne by the Va-
giving a brief account of the different slash pine and conducting it as a "farm
rious Trees Listed Below
treatments received in the paper and Pulp crop", which would include Pulpwood, Na-
Laboratory, in which Dr. Herty has con- val Stores and Saw Timber, that over a per- Shortleaf Pine _ ------------------------~--------45,000
ducted all of his experiments.
iod of twenty-six years a net profit of $4.60 Loblolly Pine _______ . ___________ 18,000 to 20,000
"The pine wood comes in like the logs per acre per year could be realized.
Sumac-
to be seen in almost any cord of wood. The Southern Pine is also important from Fragrant Variety _______________________.46,46
They come cut in lengths of about eight feet and measure from four to eight inches in diameter. Mills can, however, take larger sticks-in fact as large as they develop before 'the heart' comes, that is up to 12
a Naval Stores standpoint. In 1933, there were 449 Naval Stores Operators in Georgia, paying in wages $2,684,000 to more than 13,000 persons. During that same year, the value of turpentine and rosin was
Smoked Variety ------------------------- __ 7,488
Redbud --. __ --------------------------------------12,096 Dogwood ___ -------------------------------------- 1,7 92 White Oak ____ -- ___ ---------------------------- 208 Post Oak _____ ------------------ ___________..______ 480
inches in diameter.
$8,617,000, which was increased by manu- Spanish Oak ------------------------------------- 408
"The first step is to remove the bark facturing by $5,178,00.
Black Walnut ----------------------------------- 30
from the logs, after which the sticks are The Southern Pine also plays an import- Black Haw ----------------------------------------- 1,280
4
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
INTERESTING FACTS AND VALUABLE INFOR- means every bank in the south would pros-
MATION REGARDING NEWSPRINT MANU-
per. To sum it all up: Raw material worth $4
FACTURE GIVEN BY DR. HERTY
at the mill can be converted into a ton of
finished product selling today at $41, and
DETAILS OF DEVELOPMENT OF FINEST GRADE PAPER FROM selling on contracts for delivery next year
PINES OF MUCH INTEREST TO SOUTHERN
at $42.50, with every indication of still
TIMBER OWNERS
higher prices by the time mills could be
constructed in the south.
Speaking on the Atlanta Journal Edi~or-] the rate of ?nly 100. feet a minute, where- Q. How does the cost of manufactur
ial Hour, broadcast from radio station as commercial machmes run 800 to 1,200 ing this paper in the South compare with
WSB, Friday evening, September 11, 1936, Dr. Chas. H. Herty, gave assurance of a great industry for the south being developed within the near future in the manufacture of the finest grade of newsprint from the southern pine. Potentialities of the paper industry as a whole were dis-
feet a minute, We did not have the means or. the space to put in a fast commercial machine, so we took ou~ pine pu~p ~ade in the laboratory to a friendly mill 111 Canada, where it was run through fast commercia! machines for eight and one-half hours without a break. With the carload
cosh prevailina elsewhere?
A. In 1933 the official record of hearings before the paper code authority showed costs of over $47 a ton at mills in the northern states, operating then at only 50 per cent of capacity.
cussed, and Dr. Herty, very optimistically, of paper we brought back, nine Georgia With better times, the mills are now
stated that he believed that manufacture of dailies, including the Atlanta Journal, pub- operating at full capacity, so that I imag-
newsprint would be the next great indus- lished their regular issues with first-class ine they can deliver newsprint in New York
try to concentrate in the Southeastern sec- printing and complete success. Since then at a cost of about $41 a ton, but this is
tion of the United States.
our efforts have been directed toward pro- without any return whatever on the capi-
Dr. Herty was interviewed by Wright Bryan, City Editor of the Atlanta Journal. Complete text of the interview follows:
Q. Dr. Herty, you are a scientific observer of industrial growth and industrial trends, what do you think will be the next great industry to develop i.n the Southeast.
ducing an even better quality pulp. As a result, the quality of our paper has greatly improved.
Q. Is the quantity of pine in the South sufficient to insure raw materials should the industry move here?
A. There is in the south today more
tal investment. Newsprint can be manufactured in the south under the same conditions and put in New York from any southern port for $27.54 a ton by our estimates, and these estimates are questioned by no one. As a matter of fact, I know our estimates are somewhat high. We figured wood should bring $4 a standard cord,
A. The manufacture of newsprint, the than enough pine, not needed for other whereas, this wood may be bought today
paper on which 37,000,000 newspapers are purposes, to supply the needs of the entire in enormous quantities for $3.50.
printed every day in the United States. It has been demonstrated in our laboratory that southern pine not only makes good newsprint, but it makes better newsprint than any on the market today. It has been further demonstrated that this newsprint can be manufactured in this section far more cheaply than anywhere else in the
world, and a rate of reproduction of pine trees sufficient to continue that supply in perpetuity, thus assuring adequate raw material to be raised on land not needed for other purposes.
For power and steam we have an abundance of cheap fuel in the form of fuel oil, coal and hydroelectric power.
At the meeting of the Society of American Foresters held in Atlanta a few months ago, with the opponents of southern newsprint development conspicuously on the program, there was not one criticism of the quality of newsprint made from southern pines, or of our estimates of cost.
world and that we have abundant raw material here for another great industry in addition to the manufacture of kraft pa-
The very chemicals needed in paper manufacture are produced in the South.
Q. What has been done toward bring ing the newsprint industry to the South?
A. I have tried in every way possible
per, which is now almost wholly a southern And finally, as to labor, it will be neces- to give the fullest publicity to the findings
industry.
sary, of course, to draw in certain techni- of our laboratory, This led to the South-
Q. How do you know that newsprint from southern pines compares so favorably in quality with paper made in other sectiona and other countries?
A. Comparative tests of ordinary com-
cally trained help from other sections. But I know from evidence in my own office that such technicians are anxious to come south. More than this our southern young men have already demonstrated tha~ they quickly adapt themselves to this line of manu-
ern Newspaper Publishers Association forming a committee on the development of a newsprint industry in the south. That committee came to Savannah and saw the actual manufacture of newsprint. The committeemen became so enthusiastic that
mercial newsprint submitted to us by The facture. The relief rolls of the south can they obtained from members of their asso-
Atlanta Journal, the New York Times and be largely eliminated by the demand for ciation sufficient contracts to insure for
other newspapers, show that these papers common labor required in constructing and five years the sale of every ton of paper a
were excelled in all the tests applicable to operating the mills. Thousands of people 200-ton per day southern newsprint mill
newsprint - bursting strength, tensile strength, tearing strength, stiffness and
will find employment cutting wood and hauling it to the highways or railroads. The
could manufacture. That committee has in its possession the signed contracts and
porosity-by newsprint manufactured in our own laboratory in Savannah. Com-
permanent solution of unemployment is in the development of new industries. What
the authority of the association to place th~se contracts with any reliable group of
parative printing tests, under actual news- we need is to give employment to common capitalists who will develop such a mill,_ re-
paper publishing conditions, show better labor. There is already a scarcity of gardless of what state in the south might
results.
skilled labor. I don't know any better way be its site.
Q. What was the most serious obatacle for common labor to be employed than out- This action by the Southern Newspaper which you overcame in proving that news- of-doors, in the woods, in the healthy work Publishers' Association is extremely imporprint could be manufactured from pines of cutting, sawing and hauling pulp wood. tant, for it means that the first newsprint
not only under laboratory conditions, but The great pouring out of money for pay- mill in the south could not be affected by
on a commercial scale?
rolls and the income which farmers will any cutthroat competition or other efforts
A. It was the justifiable criticism of derive from the sale of timber will find to destroy it in its infancy.
our opponents that newsprint made in our its way into retail trade. This in turn will
laboratory was run through machines at stimulate wholesale trade, and this activity
(To be continued next month)
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
5
EMANUEL COUNTY INITIATES COUN
FIRST DISTRICT T P. Hursey, Dist. Forester,
FIFTH DISTRICT Herbert C. Carruth, District
TY-WIDE FIRE PROTECTION That the citizens of Emanuel County intend to protect their timber land is very
ROME
Forester, Macon
evident if one will review the progress of the Canoochee River T P. 0. Through the
During the past month, the District Forester has continued the educational program that was begun the first of the year. The bad weather has been much of a handicap, nevertheless approximately 5,000 people have been contacted with the motion picture machine to date.
During the past month the District Forester hm; ~up<'rvised and assisted in the
planting of more than 85,000 slash pine
seedlings. Of this number, 25,000 seedlings were plantl'd on the Dykes Farm in Ma-con Count~ This is the beginning of a planting program on this Farm, which,
active cooperation of Emanuel County, the Canoochee River T. P. 0. now has a new Chevrolet fire truck mounted with a Panama Fire Pump, 300 gallon water storage tank, and twenty-four Indian Fire Pumps. This outfit is stationed at the County camp which is connected by phone with the extensive telephone line system established
The Cherokee T. P. 0. is expanding when completed, will be extended over a by the C. C. C. Five men are always jl,Vail-
slowly but constantly. However, a great period of ten years and more than 1,000,- able for immediate call, and the truck will
expansion is not expected until the begin- 000 seedlings being planted. A large num- be sent anywhere in the County on call.
ning of the next fire season.
ber of seedlings also have been planted In addition to the above feature, the T.
In visiting the vocational schools, a great in District 5 other than under the super- P. 0. has carried four full page ads in con-
deal of time has been spent with the students in teaching them how to cruise timber. Of the number that have been taught, approximately 100 students have learned how to cruise timber, to the extent
vision of the District Forester. There is only one active T. P. 0. in this
District but plans are in effect to organize, or revive, what was formerly known as the Crisp County T. P. 0. Mr. H. G. Wiley,
secutive issues of the county paper, The Forest Blade, and this paper has been sent to EVERY rural mail box in the County, amounting to approximately five thousand. It goes without saying that much favorable
that they can do a fairly accurate cruise County Agent, Crisp County, is very much publicity has been given this work through
and be able to estimate the amount of tim- interested in reviving this T. P. 0. and is editorials and news items in papers
ber on any given area.
assisting the District Forester materially. throughout this section of the State.
The organization, when it is organized, will Graham Coleman, Manager of the Can-
include parts of Crisp, Dooly and Wilcox oochee River T. P. 0. announces that the
Counties.
T. P. 0. has had four towers manned with
FOURTH DISTRICT
Mr. Robert C. Berckmans, one of the trained lookouts since December 1st. It
R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester, Columbus
oldest nurserymen in the State and a res- is also possible that Emanuel County will ident of Macon, is planting 600 pounds of soon have three County Patrolmen emslash pine seed on the coast near Bruns- ployed, whose principal duty will be to
wick, Georgia. This is an unusually large patrol the county and keep on the look-
Increased interest in reforestation is being manifested throughout District 4. A large number of seedlings have already been planted during the present planting season.
In some cases those wishing to plant seedlings have been unable to secure them on account of the State nurseries not being able to supply the seedlings. As a guard against this in the future, a number of timber owners have already placed their order for seedlings with the State Forester
amount of seed to be planted by one individual. During the past six years Mr. Berckm.ans has made numerous plantings in the vicinity of Macon and has kept accurate records on the mortality of the seedlings.
SIXTH DISTRICT W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester,
Savannah
out for forest fires, also to assist in the apprehension of persons willfully destroying our forests contrary to State Law. Great credit must be given the County Board of Commissioners of which Mr. Virgin Durden is chairman for the progress being made in Emanuel County in better forest practices and efficient forest fire protection available to every forest acre in the county.
TWIG KEY TO TREES OUT
to be shipped next season.
FIRE-FIGHTING EQUIPMENT PUR-
An unusually large order has been
CHASED RECENTLY
"Twig Key to Some Common Northeast-
placed with the State Forester in the Individual landowners and T. P. O.'s ern Trees," by W. M. Harlow, N. Y. State
amount of 600,000 seedlings by Mr. Fuller have recently purchased various fire-fight- College of Forestry, Syracuse, has just
E. Callaway, Jr. of LaGrange. Mr. Calla- ing equipment, among the most interest- been published. It is a non-technical key
way has ordered slash pine, longleaf pine ing of which are two new Chevrolet trucks for Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, 4-H Clubs,
and black locust. These seedlings are to on which are mounted the special Panama the CCC, and is especially useful in winter.
be used by Mr. Callaway on eroded land, Fire Pump, water storage tanks, hose, and
in order to check the enormous amount of several of the Indian Fire Pumps and other soil lost annually by soil erosion. We are equipment. James A. Fowler of Soperton
TO BREED TREES
reliably informed that this is the largest is the owner of one of these, and the Can-
number of seedlings ordered by any one oochee River T. P. 0. at Swainsboro has The Northeastern Forest Experiment
person to be shipped during the next plant- the other.
Station, New Haven, Conn., is starting a
ing season.
Several individuals have recently pur- project in forest tree breeding directed
We would like to advise others in our chased fire pumps of the hand operated toward the development of improved trees
district, who are especially interested in type, and T. P. O.'s have acquired fire- for reforestation purposes. The announce-
reforesting their idle and worn out lands, fighting tools. The Liberty-Long T. P. 0. ment was made by Dr. Ernest J. Schreiner,
to place their order as early as possible has a new disc harrow plow for mainte- associate conservationist at the station to
with the State Forester for the amount they nance. A. H. Croom, of Pembroke, has a the Plant Science Club at Yale University.
would like to have. This will insure their new tractor and plow for fire line con- Dr. Schreiner said that new forest types
getting the seedlings, which otherwise if struction, and is otherwise taking an im- will be developed through hybridization
they wait until late next season they would mense and active interest in managing his and breeding along the same lines as in
probably not be able to secure them at all. forest land.
agricultural and horticultural plants.
6
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW
fr============-======:-) at the Central Repair Shop, have recently tures as to the better practices of forestry.
SEVENTH DISTRICT
helped rebuild two trucks which were sent At a special meeting of the County Com-
Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester
to Jacksonville, Florida. Here they were missioners of Appling County the amount loaded on a boat and are to be delivered of $300.00 was given to the T. P. 0., which
Waycross
to the CCC in Puerto Rico.
is to be used in maintaining lookout tow-
1 ers throughout the T. P. 0. area.
T. P. O.'s General
P-92
1 Quite an increase in interest in the work
The educational program of Camp P-92 1 of the T. P. 0. organization has been mani-
The Directors of the Coffee-Jeff Davis T. has recently been organized and very good fested recently by old members paying
P. 0. recently appeared before the County attendance of classes is now reported. their dues and a number of new members
Commissioners of Coffee County and ob- Three to five classes are held each night signing theil land in the T. P. 0. organi-
t!dncd n pledge of $1,500.00 for the T. P. 0. for the year 1937. This is just another
and a good variety of subjects are being taught.
zation. Not a
single
fire
has occurred to
date
step toward county-wide fire protection in Work on firebreak and truck trail pro- on the property under organized protec-
all of the counties in this District, as this jects has been progressing smoothly until tion. A great reduction is also noted in
is the sixth county to cooperate with th'eir T. P. 0. in fire protection, although in
recently. Rains have made "fill hauling" rather bad and some difficulty has been
the so-called "controlled burned", which is an indication that efforts along this
most cases the counties do not subscribe had in getting loaded trucks through the line are having good results.
FUTURE ORDERS FOR enough to put the
county-wide basis.
county
on
a
strictly
woods to and from projects. Unusually warm winter weather has tak-
Glynn County has the most complete county-wide plan of any county in this District and it is rumored around that they will soon have a radio system that will be used jointly by the county and the T. P. 0, in directing fire suppression activities as well as the activities of the County Police.
The thinning and planting projects undertaken by the ECW forces have created quite a bit of interest in this section. A number of additional requests for these projects by the landowners have been received. It is too late, however, to undertake any more of these projects this year and those not getting them will have to
en a sick toll on the activities of the camp. Flu and colds have put an average of ten to fifteen in quarters for the last month.
Fires in the Altamaha-Satilla T. P. 0. have been few up to the present time. On the 126,231 acres in the T. P. 0. in Glynn County only two fires have necessitated calling out C. C. C. men. Only 15 mandays were used and the acreage burned totaled only 300 acres.
In Brantley County all fires have been easily handled by the "T. P. 0. fighters" and to date it has not been necessary for C. C. C. enrollees to give assistance.
This record is much better than that of
SEEDLINGS INDICATE MANY TO BE PLANTED
ORDERS VARY FROM ONE TO SIX HUNDRED THOUSAND
If the number of orders received for future shipment of seedlings is any indication of the number that will be planted during the next season, it will mean that more will be planted than ever before.
Already orders that have been received
look at the projects in their area in such a way that they will realize that the educational value of these projects to the community at large offsets any value to them as an individual.
the season of 19 36 and shows a very definite trend toward eliminating all forest fires.
by the State Forester total more than 1,103,000 seedlings. These orders vary from 1,000 in number to 600,000 in one instance. Several orders have been received for more than 25,000. Mr. Fuller E. Callaway, Jr.,
We have a wonderful opportunity in the
of LaGrange, Georgia, is the party who
thinning projects to record the increase in the growth of the thinned stands over
T. P. 0.
ordered 600,000 seedlings. So far this is the largest order received to date. He has
the stands not thinned, and in the case of the planting projects there is a wonder-
NEWS
asked that this order be filled with slash and longleaf pine and black locust. Mr.
ful opportunity to note the difference in
Elliott W. Reed, President of the Ogeechee
growth of seedlings on various sites and
T. P. 0., of Savannah and Mr. Roy Rogers
also the difference in growth of nursery
Appling County T. P. 0.
of Newton, Georgia, have each placed ord-
grown seedlings and those taken from the More than 100,000 slash pine seedlings ers for 100,000 slash pine.
woods.
have been planted in Appling County dur- The Georgia Forest Service has never
ing the present season, due to interest cre- been able to supply enough seedlings to
ated through the T. P. 0. organization.
meet the demands for those asking for
FOREST
A 10-acre demonstration project has just them. In an effort to more nearly supply been planted by CCC enrollees on the Rid- the demand for seedlings during the next dle Brothers property. The seedlings used season, plans are in effect to increase the
C. C. C. CAMP NEWS
on this project were not nursery seedlings size and equipment in both of the State but were taken from the area near the nurseries to the extent that approximately
demonstration plot. Nearly 100% of these twice the number of seedlings grown this
P-62
seedlings have lived and it looks as if they season may be grown during the coming . are going to continue to live. Another season.
Going beneath a river to make fire fight- project of this nature has also been started Anyone desiring seedlings during the
ing more efficient is something new, and on the property of B. K. Whitehead.
next planting season are advised to place
it's being done by Co. 1424, Baxley, Ga. County Agent, L. C. Walker and the T. their order as far in advance as possible,
Men of that camp are laying submarine P. 0. Secretary are planning a number of as the orders are filled in the order they
cable under the Altamaha River to connect thinning demonstrations at each of the are received.
forest service telephones with towns on large schools in the county. These thin-
the other side and towers in the district. ning demonstrations will be conducted on Wooden water pipes in Tacoma, Wash.,
This will enable the towers to obtain cross 4-H Club forestry boys property. Extens- laid more than sixty years ago when re-
readings on fires in counties adjoining the ion Forester, DePre Barrett is cooperating cently uncovered by city water department
river.
in this project by being present at these crews, were found to be in excellent con-
The enrollees of Co. 1424, who work demonstrations and showing motion pic- dition.
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAl.. REVIEW
'1
duction for 1936 will be in the neighbor-
T1fE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA FOR 1935
Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
hood of 400,000 tons. Clay Products: The production of brick,
se\ver pipe, tile, and pottery from Georgia clays showed an increase in 1935 over that of 1934 of nearly 60 per cent. Common
and face brick and structural tile are man-
Richard W. Smith
ufactured from the alluvial clays of middle Georgia. Sewer pipe, structural and
roofing tile, and common and face brick
The value of the mineral production of clay at two plants, one in Polk county and are made from the shales of northwest
Georgia for 1935 was $9,984,313., an in- one in Houston county.
Georgia. The productio.n of these will
crease of about 22.4 pe1 cent over that of Clay (kaolin): Georgia produces over 65 probably continue to increase with the re-
1934. If we add to this the value of elec- pet cent of the kaolin mined in the United covery of the building industry. Jugs,
tricity produced from hydro-electric plants States for use as a filling and coating clay churns, and art pottery are made at some
we get a total of $21,073,030. Georgia in the manufacture of paper; as a filler in 18 small potteries scattered throughout
ranks first among the states in the value of the manufacturer of rubber, oil cloth, and middle and north Georgia.
its production of raw clay and fullers other products; and for use in the manu- Coal: Only one coal mine is reported in
earth; second in the value of its produc- facture of china and other white ware. operation in GeMgia; that of the Durham
tion of marble, monumental granite, bar- Its use in these products is largely replac- Land Company on Lookout Mountain in
ite, and manganese and manganiferous iron
ore; and third in the value of its produc-
TABLE I
tion of bauxite.
THE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA FOR 1935
Table I below is a summary of the tonnage and value of Georgia's mineral production for 19'35, together with the per-
Material
1935 Tonnage
Change from 1934
1935 Value
Change from 1934
centages of increase or decrease over the 1934 figures. The statistics of which there are less than three producers in Georgia are confidential and cannot be revealed. These minerals are marked in the table with an asterisk ( *) and their tonnages and values have been reported in combination with other such minerals so as to conceal individual figures.
The collection of the statistics of the mineral production of Georgia is undertaken by the United States Bureau of Mines and the United States Bureau of Census, with the cooperation of the Division of Geology of the Georgia Department of Forestry and Geological Development. The gathering of this information is a slow process, as many firms do not report their productions until considerable time has elapsed.
Barite: Barite is a heavy white mineral which, when ground, is used largely in the manufacture of lithapone for use in paint. It is also used in the. manufacture of barium salts, in the refining of sugar, in glazing pottery and enameling iron, and as a filler in the manufacture of paper and rubber. All of the 1935 production came from the Cartersville district of Bartow
Clay (Kaolin) : Paper and china
clay, etc.
Refractory uses Marble
Granite
Clay Products
Bauxite*
}
Fullers Earth*
Portland Cement*
Limestone, Lime
TSlaatke'*
}
Mica, Chlorite and
Sericite Schist*
Tripoli:*
Sand and Gravel
Barite*
}
Ocher*
Manganese*
Coal*
}
Iron Ore*
Kyanite*
Gold and Silver:
Gold:
Placer
Lode
Silver:
Placer
Lode
298,275 41,502 23,020
563,000 ----------------------617,782
16,606
364,507 43,712
23,183
-+
26.1 o/o 13.4 o/o
- 42.4 o/o
- 6.5 o/o
$ 2,251,785 97,933
950,430
1,122,029
+ 46.6 o/o
+ -
13.6 o/o 3.9 o/o
- 6.1 o/o
r----------------
{ +- 3132..64%%} + 1.5% + 97.1%
r+ 2420..30%%} + 50.1% +900.1% + 12.0%
+ 4277..00%%}
2,274,407 + 59.5%
{~ 1,819,511
60.6% 2.5%
19.6%
618,786 + 69.7%
r{ ++ 3239..23%%
155,095 + 51.0% +244.0%
240,565 + 4.7%
345,659 + 3435..75%%
- 30.9%
- 11.7%
- 39.7%
- 37.5%
+168.9% }
77,685 +316.5%
+ 25.0%
+ 66.6%
332.50 fine ozs. } 661.28 fine ozs.
2.5%
34,782t + 2.6%:j:
10 fine ozs. } 64 fine ozs.
54.2%
Total Water Power
Grand Total
53 + 41.5%
I $ 9,984,313 + 22.4% I 11,0 84 ,31 0 _+_,_::-:6::-'.-7-3-::%;:--
$21,073,030 + 13.4%
county. Bauxite: Bauxite, the oxide of alumin-
um, was first discovered in America in 1887 near Rome, in Floyd County, Georgia. Since that time it has been mined in Floyd, Bartow, and Polk counties in north-
,. Less than three producers, so production and value cannot be shown separately. r Valued at $35.00 per ounce. Value at old price of gold ($20.671835 per oz.) would
be $20.,653.26.
t Percentage increase is shown with 1935 production valued at $35.00 per ounce and
1934 production valued at $34.95 per - ounce. -----------------------
ing the English clay formerly used. It is Walker County.
west Georgia and in Wilkinson, Macon, Randolph, Schley, and Sumter counties in middle Georgia. The production in 1935 all came from Sumter County and was largely used in the manufacture of alum
also used in the local manufacture of highgrade fire brick and other refrac~ories.
This sedimentary kaolin was mined in 1935
in the following counties, named in order of the value of production: Wilkinson,
Fullers Earth: Although Georgia is still the largest producer of fullers earth, a variety of bleaching clay used mainly in refining oils, the production in 1935 again showed a decline over that of the previous
salts for use as a water conditioner. A new bauxite mine in Bartow County started operations in 1936.
Cement: Portland cement was manufac-
Twiggs, Washington, Richmond, Hancock, year. The production from Decatur and
Glascock, Baldwin, Houston, and Taylor. Thomas counties is used with mineral oils, The 1935 production of nearly 340,000 whereas that mined in Twiggs and Wilkintons was the largest in history, yet pre-~ s?n counties is used mainly with vegetable
tured from limestone and either shale or liminary estimates indicate that the pro- o1ls.
8
FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL kEVIEW
Deposits. of a bentonitic type of bleach- The larger part of this production was used Geological Survey was first established
ing clay which, when activated by acid as a road matel"ial, but limestone, both some 45 years ago, nearly half ,f its min-
treatment, art? ~;uperior to fullers earth for crushed and ground, was usNi for many eral production came from metalic miner-
bleaching- oils were discovered in South othet purposes.
als such as iron ore, manganese, a,d gold.
Georgia in 1935 and were briefly described Manganese: The production of mangan- At the present time less than three P'l." cent
in Information Circular No. 6 issued by the ese and manganiferous iron ore all came of Georgia's mineral production comesfrom
Georp;ia Division of Geology. Further in- from the Cartersville District of Bartow these minerals and the bulk of its min,ral
vestigation of these deposits should be County. The 1935 production of high- wealth is produced from non-metallic m 11 made at once if Georgia is to continue to grade manganese ore increased slightly erals such as clays, granite, marble, an~
lead in the production of bleaching clays. over that of 1934, whereas that of mangan- many others. The figures given above for
Gold and Silver: The production of gold iferous iron ore showed a considerable de- the mineral production in 1935 show that'
in Georgia, which doubled in 1933 and crease.
2.0 per cent of the production came from
again nearly doubled in 1934, showed only Marble: The Georgia Marble Company, undergTound mining, 21.2 per cent was
produced was that associated with the gold. with quarries in Pickens and Che.rokee derived by quarrying (granite, marble, and
The principal production came from Lump- counties, was the only producer of marble slate), and 76.8 per cent came from open
kin and White counties with minor amounts in 1934. The production included a small pit mining such as the clay pits.
produced in Che1okee, Paulding, McDuffie, amount of serpentine or verde antique.
Georgians are very apt to think that the
and other counties. About 30 placer mines Mica, Chlorite and Sericite Schist: No mineral production of the State largely
and 6 lode mines were in production during production of scrap mica and only a small comes from the mountainous regions of
the year. Some of these mines have been production of sheet mica was reported in North Georgia, but such is not the case. '
active for several years; others were of the 1935. Chlorite schist from Cherokee Coun- Dividing the State into North Georgia and '
nature of prospecting or development ty and sericite schist from Pickens County South Georgia separated by the .Fall Line '
work. Preliminary figures indicate that were ground and used principally as a filler. that divides the Coastal Plain sediments ! the production for 1936 will be consider- Ocher: Ocher, a hydrated iron oxide from the Cr~stalline rocks, we find that in I
ably less than that of 1935.
used in the manufacture of linoleum, oil 1935 approximately 54 per cent of Geor-
Granite: The total production of gran- cloth, and as a coloring for mortars, was gia's mineral production came from South ,
ite in 1935 decreased slightly from that of produced by two companies in the Car- Georgia and only 46 per cent came from !
1934 although the production of monu- tersville District of Bartow County. The North Georgia.
mental granite from the Elberton district production for 1935 showed a substantial
increased. The ten counties producing increase over that for 1934. granite in 1935 were, in order of the value Sand and Gravel: Sand and gravel are of their production: Elbert, DeKalb, War- produced at a number of small pits widely
WATER RESOURCES SURVEY STARTED
ren, Madison, Henry, Oglethorpe, Harris, scattered throughout Georgia.
Union, Murray, and Butts. The produc- Slate: Slate granules for use in the man- New industries for Georgia may result
tion from Elbert County is largely used ufacture of artificial roofing were pro- from investigation of the surface water
for monumental purposes, whereas that duced by one company in the northern part resources of Georgia that will begin with-
from the other counties is largely used as of Bartow County. There has been no pro- in the next two weeks, according to State !
concrete and road metal, curbing and flag- duction of roofing slate in Georgia for Geologist, Richard W. Smith. The inves-
ging, rebuilding stone, railroad ballast, several years.
tigation, which will be jointly financed by
and other uses.
Talc: Three talc companies near Chats- the Division of Geology of the Georgia
. Iron Ore: Brown iron ore was mined in worth in Murray County reported a pro- Department of Forestry and Geological
'1935 by two companies in Polk County. duction of ground talk and talc pencils used Development and the Federal Government,
The total production, although small, for marking iron and steel. The produc- will consist of daily, and in some cases
showed a substantial increase over that of tion for 1935 showed a large increase hourly, measurements of the flow of the
1934.
over that for 1933.
largest streams at some forty places in all
Kyanite: Kyanite, an aluminum silicate used in the manufacture of refractories, was produced in Georgia for the :first time in 1933. An investigation in 1934 by the U. S. Geological Survey, in C:>operation with the Georgia Division of Geology, resulted in the discovery of a large Ushaped body of kyanite-mica schist in Habersham and Rabun counties, as reported in Bulletin 46 of the Georgia Geological Survey. The production of kyanite in 1935 came from twv deposits in Habersham county, one a l'es~tiual surface accumulation of crystals d"rived from the weathering of this schist and the other a placer deposit in the valley
Tripoli: Tripoli, used for abrasive and filler purposes, was mined near the foot of Lookout Mountain in Chattooga County. A summary of the tripoli resources of Georgia is given in Information Circular No. 9 recently issued by the Georgia Division of Geology.
Water Power: The amount of electricity for public use generated by water power in Georgia in liJ35 increased slightly over that reported for 1934. The value was figured at one cent per kilowatt-hour, the approximate value of the electricity at the source of production.
parts of Georgia. Daily samples of water from ten of the most important streams will be collected and analyzed.
This work will be under the direction of the State Geologist and Francis M. Bell, district engineer for Georgia of the Water Resources Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey. Mr. Bell, a trained hydraulic engineer and a native of North Carolina, has been transferred from the St. Louis office to head the work in Georgia. The chemical analyses of the water samples will be under the direction of W. L. Lamar. The district engineer's office and chemical laboratory will be established in Atlanta
of a small stream. In 1936 production of Preliminary figures received indicate to handle the work.
kyanite and a by-product of ground mica that the mineral production in Georgia in Mr. Smith states that the start of this
began from the kyanite mica schist.
1936 will show a very substantial increase work marks an important step in the in-
Lime and Limestone: The only plant re- over the figures for 1935 given above. Far dustrial progress of Georgia. Definite facts
porting a production of lime in 1935 was too much of Georgia's mineral wealth is as to the minh~um and maximum flow of
in Bartow County. The production of lime- being shipped out of the state in the crude streams and the chemical quality of its
stone, which showed a very substantial gain form rather than being manufactured into water are an absolute necessity in locating
in 1935, came from the following seven finished products within the State.
the water supply of large industries, as
counties, named in order of the value of It is interesting to note the changes in well as for municipal water supplies, power
their production: Houston, Bleckley, Gil- trend of the mineral production of Geor- development, flood control, design for high-
mer, Pickens, Bartow, Whitfield, and Polk. gia through the years. When the Georgia way bridges, and many other uses.