Forestry-geological review [June 1935]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM

Vol. 5

ATLANTA, GA., JUNE, 1935

No.6

.GEORGIA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION

I CAMP SCHOLARSHIP

VIGOROUSLY PROTESTS FOREST BURNING 'X~J1~~Ii'u0R~1_T~~~~iNTs

FAVORS CARPET GRASS DEMONSTRATIONS AS MEASURE IN GEORGIA
. Largest Attended of the Fourteen Annual Meetings -

SILVICULTURE Keen Interest Is

Contest to Attend the Annual Vocational Forestry Camp-Greater Number try for Scholarship than Ever Before

Shown in Varied Program-Robert Fechner Welcome Guest and On April 20, 251 vocational agricultural Speaker Warned Georgia it must Support CCC Work or Lose it - students stood final examination to obtain Bonnell Stone to be Honored with Tablet at Vogel Park-Exhibits a scholarships entitling them to attend the

Feature of the Convention-T. G. Woolford Re-elected President Columbus next Meeting Place.

annual vocational forestry_ school camp conducted jointly by the Georgia Forest Service and the Vocational department oi

The fourteenth annual session of the Georgia Forestry Association, held at Macon May 17-18, was the most largely at-

ed and sub-marginal lands that the owners are unable to improve, and that, as shown by the low cost at which the lands are pur-

the state Department of Education. The fifth of such camps is scheduled to be held this summer at a time and place to be announced later.

tended, and in many respects the most suc- chased, valuable commercial forests are not One scholarship goes to each county hav-

cessful in the history of the association. an objective of the federal purchase pro- ing vocational agricultural teachers. Pre-

All parts of the state were represented. gram.

vious to the final examination, the teach-

Important issues were handled frankly and Carpet grass to supplant wiregrass and ers conducted elimination' examinations to

fearlessly, and the audience reacted with sedge grass of the forests, as a means of the point of determining the three best in

enthusiasm.

lessening forest fire hazards and to im- each school to stand the county wide final

Organized forest fire prevention was the prove grazing, was a subject of keen inter- test.

keynote of the meeting, and no one pres- est. Agricultural representatives from The Educational Manager of the Georgia ent was left in doubt of the fact that Geor- Georgia and other southern states were Forest Service graded the papers, but the gia forest leaders are very definitely op- there to confer with Robert Fechner and teachers were required to also grade stuposed to burning the woods, and are en- federal forestry officials to see if CCC la- dents on the basis of 10 points for moral

thusiastically in favor of extending the bor could be used in carrying out large- character and 10 points for general scholtimber protective organization of the state. scale demonstrations in. modifying the arship and interest in forestry. As a result

Further, a resolution rebuked those who herbaceous growth of the forest. Whether of this system of grading, the camps have

had advocated burning the woods, and ac- the act under which emergency conserva- always drawn the finest types of young

cording to claims of more than one speak- tion forestry work on privately owned for- men.

er, such advice was responsible for the ests would admit of CCC labor for carpet This year a number of new schools, lo-

heaviest fered.

fire

loss

the

state

has

ever

suf-

grass planting was raised and stood in the ~ay of definite commitment to the under-

cated in counties hitherto schools, entered the lists,

without such and most of

'the association is strongly opposed to taking.

them, according to the Educational Mana-

federal acquisition of commercial forest Hon. Bonnell Stone, founder, promoter ger, have made good showings.

lands for commercial development, a posi- and secretary of the Georgia Forestry As- A camp scholarship means to the winner

tion clearly defined in resolutions adopted sociation, prominent in advancing every in- two summer camp sessions of three weeks

at previous meetings. A vigorous address by A. G. T. Moore of the Southern Pine

terest of forestry in Georgia for the first time unable o~ account of illness to at-

each, free of cost, and a certificate of vocational forester after a successful comple-

Association, New Orleans, assailed federal tend the meeting, was eulogized by .speak- tion of the course.

acquisition as a step toward putting the federal government into unfair competition with private land owners. Robert Fechner,

ers who proposed a substantial token of esteem by suggesting a free .will offering to establish a suitable tablet at Vogel Park

The Georgia Forestry Association has fostered the forestry project in the rural consolidated high schools having vocation-

Director of Emergency Conservation Work,

(Continued on Page 2, Col. 2)

al agricultural teachers by offering annu-

took issue with some of the statements of

ally a prize to the teacher doing the best

Mr. Moore, saying that it. was the purpose

As this edition of the Forestry- work in forestry, and $50 to the student

of President Roosevelt to be helpful; that Geological Review goes to press, the making the best record in the forestry

he is seeking to protect watersheds to the end that destruction by erosion and floods may be lessened; that his purpose is to re-

death of Bonnell Stone at Oxford, Georgia, is received. The July edition will give a full account.

camp. The scholarship winners for the 1934-35
school year are as follows:

cover for public benefit cut-over, abandon-

Bacon county, Vernon Deen, Alma; Bak-

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
G~Ef.-OGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Newton county, Edward Stone, Oxford; The magnitude of the association's op-

Screven county, Robert Griner, Hiltonia. portunities were shown by the fact that

Stephens county, Guy Davis, Eastanol lee; Stewart county, Philip Turnipseed,

Georgia now has 28,000,000 acres of forest and potential forest land, an increase
since 1926 of 5,000,000 acres. Instead of

Richland; Sumter county, Ellis Clarke, Les- the naval stores industry in Georgia dis-

State Capitol, Atlanta C. A. WHITTLE, Editor
Foreatry Diviaion

lie; Taylor county, Alfred Childres, Jr., appearing, according to the Capper Report

Butler; Thomas county, Harold Cooper, Pavo; Tift county, Ramon Harris, Ty Ty;

of 1920, in seven years, it has increased and Georgia is now producing one-third of all naval stores in this country.

Toombs county, Edwin Winge, Lyons; Promotion of commercial forestry, ac-

Troup county, Elmer Covin, Hogansville; cording to Mr. Woolford, is the main ob-

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester

Treutlen county, Bill McCrimmon, Soper- jective of the association; but parks, recre-

and Secretary of Commission .Atlanta C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr.,____Atlanta
H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta Russell D. Franklin, Dist. Forester____Rome

ton; Walker county, K. D. Marshall, Rossville; Walton county, Madison Smith, Monroe; Ware county, Chester Roberts, Wares-

ation, erosion control, all related closely to forestry, were within the scppe of the asso-
ciation's active interest. The association had manifested interest

W. D. Young, Dist. Forester______Gainesville boro; Wayne county, J. B. Olliff, Bristol; in the movement to supplant wiregrass and

C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross
Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester___.Savannah C. N. Elliott, District Forester_____Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany

Wheeler county, Edward L. Cooper, A~amo; White county, Albert Dorsery, Cleveland; Whitfield county, Amos Ray, Dalton;

sedge grass with carpet grass in south
Georgia, and had suggested large scale experiments to forest authorities and favored federal aid in line with Congressman

W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta

Wilkes county, Joe Bennett, Washington; Worth county, Murray Massey, Sylvester;

Deen's plans. The continuation

of

the

forest

survey

Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer___.__Atlanta Webster county, Ralph Wiggins, Preston.

under Capt. I. F. Eldredge had been endorsed and the association had wired

Washington in favor of an increase in the

GeoloJiical Diviaion

FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
(Continued from Page 1)

appropriation for this important work. It had been the pleasure of the associa-

R. W. Smith, State Geologist__________.. Atlanta commemorative of his valuable service to tion to have Chief Forester of the United

G. W. Cric_k__m__a__y__,___A__s__s_t__.__S__t__a_t__e___G___e_o__l_o__g_Aisttl,anta forestry in Georgia.

Those in attendance

States, Mr. Silcox, as it guest. Mr. Woolford felt that Mr. Silcox understands the

Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoL__.Atlanta responded generously and a committee is problems of Georgia and is willing to co-

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta ' authorized to place the tablet as soon as it operate in their solution.

can be procured.

Gratitude was expressed to the press of

er county, Chester Kelley, Elmodel; Bar-

Thanks to John Morris, Manager of the

the state for its splendid cooperation in combatting the forest fire evil.

row county, Gus Johnson, Winder; Ben Macon Chamber of Commerce, and his Dr. Herty was complimented on the pro-

Hill county, Jesse Reeves, Fitzgerald; Bul- committee, the display of exhibits was the gress of his research. Mr. Woolford figur-

loch county, Carroll Brooks county, Ralph

Dekle, Scruggs,

Register; Morven;

best that has been shown at an annual
meeting. It is gratifying to all friends of forestry

ed that Georgia alone was in position to
provide for an annual output of 12,600,000 tons of newsprint.

Burke county, Henry Cochran, Girard; that T. G. Woolford consented to continue The association had encouraged the T. P.

Berrien county, Leon Singletary, Route 4, as president of the association. Other o_ffi- 0. and forestry work in schools. Gratifica-

Nashville; Chattahoochee county, Johnnie cers were re-elected and the next meetmg tion was expressed over the growth and

Gallops,

Cusseta;

Chattooga

county,

Dor-

of the association is to be held at Colum- improvement of the School of Forestry at bus. Several cities made bids for the con- 1 Athens.

sey Hawkins, Gore; Clarke county, Parks vention.

.

.

The interest of the garden clubs and oth-

Lanier, RFD 3, Athens; Clay county, Ed- The program was carried out In its en- er women's and civic clubs of Georgia in

ward Lee Roberts, Fort Gaines; Colquitt tirety, with only one speaker .a~sen~, Hon. forestry was pleasing, all showing a grow-

county, Paul Beck, Moultrie; Cook county, Paul Barrett, Sparks; Crawford county,

Ed. Rivers; who .had auto difficultie~ enroute to the meetmg that prevented his ar-
rival on ti.me.

ing, constructive interest. He paid a tribute to the great constructive work of the
Civilian Conservation Corps, and expressed

Lawton Burnette, Roberta.

SUMMARY OF CONVENTION

gratitude to Mr. Robert Fechner for his

Decatur county, Wallace Brock, Climax;

PROCEEDINGS

splendid cooperation.

Dawson county, Joe Dan Cox, Dawsonville; DeKalb county, Wiley K. Smith, Decatur;

The meeting opened with an invocation by Rev. C. Byrd Harbour, followed by a welcome to the city of Macon by Hon. Her-

Forestry in the Schools Miss Emily Woodward, Vienna, well known journalist and special writer, ad-

Early county, Marion Pullen, Damascus; bert Smart, Mayor.

dressed the convention to make a plea for

Emanuel county, Garland Black, Swains- Responding to the welcome, Dean Paul introducing forestry in the public schools

boro; Fannin county, Willie Tranthem, Ep- Chapman of the State College of Agricul- of Georgia.

worth; Floyd county, Ernest Carnet, Route 1, Armuchee; Franklin county, Fred

ture, Athens, voiced the thanks and appreciation of the entire association to the city of Macon for its hospitality. For the bene-

In dealing with forestry resources, Miss Woodward said that we had failed in being as good Americans and Georgians as we

Brown, Carnesville; Fulton county, Hugh fit of new members and visitors, he told of should have been; that in our ignorance we

Trammel, Alpharetta; Gilmer county, Ar- the formation of the associatio~ fourteen are likely to be misled by people who are

vil Parks, Ellijay; Gordon county, Wilmon Bohanan, Calhoun; Gwinnett county, Wil-

years ago, of how the organization was responsible for the creation of the state forest service, and of all legislation relating

most opinionated about things of which they are most ignorant.
She referred in her address to the trag-

liam Dalton, Dacula; Hall county, Delmar to state forestry and of how the organiza- edy of the young pines seared to death as

Lee, Oakwood; Habersham county, John H. tion had given wise counsel and guidance. the result of offhand advice of a state offi-

Sanders, Baldwin.

The outstanding objectives of the asso- cial to burn the woods. But for ignorance

Hart county, Joe Heard county, Ray S.

Mann, Hartwell; Stephens, Franklin;

ciation, he said, are forest fire prevention in the only section of the country where forests are wilfully burned; reforestation

on matters of forestry, there would have been no unfavorable reaction to the advice.
In the schools, Miss Woodward said, a

Irwin county, Wallace Childs, Chula; Jack- of abandoned, cut-over and eroding lands; foundation of an understanding of the for-

son county, George Pool, Commerce; Jef- and promoting the findings of Dr. Herty. ests must be laid, and to this end she plead

ferson county, Austin Rheney, Wrens;

President Woolford's Address

for the introduction of forestry in the

Johnson county,

Garnette

Stephens,

Kite;

In making his annual report, President Woolford said the association had been

textbooks of the state. That the conserva- . tion of so important a resource as forestry

Laurens county, Bennett Colyer, Cadwell; through an eventful year in which it had in Georgia is ignored in the school cur-

Long county, Leon Brewer, Ludowici; Mad- declared itself opposed to federal acquisi- ricula, it was contended, indicated how lit-

ison county, Jack Veatch, Ila; Mitchell tion of commercial forest lands for com- tle thought has been given to educating for

county, Allen Crosby, Sale City; Montgomery county, Arthur Lee McKay, Kibbee;

mercia! development, which had been given wide publicity, and had sought to protect and promote the interests of forestry

the needs of the people. The rich resources of Georgia's pines de-
veloped in the past and enlarged by recent

Murray county, Sam Jones, Chatsworth; at a session of the state legislature.

research, she claimed, should have been the

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

object of constructive legislation. The fail- of producing raw material valued at $40,- As a result of CCC wprk, he said, there

ure had proven a boomerang. The state, she 000,000 and manufactured products worth had been a striking decl'~ase in fires. The

said had suffered from short sightedness. $150,000,000 annually. Only by coopera- timber protective organizations are much

She'plead for an awakening, an education tion of agencies-federal, state and coun- better equipped and mpre efficient than

that would not only protect the forests, but ties, including educational institutions, before.

:

promote their economic development and county agents, timber protective organi- The wisdom of the iiJvestment, he said,

an appreciation of their cultural values. zations, naval stores and other private in- depends on the private' land owners and

Georgia's School of Forestry

terests, can the fire problem be solved. the state doing their part from now on in

Speaking on "Georgia's School of Fores- In the Coastal Plains, he said, are 14,436,- maintaining and making effective use of

try", G. D. Marckworth, head of the divi- 000 acres of forest land; in the Piedmont; the improvements.



sion of forestry at the University of Geor- 5,091,000 acres of forest land and in the The main responsibility, he said, rests on

gia, said that his institution was the fifth mountain section 3,198,000 acres. It was the state. The federal allotment to Geor-

of its kind to be established in the United estimated that through group effort, it will gia for forest fire protection under the

States among the 24 now existing; it is cost 4% cents per acre annually to protect Clarke-McNary Act is $62,000. Cooperating

seventeenth in the number of graduates forest lands in the Coastal Plain; in the forest land owners are spending at least an

and 17th in operating budget; 2Oth in re- Piedmont 2.2 cents per acre; in the moun- equal amount and have backed up the CCC

search, 13th in building space and 14th in tains, 3. 7 cents per acre.

work through the purchase of towers, trac-

size of faculty.

The average annual loss to the state tors, and other equipment, he said. But the

With 42 per cent of the enrollment of from forest fires has been $7,000,000 an- state is spending less than $20,000 for all

the State College of Agriculture forestry nually, whereas, the cost of protection on fire control work, including supervision of

students, only 12 per cent of the faculty the basis mentioned would be $909,838, a CCC work. "State financial support in

and 14 per cent of the budget are employ- large sum in itself, but the fire loss should Georgia has been so weak that it has been

ed in forestry.

also be weighed against a potential income necessary for the federal government to

Mr. Marckworth said that the school of of $150,000,000 from manufactured for- pay the salaries and expenses of certain

Forestry had been reorganized and now est products.

state employees engaged in the supervision

had one of the best curricula in the coun- Authorities, he said, are agreed that 50 of the camps; otherwise, the work could

.try. An objective of the Board of Regents per cent of the cost of forest fire protec- not have been properly handled." of the University System is to make the tion should be borne by the public, with "I am at a loss to explain why the state

School of Forestry a regional institution which aid the timber protective organiza- does not express its official endorsemel).t

for the southeast so that one strong insti- tions get protection at a minimum cost. of the work in terms of adequate appro-

tution may take the place of several weak Pulp mills and other forest industries, priations", said Mr. Evans.

ones.

he said, could not look on Georgia as an County Agricultural Agent Lundy-For

This concluded the morning session.

ideal place for their operation unless they the county agricultural agents of the state,

Luncheon Program

are assured of adequate forest protection. W. A. Lundy, Cordele, expressed the opin-

The luncheon part of the program was The aid rendered by CCC camps has ion that every county agent recognized the

to have featured an address by Hon. Ed given a great impetus, he said, to forest importance of forest fire prevention and

Rivers, Speaker of the House of the Gen- protection.

the enormity of the educational task in-

eral Assembly, but a wire from Vienna an- The small force and inadequate funds at volved. Cooperation is the solution, involvnounced car difficulties while enroute the disposal of the state forest service, he ing irresponsible share-croppers, renters

which would prevent his arrival on time. said, would not have dealt with the fire and wage earners. President Woolford called on Roland Tur- problem as well as it has except for the aid "A crowd of negro boys, rabbit hunting,

ner, Atlantai Dr. W. G. Reed Macon; State of cooperating agencies. He said the pres- can burn up more young pine seedlings

Geologist Richard W. Smith, Atlanta; C. ent fire laws are inadequate and that there than the state forest nursery at Albany can

A. Whittle, Educational Manager, Georgia is need for better enforcement of existing grow in ten years", said Mr. Lundy. "Burn-

Forest Service; Hon. James Fowler, Sop- laws.

ing for 'improving' the pastures but in

erton, and Alex Sessoms, Cogdell, for in- C. F. Evans, U. S. Forest Service-Rep- reality destroying the best pasture grasses,

formal remarks.

resenting the United States Forest Service, had been a problem in south Georgia."

ORGANIZED FOREST FIRE

Charles F. Evans, Assistant Regional Di- Opportunities for contacting more farm-

PREVENTION

rector, Atlanta, told of federal cooperation ers in the AAA production eontrol had af-

The afternoon program was devoted to with states and private owners in forest forded greater opportunities for preaching

organized forest fire prevention, with Dr. fire protection. This cooperation began 24 fire control, and the CCC work had im-

Charles H. Herty presiding and the first years ago with the enactment of the Weeks pressed the necessity of forest fire preven-

speaker. He deplored the inexcusable trag- Law and was broadened by the Clarke-Mc- tion. The work of Dr. Herty had aroused in-

edy of the worst forest fires in the history Nary Act in 1924 to include all state and terest in forest protection. "The trouble is of Georgia this year, a tragedy heightened, private forest land. His opinion was that we do not have enough land owners living

he said, by the fact that for the first time little progress would have been made in on their own farms", said Mr. Lundy. "It in several years Georgia had an abundant the solution of the forest fire problem had is said the depression really started in 1870

longleaf pine seed crop. This burning of the it been left entirely to private initiative. when many of our leading farm families

future forest had occurred in spite of pleas Most of the southern states, he said, had moved to town and left their farms to be

carried in the press of the state to protect taken up forestry as a public responsibili- operated by overseers and tenants. The

the forest from fire that the seed crop ty only within the last decade. The first problem is sociologicial, as well as educamight germinate. As a consequence of the development of forest fire control, as ex- tional" Mr. Lundy said.

general burning, the forests had suffered, pected, occurred in the slash pine belt But he said it was not a matter about

he said, millions of dollars of loss through where returns from forest investments are to throw up hands in despair. He told of his

the destruction of seedlings and saplings obtained in a reasonably short period.

experience in Taylor county in cooperation

and injury to larger timber, not to include In eleven southern states, more than 25 with J. S. Green, a wide awake naval stores

the millions of dollars of potential wealth million acres of forest land are under a man, of community meetings, moving pic-

represented by the destruction of the for- system of fairly satisfactory fire control, tures and talks of Extension Forester Du-

est mast.

and 28 million acres are under less satis- Pre Barrett; the organization of a T. P. 0.

In discussing why forest fires should be factory control.

by District Forester Wallace and the re-

prevented, Dr. Herty referred to cellulose "It is beginning to look as if the tide sultant CCC camp. Since the advent of the

industries and surveyed the progress of has turned. One might even hazard the TPO and the CCC, the land is becoming

work at the Pulp and Paper Laboratory at prediction that the time is near when for- covered with a stand of young pines. Since

Savannah. The best paper, it had been est land owners will see cooperation and his transfer to Crisp coupty, Mr. Lundy

found, was made from rapid growing pines. aid instead of being talked into reluctant- said he was undertaking a similar forestry

Samples of paper were displayed, showing ly cooperating with the state and federal program.

that paper made from Georgia pines, com- governments," said Mr. Evans.

County Commissioner Hudson-On .be-

pared to newsprint used in many leading Mention was made of the loss of inter- half of the county commissioners of Geor-

papers was stronger; that the stiffness of est and discouragement coming with the gia, J. S. Hudson, chairman of the county

southern pine paper is 76 as compared to depression, but how the coming of the CCC commissioners of Gilmer county, presented

74 used in New York Times. He displayed camps brought new hope and saved a col- the history of forestry work in his county

a rotogravure paper, equal to any except lapse. Georgia was allotted 30 camps at the and the part the county commissioners

for glass which a suitable calendaring ma- outset, 29 of which were on private lands, played. In a mountainous county of 300,-

chine could give.

now reduced to 14 camps. As to how many 000 acres, 90 per cent of which is timber-

State Forester Lufburrow - The forest camps will remai:g on private lands after ed; with a population of 7,000 and an as-

area of Georgia properly protected and the present six-months period, he could not sessed valuation of $1,600,000, an indiffer-

managed, Mr. Lufburrow said, is capable predict.

ent attitude toward the preservation of the

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

forests existed until 1929, when District convention an interesting account of how While cattle pick up slow on rough woods

Forester W. D. Young stirred up interest the :vast forest area has been protected in the spring, Mr. Gaskins said, cattle per-

that resulted in the formation of a timber from fire for the last nine years.

ish in the early spring trying to feed on

protective organization, and the employ- Fire protection, he said, is "forestry" the burns where grass is not tall enough to

ment of an efficient patrolman.

within itself in a region where all that is graze.

The assessment of three cents per acre ne<;essary to get a fully stocked stand is to Concluding, Senator Gaskins said every

was made and a county-wide educational keep out fire. In the region where 90 per school should teach forestry, especially as

program inaugurated, and a standing re- cent of the seedling crop is slash pine, a to fire prevention and the moral responsi-

ward for the conviction of those found species easily damaged by even a light fire bility of children in preventing fi.res.

burning the woods was offered. The TPO until they are 8 to 10 feet high, creates a Future Farmer Cates-As a representa-

area reached 77,135 acres. As an incentive situation to be met only by a highly or- tive of the organization known as the "Fu-

to increase TPO membership, such owners ganized protection system.

ture Farmers of America", 0. M. Cates,

as were unable to pay their assessment were Fire detection on the unit is facilitated Jr., of Meigs, said forestry was close to his

subject to call for fighting fires.

by four towers where observers are on duty heart. He shuddered to think of what Geor-

F'ortune favored the location of a CCC from 9 a. m. to 9 p. m., or longer if condi- gia ~ould be fifty years from now if some-

camp in the county. Interest was stimu- tions warrant. The towers are equipped with thing is not done to stop forest destruc-

lated. With the construction of numerous fire finders for the quick and exact location tion. In place of stately pines will spring

trails, breaks, roads, improved machinery, of the fire. Five rangers are on constant pa- up poverty and desolation, he said.

scientific methods, a competent and enthus- trol, and in times of low visibility two ad- The Future Farmers, of America, he

iastic personnel, the work advanced far be- ditional patrolmen are on duty. These pa- said, were pronounced enemies of forest

yond the original plans. The Grand Jury trolmen can pick up fire fighting crews in fires; they were a band of young men de-

recommended the donation of $500 a year a few minutes.

termined to better farm conditions, includ-

to the TPO to promote a county-wide forest Communication from towers to patrol- ing the care of the forests. The use of the

fire protection program, the first county in men is provided by 90 miles of telephone forest has not drained their wealth, he

the state to make such an appropriation. line. A secondary system is radiophone claimed, near as much as negligence in pro-

As a result, only 1.3 per cent of the to- communication, probably the first to be es- tecting them.

tal timber area was burned over in 1934, tablished on private lands. Fifteen receiv- The nation, he held, needs to compel its

compared to county-wide burning in pre- ers are installed in patrol cars, fire trucks citizens to protect forest resources and he

vious years.

and others. When a fire is reported by the thought the future farmer organization

Full credit for the awakening of the tower and checked for location, the tower- could lay the foundation for promoting

county to action was given the state fores- man calls the main fire crew. Often the such a policy. The goal toward which to

ter and his aids.

crew is on the way to the fire before the strive, he said, is to secure protection

Turpentine Operator Green - J. S. radio call is completed, and the fires are against fire, to use every bit of a tree that

Green, Butler, prominent turpentine oper- suppressed before they get well under way, is possible, and to care for the acres from

ator, presented convincing facts and fig- During the drouth and high winds, 18 fireR which forests are cut so that there will be

ures to show that the harvest of gum has burned only 350 acres as a result of the future forests.

been greatly increased by keeping fires out quick means of communication.

He plead for all lands not used for agri-

of the woods.

Firebreaks, the speaker said, are essen- culture to be allowed to grow trees and

"I feel sure that there is not a tupen- tial, as a means of checking . large fires. this he claimed could be easily accomplish-

tine operator who will not say that fire Primary firebreaks are 20 foot plowed ed if citizens would join together and co-

does not hurt his production and that it strips, and secondary firebreaks 6 feet wide. operate.

lowers the grade of his rosin," said Mr. Four thousand miles of the latter have been

A Brilliant Banquet

Green.

plowed with 1,000 yet to be constructed.

With President Woolford, full of wit, hu-

Fire, he said, is responsible for scattered While it may appear to be an expensive mor, repartee and improvised poetry, as

stands of turpentine timber with increased set-up, the expense, he said, is infinitesimal toastmaster, and with W. T. Anderson, as

cost of operation; that the fire destroys the compared to the results obtained.

speaker, aglow with brilliant sallies of wit,

forest litter and other vegetation on which Land Owner Gaskins - Hon. J. Henry rising to heights of eloquence as he acclaim-

trees must obtain plant food; that the mois- Gaskins, a large land owner in Berrien ed the glory of the forests, their wealth,

ture in the soil is reduced and that erosion county, spoke out of his abundant exper- the health and happiness they hold in store;

is greater on burned-over land, removing perience in the woods and received the en- his pungent condemnation of the woods

soil from the tree roots.

thusiastic approval of the audience.

burners, all conspired to make an evening

Only one reason for burning is given, Senator Gaskins said he had lived in the of pleasure and inspiration.

and that is, it will be burned anyway. woods and at the same place all his life, The feast of oratory was pleasingly in-

"But", he said, "should a farmer burn all had seen virgin pine forests, observed the troduced with beautifully rendered vocal

the houses because one has been burned crude boxing methods of turpentining and selections of Miss Frances Owens, accom-

down?"

had as much about forestry been known in panied on the piano by Mrs. Donald Mitch-

By keeping fires out of the forest Mr. the days of his youth as now, the income ell, Jr., both of Macon.

Green said he had been able to raise the from the forests could have been larger by Another feature of the evening was. a

gum yield over 25 per cent. The average hundreds of thousands of dollars.

tribute to Hon. Bonnell Stone, commonly

yields had been 35 to 45 barrels per crop in The practice had been to burn the for- designated the "Father of Forestry in Geor-

days of burning. Since going to the terri~ est every year to provide fresh grass for gia", paid by Judge G. Ogden Persons of

tory in 1930 he had not burned a single livestock; all young timber was burned and Forsyth. He proposed a tablet to be placed

acre. The first year of freedom from fire, killed except on ponds where it was too at Vogel Park, as a perpetual tribute to the

the yield was 43 barrels, the second year, wet to burn; but for the past ten years they state's first citizen in forestry and to honor

50 barrels.

had been trying to keep out fires, with his persistent, untiring, unselfish and con-

In spite of efforts, a few thousand trees varied success.

structive achievements in Georgia forestry.

have been burned and some cups have been "Some landowners practice restricted To this end he suggested a free will of-

lost each year, but he figured he was much burning. I say timber is always damaged if I fering at the door when the banquet ad-

better off financially by not burning.

burned through by fire, no matter what journed. A liberal contribution was made

Landowners, he said, had noted the more time you burn, or what method you use. and a committee has been authorized to

vigorous growth of trees where fire had Timber and fire won't mix successfully," immediately consummate the undertaking.

been kept out, are sold to forest protection 1 said Mr. Gaskins.

SATURDAY'S SESSION

and are starting a movement to stop all By keeping fire out of the woods, he Keeping Forests in Private Ownership

woods fires. This, he said, means continua- said, it will not be necessary to plant pines. A. G. T. Moore, an official of the South-

tion of operation in the region for many He believed it is necessary to thin pines and ern Pine Association, New Orleans, made a

years.

advocated thinning when the pines are four stirring address on keeping forests in priv-

Landowners, he found, are more willing to eight years old.

ate ownership. He inveighed against the

to lease to operators who do not burn and The damage of goats grazing pine buds federal government's activity in acquiring

that the turpentine operator stands in his and the feeding of hogs on the roots of forest lands and its purpose to obtain prac-

own light who cuts off his future timber by . young pines were mentioned. The clearing tically half the forest areas of this coun-

burning,

away from standing trees of parts of trees try, characterizing this step as a venture in

T. P. 0. Representative Oettmeier-Rep- cut, he insisted, should be carried out, and socialism and a menace to private owner-

resenting the Suwannee Timber Protective especially when trees are cut from April ship,

Organization of 300,000 acres in southeast to October, to avoid pine beetle damage.

He commended the Georgia Forestry As-

Georgia, W. M. Oettmeier, manager of 200,- Senator Gaskins hoped that taxes on sociation for the position it had taken

000 acres of timberland belonging to Su- forest lands would be reduced and believed against federal acquisition of commercial

perior Pine Products Company, gave the they would be in the near future.

forests for commercial development, and

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

commended Governor Talmadge for his po- government could hardly be claimed to be

Erosion Control With Relation to

sition in the matter.

buying commercial forest lands, that in

Forestry in Georgia

While much had been said about the fact it was cut-over and abandoned land.

The original hills of Georgia were not

lumbermen's ruthless destruction of the The need of recreational forest areas red but grey, the transition being due to

forests, of cutting and abandoning, which that only the federal government could go erosion, said Loy E. Rast, Director of Soil

he did not condone, it was no longer to be to the expense of providing, was cited as Erosion in Georgia, with headquarters at

assumed that the lumberman is not aware another reason for federal acquisition.

Athens.

of the necessity of so handling the forests 1 He said there were 1,468 CCC camps dis- Originally Georgia was heavily forested;

as to perpetuate their own business; nor tributed among 45 states and the District no erosion was occurring; the streams were

was it fair to assume that they are unwill- of Columbia. Their work had proven so crystal clear; lands were fertile. Pioneers

ing to cooperate to the fullest measure in popular that President Roosevelt had auth- cleared fields and prospered. As soon as a

conserving the forest resources. Many lum- orized an increase in the camps and there field had ceased produced abundant crops,

bermen, he said, have shown their willing- were ten thousand desirable projects in new fields were cleared, and so it continued

ness to promote conservation by introduc- hand. He believed the work would be con- till practically alf of the land had been sub-

ing the best known forest practices.

tinued for many years,.

jected to the plow. Later generations, not

He denied that private ownership of for- However, he said, that if Georgia and finding the land as profitable as their fath-

ests had failed; that if it had not succeed- some other states did not put themselves in ers, moved to the newly opened west to find

ed as well as it might, it had not been more position to guarantee the maintenance of other fields to conquer.

wasteful of natural resources than others; CCC work, they would not get the camps Erosion, he said, had taken from the

nor should the timberland owner be denied much longer. He stated he had made re- hills of Georgia their organic matter and

the federal aid that is so generously given peated requests upon the governors of these plant food to the stream channels. In this

to privately owned lands used for other states without avail.

country as a whole more than 30,000,000

purposes.

1

Timber Survey in South

acres of once fertile land now lie idle, and

He pictured t~e sorry plight of the ti.m- A bright picture was painted by Capt. I. as a result of the soil washing into stream

b~rland owner with taxes ~0 PS;Y competmg F. Eldredge, director of the southern tim- beds, 40 million acres of fertile bottom

wtth the govern~ent gro~I!Ig timber. on tax her survey of the U. S. Forest Service, as land have been rendered useless. Approxi-

free land. The Idea of citizens paymg the to the pulpwood supplies and naval stores mately 125 million acres h~ve been so de-

g_overnment t~x money to be us.ed for set- future of the south, as he recounted the re- pleted of fertility that people can hardly

tmg up a busmess to compete. with the ta.x- suits of the timber survey thus far com- eke out a living from them.

payer, he declared to be obvwusly unfair. pleted. He said the 85 field men had cov- Realizing, he said, that it is a crime

A cou~try four:de~ ~m fr~edom, of ~qual ered 90 million acres in the naval stores against future generations to sit idly by

opportumty and mdiVIduahsm, he believed belt of the south in twelve months. Aside and see the soil, our greatest natural re-

would not stan~ for government encroach- from the inventory of standing timber, 93 source, ruined by erosion, it was decided

ment on these nghts.

different volume tables had been prepared to do something about it. Erosion control

" .

W

h~At tdhder

ecsIsYIoTIf,~Rn

oCboenrst eFrveacth1'n0.enrC

orp

s

IS

based on the measurement of 32,000 trees; made a survey of all naval stores stills;

projects to show farmers what can be done is the result.

Domg m Forestry was the SU~Ject of an made many thousand measurements of Georgia, he said, has two such projects

address by Robert Fe~hner, Director . of trees to determine the effect of turpentin- at present, one in Clarke, Madison and

Emergency Cons~rvatwn Work, W ashmg- ing on the rate of tree growth; reported Jackson counties of 100,000 acres and one

ton, D. C. He said that so many speakers on wood working plants; consulted court- with headquarters at Americus with ap-

had told of CCC. work that the.re was not house records as to land ownership and size proximately 5,000 acres located in Sumter,

much left ~or. him. to say, While ~o!'estry of holdings,

Schley and Marion counties, As many as

was the prmcipal mte~est and activit ~f Twelve forest survey releases have been ten new camps are anticipated.

the CCC, many other mterests share m It made, five on naval stores, five on pulp- Speaking briefly of the methods em-

a~d natur~lly try to get. all t~er ca~, ere- wood, one on land use classification ;;md ployed, Mr. Rast told of terracing as a tem-

atmg at. times embl!lrrassmg ~lffiCulties.

erosion and one covering all phases of 'the porary means of control until more sub-

. He said he ha~ ~ust been m confe!'ence timber situation. Six of these releases deal stantial means are established. Vegetative

w1th a group desi~mg CCC labor ~o mtro- with Georgia.

methods, he said, are nature's way. Grass

~uce carpet gra~s m the place of Wire grass Capt. Eldredge expressed the hope that will prevent erosion. Steeper slopes and

m south Ge?rgia. Many thought at first sufficient funds would be allotted to com- badly eroded lands are planted to trees.

that. the mam purpose wa~ to plant trees, plete the survey in the south during the Forestry, he said, is an integral part of

but It was conclud~d that It was proper. to next twelve months.

farm management, a source of supplies for

try to save what IS lef~ of our standmg In the 30 million acres in four survey new industries, notably pulpwood for paper

fore.sts, not only to proVIde means for pro- units in South Carolina, Georgia and north making. Staff members supervise the for-

~ectwn from .fire, but to p;rotect them from Florida, over 20 million acres, or nearly 68 ests of the communities and supervise

msects an? diseases. He said, howev~r, plans per cent, are under forest cover, mainly planting on badly eroded soils as an ideal

for plal!-tmg on a very substantial scale slash and longleaf pine.

means of erosion control. The average age

were be~ng made under state and federal Of the 12,400 turpentine producers of trees on the Athens area is 45 years,

owRneefrsehrirpm. ~

to

Mr.

, Moores

address,

Mr.

found in the survey, 9,400 were located in Georgia. Of the 1,118 stills, 632 were in the

with an average of 136 pines per acres where the average should be 290, capable

F~~hnet: sa1d that under at l~ast some con- Georgia survey units. An interesting new of yielding 3,500 board feet of lumber an-

dttions 1t was an op~n questiOn as to state development shown was that there were nually. Average hardwoods numbered 75

and f~deral ownership of f?rest lands. An nearly 8,800 small producers in Georgia trees per acre where there should be 200,

undel!-Iable fact was that m th~ past .the who do not have stills.

Approximately one million seedlings had

only I~terest. of lumbermel!- was Immediate What the future holds for Georgia in been planted to the most badly eroded lands

profit m ~ellmg tree~, passmg on and leav- naval stores production was presented on a in the Athens unit; black locust, pines, wild

mg the mill commumty helpless, but he was chart and based on the number of round cherry, yellow popular, aspen, beach and

glad to say ~hat lumbermen ~ener3:lly had trees 3 inches and up in diameter. It was maple are being used. Shrubs are being

come to reahze the harm thetr pohcy had stated that it was evident that there is employed in gullies. The planting program

done.

.

.

State and federal ownership, he said, af-

ample supply to meet all naval stores needs for years to come

calls for 20 million seedlings, the purpose being erosion control, forest products, food

forded the greatest opportunities for for-

.



.

and shelter for game and wild life and for

estry school graduates.

.In makmg the sur_vey of pm.e stumps aesthetic values.

Preservation of watersheds, he said, was an obligation of the federal government, While the federal purchases in recent years

smted to wood turpentme productiOn, CaJ?t. ~!dredge reported th~ presence of 3~ milhon tons of wood I~ the four . umts of

Women's Clubs and Forestry Mrs. T. H. McHatton, Athens, President of the Garden Clubs of Georgia, speaking

has been greatly increased, President Roos- South Carolma, Georgia and Flonda.

on the subject, "How the Women's Organ-

evelt's interest i that of trying to be help- As to pulpwood, the s!lr_vey had reyealed izations of Georgia Can Promote Forestry",

ful. He was seeking to take over areas the presence of 137 million cords m the said that women had been an enemy of the

which are not a source of revenue to the area surveyed, which by no means covers forests. They stood in the way of progress;

owner in an effort to preserve the water- the pulpwood area of the south. In the two out of them came wild beasts; open spaces

sheds.

south Georgia units are 56 million cords. gave security, but the forests have about

The attitude of the federal government, In saw timber, it was reported that in gone and she sees fields being destroyed by

M:.;. Fechner said, is to pay only a nominal Georgia, unit No. 1 (southeast Georgia) the elements with the stability of destroyed

Price for land and that the average price contains approximately 11 billion board forests itself being destroyed.

paid for land was only $2.70 per acre. At feet of timber. No figures were given for Preservation, protection and renewal of

such a low figure, he insisted, the federal unit No. 2.



forests, she said, is getting to be one of wo-

6

. FORE~TRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

man's ideas and she will stick to it until are to' be removed for pulpwood to be used PULPWOOD SOUTHWEST GA.

something is attained. The woman's move- by Dr. Herty. Next year they will be thinment to conserve wild beauty, she held, ned af'ain down to 200 trees per acre. Af-

22 COUNTIES SURVEYED

will be of untold advantage in protecting the forests. Galled and gullied hillsides can

ter thp.t other plans will be formulated. He invited everyone present to visit his plots.

Seventeen

Million

Cords

Available

only be made attractive by planting trees. The desire for beauty and the production

Resolutions Summarized

on Three Million Acres of Forest Land According to U. S. Forest

of wild flowers means every woman is an Pre!lident Roosevelt was thanked for his

enemy of forest fires and a friend of eco- interest in and active support of forestry,

nomic forestry.

and a sincere desire expressed that he spend

Service Survey.
According to a preliminary report of the

Reference was made to Garden Clubs' as much time as possible at his Georgia United States Forest Service Survey, there

conservation week, of the influence of 4,000 women in promoting this object, the support given by public agencies, and the amount of interest created in forest pro-
tection.

home, where he would find love and esteem of loyal Georgians.
Resolutions of regret at the absence of Bonnell Stone, founder of the association,
with love and esteem further expressed by

are approximately 17 million cords of pulpwood available in twenty-two counties of southwest Georgia. The counties embraced in the survey unit are Deely, Wilctx,

Mrs. McHatton spoke of an undertaking a decision to place a tablet at Vogel Park Crisp, Ben Hill, Worth, Turner, Irwin,

to develop a Bartram society for the pro- to commemorate his valuable contributions Tift, Berrien, Cook, Colquitt, Lanier,

tection of wild flowers. If we expect to rehabilitate our forests, recover eroded lands

to forestry in Georgia, were adopted, By resolution the association recorded its

Lowndes, Brooks, Thomas, Grady, Mitchell,

and preserve God-given beauties, we must opposition to a transfer of the U. S. Forest Baker, Decatur, Seminole, Miller and Early.

begin with the young, she said.

Service from the Department of Agricul- A report has already been made on the

Highway beautification, she said, would
involve forest protection and much could be done by the Highway Department. Contemplated arboretums over the state, she said, would be a help. In conclusion, she

ture to a Department of Conservation to
be created by Senate Bill 2665. Gratitude was expressed for CCC work
in Georgia; approval of making it a permanent activity of !.fue federal govern-

counties of southeast Georgia. The surveyed area of southwest Georgia
covers nearly 5,586,000 acres, of which approximately 54 per cen~. or 3,020,400 acres

plead for co-operation with women in their ment and provisions for a larger amount of is forest land.

conservation efforts.

work on private lands was asked.

Nearly 70 per cent of the forest area is

hatercropping Corn and Pines

The work of Dr. Herty in converting pine pulp into white paper and pine cellulose in-

in

second growth

stands, 88

per

cent

of

Marion Renfroe, Quitman, a young farm- to rayon was enthusiastically endorsed, and which is of pulpwood species with an esti-

er who conceived the idea of intercropping Georgians were called upon to support the mated yield of 17,000,000 cords.

pines with corn, told of his results, He said promotion of important new industries Half of this is composed of turpentine

he was reared in an atmosphere of the sawmill and turpentine industries, and had seen timberlands cut over, lying idle and not

based on these findings, A resolution charging the Hon. Thomas
Linder, Commissioner of Agriculture, with

timber, potential, turpentining, the

working or trees are

idle. After suitable for

paying taxes, and he believed they could be "infinite damage" resulting from his ad- pulping.

used profitably growing a new crop of pines.
The idea came to him of growing corn and pines together, the corn to pay the cost of planting the pines and cultivation to

vice to farmers to burn the woods, and calling on him to print the resolution in the next Market Bulletin, was passed.
By resolution, the judges of the Superior Courts of the state were requested to ap-

Classified further, the report shows 4,545,000 cords of round turpentine species of pines, 3,386,000 cords of working and idle turpentine pines, 1,415,000 cords of worked

promote their growth. Dr. Herty had encouraged him in the undertaking.
The land was prepared as for planting corn; seedlings were purchased from the tree nursery at Athens and were planted

point from grand juries committies to investigate and report on the violations of
the forest fire laws, and that various counties use their county police to suppress fires.

out turpentine pines, 3,961,000 cords of nonturpentine pines. Pulping hardwoods such as gum, maple, bay, magnolia, etc., will produce 3,333,000 cords.

January 27, 1931, one acre being planted The movement to obtain an appropria- In addition to the pulping woods, there

to slash pine and one acre to longleaf. Every other corn row was planted to pines. The usual cultivation for corn was given.

tion from Congress to survey and mark the
route of the DeSoto expedition was approved.

are 2,248,000 cords of non-pulping woods, making a total of 18,888,000 cords for the

Due to plowing and a drouth the longleaf were badly sanded and a poor stand re-

Officers Selected

area.

sulted.

The officers elected were as follows: Forestry Lost a Valued

After the corn was "laid by", soy beans President, T. G. Woolford, Atlanta; first

Supporter in Major Cohen

were planted a row between the pines. On- vice president, W. T. Anderson, Macon; ly three rains fell between planting and second vice president, Paul Chapman, Ath-

In the death of Major John S. Cohen,

harvesting the corn. A yield of 29.3 bush- ens; third vice president, James Fowler, May 13, the cause of forestry lost a highly

els of yellow corn was harvested. All costs Soperton; secretary, Bonnell Stone, Ox- valued supporter. No paper in the state has

of planting the pines, labor and taxes were ford; treasurer, Joseph A. McCord, At- given so liberally of its editorial space to

charged, leaving a net profit of $3.42 for llanta.

the first year.

Executive committee-Officers of the as-

The average diameter of slash pine ten sociation and H. L. Kayton, Savannah;

persistent and capable advocacy of forestry as the Atlanta Journal of which he was

inches from the ground June 1932 was 1 Alex K. Sessoms, Cogdell; J. M. Mallory, the head.

inch; and on October 25, 1933 it was 2% Savannah; R. E. Benedict, Brunswick; inches. Longleaf had shown no increase ex- Thomas Hamilton, Augusta; E. George But-

Dr. Gerry Visits South

cept in foliage June 21, 1932, but October
25, 1933, they had attained an average of % inch in diameter.

ler, Savannah; Thomas Candler, Blairs-

vAtilllae~ tDa;r.

W. G. Judge

Lee, Macon; C. A. Whittle, Ogden Persons, Forsyth;

A recent, but in the past few years too infrequent, visitor in the south was Dr.

The second year's sale of corn netted Jim L. Gillis, Soperton; G. D. Marckworth, Eloise Gerry, of the U. S. Forest Products

only 23 cents.

Athens; J. S. Green, Butler; Mrs. T. H. Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Her stud-

In January 1935, the slash pine averaged a height of 162 inches, some being 209 inches high. The diameters averaged 4

McHatton Athens Elliott Reed Savan-

nah;

Mrs.

' Chas.

' Center,

College

Pa~' k,.

J.

F.

ies on how cells of southern pines elaborate gum, and her preparation of the recent

inches, some as much as 514 inches. Long- Jackson, Savannah; W. M. Oettme1er, Far- Handbook on Naval Stores Production are

leaf had gained an average of 8 feet in height, so~e 12 feet with av~rage diameters couf lt2iv-2a/t3edmacchrees, hsaodmeno3t% shmocwhnes.haAlnf uthne-
growth of the cultivated acre,
In cooperation with Dr. Herty, plans

go; J. Henry Gaskins, Nashville; J. C. Kim-
brough, Chipley; and the following chairmen of comml'ttees.. E . S . Cent er, J r., Atlanta; Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton; Roland Turner, Atlanta; W. H. Barnwell, Atlanta;

contributions of great value to a southern
industry. -------------------
Mr. T. G. Woolford, Atlanta, president of
the Georgia Forestry Association and

were formed to sow carpet grass, centi- Jack Williams, Waycross; B. M. Lufbur- member of the Commission of Forestry and

pede grass, also cowpeas, les~edeza and oth-

At! nt . J L Rountre Summitt. Geological Development of Georgia, was re-

er legumes for pasture. Sowmgs have been made.

row, a a'

e, . E . '

Dr. Chas. H. Herty, Savannah; M1ss m11y

cently re-elected vice president of the Uni-

I At the end of this year alternate trees Woodward, Vienna.

ted States Chamber of Commerce.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

are still used in :most factories. Here the

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

helper takes the proper amount of the plastic raw material and bats it into a griddle

Brief Accounts Of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

cake-like disc. This is then thrown over.a plaster mold, the surface of which represents for example a dinner plate. The mold

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

is placed in a jigger, a machine that revolves in a horizontal plane. The operator

then pulls down a template having an edge

corresponding to the contour of the bottom

TABLEWARE MANUFACTURE rock or sand. These raw materials are of the plate. The excess material is thus

IN THE SOUTH

gathered from many areas and even as far scraped off giving the plate its final shape.

as Europe and other foreign countries. The tableware is dressed, dried and fired to

A. V.HENRY

After being assembled the materials are approximately 2200 degrees Fahrenheit,

Departm.ent of Ceramic Engineering carefully proportioned and then mechanic- after which it is ready to be glazed. The

Georgia School of Technology

ally blended with water until the resultant glaze, too, is prepared in the slip form, of

Not so many generations ago so-called slip has the consistency of thick cream. minerals somewhat higher in flux value

china tableware or dinnerware was reserved This slip is passed through fine screens and than the body mix. It is applied by dip-

almo!:!t entirely for the wealthy. Now when over electromagnets which take out any ping and then given its vitreous condition

serviceable ware is available at a cost with- coarse or foreign matter and any iron that by a second firing. If the ware is to be

in the reach of everyone, I wonder if we might be present. It now passes to a cis- decorated a third firing is necessary.

appreciate how much thought, how much ef- tern-like storage equipped with agitators While at this time there are no dinner-

fort and money have been expended to make to prevent settling and separation of the ware factories in Georgia, the future is

this possible.

body constituents. The slip is then pumped promising as all conditions are favorable.

Most of the tableware manufactured in into filter presses where enough of the The market here in the South now approxthis country is technically known as hard water is removed to give the mass its max- imates $15,000,000 annually, is growing.

earthenware, although some factories spe- imum plastic condition. After being thor- As we become more industrialized, and a~:~

our purchasing power increases and stand-

ards of living improve, the market for table-

ware will grow proportionately. Southern

demand now is being supplied largely from

the North with the one exception, a factory

in Tennessee. This market surely should be

entirely satisfied by southern industries. In

addition, it can be shown that costs of other

factors involved in tableware manufacture

are sufficiently favorable to the South to

permit successful competition in the North.

Let us examine briefly some of these fac-

tors. Labor is a large item. Despite recent

advances, there is still a labor saving in

the South approximating 30 per cent. In

this connection it should be noted that, in

general, increases in wage scales are de-

sirable in that they increase purchasing

power and permit a betterment of living

standards. Fuel, also, is a large item in

tableware production. Many sections of

Georgia are adequately supplied with nat-

ural gas piped from the extensive Louisiana

fields. In this industry natural gas con-

! ! ! LE:.GE:.ND -.SEDIME:.NTAP.Y KAOL..tN

stitutes an ideal fuel, and, considering that it is now available to the South at a cost of approximately one-half of what it is in

i!llllllll!l!l!l! - fiALL CLAY

I

1- P~IMARY KAOLIN, FELD.SPAR,

QUARTZ

certain of the more important producing centers of the North, the advantage can readily be appreciated.
With regard to raw materials, Georgia

is equally well situated. While it is true

LOCATION OF E...S..5E:.NTIAL MATEAIAL.S FOR CERAMIC WHITEWAP.C /NDU..5TRIE...S

that in no locality do we find all of the materials necessary for tableware manufacture, Georgia is centered in an area pro-

cialize in the more costly true china and oughly kneaded in a pug mill the plastic ducing essential clays and minerals as can porcelain, the difference being largely one mass is finally ready to be formed into be seen on the accompanying map.

of structure developed by varying heat dishes. For many years cups, saucers, din- The state itself is a large producer of one

treatments.

ner plates and the like were made essential- of the clays used, namely, sedimentary kao-

Tableware is made from a mixture of two ly by hand and only most recently have ma- lin. Our production now is somewhat

or more clays, pulverized feldspar and pot- chines been developed to mechanically form greater than two-thirds of all that is mined

ters flint, a name given to pulverized quartz these wares. Nevertheless, hand methods in the country. A large portion of it, how-

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

ever, is now being used by the paper in- United States Geological Survey (Prof. Pa- more. The average kyanite of the schists

dustry either as a filler or coating medium. per 179) on the Origin of the Copper De- has a small percentage of silica, but some It might be asked why, in view of these posits of the Ducktown Type in the South- placer deposits yield a product almost free

advantages, are there not more dinnerware 1 ern Appalachian Region, by C. S. Ross. Not of impurities. The Bureau of Mines is conplants in the South. The answer is quite only do the famous copper deposits of ducting experiments concerning the utili-

similar for this industry as for many Ducktown, Tenn., extend over the state line zation of the schist material and predicts

others, namely, northern factories are now into Georgia, but the author, through his that this can be recovered and used when

capable of easily satisfying the country's study of this type of deposit has come to there is sufficient demand.

demands, and there is little incentive on conclusions in regard to their origin that The vermiculite resources of Georgia

the part of present owners to bear the cost may have considerable bearing on the ori- have been only partly examined. The most

of dismantling and rebuilding in the South. gin of Georgia's gold deposits. The report promising deposits are in Towns county,

Too, the southern market is available to may be obtained for $.45 in coin or money near the North Carolina line. This golden

these manufacturers because of lack of com- order (not stamps) from the Supt, of Doc- colored mica is useful in the manufacture

petition, and the net result is merely an uments, Washington, D. C.

of insulating material and as a pigment in

additional cost being charged our consum-

inks.

ers because of extra distribution expense. R. W. Smith, G. W. Crickmay, and Lane The bulletin is sent free to interested

With the readjustment of industries be- Mitchell of the State Geological Survey re- parties on receipt of postage by the State

I ing induced by conditions of the present cently accompanied a field party of Johns- Geologist, 425 State Capitol, Atlanta, Geor-
time it seems probable that the tableware Hopkins University g~ology students on a gia. The shipping weight is two pounds.

industry will become more and more decen- survey of the Cartersville ar~a. Ocher, Bar-

I tralized, and the advantages of the South ite, and manganese mines were visited. '1

will be recognized.

Professor J. T, Singe\\y.lldl .Jr., was in

charge of the field party. 'Mr. T. B. Holmes

April Publications of the U. S. Bureau of Mines of Interest to
Georgia Mineral Producers

of the White Manganese Corporation kind- Information Circular 6822, Mica, by F.

ly had the party taken under ground in the W. Horton. 56pp. 10 figs. Covers salient

FROM A GEOLOGIST'S

William Lee shaft to view the mining oper- features of occurrence and mining of sheet

ations for the manganese ore.

mica in the U. S. and preparation for mar-

NOTEBOOK
Members of the Georgia Mineral Society enjoyed a splendid trip to Asheville, N. C., on the week-end of April 27th. A group of seven Georgians met with the Southern Appalachian Mineral Society at the Biltmore Forest home of Mr. Burnham S. Colburn. Mr. Colburn's private museum of Southern minerals and gem stones is said to be the finest in the world.

Beginning with the April number, the paper used in printing the National Geographic Magazine is coated with Georgia clay. The National Geographic Magazine uses numerous black and white and colored illustrations which require the highest type of magazine paper for adequate reproduction. The use of Georgia kaolin as a coating clay for this paper is testimony to the high quality of clay now being produced in Georgia.

ket: discusses properties of micas and outlook for domestic industry.
Mineral Market Reports
MMS 350. Gold mining and production in the United States in 1934, advance summary. 3pp,
MMS 356. Value of the mineral products of the U. S., 1931-1933, by states-summary 1 p.
MMS 357. Aluminum salts industry in 1934-advance summary. 2pp.
MMS 361. The bauxite industry in 1934 -advance summary, 2pp.

Dr. C. F. Park, Jr., of the U. S. Geologi- KYANITE DEPOSITS PROMISE

These may be obtained free of charge on

cal Survey is continuing his direction of

NEW INDUSTRY IN GEORGIA application to Information Division, u. s.

the investigation of the gold resources of Georgia, Dr. Park plans to return to Washington, D. C., around June 1st but expects to leave a party in the field to visit and examine all properties known to have yield-
ed gold.

The development of a new mineral industry in Georgia is foreseen by Richard W. Smith, State Geologist, who states that kyanite deposits of the State are evoking widespread interest in the cer~mic industry of the nation. Mr. Smith announced the

Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C. The regional office of the U. S. Forest
Service, located at Atlanta, had 75 employees July 1, 1934, when it was established. It has grown to 115 and will probably grow to further size.

An exhibit of the common rocks and minerals of Georgia at the Macon convention of the Georgia Forestry Association aroused much favorable comment. The exhibit of kyanite and vermiculite, Georgia's

recent release of Bulletin 46 of the State Geological Survey, "The Kyanite and Vermiculite Deposits of Georgia". Kyanite, which is used in manufacture of high grade refractories and fire-brick, has been discov-

Twenty Million Acres of Georgia Can Grow Pulpwood
In answer to a press inquiry as to how
much land in Georgia can produce pulp-

newest commercial minerals, received es- ered over wide areas of the State. The sur- wood for making paper, State Forester B.

pecially favorable attention. A number of vey was made during the summer of 1934 M. Lufburrow, of Georgia replied that there

copies of the latest bulletin of the state by the U. S. Geological Survey in coopera- are twenty million acres in Georgia out of

geological survey, Bulletin 46, "The Ky- tion with the Georgia Division of Geology. its 27,000,000 of forest and potential forest

anite and Vermiculite Deposits of Georgia" The record of all properties visited for this land suitable to growing pulpwood, an area,

by Louis M. Prindie and others, were dis- investigation and for previous examination he states, capable of producing the entire

tributed.

is included in the new bulletin. Mr. Smith newsprint needs of the country.

stated that he had received numerous re-

A list of the small wayside potteries and quests for the bulletins from ceramic man- Vocational Forestry in Georgia

clayworkers is being compiled by the State ufacturers.

Treated in Magazine Article

Geologist, R. W. Smith, who desires to be The kyanite is found in the Piedmont The May issue of American Forests car-

of all possible aid to these developers of a and mountain areas of north and central ried an article entitled "Forest Scholars",

part of Georgia's great mineral wealth. Georgia. The only areas producing at the written by C. N. Elliott, district forester

Any information as to the location, own- present time are in Habersham county in at Augusta. This well written article deals

ership, and operation of these potteries will northeast Georgia and these properties are with vocational forestry conducted jointly

be gladly received by Mr. Smith.

a part of a U-shaped belt extending over by the Georgia Forest Service and the Di-

Students of Georgia geology :will be in- into Rabun county and having a length of vision of Vocational Education of the State

terested in a recent publication of the about 30 miles and a width of 1000 feet or Department of Education.