Forestry-geological review [May 1936]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM ,..,.._.::~

Vol. 6

ATLANTA, GA., MAY, 1936

No. 5

THE EFFECT OF REFORESTATION ON

IGEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIA-
TION TO HOLD ANNUAL

SURFACE DRAINAGE AND PERMANENT

MEETING AT COLUMBUS

MAY 7 AND 8

UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY

The fifteenth annual meeting of the

Georgia Forestry Association will be held

in Columbus, Ga., on May 7 and 8. Many

The amount of water flowing over the earth's crust or surface is the governing factor that determines the extent of soil

influence of the forest on the amount of water run-off and stream flow: (1) By actual measurements. continued for suffi

prominent speakers wi~l appear on 'the program and many forestry minded people will attend the meeting. Make your

erosion. Erosion may be conveniently regarded as of two kinds. One kind occurs along streams. as a r;esult of either normal

cient time of the total discharge and of the high and }o.w stages of rivers having drainage areas essentially similar in re-

plans now to attend, for you will meet many people who are giving thought to forestry problems from a practlical and

or flood flow and may be called stream ero gard to precipitation and geologic forma- technical viewpoint.

sion; the o.ther kind occurs over all other parts of drainage basins and may be call-

tion and topography; (2) By keeping records on areas having a varying kind and

The tentative program is given in order that the readers of the REVIEW may get

ed general surface drainage. General surface drainage in camying bil-

amount of litter or cov~r. The second method - since all states do not have a

an idea of what topics will be discussed during the meeting. This program may be

lions of tons of soil each year to the sea systematic method in use in gauging changed in one or two instances, but as a

removes 21 times as much plant food from streams -is the most practical and univer whole, it is the program that will be fol

the soil as do cultivated crops. Surface sally used.

lowed.

drainage in Georgia has caused 59 per cent In studying the records available dealing A trip to the Fo.rt Benning reservaton

of our rich fertile lands to get away from with the surface drainage, it is necessary has been arranged for the afternoon of May

us.

to take into considerabon the character of 8. A CCC camp is located on this reserva-

Many methods have been suggested and the cover on the water shed, as this factor tion and much fo!restry work r.as been

tried by which this surface drainage may be greatly affects the volume and velocity of done, such as firebreak construction, thin-

controlled. Of all methods. that have been the run-off and the soil load acquired by ning, truck trail construction and other im-

tried, it has been definitely proven that the water before it reaches its final destina-. provements. This trip alone is worth your

surface drainage in forested areas is at a tion.

attending the convention.

minimum, and that reforestration is the According to records that have been The program follows:

only permanent way of controlling surface compiled by the U. S. Forest Service on
drainage. The force of the blow struck by the continuous flow of streams from 23 the raindrops is lessened by the fo.rest small wat~sheds, representing diffe.Tent

Fifteenth Annual Convention Georgia Forestry Association

cover, and v.ery many of the drops do not types of forests and other vegetative cover

May 7th8th, 1936

strike the ground at all.

conditions, for periods of from one to 2 1-2

(Thursday and Friday)

As the fallen drops gather to flow down years, we find that f,or the twelve month Sessions at Civic Building. the slopes, they are checked in their move- period July 1, 1934 to June 30, 1935, the Headquarters., Ralston Hotel. Columbus, ment by the leaves and litter, so that much average maximum flood flow for aU forest Ga. of the rainfall flows gently and slowly be ed watersheds amounted to only 38 cubic Local Committee on Arrangements, Mr. neath the actual surface. The movement feet per second per square mile; for grass- W. J. Fielder, Chairman, Mr. L. W. Mcis so slo.w that scarcely any soil is removed, ed and abandoned agricultural land, 432 Pherson, Mr. J. Homer Dimon, Mrs. C. F. and for hours after a rain has passed the c- f. s. per square mile; and for completely Williams, Capt. James P. Wharton.

soil covering is filled with water, and even denuded land, 1304 C f. s. per square mile.

Morning Session

dayg later is still moist.

In no case did the water run-off from May 7th-9:30A.M. (Central Time)

Of all the direct influences of the forest, forested watersheds assume critical flood President, T. G. Woolford, Presiding

the influence upon the surface run-off or conditions, whereas, from the non-forested Invocation-Rev. Harry G. Walker, Rec-

~rainage and underground water supply watersheds, numerous instances were 11e tor, Trinity Episcopal Church.

18 the most important in human economy. corded in which the maximum flow assum- Welcome Address-Mr. K. S. Worthy,

'Ye shaH attempt to bring together impar- ed very serious flood proportions.

President, Columbus Chamber of Com-

tially a few well established facts that the Another interesting study that has been merce.

forests do have a direct iufluence on the made by the Southern Forestry Experiment Response--Jack Williams, Editor, Way-

amount of surface drainage, as well as the Station, New Orleans, La., of the surface cl'oss Journal-Herald, Waycross, Ga.

Underground supply.

run-off from comparable soils representing President's Report-T. G. Woolford, At-

There a11e two methods of determining the

(Continued on Page 2)

(Continued on Page 3)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR

such lands was almost negligible; the quantity of soil washed from each forest plot was to the quantity lost from one cui tivated plot as 1 is to 4,300.
Total run-off and erosion from plots in a plantation of black locust and Osage-

be eligible to send one student to the camp
The camp will be held this year at
Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia. F'urther details concern. ing the camp will be announced later.

Forestry Division

orange, a Bermuda grass pasture, and

Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester_______.Atlanta scrub oak woodland were somewhat larger

CCC THREE YEARS OLD

Jack Thurmond, Asst. State Forester ____________________________________Atlanta

than these but were very much smaller than those from barren or cultivated land.

Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr..Atlanta T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester______________Rome

The results of the study are particularly

APRIL FIRST Many Worthwhile Projects Corn.

W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville valuable in giving a comparison of surface pleted Within this Period, with

S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester________Augusta run-off and erosion losses for (tifferent

R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester__________Columbus
W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester______ Savannah R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross

types of cover and in indicating the ap proximate losses that might occur on larger

Many More in Process of Construction

H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester_______A~bany areas or watersheds where the water tends Under the provisions of the Emergency

Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Bookkeeper-Treasurer _________,_.Atlanta
Miss Hazel E. Nicholas, Secretary to State Forester______________________Atlanta

to concentrate into streams. The question might be asked how does
litter or coverage check surface drainage

Conservation Act, as passed by Congress in 1933, there came into official existence in the United States an organization which

Geological Division
Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, and Secretary to Commission..Atlanta

and increase the undergl'ound water supply. The answer is that the coverage caused by forests leaves. etc. coming in contact with

is known as the Civilian Conservation Corps. This organization began functioning on April 1 of the same year. The

G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist __________________________________Atlanta
Lane Mitchell. Asst. State Geologist __________________________________Atlanta

the soil. the porosity of the soil is increased. In an experiment conducted by Central
States Forest Experiment Station, Co.Ium-

purpose of this organization was to pro vide employment for the idle youth of the country and to develop and conserve the for-

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk____________Atlanta bus, Ohio, it was proven very conclusiely ests and natural resources throughout the

Any information appearing in this publication may be used at any time provided proper credit is given,-The Editor.

that soil from forest areas in 13 forest plantations was 13.6 per cent more porous than the soil from field plantations adjoining these forest areas. This increased the

country. The CCC Camps are working under the
departments of Interior and Agriculture. Those working under the supervision of

(Continued from Page 1)

water absorption capacity of the forest the Department of Interior are doing soil to a great degree. The aV'erage rate mainly construction work in the National

seven combinations of cover type and land of absorption per one inch depth for the and State Parks, in cooperation with the

use. The study was carried on for a period forested area was 107 c. C per minute as state park divisions--also working on vari-

of two years. M.easurements were taken compared with 8 c. c. per minute for the vus army posts throughout the United

from small plots laid out on areas having cultivated areas.

States, and Monumental Parks. Those

a uniform 10 per cent slope.

The forest Iitter, therefore, affects the working under the supervision of the De-

Rainfall during the two years totalled porosity of the soil very much. It also partment of Agriculture are doing soil

130.90 inches, or 25 per cent more than acts as an absorbent, acts as a mulch or conservation work and forestry work.

normal, occurring as 103 rains (or series insulation against rapid evaporation, pre- Those doing forestry work in Georgia have

of rain) from 0.03 to 5.32 inches each. vents compaction of surface soil by the im accomplished much during their existence. About 28 per cent of the precipitation oc- pact of rain. and decomposes and furnishes We wish to give a brief account of their

curred as tor11ential rainfall, and 20 per plant food.

work.

cent as rains of moderate intensity.

The general conclusions derived from the The fundamental aim of thet>e camps is

For a plot in a cultivated cotton field in above statements may be briefly summariz- to get the forest area of the country in

which the rows paralleled the slope. sur- ed as follows:

such shape that the land owners can bet-

face run-off amounted during the two years 1-That the forest litter is a means of ter protect their timberlands from its

to 58 per cent of the total precipitation and increasing the absorption of water by the greatest enemy-fire.

in individual rains amounted to as much soil.

Since the act creating the CCC provided

as 96 per cent o.f the precipitation. On 2-Forest litter contributes greatly to that work done by these camps should be

this plot the rate of soil erosion exceeded the ground storage of rainfall.

on areas under some form of organi:1ed

195 tons per acre for the two years. For 3-Forest litter has an immediate effect protection, Georgia received her quota of

a cultivated co.tton field in which the rows in reducing surface run-off.

camps when they were first distributed.

paralleled the contour, run-off totaled 47 The results emphasize the importance At that time Georgia had under organized

per cent of total precipitation and soil of reforestation as a means of reducing protection approximately three million

eroded during the two years totaled 69 tons the surface drainage and increasing the acres. Today there are over five million

per acre.

underground water supply.

From barren plots in an old field there

acres of forest land under organized pro tection.

occurred during the two years a total run- EXAMINATION FOR VOCATION- In reviewing the work of the CCC

off amounting to 48 per cent of the rain AL FORESTRY CAMP SCHOL- camps in Georgia on forestry work, we

fail, and erosion totaling nearly 160 tons

ARSHIP HELD APRIL 17

find that many wmthwhile projects have

per acre.

improved the forested areas of the state

In the two years, the run-off from un- The examination to determine which vo- and helped to reduce the huge annual loss

burned broomsedge plots in an old field cational students shall attend the vocation- in dollars and cents of valuable timber by

amounted to only s.lightly more than 1 per al forestry camp this summer was held on forest fires, insects, diseases, etc. In pro

cent of the rainfall, and that from oak Friday, April 17.

viding a means for reducing fo11est fires. a

forest to less than 1 per cent. During no There are 153 high schools in the state protective system has been carried out

rain did run-off from land of these two which include forestry along with their which we believe to be the best means of

classes exceed 5.05 and 3.10 per cent of regular vocational classes. Each 13chool properly combatting the greatest enemy of

the rainfall, respectively. Erosion from where vocational agriculture is taught will

(Continued on page 3)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

~================~=

(Continued from Page 2)
th8 forests. The design of this protective
system is primarily to provide adequate detection facilities, transportation and suppression measures. Each camp has done outstanding work along these lines, and by their efforts a large number of fires have beeD extinguished before much damage was done, and the area burned over therefore, greatly reduced - more than befo.re the , camps were established.
Classifying the work done by these camps, we find that the timber protective 0rganizations have received approximately 2(),000 man-years of work; 68 fire towers have been constructed; 1,500 miles of tele-

FORESTRY ASSOCIATION MEETING
(Continued from Page 1)
lanta, President. Georgia Forestry Asso ciation.
Address-"Evolution of Cooperative Fire
Protection." w. M. Oettmeier, Superior
Pine Products Company, Fargo. Address-"Some of the Results of For-
est Research during the Past Year.'' E. L. Demmon, Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans.
Address-"lndustrial Water Resources Survey.'' C. E. McCashin, District Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey, Chattanooga.
AnnouncementsAppointment of Committees, etc.

PAPER MILL BEGINS BUYING WOOD
Mill at Savannah to Begin Operating
Soon
In a recent i:ssue of the Savannah Morning News, it is noted with much interest that p1lans were completed lt"ecently foT furnishing a steady supply of wood to the new paper bag plant of the Union Bag and Paper Corporation in Savannah. Sam A. Allen of Pine Bluff, Arkansas, a veteran timberman, has been authorized to make the purchases. Mr. Allen has already arrived in Savannah and established offices.

phone lines haV1e been built; 5,000 miles of LUNCHEON-! :00 P. M., Ralsto-n Hotel A fleet of trucks will be operated to

20-foot firebreaks and 1,150 miles of 10- -Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Presiding.

bring the wood to Savannah, the size of

foot firebreaks have been constructed and Address-Judge G. Ogden Persons, For the fleet depending upon the number of

ever 900 miles of truck trails cleared. A syth.

farmers who will want to deliver their own

total of 1,000 bridges have been built and

Afternoon Session

wo.od. The company has contracted with

more than six million acres of TPO land

2:30 P. M. (Central Time)

a towing company to operate a system of

mapped. These maps will form the basis

W. T Anderson, Macon-Presiding

transportation for the wood on the navi-

for the TPO fire control, plan and detec- Address-"Progress made by Civilian gable waterways that traverse the wood

tion system.
Approximately 6,000 pounds of slash. longleaf and lobio.Ily pine seed have been pthered during these three years by the camp boys for use at the state nurseries.
Maintenance work on telephone lines,

Conservation Corps" Robert Fechner, Di-
rector, E C. W., Washington, D. c.
Address-"Vocational Education and
Forestry." M. D. Collins, State Superin-
tendent of Schools.
Addres.s-"Forest Products Utilization."
Jos. C. Kircher, Regional Forester, u. S.

lands within 125 miles of Savannah. Timber will be purchased on the stump and in the woods; wood will be delivered to highways or on good dirt roads; or wood may be delivered on barges within 30 miles of Savannah. Actual hauling of the wood will start about the 15th of May. The mill

towers and firebreaks as well as on truck Forest Service. Atlanta.

has announced that they cannot use all

trails has been done by the fore-stry camps. BANQUET-Ralston Hotel. 7:30 P. M. wood offered to them, but will endea'vor

The boys have spent more than 40,000 man- (Central Time).

to favor with orders the timber producers

days on fire supression, and in many Toastmaster-Mr. T. G. Woolford.

who practice forestry.

eases the CCC camp boys have been the Address-Dr Chas. H. Herty.

sole reliance in fire suppression work.

M.orning Session

Those desiring information about dis-

May Sth-10:00 A. M. (Central Time) posing of their wood may write Mr. Allen,

.These camps have no-t only bten of ma-

Elliott Reed, Savannah-Presiding

whose address is given above.

terial benefit to the communities, but they have been helpful to the enrollees themselves. Within the camps the boys have learned to live as a group. New friendships have been formed and contacts made that have given many of them new ideas of living. On the job many have learned the proper method of handling tools and equipment with safety, and

Address-"The Present Situation of Southern Forests.'' Capt. I. F. Eldridge,
U. s. Forest Service, New Orleans.
Address-"The Railroads and Forestry." Roland Turner, General Agricultural Agent, Southern Railway System, Atlanta.
Address-"Carpet Grass and Beef Cattle.'' James Fowler, Soperton.
Address-"Naval Stores and Forestry.''

It is quite interesting to note that timber producers who practice forestry will be given first consideration. This company has learned by experience that trees from areas protected from fire, taken, from areas where forestry practices have been observ ed will produce a better quality of paper, as well as other forest products.

many have gained knowledge that will be H. L. Kayton, Savannah.

This should be a warning to timber pro-

helpful after leaving camp.

Report of Resolutions Committee.

ducers who do not now protect their for-

A definite educational program has been Report of Nominating Committee. carried on in these camps. Some have Adjournment.

ests from fire, that they should begin now this practice, as wood using industries will

learned to write their names for the first Trip to Fort Benning.

time, while others have had an opportuntiy
to study hig.h school subjects. There have

TREES

also been classes in woodcraft, model build I think that I shall never see ing, weaving, sheet metal work, photo- A poem lovely as a tree.
graphy, electrical engineering, mechanical A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed

more and more be coming to the south in order to be near the source of supply, and this will mean a greater market for timber than ever before.
BEGIN NOW TO PROTECT YOUR WOODS FROM FIRE.

engineering and such other educational Against the earth's sweet, flowing breast,

~ork as will be of material benefit to the

A tree that looks at God all day And lifts her leafy arms to pray.

enrollee after leaving the camp.

A tree that may in summer wear

Paper was first made by the Egyptians over 4,000 years ago. They cut the stems

The people of Georgia are grateful to those making it possible for so great a Program to be carried on and are hopeful

A nest of robins in her hair; Upon whose bosom snow has lain, Who intimately lives with rain, Poems are made by fools like me,

of the papyrus plant in thin slices and laid them in rows and then arranged another row crosswise to the first row. The sheets were soaked in water and later pressed and

that funds may be provided to continue this But only God can make a tree.

dried. The result was crude paper upon

Program.

Joyce K11mer. which the kings wrote their edicts.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FIRST CARPET GRASS SOWN SOUTHEASTERN SECTION AM- GRAND JURORS OF DAWSON

USING CCC LABOR

ERICAN WATER WORKS

COUNTY RECOMMEND FIRE

Ogeechee TPo" Uses One Ton of

ASSOCIATION

PROTECTION

Seed

Held Interesting Meeting in Savan- It is very gratifying to note the interest

Execution of the carpet grass and les-

nah, April 7, 8 and 9

that the judges of the Superior Courts of Georgia are taking in helping to protect

pedeza firebreak project, conceived by Con- The Southeastern Section of the Am- the forests of our state from fire.

gressman Braswell Deen two years ago and backed by timbermen and cattlemen throughout the entire southeast, was launched recently with CCC workers sowing one ton of seed on firebreaks constructed by Ogeechee Timber Protective Organization in southeast Georgia.

erican Water Works Association held an interesting meeting in the DeSoto HoteL Savannah, Georgia, April 7. 8 and 9. There were discussions concerning improved methods of making municipal water plants mo-re sanitary. thereby reducing the chance of having epidemics of various dis-

The Georgia ForeS~try Association ~re cently mailed a letter to each Ruperior Court Judge in the state. urging that they call the attention of the grand juries and citizens of their districts to the great damage being done to our forests today by fire. Almost without an exception, each judge

Both lumbermen and cattlemen who previously have been at odds because they felt

eases in towns and cities. An intere~ting discussion on the feasibi

has responded to this appeal and has promlsed full cooperatioD

their needs conflicted, have united in this effort to replace wiregrass with other plantings for their mutual benefit. Carpet grass sown in firebreaks gives timbermen practical firebreaks, at the same time giving cattle good pasturage.
Jesse F. Jackson, General Agricultural

lity of using drilled wells for municipal water supply was led by Richard W. Smith, State Geologist. He s'tated that deep wells are the principal source of supply in the Coastal Plains region of Georgia, but are not at all reliable as municipal supplies in North Georgia.

Grand juries are making reeommenda tions that action be taken by officials of the counties to prevent damage to the forests by fire. The recommendation of the Dawson County Grand Jury. are being used as an example of what the grand juries in the state are doing. It follows:

Agent for the Central of Georgia Railroad and Perry Hubbard, Manager of the Ogee-

The effect of reforestation upon surface drainage was brought out during the con-

"We, the Grand Jurors for the county of Dawson, in sess,ion at the regular March

chee TPO, supervised the CCC workers in vention in a paper by C. E. Boggs, Edu- term of the Superior Court of said county,

planting these seed.

cational Manager of the Georgia Forest having noted the negligence and unwar-

The one ton of seed used planted at the Service. It was pointed out that forests ranted destruction of our woods by fire

rate of twelve pounds per acre, as required do affect the surface drainage of water in which causes untold damage to both land

by the regulations that had to be furnish- that they provide a litter .or cover for the and products thereof; and which is caus-

ed by individual owners or the .T. P. 0., ground which acts as. an absl:rbent. This ing great economic loss to this county in

as CCC labor can only be used in the cover prevents the qmck runoff of water planting. The individuals wishing to ben- 1 which would cause erosion. o~ the carryin~

both timber and soil erosion; and in an effort to curb this yearly destruction to our

efit from this arrangement must belong of mud and other substances mto the mum- land. timber and products, do

to timber protective organizations.

cipal water supplies.

Respectfully recommend:

The Ogeechee timber protective organization, which embraces Chatham county, and parts of Effingham and Bryan, is planning to plant approximately 150 miles of firebreaks this season. The Canoochee TPO, near Swainsboro, is also reported to be very active along this line, as are other TPO's where a forestry camp is situated.

HORTICULTURAL GROUP DISCUSS TUNG OIL CULTIVATION
Possibility of Overdoing This Industry Pointed Out

That the police authorities of this coun ty use their power in detecting the suspects and promoting such prosecutions under the laws of Georgia covering such crimes;
That the Board of County Commissioners make inquiry of the State Forest Service with a view to entering into cooperative

Ordinary firebreaks ranging from eight At a meeting of the Horticultural Group fire protection under the state and govern-

to twenty-five feet wide are plowed at in- of Georgia. held at the Experiment Sta mental protective organization.

tervals between trees. The carpet grass tion on March 7, among other subjects, furnishes a thick, matted sod, difficult for there was a ddscussion on the cultivation fire to traverse, especially when cattle of the tung oil tree. It was brought out keep it grazed. Lespedeza increases the in this discussion that this particular innutritional effect. Unlike wiregrass, it does dustry is just now in about the same connot have to be burned so that it will sprout dition that the pecan industry was twentyin the spring tender enough for cattle to five years ago, namely, that little is really

That the land owners of this county join in this good cause and thus help to sup press these yearly fires and thus enhance the value of our open lands and stop this uncalled for damage in order that the timber products and land may be held intact for ourselves and posterity. This the 19th

eat.

known about it and that it is being greatly day of March, 1936.

Dr. Chas. H. Herty, noted in his work in advertised. Therefore, there is a possibility

developing products from pine pulp, and that it may be overdone in the wrong way The Georgia Forest Service commends

others vitally interested in forest preserva- to the injury of the industry. The group the grand jury of Dawson. county for taking tion, members of timber protective organ- recommPnds that before the tung oil tree such a forward step in helping to protect

izations, Mr. Deen, cattlemen and others is largely planted, more study should be the forest lands, and urges that all grand

interested in the possibilities, felt that this made of the present plants, and that suit juries throughout the state follow their

recent work was a good beginning in get- ab'le varieties be established and that such splendid example-"

varieties be planted only in the southern section of the state. It has been learned

-------0,-------

A tree is trustworthy; I can depend upon it, I can trust it to do what is expected of it. It faithfully stays in its place and does its work well.

that some of the trees producing nuts high in ~:>.il content do not produce an oil that is -\J.p to the standard of the paint and varnish requirements. Therefore. varietal development should not be based on yields alone,

A tree is courteous; it behaves itself well. minds its own business, and doesn't intrude into the affairs of others.
A tree is obedient; it obeys the laws

A tree is loyal; it is true to the laws but should take into consideration the of a higher power, and does as it is told,

of its nature. It does not play double. quality and quantity of the oil produced. working in accordance with the rules.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

&

--FORESTRY WORK DONE ON checking the flow of water on the floor of

T. P. 0.

HOME PROJECT
Winner of Fourth Prize Offered by Georgia Forestry Association Student of Clarkesville High School

the forest and the water was finally absorbed as it wenrt further into the woodlands.
If fire had been allowed to burn up the fo-rest floor of this plot, the water would not have been slowed down, thus making the woodlands succeptible to gullies.

At a meeting of the Brunswick-Peninsular TPO, Major W. L. Harwell was elected President of the TPO to succeed Col. R E. Benedict, deceased. Col. Benedict had served as President of the Brunswick-Peninsular TPO since its organizati:on and at the time of his death was very active in

I have found it a very good practice to TPO affairs.

J. VERN STANCIL

protect my project from fires_ It is said anci Major Harwell has served on the Foard

Clarkesville High School

well said, that fires destroy more timber of Directors of the Brunswick-Peninsular than man himself destroys. Compare a large TPO and has from the beginning taken a

tract of unburned timber with a large tract very active interest in the TPO. Major is

My forest project consists of about two of burned timber. What do you suppose the Tax Commissioner of Glynn County, a and one-half acres of yellow pines. Since result would be? You would find the tim- prince of a good fellow, and a "jam-up"

entering high school and taking up the ber on the burned-over land worth just TPO President. The Brunswick-Penin-

study of vocational agriculture, I began about one-third as much as that on the tract sular TPO has taken on renewed vigor

to learn the importance of the fores.t and that was unburned.

since the Major took the reins and now

the industries derived from forest products. About my home and community I noticed
that there were lots of old, eroded hills
on which nothing grew, but which would

So make it a rule to protect your forest from fire.

promises. to be a first class TPO. J. E- Lanier replaces R- P. Marsh as TPO
Secretary for the Brunswick-Peninsular TPO. Lanier was recently employed by

easiJy grow pine timber. Seeing this land washing away got me interested in the

F.CW.

production of trees. As a result of this

SEVENTH DISTRICT

The Appling County TPO has recently

I selected two and one-half acres of yellow pines. The pines were wery tthick and some of the mature trees needed cut-

Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester Waycross

received from the City of Baxley a deed to a tract of land within the City limits and is planning to erect a TPO headquarters

ting. After cutting out the mature trees

and dwelling house within the near future.

and hauling them to a shingle mill. I continued to thin my fovest. From a study of

E.C.W.

This TPO has taken on new life within the past few months and is operating all

vocational agriculture, I learned that the P-68, Douglas, reports 'that the Pitz- of its equipment fuH time. A 100 ft. steel best method to go about thinning the forest gerald side camp is nearing completion and tower in the vicinity of Hazelhurst, bewas to cut all dead trees, trees that were will soon be ready for occupancy by the ing erected by P-62, Baxley. is now nearing

subject to disease and fungi, as well as 50 negro juniors from the base camp. The completion and this tower adds to the ef-

crooked trees and those that were hinder- people of Ben Hill and Irwin counties are fectiveness of the protection system.

ing the growth of others that would some day amount to something.

very eager to see these men start to work and have cooperated in every way in the

The Hurricane Creek reports that they are real pmud of their new 100 ft steel

After carefully thinning my project, it establishment of this side camp.

tower on the East side of the Alma-Baxley

was llleCessary to plant a few seedlings. I secured the seedlings from a nearby saw mill where timber had been cut and seedlings were growing, which I transplanted to my forest project.
After thinning and transplanting was completed, I constructed a firebreak through the center of the plot to protect it from fire. The outer boundaries were surrounded by a natural firebreak, thus making the plot well protected from fire.

The Commanding Officer of P-92, Blythe Island, recently gave a "smoker" for the Brunswick-Peninsular TPO, a few citizens of Brunswick. the enrollees of P-92, and a few other guests from other camps and outside. This "smoker" was a rare treat and was a jolly get-together of gmod fellows. Major Harwell was Master of Ceremonies, and as usual. everyone enjoyed Major's wit and humor. Several good talks were made

Highway about two miles north of Alma. This is the only tower that the Hurricane Creek TPO has but it is hoped that an other one will be placed in Pierce County within the near future. This TPO is going full speed and is very active. All of the work done in this TPO has been done by TP0-1owned equipment as they have never received any benents from ECW with the exception of the tower mentioned above.

One day while rooking over my timberland, I noticed where a terrace ran into my 1'1oodland. Upon investigating to see if my

by the visitors and several enrollees were presented and &'l(id a few words.. The "smoker" was followed by a dance but the

All of the TPOs in this District were handicapped somewhat in their work during the last quarter due to excessive rains

1'1oodland was becoming eroded like the fields I had noticed, I found that in the woodland the erosion was being checked. After the water got into the woodland it spread out, washing up small terraces of

writer was unable to attend and cannot give a report on that. However, my hat is off to Commanding Officer Smj,th and Project Superintendent Coxon as they believe in hard work and good clean amusement

but most of them turned in enough work to be in danger of exceeding their budget for the fiscal year, so. taken as a whole, the rains probably helped some.

Pine needles. A little further down another and they always seem to have a pleasant

smaH terrace had formed, and so on until time at P-92.

SHADE

several terraces of pine needles had been A District "F" CCC Educational Con-

formed by the water from the outlet. One ference has been called for April 20 and 21 !'he kindliest thing God ever made,

day shortly after a rain, I visited my pro- at BJ.ythe Island and the Superintendents His hand of very healing laid

ject to see wha-t the outlet of water was of the camps in District "F" have been Upon a fevered world, is shade.

doing. I found that the small terraces invited to. attend. A good repres.entation His glorious company of trees

formed by the pine needles were holding is expected and as the Forest Service is Throw out. their mantles, and on these

back the water and letting it run with a taking a very active interest in the edu- The dust-stained wandered finds ease.

much slower speed, and the further in the cational programs in the camps it is ex- Green temples, closed against the beat

1'1oodland it traveled, the slower the water pected that much useful information will On noontime's blinding glare and heat,

1'1as running. These pine needles were be derived from this conference.

Open to any pilgrim's feet.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

I ================================~======================,===========r==========~==============

has attained several time the height of the

ALBANY NURSERY

~

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
Albany

Georgia Peach.

The deep well turbine pump recently Pur.

This Georgia pine, ~f which we have bil- chased for the Albany Nursery has been

lions in the State and should have many installed and is giving sa.tisfactory results.

more, although it began life with the Geor- Planting operatio.n is completed and

gia Peach, has combatted its natural ene- there is very fav.orable germination in ap

The Georgia Pine and the Georgia mies and has now attained a size sufficient proximately 75 per cent of the planted area.

Peach

to stretch forth its branches protecting the Mr. Murphey, Nurseryman is making Georgia P each from the hot rays of the every effort to increase the available sup-

We have before us photographs of the Sun and will go even farther as it, in aU ply by at least 2,000 ,000 seedlings >and

typical Georgia Pine and Georgia Peach, probability. will by t.he time the Georgia while the demand is expected to be even

both at the tender age of two and four Peach has reached maturity. be able to greater this year it is hoped that the nur-

years.

furnish her with lumber for shelter and sery wiH be able to supply somewhere near

The Goorgia Peach has been given con- -perhaps rayon for a pair of hose.

the demand-



stant care and attention under the watch- We have many men in the State of Geor-

ful eyes of the parents. being sheltered gia who will argue that pines cannot be FROM A GEOLOGIST'S NOTE-

from cold wintry winds, hot summer's Sun, grown quickly enough whereby they may

BOOK

storms. cloud-bursts, and other environmen- receive the benefits. but it does not take a The Georgia Mineral Society, continuing

tal agencies which would tend to retard life-time to produce a tree of merchant- its program of monthly field trips, took

the growth and development. Her limbs able size; and even though these men an excursion on Saturday, April 18th to

have never been exposed to breakage and through some cause or other are taken from mineral localities in Cherokee and Pickens

other injuries. yet in her four years of their trails, pleasures, and troubles of this counties. Near Holly Springs, the party

life she has attained a marvelous growth earth, there are not many who do not have visited the mica and primary kaolin de-

height o.f approximately 40 inches.

a Georgia Peach to be provided for and posits of C. M. Wacaster, the serpen'tine

On the other hand we will take the Geor- sheltered through the parents effort and quarry of the Georgia Marble Company,

gia Pine which began its life of exposure forethought.

and the Cherokee Gold Mine. The party

four years ago in the Albany Forest Nur- For these reas.ons, why should we ruot, ate lunch along Town Creek where the fine

sery. It has constantly kept its vigil during by protection, conservation, and reforestra- grained mica phyllite containing large

this period. being unable to rove around tion. provide for the needs of our Georgia garnets was observed. The chlorite schist

securing nourishment and shelter not pro- Peaches, and if the case may be. our Geor- mine of the Thompson-Weinman Co., near

vided by nature. It has taken the hot gia Crackers?

Waleska and the marble quarries near

summer's Sun which has borne down with

Tate were also visited. Unusual specimens

intense heat absorbing mQ-isture from its needles and taxing its root system to an

GRAND BAY T. P. 0., LAKELAND,

found included chlor-apatite from the serpentine quarry and the green mica, fuch-

extreme. Its limbs have been buffeted by

GEORGIA

site, from th e marble quarry at Tate.

winds of high velocity and some have been broken. It has been covered with sleet and ice, flooded by torrential downpours. never given a caressing gesture, but in spite of all handicaps is developing rapidly, and

Mr. H. H. Jones, has been appointed secretary of the Grand Bay T. P. 0. at Lakeland, Georgia, to succeed Mr Tom Murray, formerly employed in this capacity. Mr. Jones beg11.n his services March 15th.

About 30 people participated in the trip.
Recent prominent visitors to the office of the State Geologist were Drs. C. Wythe Cooke and R. C. Cady, of the U. S. Geological Survey, and Dr. Sydney H. Ball,

well known economic geologist and gem

stone expert.

Richard. W. Smith, State Geologist, attended the meeting of the Southeastern Section of the American Waterworks As sociation held in Savannah, Georgia, April 7. 8, and 9. Mr. Smith discussed a paper on drilled wells for municipal water supplies. He urged well drillers to keep ade quate logs and borings for record with the State Geological Survey. He offered log blanks and sample bags to all Georgia drillers for this purpose.

R. W . Smith and G. W. Crickmay, of the State Geological Survey, attended meetings of the Georgia Academy of Science, held at Athens, Georgia, April 3 and 4. Dr. Crickmay addressed one of the sections on the weathering of granite rocks of the Southeast.

Two Years Old-Georgia Peach and Georgia Pine

Four Years Old-Georgia Peach and Georgia Pine

Lane Mitchell, Assistant State Geologist, who attended meetings of the American Ceramic Society in Columbus, Ohio, recently, found a growing demand for Georgia clays. He also reported considerable interest manifested in kyanite and vermiculite, two newcomers to Georgia's commer cia! mineral ranks.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

interest include an exhibit of gem stones they, too, show the injurious activity of Quartz, the ordinary white, vitreous va.

(S.E. 5), the William B. Pitts mineral col- insects. Most of the cases in the museum riety, common.

lection (S.E. 4), school museum collection are more than thirty years old, and it is Tourmaline, a black colored, comp]elt

(S.E. 3), fluorescent minerals (N.W. 2). long past time when they should be re- boro-silicate of aluminum, soda, and iron,

Rocks and miscellaneous minerals are to placed by modern steel cases.

Prismatic crystals with characteristic tri-

be found in cases N.W. 4, 7, and 10, and Educational cases (in cubicle C) con- angular cross-sections are common.

S.W. 14 and 16. Of special interest is sist of specimens of work done by pupils Calcite, in pale green aggregates, is

the Social Circle meteorite (N.W. 13).

in public schools.

uncommon.

Economic Geology is one of the main Game and F'ish exhibits include a large : Zoisite occurs in three distinct forms

interests of the Division of Geology and collection of native birds (S.W. 1, 5, 7-9, but may include clino-zoisite. Both belong 1
thus it is to be expected that commercial 17), a habitat group (S.W. 4) showing' to the epiodote group and both have the

minerals of the State should receive a several animals against their native back same chemical formula, calcjum aluminum

large share of available space. The col- ground, and a collection of bird eggs silicate, but clino-zoisite, as indicated in

lections include displays of non-metallic (S.W. 3). There is an instructive case on its name, has inclined extinction. Pink

minerals with products manufactured from snakes and snake-bite remedies (S.W. 10). zoisite, thulite, is in irregular grains en-

them; Kaolin and products (N.W. 5, 8), Whales are strictly neither game nor fish closed in microcline and quartz; brown

Clay, brick, and tile (N.W. 9), Asbestos but the collections contain two whale jaw- zoisite is in irregular aggregates associated

and lubricants (north corridor near N.E. bones (cubicle D) which attract much at- with microcline; grey-green epidote is in

13), building stones cut in eight-inch cubes tention.

distinct prisms with striated faces. The

of which each face is differently finished A state museum has inestimable value if brown and green varieties differ optically

(in front of cubicle C). Marble columns it displays to advantage the resources and from the pink. The latter is a manganese

are in the north corridor. Of particular natural history of the state. It advertises zoisite. Thulite has not previously been

interest is a large slab of polished marble and it educates in a way that can not be found in Georgia and zoisite has not prev-

(N.E. 3) which consists of four pieces duplicated by the written report, and it iously been found at Stone Mountain.

sawed from the same block and mounted so affords a safe depositary for historic and Axinite is a boro-silicate of calcium and

that the grain of each matches in a con- prehistoric records. The poorly lighted aluminum. It occurs in grains with partial

tinuous pattern. The ore minerals include corridors of the Capitol do not constitute a development of crystal faces. The color

Bauxite and aluminum products (N.W. 6), good museum, and it is high time efforts is brownish gray, lustre vitreous, cleavage

Iron ores, both soft oxides (N.E. 14, N.W. were made towards the erection of a per- indistinct, hardness 7. The mineral re-

3) and hard sulphides (N.E. 13), Gold manent museum built on proportions com- sembles smoky quartz, but has distinctive

(north corridor near N.W. 13) and gold mensurate with Georgia's wealth of natural optical properties. This mineral has not

nuggets (S.E. 6), Manganese ores (north history. A museum is one of those things previously been noted in Georgia.

corridor near N.E. 14).

whose value can not be expressed in dol- Garnet occurs as small red crystals in

:o Paleontology (study of past life of the llar_s a~d cents. It m_ay be expensive ~o both pegmatite and granite and in very
earth) is represented by a number of fos- bmld but no state w~rch has g~ne thrs fine grain form in small veinlets.

sils ranging from very ancient forms of expense has ever farled to mamtam and The grnite and pegmatites are cut by life to very recent (S.W. 12, 15, and N.W. add to_ the mus~um. M~ch of our Georgia horizontal joints, and upon these joints

7, 10). Space does not permit additions to materral finds rts way mto the large_ mu- hyalite and uranophane have been deposit-

the fossil exhibits even though these highly seums of the north because there rs no ed in thin films. These minerals are dis-

interesting records of life in ages past state museum. A case in point is the re- tinctly later than the pegmatites and prob-

have much popular appeal. Three exhibits cent finds of mammoth and mastodon near ably do not belong to the time of elevated

of particular interest are ancient trees of Savannah. Museum staffs in other states temperature which characterized the mag-

the type which make up part of some coal are eager to obtain spemimens from this matic period, but were deposited by cold or

beds (N.W. 7), petrified tree trunk find but the material retained for exhibi- only slightly warm water. The origin of

(N.E. 1), and teeth of prehistoric horse, tion in Georgia remains packed in boxes these solutions is not known.

mammoth, and mastodon (S.W. 12).

in a stable. For forty years the Georgia Hyalite at the Ethel quarry has a pale

Ethnology (study of prehistoric man) exhibits have been resting in a temporary green color and is very strongly fluores-

has unfortunately not had the undivided position waiting for appropriate action cent under the argon bulb, mercury arc,

interest of one department, and therefore from the State Legislature. Is it to remain and iron arc. The green hyalite is gener-

the exhibits in this field are limited to a this way? Or is Georgia to demonstrate ally far more fluorescent than the white.

few implements, bowls, pipes, and arrow heads (S.W. 13, N.W. 4). The recent ex~avations at Macon have shown that Georgia has a wealth of ethnological material which is worthy of preservation and display. New material is constantly being unearthed but without an adequate museum for its preservation Georgia stands to lose specimens which can never be replaced or duplicated. When a Georgia State Museum is built it should be provided with a hall of ethnology.
Entomology has exhibits showing the

that she is equally or more progressive than her neighbors?
_ _ _ _,0
NEW MINERALS FOUND IN STONE MOUNTAIN GRANITE
The field trip to Stone Mountain, held by the Georgia Mineral Society on March 14th, resulted in finding some very unusual specimens. Although the trip was mentioned in the April issue of this publication, identification of the very rare minerals was not then complete. An

The green hyalite owes its color to fluorescense by ultra-violet rays in sunlight, for the color is not apparent under electric
light, or in sunlight when a suitable filter
is interposed. Uranophane is a sulphur yellow calcium
uranium silicate. Good specimens were collected at the quarry of the Stone Mountain Granite Corporation.
G. W. C.
-------0-------
About LlOO different species of trees are found in the United States.

destructive work done by insects, parasitic plants, and other pests to the crops and forests of Georgia (S.E. 7-10). The display is intended to show the various types

analysis of the samples taken from pegmatite dikes in the quarries indicated the following minerals:
Mica, both black (biotite) and white

A properly cut blaze or mark will nearly always remain visible regardless of tree growth.

of pests and disease so that proper control (muscovite), occurs in the pegmatites but The oldest living thing on earth is

methods can be applied but the effective- is uncommon at the Ethel quarry.

thought to be the Yew Tree in Chapulte-

ness of the exhibit is marred by the fact Microcline, a white potassium feldspar, pee, Mexico, 119 feet around, and 6,260

that the cases themselves are so old that common.

years old.