Forestry-geological review [Apr. 1936]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 6

ATLANTA, GA., APRIL, 1936

No.4

ANNUAL COST OF FOREST FIRES

IFORESTRY AND WATER POWER

SHOWS ALARMING SITUATION

By W. H. Barnwell

Industrial Agent Georgia Power

.STATISTICS SHOW GREATEST NUMBER OF FIRES ARE MAN-

Company, Atlanta, Ga

CAUSED-CAUTION IS THE ANSWER

If we will draw on our imagination, it

is not hard to visualize the State of Geor-

- Forest fires in the United States during Since the establishment of the Georgia g;ia several centuries back, as one vast

1934 cost our country approximately one Forest Service, FOREST FIRE CON- forest from mountains to coast. The for-

hundred and twenty-four dollars per day. TROL has been one of its major activities. ests of that time were known as virgin

.This is an alarming statement to make, Great progress has been made in bringing forests, because the natural processes of

but nevertheless it is true. No country in forest areas into timber protective organ- reproduction and decay had continued un-

the world can stand such a drain on its izations. This has been attained by en- interrupted throughout the previous cen-

forests for any great length of time. Un- larging the holdings of old protective or- turies. The !Jame rivers that now drain

less we steadily improve the method of ganizations. and the formation of new ones. the State doubtless followed the same

handling our forests, there will come a There are approximately twenty-three mil- courses then as they do now, and the av-

time when we shall have no serviceable lion acres of potential forest land in Geor- erage annual rainfall has perhaps varied

forests. There are thousands of acres in gia. Of this approximately five million little during this long period of time.

our state and privately owned forests on acres or 25 per cent, are under organized Virgin forests as above described, have

which conditions can greatly be improved protection.

a controlling influence on the rapidity of

and timber production increased.

In addition to the five million acres be- run-off of rainfall after it reaches the for-

If our state and nation are to maintain longing to the timber protective organiza- est floor and the loss of this controlling

commercial prosperity, we must solve our tions, approximately 550,000 acres are also influence through loss of our virgin for-

forest problems. What does it mean to under effective fire control. Included in ests is the problem that is confronting us

prosperity when such great manufacturing this estimate are the national forests, na- today.

centers as Pennsylvania, New York, Mich- tional parks, national military reserves, In order that we might more clearly un-

igan and Ohio have to import lumber in state parks, game preserves, town forests derstand how the forests control the rapid-

billions of feet every year to keep their and school forests.

ity of run-off of rain water, a study of the

factories going? New York alone imports Forest fires during 1935 in Georgia construction and absorptive nature of the

approximately three billion feet annually, were less prevalent than during the two forest floor is necessary.

or 97 per cent of the amount used.

previous years. The public is gradually The forest floor is built up over a long

It is a true statement that FIRE is om develo,ping a sentiment, against burning period of time by the continual decay of

forest's greatest enemy. Bells clang and the woods, and fewer are purposely burn- trees, roots, leaves, twigs, grasses, and

sirens shriek as the fire ghting equipment ing their woods.

brush of all kinds. The trees, in growing,

sweeps through the streets. Something is During 1935 there were 14,943 forest force their roots deep into the ground and

burning! But the average city fire is al- fires in Georgia. The number of fires on these roots expand year by year until the

most nothing compared to the roaring protected forests was 2,401 as compared tree reaches its full growth. The tree on

sweep of flames through a forest dried with 12,542 on unprotected areas. The dying, falls to the earth where its trunk

out by a hot sun. More timber is destroyed total acreage burned over on the protected decays on the surface, while the roots de-

annually by fire than is put to use.

forests was 264,726 acres as compared with cay below the surface and form porous,

In the year 1934, there were thousands 2,423,630 acres on unprotected areas. The spongy conduits that readily absorb water

of forest fires in the United States, burn- estimated damage done to protected forests and carry it deep into the ground. The

ing over millions of acres of forest land. was $405,454, as compared with $3,635,- rotted roots below the surface, by com-

It would cost millions of dollars to refor- 445 on unprotected areas. The above fig- pletely honey-combing the sub-soil, create

est this burned-over land, and it would ures prove conclusively that protection to a ground storage capable of absorbing and

take many years to accomplish the task at forests pays in dollars and cents.

storing the water as it seeps through the

the rate we are now going.

Information released recently by the surface mulch. The trees, leaves, twigs,

Not one person in a thousand gives thought to the increased call on our forests

Georgia Forest Service shows that lessness and debris burning, along

carewith

grasses and brush, decay on the surface each year and constantly add to the accum-

for wood to replace the millions of dollars miscellaneous causes, are the greatest ulation of previous years.

annual loss from fire each year. The terrific drain on our forest products by fire losses must be cut down much closer to the

causes of forest fires. We are publishing the different causes of forest fires in Georgia during the past year, with the num-

The forest floor of a virgin forest is the sponge provided by nature to control the rapidity of run-off of rain water; to

Point where lightning only can be blamed.

(Continued on Page 2)

(Continued on Page 2)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR

Forestry Division

Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester ____ Atlanta

Jack Thurmond, Asst. State

Forester

Atlanta

Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr. Atlanta

T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester

____ Rome

W. D. Young, Dist. Forester_ ____ Gainesville

S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester -Augusta

R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester - __ Columbus W. G. Wallace, Dist. F'orester ____ Savannah R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester _____ \Vaycross

H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester _Albany

Mrs. N. N. Edwards,

Bookkeeper-Treasurer

_Atlanta

Miss tHo aSzetal tEe . FNoircehsotelra_s, Secretary .Atlanta

Geological Division Richard W. Smith, State Geologist,
and Secretary to Commission. Atlanta

G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State

Geologist
LaneG~~f~~f~f' Asst. State

Atlanta ______ Atlanta

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk_ ______ Atlanta

Any information appearing in this publication may be used at any time provided proper credit is given.-The Editor.

ANNUAL COST OF FOREST FIRES SHOWS ALARMING SITUATION
(Continued from Page 1)
ber of fires from each cause; also the
number of acres burned by each cause and the damage in dollars and cents by each
cause. These figures are for the protected
area:

Cause of Fire

No. of Fires

Acreage Burned

Damage in
Dollars and Cents

Lightning

7

Railroads

55

Campers

21

Smokers

24

Debris burners 98

Incendiary

1211

Lumbering

22

Miscellaneous 938

Unknown

31

27 2,518
525 552 13,710
15:~,145
815 109,670
:l,764

$ 38. a,575. 745. 783.
19,468. 218,465.
1, 157. 155,875.
5,3c18.

TOTAL

2401 284,726 $405,454.

The above statistics show that approximately 95 per cent of the forest fires on protected areas in Georgia are man-caused. Such a high rate of human carelessness can only be reduced when the public begins to realize and appreciate forest values.
As the lakes, streams, parks and forests of Georgia continue to be the vacation centers for thousands of tourists, there is a greater need for public education on forest fire prevention and suppression.
The opportunities for recreation, sport and other outdoor activities, along with the commercial value of the forests, will no longer be available if fires are allowed to claim their heavy annual toll from the for-

I ests of our state. To help check this year- or the forest floor, and the same rain fall
ly loss, a public appeal is made to every I would flow rapidly to the gutters, probably
one to put into practice a few simple for- . overflowing them, and from the gutters to est fire protection rules as suggested by 1 the ground and the roof would soon be
the Georgia Forest Service. Everyone dry.
should be more careful with fire when in or Now let us transfer this experiment

near the woods.
FORESTRY AND WATER POWER
(C ontm ued f rom Page 1)

from the roof of this house to the drainage basin of the Chattahoochee River north of Norcross. The area of this drainage basin is 1,170 sq. miles. A rainfall of three

store the water for plant growth, and maintain a reserve to carry through periods of drouth; and to enable the earth itself to act as a vast reservoir and filter.

(3) inches in twelve (12) hours is a matter of record in this basin. Such a rainfall on this area would deposit 8,154,432,000 cu. ft. of water. Under the deforested

If we destroy the forest floor, our land conditions that now exist in this drainage is subjected to devastating floods; our basin, this rainfall would cause the river plant growth is retarded or eliminated to reach flood stage at Atlanta and perthrough the erosion of the soil; there is haps maximum flood stage of the river
no reserve water supply to carry through I were already swollen from previous rains,
periods of drouth and the ocean too quick- as is so often the case. The flow of this ly becomes the reservoir of our rainfall river under maximum flood conditions at

while our land is practically reduced to a Atlanta has been estimated at approxi-

barren waste.

mately 54,700 cu. ft. of water per second.

Destructive floods were unknown dur- But suppose this drainage basin instead

ing the period when our virgin forests ex- of being forested as at present were com-

isted, because the virgin forests acted as pletely cleared of all forests. The water

vast reservoirs holding the rain water in on reaching the ground would flow rapidly

suspense and permitting it to gradually to the streams and rivers and it is estimat-

permeate into the brooks and streams and ed that at some period during the twelve

reach the rivers over periods of time rang- (12) hour rainfall, approximately one half

ing from weeks to months. But today, with of this water, or 4,077,216,000 cu. ft.,

our forests considerably depleted, we are would pass Atlanta over perhaps a six

periodically subjected to destructive floods, hour period. Such a flow would indicate

whose waters are filled with silt and debris that 172,700 cu. ft. of water per second

which is largely deposited in the delta sec- must pass Atlanta as compared to 54,700

tions of our rivers.

1 cu. ft. per second, which is the river's

The extent to which we have already present maximum.

destroyed our forests over the past cen- The result of such a flow would be en-

tury is realized when we note that 13,859,- tirely disastrous. Railroad and highway

000 acres-a little more than a third of bridges, power dams, and property far

the State's total area-is now cleared land. above the present flood contour of the

Most of this cleared land is used for agri- river basin would be badly damaged or en-

cultural purposes and most of it will re- tirely destroyed. Much human life and

main cleared; but any further encroach- live stock would be lost, hillsides would be

ment on our forested areas, especially in cut away and bottom lands would be scour-

the mountainous section of the State, ed clean. The property loss would run into

would be most unwise and quite unneces- fabulous figures and probably no attempt

sary. In fact much of the land already would ever be made to utilize the power

cleared should be reforested, as a consid- from the uncontrolled flow of this river.

erable portion of it is waste or marginal It can, therefore, be seen that under mch

land and has no agricultural value.

conditions, we would have lost our forests

To illustrate the way in which a good and would have lost the fertility of our

forest floor absorbs and controls the run- land in this river basin through erosion

off of rainwater, let us consider the peak- of the soil and we would have lost control

ed roof of a house covered with sponges. of our rainfall and all probability of ever

Rain, on falling on this roof, would be utilizing its potential power. Of course,

absorbed by the sponges as fast as it fell, such a condition is an extreme and theo-

and, until the sponges were completely retical case, but it demonstrates the neces-

saturated, no water would reach the gut- sity of control of our rainfall through the

ters. When the saturation point was final- only means possible-our forests.

ly reached, the water would then flow to Besides controlling the mpidity of run

the gutters and drain to the ground.

off of rain water and storing a large pro

If, under the sponges instead of the roof, portion of it for day periods, our forests

we had a typical forest floor you would have further beneficial effects It has been
find that the water, instead of flowing to proven by experiment that h~avily wooded

the gutters when the sponges were satur- forests absorb and evaporate approximate-

ated, would sink into the earth and be ly 40 per cent of all rainfall before it ever

stored, and very little run-off would reach reaches the ground. Such evaporation pro

the gutters.

vides the humidity in the atmosphere so

Now take this roof without the sponges

(Continued on next page)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

(Continued from Page 2)

Committee reports were read and discuss-

necessary to plant and animal life and in eel. The committee on water resources gave

providing an equable instead of an arid an interesting report on the water re-
climate. It is obvious from the above state-~ sources of Georgia and stressed the im-

The patented pine felt process and machinery were invented by a Hattiesburg man, Mr. A. T. Ratliff. The corporation is known as the Pine Felt Corporation and

ment that without our f_orests to evapor- portance of a survey of the streams of our the officers are R. R. Guice, president, and

ate 40 per cent of all ramfall, the run-off state being made for definite information W. J. Morris, secretary.

of our drainage basins would be increased as to stream flow and analysis of the most

by this 40 per cent, which, in turn, would important streams. It was pointed out

increase the flood proportions of streams that this type of information is very imand unforested lands by this amount. The portant at this time, particularly since all evaporation capacity of our forests is an kinds of industries must have this infor-

ATLANTA'S DOGWOOD FESTIVAL

intangible factor overlooked by the layman, mation before opening new plants. Much

but a tremendous contributor in prevent- interest was shown in this discussion and Heeding the oft-repeated plea of artists

ing the devastating floods that occur in the committee on water resources was in- and other lovers of nature that her annual

cleared river basins.

structed to work to the end that this im- dogwood display is one of the world's most

Looking at Georgia's forests from a portant survey be started as quickly as beautiful sights, Atlanta is this year cele-

monetary point of view, statistics record possible.

brating the first annual Dogwood Festival.

that for the year 1930 the lumber from our forests was valued at approximately $25,000,000, and our poles, crossties, turpentine, rosin, etc., at $30,000,000.
In conclusion, I beI1. eve we will all agree that bur forests and our rainfall are essential one to the other and to the support
of all animal and vegetable life. The forests are the control provided by nature to retard the force of gravity in its cease-
Jess effort to drain all rainfall from the land and deliver it at sea level and every time we clear more and of its forest growth we assist gravity in its effort to deprive us too quickly of this essential to our very existence.
If we clear away all of our forests, we lose not only their value and their con-

Mr.

C. .G..

.Paulsen,

Chief

o f

th e

S urf ace

I In preparation for future displays, 50,000
voung dogwood trees have been planted

Water DlvlsiO.n, Water Research. B. rancDh throughout th e c1'ty an d a1ong the ap-

U. S. Geolog ical Survey. , Wa.shmgton, f proac hm' g roads, and agam st the back -

C.; D. S.. Wal.lace., Engmeer m Cha. rge o ground f ormed by th e ex1st'mg t rees, and

the Flonda D1stnct; C. E. gineer in Charge of the

McCashm, Tennessee

DEl.ns--

trict; and J. H. Barber, Engineer in Charge

of the Alabama District attended the meet-

the t rees t o be, the c1'ty p1ans t o ce1ebrat e the dogwood season each year.
The week of April 19-25 is to be devoted

ing and gave valuable information on the
method of conducting such a survey and the extent that the U. S. Geological Sur-

to a program which ranges from Metropolitan Opera stars and the Philadelphia Symphony to golf, tennis, baseball and

vey could and would cooperate.

other sports, with a wide variety of entertainment for visitors and citizens be-

Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, at- tween. The keynote of the whole festival,

tended the meeting. He also stressed the however, rests upon the fact that Atlanta

importance of such a survey and expressed has a great natural feature, and is letting

his willingness to cooperate in any way the world know about it, and inviting the

in making such a survey possible.

world to help her enjoy it.

trol of our water supply; but we also des- Definite plans were worked out for hold-

troy the value of our land through erosion ing the fifteenth annual meeting of the

and lack of moisture and our water powers association. This meeting will be held in would be most difficult to develop econom- Columbus May 7 and 8. The program for

DOGWOOD

ically because the streams would be entirely uncontrolled.
Already we have cleared our land of one third of its forests. How much further can we go? It would seem that we have reached the danger point and that reforestation should be next in order.
Along with reforestation should go fire prevention, since fire in a few hours time can destroy forest protection that has

the meeting will be announced at a later
date. The Georgia Forestry Association, com-
posed of citizens of our state interested in forestry, is doing a great deal to create public interest in forestry and has very enthusiastically sponsored every important forestry activity in the state.
Those who are interested in developing the forest resources of the state should

Within the drab and leafless wood, There grows a wondrous little tree;
The glory of the forest mood In modest self-sufficiency.
When violets peep out in the Spring, And redbirds voice their note of love;
When Indianpipes their welcomes bring, And monkey-cups give mold a shove.

taken many years to develop. There is already a national awakening to the necessity of protecting our forests because they protect us, and we in Georgia should take a leading part in safe-guarding this asset of nature which has such a vital bearing on our physical, economic and social well being.

plan now to attend the meeting in Columbus.
NEW INDUSTRY CREATED BY USE OF PINE NEEDLES
An entirely new product, known as pine felt, is being made by a company in Hat-

The fairy of the forest comes With paint-brush beam of silver flax;
The first spring flow of sap becomes Ruffed moonlight, crystallized in wax.
A silver sheen, a glorious view, In early spring is dogwood bloom;
Like a bouquet with pendant dew

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE GA. FORESTRY ASSN. MEETS IN COLUMBUS, MAR. 12

tiesburg, Mississippi. This pine felt is to be used for upholstering, for mattress filling, and similar purposes.
Pine needles brought to the plant by

That freshens all the forest gloom.
Snowy crown of beauty shows, Dimpled fair with scalloped grace;

farmers who collect them bring an average Sometimes a little blush of rose The Columbus Chamber of Commerce 1 of $4.00 per ton, and it takes 2 tons of At naked limbs around-disgrace.

was host to the executive committee of the Georgia Forestry Association on Thursday, !darch 12, at the Ralston Hotel. This meetmg was for the purpose of discussing imllOrtant forestry matters and making plans

pine needles to make one ton of fibre. The needles are placed in a retort and
chemically treated, then run through a series of carding machines which tear them into fine shreds. After being thoroughly

In summer benies green 'mid leaves Attract the birds and squirrels, too;
In autumn gorgeous tinted sheaves And coral berries ripe with dew.

for the annual meeting of the association. washed, dried and baled, they are ready

Thomas E. Davenport.

Mr. T. G. Woolford, president, presided. for market.

Magnolia Cottage, Shellman, Ga.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

PRACTICES IN FORESTRY

to prune pine trees on the forestry plot. ALBANY CHAMBER OF

THAT HAVE TAUGHT ME

I cannot yet see the full value from this

COMMERCE ENTERTAIN

VALUABLE LESSONS work, but the pruned trees already appear

TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

to be more nearly the type from which to

By JOHN BEGGS, Hartwell, Ga.

grow timber than those trees which have

Student of Hartwell High School not been pruned. Then too, I have faith Teachers of vocational agriculture in

Wins Third GFA Prize

in the practice since a representative of District Eight in southwest Georgia, to-

our State Department of F orestry !'laid gether with a number of fore stry students

During my five years of study in voca- that the production of timber may be in- from each vocational school, were invited

tional agriculture, nothing has been more creased as much as thirty per cent a s a to spend the day at Albany, on March 26,

interesting or so valuable as forestry.

result of pruning.

as guests of the Albany Chamber of Com-

The most interesting thing that I learn- Each year I have had experience in con- merce. The Chamber of Commerce provid-

ed was in regard to growing pine seedlings. structing a firebreak around our forestry ed some entertainment for their guests,

First, through fi eld p ractice, I learned to plot. The lesson gained in the method of which included luncheon, but the main ob-

select seed by collecting pine cones in Octo- making a firebreak was interesting, but ject was that the teachers and for estry

ber. I discovered that it was a simple my greatest benefit from this experience students might study the technique of nur-

matter to separate the seed from t he cones. was a realization of the . importance of sery operations.

After saving the seed, I learned the im- preventing forest fires.

The Georgia Forest Service, through H.

portance of preserving them until p lanting I have had one opportunity of establish- D. Story, J r., district forester, is enlarging

time. In the cold frame which we built at the school, I gained practice in the preparation of soil, planting of seed and the

ing an emergency firebreak. This was wh~n ~~rrbers. of our F. F. A . were called

the nursery at Albany this year, and it was Mr. Sto.ry's plan to have teachers a nd students observe at first hand the prep-

growing of seedlings; .

to stop a fire which was making much aration of seed beds and the planting of

By planting seedlings on our F. F. A. progress in burning over a ten-acre tract pine seed. The sprinkler system was fully

forestry plot, I . gained valuable experience of forest. By hastily raking away leaves explained to them, together with t he cor-

and also learned more of t h e art by helping to plant several thousand additional pine seedlings.

in the path of the fire, we were able to prevent the f ire from damaging more than

rect transplanting of seedlings, and it is believed that both teachers and students not only had a most enjoyable day, but

In the fo-restry plot I saw the effect of one acre of trees.

will be materially benefited by the first

burning o;er timberland on th e growth But the most important lesson that I hand information obtained. Mr. M. E.

of the trees. For, by measuring the trees have learned was the result of field prac- Murphy is nurseryman, in charge of plant-

D. B . H., I noted that t he trees on the ad- tice. This was in connection with the plant- ing.

joining plot which was not burn ed over

The splendid cooperation of the Albany

made a greater annual growth.

ing of two thousand pine seedlings on an Chamber of Commerce in all the work that

My practice of selective thinning taught eroded hillside. The actual planting of has been carried on by the Georgia For-

me a valuable lesson , for, a lready during those trees caused me to have a clearer est Service in that section of the state is

a five-year period, I have noticed that the understanding of the importance of plant- acknowledged with .sincere appreciation,

t rees on the forestry plo-t in which selective ing trees on our marginal land. Then, and the work of District F orester Story

thinning was practiced have made more

has been advanced considerably by the as-

growth and are more desirable in type than too, I realize that this practice is an im- sistance that the Ch amber of Commerce

trees nearby which were not thinned.

portant part of our soil conservation pro- has rendered.

For the past three years I have helped gram.

GOOD TIMBER

VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CLASS, CARNESVILLE HIGH SCHOOL

The tree that never had to fight For sun and sky and air and light, That stood out in open plain And always got its share of rain, Never became a forest king But lived and died a scrubby thing. The man who never had to toil, Who never h ad to win his share, Of sun and sky and light and air, Never became a manly man, But lived and died as he began. Good timber does not grow in ease; The stronger wind, the tougher trees, The farther sky, the greater length, The more the storm the more the strength; By sun and cold, by rain and s nows, In tree or man good timber grows. Where thickest stands the forest growth We find the patriarch of both, And they hold conver&'e with the stars Whose broken branches show the scars Of many winds and much of strifeThis is the common law of life.
--"-Douglas Malloch.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

HISTORIC TREES OF GEORGIA use of those seeking health from the near- SHOULD SMALL TREES BE

by spring. This was afterwards known

TURPENTINED?

Since the mind of man runneth not to as the Mcintosh Oak.

the contrary, trees have been famous in song and story, in paintings and other works of art. The familiarity of wood in our daily Jives would seem to lessen any esteem in which a mere tree might be held. 'Notwithstanding the millions of trees growing on the hillsides of our country and our own state, and the many millions more planted in the gigantic reforestation program throughout our nation, there are still a few trees that have been made famous by writers, or by circumstances surrounding a particular tree, which has caused it to be preserved as a monument to some specific sentiment.
Georgia has a group of historic trees which deserve mention.
LANIER OAK, Brunswick-A live oak under which Sidney Lanier, the poet, is supposed to have written his poem, "The Marshes of Glynn".
WESLEY OAK, on St. Simons Island, near Brunswick-An historical oak under which John Wesley is reputed to have delivered his first sermon to the colonists and Indians after he landed with General Ogle-
th~pe.
rRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT OAK, Warm Springs.-A large and beautiful oak was deeded to Franklin D. Roosevelt--then president-elect--at a forestry

Another is located at Jefferson, Georgia,

and is a tree under which Dr. Crawford W.

Long finally

used to sit and work evolving the one for

out the

aflolermviuatliaos~

of pain.

At F~oyd Springs, near Rome, stood a

tree under which Alexander H. Stephens,

vice president of the Confederacy, made

his famous speech in 1860.

On the campus of the University of

Georgia, at Athens, was a tree which has

since been removed, that was called the

TOOMBS OAK, famed for the scene of a

fiery speech made by Robert W. Toombs,

when he had been dismissed from the uni-

versity. This drew most of the students

from the chapel where lectures were in

progress, leaving only a handful of stu-

dents to hear the speakers inside the

chapel.

On St. Simons Island grew a tree from

which the keel of the famous battleship

OLD IRONSIDES was made.

In recent years a :number of trees have

been planted on the grounds of the state

capitol, honoring prominent citizens, and

this publication recently called attention to

the fact that the City of Savannah has a

planting project extending over a consider-

able portion of that city honoring Dr. Chas.

H. Herty.

In answer to the above quesUon, Southern Pine Forestry Notes No. 10 of the Southern Pine Association for 1936, is quoted:
"Studies in naval stores indicate frequent turpentjning of longleaf and slash pine trees having a diameter less than that which may profitably be worked. While it is likely that the optimum minimum tree diameter for naval stores will vary locally, it. should be pointed out that working trees under a 9-inch diameter limit will generally be unprofitable. In this connection, it should be pointed out that only about 8 years are required for trees to increase 2 inches in diameter. Experiments conducted by the U. S. Forest Service show that gum yield is closely related to the size of the tree and that yields mount rapidly with larger diameters. For example, trees 11 inches in diameter at. breast height produce approximately twice as much gum as 7-inch trees. In fact, a minimum diameter of 11 inches has much in its favor, but because of pressure of economic factors, might be difficult to effect unless it is approached gradually. Not only will this highe'r minimum limit. increase current yields, but it also makes more readily attainable three successive faces, if desired. Also, since facing a tree considerably

meeting at Warm Springs, November 29,

PINE SEED FOR SALE

lessens its ability to increase in volume, a

.1932. Mr. Roosevelt expressed his appre- While the Georgia Forest Service does larger tree will result in a much shorter

ciation of being the owner of such a mag- not conduct a market for the sale of tree time.

nificent tree.

seed, a good many vocational students "The following table presents naval

The original TREE THAT OWNS IT- and some teachers in the state collect more stores yields that may reasonably be ex-

SELF is located at Athens. This tree was pine seed than they can use in their school pected from trees of given diameters.

deeded to itself and a certain area surrounding it set aside to aid in its care and preservation.
The OXFORD OAK, Oxford, Ga., is a

forest and in their immediate community, and the Georgia Forest Service frequently has inquiries as to supplies of seed, and in this way endeavors to bring the buyer

YIELDS OF NAVAL STORES FOR I YEAR BASED ON DIAMETER OF TREE

large, symetrical white oak tree that was and seller of pine seed together.

Diameter at Face width Naval-stores

deeded to itself. This is sometimes called LONGLEAF PINE SEED may be se- breast height (One face)

yields

the Yarbrough Oak, because it was cared cured from the following parties:

Inches

Inches

*Units per crop

for by Rev. John W. Yarbrough, who called Roy Ellington, Summit, Ga.

7

7

26

it the "Prince of the Forest". At his death Clovis Turk, Sale City, Ga.

9

9

39

the Woman's Club purchased the ground R. E. Hughes, Millen, Ga.

11

11

51

on which the tree stood and issued a deed SLASH PINE SEED may be secured 13

12

66

to the tree, as owning itself.

from:

A tree that is known as the LARGEST 0. 0. Mcintosh, Leslie, Ga.

15

12

75

* 3-1j3 barrels of rosin and 1 barrel of

LIVE OAK in the state is at Thomasville. T. G. Walters, Moultrie, Ga.

turpentine."

This tree is more than 200 years old.

R. E. Hughes, Millen, Ga.

THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN OAK, near Albany, is so named because the profile is similar to that of President Lincoln.

R. W. Clark, Garfield, Ga. LOBLOLLY PINE SEED may be secured from:

SECOND CONVICTION FOR FIRING WOODS

There are a number of other trees in J. K. Callahan, Wrens, Ga. Georgia that deserve mention. Among R. E. Hughes, Millen, Ga.

For the second time in the history of

them are some that have long since fallen, The prices quoted for Longleaf are 50c Chatham county, there has been a man either from decay or to make room for im- and 75c per pound; for Slash 75c and $1.00 tried, convicted and sentenced for setting

provements, but a few of them should be mentioned. At Indian Springs, it was the custom for the Creek Indians to hold councils and feasts under what was known to them as THE BIG TREE, and it is said that under this tree Chief Mcintosh signed the treaty that ceded certain lands to

;er pound; and for Loblolly 75c. We also have information that D. E. and
J. 0. Kelley, of Jeff, Alabama, have 15 bushels of black walnuts that they would like to dispose of at 2 1-2 cents per pound.
Anyone desiring the above seed, please write direct to the party having seed on

fire to the woods. It is indeed gratifying to the Georgia
Forest Service and other "fo.rest-minded" citizens of the state that the courts are taking cognizance of the value of fire protection and are lending their aid in this great cause by sentencing violators of state

Georgia to be forever preserved for the hand.

fire laws.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

~~~~~~~~~~~~~=================- ~ perpendicular to the ground and a cement

FIRST DISTRICT
T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester, ROME

'SIXTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester, Savannah

mixture used for clinking. The Appling, Wayne and Brunswick-
Peninsula TPO's are planning to construct TPO headquarters in the near future with

the assistance of the camps in those areas.

The Chattooga county TPO is doing

The Brunswick-Peninsula TPO is con-

nicely at the present time, and for the Extensive Carpet Grass Plantings templating the purchase of a tractor and

time being looks promising. Within thirty

by the CCC

plow and a concentrated drive is being

days time they have a total acreage of

made by the members to increase the TPO

6,590 acres signed. The Cherokee Count Y Tpo ts busy now

Although the original quantity of carpet grass seed contemplated has not been

aBcrr~enasgwei.ck-RP.enPin. sMulaarshT,POSechraentadreyd

of in

the ht's

putting up a telephone line through their planted, the CCC in the Savannah District resignation effective March 15. Mr. Marsh

main body of property. The line will be has planted extensive mileage of ECW and has accepted a position with the Resettlebet'veen 13 and 15 ml'les long, connect'mg TPO firebreaks with ta1pet grass seed tnent Admint'stratt'on at Cornelia. all patrolmen. The line is being construct- supplied by the 'fPO members. These Fires in this District have been less this

ed by the TPO members and the equip- plantings were made primarily as prac- Reason in this District than in many years

ment other than wire and insulators is be- tical demonstrations in determining the and it is hoped that the sentiment toward

ing bought by the T~O.

Ivalue of carpet grass on firebreaks for burning is changing and that the reduction

Pros~ects for a Whttfield County TPO elimination of maintenance as well as for in number and size of fires is not entirely

are brtghter.

grazing purposes.

due to the weather condition.

Indications, in view of similar plantings, made a year or so ago, are that such plant-

INCREASE IN TPO ACREAGE

SECOND DISTRICT W. D. Young, Dist. Forester,
Gainesville
Vocational Teachers Initiate Planting Program
The program of planting seedlings in the community around each school, as initiated last month, has met with enthusiastic sup-

ings will be very practical when made on firebreaks not located on too well-drained land.
Approximately ten to twelve pounds carpet grass seed per acre has been planted, as a rule, with three men planting about five miles of firebreaks per day. The entire cost is very reasonable, and it is to be expected that the practice of planting carpet grass on suitable firebreaks will increase greatly next year.

The Sixth Forestry District, headquarters at Savannah, shows an increase in TPO acreage in the past sixty days of 80,883 acres. These figures bring the total in this district to 897,596 acres under organized fire protection.
The actual protection would exceed ttJ.is figure because of the fact that adjoining lands, although not listed in the organizations, are less liable to damage from fire because of protective measures on sur-

port by teachers throughout the Gainesville

rounding lands.

District.

The benefits accruing to owners of for-

The following teachers, in addition to

SEVENTH DISTRICT

est lands are so many that it seems all

those reported last month, have expresst)d a willingness to carry out the program.

Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester

owners of such lands would be glad to join an organization for the protection of

G. L. Blackwell, Winder-5,000 seedlings.

Waycross

such valuable property.

S. R. Story, Dawsonville-5,000 seedlings.

Acreage in other districts has no doubt

E. H. Thomas, Nancy Hart-5,000 seed- Mr. H. N. Wheeler, Chief Lecturer, U. been signed up, but reports did not reach

lings.

S. Forest Service, spent the week from the editor's desk in time to be incorporated

C. M. Reed, Sardis Consol.-5,000 seed- March 2 to March 8 in this District giving in this report.

lings.
Pete Herndon, Shoal Creek-5,000 seedlings.
V. P. Corbett, Air Line Consol.-5,000 seedlings.
F. M. Young, Centervlille-5,000 seed-

lectures to the seven CCC Camps the TPO members and anyone wishing to attend. Slides were shown in connection with the lectures and everyone attending expressed their appreciation to Mr. Wheeler and requested his return.

A "Creed for Sportsmen", adapted by a former ranger in Yosemite National Park from a "Creed for Fishermen":
CREED for
SPORTSMEN

lings.

ECW Notes

MANLY MEN

A. C. Ellington, Fortsonia-5,000 seed- Five new steel towers are in the process MEN OF GENTLE MIND AND GEN-

lings.

of construction in this District, making the

TLE HEART

R. L. O'Kelly, Goldmine-5,000 seedlings.
R. L. O'Kelly, Eagle Grove-5,000 seedings,
Additional names will be sent in next month.

tower and telephone system for the District much more effective.
P-68, Douglas, is constructing a side camp at Fitzgerald to be occupied by 50 negro junior enrollees. The Fitzgera:d area is a part of the Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO

BRAVE MEN - FAIR MEN MEN WHO SAY TO THE WEAK
"MAY I" and
TO THE STRONG "I WILL' Men to whom sham is dishonor

at the present time and covers approxi-

Truth a guiding Star

mately 50,000 acres in Ben Hill and Irwin Men who look upon the sea, the plain,

Each year the world cuts about fifty-six Counties.

The forest, the mountains, the rising

billion cubic feet of wood. Of this a little less than half is of a size and quality

TPO Notes

And setting sun and the immutable Heavens with a deep sense of their

that makes it suitable for sawn lumber. Construction of the TPO dispatching Own littleness in the great scheme

The average citizen of the world uses center and dwelling house for the Consoli-

of things.

about thirty-two cubic feet of wood a dated TPO is nearing completion. The

From PARK SERVICE BULLE-

year.

buildings are log structures with the logs

TIN, U. S. D. I., Washington.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

GEORGIA MINERAL DIRECTORY CERAMIC PLANTS IN GEORGIA Polk County

1935

BRICK

Ga. Cement & Products Co.,

Baldwin County

Portland, Georgia

(Continued from March Review) SAND AND GRAVEL

Milledgeville Brick Works, Milledgeville, Georgia Bibb County Cherokee Clay Products Co.,

Southern States Portland Cement Co., Rockmart, Georgia
FIRE BRICK & REFRACTORIES

Crawford County Atlanta Sand & Supply Co., 602 Forsyth Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. Mine at Gaillard, Ga.
Dougherty County Dawes Constr. Supply Co., Thomasville, Ga. Mine at Albany, Ga.
Echo.Js County Dawes. Constr. Supply Co., Thomasville, Ga. Mine at Mayday, Ga.
Hall County F. R. Switzer Gainesville, Ga. (Gravel and gold placer)
Muscogee County Georgia Gravel Co., Columbus, Ga.
Wardlaw Sand & Gravel Co., Columbus, Ga.
Talbot. County Brown Bros. Corp., Howard, Georgia Mine at Junction City, Ga.
Junction City Sand Co., Att: C. W. Moore, Junction City, Ga.

Macon, Georgia Bibb Brick Co., Macon, Ga. Clay County Fort Gaines Brick Co., Fort Gaines, Georgia Cobb County G. W. McMillan Co., Acworth, Georgia Floyd County Romega Brick Plant, now owned by the Berry Schools, Mount Berry, Georgia Fulton County Chattahoochee Brick Company, Atlanta~ Georgia Gordon County
B. Mifflin Hood, Calhoun, Ga.
(headquarters at Daisy, Tenn.) Plainville Brick Co., Inc., Plainville, Georgia Greene County Ogeechee Brick Co., Union Point, Ga. Hal! County Hudson Brick Company, Gainesville, Georgia Polk County Monarch Brick Co., Cedartown, Ga. Richmond County Georgia Vitrified Brick Co.,

Baldwin County General Refractories Co., Stevens Pottery, Ga.
Hancock County Atlantic Refractories Co., Carrs Station, Ga.
Richmond County Babcock & Wilcox Co., Augusta, Ga.
POTTERS
Bartow County Mr. William J. Gordy, The Georgia Art Pottery, Cartersville, Georgia
Bibb County Mr. Emmett Merritt Middle Georgia Pottery, Lizella, Ga.
Cobb County Mrs. J.P. Reid, Acworth, Ga.
Mr. L. H. Franklin, The Franklin Pottery, Marietta, Ga. Fulton County Mr. U. A. Brown, The Brown Pottery, Moores Mill Road, Route 7, Atlanta, Ga.

Taylor County Brown Bros., Inc.,

Campania, Ga., (headquarters at Augusta, Ga.)

Mr. E. J. Brown, Bolton, Ga.

Howard, Ga. Thomas County
Dawes Construction Supply Co., Thomasville, Ga.
TALC AND SOAPSTONE
Murray County Cohutta Talc Co., H. M. Broyles Dalton, Ga. Mine at Chatsworth, Ga.
Georgia Talc Co., J. Frazier Glenn, Asheville, N. C. Mine at Chatsworth, Ga.
Southern Talc Co., Wm. B. Hartsfield, Pres., 808 Grant Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. Mine at Chatsworth, Ga.
TRIPOLI
Chattooga County Tennessee Valley Mineral Co., Wm. J. Seas, Sales Mgr., R. F. D. No. 3 Summerville, Ga.

Georgia-Carolina Brick Co., 3 plants, Augusta, Ga.
Merry Bros. Brick and Tile Co. Augusta, Georgia Thomas County Arnold Brick Yard, Thomasville, Ga. Whitfield County Dalton Brick & Tile Co., Dalton, Georgia
BUILDING TILE
Baldwin County Oconee Clay and Shale Products Co., Milledgeville, Ga.
Bibb County Cherokee Clay Products Co., Macon, Ga.
Bibb Brick Co., Macon, Ga. Richmond County Merry Bros. Brick and Tile Co., Augusta, Ga.
CEMENT
Houston County Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corp.,

Glenn County Mr. A. V. Lawton, The Englecraft Pottery, Brunswick, Ga.
Hall County Mr. Roy Holcomb, Gillsville, Ga.
Mr. John Hewell, Gillsville, Ga. (address correspondence to W. P. Ferguson, Potter)
Mr. C. R. Colbert Pottery, Gillsville, Ga. Mr. Merlin Hewell, Gillsvil!e, Ga. Meriwether County Mr. W. T. B. Gordy, The Gordy Pottery, Greenville, Ga., Route 3 Peach County Mr. J. N. Long, The Long Art Pottery, Byron, Ga. Pike County Mr. C. G. Bishop, The Bishop Pottery, Route 1, Meansville, Ga.

Mine at Harrisburg Station, Ga.

Clinchfield, Georgia

(Continued on next page)

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

CERAMIC PLANT DIRECTORY
(Continued)

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

list to receive notices of meeting or field

PUBLICATION OF INTEREST trips.

TO MINERAL PRODUCERS

Mr. S. R. Rogers, The Rogers Pottery, Route 1, Meansville, Ga. White County Messrs. L. Q. & Cheaver Meaders, Route 2, Cleveland, Ga.
Messrs. F. B. & L. G. Meaders, The Cleveland Pottery, Cleveland, Ga.
ROOFING TILE
Bartow County B. Mifflin Hood Co., Adairsville, Ga.
Gordon County B. Mifflin Hood Co., Calhoun, Georgia SEWER PIPE
Bibb County W. S. Dickey Sewer Pipe Co., Macon, Georgia
Walker County W. S. Dickey Sewer Pipe Co., Flintstone, Georgia

Bulletin 869. Bibliography of North American geology, 1933 and 1934, by E. M.

A major project of the Georgia Mineral Society for 1936 has been the sponsoring of the formation of a number of junior

Thorn, 389 pages. This lists all publica- mineral societies, designed to interest

tions on the geology of North America, Georgia's youth in geology and mineral

including seven on Georgia. Order from ! collecting. Plans are now being perfected

Superintenden,t( of Documents, Washing- 1 for the formation of two such clubs in

ton, D. C. Price, 40 cents in coin or money Atlanta schools. This is expected to be

order; stamps not accepted.

but a starter, as many other schools and.

young people's organizations have shown

GEORGIA APPALACHIAN TRAIL great interest in the subject. Paul Weir

CLUB WORKS ON TRAIL

is chairman of the committee making these

The Georgia Appalachian Trail Club has, for the month of March, split up into sections, each of which is responsible for clearing and marking about eight miles of the Appalachian Trail in Georgia. Fallen trees and brush will be cleared from the trail, signs and shelter cabins repaired, and additional trail markers put up where necessary to guide hikers. Mr.

plans and serving with him are John L. Daniel, Lane Mitchell, of the Society, Mrs. Charmian Howell, Mrs.. Mattie Sue Walker, and Eugene Sanders, of the Atlanta Public Schools, and Miss Edna Lee, Children's Page Editor of the Atlanta Journal. Other schools, scout troops, or organized groups wishing to form a club or group for the study and collecting of minerals and rocks are urged to get in touch

Carter Whittaker, President of the Geor- with the secretary of the Society, 425

gia club, reports that indications are that State Capitol, Atlanta.

there will be an increasing number of

WHITE WALL TILE
Bibb County Carling Tile Co., Macon, Georgia THE END

hikers this spring on the trail, which is a footpath through the wilderness of the mountains from Maine to Georgia.
FROM A GEOLOGIST'S NOTEBOOK

The display of fluorescent minerals in the State Museum in Atlanta has been attracting hundreds of visitors to the Capitol. So interested have many persons been in this property of fluorescence that the State Geologists have been repeatedly

U. S. GEOGRAPHIC BOARD MAKES TWO DECISIONS AFFECTING GEORGIA
The U. S. Board of Geographical Names, according to State Geologist Richard W. Smith, has rendered a decision as to the spelling of two place names in Georgia.
Fairmount, a town in the southeastern corner of Gordon County, Georgia, on the Louisville and Nashville railroad shall be spelled as one word, not "Fair Mount."
Sister Island (not "Sisters" nor "The

The Georgia Mineral Society has been very active during the early part of this year. The Society, meeting on the first Monday of each month at the Atlanta Central Y. M. C. A., at 8:00 P. M., has grown to a membership of 45. Speakers at the meetings have included the members of the State Geological Survey speaking on the "Geology of the Warm Springs, Georgia, Area," Lester B. Forbes speaking on "Asbestos," and Alfred C. Hawkins speaking en "Mineral Collecting," All of these speakers have brought inter-esting facts before the Society. Field trips have been taken to the Warm Springs area and to

asked for explanatory literature. He wishes to call to the attention of those interested an excellent pamphlet on the subject: "The Fluorescence of Minerals," by Chester B. Slawson, procurable from The Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, for 35c. The Mineralogist, 409 Couch Building, Portland, Oregon, is a monthly magazine containing numerous articles on the subject. The subscription price is $1.00. A reprint of an article by Richard L. Barrett, "A Comparison of Ultra Violet Sources for Producing Fluor-
escence in Minerals," may be had free of
charge by writing to the General Electric

Sisters") shall be the official spelling of Stone Mountain. The latter trip was Vapor Lamp Company, Hoboken, N. J.

the name of an island about 650 yards long made at night and a search for fluorescent

in the Wilmin5ton River, southeast of Savannah, Chatham County, Georgia.
The U. S. Board of Georgraphical

hyalite was made with ultra-violet light, using radio "B" batteries and argon bulbs. Many beautiful specimens were found and

William B. Pitts, noted gem stone collector, has sent additional stones to be

Names, according to Mr. Smith, is the Gov- several minerals not hitherto known at placed in the exhibit of his work on dis-

ernment agency that decides on the accep- Stone Mountain were found. A report of play at the Capitol. The new pieces in-

tability and official spelling of all place their identification will be made later. The clude agate, ruby, milky quartz, and ruti-

names of natural features such as moun- program for the April 6th meeting has lated quartz from Georgia. tains, lakes, and streams in the United not yet been announced but a field trip to

States and its possessions. Mr. Smith asks a number of mineral localities in Cherokee that any Georgians knowing of places or and Pickens Counties has already been

Lane Mitchell, Assistant State Geologist,

natural features in the State that are planned for sometime in April. The trip was to attend the annual meeting of the

known by more than one name or by a will include visits to mica, kaolin, serpen- American Ceramic Society in Columbus,

name spelled in different ways, communicate with him. They should give all the names or spellings used and state which they think should be the preferred name or spelling. These will then be investigated

tine, Canton schist, chlorite schist, gold, and marble deposits. President John L. Daniel, of the Society, has invited all interested persons to attend the field trip or any meetings. A card to the secretary,

Ohio, March 28 to April 4. He planned to urge the use of Georgia raw materials in ceramic ware and to aid in extending Atlanta's invitation to the Ceramic So-

and reported for decision to the Board of Lane Mitchell, 425 State Capitol, Atlanta, ciety for a future convention in Georgia's

Geographical Names.

will place anyone's name on the mailing capital.