Forestry-geological review [Jan. 1937]

DEPARTMENT OF' FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 7

ATLANTA, GA., JANUARY, 1937

No.1

SMALL TREES SHOULD NOT BE CUT-MORE Vocational Teachers And

PROFIT REALIZED IF SELECTIVE

I Students To Receive

CUTTING IS PRACTICED

Herty Prizes In

TREES OF SMALL DIAMETER SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO GROW LARGER-ONLY SMALL TREES THAT ARE DEFORMED OR DISEASED SHOULD BE REMOVED

1937
Awarded For Doing Outstanding Work In Forestry

Why cut small trees? The answer to this tion more profitable.

question is, in most instances, is that pre- Trees as small as 7 inches d.b.h. will pro- The Georgia Forestry Association will

-mature cutting of the smaller trees has duce lumber, however, and it has been a offer prizes to the two teachers of voca-

been due to the need for an immediate in- common custom of both large as well as tional agriculture doing the most outstand-

come from second-growth stands, which small mills to cut part or all of these sub- ing work in forestry during the 1936-37

has forced the owners to utilize small trees, marginal trees from 7 to 16 inches d.b.h., school year. These prizes are known as

_even though it was realized that this was without realizing that such trees were be- "The Herty Prizes", in honor of Dr. Chas.

wasteful in reducing future income. In ing taken at a loss. Oftentimes the leaving H. Herty.

most instances, however, the principal rea- of these unprofitable trees would have pro-

son for the short sighted cutting of small vided a sufficient growing stock to have

trees has been ignorance on the part of made possible a second cutting in from 10

the landowner of the possibilities of future to 20 years. In nearly all cases the leaving

growth and of the present and future prof- of these trees would have furnished suffi-

its that were being sacrificed by this waste- cient seed trees to have assured the re-

ful cutting.

stocking of the area with seedlings. Cut-

Necessary as it may seem to cut small ting such small unprofitable trees has not

trees, many manufacturers have found, only cost the operator money but has

that by giving this problem careful study, seriously reduced future production and

the practice can be avoided to advantage. has postponed for many years the possi-

It has been clearly shown by numerous bility of making another cutting.

studies that small trees are expensive to The fact that small trees can be manu-

log, cost much more to manufacture into factured into lumber only at the expense

lumber, and produce lower grades of com- of the larger ones is strikingly shown by

paratively low value.

the results of studies made by the Forest

According to the Southern Pine Associa- Products Laboratory of the U. S. Forest

tion, trees smaller than 12 inches in diam- Service. The following figures show the

eter at the stump should be considered net stumpage realization values from dif-

under-sized saw logs. Many successful log ferent size trees;

operators do not cut trees smaller than 14 Although the two studies reported upon

NET STUMPAGE REALIZATION VALUES

The first prize, in the amount of Fifty Dollars, will be awarded to the teacher of vocational agriculture doing the most outstanding work in Forestry. The second prize, in the amount of Twenty Five Dollars, will be awarded to the teacher of vocational agriculture doing the second best work in forestry.
A cash prize of five dollars will be awarded for five consecutive months, beginning with February, to the student of vocational agriculture submitting the best article. for publishing in the REVIEW, pertaining t0 his home, or school, forestry project.
A cash prize of Fifteen Dollars will be awarded to the negro teacher of vocational agriculture doing the most outstanding work in forestry, and a cash prize of Ten Dollars will be awarded to the negro teacher of vocational agriculture doing the second best work in forestry during the 1936-37 school year.

I Tree Diameter at Breast Height

Shortleaf Pine (Ark. 1928)

Per M. Bd. Ft.

Per Tree

Loblolly Pine (Va. 1931)

Per M. Bd. Ft.

Per Tree

The teachers of vocational agriculture in both white and negro schools include for-

8

Minus- $ 4.67 Minus-$0.21 Minus-$12.35 Minus-$0.41 estry in their course of study. The Division

10

Minus- .05 Minus- .01 Minus- 5.60 Minus- .33 of Forestry or the Department of Forestry

12

3.08

.35

.49

.05 and Geological Development cooperate::;

14

5.59

1.06

5.23

.85 with these teachers to the extent of fur-

16

7.59

2.08

8.31

1.99 nishing all available material and super

18

9.36

3.64

10.80

3.42 vision by the District Foresters of the

20

10.92

5.07

13.07

5.29 school forestry projects.

inches in diameter, and some find it advantageous to leave standing all sound and healthy trees smaller than 17 or 18 inches in diameter. When only "ripe" trees are cut, the larger log reduces both logging and milling costs and yields better grades of lumber, thus making the entire opera-

in the above table were made in areas far apart as Arkansas and Virginia, and under dissimilar conditions, it is notable that in both instances trees of smaller than 12 inches in diameter at breast height cost more to manufacture into lumber than the lumber they produce could be sold for.

In appreciation of the splendid work that is being done in these vocational schools the Georgia Forestry Association has offered, for a number of years, cash prize'! to the teachers doing the most outstanding work in their school forest program. The Association is only too glad to offer these awards again for the coming season.

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR

Executive Committee Of The Georgia Forestry Association Holds Important Meeting In Atlanta November 13

Forestry Division Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester________Atlanta

Many Topics Relative To Legislation To Be Sponsored

JackFTohreusrtmeron_d__,___A___s__s_t_.____S__t_a__t_e_____________Atlanta Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr...Atlanta
W. D. T p Hursey Dist. Forester______________Rome Young; Dist. Forester______ Gainesville

During Coming Session Of Legislature Discussed And Resolutions Adopted Regarding Other Phases Of Important Developments

S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester________Augusta R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester__________Columbus

W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester______Savannah The Executive Committee of the Geor-

"Resolution"

R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester________Albany
Herbert C. Carruth, Dist. Forester....Macon

gia Forestry Association held an important meeting in Atlanta on Friday, November

"WHEREAS, The Georgia-Carolina Live Stock Association is a chartered Corpora-

Miss Hazel Nicholas, Bookkeeper-

13.

tion with Directors and Membership, resi-

Treasurer -------------------------------- Atlanta Important discussions regarding legisla- dent in counties in Georgia and South Car-

Mrs. John Y. Roberts, Secretary to State Forester______________________Atlanta
M. E. Murphy, Nurseryman____________Albany

tion for the benefit of forestry to be sponsored by the Association during the coming

olina comprising the territory familiarly and properly known as the Coastal Empire;

Mrs. SWta.teL.NDurasveisry, C___l_e__r_k_____________________Albany

session of the Legislature were held. Resolutions were passed commending the offi-

and "WHEREAS,

it

is

the

object

of

this

Miss Madeline Culbreth, Clerk

cials of the Union Bag and Paper Company Association to further the growing and

District Office _______________________Waycross Miss Mildred Wood, Clerk
District Office______________________________ Macon

for their policies designed to promote better management of the private forest land

the reforestation of timber through the prevention of forest fires, and the raising,

John Charles Newton, Clerk

tributary to the company's pulp mill at Sa- feeding and growing of pure bred and im-

District Office________________________Savannan vannah.

proved breeds of live stock, in Georgia

Geological Division

Resolutions were also adopted regarding and South Carolina, by the destruction of

Richard W. Smith, State Geologist,

the splendid work being done by the Geor- the grasses which now feed forest fires and

and Secretary to Commission__Atlanta gia-Carolina Live Stock Association for the are of little or no benefit as grazing, and

G. WG. eCorloicgkimst ay__,___A___s_s__t_.___S__t__a__t_e____________Atlanta promotion of growing and reforesting the to sow in the place of these grasses, carpet

LaneoMn iltecahvelel_,__A___s__s_t_.___S__t__a__t_e___G___e__o__l_o__g__i_s__tA, tlanta

timberland through the prevention of forest fires; the raising, feeding and growing

grass, dallas grass, lespedeza and other grasses which will replace the present wild

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk____________Atlanta of pure-bred and improved breeds of live grasses and make forest fires impossible,

Any information appearing in this pub-
lication may be used at any time provided proper credit is giYen.-The Editor.

stock in Georgia connection with gram.

and the

South Carolina, in reforestation pro-

thus affording complete protection to timber, and carry the cattle eight or nine months in the year instead of three or four

At a recent meeting of the Georgia- months, as under present grazing condi-

Carolina Live Stock Association, resolu- tions; and

tions were adopted in which they have "WHEREAS, these objects and purposes

asked the members of the C. C. C. Camps are in line with those of the Civilian Con-

and the Georgia Forest Service to extend servation Corps and the Georgia Forest

the services which they are now rendering Service and the means adopted by the

in the growing and reforestation of tim- Civilian Conservation Corps and the Geor

ber and the production of pastures for live gia Forest Service will further the objects

SP-9

stock.

and purposes of the Georgia-Carolina Live

With the experimental stage past and We are giving these resolutions as adopt- Stock Association, and vice versa, so that

a certain amount of skill and training ob- ed by the Georgia Forestry Association and if cooperation between these three organi

tained during this stage, the enrollees at the Georgia-Carolina Live Stock Associa- zations can be secured, a larger number

Chehaw Park have been, and still are, mov- tion, in order that the readers of the Re- of citizens will be reached and will receive

ing large line trees with great success.

view may know of the close cooperation be- benefit than is the case at the present

To date, the enrollees under proper su- tween these two agencies in the promotion time.

pervision have moved approximately 75 of better forestry practices, not only in "THEREFORE, be it resolved, that the

pines, ranging from 6 to 30 feet in height. Georgia but in our neighboring State of Georgia-Carolina Live Stock Association

Such species as longleaf, loblolly, shortleaf South Carolina.

through its Board of Directors, in meeting

and slash pine have been moved, and it has

"Resolution"

duly assembled, hereby petitions the Civil

been found that one species can be moved "We, the members of the Georgia For- ian Conservation Corps and the Georgia

just as satisfactorily as another, if proper estry Association, extend to the officials Forest Service to extend the service which

care is taken.

of the Union Bag and Paper Company this they are now rendering in the growing

At a meeting of the leaders and assis- expression of our appreciation of the pro- and the reforestation of timber and the

tant leaders of SP-9 held recently, pub- gressive and forward looking policies adopt- production of pastures for raising, feeding

lic speaking and debating were discussed. ed by that company designed to promote and growing of pure bred and improved

The program was organized whereby two better management of the private forestry breeds of live stock of all kinds, to land

members from each barrack would be chos- land tributary to the company's pulp mill owners who reside in the Coastal Empire

en to represent each section in a debate. at Savannah. We believe this will be a Sections of Georgia and South Carolina

These debates will be held as often as valuable precedent to other mills to be es- and who are not eligible, at the present

is possible. Subjects will be discussed that tablished in the future and will do much time, for membership in the Georgia For

will be of interest to the camp personnel. to promote better forest fire protection and est Service.

A class was held recently dealing with to insure the permanence of the forest republic speaking for those who are inter- sources in the territory adjacent to such

"Resolution" "WHEREAS, the livestock industry and

ested in this subject.

mills."

(Continued on Pa~re Three)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

s

Second Annual Slash Pine Forest Festival A Great Success

the advantages of pure air and wholesome surroundings.
Fire Disastrous

Held In Waycross November 10-14-To Be Annual Affair-Many Interesting And Educational Exhibits Shown-Entertainment Features Attract Throngs.

He laid a great deal of stress on the fire menace, asserting that the burning of forest areas reduces the production of gum by one-fourth.
"You can't afford to pay taxes on land

The second annual Slash Pine Forest show the value of proper forest manage- that won't produce anything, and you have

Festival was held in Waycross, Georgia, ment.

23,000,000 acres in Georgia that is suited

November 10-14. Emphasis was placed on the possibilities of the pine forests and the allied resources of the slash pine belt, which has its center in the southeastern section of the United States. The Festival was formally dedicated to Dr. Chas. H. Herty, eminent Georgia Chemist, who has contributed much to the development of

T. P. 0. Day Friday, November 13, was officially designated at T. P. 0. Day. A large number of T. P. 0. members throughout the state attended the festival on this date. The morning was spent in viewing the educational exhibits. The afternoon was spent by the members attending actual field dem-

only for the growing of trees," he said, urging the conservation of forests.
There are 3,708,000 acres of land burned each year in Georgia, despite the movement for organized protection, the speaker said, expressing the belief that a large percentage of the woods fires, are set intentionally by landowners.

the paper industry in the southeast. His onstrations, showing the different types of

No Political Matter

experiments, in Savannah, have proved con- plows and other equipment used in making Discussing the various phases of forestry,

clusively the practicability of using the fire breaks, and other type of forestry Doctor Wheeler insisted that "forestry is

southern pine pulp in the manufacturing work.

not a political matter." He drew applause

of newsprint and other high grade paper. The festival was officially dedicated to from the audience when he digressed to

According to an announcement made by Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Friday evening. In comment that "trees will grow just as well

J. S. Elkins, Secretary of the Slash Pine talking to those attending the exercises Dr. for a Republican as a Democrat, even this

Forestry Association, plans are already be- Herty stressed the importance of proper year".

ing made to hold the festival again next protection of the forest from fire and urged He paid tribute to the economic and ed-

year.

the people living in the Slash Pine region ucational value of the Civilian Conserva-

The Directors of the Association ex- to cooperate in an advertising campaign tion Corps, and outlined activities of the

pressed their appreciation for the splendid in order to let other people know of the CCC throughout the United States.

co-operation given forestry workers, and great possibilities of the southeastern sec- References to "beauty spots" of the

others, who assisted in making the 1936 tion as a source of wood suitable for mak- United States included comment on Geor-

festival such a tremendous success.

ing newsprint paper.

gia's famous Okefenokee Swamp.

Interlude of the Slash Pine

The Division of Forestry cooperated with

One of the most colorful and significant features of the Festival, was a two day presentation of the drama "Interlude of

DR. H. N. WHEELER, CHIEF LECTURER U. S. FOREST SERVICE ATTENDS

the officials of the Festival, in making it the best Forestry Festival ever held.

the Slash Pine". This drama was a series

FESTIVAL

of eight cycles which pictured the develop-

Gives Four Interesting Lectures

Executive Committee Holds Meeting

' ment and destruction and the re-develop- Speaking to a large and enthusiastic au-

(Continued from Page Two)

ment of the Slash Pine of the southeast. dience each evening of the festival, Dr. H. forestry have many inter-locking and mu-

The presentation was not a pageant, but N. Wheeler described forestry as the prop- tual interests and problems, and,

rather a seriers of picturesque interludes er use of lands, and it concerns every cit- "WHEREAS, the Georgia-Carolina Live-

presented after the fashion of the "March izen of the United States, regardless of his stock Association has achieved much prog-

of Time". It was written and directed by business.

ress in promoting the industry and arous-

Gene Bergmann, of the Federal Theatre, Doctor Wheeler has been connected with ing appreciation of better grades of live-

assigned to servicing recreational projects the Forest Service for more than 31 years, stock, and,

in Georgia.

and has lectured in every state in the "WHEREAS, one essential to the sue-

Society of American Foresters Hold

Union, in most of them many times.

cess of the undertaking is improved pas-

Speaking to a large audience at the ex- tures and ranges, which is being sought

Call Meeting

position building each night, with the aid through the substitution of carpet and

The Southeastern Section of the Society of a silver screen on which was shown for- other more nutrient grasses for native

of American Foresters, whose membership est scenes from every section of the United wire grass, and,

embraces the states of Georgia, Florida, States, he paid tribute to the improvement "WHEREAS, the Federal Forest Service

Alabama, North Carolina, and South Car- of forestry methods in Georgia, particular- and the Civilian Conservation Corps, at the

olina, met in special session during the fes- ly to the training of young foresters.

solicitation of the Georgia Forestry Asso-

tival. Topics pertaining to the society were discussed.

Four Phases

ciation, planted last season fire breaks,

He stressed the value of the forests from roads and trails with carpet and other

4-H Clubs Have Special Day

four angles, first, because of their economic grasses on the lands of members of the

Thursday, November 12, was officially importance in furnishing lumber and cross Timber Protective Organizations, there-

designated as 4-H Club Day. On this day ties and turpentine and other products fore be it:

more than 700 4-H Club members from needed in the commercial world; second, "RESOLVED, the Georgia Forestry As-

the counties in the southeast visited the for their watershed values, the trees of the sociation extends congratulations to the

festival. A colorful parade was held be- nation being described as the factor which Georgia-Carolina Livestock Association on

fore the club members visited the exhibits. prevents the wasting of land into the ba- the success already attained and assures

This parade marched through the streets sins and lakes and the sea; third, for their it of our continued interest and coopera-

of Waycross, attracting the attention of protection to wild life, including large and 1 tion. Be it further,

the citizens of the town and the visitors. small game, fish, birds and flora; fourth, "RESOLVED, we recommend to the Fed-

An attractive exhibit was prepared by for human uses, providing recreation cen- eral Forest Service and the Civilian Con-

the County Agents and 4-H Club members. ters where people of the United States may servation Corps such assistance as they

The exhibit was designed especially to relax and enjoy the great outdoors, with all may consistently and legally extend."

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

rr============="iil Sap Stream Carries Poison

FIRST DISTRICT

I To Control Beetles

SIXTH DISTRICT

T P. Hursey, Dist. Forester,

In Trees

W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester,

ROME

Savannah

Much time, during the past month, has been devoted to visiting the vocational schools in District One.

New Method of Controlling Beetles In Trees Announced Recently By U. S. Forest Service

SOUTHEASTERN SECTION S. A. F. MEETING IN SAVANNAH
Chairman Harold S. Newins, Gainesville

Several vocational schools have been vis-

Florida, has called the annual meeting of

ited during the past month and assistance Trees doomed to die from insect attack the Southeastern Section meeting of the

given the teachers in selecting and survey- may help save neighboring trees from the Society of American Foresters in Savannah

ing school forest projects.

same fate. The only practical way pre- on January 15th and 16th. A large at-

Plans are being made now to put on a viously devised for controlling bark beet- tendance is expected, and elaborate plans

district wide educational program during les-a serious threat to American forests- are being made for entertainment of those

the month of January, showing pictures is the destruction of trees into which large attending. Governors-elect Cone of Flori-

in vocational, and other schools, five nights numbers of beetles have tunneled. These da and Rivers of Georgia are expected to

a week. In this way we hope to contact trees usually are felled and burned, or their attend, as well as many other persons

several thousand people.

bark is peeled off and burned-a costly from several southern states representing

method.

varied interests connected with forestry.

Searching for new and better control A "Caucus and Smoker" is planned for

SECOND DISTRICT
W. D. Young, Dist. Forester, Gainesville
Digging and shipment of nursery stock is completed at the North Georgia Nursery where 125,000 Loblolly Pine and 46,300 Black Locust seedlings were produced this year. Due to lack of space and the de-

measures, entomologists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture have worked out promising methods for introducing into the sap stream of an infested tree chemicals poisonous to the insects. The rising sap carries these chemicals-zinc chloride and copper sulphate-all through the tree, impregnating the tissues much more simply and at far less cost than could be done with an outside force.

Friday night, Jan. 15th, followed by a business meeting of members only at 11 :00 A. M., Saturday, luncheon at 1 :00 P. M., trips through the plant of the Union Bag & Paper Corporation, and Dr. Chas H. Herty's Pulp & Paper Research Laboratory. Other interesting features are planned, followed by a big banquet at the Hotel Savannah on Saturday night.

mand for Black Locust, no Black Walnut Besides killing all insect life in the tree, OGEECHEE T. P. 0. PLANS PURCHASE

seedlings were grown this season. Con- the injected fluid makes the wood immune to

OF NEW FIREBREAK PLOW

sidering amount of seed planted and small further insect attack. Treated trees, there- Announcement is made by Mr. Elliott

space devoted to pine, production of Lob- fore, may be left standing for several years, Reed of the Ogeechee T. P. 0. that sev-

lolly seedlings was very successful. Pro- until it is convenient to start logging oper- eral hundred dollars have been contributed

duction of Black Locust was not as success- ations in their vicinity. Furthermore, posts, by local persons and industries dependent

ful, due mainly to the dry weather during poles, and fogs in the ground from the on our forests, and that an order for a fire-

germination of seed and immediately there- treated trees will resist insect attack and break plow will be placed at an early date.

after. The nursery is not equipped for decay that soon ruin untreated timber in The principal handicap is a lack of suit-

watering Black Locust plantings. Plans contact with the ground. As a method of able plows to select from. The new plow

are in effect to increase the available num- preserving forest products, the entomolo- designed by the Florida Forest Service is

ber of Loblolly seedlings next season and gists say, these treatments can not take favored, but early enough delivery is ques-

also Black Locust.

the place of commercial dipping and pres- tionable.

sure processes. They are, however, prac- The Ogeechee 1". P. 0. has had notable

tical for farmers and foresters needing success in fire protection largely due to

THIRD DISTRICT
Stewart L. McCrary, District Forester. Augusta

rough timber for fences or for rustic furniture, cabins, or bridges on the land where the trees grew. Nor can these methods of destroying insect pests be used on trees to be kept alive. They are bound

the intense patrol and lookout system used, and to its educational activities. The CCC has been a major factor of course. But much credit is due to the aggressive leadership of this organization, and its man-

Increased interest in reforestation has been manifested in District Three recently to the extent that more than 114,000 pine seedlings have already beeri planted this season. Before the planting season is over more than 35,000 more seedlings

to kill the tree, as well as the beetles in it. Zinc chloride and copper sulphate have
given the best results in the department's tests for the last 10 years. Zinc chloride is somewhat better than copper sulphate, as the copper salt corrodes any metallic object-such as nails-brought in contact

agement through Mr. Perry Hubbard, T. P. 0. Manager. Of particular interest is a new inovation whereby important forestry matters, etc., are discussed with the entire T. P. 0. membership through weekly mimeographed letters, articles, etc.

will be planted. This is quite an increase with it.

over the number of seedlings planted in this district during the past season and it is very encouraging to note the increased interest being manifested by the timber owners in reforesting idle acres of land.
The vocational schools in this district are also manifesting much interest in the forestry program. The plans of the District Forester are to visit as many of schools as is possible after the holidays and assist them in any manner that they may wish.

Early attempts to introduce the salts by boring holes in the tree trunk and connecting these holes with a reservoir containing the solution did not work very well. Sap rises in such narrow channels, with so little sidewise movement, that the injected fluid ascends in narrow bands that affect only the limbs directly over the point of injection. Now the chemicals are introduced around the entire circumference of the tree.
(Continued on Page Five)

SEVENTH DISTRICT Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester
Waycross
The T. P. O.'s in the Waycross District now receiving assistance from the counties in which they operate are as follows: Consolidated, Appling, Wayne, Altamaha-Satilla and Hurricane Creek. The increas-
(Continued on Page Five)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5-

SEV~NTH DISTRICT

I ticularly the rate of transpiration. On a

T. P. 0. NEWS
OGEECHEE T. P. 0. During the past three weeks additional material has been sent to members of the Ogeechee T. P. 0., members of the Chatham Grand Jury, Principals of all Schools, Judges of Courts and County Police calling their attention to the great amount of damage done to growing timber by "FIRES". It is the aim to send more educational

.
mg

.

(Contmued from Page Four)

mterest shown by the several

coun-~1 bright'

sunny .

day

a

gallon or two

of

the

t I.es m fi re prot ect'Ion of the progress that we

work IS are rnak

m. mgdt1'ocwata'1rvde

hsooluurtsio; nm.

Will be cloudy

taken up m one or cool weather,

to 24

three ho.urs

obtam m g 100 '!-ro protect'Ion f or th e ent'Ire m.ay b. e n.ecessary for com.plete absorptiOn.

Slash P 1. ne b elt. The decrease In the num- D1stnbutwn of the chemical to all parts

b

d f fi th' t' th of the sapwood takes 5 or 10 days longer.

er an SIZe o res m Is sec IOn. m e The de artment's ex eriments have been

past two years has bee.n. ver.y noticeable, confi ne d pto a f ew t reep species, pnnc1pa11y

even to the people res1d mg m the towns I p1. ne, spruce, fi r, oak , hI'Ck ory, and ye11ow

and f or

cities, and af t.h e past. f ew

ter rev1ewmgldthbe re"c.ord,s years. It wou e . JUSt

pop1ar. The ent omo1og1st s 1 ever, t h a t aII species, except

be!1' eve, howth ose w1'th ex-

to give credit to the Timber Protective Organizations for this reduction in fire darn-

cess1.ve1y th1' ck or 1 rregu1ar ce11 masses, such as black locust and white oak, can be treat-

age.

T. P. 0. ACTIVITIES

ed in this way.

The Consolidated T. P. 0. recently pur- The usefulness of tree treatments for

material to these people from time to time chased three new pick-up trucks to be used insect control in the Southeast is limited

hoping that by constantly reminding them as patrol trucks. These trucks are to be because of the rapid growth of fungi-the

of the damage fire does to growing timber equipped with radio receiving sets and so-called blue stains-introduced by south-

that many will change their attitude toward are to receive fire calls and instructions ern pine beetles when they attack short-

burning the woods.

from the broadcasting station located in leaf pines. Permeating the outer layers

Approximately 5,000 acres have been Homerville and owned by the T. P. 0.

of sapwood within five days to a week,

signed for organized protection recently.

A new lookout tower has been recently these fungi prevent the effective distribu-

Three towermen and five rangers have completed by Camp P-65, Jesup. This tion of the chemical. In Idaho and Mon-

been added to the force employed by this tower stands on the lot bought by the tana, however, the mountain pine beetle

T. P. 0. All fire fighting equipment has Wayne County T. P. 0. for their T. P. 0. can be controlled successfully by treat-

been inspected recently in order that no headquarters and it is planned to start ments started 60, or even 90, days after

bad equipment may be on hand as the fire work on the headquarters at an early date. it attacks white pines.

season approaches.

The Camden County T. P. 0. recently Green, healthy conifers may be treated

New equipment is being purchased by purchased a new tractor as the demand for at any time of the year except in freezing

this T. P. 0. in order that work may be secondard firebreaks together with the weather. The chemicals are absorbed most

started on maintaining old fire breaks and maintenance of ECW firebreaks and truck rapidly in the growing season, however.

the building of new firebreaks and truck trails was too much of a load for one trac- Hardwoods readily take up the chemicals

trails.

tor.

during the active growing season. After

The Wayne County T. P. 0. had to lease the leaves have fallen treatment is possi-

GRAND BAY T. P. 0.

another tractor and plow until the time ble, but it takes longer and results are

In addition to the forest protection work their new tractor and plow arrived. De- not so uniform.

being done by the enrollees of Camp La- mand for secondary plowing is heavy in

nier, they are getting out material for the this T. P. 0. area. erection of aT. P. 0. Office Building, which Tre Consolidated T. P. 0. and the Ap-

STREAM GAGING EXHIBIT

is to be constructed of cypress logs stand- pling T. P. 0. are planning on renting, or An exhibit of much importance to the

ing upright on a cement base. All of the leasing, another tractor in order to perform future prosperity of Georgia has recently

material for this building, except the ce- the work that is now demanded of them. been installed by State Geologist Richard

ment base, the flooring and the roof, will It seems that the majority of the T. P. O.'s W. Smith in the State Museum, on the

be gotten by the enrollees. The building in this section need two tractors to operate fourth floor of the Capitol. This exhibit,

is to be erected in the center of the City their plows and graders so as to keep ahead by means of posters and pictures, points

of Lakeland and will be made as attractive of the work required.

out that Georgia is the only state in the

as possible.

Southeast and one of five in the United
SAP STREAM CARRIES POISON States that is not cooperating with tl:e

CHEROKEE COUNTY T. P. 0.

TO CONTROL BEETLES

United States Geological Survey in meas-

Cherokee County contains approximately 200,000 acres, of which approximately

IN TREES

uring the flow of her streams. The need

(Continued from Page Four)

A tree to be treated must be green and is shown for long-time stream flow reconls

170,000 acres are in timber. Of this acre- its crown must be left intact during the in planning for industrial water supplies,

age in timber it is estimated that 40,000 treatment. The simplest method-adapted such as those needed by large paper mills,

acres has a great amount of virgin timber to small trees-is to cut the tree off at its municipal water supplies, designing of

on it. During the past decade many acres base, lodging the top in the crown of an- bridges and highways, water power, flcod

of original timber have been cut but a other tree, or in some other support to keep prediction and control, soil erosion control,

great part of this has receded and now has it upright, and set it in a pail of the so- drainage, and navigation. The exhibit also

a nice growth of young, strong second lution. With trees too large to handle shows the methods by which these nece~

growth timber on it.

this way, the bark is removed from around sary facts are obtained and the plan for

The Cherokee T. P. 0. is operated, at the base. Then a notch is sawed through stream gaging in Georgia if the Legislaturi)

present, with six rangers and one regular several layers of wood in the center of should make to the Department of Forestry

patrolman. As a result of the efforts p,ut the smooth, bark-free strip and a wide and Geological Development a minimum

forth to prevent forest fires there have rubber band is stretched around the notch. yearly appropriation for this purpo~e of

been only four acres of timber land, un- The solution is run under the band into the $15,000.

der organized protection, burned during notch.

One poster in the exhibit asks the ques-

this season.

Concentrations of 1 pound of the pow- tion "Is Georgia a Backward State?'' and

All of the rangers are conveniently con- dered chemical to V2 gallon of water for points out that in not establishing stream

nected by telephone, which makes it pos- each cubic foot of wood in the tree stem gaging stations to measure the flow of her

sible for a number of persons getting to I have proved most satisfactory. The time streams, as is being done in all the sur-

, the fires as quickly as possible, after they required for the treatment varies with [ rounding states, Georgia is backward. Ask

have been located.

the physiological activity of the tree, par- your legislator if he has seen this exhibit.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

r-;:::==================71 1 and cypress timber. The piling were driv- more attractive now than during any period

FOREST

en to an average depth of fourteen feet by of the Camp's history.

a Government owned pile drived.

The funnels on this pile driver were fur-

P-81

C. C. C. CAMP NEWS

nished by Mr. T. L. Hughston, Project A program of camp beautification has Supt. P-59, Fargo, Ga. They are 12" x 12" been outlined for Camp P-81 and work on

timbers fifty feet long. The leads are 6" x the project will begin as soon as weather

P-59 Much progress is being made in improv-

6" x 36 feet long giving the one ton hammer and follow block a clear drop of twen-

conditions permit. Work on the program will be done on Saturday mornings and

ing the educational program in the little ty eight feet which allows a piling of that odd times. Slash pines will be planted

Red School on the banks of the Suwanee. length to be swung into the leads and driv- along the borders of roads and walks. -A

The wood shop is being equipped with a en. This machine is powered by a double number of natural shrubs will be trans-

lathe, a bench saw, a drill press, a bench drum gasoline hoisting engine.

planted from the woods to help beautify the

planer and a saw. Two new class rooms The piling for this bridge were cypress grounds. In addition to the program for

have been partitioned off, a book case built, of an average diameter of 12 inches. The the immediate vicinity of the camp, a two-

a magazine rack constructed and eventu- caps are 12" x 12" timbers hewn out by acre tract of land will be planted in slash

ally we will have an up to the minute ed- hand and are almost 100% heart pine and pine.

ucational program down on the edge of cypress. The entire structure was painted Work in the Educational Department's

the Okeefenokee.

with creosote with special attention being workshop has been increased considerably

The enrollees are taking a greal deal of given to the hand rails which were of only with the nearing of the Christmas season.

interest in the program under the efficient sound and square edge material.

The men are working on small, attractive

guidance of Mr. Don E. Zimmerman, who This bridge connects two large areas of Christmas gifts such as floor lamps, table

recently reported to Fargo, as Educational timber which have heretofore been a road lamps, candle sticks, smoking stands, ship

Adviser. A program is being worked out distance of eleven miles apart when the models, ash trays, book stands, what nots,

also for the side camp at Tarver.

actual distance was only one and one-half cedar chest and chairs.

At the last meeting of the Educational miles. Fire reports from the towers were The work program at Camp P-81 will go

Committee, which consists of Mr. Zimmer- not accurate enough to determine which on through the holidays with the men liv-

man, Mr. T. L. Hughston, Project Super- side of the Creek the fire was located on ing farthest from camp getting off for

intendent, and Capt. Bowen, Company and several times a fire has spread to enor- Christmas holidays. Those who live with-

Commander, it was decided to offer prizes mour proportions because the fighting in a few miles of the camp will be given

for the best attendance and the most prog- equipment was directed to the wrong side off New Year's so that they may return

ress in class work.

of the Creek at first. With the bridge now on pay day and have their funds with which

While assisting in making the Type Map completed it is not difficult to reach a to make merry.

several of the enrollees became interested fire on either side of the Creek.

in the subject of land surveying. Capt.

P-87

Bowen volunteered to teach a class in this

P-68

Enrollees at Camp P-87 are quite proud

subject and will soon start to actually put The Fitzgerald Side Camp from P-68 of the job they have done in rendering the

into practice the things being taught in the was abandoned by December 18th and "turnout" from the highway into the camp

class, by mapping the camp.

moved back into the Base Camp at Doug- entrance road more nearly entirely safe.

It is expected that as soon as the woodshop is completed most of the boys will be found in that portion of the camp making various wooden articles under the guidance of Mr. James Fason, one of the Forestry Foremen.

las. Construction has been started on two
truck trails in Bacon County, 8-B-1 beginning at State Route No. 32, one-half mile east of Guysie and running South 3.3 miles to a county road which will connect Beach. Truck trail 8-2-X beginning at

A bad situation prevailed at this turnout, until recently. The old County road that formed this "side road", originally dropped off from the highway on a sharp grade, and this fact, coupled with the further condition that the intersection is directly adjacent, to a five hundred foot bridge with a four

This area has, for the year 1936, estab- Beach and running West 4.1 miles to a foot high guard rail, produced a situation

lished a very low figure for acreage burned. county road between Nichols and Bickley such that it was impossible for the driver of

Up to the present date less than 70 acres will also be started. This truck trail will an outgoing truck from the Camp to see

of timberland have burned and this Camp make a large area accessible for fire sup- vehicles approaching along Georgia State

has furnished only 142 "man days" for pression that is now impassable.

Route No. 1, from the North. To relieve

fighting forest fires. When one recalls the Materials have been procured for 210 this situation, retaining walls ranging from

records of 1933-34, this seems almost in- feet of bridging on Truck Trail A-3 in Jeff four to fifteen feet high were built for a

credible, but the combination of an all time Davis County over Hurricane Creek, con- total distance of probably a hundred and

tower service, active patrolmen that can be struction to start in January.

seventy-five feet, and for a distance of six-

dispatched to a fire by radio and efficient Forest Service Quarters building is being ty feet from the intersection, raised to a

fire crews getting to the fires quickly has sealed preparatory to winter weather. AI- level with the highway. Some five hundred

made it possible. As more truck trails are terations are being made inside at the cubic yards of dirt were required for the

built, which will make all parts of the area same time to give more attractive and con- fill, this was cherted, with a resulting

easily accessible, we hope that this fire loss venient living accommodations.

smooth, all weather road, from which ex-

can be kept to this low figure and even re- The Company Commander has offered cellent vision is had in all directions. The

duced.

a $10.00 prize for the hut showing the State Highway Department kindly fur-

greatest improvement over a period of nished us with all necessary warning signs,

P-62

twenty-one days beginning December first. that is, "Side Road Right", and "Slow", for

Sweetwater Creek Bridge

Originality is the governing factor in main highway, and two "STOP" signs for

Camp P-62 has just completed a six hun- awarding points. The huts are inspected camp road. It is felt, now that all pos-

dred foot bridge over Sweetwater Creek on daily and graded according to the daily im- sible precaution has been taken, so far as

Truck Trail number 7-D-32 between South- provement. The hut showing the greatest construction goes, and that if all drivers

ern Industrial Orphans' Home and Red Oak improvement in any one day is awarded a exercise reasonable care, accidents can eas-

School. This bridge is composed of forty flag for that day. Needless to say, rivalry ily be avoided at this, for the camp, im

15 foot spans and is constructed of pine is very keen and all huts and grounds are , portant intersection.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

TRIPOLI DEPOSITS OF GEORGIA

Their spongy character makes the coherent 11934, but the average price is $2.00 a ton
Iph~ses extremely absorbent, . a property less. Crude tripoli generally sells for less
which recommends the matenal for filter I than $6.00 a ton at the mine; the average blocks. The deposits occur in horizontal I price of crude in 1935 was $2.25 a ton.

GEOFFREY W. CRICKMAY

beds interstratified with limestone which Refined and classified tripoli ranges in price may be partly replaced by chert. The pre- from $8.00 to $40.00 a ton.

dominant color is cream and pink but vaThe name "tripoli" comes from northern rious shades from ivory to red are found.

Tripoli is used mainly as an abrasive,

Africa where a deposit of siliceous earth bas long been known to occur near Tripoli in Italian Libya. This earth is made up mainly of the siliceous tests of minute plankton (diatoms), and the rock is thus sometimes called fossil flour or fossil meal. About 85 years ago siliceous earths were discovered near Dalton, Whitfield County, Georgia, during the construction of the Western and Atlantic railway, and these were used locally as an abrasive. Some 20 years later, in 1871, similar earths were mined in southwestern Missouri. They

The Illinois-Tennessee tripoli (amorphous silica to the trade) is not amorphous silica but is chalcedonic quartz with cryptocrystalline structure. The grains are very similar in appearance to the Missouri earth, but are commonly of smaller diameter (average diameter of grains is said to be about .002 mm.). The material is commonly compact and not highly porous. Pure white tripoli, rare in the Missouri-Oklahoma area, is common in the Illinois-Tennessee fields.

and 37 percent of the 1935 production was put to this use. The Missouri tripoli is particularly suited for buffing and burnishing. Tripoli is the abrasive agent in many scouring soaps and powders. The next most important use is as a filler, and 18 percent of the 1935 production was put to this use. Soft silica is extensively used as a filler in special paints, in the manufacture of rubber, and in refractory cements. About 11 percent of the 1935 production was used for admixture in special cements and concrete. Compact phases of the Mis-

were called tripoli because they were erron-

The Georgia tripoli compares most souri tripoli are quarried in blocks cut to

eously thought to be similar to the well- closely with the Missouri-Oklahoma ma- desired shape and size for filtering water,

known earths of Tripoli, from which they terial which it closely resembles in shape but according to the U. S. Bureau of Mines

differ in containing no fossils and in being and size of grains. The grains are com- nearly all such products are now exported.

composed of chalcedonic rather than opal- posed of chalcedonic quartz. The color of In the past, tripoli has been used in large

escent quartz. These differences are so Georgia tripoli is generally lighter than the amounts as a parting sand for castings,

fundamental that the two types of earth Missouri earth; many deposits include a but in 1935 this use accounted for less

are now generally used for different pur- large amount of ivory to white tripoli.

than 10 percent of total production due

poses, but the name "tripoli" has remained According to the U. S. Bureau of Mines, presumably to both the small output of

with the Missouri earth while the African total tripoli production in 1935 was 27,375 foundaries and the use of ground silica and

tripoli is known as diatomaceous earth or short tons valued at $383,416, with aver- other competitive products in place of trip-

tripolite. Diatomaceous earth is known to age value of $14.00 a ton. This is nearly oli.

occur in the Atlantic Coastal Plain but no 7,000 tons more than that produced in The chemical composition of tripoli is

deposit is known in Georgia. On the other

hand, large deposits of tripoli are known in

northwestern Georgia, and although these

have not been extensively mined, their size

and accessibility invite future development.

This paper gives a general account of the

properties of tripoli with comparative tests

of Georgia material, followed by a descrip-

tion of the individual tripoli deposits of the

State.

Siliceous earth is commonly called "soft" silica to distinguish it from finely ground quartz, called "hard" silica. The U. S. Bureau of Mines includes all the soft silicas under the general name of tripoli but in the trade two types of soft silica are recognized. The abrasive earths obtained mainly from Missouri and Oklahoma are called tripoli; the earths for filler obtained mainly in Illinois and Tennessee are called amorphous silica. Sligh~ differences in physical properties have lead to widely different uses and consequently distinctions are made in the trade which are not generally recognized by the geologist. The usage of the U. S. Bureau of Mines is here followed, and tripoli or soft silica is divided into two types, the Missouri-Oklahoma and the Illinois-Tennessee types.

The Missouri-Oklahoma tripoli has a Very low apparent specific gravity due to its extreme porosity. It is generally loosely coherent so that a slight pressure between the flingers reduces it to a powder of round spongy grains less than .01 mm. in diameter. These little grains are quartz, and are thus hard enough to scratch steel.

Figure 1-Diagram showing proportion of silica, alumina, and iron oxide in tripoli (analyses of Georgia tripoli by Edgar Everhart). The apex of the diagram represents 100 per cent silica; for example, number 8 contains 99.6 per cent silica and very little iron or alumina; number 1 contains less than 94 per cent silica and nearly equal portions of iron and alumina. 1-0ld Bobo place, Floyd County; 2-L. J. Vaughn, Catoosa County; 3-G. B. Hulme, Bartow County; 4-J. R. Heistand, Bartow County; 5-W. H. Boss, Walker County; 6-Missouri cream tripoli; 7-Missouri rose tripoli; 8-lllinois tripoli.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

distinctive. Good grades average more 1 tripoli deposits will be dependent on the horizon high in the Knox formation sug-

than 95 per cent silica and commonly more erection of modern mills to insure some gesting that the siliceous character of the

than1 98 per cent. Iron is generally prel'lent uniformity of product.

I beds may perhaps be original, for intense

as the red or brown oxide. It does not Tripoli occurs in the following counties; silification of this peculiar type is not

exceed 2 per cent in pink varieties and is Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Floyd, Gilmer, likely to occur at one horizon over a wide

less than 0.2 per cent in white and cream Murray, Polk, Walker, Whitfield. It has area. In some places (noted particularly

varieties. Combined water, mainly in been mined mainly in Chattooga, Walker at the deposij; near Dalton, Whitfield Coun-

clays, amounts to less than 0.5 per cent. and Whitfield. Most of the deposits occur ty) silica has been introduced into the

Clay up to 5 per cent is not considered an in the upper part of the Knox dolomite tripoli and now forms narrow veinlets along

impurity for it seems to import certain (Cambro-Ordovician), and are associated joints and bedding planes. Two general

desirable qualities. The alumina content, with chert layers. Tripolr also occurs in theories seem plausible. One holds that the

generally less than 2 per cent, gives some association with the Bangor limestone tripoli originates from decomposition of

measure of the amount of clay present. A (Mississippian), Shady lime.:stone (Cam- limestone containing silica which was de-

series of analyses in graphic form is pre- .brian), and Murphy marble (pre-Cambri- posited at the same time as the enclosing

sented in figure 1. Here is shown the sim- an).

rock; the other maintains the silica was

ilarity of Georgia tripoli with commercial The origin of tripoli is debatable. Some introduced at a later date by solutions,

grades from Missouri and Illinois.

deposits, such as those in Bartow County, possibly hydrothermal. No definite evi-

There are no accepted standards for trip- are found to grade downwards into un- dence favoring either one of these theories

oli principally because many of the phys- altered siliceous rocks such as novaculite. has been obtained in this study.

ical characteristics are not susceptible to Most of the Georgia deposits, however, The above account will be republished as

measureru'ent and specifications are differ- change very little with depth. The deposit Information Circular 9 which will also

ent for each use. The material marketed near Harrisburg has been prospected by include a description of 12 properties in

by the largest producers in Missouri and auger hole to a depth of 65 feet, and no northwest Georgia where tripoli occurs.

Illinois has become "standard" only by cus- appreciable change in coherence has been

Bibliography

tom. Consumers are mainly large indus~ found. Some geologists argue that tripoli Weigel, W. M., Technology and uses of

trial concerns who select a particular type has been formed by disintegration of chert silica and sand: U. S. Bur. Mines, Bull.

of tripoli by trial and error. Newly found (a siliceous replacement of limestone) but 266, 1927.

deposits are slow in development because gradations between chert and tripoli are Johnson, B. L., and Davis, A. E., Abrasive

the consumer, lacking any standard of not known in Georgia. Many of the Gear- materials: Minerals yearbook-1936: U.

comparison, is generally unwilling to gia deposits occur apparently at a definite S. Bur. Mines, pp. 880-881, 1936.

change to a different earth. This study has shown that some of the Georgia trip-

- 60 100 -200-325

. 60 100 -200.-325

oli is similar in many respects to the

"standard" Missouri tripoli, but Georgia

producers have found considerable diffi-

culty in marketing their product.

Figure 2 presents the results of screen-

ing tests on Georgia tripoli, showing size

distribution of grains. The lump material

was first carefully broken down in an iron

morter, then rolled on paper, so as to loos-

en the individual grains without breaking

them. A sample of white tripoli from Ly-

erly was more completely ground in the

iron morter to find out how much error was

possible in the pulverizing method. The

histogram of this material shows that this

error is small, and that the diagrams are

accurate enough for comparative purposes.

The Georgia tripoli is shown to be gene-

rally coarser grained than the Missouri

earth. Some deposits, such as that on the

Hamilton place near Dalton, are composed

of grains of nearly equal size, but in others

there is considerable range in size.

Tripoli is mined by both underground

and open-cut methods. Many of the Geor-

gia deposits are covered by 2 to 6 feet of

overburden and can thus be mined by sur-

face methods. Under-ground methods have

been nsed in Walker and Whitfield coun-

ties but the mines are now abandoned and

inaccessible. The crude tripoli is hand

picked and generally classified into two

grades, white or cream, and pink. It is

dried for shipment without further sep-

aration. In Missouri and Illinois milling

CREAM

WHITE

WHITE- GROUND

PINK

methods involve crushing, pulverizing, and classification by screens and air separation. Both wet and dry methods are in use. The satisfactory development of the Georgia

Figure 2-Diagram showing percentage grain-size distribution (histogram) of tripoli from Georgia and Missouri. Minus 60-mesh is less than .246 mm. in diameter; minus 100-mesh is less than .147 mm.; minus 200-mesh is less than .074 mm.; minus 325-mesh is less than .043 mm. Georgia tripoli is listed by property owners for which see description of deposits by counties.