Forestry-geological review [Oct. 1935]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 5

ATLANTA, GA., OCTOBER, 1935

No. 10

B. M. LUFBURROW COMPLETES TEN YEARS AS GEORGIA'S ONLY STATE FORESTER

LAND USE AND MILITARY RESERVATIONS
By Ceo. Van Horn Moseley

Major General, U. S. Army

Modern principles of land use are being

Progressiveness the Keynote Of known you and yOUr work f or many yearE practiced by the Unite d Stat es Ar!rly ill a

His Administration.

and to have cooperated with you in f ur- constructive conservation program now

thering the best interest s of forestry ." - well under way on five military reser va-

At a meeting of the State Board of For- estry on September 25, 1925, the Depart-

Charles Lathrop Pack, P resident American . tions located in the South.

Tree Association, Lakewood, N. J.

The most extensive projects

are

being

ment of Fore&try was organized and an executive committee appointed, in accordance with an Act of the Georgia Legislature, approved in August of that year.
At a second meeting of the State Board of Forestry on October 15, 1925, Burley Matthew Lufburrow, a native of Screven county, Georgia, and graduate of the Forestry School at Athens, was selected to serve as state forester.

"You have done a good job in Geor gia. I do not know any state in the South that is more forestry minded, or on e in whi ch as many people have under taken to practice forestry on a large industrial ba&is. While good forest growing conditions and comparatively low forest taxes have undoubtedly played a part in bringing about this favorable forestry attitude, I know

undertaken at Fort Benning in Georgia and Fort Bragg in North Carolina. The other military reservations included in the experiment are Fort McClellan, Alabama; the Waco Rifle Range, Georgia and Barksdale Field near Shreveport, Louisiana.
For many years Army officials have recognized the conservation potentialities of the timbered tracts which comprise large portions of the War Department's military

In the ten years of his in cumbency, Geor-

reservations throughout the country, and

gia's forestry program has been one of

in some instances have made attempts to

!..teady progress. The system of forest fi re

practice scientific forestry in connection

protection built up in Georgia has at tracted

with their administration. Lack of ade-

nation-wide atte ntion , has r eceived recog-

qu ate appropriations and co-ordinated ad-

nition and approva l of the fed eral govern-

mini &trative machinery f or carrying ~JUt

ment, and has assu red the Georgia timber-

such a program in connection with the

land owner of finan cial assistan ce in pro

dominant military purpose of the reser va-

tecting his forests from fire.

tion have doubtless been r esponsible for

The executive abilit y, the con servative

the abandonment of these efforts in the

management of the department, and at the

past.

same time the progressiveness of Georgia' s

As is well known, the Army has been

first and only state f orester have accom-

closely allied with the development of the

plished for Georgia phenominal results in the forestry field , far more than has been achieved by any other state in the same period of time.
Mr. Lufburrow has served as secretary to the Georgia Commission of Forestry aJid Geological Development since the death of State Geologist S. W . McCaLie,
Expressions of a ppreciation for Mr. Luf . burrow's efficient a nd untiring work f or the cause of fore stry in Georgia have been re-

Civilian Conservation Corps E.ince the for mer was selected by the President to be responsible for the hou sing, feeding, and general physical welfare of the Civilian Conservation Corps lads, though their work projects were planned and supervised by other governmental agenci es-, notably the United States Forest Service, th e Soil Conservation Service and the Na tional Park Service. It was natur al that sooner or later Ar my officials would recognize that the utilization of Civilian Conservation Corps

ceived from some 'of his friends who r emem bered that October 15 marks the ten year period in his administration as state for

B. M. LUFBURROW,
Georgia's first and only State Forester

labor offer ed a splendid opportunity for constructive improvement of military reservations from a mode1n land-use view-

ester.

that you and your organization can justiy point, and that some definite action would

claim a great deal of the credit for what be taken along this line. When the proper

The following telegram was received: has been accomplished . I congratulate you time came, preliminary conferences were

" Congratulations upon ten years of ex- and hope to see you continue to succesE.ful- held with forestry officials of the Southern

cellent forestry management for the State ly develop the forestry interests of your Region of the Federal ForeE.t Service, with

of Georgia and administration of your -of- great state."-I F. Eldredge, Regional Sur- whom Fourth Corps Area officers have

fice in a manner which has won the r espect vey Director, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, worked in close co-operation since the in-

and admiration of forest ers in all parts of New Orleans.

ception of the Civilian Conservation Corps.

the country. It has been a plea&ure to have

(Continued on Page 2)

(Continued on Page 4)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

"To those of us who were acquainted best as one who knows the real meaning with forestry conditions of ten years ago, of the word 'Cooperation'. I have never and who have seen order gradually brought worked with anyone with a finer spirit of

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND out of chaos through the efforts of our state cooperation than Mr. Lufburrow."-M. D.

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

forestry department, there exists a feeling Mobley, Asst. Director Vocational Educa-

State Capitol, Atlanta

of deep appreciation of the work of B. M. tion, Atlanta.

CLAUDE E. BOGGS, EDITOR Forestry Division

Lufburrow who has served as state forester since the installation of this service. Real generalship has been required to overcome

"October 15th marks a milestone in the

B. M. Lufburrow, State F'orester and Secretary of Commission-- Atlanta
Claude E. Boggs, Educational Mgr. Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State l:<'orester, Atlanta T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester____________ Ro~e
W. D. Young, Dist. ForeE>ter...... Gainesv1lle S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester, ______ Augusta W. G. Wallace, District Forester__ Columbus Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester __ Savannah R. D. Franklin, Dist. Forester______Waycross H. D. Story, Jr., District F'orester ___Albany Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary___ Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer _____Atlanta

the obstacles and to educate opposing minds to the benefits and desirability of forest administration. Grasping the enormous possibilities of reforestation in Georgia and working with a view to the great good which would accrue therefrom, Mr. Lufburrow has proceeded with caution but firmness, and has cleared the way for the development which has now begun and which has started our state on the way to its former forest glory.

history of the Georgia Forest Service. Ten years ago Mr. Lufburrow became state forester, and beginning with a meagre staff and very adverse conditions toward forestry and fire conditions, he has built up an organization and achieved results that are comparable to no other state service during the same period of years.
"Mr. Lufburrow during this ten year period, in organizing the various timber protective organizations throughout the

Geological Division

"On his completion of ten years of real

service, I congratulate Mr. Lufburrow upon

R. W. Smith, State Geologist --- ______Atlanta his accomplishments."-Herbert L. Kayton, G. W. Crickmay, Asst. State Geologist,

Atlanta President, Carson Naval Stores Company,
I Lane Mitchell,---.i~~t:--st~t;--G~~C:.Atlanta Savannah.
Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk _____________ Atlanta

state, has gone a long way toward making our forests immune from fire. The writer has been in the flatwood&" region practically during this entire period, and. has seen the changing conditions going from almost state wide burning to a condition that now

Any information appearing in this publication may be used at any time provided

exists where large areas are under total "The date October 15, 1925, is memora- fire protection.

proper credit is given.-The Editor.

ble in the history of forestry in Georgia "At this time it is highly in order that

(Continued from Page 1) "Even before my active connection with the Georgia Forestry Association, my attention was attracted to the outstanding work in fore&try done by Mr. Lufburrow and his efficient organization. Since the

because on that date the foundations of the Georgia Forest Service were laid by the appointment of B. M. Lufburrow as &tate forester. The most optimistic among the little band of pioneers in the Georgia Forestry Association could hardly have foreseen the progress in forest fire protec-

Mr. Lufburrow be congratulated on his tireless efforts and &plendid results, and we certainly hope that he will continue in the future as he has in the past."-W. M. Oettmeier, Forest Manager, Superior Pine Products Co., Fargo.

work of the association has brought us in tion and forest management that has come

closer contact, I have been impressed with Mr. Lufburrow's fine spirit of cooperation and his earnest desire that every citizen of Georgia shall become forest minded,

in this state since the Georgia Forest Service was organized in 1925. What a privIlege and honor it has been to lead and direct a &tate forestry organization during

"Like the Georgia pine which he worked so diligently to protect and foster, the State Forester, Mr. Lufburrow, increases in usefulness with the passing years.

that every division of the organization shall work together harmoniously and undividedly ofor the cause of forestry, and that the greatest possible benefits shall accrue to Georgia from the successful management of her forests, including fire pro-

a decade marked by such striking developments.
"I feel that we are at the threshold of a period of even greater progress in making our forest lands contribute their full meas-

"Although the difficulty and stress of his task have made constant tappings on the resin of his strength and courage, each of the ten years has added to the stature of his service.

tection, conservation, reforestation and recreation.
"In every activity of the Georgia Forestry Association, Mr. Lufburrow has given

ure to our economic and social well being. The Georgia Forest Service is facing tremendous responsibilities and opportunities,

"As we count the rings that represent this decade in the life of the State Forester, we see growth akin to that of the wellknown Renfroe pine development.

whole hearted cooperation."-T. Guy which, I am sure will be met with vision, en- "Looking beyond these rings into the

Woolford, President, Georgia Forestry As- ergy, and resourcefulness. I congratulate wider circles that represent Forestry iri the

sociation.
"For nearly seven years it was my privilege to be connected with the Georgia Forest Service, and to work under Mr. B. M. Lufburrow, the first and only State Forester of Georgia. The chief tribute I glad-

Mr. Lufburrow on his tenth anniversary and pledge the cooperation of the United States Forest Service in worki~g for the greater accomplishments that lie in the future."--Joseph C. Kircher, Regional Fore&ter, U. S. F. S., Atlanta.

state during these ten years, we see the belt of growth between deepening and expanding with each passing year. The great tree of Forestry in Georgia is on its way to mammoth proportions."-Emily Woodward, Vienna, Ga.

ly pay him is a word of praise for his progressivene&"s.
"The Forest Service of Georgia has been

"I have known few men in all the years "It has been my pleasure for the past of my life for whom I have a more sincere

developed along original lines and that too, six years to work in very close cooperation admiration and regard, and whose personal

with such success as to win praise of for- with Mr. B. M. Lufburrow in promoting friendship I have cherished more than Luf-

esters throughout the country. Only lack the joint program of forestry education in burrow's. I also venture this statemE!nt that

of adequate funds has prevented Mr. Lufburrow from developing a still greater pro-

our vocational schools.

Through this as- Georgia has had few sons who have rend-

gram, and achieving &till greater success." sociation, I have had an excellent oppor- ered more valuable and lasting service to

-C. A. Whittle, State Administrator, tunity to learn of his great service to the her than he has."-John S. Wood, Canton,

ECW in Soil Conservation Service.

forestry interests of the state. I know him Ga.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

A BRIEF RESUME OF FOR

the department is the fire protection sys- reproduce valuable pine forests without

ESTRY DEVELOPMENTS

tem in which the timberland owners of resort to planting. Now that this abundant

IN GEORGIA IN TEN YEARS Georgia, while preserving their own prop- seed crop is assured, it adds, a further es~

erty from the depredations of the great sential step is to protect from fire the areas

Georgia was the first state to inaugurate enemy-fire, receive financial assistance in on which the seed falls so that the tender

a cooperative educational program which this undertaking. Under this system the seedlings which will germinate during the

introduced forestry into vocational agri- public is gradually developing a sentiment coming winter and spring will not be de-

cultural schools. Under Mr. Lufburrow's against burning the woods, more farmer f>troyed.

leadership, a cooperative project between are planting their idle acres to trees, and Never before in the South has there been

the State Department of Vocational Edu- the citizens of Georgia are slowly but sure- such a combination of adequate seed sup-

cation and the Department of Forestry was ly coming to the realization that forest!! ply of southern pines and well-developed

begun in 1929. As a result, there is evi- represent wealth.

means for controlling forest fires. Co-

dence of better fire control, better man- In the reorganization of state depart- operation by the public in preventing and

agement of forests and a better grasp of ments, effective January 1932, the depart- controlling fires will help to turn this

the practical phases of forestry.

ments of Forestry and Geology were com- bumper crop of pine seed to good account

The Vocational Forestry Camp, which bined, and to them was added a new de- .n restocking lands now lying idle and un-

has. been held each summer for the past partment of Research, for experimental productive.

five years, is a part of the educational work with Georgia pines. These three de- The 134 individual reporters, who as-

program, and competition among the ru- partments, wQrking with natural resources f>isted in compiling data, submitted infor-

ral high school boys for the privilege of of the state, while separate and distinct, mation on four species of pine in 14 dif-

attending this camp is keen;

are yet so coordinated as to be of mutual ferent states. Many of these reporters are

Two state nurseries, one at Blairsville and one at Albany, operated by the Georgia Forest Service, have produced and sold over half a million seedlings each year for the past several years.

benefit. The Research Division is no longer as-
sociated with the reorganized department, but functions independently, and has extended its experiments into other fields than that of making paper from pines.

foresters, seed collectors, and experienced woodsmen who have been submitting such reports systematically for five years, and some of them have been observing cone crops in their particular localities for more than 20 years.-Release by Office of Infor-

Georgia's system of state parks is un- To build a department from so small mation, U. S. D. A., Sept. 13.

der the management of the state forester. a beginning to the present status of the

From a 5mall beginning of a few acres each Georgia Forest Service in the short space

at Indian Springs and Nee! Gap (Vogel Park), the state has acquired by donation additional lands for parks at seven other points in the state, not all of which are

of ten years, required foresight, a keen understanding of conditions, a clear head and firm hand, executive ability, and tenacitya determination to carry on in the face of

STATJSTJCS SHOWING ACREAGE UNDER ORGANIZED FIRE CONTROL

yet open to the public.

many obstacles.

The records of the Georgia Forest Ser-

The bulletins and leaflets of the depart- The 5tate forester of Georgia, possessing vice show a total of 4,227,614 acres of

ment, several of which were written by the these necessary qualifications, has led the 'timberland under organized fire protection.

state forester, are in constant demand by faltering footsteps of the infant depart- Of this amount 46,500 acres have been

schools and libraries for the valuable in- . ment to full fledged development. Today added in the past thirty days. The per cent

formation they contain. The monthly pub- the Georgia Forest Service is recognized of increase in the districts, in that time is

lication, The Forestry-Geological Review, throughout the nation for its progressive- also given.

a departmental bulletin designed to pro- ness.

In the following table, acreage pr~vious

mote the activities of timber protective or- With 5Ufficient funds to carry forward to September 1 is shown in one column

ganizations in Georgia, to furnish timely the forestry program in Georgia, as visual- as "old acreage".

forestry information of interest to coun- ized by State Forester Lufburrow, the next

ty agents, and to keep leaders of the state ten years will bring about even greater de-

informed as to the progress of forestry, velopment.

was inaugurated in 1930, and is in demand

over the entire United States, in Canada, in the Philippines, and three countries in

SOUTH HAS BUMPER CROP

Europe.

OF PINE CONES FOR SEED

The financial report of the State For-

ester at the close of business in 1925, show- Release From the Office of Infor-

ed total receipts for the period October 15 mation of the U. S. Department

to December 31, were $1,825. For the of Agriculture Calls Attention to

year 1934, the financial statement at the Abundant Seed Crop.

close of business December 31, showed to-

tal funds during that period indicating the growth of the n financial responsibility.

$94,309.23, department

The best crop of seed borne by southern pines in the last 15 years is maturing this month, according to the Forest Service,

I1 Hursey
I 2 Young
I 3 McCrary
4 / Wallace
I6 Thurmond I7 Franklin I8 Story

I 236,5351 s,sooii.sl 240,025

5S,6ool4s,ooolso. / 96,600

I I 33,370[I

1! 33,370

I I I 200.0001

I
200.000

I
716,3531

I I

716,353

2,147,0701
I 794.1961

12.147,070
I I 794,196

The personnel of the department, as au- which has just released to forestry agen-

thorized in 1925, consisted of the state cies in the South an estimate of the sup- It is the intention to give this informa-

forester, a secretary-bookkeeper and a di- ply of cones. The Southern Forest Ex- tion each month, to show the increase in

rector of education, the latter serving with- periment Station based the estimate on re- protected timberlands in the state, in the

out compensation from the state. Since ports gathered from Maryland to Florida hope of stimulating interest in fire protec-

that time, to the above have been added an and west to Texas and Oklahoma.

tion among timberland owners.

assistant state fore5ter, seven district for- Important as this seed crop is for later esters, the treasurer of the department who forest planting by the Civilian Conserva-

TO PROTECT THE FORESTS FROM

s also secretary to the state forester, and tion Corps and other agencies, it is even FIRE IS THE ONLY SURE WAY TO

a paid educational manager.

more important, says the report, to fores- MAINTAIN A STEADY INCOME FR0111

Probably the most outstanding work of ters, lumbermen, and farmers who wish to THEM.

I

4

FOESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVlEW

(Continued from Page 1)

Ithe young trees that will eventually re- suited to conservation po_licies and prac-

As a result, a detal1ed program for the development of the five military reservations already mentioned, accompanied by a formal application for Civilian Conservation Corps camps to be assigned to this work during the fifth period of the Civilian Conservation Corps, was presented to Mr. Robert Fechner, Directer of Emergency Conservation Work at Washington. Mr. Fechner approved sixteen work projects and work began in April of this year when the fifth period of the Civilian Conservation Corps was inaugurated.
From the inception of the proposal to manage our timbered areas along scientific lines, it was recognized that our officers would need assi&tance and advice from forestry experts in handling the technical aspects of this important undertaking. We, therefore, asked the aid of Mr. Kircher, Regional Forester, Forest Service, Atlanta, in making up a broad, far-sighted working plan that wou1d accomplish our objectives according to the standards and specifications set for such work by the Federal Forest Service.
The experts of this bureau visited our reservations, made reconnaissance surveys, and placed before us their definite recommendations as to what should be do_ne to assure the greatest benefits to the Army and to the public from our forest lands. These men are continuing to co-ordinate the actual operations of the Army in carrying out their recommendations. To tie in more definitely the advisory relationship of proper technical experts to this program,

habilitate its forest cover.

tices. Un:ike the Benning reservation, there

Fire is always a serious problem con-~ is practically no mature timber on the

fronting the administrative officers of any ~ragg reservation, an~ th~s fact emp~a

timbered reservation, and it is even more s1zes the need for a sc1enhfic plan of tim-

menacing on a military reservation where ber management so that we may obtain the

constant use of firearms and hazards of maximum benefits from the area consistent

a numerous and active population may with its primary military objectives.

cause large numbers of small fires. An important phase of our management program is the provision of adequate protection for preventing and controlling fires. Fire towers for quick detection of fires and a road system of sufficient extent and proper type of construction to put men and tools at any location promptly for firefighting purposes are included in our Fort Benning program.

The Barksdale Field Reservation, a gift from the City of Shreveport about four years ago, is a tract of about twenty-three thousand acres, sixty percent of which is so-called upland. This is the territory susceptible of forest management. Our objectives there are to make use of all potential timber land, to protect the soil from erosion, and to develop the fish, game and recreational possibilities of the area. An ade-

Erosion, caused by the lack of proper quate fire protection system is being in-

ground cover, has eaten its destructive way stalled through the construction of the

into every section of the reservation. It necessary roads to make the area accessi-

may be seen both in the form of gu:lies ble, and the construction of lookout towers

and sheet erosion, and is especially preva- and firebreaks. Ponds or small lakes will

lent in the area used constantly for mili- be created and &treams improved to pro-

tary operations. Adequate measures are tect and develop fish and game.

being taken to bring this land back to its original status and relieve the reservation from a soil condition that was rapidly becoming a menace.

The Fort McClellan Reservation, a tract of twenty-four thousand acres, is beautifully located in the scenic mountain country of northern Alabama. The post is al-

For some time a sawmill with a capacity most encircled by a rugged ridge of pic-

of twenty-five thousand feet per week has turesque blue mountain peaks. Here the

been operated, sawing rogs from the bet- major feature of our program at present is

ter stands of timber but on a more or less the construction of a road system, the

haphazard basis. Now the trees for cut- major portion of which wi'l follow the ridge

ting are selected according to a definite with needed &Jlur roads leading off toward

silvicultural plan with due regard to the the center of the reservation. Properly

conservation of an adequate supply of tim- treated and protected the timber on this

ber for the future.

I reservation can be dev' eloped by natural

Mr. R. S. Richardson, Fore&try Liaison Firebreaks are being constructed so that processes if protected from fire.

Representative for the Fourth Corps Area, was assigned, at my request, to be my technical adviser in all forestry matters. Our success is due very largely to his outstanding ability and his tact in dealing with officials of all departments.
The largest of the reservations includ-

each tract of one hundred and sixty acres is enclosed by them. This protective measure is important to the reservation, which may be invaded by fires from outside sources and also to our neighbors whose property might be damaged by fires spreading from the reservation.

The Waco Rifle Range, about two miles from Waco, Georgia, is a small reservation of one thousand, two hundred and seventyfive acres, completely forested with a growth of ground cover of some sort. The target range is a fiat area in a thicket of willows along a stream. It is being clear-

ed in the experiment are Fort Benning, A growing sense of public re&I>onsibility ed and drained, a project which w111 great-

Georgia, an area of approximately one hun- to preserve natural values by proper land- ly increase its usefulness. Fire hazards are

dred thousand acres, and Fort Bragg, North scaping methods and the protection of trees, being eliminated, erosion corrected, and the

Carolina, which comprises about one hun- wildflowers, and game played an important road system improved. All useful timber

dred and twentv-five thousand acres. At part in our plans for locating roads in at- areas that can be utilized without interfer-

Fort Benning, forest management may be tractive settings and providing adequate ing with military purposes will be treated

practiced on about seventv-five thousand water supplies for the reservations. It is from a cultural viewpoint.

acres without interfering with the dominant also planned to dam numerous small

military use of the reservation. The vir- streams on the reservation for game and As an experiment in what may be done

gin timber was cut away many years ago fish conservation purposes. Doubtless some with public lands to aid in the administra-

and the land used as small farms prior to fish cu'ture will be practiced in connection tion's program of modern land use, the

its acquisition by the War Department with this project.

work on these military reservations is be-

at the time of the World War. Since then Nature has accomplished some re-stocking with varying degrees of success. Proper development of fine specimens of long-leaf and loblolly pine have been retarded by immature timber stands too dense to permit proner ~owth. In other areas the repro-

If practical, the reservation may be stocked with quail, turkey and deer. It is believed that these social values in land use can be very easily preserved without interfering with the dominant m11itary use of the reservation.

ing fostered with much interest by Fourth Corps Area officers. The object of the plan is to realize the nearest practical approach to maximum productivity of the reservations through multiple use. The work should be of lasting benefit not only to the Army but to the adjacent popula-

duction is so sparse as to have no commer- A program similar to the one describ- tions at large, and should afford a practical

cial value or else there is no timber growth ed for Fort Benning is under way at Fort example of the. broad social benefits of the

at a11. Seedling stock is needed to correct Bragg, a reservation of one hundred and President's far-sighted plan of using the

this condition and Fort Benning wiii soon twenty-five thousand acres of which about Nation's lands for the purposes to which

have a complete nursery for propagating one hundred thQusand ltCres are ideally they are best &Uited.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

FIRST DISTRICT

SECOND DISTRICT

FOURTH DISTRICT

T. P. Hursey, Dist. Forester,

W. D. Young, Dist. Forester,

W. G. Wallace, District Forester,

ROME

Gainesville

Columbus

~----------------~1~----------------~

Ellijay T. P. 0.

On Monday afternoon, August 26th, a Stewart County To Organize T.P.O.

The Ellijay Timber Protective Organization is one of the best functioning organizations in the state. Mr. H. E. Pinson, the secretary-manager, is doing a splendid piece of work.
Pickens County T. P. 0.
The activities of this TPO are increasing as the fire season approaches. In a recent meeting the officials voted to combine with Dawson County TPO, in order to reduce expenses and improve fire protection. They are putting the firebreaks in excellent condition and repairing telephone lines, bringing the fire control system up to date.
Cherokee County T. P. 0.

meeting was held at Monroe, Georgia, in an effort to secure more members in the Walton County TPO.
Speakers for the occasion were Mr. C. A. Whittle, of the Soil Erosion Service, Athens, Georgia; Mr. Dupre Barrett, Extension Forester, State College of Agriculture; and the District Forester of the Gainesville District. The meeting was well attended, approximately 250 people being present. It is hoped as a result of this meeting, considerable more landowners will sign up. Mr. Whittle made a very fine talk on Forestry and Soil Conservation; Mr. Barrett talked on Reforestation; and the District Forester summed up the progress of the TPO and explained regulations affecting the operation of the organization.

Considerable interest has recently been manifested by land owners of Stewart County in organizing a TPO. Several large lumber companies are intensely interested, as are a large number of individuals.
Stewart County now has one of the Soil Conservation CCC camps and it is expected that this camp will be in position to give much assistance to a TPO in fire protection work. According to officials of the Soil Conservation Service, it is essential that the land owners organize a TPO in areas where work is done by Soil Conservation CCC camps in order to permanently protect and perpetuate the work done by the camp and land owners themselves. F'orestry is a very important phase of soil conservation work. Fire protection is an absolute necessity to

Plans to enlarge the Cherokee TPO are under way. This unit will eventually cover Cherokee, Bartow, southeastern Gordon and southwestern Pickens counties, since the timberlands in that area faB naturally into one unit.
Chief Patrolman Gibson has two assistants, who were added September 1. These assistant rangers have trees that are adapted to observation work instead of towers. These trees have ladders or spikes to facilitate climbing. In the top, the limbs are cut out in such a way as to give the ranger a good view. The district forester climbed these trees on an inspection tour in September.
This organization expects to add two more assistant rangers in the near future. Water for use in fighting fires is secured from the tank at Reinhardt College at

proper prevention of soil erosion. Fire

Considerable seedlings are still available protection and forest management also re

at the North Georgia Nursery, both Black suit in much higher dividends to the land

Walnut and Black Locust. Prices are owner through increased timber growth

$3.50 per 1000 for both species. Inquiries of a much higher quality.

should be sent to the State Forester, At Much of Stewart County is hilly and

lanta, Georgia,_ or to the District Forester, smted mainly to timber growing. In fact,

Gainesville, Georgia.

if statistics were compiled, they would

probably show that the chief source of in-

come in the county is through the lumber

THIRD DISTRICT

and logging industry. It is vitally necessary that steps be taken to perpetuate the

S. L. McCrary, Dist. Forester, ; timber growth and place it on a sustained

Augusta

I yield basis if Stewart County is to stabilize

its lumber and logging industry. This can

Woodville T. P. 0.

only be done through organized fire protection and planned forest management.

The Woodville TPO has recently had The opportunity is now at hand and we quite an increase in acreage. In fact, the look for Stewart County citizens to take growth has been so large that the organiza- advantage.

Waleska.

tion is now county-wide. The members
have decided to secure funds on an assess- Regarding the Pine Seed Crop and

Martha Berry T. P. 0.

ment basis instead of from donations, as

Forest Fires

The Martha Berry T. P. 0. voted at a meeting in September to expend their organization to include Floyd county, some of western Gordon and possibly the western part of Bartow county.
Miss Berry expressed her gratitude to ohe Georgia Forest Service for the fine .vork that Camp P-87 is doing on their property.

heretofore. A full time patrolman has been employ-
ed by this organization, and it will be his duty to contact landowners in the vicinity for the purpose of securing additional acreage for Woodville TPO.
The district forester is planning the organization of a TPO in Twiggs county at Jeffersonville. Interest is at a high pitch

Georgia is being blessed this fall with a bountiful crop of pine mast, or pine seed. This is much in evidence by the large numbers of green pine cones noticed on all principal species of pines.
To those desiring to collect pine seed for personal use, or to sell, the proper time for gathering the cones in the central, or Piedmont section of Georgia is about October 15th. It can be determined when the seeds

Lookout Mountain T. P. 0.

at present; a meeting was held on October are ripe by occasionally examining a few 1 to organize and elect officers. More news cones to determine exact time for gather-

The Lookout Mountain TPO employed regarding developments of this organiza- ing.

Mr. Alverson Fisher as Secretary-Manager tion will be given next month.

The chief purpose of this article though,

on September 1, and already Mr. F'isher

is to bring to your attention what an op-

has done good work. This organization is making considerable progress with the aid

E. C. W. Notes

portunity this big pine seed crop presents and how to take advantage of this oppor-

of CCC camp 86.

Mr. W. R. Hine, of the Regional Office, tunity which may come only once in every

U. S. Forest Service, recently accompanied three to seven years. First, the bumper

Camp SP-6 is doing excellent work at Mr. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, on an crop of pine seed this fall presents a real

Fort Mountain Park under the direction inspection of all ECW Camps in the Savan- opportunity because we may not have a

of Superintendent C. M. Simmons.

! nah District.

repetition of such a crop for several years.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Therefore, we must not be careless with Tar City TPO, 90,344 acres, H. B. Brew- The Camden County TPO has recently

this opportunity-we must be sure!

ton, Manager, Reidsville, Ga.

purchased a tractor and plow unit and had

You recall the parable in the Bible re- Oconee TPO, 114,943 acres, R. P. Marsh, been operating some two weeks prior to

garding the sowing of the grain-how some Manager, Soperton, Ga.

the "flood". Mr. Cy Baker, Acting Secre

of it fell on good &'oil and some on stony, Brier Creek TPO, 30,000 acres, C. B. tary, states that he has been building some

barren soil. This parable may be made Pfeiffer, Secretary, Sylvania, Ga.

real roads out of the old twenty and twen

to fit our problem of reforestation. Fire The organizations have grown steadily ty-five ft. breaks put in by the camp, the

has proven to be the greatest enemy of during the past several years and as the county grader being used for this purpose

the forest whether it be a forest of young landowners realize more ful:y what the fire All of the TPO's in this district have

trees or mature trees. It is easy to ob- protection sy&tem means to the business now purchased tractor and plow units with

serve the damage fire does to the visible of growing timber for a profit, in the short- the exception of the Hurricane Creek TPO

forest. Fire however, does one great dam- est time possible, the membership and acre- This TPO now plans to purchase a unit

age to the forest that is not readily visible. age should increase even more.

at a very early date.

Fire burning through the woods, old fields,

Practically all of the TPO's have fire

and idle land that is best suited to the grow-

Tar City T. P. 0.

trucks equipped with the latest fire fighting

ing of trees will practically destroy every pine seed that may have fallen there and

equipment, and, taken all in all, this prom The Tar City Timber Protective Organi- ises to be a record fire season in regard

sprouted, as well as the small seedlings. zation under the Management of Mr. H. P. to the reduced number and size of fires in This type of fire damage is not so evi- Brewton, of Reidsville, is steadily increas- this area due to the combined activities

dent for the very reason that the pine seed ing in acreage and will soon have enough of the TPO's. and small seedlings only two or three in- land to warrant the purchase of a tractor Mr. T. H. Browne, Chief Foreman, P-52

ches high are so inconspicuous. The dam- and plow for the purpose of maintaining Homerville, reports a serious outbreak of

age is obvious only by the conspicuous ab- and constructing fire breaks.

Ips and Dendroctonus covering approxi

sence or scarcity of trees on the area where There is one lookout tower already erect- mately 800 acres of an area that was dam

continual fires have prevented natural re- ed on the Tar City area and two more are aged seriously by fire. Mr. Browne now

forestation.

planned, also enough telephone line will has authority to combat this infestation

It will pay the landowners of Georgia good dividends to take all possible precautions against fires by building firebreaks, joining or organizing TPO's and otherwise

be constructed to adequately connect the three tower system with the existing lines. This TPO protects land in Tattnall, Western Evans and eastern Toombs Counties.

and is working all available men on this to halt the activities of the beetles before it increases to such proportions that it would be hard to handle.

preparing to keep fire off land which might thereby get a good start towards natural

District Meeting

Camp P-70, Nahunta, with Mr. R. E. Tit tie as Chief Foreman, is scheduled to re

reforestation following the fall of the pine seed crop in October and November.
SIXTH DISTRICT

In the latter part of August, a meeting was he'd in Swainsboro, with all TPO Managers, Secretaries and Boards of Directors of the TPO's in the Savannah District in attendance.

main in its present location for the 6th work period from reports received within the past few days. A side camp is planned from this camp to be placed in the Hur ricane Creek TPO area.

Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester, Savannah

This meeting was called in order that State Forester Lufburrow could outline to FOREST SERVICE PERSONNEL the officials of the organizations, policies CELEBRATES lOTH ANNIVERSARY

'-------------------' and requirements that would have to be

Areas in T. P. O.'s Increased

met by all TPO's during the coming fiscal year.

OF B. M. LUFBURROW AS ONLY STATE FORESTER

The total acreage of timber land under Approximately 40 TPO officials were In appreciation of Mr. Lufburrow as an

organized forest fire protection in the Tim- present in addition to Mr. Lufburrow, State official and as a man, the personnel of the

ber Protective Organizations in the Savan- Forester, and Mr. S. L. McCrary, District State Forest Service which includes the

nah District is 716,353 acres as of Septem- Forester, at Augusta.

office and supervisory personnel of the for-

ber 1st, 1935.

estry and park camps under state supervi-

This total acreage is covered by seven

sion, held a barbecue in his honor at Vogel

Timber Protective Organizations, which resulted after fourteen organizations were consolidated into seven.
Six of the T. P. O.'s in the Savannah District have full time T. P. 0. Managers, who have charge of all forms of fire protection work and are responsible directly

SEVENTH DISTRICT Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester
Waycross
TPO Items

State Park, Nee! Gap, i'n Union county, on
October 5. Vogel State Park was selected as the lo-
cation for the barbecue because of the fact that the work on the dam at the park by the CCC camp had just been completed and it was desired to dedicate the dam with a

to the District Fore&ter and Secretary- The Coffee-Jeff Davis TPO, under the fitting ceremony.

Treasurer of the organization.

management of Mr. L. F. Morey, has re- Those invited to attend the barbecue in-

The Timber Protective Organization, their acreages and Managers are as follows:
Canoochee River TPO, 81,586 acres, Graham Coleman, Manager, Swainsboro, Ga.
Liberty-Long TPO, 153,715 acres, Perry Gordon, Manager, Hinesville, Ga.

cently taken over some 40,000 acres of signed-up land in Ben Hill and Irwin Counties. It is now planned to get enough acreage in Wilcox County to enable the landowners in Ben Hill, Irwin and Wilcox Counties to set up a distinct TPO and be independent of the Coffee-Jeff Davis organi7.ation.
The Appling County TPO has recently

'luded the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development, officials and members of the Georgfa Fore&try AssociaUon and others throughout the state who have worked with the State Forester in solving the problems that he has had to meet in the organization and execution of the work of the Department, and officials of the United States Forest Service and the

Ogeechee TPO, 108,179 acres, Perry purchased a tractor and plow unit and Mr. National Park Service whose offices are

Hubbard, Manager, Savannah, Ga.

.Jean Dupuis, Secretary, states that he wi'l 'ocated in Atlanta. The outing was well at-

Ocmulgee TPO, 135,586 acres, Eugene start operating this unit as quickly as tended and bore evidence of the high es-

Thomas, Manager, McRae, Ga.

possible.

teem in which the State Forester is held.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

i elude an admixture of sand particles and

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

mica. The colors are ordinarily light, ranging from white to gray or pale green, but

Brief Accounts of Occurrences and Developments of the State's

they may be pink, tan, brown, dark green, blue, or even black. Freshly opened beds

Leading Minerals

ordinarily exhibit a waxy or soapy luster,

and some varieties may be cut into thin

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

shavings like soap. Many varieties are hard

and brittle, but some are soft and crumbly

THE BLEACHING CLAYS OF

ARTICLE I

or even plastic. Certain types possess conchoidal fracture; others show platy, hack-

GEORGIA
By Harry X. Bay and Arthur C. Munyan

Introduction

ly, or no distinctive fracture. Jointing is common in most beds. The surfaces of

As a part of the program sponsored by many of the joint planes are darkened by

Published by permission of the Director, the F'ederal Emergency Administration of manganiferous stain. Many bentonites

U. S. Geological Survey

Public Works, a preliminary _investigation have a strong affinity for water and will

of the bleaching clays of Georgia was con- absorb three times their weight or as much

Note: The State Geologist takes plea.s- ducted by two parties of the United States as ten times their volume of water, with

u:re in presenting below the first of a series Geological Survey. The first party, in a consequent increase in volume. Most

of three authoritative articles on the charge of Mr. Bay, was in the field during active clays do not slake in water, but slak- '

bleaching clays of Georgia. Fuller's earth, the fall of 1934; the second, headed by ing is a characteristic feature of the activ-

a form of bleaching clay, has long been . Mr. Munyan, made its investigation in the able clays.

one of Georgia's most important mineral spring of 1935.

The original use of bleaching clay (nat-

industries. The annual production is val- The so-called "bleaching clays" may be urally active) was to remove grease and
ued at close oo a million dollcurs. Georgia separated into two distinct groups-the fat from woolen cloth during the process

hap in fact led in the domestic production naturally active and the activable types.

of fulling. This practice gave rise to the

of fuller's ea1th since 1924. In very ?'e - Naturally active bleaching clay is a min- name "fuller's earth," a term which has

cent years there has been a trend in the eral substance having physical properties, been retained in spite of the fact that earth

industries using bleaching clays toward in the native state, which give it a capacity for cleani;ng cloth has been replaced by

the use of the bentonitic type of clays that for deco lorizing or clarify ing (bleaching) more efficient materials so that at the pres-

in the natural state have low bleaching oils and fats. Clay of this type is general- ent time its use for that purpose is slight.

power' but when activated by treatment with acid have bleaching powers superior to that of fuller's earth. There is grave dange:r, therefore, that the use of Georgia fuller's earth ?nay gradually decline.

ly known as "fuller's earth." Activable clay is a natural material which
through a process of partial acid leaching acquires physical properties that make it a highly active bleaching agent for

Nearly 93 per cent of all fuller's earth produced in the United States in 1933 was used in decolorizing miner ai oils; about 6 per cent was employed in treating vegetable oils and animal fats; and less than 1

The significance of these articles is that deposits of the bentonitic or activable type of bleaching clay have been discovered in Georgm by this investigation. Funds were not sufficient to determine the extent of 11wst of these deposits. Further prospecting should be done at once in the favorable areas outlined in this article if Georgia is to retain he:r leadership in the production of bleaching clays.
RICHARD W. SMITH

oils' and fats. The most powerful of the per cent was utilized for fulling cloth or

bleaching clays belong to this group. Not for other purposes.'

all clays known as "bentonites" are made highly active by chemical treatment, but bentonites provide our mo st efficient activab le clays.
A few naturally active clays are improv-

The activated clays find their principal application in the refining of mineral and vegetable oils and animal fats. This type of clay is particularly valuable where strong bleaching properties are required.

ed by acid leaching but mo st of them are rendered less active by such leaching. The most powerful bleachers are inactive until leached.

The use of natura]y active clay for bleaching edible oils in the United States . began about 1880. English clay (that used for fulling cloth) was found to be the most

The bleaching clays are as a rule very

State Geologist.

fine-grained, but in many places they in- 1 Minerals Yearbook for 1933 , p. 973. 1934.

Fuller's earth mine at the Attapulgus Clay Company, Attapulgus, Decatur County, Georgia

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

satisfactory of all that were available at PUBLICATIONS OF IN-

SEEDLINGS FOR 1936

that time. The first attempt to mine ful-

TEREST TO GEORGIA

PLANTINGS

ler's earth in this country was made in

MINERAL PRODUCERS

1891, when a bed of Tertiary clay, was opened near Alexander, Arkansas. This material was used locally in the treatment of cottonseed oil. A short time later fuller's earth was discovered in the Hawthorn formation near Quincy, Florida. This find led to the development of mining activities in Georgia and Florida which, as clay operations, are second to none throughout the world.

The State Geologist wishes to call to the attention of the mineral producers of Georgia the MINERALS YEARBOOK 1935 compiled by the U. S. Bureau of Mine,; and just released on September 30. The supply of copies avai:able for distribution is quite limited. The new volum< carries forward the statistical information and economic discussions on mining printed in various former publications including MINER-

During 1933 the production of fuller's earth in the United States amounted to 251,158 short tons, much of which came from Georgia and Florida. Georgia first entered the fuller's earth field in 1904 and has been the largest domestic producer since 1924, when its output for the first time surpassed that of Florida, which had led since 1895. Including 1933 the total production :for Georgia reached 1,172,495 short tons.
This total production represents a value

AL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES which was issued annually for over half a century.
The 1935 volume continues the advances made in its immediate predecessor and incorporates many improvements based on constructive suggestions volunteered by close observers and students of the mineral industry. In addition to accurate official data on all commercially important minerals, there is a resume of the principal economic developments in mining, as we] as chapters dealing with the progress in coal

of more than $16,000,000. Bleaching clay utilization, uses of petroleum fuels, petrol(fuller's earth) is, accordingly, one of the eum and natural gas production, mine

most valuable natural resources of the safety, and mineral developments from a

State.

world viewpoint. A new chapter on mis-

The early history of acid-treated clays cellaneous commercial gasses and another

1s somewhat vague. It. has been stateda on minor .nonmetallic minerals. appear for

that the activation of clay by treatment the _first time. RecommendatiOns_ ~f the

1

WbGeI'eterhnmeapl'ntrhyaecrt.1.hccaoesdn cfeolnortnramgteadneyxopryoedratielrusdt

e acids has in Europe.
activated

dNeartwt hneal NRaedbs.oonuarc1heRs are rev1ewe m t e

eBccoooavmre~droyadn1'Adtydmadc1.J'tmsic.vsuitstrsya~touw.nnsn.-

bleaching clay to the United States. The II~p~rtant occurrences m gold and silver

Those Desiring Seedlings Are Advised To Place Orders EarlyPrices Given.

Farmers, landowners and others interest-

ed in securing seedlings from the state

nurseries for the purpose of reforesting

denuded, or idle lands, or for soil erosion

projects, are advised to send their orders

to the Georgia Forest Service well in ad-

vance of the shipping season, State For-

ester B. M. Lufburrow announces. Orders

for 1936 plantings have already begun to

come in.

For the past year the demand for seed-

lings exceeded the supply, but the state

nurseries have a good supply on hand this

year and hope to be able to fill all orders.

Prices for the 1935 crop are as follows:

Slash pine

$2.00 per thousand

Loblolly __

_$2.00 per thousand

Longleaf __ .

$2.50 per thousand

Black Locust

$3.50 per thousand

Black Walnut

$3.50 per thousand

These prices are f. o. b. Albany for the

pine seedlings and f. o. b. Blairsville for

black locust and black walnut.

In placing orders for seedlings, 10 per

cent of the total purchase price must be

sent with the order to the Georgia Forest

Service, Atlanta.

TIMBERLAND OWNERS SPEND $182,000 ON FIRE PROTECTION

commercia1 product1'on of acid-treated t mmmg and markets are thor.oughly sur- Georgia land owners, in timber protecbleachm. g c1ays 1n this country probably be- veyed, . s.uppl.emented by detai.led dr"evie ws tive organizations, spent $182,000 for fire gan in the period between 1920 and 1925. of activit:V: m the metal mimng JstrJcts protection in the fiscal year ending June

The present yearly production is thought of the vanous States.

30, according to an announcement made

to be about 7,000 tons.

'I Mining engineers and executives as we] by B. M. Lufburrow, state forester. This

- - - as students of business will find the MIN- was the largest amount ever expended in

2 Minerals Yearbook for 1933, p. 976. 1934.
3 Bierce, N. E .. Some historical notes on the origDienc. o1f 4c, o1n9t2a7ct, pfi.lt1ra0t2i.on: Nat. P~troleum News
The excavations at Savannah recently made under the direction of the Division of Geology have been widely commended upon by paleontologists. The bones of pre-hist?ric animals that were there found are particularly well preserved. Several of the country's larger museums have expressed a de!.ire to obtain specimens and it seems probable that a more intensive search may be made by the staff of one of these museums.

ERALS YEARBOOK an indispensable tool and will appreciate the convenience in having the data condensed into one volume of
75 chapters. All statistical material is presented in concise summary form and 129 graphs illustrate the principal trends in various branches of the mineral industry; a complete index greatly adds to the reference value of the volume.
Copies of the Yearbook, in blue cloth binding, may be purchased at a price of $2.00 (money order, no stamps accepted) from the Superintendent of Do~uments, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

any one year during the past ten years of operation, Mr. Lufburrow said.
For the fiscal year 1936, members of the timber protective organizations have budgeted $246,229 to be spent in fire protection. The main items of expense to landowners in these organizations are the building of primary and secondary firebreaks, maintenance of telephone lines, and salaries of 82 patrolmen and 7 towermen.
A total of 6,181,114 acres of forest land are under protection, of which 4,181,114 acres are in organizations and pay their own operating expenses; the remammg 2,000,000 acres are on adjoining proper-

ties.

Lane Mitchell, Assistant State Geologist, attended the n}nth annual field confer-

REPARTEE IN COUNTY COOS

In the program of the timber protective

organizations for the coming year are plans Harold Young's Wife Alta: "What color for the extension of 1,422 miles of tele-

ence of the Kansas Geological Society. The dress will you wear to the fire warden's phone line, the construction of 15,460 miles

itinerary of the excursion included stops at dance?"

of firebreaks, together with maintenance of

Iowa City and Dubuque, Iowa, LaCrosse and Madison, Wisconsin, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Members of the conference studied the Paleozoic and the pre-Cambrian

Keith Young's Wife Grace: "We're supposed to wear something to match our husband's hair, so I'll wear black. What wU you wear?"
Harold's Wife: "Oh, Idon't think I'll go,

the 16,056 miles already constructed.
The 20 CCC camps throughout the state have contributed in a large measure to fire protection; during the past year they have constructed 7,863 miles of firebreaks and

rocks of the middle western states.

. my husband is bald."

many miles of telephone line.