Forestry-geological review [Feb. 1936]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 6

ATLANTA, GA., FEBRUARY, 1936

No.2

AGAIN MONEY TALKS--NEW ARGUMENTS

I CITY OF SAVANNAH PLANTS

AGAINST BURNING THE WOODS AFTER

PINES AS LIVING MEMORIAL TO DR. CHAS. H. HERTY

TURPENTINING OPERATIONS

Groves of Trees More Suitable than

SAVANNAH MORNING NEWS CALLS ATTENTION IN TIMELY Bronze Tablets as Testimonial to

ARTICLE TO VALUE IN DOLLARS AND CENTS OF TREES

Industrial Development by this

NO LONGER FIT FOR TURPENTINING

Great Georgian

The Savannah Morning News of Janu- "Practically every tree that is charred The Naval Stores Review and Trade

ary 21, 1936, calls attention under the cap- will show from a few to hundreds of such Journal of December 21, 1935, carried a

tion "There's Profit in Pine Poles if For- holes in the old face. These holes evidently most interesting account of a proposed liv-

ests are Protected from Wasteful Fires", facilitate the access of moisture and fungi ing memorial for Dr. Chas. H. Herty, in

to additional prices that may be secured to the center of the tree, which, without appreciation of his accomplishments along

per pole, when no longer profitable for question, causes the doty or rotten spots industrial lines, and of his untiring and

turpentining. We quote from the Morning that appear in the butt of the log when it unselfish devotion in the development of

News:

is cut.

his native state.

"The economics of timberlands protected "These doty spots are from one to sever- With the permission of the above publi-

from fire is strikingly illustrated in an an- al inches in diameter, and vary from a cation, we take pleasure in reprinting the

alysis made by W. M. Oettmeier, forest soft, pulpy spot to a distinct rotten hole. entire article.

manager of the Superior Pine Products When timber is cut for poles, just an in- "Probably within the city limits of Sav-

Company, who has 220,000 acres of land dication of such a spot will cause it to be annah there is today not standing a single

in Clinch county near Fargo, Ga., under culled or cut back.

pine tree of sufficient size to attract public

his charge. This huge acreage is protected "Considering that in many cases, when attention.

by the most modern methods, !including one face is worked out on the tree, this "Many years ago there were some splen-

short wave radio.

face is burned over quite a few times be- did stands of pine trees in the city, one

"The average timber protective o.rganization gives its members insurance against fire at a cost of three cents per acre. Mr. Oettmeier shows how the added revenue from one pine telephone pole or piling which has been protected from wood fires

fore the tree is back cupped, after the tree is back cupped it is worked from five to seven years and then possibly this face in turn may be burned a few more years before it is cut.
"In other words, in most instances the

particularly noticeable stand being in Forsyth Park where it attracted the attention of all visitors and was admired by all residents passing through that beautiful parkway. Great windstorms brought these trees to the ground or did so much damage that

will cover the cost of TPO membership turpentine tree would be cut on an aver- they had to be removed. dues on one acre for a period of almost 36 age from 12 to 15 years after the gum had "Now the Park and Tree Commission

years.

been burned off its original face, showing plans to re-establish pines in the city as an

"He figures this on the basis of the a long period of time in which the doty evidence of public appreciation of the mag-

four feet which can be saved on the aver- spots and rot can work their way up nificent work done by Dr. Charles H. Her-

age 35, 40 and 45 foot poles which have through the sound wood.

ty, and as a living, growing memorial to

been used first for turpentining operations. At current prices an average increase of $1.07 per pole would be received by the timber owner.

"From experience in manufacturing a large quantity of poles out of periodically burned over turpentine woods, it has been found that the average tree must be butted

that great chemist and industrial leader. One thousand trees will be put out to advantage, and a few years hence one or more groves of them will once more greet citi-

"When pine timber that has been work- off from 4 to 5 feet above the turpentine zens and visitors alike and win admiration

ed for turpentine is burned over at regular face in order to secure a perfectly sound as splendid specimens of what is probably

intervals, especially after the timber has pole. This 4 or 5 feet, of course, is a di- the world's most serviceable tree to man-

ceased to be wo.rked and the boxes not rect loss due principally to. burning the kind.

raked, the gum is burned from the faces gum from the turpentine face. However, "It has been suggested, and the idea is

and they become charred," Mr. Oettmeier there is even a greater loss than this from certainly one worthy of attention, that oth-

says.

the pole standpoint.

er cities and towns, especially in the great

"Various types of pine borers bore holes "Present day pole specifications allow a pine belt of Georgia, which is to become the

in this charred turpentine face from which fresh turpentine face on a pole providing center of an increasing paper and pulp in-

protecting gum has been burned. This con- it is sound and does not extend closer than dustry drawing its supplies from the pine

dition can be easily noted by observing reg- two feet of the ground line of the pole. forests, follow Savannah's example and

ularly or periodically burned over turpen- Since the average ground line is approxi- create groves of pines in Herty parks.

tine land.

(Continued on Page 2)

(Continued on Page 6)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR

"This article, I think, gives one of the finest arguments against burning the woods after turpentining operations have ceased. that I have ever seen. Most of our timber owners feel that when turpentining is finished, they have no further interest in the timber. Oettmeier's figures on the loss in

dent destruction; a total of 5,035,158 acres covered in campaigns to reduce losses caused by beetles, moths and other insects; tree and plant disease control work conducted over 4,815,684 acres; 1,635,000 check dams built in gullies to control soil erosion; completion of timber estimating over 25,239,-

Forestry Division
Jack Thurmond, Acting State Forester Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr. Atlanta

connection with getting out poles is certainly a startling contrast to the small expenditure for protection through TPOs. It

731 acres and construction of 26,521 vehicle bridges.
This statistical report covers Civilian

T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester________________Rome W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester,________Augusta W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Savannah R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany MrsT. rNe.asNu.reErdw___a__r_d__s__,__B___o__o__k__k__e__e__p__e_r__-____Atlanta

is a brand new argument to me, and I think ought to be given just as wide publicity as possible."
REPORT COVERING ACTIVITIES BY CIVILIAN CONSERVATION

Conservation Corps work throughout the entire United States.
Georgia has received her pro rata share of the funds and allotment of CCC camps since this work was inaugurated. According to figures recently given out by the

Miss Hazel E. Bicholas, Clerk__________Atlanta

CORPS GIVEN BY DIRECTOR Georgia Forest Service, the timber protec-

Geological Division

tive organizations have been given 18,000

R. W. Smith, State Geologist and Secretary to Commission____________Atlanta
G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, ___________________________________Atlanta

Actual Figures Given For Period April 1933 to September 30, 1935

man-years of work by the CCC camps; 57 fire towers have been built; a total of 1,255.7 miles of telephone lines have been

Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoJ. ____Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk _____________Atlanta

constructed; 5,153 miles of 20-foot fireRobert Fechner, Director of ECW, has breaks, 1,136.3 miles of 10-foot firebreaks

Any information appearing in this publication may be used at any time provided proper credit is given.-The Editor.
AGAIN MONEY TALKS
(Continued from Page 1)

made a detailed report covering the activities of the Civilian Conservation Corps from April, 1933, to the close of the last fiscal year, June 30, 1935. At the same time he has made public figures indicating the number of persons given employment and the present value of the work completed by the CCC through September 30.

and 813.3 miles of truck trails have been built; a total of 1,185 bridges have been constructed and 6,622,663 acres of TPO lands have been type-mapped. The boys in the camps have gathered for planting by state nurseries a total of 6,000 pounds of longleaf, slash and loblolly pine seed.

mately six feet, an additional four feet could be added to the pole, making a total of 8 to 9 feet. Considering that poles are sold on both a length and a grade basis, depending on circumference measurement at a point six feet up from the base, adding this length to the butt end of the pole not only increases the length, but in addition increases the grade.

In the period covered-April 1933 through September 1935-more than 1,500,000 persons had been employed in CCC work.
Beginning with an authorized strength of 250,000 men on April 5, 1933, the Civilian Conservation Corps was increased from time to time until on August 1, 1935, it had a strength of 519,920 enrolled men.

On the state forest parks an entirely different type of work has been done. Approximately 24 buildings have been constructed, which includes inns, observation towers, comfort stations, houses for caretakers, boat and bath houses and contact stations. Three lakes and a number of bathing pools and lagoons have also been
constructed.

"From current pole prices f.o.b. cars This included 10,115 Indians working on Other work consists of constructing pic-

loading point and using only the three Indian reservations, and 4,022 men work- nic areas with picnic shelters, parking

principal lengths, namely, 35, 40 and 45 ing on CCC projects in Hawaii, Alaska, areas, tables and barbecue pits, landscrap-

foot poles, an average increase of $1.07 Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

ing, planting and sodding, remodeling and

per pole would be received by being able Among the principal items of work com- restoration of buildings, laying flagstone

to use the pole down to and including about pleted up to September 30, 1935, upon walks, foot bridges and foot trails, install-

four feet of the turpentine face.

which the valuation was based, are the fol- ing water systems and sewage disposal

"This figure shows only that saving on lowing: 405,402,500 forest trees planted systems, fences, entrance gates, trail signs,

those poles that are actually manufactur- over denuded areas; 62,593 miles of new seats and markers, and the grading and

ed; but when one considers that an addi- service roads and truck trails constructed resurfacing of park roads.

tional 8 or 9 feet can be added to the bot- through timbered areas principally for fire

tom of the pole, possibly 20 or 25 per cent protection (of this amount nearly 60,000 more pole could be in an area due to the miles were truck trails), and 30,121 miles

Charles H. Herty, Jr. Honored

fact that where this long length of rotten of new telephone lines built into the na-

butt must be cut out, approximately the 20 tion's forest and park fire detection sys-

or 25 per cent of poles would have to be left standing, due to the fact that they

tems. Service roads and truck trails were maintained over 155,000 miles; telephone

Charles H. Herty, Junior, research metallurgist, with the Bethlehem Steel Cor-

would be too short or small.

lines were maintained over 75,000 miles; poration, has recently received the first

"This great saving per pole can be brought about simply by not burning the

over 1,223,000 man-days were devoted to fire pre-suppression and more than 2,244,-

medal of award offered by Francis J. Ciamer and presented by the Technical Society

woods, for when they are burned, the old 000 man-days spent in fighting forest fires. of Philadelphia for meretorious work in the

turpentine faces that are caked with gum A total of 44,040 miles of firebreaks were field of metallurgy.

readily catch fire and, of course, it is all opened up through forest areas; fire haz- Mr. Herty is the son of Dr. Charles H.

burned off, leaving the wood unprotected ards reduced over 1,274,201 acres; 2,428 Herty, Sr., most outstanding industrial

and open to insect attack, which is the lookout houses and lookout towers construc- chemist of the day, whose many friends in

principal cause for butt rot in most south- ted in forests and parks for fire detection; Georgia and throughout the nation will be

ern pine timber."

forest stand improvement work completed interested and much pleased to take note

In commenting on this article from the on over 2,094,000 acres; a total of 16,250 of this honor paid the splendid son of an Mornina- News. Dr. Chas. H. Herty says, acres covered in campaigns to control ro- illustrious father.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

Student of Sale City High School I let's look on the bright side, where people mortality; (b) in the 4 to 7 inch diameter

Wins First Prize for Article on have preserved and protected the forests. classes inclusive, the total basal area of the

Forestry Offered by Georgia Trees are growing, streams are flowing principal species-white, black and scarlet

Forestry Association

and cows are grazing on the green grass. oaks-in the upper crown classes equaled

The farmers are harvesting their crops, the original amount only after 10 seasons

The January 1936 issue of the Review boys are fishing, swimming and playing, of growth; (c) during the same time total

carried the offer of a $5 prize to be given people picnic in the shade of "Our Forest" basal areas of the lower crown classes de-

by the Georgia Foresllry Associaltion to while a cool breeze is blowing through the creased by 50 per cent, and it is evident

the vocational student in Georgia writing trees.

that for trees 8 inches in diameter, or less,

the best article on forestry, this article to "God Protect Our Forest".

any advantage derived from the trimming

be published in the Review. The offer con-

effect of the fire was nullified by mortali-

tinues through June, with the same prize Interesting Facts as to Damage of ty within the group; (d) considering only

given each month, and the awards will be Fire to Growing Timber Revealed total basal area, there has been at least a

made at the F. F. A. convention in June.

By Recent Report of Appalach- 15 year loss in growing time as a result of

The first article used by the Review is

ian Forest Experiment Station the fire.

one composed by Myrvin Clark of Sale

City High School, secretary of the Sale In the fourteenth annual report and pro- EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF

City F. F. A. Club, and is entitled,
"Our Forest"

gram of the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station, giving a summary of activi-

GEORGIA FORESTRY ASS'N

The forests of America are directly or ties for the past year, it is very interest-

MEETS AT ATHENS

indirectly in the hands of the farmer. ing to note that a study on the effort of There was a meeting of the executive

These wooded acres of land have contribut- fire to growing timber was one of their committee of the Georgia Forestry Asso-

ed more to his progress than any other of major activities. A beginning was also ciation held at Athens on January 23, in

his servants. Notwithstanding this fact, made in detection planning, fire weather Memorial Hall on the University of Geor-

the hand of roan-the latest destroyer- and fire behavior studies, for which work- gia campus. Mr. T. G. Woolford, president,

has weighted the balance against the for- ing plans are being prepared.

of Atlanta, presided,

est still JllOre heavily. Places which geological and even historical records designate as fertile forest lands are now arid deserts, an evidence of devastating fires and fierce winds which completely destroyed

The principal objectives of the fire damage study are to develop methods of appraising damage and to discover the silvicultural significance of fire in the mountain hardwood stands.

Mr. Herbert L. Kayton, secretary, reported that in response to a canvass of the superior court judges he had received response from nine who had agreed to instruct their respective grand juries with re-

the growth of a century in an hour.

During the past year much progress was gard to their duties in curbing forest fires

Our forests, with their billions of trees, made, this being indicated by the establish- in the state. Some of these judges replied

are the backbone of agriculture, the skele- ment and experimental burning off of the that it had been their custom for periods

ton of lumbering and the heart of industry, fourth of a series of large sample plots. A ranging from months to years to charge

and even now in spite of depletion, they total of 3,500 trees were tagged and de- the grand juries regarding the fire menace.

are the cream of our national resources. scribed and more than 200 reproduction It was brought out during this discussion

Our forest fortune has been thoughtless- quadrats were established on the Toccoa that Chatham county had recently had its

ly squandered by successive generations of Experimental forest in North Georgia.

first conviction for setting the woods on

spendthrifts. Almost every nation has traveled over the same road, first wasting its forestry supply and then, as the supply diminished alarmingly, being driven to frantic attempts to save this resource.
Everyone recognizes the beauty of our forests, and everyone recognizes the protection that the sheltering trees give to birds and animals. The forest is for the benefit of every individual who will preserve and treat it with kindness, and for your kindness the forest will repay you in many ways. The forests furnish fuel for the nation, pasture for thousands of sheep and cattle, and the water supply for countless cities and farms. They are the dominion of wild life and aid agriculture by preventing floods and storing the surplus rainfall in the soil for the use of farm crops. They furnish the foundation for all our railroads and produce fertile soil. They give employment to millions of workmen

Some of the reports of previous studies revealed the following:
Analysis of growth and mortality following a fire in 1925 in a young stand of pitch and shortleaf pine on the Dent Creek Experimental Forest showed that over a ten year period: (a) the dominant group of trees was set back 10 years in growing time; (b) surviving trees on the burned area grew from 1-5 to 1-3 less in basal area than similar trees on the adjacent unburned area; (c) the degree of crown burning apparently does not influence mortality after the first two years; (d) growth of trees above 4 inches in diameter is significantly influenced by the extent of crown burning. Taking the 6 inch trees as an example, those with 60 per cent of their crown browned had an average basal area increment half again as great as those 80 per cent browned and twice as great as

fire and the perpetrator was sentenced to serve 60 days.
Another feature of the meeting was continuation of the award to vocational teachers in the state doing outstanding work in forestry during the school year. This prize has been designated the Herty prize and has heretofore been for $75 in one lump sum; this prize has been divided and $50 will be given the teacher doing the best work, with a second prize of $25 to the next best. In addition the colored teachers have been offered prizes of $15 and $10 respectively for similar work in forestry.
An entirely new prize of $5 each month until June has been offered to the forestry student in the vocational schools who will write the best article on forestry activities. These prizes will total $25 and will be awarded at the F. F. A. convention in June. No student may win more than one award.

and form the best organized feature of the those 100 per cent browned.

The members of the committee were

plant world. Can you picture America

if

we

people

Examinations over a ten year period of a hardwood stand 2 to 14 inches in diam-

guests of the University at a luncheon. Chancellor Sanford addressed the luncheon

neglect the conservation of our forests? eter which was burned in 1925 indicate party, telling them of an effort being made America will be a desert with no place to that: (a) the total basal area of the stand to change the curriculum to meet the needs take shelter from the hot sun. Crops can- during the first five year period was re- of changing economic conditions.

not grow; hunger and thirst will prevail duced by 1-5 and that during the second The next meeting of the executive com-

and America will not progress. But turn five year period, growth of surviving trees mittee will be held in Columbus, Georgia,

this picture over, remove the clouds and scarcely more than offset loss through on March 19.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

UNUSUAL USE FOR WOOD

DEPARTMENT NOTES

class of 1930, succeeds Mr. Thurmond at

Harold M. Sebring, Assistant State For- Savannah. He has been district forester at

Elementary School in California ester in Georgia since October 1, 1929, re- Columbus, Georgia, since 1931, and has

' Makes "Woods" Map of United signed effective January 1, 1936, to become demonstrated unusual ability in handling

States.

associated with the Soil Conservation Ser- the fire protection program in Muscogee

vice. Mr. Sebring is a graduate of the Penn- and surrounding counties, and it is felt

During the school year 1929-30, the sylvania State Forest School at Mont Alto, that the work in the Savannah district will

Georgia Forest Service received a request Penna., class of 1925, with Bachelor of be efficiently handled by Mr. Wallace.

from the Seventh and Eighth grades of Ply- Science degree in forestry. He served as

mouth Elementary School, Plymouth, California, for a piece of wood native to Georgia to be used in making a map of the United States. It seems that a similar request was sent to each state in the Union.
Nothing was heard from the school regarding its project until recently, when a letter was received from the Seventh grade teacher advising that the map had been completed and they were sending us a photograph of it together with a list of the

District Forester with the North Carolina Forest Service for nearly three years and in the same capacity with the Florida Forest Service for over a year, coming to Georgia in 1929 as Assistant State Forester. When ECW work was started in 1933, he was put in charge of the work of the forestry CCC camps.
Mr. Sebring will be located at Athens, Georgia.

At a meeting of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development at the State Capitol on January 17, the following changes were made, effective at once: Richard W. Smith, State Geologist since October 1933, when he succeeded the late S. W. McCallie, was reappointed to this office. P revious to the death of Dr. McCallie, Mr. Smith had served as assistant state geologist for seven years and since his en-

woods and the states from which they were

cumbency has developed an up-to-date

secured. We are reproducing the map in Succeeding Mr. Sebring as assistant for- geologic library second to none in the

order that the readers of the REVIEW ester is Jack Thurmond, who has ably South and is creating a gazetteer of all

may see how it looked after completion. served the Forest Service as district for- streams and place names in Georgia. Mr.

In a letter of appreciation to the Geor- ester for six years. Mr. Thurmond gradu- Smith was made secretary to the Commis-

gia Forest Service for their cooperation in ated from the Forest School, University of sion.

making the project possible, the teacher Georgia in 1928 with a degree of Bachelor The state forester was not reappointed

stated that this map was entered at the California State Fair, and in addition to

of Science in forestry. He is well qualified to take up this work because of his know-

by the Commission, no reason being given for this action. Previous to his appointment

receiving special attention, was awarded a ledge of forestry conditions in the state and as state forester, Mr. Lufburrow had done

bronze replica of the seal of the State of his experience with the fire protection pro- forestry work in West Virginia, Virginia,

California. Considerable publicity was giv- gram. While district forester at Savannah the Carolinas and Mississippi, and at the

en the project through the newspapers of the acreage under organized fire protec- time of his appointment as state forester

the state.

tion has grown from a small beginning of was supervisor of the Alabama National

The Georgia Forest Service considers 10,000 acres about five years ago to over Forest. Mr. Lufburrow is a native of Screv-

this one of the most interesting and unique 800,000. Mr. Thurmond has been of inval- en county, Georgia, and a graduate of the

projects dealing with wood ever brought uable assistance to timberland owners and Forest School, Univer sity of Georgia, class

to their attention and congratulates the naval stores operators.

of 1914. He has served his native state

teacher and pupils on this most unusual

well, developing a forestry program that

undertaking. This would seem an ideal pro- W. Gordon Wallace, also a graduate of is the admiration of other states, several

ject for any class.

the Forest School, University of Georgia, features of which have been copied by oth-

er forestry departments.

Jack Thurmond was appointed acting

state forester until a permanent appoint-

ment is made by the commission.

Mrs. M. E . Judd, member of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development, and State Park authority under the Commission, and Mr. Edwin H. Sims, Superintendent of State Park Construction, attended the meeting of the National Conference on State Parks, held in Washington, D. C., January 22, 23 and 24. This Conference on State Parks was held under the direction of the Advisory Council of the American Planning and Civic Association and was attended by officials of the National Park Service, in Washington, State Park officials from various states, by members of the American Society of Landscape Architects, and many others.
Some of the subjects discussed embraced
A Worthy National Park System; Stand-
ards and Policies applied in National Parks;
Recreation as related to parks; archaeolog-
ical and historical sites, wild life and legis-
lation.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

A FORESTRY POLICY FOR THE bottom lands may be injured or ruined,

I CHATTAHOOCHEE VALLEY and the final result is the silting of navi: gable rivers and harbors which cost our tax_

By W. G. WALLACE, District Forester payers millions of dollars each year to keep

Any program designed to build the eco- dredged out for navigation.

nomic and social stability of the Chatta- Only in very recent years has it been

hoochee Valley and its people must care- recognized that this process of incipient

fullY consider the importance of its for- soil erosion has been going on to such a

ests and idle land, if such a program is to wide extent and at such a rapid rate. To

prove permanently effective. This is dic- continue to close our eyes and try to lead

tated by the fact that considerably more ourselves into believing everything will

than half of the Chattahoochee Valley con- work out all right is to aggravate a bull

sists of timberland, and idle land best suit- that will become more and more difficult to

ed to the growing of timber crops. Such an "take by the horns" as the years pass.

area, as a whole, can either be an asset or After all, it settles down to a problem of

a liability. As an asset it will multiply the proper land use. After the more desirable

profits and benefits made from a program land has been reserved for cultivation, the of ~gricultural and industrial improvement; balance, consisting of idle land in all stages

as a liability, it will be a "drag" to any of erosion and vegetative cover, and for-

forward movement planned.

ested land, should be classified as to needs

It is not likely that the forested land and given due consideration.

will ever prove to be a liability. Nature, in A broad policy for the forest and idle

the more fortunate South, is capable of land of the Chattahoochee Valley will cov-

waging an aggressive fight even in the face er these four main points:

of indifference and ignorance. Regardless 1. First, and most important of all, ef-

of lack of encouragement, and the attacks ficient and effective fire control.

Albany Nursery
Increasing demands upon the State forest nursery at Albany, Georgia, for planting stock in the past four years by land owners of the state, is evidence of increasing interest in artificial reforestation. Applications for seedlings have been made by naval stores operators, lumbermen, parks, schools, clubs and farmers, this demand having increased approximately one million seedlings per year since the establishment of the nursery.
By expansion of the nursery, a larger yield than ever before has resulted, and although this expansion more than doubled the area under cultivation, slash pine seedlings were completely sold out even before time for lifting, and the supply fell short of the demand by more than one million seedlings.
Due to liberal applications of pond muck made to the soil, and early planting, the seedlings produced this year average approximately 14 inches in height, are stocky with strong branches, thick stems and a remarkably well developed root system.

of its bitterest enemy, fire, the pine forest 2. Reclamation of eroded areas by the All plants are thrifty and free from di~

in the South is generally capable of main- establishment of check dams and vegeta- ease.

taining itself, and is often able to make erratic and slow, but sure, headway. As a whole, the forests, through annual growth, are paying taxes and a small margin of profit to their owners. But in many individual cases, forests are unproductive-a liability to the owner who, through bad management, may in the long run prove not to be an asset to his county and state.
Assuming that the forested land is making very slow but sure headway, let us consider the idle land problem-land that has proven to be too poor and eroded for further profitable farming. It has, you might say, been abandoned. A patchy growth of broom sedge is to be found on areas where raw gullies and sheet erosion have not completely assumed control. Sometimes a few scattered, scrubby pine trees are seen.
Such areas are generally over-run by periodic grass fires which prevent natural reforestation and insure the speeding up of soil erosion forces. Not only are such areas totally unproductive, they are assuming less and less chance every year of

tive cover.
3. Reforestation of all idle land not best suited to agriculture or other use. This will call for artificial reforestation, by planting, where natural reforestation cannot be expected within a reasonable time.
4. Forest management, on sound business principles, of all existing forested areas-pointing to sustained yield and increased growth rate.
Management of wild game and fish, in connection with forest management and fire protection, is often desirable both from the standpoint of the forest and that of healthful recreation for people.
EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
Albany
TPO Notes

While the supply of slash pine seedling~ has been exhausted, there yet remains fol' sale a good supply of longleaf and loblolly seedlings, although orders are coming in daily for them.
Landowners interested in artificial reforestation and who have a planting program planned, are placing orders in advance for 1936-37 delivery We are hoping that it will not be necessary to pro rate orders, as in the past, and every effort will be made at the nursery to take care of an increased demand.
It is hoped, by a slight expansion of the overhead sprinkler system, to produce approximately five million seedlings of good quality for the landowners of the state next year.
SIXTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester, Savannah

ever being profitably productive again, at Flint River TPO-Under the manage-

least not for many decades to come. But . ment and supervision of Mr. Ira Barber,
the land owner continues to pay taxes on j secretary, s_uppo~ted by determin_ed mem-

tbeae acres as well as his productive acres hers, the Flmt River TPO of Semmole and

Also, he has the same initial investment in Decatur counties has gotten off to a good

these acres as he does the rest of his farm start.

But the damage does not stop with the This organization has recently purchased

owner of the land; it only beg:.ns there.

a tractor and plow and during the past

Eroded soil, in the form of silt, rides quarter, has reworked the greater percent-

with flood waters down gullies to branches age of firebreaks and truck trails, and with

TPO Notes
Tar City TPO Purchases Equipment.At a recent meeting of the Tar City TPO Board of Directors, attended by M. V. Overstreet, I. S. Smith, J. Henry Kennedy and W. K. Peagler, chief forester of Camp P-82, Reidsville, it was decided to purchase an International "40" Deise! tractor, Hester plow and road machine for maintaining ECW primary firebreaks and con-

and creeks where valuable bottom land is good luck will complete the work some- structing new secondary firebreaks. This

overflowed and often made useless for cui- where around February first.

equipment was to be delivered and opera-

tivation. Continuing on to the river, flood Although this organization got a late tions started late in January, A demonstra-

water and silt destroy water-carrying ca- start, the local interest has been such that tion was also scheduled to determine the

Pacities of power lakes by settling of the through cooperation the work has progress- feasibility of using a terracing plow for

silt in such reservoirs and lakes. Continu- ed rapidly and with very little trouble from maintaining ECW firebreaks and truck

ing on its mad path, more extensive river fires,

trails.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

GEORGIA'S FOREST FIRE LAW JMPORTANT FORESTRY

FROM A GEOLOGIST'S

For the information of those who are not familiar with Georgia's Forest Fire law, this law is given below.
Sever penalties are inflicted on those who wilfully set the woods on fire, and Georgia judges and juries are giving heavy sentences to those who are convicted of such a misdemeanor.
Extract from Code of Georgia Law 1910
As Amended Aug. 8th, 1927
ARTICLE 2.

ORGANIZATION HOLDS ANNUAL MEETING IN ATLANTA
Society of American Foresters attended by notables from all parts of the United States
Convening at the Ansley Hotel, the 35th annual meeting of the Society of American Foresters opened a three day session Monday morning, Jan. 27. Foresters from all parts of the United States attended this meeting and discussed matters of policy and development along forestry lines.

NOTE'BOOK
On Saturday, January 11, about thirty members and guests of the Georgia Mineral Society took a field trip to the Warm Springs, Georgia area. P. L. Freeman's gem collection was seen at Thomaston. Trips were made to the kyanite deposits near Crest, the old bauxite mine near Warm Springs, the flexible sandstone deposit near Cold Spring, and the iron mine at Dunn's Gap. Interesting specimens were taken and much enthusiasm was manifested.

Firing the Woods.

One of the important discussions taking

SEC. 227. WHO MAY. No person but place was the federal acquisition of tim- Mr. M. Richardson, of Crest, Georgia,

a resident of the county where the firing berlands in the states, and this discussion has lent some very beautiful quartz speci-

is done, owning lands therein, or domiciled covered both sides of the question. Many mens to the State Museum. Some of these

thereon, outside of any town incorpora- are opposed to federal ownership of state specimens are bounded by plane surfaces

tion, shall set on fire any woods, land or lands, these lands being developed tax free resembling crystal faces but which were

marshes, nor shall such persons, except be- as opposed to private ownership which probably molded by other surfaces limiting

tween the first of January and the first of bears its share of the tax burden.

the growth of the quartz. Some of these

March annually.

The development of the pulp, paper and specimens are hollow and contain beautiful

SEC. 228. NOTICE. When such person shall desire to set fire within a said time, he shall notify all persons who occupy lands adjoining him, by residence thereon, or cultivation, or enclosure of any portion of the tract or settlement, of the day and hour of the firing, at least one day prior thereto. Such notice need not be given if, on sudden emergency, due caution should require firing to render one's premises safe.

rayon industry in the south came in for a lengthy discussion. In spite of propaganda and pressure by the established paper interests, Dr. Charles H. Herty told the So-

chalcedony stalactites. Others are tabular or banded. They can be seen in the State Museum at the Capitol.

ciety that nothing can stop the develop- The fluorescent mineral exhibit recently

ment of a vast paper industry in the south, installed in the State Museum has attract-

and brought comparative figures showing ed widespread attention. Assistant State

the cost of newsprint from southern pines Geologist G. W. Crickmay has experiment-

I as opposed to imported newsprint to bear ed with powders and inks until a satisfac-

out his arg~ment.

tory fluorescent ink has been devised and

It was .pomted out that rayon of excel- used in printing labels for the display.

lent quality can be manufactured from

SEC. 229. PENALTY. Any person setting fire in violation of the preceding sections shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
SEC. 230. PENALTY FOR LETTING WOODS CATCH, ETC. Persons, either by themselves or agents, who permit fire to get into the woods, lands, or marshes, through neglect, are within the meaning of the three preceding sections.

pine trees, and from experiments made at the Savannah laboratory, the same is true of cellophane, book paper and writing paper.
Mr. F. A. Silcox, Chief Forester of the U. S. Forest Service pointed out that the paper industry is already headed south, and called attention to the establishment of paper mills in various sections of the south near the source of supply.
Dr. H. H. Chapman, president of the

The Georgia Mineral Society is proceeding with the compilation of all known min" eral localities in Georgia. This catalog is expected to prove invaluable to collectors and will be the first published listing of all Georgia minerals both of commercial and purely scientific interest. The new catalog was proposed in the presidential address of Dr. Frank Daniel at the last annual meeting of the Society.

City of Savannah Plants Pines As Memorial to Dr. Herty
(Continued from Page 1)
These pine groves will be a far more beautiful testimonial to the work Dr. Herty has done for the South and for the country than bronze tablets or a bronze statue. Each grove might be suitably marked to tell the story of the years of devotion of Dr. Herty to the indu!!trial development of the South along lines that will best utilize its raw supplies and lift it from the posi-

Society, paid a tribute to President Roosevelt's work in the conservation of timber lands and the development of the forestry program throughout the entire United States. "Under the present administration," Dr. Chapman said, "greater things have been accomplished in teaching the people the conservation of timberlands than in all preceding administrations."
Discussions of the CCC activities brought out many favorable comments of this, splendid work. These camps have done their share in bringing home to the people the values of conservation.

The death of Henry P. Nelson, vicepresident and charter member of the Georgia Mineral Society, was a blow to all his friends. Mr. Nelson had been in poor health for some time and had been forced to curtail his activities. Mr. Nelson died at his Atlanta home Friday, January 24th. He had been sales agent for the National Tube Co. of St. Louis.
Increase in Acreage Under Protection Shown Only in Sixth District

tion of being merely a producer of raw The annual banquet was held on Tues-

supplies into that of an ever-expanding in- day night, January 28, at the Ansley Hotel. The only district showing an increase in

dustrial section."

Mr. Joseph C. Kircher, regional fores- acreage under organized fire protection is

The Georgia Forest Service congratu- ter in Atlanta, arranged several tours for Forestry District 6, with headquarters at

lates the Park and Tree Commission of the the visiting foresters, which included visits Savannah. The acres added since the last

City of Savannah on such a splendid pro- to national forests in the northern part of report amount to 16,095, which 2.0 per

ject and commends a similar undertaking the state and as far south as the Osceola cent increase over previously reported acre

to other cities throughout this section.

National Forest near Lake City, Florida. age.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

from the alluvial clays of middle Georgia.

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

Sewer pipe, structural and roofing tile, and common and face brick are made from the

Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's

shales of northwest Georgia. The production will probably continue to increase with

Leading Minerals

the recovery of the building industry.

Coal: Only one coal mine is reported in

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

operation in Georgia; that of the Durham

Land Company on Lookout Mountain in

Walker county.

THE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF per cent of the kaolin mined in the United Fullers Earth: Fullers earth is a variety

GEORGIA FOR 1934

States for use as a filling and coating clay of bleaching clay used mainly in refining

By

in the manufacture of paper; as a filler in oils. That produced in Decatur county is

RICHARD W. SMITH

the manufacture of rubber, oil cloth, and used with mineral oils, whereas that mined

The value of the mineral production of other products; and for use in the manu- in Twiggs and Wilkinson counties is used

Georgia for 1934 was $8,155,813, an in- facture of china and other white ware. Its mainly with vegetable oils. A new fullers crease of about seven and a half per cent use in these products is largely replacing earth mine was opened in 1935 at Och-

over that of 1933. If we add to this the the English clay formerly used. It is also lochnee in Thomas county.

value of the electricity produced from hy- used in the local manufacture of high grade Deposits of a bentonitic type of bleach-

dro-electric plants we get a total of $18,- fire brick and other refractories. This sedi- ing clay which, when activated by acid

588,533. Table I below is a summary of the ton-
nage and value of Georgia's mineral pro-

TABLE I THE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA FOR 1934

duction for 1934, together with the percentages of increase or decrease over the 1933 figures. The statistics for minerals of

Material

I i 11934 Tonnage Change from 1934 Value Change from

1933

1933

which there are less than three producers Clay (Kaolin) :

in Georgia are confidential and cannot be Paper clay, china

revealed. These minerals are marked in the table with an asterisk ( *) and their ton-

clay, etc. Refractory Uses
Marble

nages and values have been reported in Granite

combination with other such minerals so as Clay Products

} to conceal individual figures.

Bauxite*

Fullers Earth*

The collection of the statistics of the Portland Cement*

mineral production of Georgia is undertak- Limestone, Lime

en by the United State Bureau of Mines Talc*

f and the United States Bureau of Census,

Slate* Mica, Chlorite Schist*

with the cooperation of the Division of Tripoli*

Geology of the Georgia Department of For- Sand and Gravel

236,606 } 47,950 39,740
602,210
------------
313,744
12,382 325,526

+

1.6%

~ $1,535.046 ~ 86,177

+ 15.2 o/o

- 18.9 o/o
+ 8.6 o/o
----------------
{-- 272..96%%} . + 33.5% - 0.8%
f -+41689..8%%
- 10.5%
1- 39.6% + 31.8%

989,254 1,194,493 1,424,925 1,652,590
364,713
114,067 229,849

- 29.8 o/o
+ 8.7% + 11.1%
{ - 22.5% - 6.9% + 34.6%
1+ 25.9% -+29635..6%% - 11.2% + 2.1% + 84.6%

estry and Geological development. The gathering of this information is a slow process, as many firms do not report their productions until considerable time has elapsed.
Barite: Barite is a heavy white mineral which, when ground, is used largely in the manufacture of lithapone for use in paint. It is also used in the manufacture of barium salts, in the refining of sugar, in glaz-

Barite*

}

Ocher*

Manganese*

} Coal*
Iron Ore* Kyanite*

Gold and Silver:

Gold Silver

59,071

{ -+3721.% .6%} + 53.6%

{ + 19. %

436,925

- 32.6%

+116.1%

34,214 {+-26241.. % % }

{ + 3.9%

93,845

+227. %

+100. % .,

+100. %

969.91 fine oz.
48. " "

-+

73.6% 26.2%

33,898t 31

+137.7%:j: + 34.8%

Total Water Power
Grand Total

$ 8,155,813 \ + 7.5 o/o

j 10,432,720 l--~6..:..;.9...;o/.~o-

$18,588,533

8.1%

ing pottery and enameling iron, and as a filler in the manufacture of paper and rubber. All of the 1934 production came from the Cartersville district of Bartow county.
Bauxite: J;Jauxite, the oxide of alumi-

* Less than three producers, so production and value cannot be shown separately.
t Valued at $34.95 per ounce. Value at old price of gold ($20.671835 per oz.) would
be $20,049.79. :j: Percentage increase is shown with 1934 production valued at $34.95 per ounce and
1933 production valued at $25.56 per ounce.

num, was first discovered in America in 1887 near Rome, in Floyd county, Georgia. Since that time it has been mined in Floyd, Bartow, and Polk counties in northwest Georgia and in Wilkinson, Macon, Randolph, Schley, and Sumter counties in mid.. dle Georgia. The production in 1934 all came from Sumter county and was largely Used in the manufacture of alum salts for use as a water conditioner.
Cement: Portland cement was manufactured from limestone and either shale or clay at two plants, one in Polk county and one in Houston county.

mentary kaolin was mined in 1934 in the following counties, named in order of the value of production: Wilkinson, Twiggs, Washington, Richmond, Hancock, Glascock, Baldwin, Houston, and Taylor. The 1934 production showed a marked increase over that of 1933, and preliminary estimates indicate that the 1935 production may be the largest in history.
Clay Products: The production of brick, sewer pipe, and tile from Georgia clays in 1934 showed a substantial increase over that of 1933, although it is still far below that of normal times. Common and face

treatment, are superior to fullers earth for bleaching oils were discovered in south Georgia in 1935 and are described in Information Circular No. 6 issued by the Georgia Division of Geology,
Gold: The production of gold in Georgia, which doubled in 1933, again nearly doubled in 1934. The principal production came from Lumpkin and White counties with minor amounts produced in Cherokee, Paulding, McDuffie, and other counties. About 15 mines were in active production during the year and prospecting or development work was carried on at other mines.

Clay (kaolin): Georgia produces over 65 brick and structural tile are manufactured It is estimated that the figures for 1935

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

will show a substantial increase over those 1933. Early in 1935 a third company start- Pehrson, and H. M. Meyer. pp. 45-73. 5

for 1934.

_ed production.

cents.

Granite: The eight counties producing Tripoli: A small production of tripoli, Gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc in

granite in 1934 are in order of the value used for abrasive and filler purposes was Eastern and Central states, by J. P. Dun-
H: of their production: Elbert, DeKalb, War- reported from a mine near the foot of lop and M. Meyer. pp. 237-258. 5 cents.

ren, Madison, Gwinnett, Oglethorpe, Lookout Mountain in Chattooga county.

Radium, uranium, and vanadium, by

Greene, and Carroll. The production from Water Power: The amount of electricity Frank L. Hess. pp. 555-559. 5 cents.

Elbert county is largely used for monu- for public use generated by water power

mental purposes, whereas that from the in Georgia in 1934 showed a slight decrease

Information Circulars

other counties is largely used as curbing, from that reported for 1933. The value 6869. Asbestos--Milling, marketing, and

rubble, road metal, railroad ballast, con- was figured at one cent per kilowatt-hour,

fabrication, by Oliver Bowles. pp.

crete aggregate, building stone, and other the approximate value of the electricity at

2 figs. Third report in series on as-

uses.

the source of production.

bestos. This report deals chiefly

Iron Ore: Brown iron ore was mined in Preliminary figures received indicate

with milling and marketing, al-

1934 by two companies, one each in Bar- that the mineral production in Georgia in

though fabrication is so important

tow and Polk counties.

1935 will show a substantial increase over

brief references to principal pro-

Kyanite: A small amount of kyanite, an the figures for 1934 given above.
I aluminum silicate used in the manufacture

cesses are included. Free. Mineral Market Reports

of refractories, was produced for th~ first
time i~ Georgia in 1933. The de~osrt, lo-
cated m Habersham county, consrsts of a surface accumulation of kyanite crystals from a kyanite-mica schist. Mining continued in 1934 from this deposit and from a placer deposit of kyanite in the valley of a small stream in the same county. An investigation by the U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Georgia Division of Geology, resulted in the discovery of a large U-shaped belt of kyanite schists in Habersham and Rabun counties, as reported in Bulletin 46 of the Geological Survey of Georgia.
Lime and Limestone: The only plant re-

U. S. BUREAU OF MINES PUBLICATIONS OF POSSIBLE
INTERES~ TO GEORGIA MINERAL PRODUCERS
BOUND VOLUME, MINERALS YEARBOOK, 1935.
This third issue in a series which supersedes the two-volume annual compilation, Mineral Resources of the United States, comprises 75 chapters, 129 illustrations, and 1,293 pages and constitutes a condensed library of current developments in

MMS 418. Portland cement industry in 1934-summary. 6 pp. Free. Periodical Report Monthly

MTN

Mineral trade notes (vol. 1, no. 6) 44 pp. Reviews current data on metals and industrial minerals (nonmetallics) and includes statistical and general items that cannot readily be classified by individual commodities. F'ree.

These publications may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. If a charge is made, send either cash or money order. No stamps or checks accepted.

porting a production of lime in 1934 was in Bartow county. The five counties producing limestone, in order of value of their production are: Houston, Gilmer, Pickens, Whitfield, Bartow and Polk. The larger part of this production was used as a road material, but limestone, both crushed and ground, was used for many other purposes.
Manganese: Eleven companies in the Cartersville district of Bartow county, two in Polk county, and one in Floyd county reported production of manganese or manganiferous iron ore in 1934.
Marble: The Georgia Marble Company, with quarries in Pickens and Cherokee counties, was the only producer of marble in 1934. The production included a small amount of serpentine or verde antique.
Mica and Chlorite Schist: No production of scrap mica and only a small production of sheet mica was reported in 1934. Chlorite schist, used principally as a filler, was mined in Cherokee county.
Ocher: Ocher, a hydrated iron oxide used in the manufacture of linoleum, oil cloth, and as a coloring for mortars, was produced by two companies in the Cartersville district of Bartow county.
Sand and Gravel: Sand and gravel are produced at a number of small pits widely <:cattered throughout Georgia.
Talc: Two companies near Chatsworth in Murray county reported a production of

the mineral industries. It covers the pro-

duction of a hundred commercial minerals EARTHQUAKE FELT IN NORTH

in the United States and abroad during the year 1934. Technical progress in the pro-

GEORGIA

duction of these minerals and their pres- Earthquakes have the reputation of
ent economic position are reviewed. This i striking more than once in the same place.

volume continues the advances made in the On January 1, 1935, an earthquake of in-

1934 volume and incorporates many im- tensity 5 occurred near Shooting Creek, provements based on constructive sugges- North Carolina. Investigation by G. W.

tions volunteered by close observers and Crickmay and Lane Mitchell, assistant

students of the mineral industry. In addi- State Geologists, showed that it was felt

tion to accurate official data on all com- over an area of 6,725 square miles, includ-

mercially important minerals, it gives a ing parts of Tennessee and Georgia. Exact-

resume of the principal economic develop- ly a year later, on January 1, 1936, an-

ments in mining, and deals with progress other earthquake shook this same general

in coal utilization, uses of petroleum fuels, region. The tremor, first noted by the Blue

petroleum and natural gas production, Ridge Summit-Post, was reported by ques-

mine safety, and mineral developments tionnaires sent out by the Division of

from a world viewpoint. Chapters on mis- Geology.

cellaneous commercial gases and on minor non-metallic minerals appear for the first time. Recommendations of the National Resources Board and activity under the National Recovery Administration are reviewed in the commodity discussions. An analysis of the extent of business recovery for various mineral groups is given. Important occurrences in gold and silver mining and markets are thoroughly surveyed, and detailed reviews of activity in the metal mining districts of the various states are given. Sixty-one contributors are represented in the volume. 1293 pp. 129 figs.

The 1936 tremor was felt ;~.t Blue Ridge, Ellijay, and Cleveland, Georgia, at Isabella, Tennessee, and at Murphy, North Carolina. Its intensity probably did not exceed 3, as measured on the standard Wood-Neumann scale. Although it shook windows and awakened some people, it was not strong enough to do any damage. The exact time of the earthquake is uncertain but was probably close to 3 :00 A. M., Central Time. The 'quake was felt over an area of less than 1,000 square miles. The epicenter can not be located definitely because of insufficient data but probably was

ground talc and talc pencils used for mark- $2.

between Murphy, N. C. and Blue Ridge,

ing iron and steel. The production for 1934 Chapters from Minerals Yearbook, 1935 Georgia, not more than 35 miles from the

showed a very large increase over that of Copper, by J. W. Furness, Elmer W. epicenter of the 1935 earthquake.