Forestry-geological review [Nov. 1935]

DEPARTMENT OF" FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM

Vol. 5

ATLANTA, GA., NOVEMBER, 1935

No. 11

GEORGIA STATE PARKS HISTORICAL AND RECREATIONAL

RECREATIONAL FORESTRY
By
C. N. ELLIOTT

DEVELOPED TO GREAT EXTENT DURING PAST THREE YEARS THROUGH COOPERATIVE EFFORTS OF FEDERAL AND STATE AGENCIES

During the past two years, since the organization of the "New Deal", perhaps the most outstanding development of any one profession has been in the field of forestry.

A system of State Parks, located within easy reach of citizens of the State of Georgia, has been the goal of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development for many years. This goal has been partially reached in the establishment of eight State Parks, namely:
Indian Springs--Butts County.

Indians to the State of Georgia. At the beginning of the present park construction program, this park contained only twelve acres, but in the last two years two hundred and thirty-eight acres adjoining this origina! land has been purchased by public spirited citizens of Butts County and given to the State.

Since 1870 there has been a constant struggle by the federal government and by the individual states to make the American people "forest-minded", to teach them that lumber is only one of the less important of hundreds of uses for a tree. Due to insufficient funds and lack of trained men, the struggle has been a long, uphill

Vogel-Union County. Alex. H. Stephens Memorial-Taliaferro County. Fort Mountain-Murray County. Pine Mountain-Harris County.

Ever since Indian days the curative properties of the mineral spring on this Park have attracted many visitors.
On this Park is the site where the treaty ceding to Georgia the lands between the

one. In the past two years, however, more
has been accomplished in forestry than during any two previous decades. To two million men between the ages of 18 and

Chehaw-Dougherty County.

Flint and Ocmulgee rivers, and as far 25 forestry has ceased to be a vague term

Little Ocmulgee-Telfair County.

north as the Chattahoochee, was signed by and has become a reality. To some five or

Santo Domingo-Glynn County.

Chief Mcintosh of the Creek Indians.

six million parents, brothers and si~:.ters,

In the selection of the site of each of Trails and roads have been built through- forestry has changed from a remantic term

these state parks, much thought was given out the park; picnic grounds are provided; to a means of livelihood and to a stream

to the suitability of the areas, with refer- a stone arch entrance bridge constructed; of letters pouring home from the moun-

ence to their forest growth, natural beau- the old wooden casino replaced by a beau- tains, from the coast and from forest areas

ty, proximity to main highways, areas of tiful new stone building; an Indian mu- scattered over the entire United States.

the State to be served, historic interest and seum building erected; a water supply sys- Whi1e this development has been more or

possibilities of development of out-door tern installed and comfort stations improv- less along the mushroom order, it has car-

rl!creation.

ed, and much landscape work and planting ried with it a number of concrete and per-

The state park system is being devel- done. This park is a very popular place manent changes. A new era has grown

oped through the co-operation of the De- for picnics, parties coming from all over out of the old. There no longer exists the

partment of Forestry and Geological Devel- the State. Adeqlljate hotel facifitjes are type of lumberman who cleans out the for-

opment of the State of Georgia, and the available in the town of Indian Springs, ' est, taking one log out of a tree where he

State Park Division of the National Park Georgia.

might have several, laying waste to the

Service. Since the beginning of the Emer- Further development work is in progress cut-over forest by fire, and moving on to

gency Conservation Work of the Civilian at the present time.

destroy the next forest in the same ruth-

Conservation Corps, the state parks in

Vogel State Park

less manner. Not only is the first number

Georgia have increased from three to eight. Where the Appalachian highway crosses one log now used out of a tree, but in many

Approximately $1,750,000 has been con- the Blue Ridge Mountain in Georgia, 3108 instances, the top and roots as well. The tributed to state park construction in feet above sea level, is Neel Gap. At Nee! practice of piling and burning logs has Georgia by the Federal Government prior Gap is one of the park areas owned by the ceased. Smaller trees are being left as rep-

to October 1, 1935. The parks now un- State, Vogel State Park, consisting of 166 resentatives of future forests. Public sen-

der construction will be maintained and acres. Two acres on the top of Blood timent is rapidly growing to the point operated by the State Department of For- Mountain, twelve acres half a mile north where it will demand a tree planted for

estry and Geological Development. A short of Neel Gap, and ninety-three and a half each one taken out of the forest. There

description of each of the state parks now acres, three and a half miles north of Nee! must be a balance between utilization,

under construction follows:

Gap, are the four areas owned by the State preservation and restoration.

Indian Springs State Park

and known as Vogel State Park. The four Out of the jumble of new ideas and

Indian Springs State Park is located in areas are surrounded by the Cherokee phases of development has sprung a new

Butts County, Georgia, on the highway be- National Park.

and entirely justifiable branch of forestry,

tween Atlanta and Macon, via Forsyth. It The Appalachian Trail from Georgia to named recreational forestry. After many

is the oldest state park in Georgia and Maine crosses Vogel Park at Nee! Gap. long years, man has finally discovered that

was part of the original grant by the Creek

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(Continued on Page 4)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

I be enlarged to an area of 5,000 acres and provide many additional recreational facilities. The 259 acres owned by the State at

provided, also an observation and water tower and comfort station. Three picnic areas, parking areas, a picnic shelter, and barbecue pit and shelter and several miles

State Capitol, Atlanta

Vogel State Park are the gift to the State of trails and park roads have been con-

CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR

of Georgia of Mr. Frederick Vogel, of Mil- . structed. Much landscape work and many

waukee, Wisconsin.

thousands of trees and flowering shrubs

Forestry Division

Vogel Park is the second oldest Park have been planted. Construction work is

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission....Atlanta

in the State and the first to be donated

still in progress on this park and it is to

Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr. Atlanta to the State by a private land owner.

be enlarged to 1100 acres, with many addi-

H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester________________Rome W. D. Young, Dist. Fore&ter______Gainesville

Santo Domingo State Park

tional recreational improvements provided.

Located on the southwest bank of the

Fort Mountain State Park

S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester,________Augusta W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester____Savannah
R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

Altamaha river on the Coastal highway between Savannah and Brunswick, Georgia, thirteen and a half miles north of Brunswick, is the Santo Domingo State Park. Santo Domingo State Park covers an area of 350 acres and was given to the State

On the top of a mountain twelve miles
east of Chatsworth, Georgia, in Murray
County, on one of Georgia's most beauti-
ful scenic State highways is located Fort Mountain State Park. This park co~ers an area of approximately 700 acres, the

Geological Division

by Mr. Cator Woolford, a public spirited lands being given to the State of Georgia

R. W. Smith, State Geologist____________Atlanta citizen of Atlanta, Georgia.

by public spirited citizens.

G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist,

Santo Domingo is Georgia's first State The gift of approximately 200 acreas on

------------------------------------Atlanta Monument Park. It has been developed the top of Fort Mountain by Mr. Ivan Al-

Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoL...Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta

and dedicated to the Spanish occupation of

len, of Atlanta, Georgia, was the original

the Coast of Georgia. Interesting ruins on gift which made the creation of this state

Any information appearing in this pub- this park have been preserved-potsherds park possible. One of the main attractions

lication may be used at any time provided and other artifacts have been found dur- of this park are the remains of an old stone

proper credit is given.-The Editor.

ing the development of the Park. With fort near the top of Fort Mountain. Much

GEORGIA STATE PARKS

the adjoining plantation it was the site interest has been stimulated in research of the ancient Indian settlement of Talaxe, concerning the history of its origin. Many

(Continued from Page 1)

or Talaje. The park was also the site of think that it was built by Juan Pedro, a

Elizafield Plantation, an English settlement Spaniard, who led a search for gold fol-

Trail shelter cabin.s along this trail are established just after the Spanish period of lowing the exploration of De Soto, and that

available for the use of hiking parties. occupation.

it was constructed as a strategic point for

Much improvement work has been done in A beautiful entrance gate, a Spanish protection against possible attacks by the

this park in the last two years. At Neel type Inn, foot trails, park roads, water sup- nearby Indian tribes.

Gap a large parking area has been pro- ply and sewer disposal systems have been A beautiful scenic park road has been

vided, a tea room constructed, two over- provided. Much landscape work and plant- constructed from the State .highway to a

night log cabins provided and a beautiful ing have been done and the park marked parking area near the t.op of Fort Moun-

overlook constructed which provides a with trail signs to direct visitors to points tain. A stone observation tower has been

view of the gorge on the south of the Gap of interest. Large lagoons have been con- erected on the top of the mountain, a picnic

and of the mountains north of Neel Gap, structed near the ruins and mirror the area with a picnic shelter, open fireplaces

including Enotah Bald, the highest moun- beautiful semi-tropical growth of the Park. and picnic tables have been provided and

tain in Georgia.

Although covering a small area, this park several miles of trails built. The area has

In the area just north of Neel Gap, is one of Georgia's most interesting devel- been cleaned up and landscape work and

known as the Notla Falls picnic area, opments.

planting are being done.

open fireplaces, picnic tables, comfort station, picnic shelter, parking area and complete facilities for picnics have been provided. This area has been landscaped and planted with many thousands of trees and

Alex. H. Stephens Memorial State Park
Located in Taliaferro County near Crawfordville, Georgia, this State Park of 260 acres was made possible through the com-

A stone main-use building, a water supply system and comfort stations are under construction.
It is proposed to considerably enlarge this park and to provide many other rec-

flowering shrubs.

bined efforts of the United Daughters of reational faclities. When fully developed,

A trail shelter cabin has been provided the Confederacy, the State Department it will be one of Georgia's most attractive

on top of Blood Mountain at a point close of Forestry and Geological Development, recreational areas.

to where the Appalachian Trail crosses the and the National Park Service. The orig-

mountain.

inal gift of property to this State Park

Pine Mountain State Park

Three and a half miles north of Neel was made by the United Daughters of the Pine Mountain State Park lies between

Gap, a large dam has been constructed, Confederacy and the Stephens Monumental the Columbus-Chipley-Atlanta highway and

creating a thirty acre lake, which will mir- Association. This park consists of two the Atlanta-Warm Springs-Columbus high-

ror the surrounding mountains. In this units-State Monument Park on which is way along the top of Pine Mountain in

area, roads and trails have been construct- located Liberty Hall, the home of Alexan- Harris and Meriwether counties. This park

ed. A large boat and bath house, care- der H. Stephens, Vice President of the Con- covers an area at present of 1485 acres.

taker's house and vacation cottages are federate States and former U. S. Senator, This original area was given to the State

here. A water supply and sewerage dis- and directly north and adjoining this area, of Georgia by the Pine Mountain State

posal system have been constructed around a large area devoted to recreation as the Park Association, which raised funds for

the lake. Planting and beautification work recreational area of the Park.

its purchase through local subscriptions.

in this area are under way. Many miles Liberty Hall, its outbuildings and its This park is being enlarged to 6200 acres

of park trails have been built to lead to grounds have been restored with much care- and will be served by a 300 foot park-

many points of interest in the State lands ful work, to their original condition when way from Tip Top on the Columbus-Chip-

and into adjoining lands of the Cherokee used by Alex. H. Stephens.

ley-Atlanta highway to the Columbus-

National Forest. It is the hope of those On the recreational area an anti-bellum Warm Springs-Atlanta highway.

in charge of state parks that this park may colonial bath house and lake have been Much work has been done on this park in

T

E

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FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

N.

LOCATION OF

STATE PARK..S

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY & GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

GEORGIA fOREST SERVICE

B.M.LUFBlJRROW, STATE fORESTER.

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

LEGEND

~ FORT MOUNTAIN
~ MU~RAY COUNTY

~
""l:J/

VOGEL..____,
UNION COUNTY

~
~

PINE MOUNTAIN
HARRIS COUNTY

~INDIAN SPRINGS
~ BUTTS COUNTY

~ALEX H.STEPHENS ~foEMORIAL TALIAFERRO ~CHEHAW-........ ~ DOUGHERTY COUNTY

W!CJt..

LITTLE OCMULGEE
TELfAIR COUNTY

Ar \

SANTO
GLENN

DOMINGO
COUNTY

PROPOSED

0

F

L

0

R

D

the last two years. The work completed to park roads and some landscape work and

Chebaw State Park

date includes a large stone Inn on the top planting. Construction is still in progress In Dougherty and Lee counties, two miles

of Pine Mountain, a water supply system,

.

north of Albany on the north shore of a

sewerage disposal system, a larg.J earth by two CCC camps located on th1s park. 1arge 1ake f ormed by the confluence of

dam, a twenty acre lake, custodian's house, Many additional recreational facilities will\. Muckalee and Kinchefoonee creeks, and

several vacation log cabins, several miles of be provided during the coming year.

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4

FOESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

I RECREATIONAL FORESTRY mercia! forester? And how will his role Many important matters, dealing with

(Continued from Page 1)

aid in the development of the forestry the advancement of forestry throughout

the recreational u&'es of a forest may be field?

the United States, were discussed.

organized into something valuable and permanent. The public has begun to demand that certain beauty spots be preserved, and having been preserved, developed for its enjoyment. That same public has proceeded to prove its demands by flocking to those areas which have been selected and set aside.

One of his first responsibilities wi11 be

in education. The public must be taught DIRECTOR OF CONSERVATION

that fire is destructive in the forest. The

WORK ANNOUNCES CCC

public must be shown that most snakes 1
and hawks are beneficial rather than harm-

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

ful; the public must be convinced that if Mr. Fechner Proposes Broader Edu-

each man, woman and child will do all he cation for Enrolees in CCC

and she can to protect the forests and the Camps---Schools and Libraries

life cantained in them, that nature will do Established.

To use an example close to home: In the rest toward creating a perfect balance.

1932, Georgia had two state parks, Vogel Inprovement cutting is undesirable in a and Indian Springs. One was famous for recreational forest. Each tree that nature

Robert Fechner, Director of Emergency

its history and for its well known healthgiving water; the other was located on a comparatively new scenic highway, and during the period of its early development,

plants there is for a purpose and is not considered in the light of its market value. Black gums are just as important as white oaks, and sassafras trees have a value

Conservation Work, has announced that educational facilities in the Civilian Conservation Corps camps will be virtually doubled to take care of the increased num-

attracted thousands of visitors each year. of their own. Dead snags, where they are ber of young men entering the forest and

Its possibilities lay in its location-a pass not dangerous, are allowed to remain stand- park camps under the expansion program.

over the Blue Ridge and the grandeur of ing. Many species of birds breed in them. The Director stated that a total of $6,-

the scenery, commanding, as it does, vistas Old logs on the forest floor are picturesque 000,000 has been allocated for educational

from both sides of the mountain range. and are a part of the forest.

work in the camps. This allotment, he said,

Since the Emergency Conservation The recreational forest carries many of will provide necessary funds for maintain-

Work, or, as it is more popularly known, the same problems as a forest grown and ing instructional programs in the 2,916

the Civilian Conservation Corps, began, managed for the marts of trade. Fire pro- CCC camps which it is planned to operate

Georgia's system of state parks has grown tection is one. Accessibility is another, under the expansion program. It will also

from the original two to nine which are so and though the policies and treatment of permit the Office of Education of the De-

located in the state that they are accessi- the two types may be different, there is partment of the Interior to increase the

ble to every citizen of Georgia and to tour- one common bond, one outstanding goal number of camp educational advisers to at

ists. Each park has been chosen and de- toward which both are rapidly being car- least 2,200 and to appoint seventy-six dis-

veloped for a specific reason-history, beau- ried-a finer understanding of the wilder- trict advisers to assist in the coordination

ty, recreational facilities &'Uch as fishing, swimming, mountain climbing, and each of

ness and the inhabitants within it, and a deeper appreciation of America's most used

of the programs of instruction.
Howard yv. Oxley, recently appointed edu-

these outstanding attractions has been em- and most important resource.

cational director of the Civilian Conserva-

phasized and developed for the enjoyment

tion Corps, estimates that approximately

of the greatest number of visitors.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE FOR- 500,000 men will participate in the CCC

Recreational Forestry,-probably the

ESTRY ASS'N. ENTERTAINED camp programs of instruction during the

newest phase of a great work-has proven

coming winter. The latest reports, he said,

to be one of the most popular. In this James A. Fowler, Soperton, member of disclosed that 176,977 enrollees regularly

new age, men and women have come to the Executive Committee of the Georgia and voluntarily participated in camp edu-

realize that they must play as well as work Forestry Association, entertained the Com- cational activities during May.

if their bodies are to be kept healthy and mittee and their friends at his home, "Mil- In outlining the program of instruction

their minds alert. It is well known that lion Pines" on September 27.

for the greatly increased student body

we are living in an age of speed, where we The Committee held a business meeting which will be ready when the expansion

are able to accomplish more in a shorter in the morning, after which, among the enrollment program is completed, the Of-

length of time. We have a choice of our pines, a most enjoyable and delicious barbe- fice of Education is concentrating its ef-

leisure time and we are going to use it, cue lunch was served.

forts toward:

either in a profitable or unprofitable man- Mr. Guy Woolford, President of the As- 1. Training all camp and district advis-

ner. Building strong bodies and alert sociation, presided. After the reports of the ers in more thorough and practical methods

minds will never be unprofitable.

members of the different committees were of doing their work.

When the average Mr. John Citizen de- submitted, several inspiring talks were 2. Development of outlines of instruction

cides to ride a hundred miles away from made. On adjournment of the meeting, the in vocational subjects such as agriculture,

his home on a pleasure trip, where is he guests made an inspectional tour of the cooking, forestry, carpentry, automotive

going? The chances are that he will visit Fowler plantation, viewing the vast number mechanics, soil erosion, conservation of nat-

some spot of which he has heard, or with of pine trees planted eleven years ago.

ional resources, etc.

which he is already familiar. He wants The members of the Executive Commit- 3. Providing instruction for all illiter-

a spot that offers beauty, :fishing, hunting tee enjoying Mr. Fowler's hospitality were: ates, for those who are defficient in the

or boating, and one where he will not be T. Guy Woolford, B. M. Lufburrow, A. fundamental school subjects and for those

embarrassed by someone asking him to K. Sessoms, Mrs. M. E. Judd, J. M. Mal- who desire to continue their high school and

vacate immediately.

lory, C. H. Herty, C. T. Evans, Dr. William college training.

If the state parks meet his demands, Lee, W. T. Anderson, H. L. Kayton, W. M. 4. Development, after working hours, of

and most of them will, he will visit one of Oett.meier and Miss Emily Woodward.

constructive, worthwhile activities such as

them. He will visit this area not once,

al"1ls and crafts, nature study, ouftdoolr

but, if he likes it, many times, and he will LUFBURROWATTENDSSTATE clubs, first aid activities, health and physi

tell his friends about it, or carry them

FORESTRY MEETING cal education and all forms of athletic rec-

along.

reational activities.

What part will the recreational forester State Forester, B. M. Lufburrow, attend- 5. Assisting young men in finding jobs

play in this picture? How will his attitude ed a meeting of the State Foresters held in by providing instruction in how to write

and actions differ from those of the com- Montpelier, Vermont, October 14-19.

(Continued on Page 6)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

IMPORTANCE OF FIRE

and the trees grow for your profit. Your

PREVENTION
Forest fires have already been reported in various sections of the State. Every precaution should be taken by each of us to prevent this great enemy of the woods from destroying, or damaging, the timberlands. Especially at this time, during this unusually long dry period, should special precautions be taken.
Timber owners, who do not have their woods signed in Timber Protective Organizations, should have their woods safeguarded through organized protection. Records show that fewer fires occur in lands where owners realize the necessity of such measures, than in the districts where they are negligent in protective practices.
The table, that is given, shows the acreage now signed in Timber Protective Organizations throughout the State:

FOURTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, District Forester, Columbus
RECREATION PLUS FORESTRY
Recreation-Forestry-the two go together "like two peas in a pod" and usually with mutual benefit. It is probable that when the first national forests we.re created by Pr.esidential proclamation of Theodore Roosevelt no thought was seriously given to their value for recreation. Timber conservation and perpetuation was the primary motive, and of course the primary object of the nat,ional forests will continue to be that of producing timber, but the fact that. over thirteen million people used these forests for recreatio.nal purposes in 1934 is proof of their 'value for such purposes.

pleasure from such recreation on your own forest is deeper, more satisfying.
It is not always necessary to go to the mountains to find a desirable tract, for recreational as well as forest investment pur poses. Probably any citizen in Georgia can locate a tract of land, be it ten acres or a thousand, within a reasonable dis tance of his home that will be capable of being developed into a desirable country place for both pleasure and profit. If possible, locate and purchase a place close enough that you can go there often. I have such a place myself, and know of several similar cases, all proving to be a rich source of healthful out-of-door recreation while at the same time producing a steady increase in value through annual forest growth.
Ehrerybody longs for a comfortable log cabin located on the shore of a little lake, all surrounded by tall trees, and on land

Not only do we have an enormous acre- that you can call all your own. Now is the

age of national forests, all available for season to plan to own and develop such

recreational purposes, but the states are a place-for pleasure plus profit.

becoming state forest conscious and are

Ila

Hursey

Z

Young

McCrary

240,0251

I I 240,025

96.600 3,600 3.8

99,600

33,370

\

\ 33,370

"; l_WT_:h:.:ual:r:oml:..;oacnc..d.e_,_..:72.1:.060,.:3.!,50030 42.255,6.

720508,06008

Franklin 12,147,614 20,000 .93 2,167,614

8

Story

794,196

I 794,196

I

l4.228.i5sl 65.86'51--14-,293,413

PROTECT THE FORESTS FROM FIRE AND INCREASE THE ANNUAL INCOME FROM THEM.

A noble tree makes a direct appeal to almost every heart. Next to man's abode or house or buildings, he gives trees the most historical atmosphere.

acquiring tracts of forest land to be used aft,9r the example set by the national forests. In addition to the national and state forests we also have the national and state parks which of course are highly developed primarily for recreational purposes. Our likes and dislikes vary though, and it is well that they do. Where some people prefer developed areas such as the national parks, others prefer the undeveloped wilderness of the deep forest.
Man is not far removed from the forest by nature. Comparatively, he is just emerging from the time when he lived and died in the forest, fought his battles there,

SIXTH DISTRICT
Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester, Savannah
Liberty-Long T. P. 0.
The Board of Directors of the Liberty.Long TPO held a meeting last week and worked out plans for putting the plow unit to work constructing secondary firebreaks.
The TPO purchased a 40 Deisel Tractor and Hester Five Disc Plow for use in building secondary fire breaks. This equipment has now been at work for one week and

earned his lwing, and made his home under about 40 miles of secondary fire breaks

the trees. The forest sWl has a hold on have been put in.

SECOND .DISTRICT

most of us which makes us long to spend Secondary breaks of the Hester type are

W. D. Young, Diat. Forester, Gainesville

pleasant hours and days there. In fact, about eight feet in width and will be con many enjoy spending their lives there. But struct.ed to contain areas of land not to we are speaking of out-of-door recreation, exceed one hundred acres. They plan to

-not vocation.

put in 600 miles of fire breaks of this type

Walton County T. P. 0.

What I have to suggest is not new, but during the fall and winter seaso.n. I want to discuss it briefly for the pleasure All work of this type is done under the

Protection work begun in earnest the 1st and profit of those who may not realize the direct supervision of the TPO Manager

of October. Necessary funds for protection value of combining recreation with fores- and TPO Secretary. The expenditures work is already in the TPO treasury and try to make it pay. It is simply this: for this week are paid from pooled funds. Mr. W, B. Meaders has been selected as drop down a few steps from the large

permanent patrolman. The county offi- national and state forests and parks, and

Ocmulgee T. P. 0.

cials of this county have aided considerably we arrive at the much smaller but similar The Ocmulgee TPO, covering lands in

in getting this organization in operating forest. privately owned.

Dodge, Telfair and Wheeler Counties have

order. Through efforts of several inter- Forest land is cheap and offers a much been busy for the past month reworking

ested citizens the patrolman has been pro- better investment, I am convinced, than is primary firebreaks that were constructed

vided with an office in the Court House, generally realized. The indications are for from ECW funds.

where during bad rainy days and court increased value of such investment. Sim- To date they have maintained over 60

days he can contact farmers and other ply locate and purchase a tract of land to miles of 20 foot primary fire breaks, using

interested landowners. The operation of suit your pocket book, one that is located a 40 Deisel tractor and No. 44 Grader that

this TPO is based on a county-wide pro- in the mountains or on a river or other- was purchased by the TPO.

gram. The patrolman has charge of the wise suited to your own individual choice. They plan to maintain some 200 miles

program of membership. Over 200 mem- The pleasure you will receive from time of primary firebreaks and construct in ad

bers are already signed up and every ef- spent in developing your place and playing dition 400 miles of secondary breaks using

fort is being made to include all land in there will not only be pleasure for the mo- a Hester Plow.

the county through membership into the ment, but will be more lasting, for as you All fire break construction work and

organization.

develop your place you improve its value maintenance is under the direct supervision

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

of the TPO Manager and the Sec.-Treas.

Little Ocmulgee State Park

MORE LETTERS OF APPRECIA-

All types of protection work are paid out of cooperative funds collected on a per acre assessment basis.
SEVENTH DISTRICT Ruaaell Franklin, Diat. Forester

Lying along the Little Ocmulgee river, a clear water stream, is a woodland area of 950 acres, known as Little Ocmulgee State Park. Due to the efforts of civic organizations of the City of McRae, Telfair County, and Wheeler County, the State has been given the lands, included in this

TION TO MR. LUFBURROW
The following testimonials, congratulating our Stat.e Forester, on the completion of 10 years service and leadership in his field of work, came too late for publication in the October number of the Review:

Waycroaa
SLASH PINE FOREST FESTIVAL
A Slash Pine Forest Festival with all the Southeastern section joining in the festivities is planned in Waycross for one week begining November 11. A Slash Pine Festival Association has been set up with K. S. Varn, President, G. M. Bazemore, Treasurer, J. S. Elkins, Secretary and A.

development. Work in progress on this park is being
done through the co-operation of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development, the National Park Service and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Many recreational facilities, much landscape work and planting are panned.
E. H. SIMS, Superintendent, State Park Censtruction.

"Mr. Lufburrow, personally and as State Forester, may justly feel a pride in the aroused forest consciousness of the citizens of Georgia and of the accomplishments of the Forest Service during the first decade of the work just closed. I extend to him, the District Foresters, and the other members of the staff, my heartiest congratulations."
J. M. MALLORY, Industrial Agent, Central of Georgia Railway Co.

V. Kennedy, J. K. Larkin and A. K. Sessoms, Vice-Presidents. A Board of Directo.rs has been appointed together with the various committ.ees and plans for the festivities are now being completed.
Manufacturers from all parts of the U. S. are to have exhibits in the large tobacco warehouse chosen for this purpose, and numerous field trips are planned to show various phases of forestry work and the tools and equipment used in this work.
Several of the CCC Camps in this section are planning on having a field day sometime during the week and it is planned to use some of the CCC talent to stage skits at night. A queen of the Festival is to be, chosen from some of the surrounding counties and with her court is to rule over the Festival for the week.
This Festival is to be an annual affair and The Slash Pine Forestry Association has been set up for the purpose of planning it for each year. This will be one of the largest Forestry Fairs or Festivals ever held in the U. S. and plans are now underway to make it larger each year.

DIRECTOR OF CONSERVATION WORK ANNOUNCES CCC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
(Continued from Page 4)
letters of application for jobs and how to sell their services in person to the prospective employer.
The duties of each camp educational adviser, according to Educational Director Oxley, are many and varied. He is responsible to the camp commander for all classes and discussion groups in camp; he superintends the work of the instructing staff, comprised of an assistant educational adviser, rese\rve offl:icers in charge of the camps, members of the technical staff, citizens of near-by communities and enrollees themselves. In May, 20,000 persons were instructing CCC enrollees.
"Growth of the camp school is indicated in a recent report of the educational pro gram issued by the U. S. Office of Education. The report shows that 176,000 enrollees, or 60 o/o of the enrollment strength dur-

"When I became interested in the forest resources of Georgia, I think I had my first contact with State Forester, B. M. Lufburrow. While the subject of forestry was entirely new to me, I quickly realized that Mr. Lufburrow was well grounded in his subject, and that he was prepared to treat the same from all practical angles. Because of his fitness and training in forestry, and his love for his native State, he has discharged the duties of his office with enthusiasm, tact and fine ability. I join most heartily with my fellow Georgians in congratulating him upon the success of his decade of service and the progress which has been achieved under his leadership."
G. Ogden Persons, Judge, Flint Judicial Circuit.
"Having worked ten years with "Little Luff" in Forestry, I can recommend him as a State Forester. Being five years "Luff's" senior in the Georgia Forestry Association, of course, he looks to his "senior Partner" very often for advice. We fight but we always make up."

GEORGIA STATE PARKS

ing May, were voluntarily participating in the educational program. The average

Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, Georgia

(Continued from Page 3)

number of courses taught per camp in May

lying alo~g the east side of Muckalee Creek was eighteen. is Chehaw State Park, consisting of 800 "Almost half the courses are vocational acres. The lands for this state park were in nature with a predominance of courses

given to the State of Georgia by citizens in typing, auto-mechanics, forestry and ag-

of the City of Albany, Georgia, as a re- riculture. Sixteen per cent of the courses

sult of efforts of public spirited citizens of .are on the elementary level. About 4,000

Lee and Dougherty counties and of the civic illiterates or near illiterates are receiving

organizations.

instruction in reading, writing and arith-

This park is adjacent to the state high- metic.

way between Albany and Atlanta, and is Twenty-seven per cent of the courses are

being developed through the co-operation of on the high school level and five per cent

the Department of Forestry and Geological are on college level. At the end of the pub-

Development, the National Park Service and lic school term in June a large number of

the Civilian Conservation Corps. Many CCC young men were granted eighth grade

recreational facilities are under construc- and high school certificates and diplomas

FROM A GEOLOGIST'S NOTEBOOK
Our Information Circular No. 4 by Dr. Roy A. Wilson on the gold deposits of Georgia was reviewed by Dr. Waldemar Lindgren, noted economic geologist, in the Annotated Bibliography of Economic Geology for 1934 as follows:
"In this short but well-prepared circular, the author in cooperation with the State Geologist, R. W. Smith, presents an excel lent. review of the gold deposits illustrated by sketch map and section. The statements are constructive and exact ...."

tion and landscape and beautification work on the basis of the formal credits they had A display of the Common Rocks and Min-

planned.

accumulated while attending the camp erals of Georgia at the annual conference

As work has just recently been started schools. Other enrollees who were high of the Georgia Appalachian Trail Club held

on this park, it will be some time before school graduates continued their academic at Cloudland, Georgia on October 12th ex-

its facilities will be available to the pub- education through college correspondence cited much favorable comment from the

lic.

courses.

many distinguished guests there.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

I stone and are inclined at angles as great

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

as 45. The maximum thickness is thought not to exceed 8 feet. Such a thickness of

Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's

clay occurring between thick limestone beds and dipping at. high angles would offer

Leading Minerals

serious difficulties in mining. These factors,

coupled with the moderate degree of activ-

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

ability of the bentonite, probably preclude

any large-scale commercial activity in this

THE .BLEACHING CLAYS OF GEORGIA

field. have been noted near Harrisburg station, in Chattooga County; in the vicinity of Tren- Eocene (Midway) naturally active clay

By Harry X. Bay and Arthur C. Munyan Published by Permission of the Director,
U. S. Geological Survey
ARTICLE II

ton and Rising Fawn Furnace, in Dade The Eocene Midway formation of Geor-

County; and near High Point station, Coop- gia occurs in a narrow belt of northeast

ers Heights, Cassandra, and Cedar Grove, trend (extending from Fort Gaines, on the

in Walker County.

Chattahoochee River, to Montezuma, on the

Laboratory tests of numerous samples of Flint River, and thence a .short distance

Deposita of Bleaching Clay

this bentonite from Chattooga, Dade and into Houston County). It is the surface

Bleaching clays are widely distri!mt.ed in

Georgia, and although at the pres~nt time

0 -TYPE I CB A Y)

only the naturally active type (fuller's earth) is being produced, recent investiga-

e -TYPE 2 C.BAY)

tions have disclosed deposits of the activable type. The bleaching clays of the St&te

X -TYPE 2 (MUNYAN)

occur in five distinct geologic units (see ac-

companying map). From oldest to youngest

these are (1) the bentonite in the Ordovic-

ian Chickamauga limestone, in the north-

west; (2) the fuller's earth in the Eocene

Midway formations, of Stewart County,

(3) the fuller's earth in the Eocene Barn-

well formation, in the central and east-cen-

tral part; (4) the bentonitic (?) clay in the

Oiligocene Flintt River formation in th~

south-central and southwestern part; and

(5) the fuller's earth and bentonitic (?)

clay in the Miocene Hawthorn formation,

in certain of the southern counties.

The accompanying map indicates most of

the localities visited by Mr. Bay, but of

those noted by Mr. Munyan all exposures

not considered as of possible commercial

value were omitted, and only those of the

best quality are shown.

Ordovician (Chickamauga) bentonite
A bentonitic phase of the Ordovician Chickamauga limestone is exposed on both the eastern and western flanks of Lookout Mountain, in northwestern Georgia. In parts of Chattooga, Dade, and Walker counties this zone crops out in thin beds of steep dip.
The bentonite in this area occurs in t.wo zones that are separated by several feet of bluish-gray limestone. The upper zone, which crops out in the vicinity of High Point station and Coopers Heights, in Walker County, reaches a thickness of about 2 feet and consists of mottled lightbrown or pale-green soft., mealy, highly micaceous bentonite, which locally contains lllnall white limy concretions and a slight admixture of fine-gained sand. The lower &one, which is well developed south and west of Cassandra, in W'alker County, and at Harrisburg, in Chattooga County, reaches a maximum thickness of about 8 feet and is composed of greenish-gray to palecreen soft and mealy to hard and brittle, unctuous, very slightly sandy bentonite.
Exposures of the Chickamauga bentonite

Outline map of Georgia showing general localities in which bleaching clays were examined.
by H. X. Bay and A. C. Munyan as Indicated. Type 1 includes the naturally active clays and type 2 the activable clays.

Walker counties show that in the natural state it is essentially lacking in oil-bleaching properties. The bleaching qualities are materially improved by partial acid leaching, and many samples were found that very nearly approached the lowest limit of bleach allowable for commercial activable clays. It is rather doubtful if under present conditions this clay could compete with the more efficient activated clays now supplying the market.
Both the upper and the lower bentonite beds lie between thick layers of hard lime-

formation over much of Clay, Quitman, Stewart, Randolph, Marion, Schley, Webster, and Macon counties.
Although consisting primarily of ferruginous sand and white clay, together with fossiliferous, limestone, marl and quartzite, the formation in certain areas is known to contain beds of low-grade naturally active clay (fuller's earth). Materials of this type are well developed in Stewart County and probably occur elsewhere within the State.
(Continued on Page 8)

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

I THE BLEACHING CLAYS OF GEORGIA

variation in oil-bleaching efficiency has Mitchell, disclosed in his report a year of been noted in samples tested from this re- growth as attested to by correspondence

(Continued from Page 7)

gion. Many samples failed. to meet the re- and publicity and a sound financial condi-

In the vicinity of Lumpkin, Stewart quirements of commercial bleaching clay, tion.

County, the fuller's earth stratum reaches even though they appeared t.o be identical An early field trip to the Macon Indian

a maximum thickness of about 20 feet and with others that were true commercial Mounds and to Holton Quarry and Brown

probably maintains an average of about 10 clays. Although the Twiggs clay has long Mountain near Macon, was proposed. Dr.

feet. The thickness varies considerably been known to be naturally active material Leon Smith, of Wesleyan College, will be

within short distances. A pit 5.! miles suitable for oil refining, it.s activable char- leader of the trip, Dr. G. W. Crickmay,

south of Lumpkin exposes 15 feet of dull acter has apparently gone unnoticed. In program chairman, announced.

gray to white (when dry) clay, which is gene:al, the oil-bleaching quality of the Dinner was served to the group by

more or less micaceous throughout, espec- Twiggs clay is improved by treatment with ladies of the Peachtree Christian Church.

ially toward the base. The upper several acid. In most occurrences the incl'ease in The meeting was held in the church din-

feet is distinctly sandy, and the entire bleaching efficiency would not be sufficient ing room.

thickness includes a varying percentage of fine-grained sand. The' bed is highly jointed, and the joint planes are discolored by iron and manganese stains. The clay breaks with conchoidal fracture.
Laboratory tests indicate that the clay in the Midway formation south of Lumpkin, in Stewart County, is a low-grade naturally active clay that is not materially affected by acid treatment. Its bleaching efficiency for oil is inferior to that of various fuller's earths being mined and marketed elsewhere in the State, and hence this clay cannot be expected to compete with the others.
Eocene (Barnwell) bleaching clay

to warrant acid treatment on a commercial scale, but locally the clay reaches a degree of activability that compares favorably with the oil-bleaching properties of the activated clays that supply the present demands. A marked degree of activability was noted in the fuller's earth in certain exposures of t.he lower clay zone in Twiggs County and also south and west of Irwinton, in Wilkinson County. It is thought entirely possible that careful and methodical prospecting will disclose phases of the Twiggs clay in central and eastern Georgia that are sufficiently activable and extensive to support commercial development.
By far the best-known deposit of fuller's earth in the central part of the State is

EXHIBIT OF NATIVE GEORGIA POTTERY
The Division of Geology, the Department of Ceramic Engineering of the Georgia School of Technology, and the China Department of Rich's, Inc., are cooperating in sponsoring an exhibit in January of the pottery produced from Ge()rg'ia clay by some 15 small potteries scattered throughout the State. Comparatively few Georgians know of the useful and artistic products made by hand by these skilled potters, most of whom are descendants of early settlers from the pottery districts of England. To popularize this Georgia product, the potters will exhibit theiir ware, for which

Outcrops of fuller's earth and similar that being mined by the General Reduction prizes will be offered for the best jugs,

clays belonging to the Twiggs clay mem- Company, of Macon. This company began churns, and art ware, and will demonstrate

ber of the Barnwell formation occur in a mining operations at Pikes Peak, in Twiggs how it is made. The Georgia School of

narrow belt extending more than halfway County, in 1908, and has been active since Technology will offer a two-day free school

across the State. The westernmost expos- that time. A small mine is being worked for the potters to help them improve the

ures are in Dooly County, and the belt con- by Marvin Hall, 7.! miles northeast of Ir- quality of their product.

tinues northeastward to the Savannah River near Augusta, with exposures in Houston, Crawford, Twiggs, Bibb, Bleckley, Wilkinson, Jones, Baldwin, Washington, Glascock; Jefferson, Burke, Richmond, and Columbia counties.
The Twiggs clay member consists typically of greenish-gray or dark-blue clay of low specific gravity, not plastic but breaking with hackly or conchoidal fracture.

winton, Wilkinson County, and F. H. Opper, Inc., of Savannah, controls a deposit between Irwinton and Mcintyre, also in W1ilkinson County. It is reported that the bleaching clay marketed from the Barnwell formation is particularly adapted to the refining of vegetable oils and animal fats, and a large part of the output is utilized for those purposes.

APPALACHIAN TRAIL CLUB ANNUAL MEETING
The sixth annual meeting of the Georgia
Appalachian Trail Club was held at Cloudland, Georgia, on October 12 and 13 with an attendance of approximately 125 members and guests. The speakers at the banquet Saturday night included Warner Hall, president of the club, who acted as toast-

Some of the clay is free from grit, but GEORGIA MINERAL SOCIETY

master; Richard W. Smith, State Geologist,

most of it is slightly sandy, and interlami-

ELECTS NEW OFFICERS who welcomed the visitors; J. H. Gadsby

nated and interbedded sand is common. The Professor John L. Daniel, industrial of the National Park Service; Mrs. M. E.

fuller's earth grades laterally intO limy chemistry professor at Georgia Tech, was Judd of Dalton, Georgia; Dr. Walter B.

clay of similar appearance and properties e:ected president of The Georgia Mineral Jones, State Geologist of Alabama; and

and thence into. clayey limestone.

Society for the coming year when the So- Harvey Broome of Knoxville, Tennessee.

In the Pikes Peak area of Twiggs Coun- ciety held its annual meeting Mondaynight, The banquet was followed by square danc-

ty and possibly elsewhere within the State October 7th. Prof. Daniel took charge of ing and singing around the open fire.

there are two well-defined beds of fuller's the meeting upon election and presided dur- The speakers at the Sunday morning

earth separated by about 50 feet of clayey ing the election of T. Emory Bradley as breakfast were Benton MacKaye, Father

sand. The lower bed reaches a maximum Secretary and Lathrope Baker as Treasur- of the Appalachian Trail; Congressman

thickness of about 45 feet; the upper bed er. H. P. Nelson was elected Vice-presi- Robert Ramspeck; Mrs. E. L. Matthews of

probably about 25 feet. The lower bed is dent.

.

the Florida State College for Wlomen; and

somewhat limy, especially so toward the Accomplishments of the Society since its representatives of the Smoky Mountains

base, where small limy nodules are common. formation last February were reviewed by Hiking Club, the Cumberland Appalachian

It lies directly above the Ocala limestone. the retiring President, Dr. Frank Daniel. Trail Club, the Georgia Academy of Science,

During this investigation sections of the A growth to a membership of thirty was the Society of Georgia Naturalists, and the

fuller's earth beds in the Twiggs clay mem- disclosed and num,erous feature speakers, Atlanta Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and

ber were examined in Crawford, Houston, field trips, and excursions were recalled in Boy Scouts. The breakfast was followed by Jones, Twiggs, Washington, and Wilkin- the annual report. The retiring president a trip to th~ DeSoto Falls State Park in

son counties. The lithologic character, gen- urged that the Society undertake as its Alabama.

eral features, and modes of occurrence of major project for the coming year the com- A feature of the meeting was a photo-

the clay are more or less uniform through- piling and publishing of a catalog of all graphic contest that. brought forth many

out this general area. In spite of the hom- known mineral locations in the state.

excellent pictures taken by the Club mem-

ogeneity of the clay beds a considerable The Secretary and Treasurer, Lane bers during the past year.