Forestry-geological review [Oct. 1936]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM

Vol. 6

ATLANTA, GA., OCTOBER, 1936

No. 10

BE CAREFUL ABOUT STARTING WOODS' FIRES COLLECTING, EXTRACTING,

___

MARKETING SOUTHERN

FIRE SEASON NEAR-PRECAUTION SHOULD BE TAKEN TO

PINE SEED

REDUCE NUMBER OF FIRES

Collectors Should Be Well Informed In

Order To Gather Seed Profitably

As the fire season approaches citizens of Georgia are cautioned to be careful

And Efficiently

about starting woods' fires. Forest Fire is the greatest enemy to timber owners every where.
There is a law in Georgia against setting fire to any woodlands. We are giving extracts from the Code of Georgia Law 1910 as amended August 8, 1927.

During the twenty years from 1916 through 1935 the commerce in seed of longleaf, slash, loblolly and shortleaf pines has grown by extremely irregular stages

Article 2. Firing the Woods.

from practically nothing to many tons of seed each year.
In order that seed collectors may gather

SEC. 277. WHO MAY. No person but a resident of the county where the

firing is to be done, owning land therein, or domiciled thereon, outside of any town

incorporation, shall set on fire any woods, land or marshes, nor shall such person, ex-

cept between the first of January and the first of March annually.

SEC. 228. NOTICE. When such persons shall desire to set fire within a set

time, he shall notify all persons who occupy lands adjoining him, by residence thereon,

or cultivation, or enclosure of any portion of the tract or settlement, of the day and

hour of the firing,

at least one day prior thereto. Such notice need not be given if, on sud.d e n emergency, due caution should require firing to render one's premises safe.

FOREST FIRE IS THE GREAT DESTROYER
IT Blackens Millions Acres Every Year.
IT Destroys Lumber And Robs The Homebuilder.

SEC. 230. PENALTY FOR LETTING WOODS CATCH, ETC. Persons, either by themselves or agents, who permit f i r e to get into

SEC. 229. PEN.i\l.TY. Any perliOn setting fire in violation o f t h e preceding section shall be guilty of

IT Diverts Labor and Disrupts Industry.
IT Stops Production And Robs The Community.

woods, lands, or marshes through neglect, are within the meaning of the t h r e e preceding

a misdemeanor.

sections.

seed profitably and efficiently they should be well informed on the method of gathering and the technical processes involved in the extraction of the seed from the cones.
Information of use to collectors is summarized in a paper prepared by Philip C. Wakeley, Associate Silviculturist, Southern Forest Experiment Station. A portion of this paper is given for the benefit of those who may be interested in gathering pine seed this fall.
"Much of the seed collecting so far carried on in the South has been done by men without special training in the work, or men collecting for one season only, and with no idea of creating a permanent business. As is usual under such circumstances, some of the seed has been poorly cleaned and of low quality, and much of it has been collected from any trees available, without thought of their possibly bad hereditary qualities. The situation offers a definite opportunity for skillful, reliable collectors and extractors who will concentrate their efforts upon cones from

PREVENT FOREST FIRES-IT PAYS

trees of high quality, develop sound and efficient methods of extraction, and certify

Green Forests

Forest Fires

the species, parentage, age, treatment,

-Yield abundant timber supply. -Reduce lumber prices. -Insure houses for all. -Provide outdoor playgrounds. -Increase streamflow. -Build up communities. -Support industries. -Use waste lands. -Creates national wealth.

-Destroy green forests. -Depletes our timber supply. -Increases lumber prices. -Devastate forest communities. -Reduce streamflow. -Sustain no industries. -Drives away wild life. -Lay waste the beauty spots. -Reduces national prosperity.

cleanness, and soundness of the seed they sell.
The southern pine seed business includes three technical steps-scouting, collecting, and extracting. It is well to scout cones before booking orders for seed, and to book orders for most of the seed to be collected before investing anything but spare time in the work. The collector who neglects these precautions faces the risk, on

After reading Georgia's forest fire law call the attention of others to it let others one hand, of accepting orders he cannot

read it, and help protect the forest and forest life.



'

(Continued on page two)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review available for collection should be based on by then, and fairly easy to see. It is bet-

Published Monthly by the

counts of cones and of trees bearing cones, ter, however, to scout in early August, be-

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR

taken in the course of more or less sys- cause there is then less time between scouttematic scouting trips over the territory in ing and collection for drought, storms, and which the collector expects to work. The insects to injure the cones. In August, too,

large cones of longleaf and slash pines are by cutting open a few cones from each of

Forestry Division Elmer E. Dyal, State Forester________Atlanta JackFTohreusrtmeron_d__,___A__s__s_t__.___S__t_a__t_e____________Atlanta

easy to see and can be scouted fairly accurately. Loblolly and shortleaf cones are much harder to see, especially on tall trees,

several trees, the collector can tell whether a fair percentage of the seeds contain kernIs. It sometimes happens that in limited

Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr. __Atlanta and an accurate count is practically impos- or even in extensive areas the cones con-

T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester______________Rome
W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester________Augusta

sible, but, for his own protection, the collector should make sure that he can get

tain few good seeds, while on other equally accessible areas nearby the seeds are of

R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester__________Columbus at least the quantity ordered before he un- high quality; in such instances it is plainly

W. G. Wallace, Dist. Forester______Savannah dertakes collection. No great harm is done to the interest of the collector to supply

R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester________Albany Herbert C. Carruth, Dist. Forester____Macon

if he somewhat supply.

underestimates the

actual

the better seed. It is believed that the seeds of l!louthern

Miss Hazel E. Nicholas, Secretary to State Forester_____________________Atlanta
M. E. Murphy, Nurseryman___________~Albany

Table 1 Numbers of cones per bushel

Mrs. W. L. Davis, Clerk State Nursery ____________________________Albany

Usual

Extreme values observed*

Geological Division

Species

number

Lowest

Highest

Richard W. Smith, State Geologist,

Longleaf----------------------------------------------------------------- 100

86

118

and Secretary to Commission__Atlanta Slash___________________________________ ---------------------------------__ 200

157

243

G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist __________________________________Atlanta

Loblolly---------------------------------------------------------------

50 0

393

1,080

Lane Mitchell, Asst. State Geologist,

Shortleaf________________------------------------------------------------ 2, 000

1,444

2,545

on leave_____________________________________Atlanta

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk___________Atlanta The number of cones available in an en- pines mature before the cones do; that is,

tire tract can be estimated by counting that seed fit for use in nurseries can be ex-

Any information appearing in this pub- or estimating the cones on a number of tracted as early in the season as the cones

lication may be used at any time provided proper credit is given.-The Editor.

quarter-acre or acre plots scattered uniformly over the area, reducing the figures

can be made to open by drying. Collectors have experienced difficulty many times in

COLLECTING PINE SEED

to average number of bushels per acre and the past both from gathering cones a trifle multiplying the number of bushels per acre early without treating them as carefully

(Continued from page one)

by the number of acres in the tract. The as necessary under such conditions, and more uniform the figures for the separate from gathering them very early and having

plots, and the greater the number of plots, them fail to open under any treatment.

fill, and on the other, except possibly in the more reliable the final estimate will be. Unless the quantity of cones needed is so

years of scanty crops or of suddenly ex- Fair estimates of the cones available on great that a long collecting season is es-

panded state or federal planting, of tying small tracts, or on the total number of sential, the safest plan is to wait until all

up an investment in unmerchantable seed. trees to be cut on a given logging opera- cones have begun to turn brown, or even

Cones can be collected most easily from tion during the collecting season, may often until the first few cones (usually those on

felled trees. The disadvantages of this be obtained by multiplying the total num- the south sides of crowns) have begun to

method, however, are that logging or other ber of trees by the average yield per tree open."

cutting is not always going on in bearing as determined by counting cones on 20, to, The usual dates of maturing and collec-

stands at the time cones are mature, and or 100 trees chosen at random to give a tion of cones in Georgia and other southern

that cones from later crops cannot be col- fair sample of the stand.

states is October 1 to November 15. The

lected from the same trees, no matter how Scouting for cones can be done as early time varying however, due to local and sea-

desirable seed from those trees has proved as May or June, because cones are full size sonal conditions.

to be. Collection from standing trees var-

ies greatly in difficulty. Heavy crops of Large Number of Seedlings

CONE CROP BELOW

cones on longleaf and slash pine trees less than 40 or 50 feet high, with short branch-

Planted on TVA Project

NORMAL

es and with the lowest living branches fairly near the ground, are relatively cheap to

More than ten million seedlings were Estimated To Be Far Below 1935

gather. Loblolly and shortleaf cones on planted by the Tennessee Valley Authority, Except in Virginia, ~here there is a good

similar trees, and cones of any species on in its program of watershed protection dur- supply of loblolly pine _cones, the 193t:i

tall trees with long, clear trunks and wide ing the 1935-36 season, according to an cone crop of longleaf, slash, loblolly and

crowns, are far more expensive to knock announcement made recently by the For- shortleaf pine is light, according to an

down or pick. If seed is to be collected estry Officials of the TVA Project. More announcement made recently by the South-

only from trees of the best form, it is than eight million of these trees, chiefly ern Forest Experiment Station, New Or-

easier to select such trees in uncut stands than on a logging operation. These points

black locust and pine, were planted on cooperative erosion-control projects in the

leans, La. The longleaf cone crop is definitely poor

should be kept in mind while scouting for valley by crews from TVA-CCC forestry in South Carolina, Florida and central

cones and estimate costs of collection. Be- camps, and an additional two million were Louisiana, and poor to spotty throughout

fore entering into contracts for large quan- planted on land owned by the Authority. the rest of the range. The slash pine cone

tities of cones, it is well to time the pick- Supervisors of smaller watersheds is definitely poor in southern Mississippi

ing of a few bushels and find out how throughout the country are beginning to and southeastern Louisiana, and poor to

long it takes and how much it costs per realize that the only way to protect their spotty in southern Georgia, all of northern

bushel.

supply of water and insure a supply at all Florida, and southern Alabama. The lob

Scouting for Co.nes

times is to reforest as much of their water- lolly is reported to be spotty in southeast

Estimates of the quantities of cones shed as is possible.

ern Georgia.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

TYPE MAPPING PROJECT Mr. Kircher said that this procedure will MISS EMILY WOODWARD

FOR SOUTHERN REGION

give an accurate map that will be of much value in forest fire control. Fires are still

AUTHOR OF BOOK

Georgia Ahead of Other States in Progress the greatest problem facing forest conserv-

Already Made

ation in the South, where the forests are Reveals Interesting History of Georgia

the foundation of new and rapidly develop-

In Pictures

The Southern Region of the United ing industries, and it is important that

States Forest Service is undertaking a project of timber type mapping on private forest lands in the South covering detailed

everything possible be done to protect from fire the trees which supply the raw materials for these industries.

The glory of Georgia has been expressed many times in song and story but, in our judgment Miss Emily Woodward has gone

information of great value in forest fire

far beyond the printed page in her recent

control, according to an announcement of Joseph C. Kircher, Regional Forester for the Southern Region of the

STATE GEOLOGIST TELLS MINING ENGINEERS

book "Empire" and has depicted Georgia's unusual advantages in soil, climate, natural resources, educational opportunities and

United States Forest Service.

ABOUT GEORGIA

the charm of her people in pictures and

Mr. Kircher states that this project

KYANITE

short paragraphs, as many authors have

which, promises to run into many millions

tried to do in poetry and prose.

of acres before it is finished, was inaugu-

rated through a need for accurate fire con- Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, on Realizing that the most lasting impress-

trol maps in protective forest lands. It September 24th to 26th attended the meet- ions come through the eye, the author con-

was decided to obtain the data for these ings of the Industrial Minerals Division of ceived the unique idea of portraying Geormaps with the use of CCC enrollees from the American Institute of Mining and gia pictorially. In doing this she has placed the seventy-eight State and private CCC Metallurgical Engineers at State College, before the readers in picture form the high

camps in the following States, which are Pa., where he gave a paper on the Kyanite lights of Georgia history, giving the beauty

included in the Southern Region of the Industry of Georgia.

of the mountains, the attractiveness of

United States Forest Service: Georgia, Kyanite is an aluminum silicate long the seashore, the marvel of Georgia miner-

Florida, North Carolina. South Carolina, known to occur in Georgia but only in re- als, and forests, and the fertility of the Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisi- cent years used commercially in the manu- plains.

ana, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas.

facture of high-grade refractories, especi- In the making of "EMPIRE" she has

The State of Georgia already has type ally those used to construct tanks for melt- definitely touched upon the essential requi-

maps covering eight million acres of pri- ing glass in glass factories. In 1932 the sites; religion, education, agriculture, in-

vate forest lands, the data for which has Georgia-Carolina Minerals Corporation, Mr. dustry, banking, transportation, merchan-

been compiled by these type mapping Philip S. Hoyt, President, of Franklin, N. dising and natural resources. She depicts

crews. Florida is making a start, type C., began mining Georgia kyanite from a modes of transportation from the time of

mapping 225,000 acres per month, and ex- surface accumulation of kyanite crystals the covered wagon to steamships, railroads,

pects to double this figure in a short time. from a kyanite-mica schist in Habersham motor buses, and airplanes. Valuable cam-

Texas, North Carolina and South Carolina County. Later kyanite was also mined era views of the early churches, from the

each have started this work and the other from a placer deposit by the same com- coming of the early settlers to the coming

States in the Region are rapidly organiz- pany, which is still the only producer. Mr. of John Wesley, are given. Educational

ing type mapping crews and it is expected Smith in his paper has described these op- institutions are generously sketched and

that ultimately all State and private forest erations and also a new mill built this sum- nature lovers may find many opportunities

lands in the Region will be covered by this mer to recover kyanite, water-ground mica, to revel in the beauty of Georgia scenes.

project. Mr. Kircher stated that the data ob-
tained includes an accurate map showing the roads, railroads, , streams, fire breaks and topographic features. It will also include a type map showing twelve to fifteen easily recognized forest types, together with information on cultivated lands, savannas, marshes, beaches and various fire hazards, such as settlements, dwellings, etc.
The organization of each State provides for an experienced timber crusier to head up the work. He will have an assistant in the central office and sufficient draftsmen to properly assemble the maps submitted by the camps. Engineers will be employed to direct the work in the several camps and to make accurate base line surveys. Foresters will be employed to direct the crews of enrollees in cruising the forest land between the base lines or otherwise obtaining the inforination called for.

and other by-products, directly from a deposit of the kyanite-mica schist that the company located from descriptions given in the report on the kyanite deposits of Georgia that was published as Bulletin 46 of the Georgia Division of Geology.
It is predicted that the low cost of this new mining and milling operation will result in a material reduction of the selling price of Georgia kyanite and ground mica, thus enabling these minerals to be used in many products where costs are now prohibitive. Georgia may soon become the largest producer of both kyanite and ground mica.
Copies of Mr. Smith's paper may be obtained at the office of the State Geologist, 425 State Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia.
Interesting Forest Facts

It is doubtful if any other person could have succeeded so well in preparing and assembling such a book. She had the facilities of a well-grounded education, having been graduated from Wesleyan College, and having newspaper experience for a number of years, as Editor of the Vienna News. For four years she was a Vice President of the Georgia Press Association, and was elected President of this organization in 1927, thus becoming the first woman in the United States to be elected President of a State Press Association. In 1928 she organized the Georgia Press Institute, which was the first of its kind in the United States. Some years ago she had conferred upon her by the University of Georgia the degree of Doctor of Literature. She has also been very interested and active in the Forestry program of the State, being for
many years a member of the Executive

Enrollees in crews of two will run strip

Committee of the Georgia Forestry Asso-

crews at intervals of one-fourth to one- The Oak is called the King of Trees and ciation.

half miles apart, obtaining the bulk of the acorns from oak trees were a food before information called for in the type map. anyone in Europe knew the grain we called

We would like to recommend "EMPIRE''

Enrollees trained as draftsmen will as- corn.

to the readers of the Review, giving as-

semble the data from the several crews for There are about 800 different kinds of surance that no one will regret the $3.00

the camp map as the work progresses.

wood known to the timber trade.

that it costs.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Did You Know That
In South America are trees known as "cow trees" which, when pierced, yield a rich, milky, nutritious juice in such abundance as to render it an important article of food?

SEVENTH DISTRICT Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester
Waycross
T. P.O.'s

EXCERPTS OF LETTERS TO SECRETARY OF THE FESTIVAL
"Your request for suggestions on the outline of your Association's proposed program" is noted. The outline gives every evidence of considerable thought on the part of some one in your organization and

The Charlton County T. P. 0. has re- the objectives set forth are very commend-

cently purchased a new Athens plow and a able.... No one questions the immense po-

SECOND DISTRICT
W. D. Young, Dist. Forester, Gainesville

new Chevrolet pick-up truck in addition to tential resources of pulp-wood and lumber their regular equipment, so that the main- in the South, but with the large increase tenance of ECW improvements and the in pulp and paper mills drawing on these construction of secondard firebreaks could resources every effort must be made to

be expedited.

secure correct forest management practic-

The Grand Jury of Stephens County, in

es so that a substantial yield of raw ma-

session September 16, passed a resolution The Consolidated T. P. 0. recently pur- terials needed by the mills is assured. I

recommending that the county commis- chased a grader to maintain the ECW im- believe there is no more important object-

sioners of this county pay into the treas- provements in their area.

ive that could be set up by your Associa-

ury of a "Four County" Protective Organ-

tion than that of sustained yield of forest

ization, funds based on the forest area The Altamaha-Satilla T. P. 0. recently products..... "

of the county at the rate of two cents per acre. Such funds to be used for the pur-

purchased a new Athens plow. All of the equipment belonging to this T. P. 0. is

-Earl H. Clapp, Act'g Chief, U. S. For est Service.

pose of carrying out protection work as recommended by officers of the organization and representatives of the Georgia Forest Service.

practically new, having been bought since July, and they are now prepared to do some good work in their area.

"Replying to your letter with reference to the preparatory work necessary to make the Slash Pine Forest Festival in Novem her of this year the best it has ever been

This is the second county of the "Four The Wayne County T. P. 0. is consid- I am writing to offer you my cooperation

County" unit to agree to participate in the ering purchasing a tractor in addition to and to do anything in my power that you

organization, Habersham County having the one that they now own as one tractor might call on me to do. I also offer you

already passed similar resolutions.

cannot take care of the demand for plow- the assistance of Mr. Roy Dykes, forester

The above organization when fully de- ing in their area.

on our project, for such assignments as

veloped will embrace the counties of Hab-

you wish to offer him. . . . . "

ersham, Stephens, Franklin and Banks.

Two new ECW steel towers have recent- -J. A. Pearson, Project Mgr., Resettle

ly been completed in the Coffee-Jeff Davis ment Administration.

area, one is under construction in the App-

ling T. P. 0.; one is under construction in "I am tremendously interested in the

FOURTH DISTRICT
R. R. Evans, Dist. Forester, Columbus

the Wayne T. P. 0.; one will soon be start- constructive program which you have in

ed in the Charlton T. P. 0., and one is be- mind. I shall be glad to cooperate with

ing changed from one location to another you and yours in this program in any

in the Consolidated T. P. 0. area.

way I possibly can. Please feel free to

call upon me for any service at any

More than one hundred and fifty 4-H Club members, selected to represent their

Practically all of the T. P. O.'s in this District are now plowing secondard firebreaks or maintaining ECW improvements

time." -M.
sioner.

D.

Collins,

State

School

Commis-

local clubs, attended a State Wild Life and this year promises to be one of the best

Conference held at an abandoned CCC that we have ever had insofar as the gen- "I sincerely appreciate your invitation

Camp near Warm Springs, August 18-21. eral activities of the T. P. O.'s are con- to participate in your Slash Pine Forest

County Agents, Home Demonstration cerned. All Secretaries report good col- Festival Program. I am deeply interest-

Agents, and other visitors attended the lection of assessments and a big demand ed in this work. I feel that the future

camp from time to time, making the total for secondary firebreaks.

of our game and fish depends upon the

to attend more than two hundred.

continuation of the forests for shelter and

This was the first Conferences of this

FORESTRY FESTIVAL

cover for our wild life. I am sold on the

nature ever to be held for the 4-H Club The Directors of the Slash Pine Forestry value of stressing the possibilities of our

members. Much interest was manifested Association have been holding meetings natural resources and the need of their

by those attending.

lately to work up the program for the an- protection through these organizations.''

Such topics as; Wild Life Conservation, nual Festival to be held this year from -Zack D. Cravey, Commissioner of

Forestry Conservation, Forestry In Rela- November lOth to the 14th, inclusive.

Game and Fish.

tion to Wild Life, Game Birds and their A good program has been worked up

Protection, Raising Quail in Captivity, Will with many good speakers, and it is now "I am glad to know that you are to have

Insects Destroy Us, Conservation of our planned to have during the festival a play a better and bigger Forest Festival this

Mineral Resources. Representatives from or drama showing the various stages of year and I will be glad to direct our coop-

the Department of Forestry and Geological forestry development from the time of the erative agencies in Georgia to assist in

Development and Game and Fish, discussed early settlers up to 11he present time. making your festival as successful as pos-

these topics at various times during the Each night will be assigned to some county sible. I am today writing the United States

Camp.

in this vicinity to depict some e;ra in fores- Forest Service, the National Park Service

Motion pictures, pertaining to the nat- try. This promises to be an important fea- and the Soil Conservation Service, calling

ural resources as well as the Wild Life of ture of the program, the WPA has attention to your forthcoming festival and

the State were shown each night. Exhibits offered the assistance of their Drama Spe- directing them to give the fullest possible

were prepared by representatives of the cialist of the Federal Theatre Project to cooperation in putting on a creditable ex-

various state departments, which were very work up this program. All forestry hibit. I note your renewed invitation for

interesting as well as educational.

agencies are co-operating in this program. me to personally visit Waycross this year

fORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

at the time of your festival. I have made W. S. 'BOOTH, PROMINENT TUR- his death. He was also a leader in other

a note of the date and if possible for me PENTINE OPERATOR DEAD forestry movements in his section, always

to do so it will be a great personal pleas-

doing what he could to protect the forest

ure for me to be with you."

Accidentally Killed September 5 lands from its worst enemy-FIRE.

-Robert F echner, Director, Emergency

Conservation.

W. S. Booth, Manor, Georgia, a large

CORRECTION

landowner and turpentine operator, was

"The Journal and WSB, as you know, killed in an automobile accident near Way- In the September issue of the Review it

are tremendously interested in anything cross, Georgia, Saturday, September 5. was stated that W. H. Hall was a resident

that will promote the Slash Pine proposi- Mr. Booth was very active in Timber of Bullock county. This was a mistake.

tion. The Journal has been hammer ing Protective work, serving as President of Mr. Hall was a resident .of Emanuel coun-

away at it for many years and WSB is the Consolidated T. P. 0. at the time of ty. We are glad to make this correction.

nothing but a Journal instrument. Mr.

Paschall is planning to have Dr. Herty up

The hostess has kept a Visitor's Register

for our editorial hour soon and your festival will undoubtedly get some r ecognitio n

EIGHTH DISTRICT

since the building was occupied, August 26, 1934, and the pages of this record are

then. Don't hesitate to keep us informed H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester, fast becoming filled up and designate ap-

of your plans and don't hold back any sug-

Albany

proximately 600 visitors ranging from

gestion whereby we can help you on the

Michigan to Florida, and from Texas to

air. I see n'o reason why we can't do con-

the Atlantic, all of whom have come, seen,

siderably more than was possible last The State Nursery located at Albany, and have departed with more or less ideas

year."

Georgia, is proving one of the points of concerning nursery and nursery practices

-Lambdin Kay, General Manager, At- interest in South Georgia, and is fast be- and with a fond recollection of having par-

lanta Journal Station WSB.

coming known throughout the United taken of true courteous southern hospitali-

States through the numerous visitors that ty.

4-H FORESTRY CLUBS BEING

have not failed to be attracted by the very

ORGANIZED

artistic sign designating this point of in-

T. P. O. ACTIVITIES

terest and bearing the friendly phrase of Organized T. P. O.'s in the Eighth Dis-

In connection with the Forestry Festival "Visitors Welcome".

trict are formulating plans for the coming

to be held in Waycross during the week of

November lOth to 14th, inclusive, and in

conjunction with the ten year educational

program set up by the Forestry Associa-

tion, the 4-H Clubs of the southern section

of the State are being organized into 4-H

Forestry Clubs.

Due to the fact that the counties in the

vicinity of Waycross derive their revenues

mainly from forest products and realizing

that this phase of the Agricultural work

has not received the attention in the past

that it deserves, the County Agents are giv-

ing their wholehearted approval of the ten

year plan outlined by the Slash Pine For-

estry Association.

It is now planned to give each 4 -H Club

member certain projects relating to pro-

tection, conservation and development of

forest lands, wild life, and the raising of

cattle in connection with forestry. After

these members have fulfilled certain quali-

fications they will be given the title "Junior 4-H Forester", and will be given a certificate stating that they have successfully

SIGN AT ENTRANCE OF STATE NURSERY-ALBANY, GA., WELCOMING VISITORS.

passed all tests given them.

The Log Cabin located well back from fire season and everything seems to indi-

All of the plans are now in the embyro the road on the well-kept carpet grass cate that a large percentage of this land

stage at the present time but they have lawn, with drive-ways bordered by luxuri- will be put in proper condition to again af-

receive the wholehearted approval of ant growth of red verbena, has gone far ford protection this year as that of last.

W. S. Brown, District Agricultural Agent, toward making this nursery attractive.

Two organizations of the Eighth District

and G. V. Cunningham, State Director of Boys' 4-H Club Work. The following county agents; L. C. Walker, Baxley ; M. Gordon Neesmith, Waycross; J . A. E. Cox, Nahunta; Chester Bennett, Pearson; W. V. Chaffin, Blackshear; W. T. Clary, Hazle-

In visiting this nursery visitors always find Mr. M. E. Murphy, the Nurseryman, very willing and anxious to explain in detail all phases of his work and to answer any questions that may be asked.

totaling around 150,000 acres each are at work upon plans for consolidation which will permit more uniform distribution of activities, closer relationship between cooperating agencies and in the long run is hoped that the increased acreage in the

hurst; Herman Neesmith, Alma; J. H. Mrs. Murphy, his charming wife, who consolidated T. P . 0. will permit more eco-

Chaffin, Jesup; R. E. Smith, Homerville; takes the part of hostess has gone far nomical cost of protection to the landown-

W. D. Jones, Folkston; and R. D. Franklin, toward making all visitors realize that the er.

District Forestry, Waycross, have been ap- printed words on the Nursery sign, "Visit- Committees have been appointed for

pointed to further develop the plans and ors Welcome", was not merely written for this consolidation, but as yet no definite

lay the foundation for the organization. the effect, but is a reality.

plans have been put into execution.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

study manual training and machine shop

FOREST

work. The educational adviser of the camp is supervising those who wish to enroll in these classes.

C. C. C. CAMP NEWS

Plans are being prepared to utilize part of the water power in the 12,000 acre lake

just at the rear of the camp. The present

-Camp P-81 at Bloomingdale now boast plans are to build an undershot water Forty-three members of SP-13 enrolled

a modern workshop and some real wood- wheel and "gear" it to a pump and gen- in the American Red Cross First Aid

workers. Several pieces of machinery have erator to demonstrate to the boys a con Course which began in this camp August

just been installed in the enlarged build- crete illustration of the utilization of wa 18. This is the largest number ever to be

ing. The little log workshop was built by ter power.

enrolled in such a class, conducted at sp.

the men in camp during their spare time.

13.

Members of the local TPO furnished the The reaction of the TPO members to the The Course is being taught by Mr. Vin.

logs.

announcement that CCC enrollees may be cent, Educational Adviser. Mr. Vincent

Captain Jack Walters, forestry Foreman used to improve forest stands, by selective recently completed the instructor's course

is the instructor in woodwork activities. cutting and thinning, on five acre demon- conducted at Fort Benning. He holds the

Classes are held each afternoon and even- stration plots, was very enthusiastic. TPO Standard, Advanced, Special and Instruc-

ing.

Secretaries report that each individual to tors Cards.

whom it was mentioned was very anxiou~ Twelve lessons are included in the

From pole to tree, but still climbing, is to have one of these demonstration plots course, and will qualify those completing

the Telephone crew of Camp P-81. After on his property.

it for the standard card.

completion of the telephone lines for the

When the course now being taught is

present work period, the telephone crew of Camp P-81 started gathering pine cones for the state nursery. The crew has been searching now for two weeks for slash pine cones.

A number of landowners have recently inquired if slash pine seed and seedlings are still available. Several landowners are anxious to reforest part of their farms. The number of seedlings that will be plant-

completed the number of men in the company qualified in the standard course will total more than one hundred.
An advanced course will be started for those who wish to qualify for the standard

Safety Meetings at Camp P-81 are held ed in one body vary from 10,000 to 100,- rating, early in the fall.

each Thursday afternoon after supper and are attended by all men of the camp. Forestry Foreman and officers talk to the en-

000. The diminishing mortality of trees as a consequence of forest fires is giving added impetus to slash pine planting.

HARD LABOR CREEK RECREATIONAL AREA
The Hard Labor Creek Recreational

rollees about safety measures in camp, on

Area is a 6,500 acre project located near

the road, and on the job. A program of The educational program of CCC Camp Rutledge, Morgan County, Georgia. Two

safety lectures has been planned which P-92, Brunswick, Georgia, has been under CCC Camps, National Park Service Coop

will include prominent safety engineers of the supervision of the Supervising Person- crating, are located on the area. A WPA

Savannah.

nel of the Division of Forestry since May Project is also located on the area.

1, 1936. Classes in Radio Mechanics, Civil CCC Camp Ga. SP-11 has been located

Camp beautification at Bloomingdale has Engineering, Highway Construction, Auto on the area, doing construction work since

received the support of both Forestry fore- Mechanics and Music have been held regu- November 1934. A two hundred acre lake

man and Army officers as directed by the larly with gratifying results. The subject site has been cleared, a 60,000 yard earth

Educational Adviser.

of Poultry Husbandry has also been dam completed, concrete bleeders and spill-

Several walks have been completed and taught. The enrollees that have been way constructed. The lake is filled, and

lined with flowers. More than ten thous- studying this subject have raised 110 baby motor boats have been purchased by local

and periwinkles have been planted on the chicks to broiler size, thus gaining practi- citizens and placed temporarily on the site.

camp grounds in addition to the zinnas, cal information pertaining to the raising Considerable soil erosion work has been

marigolds, verbenas and other spring and of poultry.

done on the area by Ga. SP-11 and the

summer flowers.

The :members of the Agriculture claas WPA. Cabins have been built by the WPA

have at times had the "swell-head," but for summer camps, and a beach on the lake

Educational averages of the men of camp their five colonies of bees are in good con- is now in the process of construction.

P-81 are as follows:

dition for the coming winter.

Additional plans for the area call for

College Level-6. High School level-56. Elementary School level-120. Illiterate-11. Classes are held four times weekly for the illiterates where they are given indi-

The camp "string band" has progressed so nicely within the past few weeks that

the construction of a 37-acre lake above the present one, construction of additio~al

they have been invited to play for a squar.~ group camps, beautification of the entire

dance to be held at the Camp within the area, road building and many other fea

next few weeks.

tures that will make this recreational area.

one of the most attractive ones in the state.

vidual instruction.

Thousands of trees have already been

The enrollees of Camp P-90 have just recently completed a 100 foot steel look-

LUMBER BULLETIN AVAILABLE

planted on the area, in connection with the soil erosion work, with plans for the plant ing of many more during the coming plant

out tower near Nashville. A telephone line connecting this tower with the tower near

---

ing season. Enrollees in the two CCC

I Manual Number 1756 of the Farmers Camps on the area are gathering seed to be

Lakeland is being rushed to completion to Bulletin Series is entitled "Selection of used in the reforestation program.

give the northern section of our work area Lumber for Farm and Home Building." It Many visitors have already visited the

an adequate fire detection system by the was written by C. V. Sweet and R. P. A. area and expressed their approval of ~hde

time the fire season begins.

Johnson, of the Forest Products Labora- development program as 1t 1s bem g carr1e

The Army has recently installed a very tory. It can be obtained from the Super- on.

U

efficient and up to date shop at the camp intendant of Documents, Washington, D. The area is open for inspection at 8

for the use of the enrollees who desire to C. for five cents. .No stamps accepted.

times and visitors are welcome.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

-

below the earth's surface. The famous

Carlsbad Cavern in New Mexico is nearly

THE CAVES OF GEORGIA

1000 feet deep and includes one room half a mile long and 200 feet wide.

The southern Appalachian region is fa-

mous for its limestone caverns, and partic-

GEOFFREY W. CRICKMAY

ularly famous are those of eastern Tennessee and Shenandoah Valley of Virgin-

ia. These caverns are lighted so as to

effectively show up the dripstones and have

Few rocks can withstand the destructive I stream may be f.orced into othe.r circuitous been developed as scenic attractions.

effects of weathering over a long period

of time. Through the ages, granite, dio-

.

.

routes towards Its outlet, leavmg caverns

and tunnels without an~ stream.

.

Many very large sprmgs are known m

Georgia also has its limestone caverns but up to the present time none of these has been fully developed. The following is a

rite, quartzite, and other massive rocks 1I.mest one regiOns because of thI's easy pas- list of some of the best known caverns in

have been reduced to soft, incoherent soil sage of water through the rocks. And for the State. Anyone having information on

by decomposition, brought about mainly this same reason, springs in limestone can- caverns not here listed would confer a faby ground-water. Ground-water is com- not be trusted for purity, for open passage- vor by sending detailed information to the monly slightly acid due to small amounts ways afford no filtration as do the fine ca- State Geologist.

of carbon dioxide picked up from the air pillary openings in insoluble rocks. Cave We are accustomed to think of scenery

and from decaying organic matter. Lime- Spring in Floyd county, named from a in terms of landscape but the caves of

stone is the least resistant of all rocks to nearby limestone cave, is estimated to yield Georgia are an important part of the

acid waters, and pure varieties will effer- 3,444,000 gallons per day. Many springs scenery of the State and as such they de-

vesce in as weak an acid as lemon juice. from limestone yield more than 100 gal- serve development. Anyone who has visit-

Of course, ground-water is far less acid Ions a minute.

ed some of the larger caverns in Virginia

than lemon juice but nevertheless it will A sink hole is a more or less circular de- and elsewhere will be sure that in many recorrode limestones (calcium carbonate pression, ranging from a few feet to as spects the wonders of this underground

rocks) and dolomites (calcium and mag- much as five miles in width, which may or scenery is more awe inspiring than our

nesium carbonate rocks) if given time may not contain water. Sink holes abound mountains and our valleys. In many re-

enough. So it is that the rocks in most in certain sections of Georgia. There are spects caverns are a different world. They

limestone regions display a very character- a number near Stilesboro, Bartow county, are continually dark, are continually cool,

istic type of weathering whose features in Crisp county and elsewhere. Some sink and continually the same. Any animal

are mainly a result of solution rather than holes are funnel-shaped. Others have near- choosing this habitat has to put up with

erosion, corrosion rather than corrasion. Jy vertical walls. One of the most beauti- these conditions of monotonous invariabil-

The characteristic topographic forms in ful sink holes in the State is that of For ity; no day or night, no summer or winter.

these regions include underground drain- est Falls, also called Limesink, 8 miles Thus it is that many cave animals, particu-

age, sink holes, bold springs, residual lime- north of Whigham, Grady county. A wa- larly the bats, are very specially adapted.

stone pinnacles, and are collectively re- terfall here drops 80 feet over vertical Their eyes may be extremely acute or they

ferred to as Karst topography from an limestone walls. The rock is largely cal- may be blind and in the place of eyes pos-

area of typical development in northern careous, but includes layers of dolomite sess highly developed tactile organs. Color

Italy.

and calcareous sandstone. A similar sink is certainly useless in complete darkness

Underground

drainage

is

common

in

probably of very recent origin occurs 11

and so many cave animals lack pigmentation. If an animal cannot see in the dark-

some of the limestone districts of Georgia. miles north of Whigham.

ness of a cavern it can at least hear, and

Gulley Creek in western Crisp county looks Where surface water percolates to con- strongly developed hearing is characteris-

like an ordinary surface stream in it.s siderable depth through limestone rocks it tic of some of these animals which have

upper reaches but instead of flowing into enlarges by solution many small crevices, forsaken the surface of the earth to seek

Flint River, as it probably once did, it now and a number of irregular and ramifying an abode beneath.

peculiarly disappears underground never channel-ways may be developed. In many

to reappear. Similar streams are to be places these channels expand into large Greer Cave: The cave is 9 miles north

found in the northeast of Mitchell county, rooms, some of immense size. The water of Cuthbert, Randolph County, in pure

southern Bartow county, and elsewhere. seeping into these caverns brings with it (97.19 per cent calcium carbonate) calcar-

What happens to the water? It must fin- dissolved limestone but, due to loss of car- eous limestone, which is quarried nearby

ally get to the surface and empty into bon dioxide, calcium carbonate is depos- as "travertine marble." The cave consists

through-flowing trunk streams but general- ited as "icicles" of calcite, called drip- of irregular tunnels which are in places

ly it does so by emerging as spring water. stones. The commonest and best known enlarged into small rooms. The entrance

From the time it enters the ground up to type of dripstones are the stalactite, which is a well-like opening on the southern slope

the time it again emerges at the surface, grows downward from the cavern's roof, of a smal! hill from the base of which a this underground stream accomplishes some and the stalagmite, which grows upward bold spring issues. The limestone beds, interesting work. Every crevice through from the floor. A union of stalactite and which are nearly horizontal, are under-

which the water flows is enlarged, every stalagmite forms a continuous column ex- lain by hard calcareous sandstone.

channel-way is broadened, and every cav- tending from roof to floor. The splendor Ladd Lime Caves: The cave entrances

ernous opening is made bigger by solution of most caverns is due exclusively to the are exposed in the face of a quarry of the

of the limestone in the running water. The array of columns and other dripstones Ladd Lime Company about 2 miles south-

water, however, dissolves limestone only which take on the appearance of all man- west of Carten;ville, Bartow County. The

so long as it remains acid, and when the ner of architectural forms; "organ pipes", rock is a dove-gray compact dolomite (an-

acidity is reduced by loss of carbon diox- "draperies", "pillars", and statuary figures alyses indicate 24 to 34 per cent lime, 13

ide, calcium carbonate will be precipitated are common. Some caverns extend to im to 20 per cent magnesia.) An irregular

on the walls and roofs of underground pas- mense depths. The Lookout Mountain and unexplored network of tunnels extend

sageways. In this way some channels are Caves near Chattanooga, which probably into the hill, enlarging in places into rooms

entirely stopped up and the underground extend into Georgia, are at least 1300 feet of considerable size. The walls and roof

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

of the caverns are nearly covered with an

JUNIOR MINERAL INDUSTRIES

Dry Branch, Georgia: Georgia Kaolin

adornment of stalactites. It is possible

SCHOOL

Company.

that the Indians knew of these caves for on top of the hill which they penetrate an old Indian fort has recently been discovered. These caves present distinct possibilities for commercial development.
Frick's Cave: The cave, near Cassandra, Walker County, has a large entrance about 15 feet in diameter which leads through a tunnel into spacious rooms containing various fantastic forms of dripstones. The caverns have not been fully explored. This cave is surrounded by a wooded area, which offers splendid opportunity for development.

The average young man entering college has very little knowledge of what life work he desires to fit himself for and is given little or no vocational guidance to enable him to make an intelligent choice.
Believing that the mineral industries of the Southeast offer an excellent opportunity for employment to well-trained young men, the Department of Ceramic Engineering of the Georgia School of Technology, in cooperation with the Rotary Clubs of Georgia, the Division of Geology of this Department, the Georgia Mineral Society, and the Georgia Power Company, held on

Macon, Geol:'gia: Carling Tile Company (manufacturing bathroom type of floor and wall tile); Cherokee Brick Company (manufacturing brick and structural tile).
The State Geologist accompanied the school on its inspection trip. The boys selected by the Rotary Clubs were without exception of the highest type and eagerly absorbed the information offered them. It is not to be expected that all of the boys will eventually enter mineral industries
but even those that will follow other line~
have gained a knowledge of the mineral resources of Georgia and adjoining states

Marble Hill Caves: The caves at Marble August 31st to September 12th a Junior that will be of value to them and will make

Hill are in marble and although not ex- Mineral Industries School. Twenty-four them more valuable citizens. Too few

tensive they are unusual because of the high school graduates from all over Geor- Georgians know the extent or. the import-

fine crystalline calcite which can here be gia were selected by the Rotary Clubs in ance of Georgia's natural resources.

collected. Some of the calcite crystals their community, who paid part of their Prof. W. H. Vaughan, Acting Director

fluoresce a delicate pink color.

expenses to the school.

of the Department of Ceramic Engineering,

Salt Peter Cave: The cave is 3 miles The first week of the school was devoted is to be congratulated on arranging this

southeast of Kingston, Bartow County. to morning lectures on the raw materials very successful school. It is to be hoped

The main entrance leads through a long and production methods of the mineral in- that the school will have an even better at-

straight tunnel directly into a low rounded dustries, followed by afternoon work in the tendance next year. Some provision should

hill. The first large room to be met is laboratory of the Ceramic Department, be made for extending the privilege of the

locally called the "Ball room" which is 25 making such products as whiteware, brick, school to deserving boys in communities in

feet in width, 60 feet in length, and about glass, and enamel, and by moving pictures which there are no Rotary Clubs.

20 feet in height. Connected to the "Ball of these industries in the evening. On the

-R. W. Smith.

w. room" by a narrow passage is the "bat first morning State Geologist Richard

room" so named for the number of bats Smith spoke on "Opportunities in the Min- FLUORESCENT EXHIBIT AT SOUTH-

which frequent the cavern. A tortuous eral Industries of Georgia." The program

EASTERN FAIR, ATLANTA

passage leads from the south entrance of on Saturday, September 5, was sponsored The Division of Geology will have an

the caverns into the "jug room" named be- by the Georgia Mineral Society and con- exhibit of fluorescent minerals on display

cause here a bulbous column formed by sisted of the following talks: "The Rela- in the Educational Building, booth 7, at

union of stalacite and stalagmite has the tion of Geology to Ceramic and Chemical the Southeastern Fair, Atlanta, October 4

form of a jug. It is said that salt peter Engineering", by Dr. Poole Maynard; to 11. The exhibit will include all the

was extracted from this cave during the "Earth's History", by Richard W. Smith; fluorescent minerals of Georgia and many

war between the states.

"Some Common Minerals and Their Iden- from as widely separated places as Califor-

Wilson's Cave: The cave is 1 mile north tification", by Dr. G. W. Crickmay; and nia, Quebec, and England. In addition,

of Oakton, a station on the Central of "Mineral Collecting as a Hobby", by Page there will be a number of artificial sub-

Georgia railway, Walker County. This B. Blakemore, Jr. On Sunday the school stances which are even more brilliantly

cave is said to include some very striking made a trip to Stone Mountain and nearby fluorescent than most minerals. Surround-

and beautiful stalactites but has not been granite quarries under the supervision of ing the fluorescent display there will be a

fully explored.

Dr. G. W. Crickmay, Assistant State Geo- number of educational panels showing the

Tatum's Cave: This cave is northwest of Wilson's cave near Dry Creek. No accurate description of the cave is available.

logist. The second week of the school was spent
in vis.iting, by means of a special Greyhound bus, the following mines, quarries,

distribution of commercial minerals in the State. Two panels will show various products made entirely or in part from kaolin and bauxite, minerals which occur extens-

Cave Spring Cave: This cave, near the and industrial plants using mineral raw ma- ively in Georgia. A guide will be on hand

town of Cave Spring, Floyd County, is terials:

at all times to give information on Geor-

probably the only developed cave in the State. A small entrance charge is made. The caverns are effectively lighted.

Tate, pany,

Georgia:

Georgia

Marble

Com-

gia's mineral products. We believe the exhibit in booth 7, Educational Building, is

well worth seeing when you are at the

Cartersville, Georgia: New Riverside Fair.

Other caves reported but on which there Ocher Company (mining ocher and bar-

is no detailed information are at Quitman, ite); The Georgia Art Pottery.

Brooks County; Pelham, Mitchell County; Nickajack Cave, Dade County; Rock Cave,

Dalton, Georgia: Dalton Brick and Tile Company.

VALUABLE BULLETIN AVAILABLE

Blowing Cave, Grady County; and Indian

Den, Lee County. Wilmots Cave, Upson Chattanooga, Tennessee: Chattanooga "Georgia Land Use Problems" by W. A.

County, and Providence Cave, Stewart Glass Company; Samuel Stamping and En- Hartman and H. H. Wooten is the title of

County are not true caves, but are sharp, ameling Company.

Bulletin 191 of the Georgia Agricultural

deep gullies resulting fro:rfl rapid erosion Daisy, Tennessee: B. Mifflin Hood Com- Experiment Station, Experiment, Georgia.

of soils. Small cavernous openings in pany (manufacturing roof, floor, and struc- This bulletin treats of soil types, erosion,

granite are not uncommon but these do not tural tile, acid rings, and brick).

forests, topography, and all other factors

constitute caves of the type found in lime- Birmingham, Alabama: Harbison-Walk- affecting the economic use of Georgia land.

stone areas. &mall caves in granite are er Company (manufacturing r.efractories) ; This bulletin is available at no cost to citi-

known on Stone Mountain, DeKalb County, American Cast Iron Pipe Company; Alpha zens of Georgia upon application to H. P.

and near Flint River, Meriweather County. Portland Cement Company.

Stuckey, Director, Experiment, Georgia.