Forestry-geological review [Mar. 1935]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND. GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 5

ATLANTA, GA., MARCH, 1935

No.3

CARELESSNESS WITH FIRES

lo know, that forest fires do not eradi- TREE PLANTING TIME

'BRINGS FOREST DEVASTATION cate these harmful insects.

TIMBER CROPS FOR FUTURE

In the spring, when farmers are cleaning

up old stalks and debris from their fields, Growing Interest in Giving Trees a

Spring Gloomy with Pall of Smoke instead of putting it in gullies and on worn -Tree Seedlings Wiped Out -

Chance to Utilize Abandoned and

Lar e d -

ge D

T rees S amage

eMa1'rlelI'donasn

d
0

f

WDe0a11kaerns-

ospf obtsuronfm. thge

I.tl.anTdh,

they rough

follow an old care1essness

custom t he de-

bris fires are allowed to spread, enter the

1

Eroding Land - Nursery Seedlings Short of Demand - Wild Seedlings Worth While

forest and very often burn their way un-

Spring is the forest fire season in Geor- hindered.

February and March are the months for

gia, a time when a pall of smoke from many The forest area burned over annually in planting tree seedlings. Future tree crops

forest fires spreads gloom over the land- Georgia may appear to indicate that the depend on seedlings that get a start this

scape; when crackling fires race throujih sentiment against burning off the woods is year. When planted and properly spaced,

the forests, killing seedlings, searing and not growing, but this is an error. More pea- trees will grow more rapidly than when na-

stunting larger trees; driving out game; ple are opposed to woods burning in Geor- tural reproduction does the job. Everybody

doing violence to nature that estimated in gia, and more people are fighting fire than wants trees to grow rapidly and grow where

money values reaches millions of dollars in ever before. In fact, a very small percent- seed trees cannot plant them. Moreover,

Georgia; leaving blackened wastes where age of the population is composed of wilful there is an incentive to plant that did not

resurgent spring was expressing beauty forest burners. The damage this few can do formerly exist, that is, the certain demand

and fullness of life.

is far out of proportion to their number. A for southern pines at future paper mills.

And yet there is noted in the forest fire few chaingang sentences will have more in- There is a promise that pines will yield a

reports, that the origin of many of these fluence on this few than all the education profit from land now yielding nothing. No

burnings is "incendiary"; that is, they have that could be heaped upon them. They are wonder there is an urge to plant trees in

been purposely started and allowed to burn impervious to education, but not to the les- the south, and a realization that the sooner

at will.

sons of a chaingang sentence.

the planting the sooner there will be a tree

What kind of thinking is the incendiary

harvest.

doing? Certainly he is not thinking of the
welfare of the forests. No one can be so FOREST FIRE RECORD

It is true that the tree nurseries have sold out-sold before a fraction of the demand

stupid as to think that burning will help the

FOR GEORGIA, 1934 was met.

woods. No, his thinking, in some instances, is that burning off the dead grasses of last season will "green up" the woods pasture earlier, so that the winter starved, rovinli cattle can begin to cover their bones with flesh. But the grass does not come earlier because of the fire. It merely becomes visible more quickly. From the cattleman's viewpoint, were he to think rightly, he would observe that the fire has killed out the better grazing grasses and has left only the poorest, the tuft grasses like sedge and wire grass.
Whose cattle are they for which the burning is done? In many cases they do not belong to the owner of the land. They belong to men who consider anybody's forests as public range, and in line with their pervert. ed type of thinking they burn off the other man's forest to "improve", as they think, the grazing.

An improvement in forest fire protection is noted for 1934 as compared to the year 1933, especially on areas belonging to Timber Protective Organizations. While the number of fires was greater, the percentage of T. P. 0. acreage burned over was very much less. In 1933 it was unusually high because of dry weather, high winds and sweeping fires. The percentage was 11, but in 1934, when conditions were not so bad and CCC fire fighters had gained greater efficiency, the area burned over was only .08 per cent.
The area under T. P. 0. management in 1934 was 4,304,312 acres; the number of fires 1,711; the acres burned over 345,409; the damage $413,571.
On unprotected forest land the number of fires is placed at 24,050; the acreage burned 5,124,000 and the estimated damage is placed at $2,640,700.

What then can the land owner plant this season? The answer is wild stock. Along the edges of the forest and in open spaces in the forest are one or two year old seedlings. Spade them up carefully and transplant them where trees are wanted. If the root system of the seedlings is kept intact and the plants put in a bucket of water to keep the roots from drying out till they are planted, a good survival will result. No, they are not as good as nursery grown seedlings, but they are better than nothing and some fine plantations have been grown from wild stock.
Not a few farmers of Georgia are reported planting tree seed direct to the land where they are to grow. Experience has shown that this is not a safe method. Birds and field mice get the seed before they can grow. Yet, with good luck, a fair stand may be expected from "spot" planting of tree

Then there are still a good many who think forest fires will destroy insects that damage crops and livestock. Wrong think, ing again. Anyone who has taken the time

All told there were 25,761 fires in Georgia doing damage to the extent of about $3,000.000.

seed. Since the demand for tree planting stock
is growing by leaps and bounds, more than usual interest is shown in establishing tree

to consider his own experience will realize

seed beds. The rural consolidated schools

that in spite of fires the insects are still Fisherman: "I tell you, it was that long! having vocational agricultural teachers are

with him. He should, therefore, realize, even I never saw such a fish!"

this year showing greater interest than ever

if unwilling to take the word of those who Friend: "I believe you."

in establishing tree seed beds in an effort to

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor
Forestry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr,, ____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta Russell D. Franklin, Dist. Forester____Rome W. D. Young, Dist. Forester ____ Gainesville C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester___ Savannah C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary _____Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer_____ Atlanta
----------------

CLOSED SEASON FOR THINNING AND FUEL
Cutting of Timber after March Likely to Start Southern Pine Beetle Invasion
Those who thin their forest or cut wood for summer fuel should finish the job by March 15. The reason is the southern pine beetle. Drawn by the odor of fresh cut wood, the migrating beetles may assemble in numbers sufficient to begin a serious attack on the nearby pines. The weakest trees are attacked first. The beetles feed on the cambium under the bark, that vital part of the tree. Leaves begin to turn yellow. Eventually the tree is girdled, and literally succumbs to starvation.
The beetles move from tree to tree. Strong, healthy trees may successfully strangle a few beetles with their gum, but

FORESTRY STUDENTS OF ABRAHAM BALDWIN COLLEGE MAKE TOUR
Under the leadership of George Mosely, teacher of forestry at Abraham Baldwin College, Tifton, a group of forestry students recently made a trip to the Olusta Naval Stores Experiment Station and national forest near Lake City, Florida, where they made a study of turpentine practices, modern distillation methods and forest management.
Returning, they visited the office of District Forester C. B. Beale at Waycross and learned of timber protective organization and CCC work carried on in that area.
The trip was regarded .as highly instructive.
TREE MORTALITY EXTENDED WEEKS AFTER FOREST FIRE

Geological Division
R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________ Atlanta
G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist, ------------------------------------- _____Atlanta
Lane Mitchell, Asst. State Geol. ___ Atlanta

if many of the insects invade the bark, they too will succumb.
The only cutting that is recommended in the spring, summer and early fall is the removal of trees struck by lightning or dam-

A stand of loblolly pine averaging two feet in height, invaded by a light fire, with little wind and high, humidity, suffered almost a total loss. A stand of 305 trees had been reduced to 6 trees after the mortality

Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta aged by storms, for such exposure of fresh ceased. These findings are reported by the

wood will attract beetles and start damag- Appalachian Experiment Station.

meet community demands for tree planting stock. Apparently the growing of tree seedlings is not going to be overdone in the near
future. A new and tremendou~> Jemand for plant-
ing stock is being created by the numerous
erosion projects.

ing attacks. When trees are badly infested in a for-
est, the only practical thing to do is to cut and remove the usable parts of the tree and burn the remainder.
The presence of beetles in a tree is shown by globules of resin on the bark. If there are a number of these, the tree should be

An important part of the finding is that 7 weeks after the fire, only 58 per cent of the trees had died, but at the end of 50 weeks, 98 per cent were dead.
The circular reporting this information points to the advisability of postponing damage appraisals to approximately 3 months after a fire.

Trees Grow More at Night Investigations made by Dr. Raymond Kienholz in New Hampshire revealed that when the day is divided into two equal 12hour periods, it was found that the average growth in the night was slightly more than in the daytime.
Sheep Eat Pine Seedlings District Ranger C. 0. Batson of Wiggins, Miss., reports that well fed sheep ranging an area where he had planted 4,000 slash pine had destroyed 20 per cent of them, and he believed if they had not been removed, they would have destroyed all the young pines.
GAVEL FROM PLANTATION DUDLEY HUGHES FOR F.F.A.

removed. If the tree has died from beetle attack, cutting the tree is too late to do any good in controlling the southern pine beetle, but it should be harvested at once to save it from being riddled by the sawyer beetles which attack dead trees, bore deeply into the wood and destroy its commercial value.
Landlords should require their tenants to cut their summer fuel before March 15, and a landlord will be neglecting the welfare of his forest if he does not make the harvesting of fuel improve rather than injure the forest. He should mark the trees to be cut so as to thin the forest. He should have crooked, diseased and undesirable species of trees removed for fuel. Thus will the forest be improved, and the remaining trees will grow faster and yield a greater profit.

DBH SPACING RULE FOR CCC TREE THINNING
Spacing in feet according to the diameter of trees, has been worked out by the Rocky Mountain Forest Experiment Station for use of CCC men in forest thinning. Three measurements are applied according to the basal area of the trees per acre. The basal area represents the measurements of trees 4% feet from the ground in terms of square feet per acre. In other words, the rate of tree growth on the land is to be taken into consideration in thinning.
An acre of land having 90 to 100 square feet basal area per acre can be given a spacing 1-2/3 feet per inch diameter of the tree at 4; feet from the ground. If 110 to 140 square feet basal area, the spacing

Describing his visit to the a, nual meet-

is 1% feet per inch diameter at 472 feet

ing of the Future Farmers of America at Kansas City, C. W. Grant, Leslie, a vocational forester, tells us in the February issue of GAFFA that Lawrence Tribble,

CULTIVATING BLACK LOCUST GREATLY INCREASES GROWTH

from the ground. If 140 to 160 square feet basal area per acre, the spacing is 1-1/3 feet per inch diameter.
If trees in a given area vary in diame-

president of the Georgia Association, pre- Tests conducted in Mississippi on soil ter, the spacing is based on the average of

sented to Bobby Jones, the national presi- erosion projects show that trees planted on the diameters in that area.

dent, a gavel made from wood obtained raw gullies suffered less mortality than A diagram that gives at a glance the

from the plantation of Dudley Hughes, co- those planted on grassy areas, and plow- spacing for each factor, makes it easy to

author of the Smith-Hughes Act. Under ing two furrows on either side of the plant- quickly determine the spacing. this Act vocational teaching is made possi- ed locust trees greatly increased the rate of

ble in rural consolidated high schools.

growth, according to the Southern Forest as long; held their foliage three weeks

The gavel was made by students of the Experiment Station.

longer; had fewer insects and le~s insect

Georgia Voc~tional Trades school at Walker Cultivated trees had twice as many damage to the foliage than the uncultivat-

Park.

1leaves as uncultivated; made shoots 4 times ed.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

DISPOSAL FOREST SLASH TO

ELEVATION AND RAINFALL QUARTZ COIL SPRINGS

REDUCE FIRE HAZARD The town of Clayton in northeast Georgia

FOR WEIGHING PAPER

Leaving slash very much as it falls is has the highest elevation, 2,100 feet and Coil springs are made of quartz for fine

recommended in preference to piling and the greatest rainfall, 70.07 inches annual and delicate weighing. A quartz spring does

burning or lopping and scattering, as a re- rainfall, of any town in Georgia, according not corrode. Tests show that after repeated

sult of studies made by the Southern Forest to geographic studies of the University of loading the quartz spring comes back into

Experiment Station, New Orleans. The only Georgia.

place better than metal springs.

recommendations are that the slash be re- That elevatio.n is not the only factor in- A description of the u se of quartf; springs

moved from near the remaining trees.

fluencing rainfall is shown by comparing for weighing paper is given in a recent

The report of these investigations is made Atlanta, with an elevation of 1,050 feet statement of the Forest Products Labora-

by Paul V. Siggers, pathologist, in "Occa- and a rainfall of 48.63 inch.es with Bruns- tory at Madison, Wisconsin, in part as fol-

sional Papers-42" of the Experiment Sta- wick with only 11 feet elevation and a rain- lows:

tion. The investigation was made on the fall of 49.78 inches.

"Forest Products Laboratory workers

Ouachita National Forest, Polk County, Ar- Probably a rainfall factor in the case of now make their own quartz springs for de-

kansas, on a shortleaf pine area intermixed Clayton is the wooded elevations around and termining moisture characteristics of the

with smaller hardwoods, and was started in higher than the town. Cool currents of new papers they are developing from Amer-

October, 1929, with investigations in March moist air from the forests moving down the ican woods. A quartz rod is heated in an

1931 and April 1933.

mountain sides, and contacting the warmer, oxygen blowpipe flame and is pulled out

Four treatments were g iven. Slash was drier air of the open lowlands create condi- into a lqng thread. This thread is then coil-

p iled, lopped and scattered, left intact as it tions favorable for maximum rainfall.

ed, under less severe heat, into a spring

fell, piled and burned.

about 6 inches in length, and a hook is

Discussing the results, the author says: ECW PROMOTES

formed at each end. After its stretch under

"The piling of slash, without later burn-

ESTABLISHMENT STATE

standard known loadings has been care-

ing, has very serious disadvantages. The

PARKS OF NATION fully determined, the spring is ready for

rate of decay is greatly retarded, the procedure is expensive, and in the present study the piles occupied 10 to 15 per cent of the area otherwise suitable for the establishment of pine seedlings.

The National Park Service records show that since Emergency Conservation Work began, a total of more than 115 new state parks have been established and additions have been made to 43 established parks.

business. It is suspended, carrying its sample scrap of paper, inside a window of the humidity chamber, and its lengthenings and shortenings with changing moisture in the

"Lopping and scattering slash neither re- According to a statement of Robert sample are accurately read by means of a

tards nor accelerates decay; it is much more expensive than mer~ly pulling tops away from valuable standing trees.
"Piling and burning slash is expensive, averaging perhaps twice the cost of lopping

Fechner, Director of Emergency Conservation Work, the impetus given by the CCC program had added approximately 500,000 acres to state park areas throughout the United States.

cathetometer telescope mounted outside.
Springs in use at the Laboratory are so
sensitive that a change in weight of four ;;;e-~il.lionths of an ounce can b;~~ily

and scattering. Its advantage of immediate Mr. Fechner says that at the time the measured."

elimination of the fire hazard is counterbal- conservation program was launched in

anced by its disadvantage of creating such 1933, a total of 105 CCC companies of 200

unfavorable soil conditions beneath the men each were assigned to state park pro-

piles that seedling establishment is greatly jects. For the second period, 239 camps

delayed.

were assigned; 268 for the third period and

"When slash is left intact, the tops are 348 for the fourth period. In late January

allowed to remain where they fall. Under there were 70,000 engaged in state park de-

these condition s, some fire hazard persists velopment work. up to the third or fourth year after logging.

Most of the sapwood has decayed by this

WOODSMEN'S SHOE

time, but during periods of very dry weath-

TREATMENT

er the slash may again becom inflammable. Treating shoes for wet weather, according

Where tops are left within about 20 feet of to an authority, may be any of th e follow-

valuable advance growth or less than 10 to ing:

15 feet from isolated seed trees, a consid- No. 1- Wool grease 8 parts, petrolatum 4

erable fire hazard will exist during very parts, and paraffine wax 2 parts.

dry periods even through the fourth season No . 2-Petrolatum 16 parts and beeswax

after logging. However, much of this haz- 2 parts.

ard can be eliminated at the time of log- No. 3-Petrolatum 8 parts, paraffin wax

ging, and at little extra cost, by pulling or 4 parts, wool grease 4 parts and crude tur-

dragging such tops away from the trees pentine 2 parts.

.that they endanger. On dry sites, the decay No. 4-Tallow 12 parts and cod oil 4

of slash left intact or merely pulled away parts. from standing trees is essentially as rapid Simply met the solids and mix while

as that of slash lopped and scattered."

warm. The mixture should be applied warm

The summary says that viewed from the to all outside portions of the shoe.

angle of fire hazard, natural regeneration

and cost, for the forest conditions dealt with that leaving the slash as it fell is the best, provided the slash is removed from around standing trees, to eliminate the danger of

The amaranth tree of South America grows a purple heart from which beautifully colored purple boards are obtained.

fires killing or seriously injuring the tr~es.

"Are you a doctor?" asked a young lady

stepping into a drug store.

Witch hazel, cascara and qumme are "Naw", replied the youth behind the

A 1 three-year old Georgia Peach an'd a three-

three valuable medicinal tree products.

counter, "I'm just the fizzician."

year old Georgia Pine--Ida Marie Story, daughter of District Forester H. D. Story, Jr., is the peach.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

ganized the Dawson county TPO. It is

FORESTRY QUESTION BOX

FIRST DISTRICT
Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester Rome

planned to make this organization county wide. 11,000 acres were signed up at the meeting. The officers of the organization made the assessment per acre 3 cents, be-

lieving the amount ample to handle all pro-

Would it be profitable to chip 1ed gum trees at 60 cents per pound for gum?
The price is too low to make chipping of red gum profitable. Formerly, when gum brought $1.50 or more per pound, it was well worth while to work the trees. It is preferable to chip the red gum just before the tree is to be cut and sold for lumber or veneer.

Lookout Mountain TPO
The Lookout Mountain TPO has recently employed four men to patrol the 376,228 acres of forest land now signed up in this TPO. The area has been divided into units and each patrolman has one unit to cover. The national park service has agreed to assist the TPO in fire suppression work by allowing men from two CCC camps located just across the line in Tennessee to come in

tective expenses. Another meeting is to be held Saturday
afternoon, February 23, at the court house where it is hoped that a large crowd will be present.
Relative to Mr. Wallace's Article
The article appearing in the Review of February "Planting Pines-a Hobby", was very good, however there is one angle that

How soon will southern pines grow t,p this area and fight fires when called upon pulpwood size, is asked by a 1w1thern man by the patrolmen.

studying the paper manufacturing possi- , bilities of the south? He also asks if the pa-' per industry will conflict with the naval sto1es industry.

er in

Community Offers Cooperation
The people of Naomi community of Walkcounty signified willingness to cooperate the county-wide fire protection system by

was not covered which I am taking the liberty to do.
Every farmer attempts to grow a crop
each year with the expectation of realizing some profit. He puts in long hours, money and worry to do it, not only that, but a large part of his income from the preced-

Where slash pines have been planted in organizing into a local unit of Forest Fire ing year is put back into the soil to grow

old fields, spaced properly and protected Fighters and have agreed to fight any fires another crop. If our climatic conditions

from fire, they have grown to pulpwood size occurring in their community, and to con- were such that food could be gathered off

(4 inch diameter) in 5 to 7 years. No one tact all the people in the community in an of trees as it is secured in some of the

would, however, recommend cutting trees effort to do actual presuppression work. Mr. tropical countries, there would be little in-

for pulpwood at this age, except for thin- J. F. Cobb, vocational teacher, was instru- centive needed or work to enco]Jrage grow-

ning purposes, for the reason that they are mental in organizing this community and ing food crops. In other words, the incen-

making their most rapid growth of com- now plans on doing the same thing in the tive is to grow food as a necessity to live

mercial wood at that time.

west section of Walker county in the Cedar and a hope of securing a profit from the

Since the paper industry would provide Grove community.

, venture also. It entails' expense, worry and

a market for thinnings, an incentive would

----

I hard work. Knowing the cost, every farmer

thereby be provided for thinning to' stimulate more rapid growth of the remammg trees. Thinning is greatly needed for promoting profitable gum production for the naval stores industry. Therefore, the paper mill can be made a factor in developing naval stores production.
Anyone who grows slash and longleaf pine in the southeast, where a ready market for pine gum is afforded, would be foolish if he did not get his best paying crop gum-from his pines, especially since he can sell the wood after the chipping is completed as pulpwood, poles, sawlogs, etc.

Ask For Indictment of Woods' Burners
Mr. J. N. Young, Sr., of Walker county, appeared before the Walker county grand jury in the interest of forestry. Mr. Young
stressed the value of the timber now standing in Walker county, and the harm that fires do to the young timber as well as the old. He asked the grand jury to include in its presentments a statement to the effect
that it would indict anyone caught maliciously setting fire in Walker county. Judge Porter has already signified his willingness to "burn up" anyone convicted before him.

makes efforts to take care of the crop in the growing season.
If this principal could be instilled in the minds of every farmer and landowner in the growing of trees, the educational value
would be very great. A large percent of farmers and landown-
ers do not consider natural reproduction of trees very valuable, simply for the reason that they do not see the value in dollars and
cents. If every landowner can be induced to
plant and grow forest seedlings, for a hobby or for any other reason, the fact that he went to the expense of purchasing or grow-

Can the U. S. Forest Service be changed

ing the seedlings and planting them, will

from the U. S. Department of Agriculture to another department without Congression-

SECOND DISTRICT

insure his caring for them and his interest , until they reach a size to be used.

al action?

W. D. Young, Dist. Forester,

The planting and care of one or two acres

Yes, Congress has given the President power to reorganize the departments. Such a proposed change has been widely protested and apparently has little or no popular support.

Gainesville
White County May Organize TPO
County Agent Huff and Mr. J. P. Davison, of Cleveland, are now attempting to

or many acres, will develop the protection

idea in the mind of the example and neighborly

owner and will interest aid in

tbhv~

ultimate goal of state wide protection of

growing forests.

arrange a meeting of the landowners of

Is the Osage orange t?ee of commercial White county to organize into a county wide

value?

TPO. Several prominent landowners have

An important product of the Osage expressed their interest and it is hoped that

orange tree is a dye which has supplanted this TPO will soon be operating. A meet-

imports formerly coming from Jamaica. ing was called on the 22nd of February

The wood of the tree lends itself to the when the initial 10,000 or more acres were

manufacture of small articles.

signed up, and officers elected.

THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta
Active Patrolman

C. W. Johnson has been appointed pa-

Work faithfully eight hours a day, and Dawson County Organizes TPO trolman of the Woodville TPO to succeed
don't worry. Then, in time, you may become A meeting was held at the court house Robert I. Calloway. Mr. Johnson is a na

the boss and work 12 hours a day and do all on Saturday, February 16, where several tive of W:oodville. He made an excellent be-

the worrying.

landowners of the county gathered and or- ginning during the first ten days of Febru-

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

ary, when he collected his crews and ex- ing the soil is of a loose, sandy type. The Organizations were present and enjoyed a ting~ished five forest fires, three of them fields can be cultivated for possibly three or most delicious quail dinner given by Mr.

extending over several hundred acres. One four seasons provided the crops do not Ehade Fowler. Several interesting talks were made

of the largest TPO meetings held in Wood- the pines too much or otherwise hinder ~heir by members of the Lions Club and TPO of-

ville was early in February, when Mr. growth. This practice also lessens fire haz- ficials, concerning forest fire protection and

Johnson was heartily endorsed for the posi- ard.

problems and consolidation of the T. P. O.'s

tion of patrolman. Mr. R. R. Shaw is presi- Best observations, so far, are that th~ and the hiring of a full time secretary was

dent of the organization.

seeding should be done early, January or strongly urged. At a later meeting this will

preferably sooner. Planting spots should be carried out.

Plantings on Stephen's Park

be prepared at the desired spacing State Forester B. M. Lufburrow was the

Since the tenth of December, the camp at on level, or better, slightly raised guest speaker and outlined in a most thor-

Crawfordville has planted approximately hills, such as old corn and cotton ough and interesting way the formation,

fifteen thousand trees on the Alexander rows. Plant several seed to each hill growth and work of the Emergency Con-

Stephens memorial park. These trees were and barely cover the seed with soil. A light servation Work program, as applied to pri-

transplanted from the woods. They range in mulch of pine straw may be added if de- vate lands which are cooperating with the

size from seedlings of twelve inches to fif- sired, which may or may not add to the Forest Service in fire protection work.

teen feet in height. They were planted in success of the planting.

Everyone present at the meeting was very

abandoned fields, to cover up drain ditches, If you attempt direct seeding, do so in the enthusiastic over the enlargement and con-

and around dwellings of the park. Many spirit of a gamble. It is cheaper than plant- solidation of the two existing T. P. O.'s.

species were transplanted, including Cy- ing seedlings, and initial growth seems to be

press, Black Walnut, Red Cedar, Carolina faster. If successful, you have won a stand

Emanuel T. P. 0.

Cherry, Dogwood, Red Haw, Crabapple, and at a cheaper cost; if unsuccessful, you have Three tower sites have been located in

others. Mr. Taylor, Wild Life authority with lost the cheaper cost (of direct seeding) and Emanuel county on which the three 100 ft.

the National Park Service, from Richmond, a year before you can attempt another steel lookout towers the TPO bought will be

Va., was exceedingly well pleased with the gamble or the better choice of planting one erected.

planting. He advised that such trees would year old nursery grown seedlings.

Approximately fifty miles of forest ser-

provide natural food and cover and increase

vice telephone lines will be erected that will

the bird and animal life on the area.

tie in with the existing privately owned

Tree Planting on State Hospital Farm

SIXTH DISTRICT Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester

lines and give adequate telephone facilities for the county wide detection system, that will result when the three towers

Approximately twelve thousand seedlings

Savannah

are completed. The three towers will cover

were gathered and transplanted by the

225,000 acres of forest land in Emanuel

planting crew of the CCC side camp at Milledgeville. This planting was done on

T. P. O.'s to Consolidat~

county.

abandoned hillsides in an effort to check If present plans are perfected which seem

j erosion on the steep' barren hillsides of the likely, the Ocmulgee, Dodge and Little Riv-

State Hospital far~ land.

er Timber Protective Organizations will be-

come one T. P. 0. and will operate under

the name of Big Ocmulgee T. P. 0.

FOURTH DISTRICT

Members and officers of the three T. P. O.'s have decided that it would be best and

W. G. Wallace, District Forester the organization would be stronger if they

J. B. Lattay Transferred
Mr. J. B. Lattay, E. C. W. Forester in the Savannah district for the past 16
months, has been transferred to the Way-
cross district. The Savannah district certainly suffered
a loss when Mr. Lattay left, as he was a most efficient and earnest worker, looking

Columbus

united into one organization which would to the best interests of the service at all bring the total acreage to about 160,000 times.

acres.

We trust Mr. Lattay will be back with us

Like to Gamble?
Artificial reforestation of abandoned

The T. P. 0. will hire a full time secretary and he will collect the assessments,

in the very near future.

fields by direct seeding with longleaf pine make up all reports and keep the records on

seed has taken a sudden spurt in Taylor all expenditures. county. Whether or not it will prove gener- In addition to a full time secretary, the.

EIGHTH DISTRICT

ally successful is yet to be seen. It all start- T. P. 0. will be covered by a five tower deed from a successful direct seeding with tection system and have some 100 miles of longleaf seed, by the spot method, of 100 telephone line in the system, extending over

H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester Albany

acres of abandoned field in the winter of the whole territory. Three tower sites have

1932, by Mr. T. J. Fountain, Reynolds, Ga. already been located and approved. The oth-

Tree Nursery Notes

Mr. Fountain secured a pracitcally perfeet er two are still pending.

Beds have been prepared and planting

stand of longleaf pine which is now begin

started at the South Ga. Nursery located at

l)ing its fourth year and has started good

Meeting at Soperton

Albany and planting is expected to be com-

height growth.

At a meeting held on February 15 in pleted by the first of March.

A total of approximately 200 acres of Soperton, Ga., at the home of Mr. James Mr. Murphy, Nursryman in charge, has

abandoned fields have been planted this win- Fowler, plans and means were discussed to been successful in producing a large per-

ter by seve_ral landowners, using the spot consolidate the Treutlen and Oconee T. P. cent in number one seedlings from the small

method of direct seeding practiced by Mr. Os, which include lands in Treutlen, Laur- amount of seed available for planting last

Fountain. The district forester is inclined to ens, Toombs and Montgomery counties.

year and by prorating orders was able to

look on this method of artificial reforesta- The meeting was held in the beautiful supply almost every one that applied with

tion with some favor and much interest, but new home of Mr. James Fowler and the Sop- a portion of their order for transplanting.

with reservations until its parcticality is erton Lions Club, of which Mr. Fowler is a Due to the good seed crop Mr. Murphy

proven. It is entirely possible that the spot member, sponsored the meeting.

plans to plant more seedlings for 1935-36

method of direct seeding will prove genEOral- Members of the Soperton Lions Club, delivery than has ever been produced from

ly successful when practiced on old tlelds members, officials and interested parties of the South Georgia Nursery.

relatively clear of scrub growth, and provid- the Oconee and Treutlen Timber Protective It is apparent from the number of orders

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

already being filed for 1935-36 delivery that JUNIOR FIRE WARDENS

SCHOOL FOREST WORK

a great demand is going to be made upon the

USED IN CANADA

MAKES RAPID PROGRESS

nursery to supply the land owners of our

state who are realizing the advantages in putting their idle acres to work.
Rotary Club Sponsors Fire

School Boys Organized for and Game Protection. Forests in Spare Time.

Forest Patrol

New Vocational Agricultural Teachers Secure School Forests. Establish Tree Seed Beds and Plant Seedlings.

Campaign
Starting February 4 a series of motion pictures were given in Early county in connection with an Educational drive sponsored

MONTREAL, (UP) .-Scattered throughout the wooded area of the Dominion, 13,000 school children are playing an import-

Georgia now has 192 rural consolidated schools with vocational agricultural teachers. Of these, 50 are new and are introduc-

by the Blakely Rotary Club for the Prevention of Forest Fires. Films obtained from the U. S. Forest Service were shown and interest was widely aroused. Early County, one of the best timber producing counties of the south, has been overrun by fires and a large amount of the young growth killed out. The Blakely Rotary Club is endeavoring to show the people the folly of woods burning, the vast amount of natural resources that they have in their timber, and how their forests are rapidly dwindling away due to the destruction of young growth caused by forest fires.
Mr. Raymond Singletary, Jr., Chairman

ant part in protecting Canada's forest wealth from one of its greatest dangersfire.
Carefully selected and continuously encouraged in their duties as conservators and students of conservation, the youths are a nucleus of a coming army of boys lending a hand to safeguard forests and wild life.
The boys are known as "junior forest wardens." They are being organized into patrols by the Canadian Forestry Association as part of a widespread campaign to arouse public interest in protecting one of the country's most important sources of natural wealth.

ing agriculture into their courses for the first time. Forestry is a part of the agricultural course. In keeping with the practice of teaching agriculture by the job method in these schools, forestry is likewise taught by the job method.
To meet this requirement, each school is required to have a school forest of approximately 10 acres and an area on which to practice tree planting. The school forests are surveyed by a representative of the Georgia Forest Service who also makes management plans for the forest and each school -year conducts two or three demonstrations on the tract.

of the Educational Program, is greatly in- There are 4,000 junior forest wardens in Most of the new vocational agricultural

terested in the work and plans to organize British Columbia alone. In eastern Canada teachers have been able to obtain school

a Timber Protective Organization if this there are 2,000. Nearly 3,000 schools are forests and are proceeding to carry on the

program goes over successfully.

working in active cooperation with the asso- project. More than the usual number of old

ciation.

schools, as well as new, have established

NICKNAMES OF DISTRICT FORESTERS

The duties of the youths are to patrol the tree seed beds and are preparing to grow
forests in their spare time and report a.ll I seedlings, not only for school planting, but

Hear ye! Know all district foresters by fires and desecratiOn of woods. The work IS to help meet the community demand for

these nicknames.

done voluntarily.

planting stock.

W. G. Wallace, Columbus, Ga. ____________"Hun"

Tree tags have been provided all schools

-his wife. BORAX TREATMENT FOR

with new forests. On quarter-acre sample

C. B. Beale, Waycross, Ga. __-"Mr. Bell" R. D. Franklin, Rome, Ga. _________-"Rusty"

STAIN AND DECAY CONTROL

plots each tree is given a number. Various treatments are given these plots to note

W. D. Young, Gainesville, Ga. __-"Brigham" Hardwood operators who experience any their effect on the rate of growth. This is

H. D. Story, Albany, Ga.

______-"True" special difficulty in controlling decay be- determined by annual diameter measure-

C. N. Elliott, Augusta, Ga. ______________"Hoot" neath the crossers in their seasoning piles ments. These studies show the effect of fire,

Jack Thurmond, Savannah, Ga. __________-"Ned" may find it worth while to try mixing borax thinning, improvement cutting and pruning.

in with their dipping treatment, or even to Most of the plots are designed to show the

SEASONING OF SOUTHERN

use borax alone. A 4 percent solution of effect of fire on the rate of tree growth.

SWAMP OAKS borax has not only been found to be a good A certain amount of thinning each year is

Successful work was recently done at the sap-stain preventive, but small-scale tests required, beginning with the sample plots.

U. S. Forest Products Laboratory in the with bulk-piled sap gum indicate that sur- This work is to be completed before March drying of southern swamp oaks, hitherto face treatments with this material are more 15, beyond which time no cutting is recomconsidered impossible of satisfactory sea- effective in preventing decay for short per- mended until the next dormant period.

soning because of their excessive checking, iods than any of the hardwood dipping Planting is well under way with the inhoneycombing, and warping. The method treatments now widely used.-Southern For- tention of completing this job by March 15. used was steeping in brine, followed by a est Experiment Station.

high temperature and low-humidity schedule in the dry kiln. By this means one-inch boards of swamp oak were processed and dried irr two weeks to a moisture content as low as -5 percent, with no checking and with less shrinkage than when seasoned by ordinary methods.

Song of the Open Road
I think that I shall never see A billboard lovely as a tree.
Perhaps, unless the billboards fall, I'll never see a tree at all.

CCC Boys Gain Weight
Robert Fechner, Director of Emergency Conservation Work, today announced that a recent survey conducted by the Office of the Surgeon General of the War Department indicated that the average young man

Before the advent of the white man, there were some 822,000,000 acres of forest land in this country, according to figures compiled by the American Tree Association. Today that has been reduced to 99,000,000 acres of original timberland and 313,000,000 acres of second growth timber.

-Ogden Nash, in the New Yorker.
Palm trees cannot be cut into boards as the outside is too hard and the inside too soft.

who enrolls in the Civilian Conservation Corps gains from seven to ele;yen pounds during his first two months in camp.
In the Fourth Corps Area, which includes North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, the men tested showed an average gain of 3.60 pounds during the first

Gas Station Attendant: "How's your oil?" month and 2.17 pounds during the second

Detour: The roughest distance between Negro Motorist: "Ah's fine. How's yo' month, making an aggregate gain of 5. 77

two points.

all?"

pounds.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

cording instruments. It is for this reason

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

that the intensity of an earthquake is measured in terms of human reactions and ef-

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's

fect on buildings. The Wood-Newmann scale, now used by the U. S. Coast and Geo-

Leading Minerals

detic Survey, ranges from an intensity of I,

a tremor felt by very few people under es-

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

pecially favorable circumstances, to XII, a

shock strong enough to demolish all build-

ings, start panic amongst the inhabitants,

EARTHQUAKES IN GEORGIA

Although disastrous earthquakes are for-

GeojJYey W. Crickmay and Lane Mitchell tunately rare, hardly a day goes by without

minor tremors being felt somewhere in the

According to popular fancy there is noth- world. The records of the U. S. Coast and

ing more firm and solid than the ground on Geodetic Survey and similar organizations

which we stand or the earth foundations on in other countries show that earthquakes

which we build. In a world that is undergo- are particularly abundant in certain zones,

ing continual political and economic change, such as along the Pacific coast. These zones

Terra Fi1'ma remains to many minds the appear to be mobile parts of the earth where

epitome of stability. Yet the earth is not movement may readily take place along

stable. During the vast eras of geologic breaks or flaws in the crust which are

time the earth has undergone greater up- known as faults. Most earthquakes are due

heavals and severer changes than any that to slipping along faults as a result of

history records. To the geologist the earth is stresses in the earth's crust. Generally the

actually mobile; to him earthquakes and movement is small but it is sufficient to

volcanic eruptions are but the surface signs start earthquake waves much as the musi-

of this mobility. He draws a picture of an cian's bow starts sound waves when moved

earth far different from the one we now across the strings of a violin. Three types

know; an_ earth at one time with ice caps' of waves have been recognized. Two of these

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break underground pipes, and even throw objects up into the air. The slow surface waves may actually be seen and may be indelibly preserved in the contortions of railway tracks. An earthquake of intermediate intensity, VI in the scale, is felt by everyone, many are frightened and run outdoors, in a few cases plaster falls from ceilings and bricks from chimneys but there is generally slight damage to buildings.
Georgia is happily situated outside of any recognized earthquake zone and no serious shocks are likely to occur. The State has felt a number of tremors that originated outside its borders, especially the New Madrid of 1811, and the Charleston of 1886. The New Madrid earthquake, the greatest that has ever occurred on this continent, originated in a then very sparsely settled section of the Mississippi Valley and was distinctly felt over an area of more than a million square miles. The Charleston earthquake was felt from Canada to Cuba and a.s far east as Bermuda. In the central Ap-

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palachian area the tremors were felt less distinctly than at some more distant points. Such "shadow zones" are recognized in many earthquakes. Several earthquakes in the Appalachian region of Tennessee and North Carolina, and in the Coastal Plain area of South Carolina and Alabama have

.l>lt,ll''
LEGEND

been felt in Georgia. The State can expect to feel such mild tremors in the future but it will remain with Florida amongst the least seismic of all the states.

The following is a brief resume from the

reports of the U. S.. Coast and Geodetic

Survey of the seven earthquakes known to

have originated in Georgia.

1872, June 17.-Milledgeville. Sharp shock;

brick buildings jarred and windows

rattled.

Map of the Southern Appalachian earthqHake of January 1, 1935, showing intensities based on reports obtained by interview (upright figures), by correspondence (oblique
figures), and by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (underlined figures). Roman figures indicate intensity according to the Wood-Newman scale. All previous earthquakes in the
area are shown, with their date and intensity.

covering many of the continents, at earlier take a direct path through the earth from

times with inland seas where now stand the their source to distant points, but as they

great mountain chains of the world, and travel at different speeds they arrive at dif-

with intercontinental land-bridges which ferent times. The third type travels more

have sunk into the ocean depths. But such slowly along the surface. A very sensitive

conditions as these are far removed from instrument, the seismograph, has been de-

our everyday life. To us there is nothing vised to record these waves in such a way

that a temperamental Nature brings more that the expert can distinguish each type

sudden, more devastating, or more inescap- and thus determine the distance and direc-

able than the disaster of an earthquake tion to their source.

These paroxysms demolish the foundations Seismographic stations are unfortunate-

Upon which we have built and in their wake ly few and far between and a great deal of

leave only tragedy and ruin. The stable information must be obtained through ques-

earth is no longer stable. TeTra Pinna is no tionnaires-using the inhabitants and arti-

longer firm.

ficial structures in the area affected as re-

1875, November !.-Northeast part of state. Felt from Spartanburg and Columbia, S. C., to Atlanta and Macon, Ga., and from Gainesville to Augusta, an area of approximately 30,000 square miles.
1902, October 18. Dalton. Felt over most of northwest Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and Tennessee.
1903, Jan. 23.-Felt at Tybee Island, Savannah with intensity VI; houses strongly shaken.
1912, June 20. A shock felt strongly at Savannah.
1914, March 5.-Center was 30 miles southeast of Atlanta. Intensity VI. It was felt in western North Carolina as far east as Cherokee county, and in Alabama and Tennessee. Total area about 95,000 square miles.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

1928, May 23.-Valdosta. An apparent and the distribution of the earthquake

FROM A GEOLOGIST'S

seismic tremor which was preceded by zones.

NOTEBOOK

the passing of a large meteor.

The public can render invaluable assist- Dr. C. F. Park, Jr., of the U. S. Geo-

The most recent earthquake recorded in ance in such investigations by keeping an logical Survey, recently arrived in Dahlon-

Georgia occurred near Shooting Creek, Clay accurate record of events during an earth- ega, Ga., to continue a survey of Georgia's

County, N.C., at 3:15A.M., Jan. 1, 1935. quake. It is important to know the exact gold resources. He intends to study all op-

Investigation by the Division of Geology time, number of shocks, duration of shocks, erating properties and as many places as

showed that it was felt in Towns, Union, character of surface and subterranean possible from which gold has been recover-

Fannin, Gilmer, Lumpkin, and White coun- sounds, direction of motion of any moveable ed in the past. His experience in making

ties, Georgia. It was felt as far north as cbjects, and the personal reactions of peo- gold surveys portends an excellent piece of

Asheville, N. C. and from Brevard, N. C. ple in the neighborhood. Such information work in this new assignment. A paper by

to Ducktown, Tenn. The total area affected should be sent to the State Geologist.

Dr. Park on the Hog Mountain, Alabama,

was 6,725 square miles. The area of greatest

gold field has just been released by the

intensity, known as the epicentral region, GEORGIA MINERAL SOCIETY

American Society of Mining and Metallur-

lay between Topton, N. C. and Hiawassee, NEW ORGANIZATION FORMED gical Engineers.

Ga., and occupied 549 square miles.

In the epicentral area the intensity reached V in terms of the Wood-Newmann scale. More than 40% of the inhabitants were awakened by rattling of window panes and other loose objects. Alarm was felt by a few people in Towns County, Georgia and Clay County, North Carolina. The shock, however, lasted only a minute and a half and most of the people, as they put it, "had no time to get scared". In the Shooting Creek district one man was nearly thrown from his bed.
As far as has been determined, the earth-

The Georgia Mineral Society came into being Monday night, February 11, 1935, as mineralogists, amateur gem and mineral collectors, and geologists met at the Central Y. M. C. A. The avowed purpose of the new organization is to promote interest in a study and discussion of minerals by means of lectures, papers, field trips, and exhibits.
Dr. Frank Daniel, of Atlanta, was chosen as temporary chairman and Joe Porterfield, of Royston as temporary secretary, pending the completion of organization. State Geologist Richard W. Smith and Assistant

When invisible ultra-violet rays fall on certain minerals, a soft rich glow of various colors emanates from the specimens. This property is called fluorescence and is being made the subject of much study by mineralogists and collectors. Several Ge\)rgians have secured ultra-violet lamps for the purpose. At the next meeting of the Georgia Mineral Society Prof. C. D. Gibson, of Georgia Tech, will speak on the subject, using the display of Mr. H. P. Nelson to illustrate his talk.

quake did no serious damage. Members of

Geologist G. W,. Crickmay were given important committee assignments.

A display of Georgia gem stones in the

the C. C. C. camp at Topton, N. C., were Assistant Geologist Lane Mitchell led a State Capitol has been attracting consid-

awakened by the rumbling noise. The roof of the bathroom was toppled over and part Of the Stove was dislodged. At Shooting Creek a Wl.ndow pane was shaken from its
frame and at Franklin, N. C., garments on

short discussion on the occurrence of
staurolite crystals in Georgia. Professor C. D. Gibson, of Georgia Tech, was chosen as speaker for the next meeting. He will talk on fluorescent minerals and will illustrate

erable attention. The collection includes garnet , arnetlryst , beryI, agat e, quar tz, and opaI Of p~rt'rcuIar m t erest are the stones cut m the past year bY Dr. Frank Danr'el, of Atlanta, and Joe Porterfield, of Royston,

display stands in a store window were over- his talk with the display owned by Mr. P. amateur lapidaries who have lent some of

turned. Many people felt the vibration of beds and ln a few cases even the entire

H. Nelson, of Atlanta. The meeting will be held on the second Monday in March at Mr.

their stones to the State Museum. Several nat ura1 curiOs are dr' spIayed m the same

house. was shaken.

Nelson's home. All interested are invited to case: Flexible sandstone, a meteorite, and

There are no seismographic records of the be present.

the fulgurites-tubes made by lightning

earthquake due in part to the fact that no Other prominent Georgians interested in striking sand. such instruments have been installed in. the new organization are Dr. T. Poole May- -------~--------------

Georgia. The shock should have been re- nard, of Atlanta, Dr. Leon Smith, of Macon, of Publications, U. S. Bureau of Mines,

corded on seismographs at Columbia, S. C., Dr. J. 0. McCrary, of Royston.

Washington, D. C.

Charlottesville, Va., and Washington, D. C.,

Reports of Investigations :-3248. Dewat-

but all these instruments were disturbed at

ering clay suspensions by spray evaporation,

the time by unusually abundant microseis- January Publications of the U. S. by Hewitt Wilson, George A Page, and

mic shocks, those small tremors occurring Bureau of Mines That May :Be Of Vance s. Cartwright. 42 pp. 25 figs.; 3263.

everyday of the year but only registered by

Interest to Georgia Mineral

Froth flotation of coal; sulphur and ash re-

seismographs.

Producers

duction, by H. F. Yancy and J. A. Taylor.

The geologic conditions which caused the Publications :-Order from Supt, of Doc- 20 pp. 4 figs.
I earthquake are not known. The epicenter uments, Washington, D. C. Send cash or Information Circulars:-6814. Sand and

I lies in a mountainous and sparsely populat- money order, stamps not accepted.

gravel excavation-Part 2: Power Scraper,

ed section underlain by very old rocks. It Reprints from Minerals Yearbook, 1934: slack-line excavator, and hydraulic giant.

seems reasonable to suppose that movement Chromite, by Robert H. Ridgeway. Pp. 465- 95 pp. 6 figs. 6816. Waste filling of stopes,

occurred along some unrecognized fault, 475. 5 cents; Manganese and manganiferous by Charles F. Jackson. 24 pp. 31 figs; 6817

probably deep below the ground surface. ores, by Robert H. Ridgway. Pp. 399-416. 5 -Asbestos, General information, by Oliver

The purpose of earthquake investigation cents; Abrasive materials, by Oliver Bowles Bowles. 21 pp.; 6821-Tungsten-Part I, by

is two-fold; economic and scientific. Eco- and A. E. Davis. Pp. 889-906. 5 cents; William 0. Vanderburg. 30 pp. 1 fig.

nomically it would be advantageous to know Mica, by F. W. Horton and B. H. Stoddard. Mineral-Market Reports :-MMS 341. -

exactly where earthquakes are likely to oc- Pp. 1057-1074. 5 cents

Iron ore industry in 1934-advance sum-

cur and to know their effect on buildings of Periodical Service Reports: Order from mary 2 pp.; MMS 342.-Manganese ore in-

various design. It would be suicidal to build Information Div., U. S. Bureau of Mines, dustry in 1934-advance summary. 1 p.;

the sky scrapers of New York near an ac- Washington, D. C. Send cash or money or- MMS 343.-Copper industry in 1934-ad-

tive fault zone. The character of earth- der, stamps not accepted.

vance summary. 3 pp.; MMS 344--Copper,

quake waves that travel through the earth Cp 162. Monthly cement statement for lead and zinc mining in 1934-advance sum-

tell the scientist much about the nature of November, 1934. 2 pp. 10 cents.

mary. 3 pp.; MMS 345-Slate industry in

that inaccessible region. A great deal of geo-, CP 163. Monthly cement statement for 1934-preliminary statistics. 3 pp.; MMS

I logic theory has been built up around the December, 1934. 6 pp. 10 cents.

347-Lime industry in 1934-advance sum-

type of movement involved in earthquakes Free Publications :-Order from Section mary. 4 pp.