Forestry-geological review [Sept. 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., SEPTEMBER, 1934

No.9

==~====================

FOURTH VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP

Forty-three high school boys from rural PINE GROWING INDUSTRY consolidated high schools in all parts of the GIVES ENCOURAGING RESULTS

SUCCESSFULLY CONDUCTED state, successfully completed their six weeks

course in p r actical forestry and received Area of 16,000 Acres near Stockton Forty-three Young Men Given Cer- certificates of Vocational Forest er. This Protected from Fire and Thinned,
tifiicates of Vocational Forester certificate r ecommends the holder to be Develops Rapid Growing Pines by Georgia Forest Service at qualified to do non-technical forestry jobs. of Great Commercial PossibiliCamp held at Abraham Baldwin As a result of their forestry work in high ties College-Several Noted Speak- sch ool and forestry camp, these boys have

ers Heard-First Year Students Fine Class of Young Men and Promise to Maintain High Standard the Camp Has Established
The fourth annual Vocational Forestry School Camp, conducted cooperatively by the Georgia Forest Service and the State Department of vocational agricultural education, was held July 16 to August 4 at Abraham Baldwin College at Tifton, and for forestry training was probably the best yet held.

learned the names and how to identify the trees of Georgia; they have learned how to survey and estimate the volume of standing trees in a forest; how to harvest and market timber; the uses of woods; how to gather, care for and market tree seed ; how to operate tree seed beds, grow seedlings and plant them; how to manage a forest for larger yields of timber and naval stores products; how to protect the forest from fire and how to thin and improve forest growth. As a result of this instruction,
(Continued on Page 2, Col. 1)

In a recent issue of the Valdosta Times appeared an article telling of the encouraging progress made in growing pines on a 16,000 acre tract near Stockton, Georgia, and giving an interview with E. H. House, one of the owners. The operating company is known a s Slash Pine Farms, Inc., the owners being J. C. Marsh & Son s , W~nfield, Florida; H. M. Wilson, J acksouville, Florida; and E. J . H ou se, Stockto;1, Georgia.
The company is a member of the Consolidated Timber Protective Organization . It has its own fi re fighting equipment and

every- man on the place is a trained fire

fighter. On the area 239,000 miles of fire-

breaks have been con st r ucted, a nd as a fi re

::ontrol meas ure t he ccmpany has cut out all

' ead t rees a nd lightwood stum ps .

Keeping out fir es has resulted in natural

r eforestat ion over much of t he area. Wher e

t he growth ha s become too t hi ck, Mr. H ou se

l1as t hinn ed to a spacing of about 15 feet

w ith a view to having about 200 trees per

::tcre, the num ber he con siders best f or

aval stor es produ ction. At the rate at

wh ic:1 the trees are n ow growing, it is

' hought t hey will be ready for ch ipp ing

when th ey a re 12 to 14 years of age.

Some plantin g has been undertaken.

Forest seedlings transplanted in 1928 are

1ow 15 t o 18 f eet high, 4 t o 5 inch es in

diameter, a nd a r e adding height growth at

the rate of 2 Vz to 3 feet a year.

Seedlings from tree nurseries have a lso

GROUP OF STUDENTS RECEIVING CERTIFICATES OF VOCATIONAL FORESTER, VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP, 1934

First 1ow left to 1-ight---Elmon Vickers, Moultrie, vice president; Lee Sisson,

Rayle, Presid:nt; Paul Jones, Elberton, Secretary. S econd ?'ow-Jim Hulsey, Daw-

sonville; Ashley Whitehurst, A del; J. L. Spence, Waresboro; Robert Smith, Lorane;

Sam Loyd Whitmire, Eastanollee; J . W. Donalson, Register; Paul Raby, Rabun Gap;

Ralph Johnson, Winder; Alton Hodges, Ludowici ; Calvin Ellington, Summit. Third

row-Wilber Blount, Vidalia; Elton Riner, Kite; Farris Carlan, Homer;. 0 . M. Ca~es,

Meigs; Huell O'Kelley, Danielsville; Edwin Lloyd, Stockton; Bill Ohver, Martm;

H~laprhraerlel ttRau;ssPelel;ryCaFlhoostuenr;,

Oswell Leslie;

Smith, Waresboro. Woodrow Osborn,

Four t Ellijay;

hShRaodwC-aJlolohwnayB, rHo~adgwanelsl,

VJ~le; Solon Owensby, Frankli n; J. H. Holloman, Richland; Barron Cochran, Gna_rd;

VrSotJwrrig-cikrCelaehnadCrolelDsemaHlatneo~ndE'aTsCthhmaaramannb;leTCe~e ennnAyeulslF,tlionPyadAv, ovF;eirtyDz,goerAsraedylrdi;aKnIi;.nJgB.,

Medders, Sylvester. F~fth illy Garrett, Butler; Tom
Lavonia; Homer Winkle,

Armuchee; Russell' W illis, Ty Ty; Eugene English, Clarkesville; Render Rowe, Car-

rollton; Oliver Anderson, Wrens.

been planted under poor weather conditions, but in the tract thus planted he has trees showing an unusual rate of growth,
From data which Mr. House has gathered from a 50 a cr e tract with 200 trees p er acre, he estimates that 10 crops of 10,000 cups each can be obtained. On another portion of the tract, he estimates 16,000 cups, or 16 crops of boxes.
Quoting Mr. House: "We have found that any burning retards the development of young trees in spite of all precautions which we can take , , . To any man who cares to approach the matter of growing
(Continued on Page 8, Col. 3 )

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

Whittle, director and lecturer on utilization; M. D. Mobley, Atlanta, camp manager; C. N. Elliott, district forester, Au-

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND gusta, dendrology; H. D. Story, Jr., district

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

forester, Albany, silviculture; W. D. Young,

State Capitol, Atlanta C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

district forester, Gainesville, surveying and mensuration; W. G. Wallace, district forester, Columbus, surveying and mensura-

Foreatry Diviaion

tion; Russell D. Franklin, district forester, Rome, silviculture; George Moseley, Way-

B. M. Lufburro.w, State Forester

cross, silviculture; K. S. Trowbridge, ex-

and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr.,____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester,.Atla~ta

tension forester, Tifton, naval stores pract ices; Mrs. M. D. Mobley, Atlanta, camp

E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____Gamesvllle secretary.

G. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross The vocational agricultural teachers at-

W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome tending the camp and assisting in instrucJack Thur_m___o__n__d__,___D__i__s_t__r_i_c__t___F__o__r_e__s__t_e__r_,Savannah tion in athletics and camp management

C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta were: J . N. Young, Armuchee; H. L. SimpH. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany son, Plains ; Claude Bray, Hogansville; C.

W. G. Wallace, District Forester..Columbus 0. Parker, Carnesville; C. H. Barker, Gore;

Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

W. C. Britt, Snellville; T. G. Walter<;, Moultrie. Others made brief visits.

Prize Winners

Geolojfical Diviaion

The vocational teacher winning the Herty

R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________.Atlanta prize of $75 given by the Georgia Forestry

G. W. Cric_k__m___a_y__,___A___s_s__t_.__S___t_a__t_e___G___e__o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoL___Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta
Extension Foresters Bonnell Stone, Chairman,____________ ____Qxford Dupre Barrett, __________________________________Athens K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton

Association in honor of Dr. Charles H. Herty, was P. L. Elkins of the M.ilton High School at Alpharetta, for doing the best work in forestry for the school year 1933-34. This prize was awarded by T . G. Woolford, Atlanta, president of the Georgia Forestry Association on the night of August 3rd.

Elm.on Vickers, Norman P ark, student of Moultrie High, Winner Student Herty Prize
The winner of the student "Herty prize" was Elmon Vickers, Moultrie High School, who made the highest grade in two successive forestry camps. A second prize of $25 was awarded to Shad Calloway, Hogansville, who was a close contestant for first

VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP

prize. Students who averaged 90 ur.d above were: Tharan Connell, Pavo; Homer Win-

(Continued from Page 1)

Id e, Armuchee; Sam Loyd Whitmire, Eastanollee; Austin Avery, Soperton; Billy

these young men are capable not only of

Garrett, Butler; 0. M. Cates, Jr., Meigs.

managing their forests successfully, but a1e qualified to become forestry leaders in their communities.
Abraham Baldwin College proved in many respects an ideal place for the camp. The program of work fits in with the vocational objectives of the college. President George King and his able faculty cooperated in every way to make the camp a success. The college is to introduce a course in practical farm forestry this year with George Moseley as teacher. Mr. Moseley assisted in carrying on camp work.
The City of Tifton extended assistance by providing free use of the city swimming pool for instruction given this year to camp students in swimming and life saving. The city assisted in transporting students on their Saturday trips, and various organizations of the city extended courtesies and entertainment to the staff.
The new feature of the camp-swimming

P. L. Elkins, Alpharetta, Winner Teacher's Herty Prize, for Best Work in Forestry-School Year 1933-34.

Public Addresses
State Geologist Richard Smith made an interesting talk on how hills, valleys and Jlains were formed. The boys eagerly seized t he literature he brought for distri; ution .
Lenthal Wyman, Lake City, Florida, for 13 years a research worker of the U. S. Forest Service in forest phases of naval tores production, addressed the group at night and gave two classroom lectures. The students showed keen interest and asked many intelligent questions.
M. D. Collins, state school superintendent, gave an inspiring and eloquent address that brought the students swarming around him at its close.
L. M. Sheffer, assista:nt director of vocational agricultural education, made an instructive and practical address, showing the need of forestry education in vocational schools.

and life saving-was made possible by the In accepting the prize, Mr. Elkins stated Senator Susie Moore, Tifton, spoke to

cooperation of the American Red Cross that it should go to the boys who helped the boys at Chapel, telling of her interest

Society, which assigned two splendid in- him win the prize, and would be spent on in vocational education and of the object-

structors, J . H. Kenney of Moultrie and S. the construction of a forestry cabin. To this ives of Abraham Baldwin College.

P. Lane of the University of North Caro- end, he handed over the check to John County School Superintendent of Educa-

lina. Several of the camp students won Broadwell, student of his school.

tion M. L. Harman of Tift county gave the

merit badges and highly appreciated the op- The teacher who was a close second in boys helpful advice.

portunity.

the contest was J. D. Davis, of Pavo, with Marion Renfroe, Quitman, pioneer in cul-

The staff this year consisted of C. A. R. E. Tanner, Summit, as third.

tivating or intercropping pines with corn,

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

and a student in camp, told of his pine pro- students consisting of 0. M. Cates, Jr., one night. It was planned by Mrs. E. D.

ject.

chairman, Lee Sisson, president of the 1934 Fulwood. The program was greatly en-

At the opening exercises the speakers class, and Max Looper, president of the joyed.

were president George King of Abraham 1935 class, presented resolutions in which

Baldwin College, Miss Kate Hollingsworth, they thanked the Department of Forestry A popular musician of the camp was W.

secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, and Geological Development for financing D. Young, district forester at Gainesville.

and Editor John G. Herring of the Tifton the camp and asked continued support; He was in great demand for songs and gui-

Gazette, and A. S. Bussy, assistant state thanked the Tifton Board of Trade for tar selections~ Other singlers and banjo

club agent, Tifton.

the use of the swimming pool and other players were Lee Sisson and Eugene Eng-

G. D. Marckworth, head of the School of courtesies; expressed gratitude to the lish. Jim (Jaybird) Hulsey subbed for C.

Forestry, University of Georgia, told the Coastal Plains Experiment Station for as- N. Elliott as a song leader.

students that the demand for foresters now sistance; thanked the American Red Cross

is greater than ever and promised to con- Society for providing instructors in swim- Camp food was excellent. Miss Creswell,

tinue.

ming and life saving; spoke appreciatively domestic science teacher of the college, was

At the closing exercises President George of the kindness of the management of Ab- acclaimed by the students on the last night

King gave his impressions of the camp, and raham Baldwin College and of courtesies of of the camp for the excellence of the food

was followed by State Forester B. M. Lui- the summer students of the college; and de-

burrow, who spoke interestingly about the clared a deep appreciation of the prizes of- An "Alma Mater" song was produced by

forestry project in the school, the success fered by the Georgia Forestry Association. C. N. Elliott and "sprung" on the camp for

of boys who had finished their camp work, List of Students Receiving Certificates the first time stunt night. It was a "hit".

and presented certificates to the class com- The names of vocational agricultural

pleting its work.

students who completed two summer ses- The champion pine grower, Marion Ren-

T. G. Woolford, President of the Georgia sions of forestry work and received 'cer- froe, Quitman, was a student at camp

Forestry Association, gave an able exposi- tificates of vocational forester are as fol- through the kindness of Mrs. E. T. Comer,

tion of the status of forestry and its out- lows: Billie Garrett, Butler; Farris Carlan, Savannah, who donated a scholarship. He

look; advocated individual rather than gov- Homer; Robert Smith, Lorane; Ralph John- made an excellent camp record.

ernment development of forest reso.)lrces; son, Winder; J. W. Donalson, Jr., Register;

called attention to the reversal of ideas Barron Cochran, Girard; Render Rowe, Through the assistance of Director S. H.

about forestry and urged the boys to un- Carrollton; Homer Winkle, Armuchee; El- Star, Coastal Plain Experiment Station,

dertake to reveal new forestry facts. At mon Vickers, Norman Park; Ashley White- the camp students were conveyed over the

the close of his address he awarded the hurst, Adel; Jim Hulsey, Dawsonville; station farm and received explanations of

teacher's Herty prize to P. L. Elkins, Al- Chas. Head, Chamblee; Paul Jones, Middle- the significance of the experiments being

pharetta.

ton; Calvin Ellington, Summit; John Broad- conducted.

Judge G. Ogden Persons, Forsyth, vice well, Alpharetta; Bill Oliver, Martin;

president of the Georgia Forestry Associa- Woodrow Osborn, Ellijay; Harrell Russell, Many of the students had their first op-

tion, made an eloquent and informative ad- Calhoun; Eugene English, Demorest; Dor- portunity of witnessing a tobacco market in

dress on the genius of invention and adap- sey King, Lavonia; Solon Owensby, Frank operation. Tifton is an important tobacco

tation in dealing with the commonplace. He lin; Teeny Hardwick Floyd, Ocilla; Oliver center.

pointed to Dr. Herty's discoveries of new C. Anderson, Matthews; Elton Riner, Kite;

uses for pines that are common to every Edwin Lloyd, Stockton; Virgiree Coleman, A deep sea fishing trip of C. N. Elliott

farm. At the close of his address he pre- Plainfield; Alton Hodges, Ludowici; 0. M. and J. N. Young of the camp, bore fruit to

sented first and second student prizes to Cates, Jr., Meigs; Huell Brand O'Kelly, the extent of 100 pounds of fish, which the

Elmon Vickers, Norman Park and Shad Danielsville; Paul Raby, Rabun Gap; J. H. camp found delectable. Sea sickness and

Calloway, Hogansville.

Holloman, Richland; Perry Foster, Jr., Les- hoarseness were incidentals of the trip.

Initiation and Stunt Nights

lie; Tharan Connell, Pavo; Russell W'illis,

Two nights were given to fun. The initia- Ty Ty; Wilber Blount, Vidalia; Shad Cal- Among the camp attendants were Mrs. C.

tion of first year boys by the second year loway, Hogansville; Austin Avery, Adrian; N. Elliott and son, Charlie, Junior, Augus-

boys was a public affair and carried out at J. L. Spence, Waresboro; Tom Strickland, ta; Miss Mary Mobley, Atlanta; Mrs. H. D.

the college arena. The first year boys did Dalton; Lee Sisson, Rayle; I. J. Medders, Story, Jr., and daughter Ida Marie, Al-

the various things required of them in good Sylvester; Sam Loyd Whitmire, Eastanol- bany; Mrs. W. D. Young, Gainesville; Mrs.

sportsmanship and provided lots of amuse- lee; Oswell Smith, Waresboro.

Russell D. Franklin, Rome. Visitors in-

ment for spectators.

cluded Mrs. B. M. Lufburrow and son, Bur-

Stunt night was even more fun provok.

CAMP NOTES

ley Brown, Atlanta; County School Super-

ing. A great variety of spectacular and ri- A student receiving honorable mention intendent Owens of Sylvester; Eugene Ad-

diculous acts kept the audience in a roar for community work in promoting forestry ams, Norman Park; Miss Gray, eminent

of laughter.

was 0. M. Cates, Jr., Meigs, a student of pianist of New York, daughter of Dr. and

Week End Trips

the high school at Sale City.

Mrs. Claude Gray, Tifton; Mr. and Mrs.

The first Saturday was given over to a

W. B. Bates, Waresboro; George W. Dick-

visit to the famous Sea Island Beach at The second year boys sent a resolution of inson, Bowman; vocational teacher Chap-

Brunswick, where the management of the esteem and sympathy to Hon. Bonnell man, Ty Ty. Beach extended unusual courtesies to the Stone, Oxford, whom they chose as class

boys. Most of the boys had never seen the counselor while they were first year stuocean, and did they enjoy it? The effect of dents. Mr. Stone was unable to attend the

Speaking Contestants

sunburn is another story.

camp this year.

0. M. Cates, Jr., Meigs, Ga., a vocational

The second Saturday was devoted to a

forestry student who won his certificate of

trip to Crystal Lake in Irwin county, a Mrs. Claude Gray, wife of Dr. Gray of vocational forester this year., also won first

beautiful lake ideal for swimming and the college, played the piano for camp place in the state in the speaking contest of

boating. Here the management also accord- songs. As a token of appreciation Mrs. Gray the Future Farmers of Georgia.

ed the boys special privileges.

was presented a gift on the last day.

Other forestry camp students in the con-

Resolutions

test were J. W. Donaldson, Jr., Register, and

At the closing exercises a committee of Musicians of Tifton put on a program for Woodrow Ensley, Epworth

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FORESTRY

through the sandy soils to a level where GIGANTIC SHELTER BELT

they "settle" or combine to form a stony

GREAT PLAINS PROPOSED

QUESTION BOX

mineral layer. Iron is the chief cementer of hard pan

The greatest tree planting proposal of

materials and humic acid is considered a this country is for a wooded windbreak 100

CONSERVING FERTILITY OF factor. Should humic acid be important in miles wide and 1,300 miles long, Canada to

FOREST SOILS

forming hard pans, one could mistakenly Mexico. Fred W. Morrell, in charge of pub-

ARTICLE 2

jump to the conclusion that the destruction lic relations of the United States Forest

By C. A. WHITTLE

of humus forming material by burning off Service, has been chosen to administer $75,-

the forest floor, would operate to reduce 000,000 set up for the project and Dr.

Is not the nitrogen in forest soils Tela ted hard pan formation. This would be over- Raphael Zon, director of the Lake States

to the o'rganic matter in the soil?

looking the dead roots of undergrowth, of Forest Expe"iment Station, has been as-

Soil chemists have found that organic seedlings and of saplings, killed by the fire. signed to handle technical phases of the

matter in soils is definitely related to the These are down in the soil and much bet- work. Twelve federal tree nurseries are

nitrogen content of the soil. Where there ter situated to form humic acid than the proposed, but contracts with commercial

is little organic matter, there is little nitro- surface litter which is more quickly and nurseries for the billions of trees required,

gen and where there is much organic mat- thoroughly oxidized than sub-surface or- is reported to be contemplated. The shelter

ter, such as is found in muck soils, the nit- ganic matter.

belt will not be 100 miles of solid forest,

rogen content is high.

A soil with a hard pan is not an efficient but have strips of forests about 7 rods wide

Burn over the forest soils and the result forest soil. The roots often fail to penetrate with a mile of farm land between the strips.

is that there is less organic matter. Keep the hard pan, and a shallow rooted tre2 In news relea3es on the subject, the U.

fires out and there is more organie matter, is insecure against winds. In time of S. Forest Service calls attention to similar

and therefore, more nitrogen. Since most drouth, the trees suffer greatly because of work begun 60 years ago on the steppes of

sandy or Coastal Plain soils have little or- the shallow earth in which the hard pan Russia. Forest ~trips were planted as a pro-

ganic matter, and therefore little nitrogen, forces them to grow.

tective measure Rgainst "black dust

nitrogen is the first limiting factor in tree It is not claimed that hard pan will not storms". Studies accJrding to the U. S.

growth as well as in the growth of agri- form in the absence of fire, for leaching and Forest Service show that the wooded strips

cultural crops on such soils. It therefore hard pan formation in some coastal plain reduce the wind velocity 35 per cent during

follow5 that if this scarce plant food ele- soils will occur regardless of fire, but it the :ummet and about 20 per cent in the

ment, nitrogen, is to be conserved, there would be logical to conclude that the solu- win:er. Evaporation of the land between

must be no forest fires.

ble mineral salts in ash left by fires and the forested strips has been reduced 30 per

A nitrogen deficiency means the slowing leached into the soil will hasten the forma- cent and th.e yields of grain materially in-

down of tree growth, as was stated in the tion of the mineral hard pan.

creased.

first article on this subject, for nitrogen Many swamps and ponds in the non-lime- A thirty year old tree planting project

has been shown by all soil investigators and stone areas of the Coastal Plain are the by the U. S. Forest Service in western Ne-

botanists to function more strongly in vege- result of hard pan formation. Perhaps the' braska on barren sand hills has yielded a

tative growth, or the formation of wood most notable instance is the 600,000 acre forest. Windbreak plantings in Nebraska

growth, than any other plant food element. Okefenokee swamp which has been formed and Kanf3K, studied by the Forest Service,

As has also been said, it is true that the on a divide. The swamp feeds its waters to show that they are effective in conserving

ash left by fires stimulates wild legumes to the Suwannee river flowing westward to soil moistm ?, p1eventing movement of soil

fix nitrogen in the soil and that ash also the Gulf, and to St. Mary's river flowing by winds and in increasing crop yields.

stimulates nitrification, that is, the trans- eastward to the Atlantic ocean.

formation of the nitrogen of organic mat- In areas underlain with marl or other ter in the soil into available form for use lime formation, many of the ponds and

Are Chestnuts Coming Back?

in tree growth; but under the crown of a lakes are lime sinks and are not primarily well stocked forest, legumes will not grow, the result of hard pans.

Public attention has been drawn to

and rapid nitrification of organic matter

chestnut sprouts 4 inches in diameter and

in the soil means rapid depletion of the soil's store of nitrogen, a scant store at

Paper Mills and Saw Mills

20 to 25 feet high in Rhode Island that show no c;igns of chestnut blight. The dis-

best. This, taken with the loss into the air

ease has existed longer in the north than

of the nitrogen existing in forest litter From present indications, the proposed in the south, and the trees mentioned have

when the litter is burned, and the leaching paper mills and the existing sawmills survived lcEger in the presence of the dis-

loss increased by the burning of organic would, in the long run, be competitors in ease in that region than it has been found

matter, means sooner or later a serious nitrogen deficiency in any well stocked forest on most Coastal Plain soils.
The inevitable conclusion is that fire is a

seeking to utilize the South~s timber. But is this necessarily so? In the Scandinavian countries the paper mills and the lumber mills are operated side by side, the former

in the south. It has, however, been noticed in Georgia that young, healthy chestnut trees resist the disease more effectively than the older trees.

depleter of soil nitrogen and never a con- using the limbs, tops and offal not used by It is probably too soon to say that new

server on soils well populated by trees, as the sawmills. Might not a similar arrange- sprouts have acquired disease resistance by

land devoted to forest products should be. ment be perfected in the South? Need the growing from root buds on a diseased tree, two industries be competitive from the or by getting, so to speak, a carry over (\f

-Does bunting off the woods of the Coastal Plain Tegion of the South have any influence on the fonnation of hard pans in the soil?
The formation of hard pans is not well understood. A hard pan in the Coastal Plain

standpoint of the supply of raw material? -Southern Lumberman.
Dr. Thomas E. Snyder, for several years connected with the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, has been assigned to the south to

anti-bodies of resistance that parent trees developed. Building up resistance to the disease would hardly be expected in a generation of trees, but of course everybody hopes that the unexpected may be true of the American chestnut.

consists of a concretion of minerals through devote his entire time to forestry insects.

chemical reactions. The ash left by fires is His headquarters are with the Southern A 100-acre forest nursery is being estab-

quickly dissoved in rainwater which read- Forestry Experiment Station at New Or- lished near Jackson, Tennessee, by the Ten-

iy carries the minerals of the ash down lean, La.

nessee Valley Authority.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

FIRST DISTRICT

Abandoned CCC Camps Become

Lone Plant

Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester

Relief Camps

At the old Berckmans nursery, in Augus-

1.------------------1 Rome

Camp P-79, Cornelia, was turned over to ta, is a plant which is said to be the only the FERA on the 15th of August together one of its kind in North America, but

ECW Items
The road leading to Fort Mountain Park is showing the results of much hard labor expended in the past few weeks. It is a de-

with three others in various parts of Georgia. This makes the second one in District 2 to be turned over to this Department of Government Relief.

which has two brethren in the Royal Botanical garden!! in Kew, England. It is the Elliottia Racemosa. Check list of the trees of the United States says that ihis tree is found along the eastern border of Georgia,

cided improvement over the road that was formerly used to get to the fort The ac-

Prospective Vocational Forestry

I

in several counties. mans, however, says

Mr. P. that th

J. is

A. Berckplant was

tual construction of the stone tower on top

Camp

discovered in one place in Lincoln county

of Fort Mountain will soon be under way. Plans are on foot to secure the camp site fifty years ago by his father. Plants were

and buildings of P-73 near Hiawassee, brought to Fruitlands Nursery and some

One of the CCC boys, working on top of Georgia, for a permanent vocational for- were sent to the Royal Botanical Gardens

Fort Mountain clearing brush, felt a gen- estry camp. This location is ideal as it is of England. Only three of them survive to-

tle tapping on his leg just above the ankle situated in the heart of the most rugged day. The plant has never been rediscovered.

and looked down to find that he was stand- mountain country in Georgia at an eleva-

ing on a rattlesnake. It so happened that tion of about 2,800 feet above sea level. It

Side Camp

his foot was on the snake just behind the will be easily accessible by newly construct- The side camp from SP-5, at Crawford-

snake's head and it couldn't get a long ed truck trails connecting the Hiawassee. ville, to Milledgeville, is almost complete.

enough stroke to sink the fangs in the Helen highway with the Appalachian Scen- Two buildings from the abandoned camp boy's leg. All the boys are now wearing ic highway frorw. Atlanta through Blairs- P-57, at Sylvania, were used in erecting

leather leggings and anything else that ville. Also it will be accessible by way of the camp at Milledgeville, in which forty

they can find to wrap their legs.

Helen over Unicoi Gap, where a new high. men will be stationed. Work on the propway is being constructed. The only thing erty of the state hospital land and the state

SP-6 is getting rather "sporty" in that a nice four hole golf course is nearing completion just outside the camp. The boys have been working hard on their course and some of them are fair golfers. (Page Charlie Elliott).

wrong with this setup is it will put a hardship on those transporting the boys, as 3 blankets are hardly enough, even in the summer time. South Georgia boys won't believe this, but wait until they arrive and they will want to sleep under mattresses.

farm has been planned.
FOURTH DISTRICT W. G. Wallace, District Forester
Columbus

State Forestry Items
Several vocational schools have started their fall session during the past week, and are anxious to get started on their forest projects as quickly as the students can get settled and the late summer canning is completed.
The Gilmer County T. P. 0. hopes to get two more towers started in the near future. This will give them a very adequate system of lookout towers, and will also enable them to connect with the U. S. Forest Service and its system of lookouts.
SECOND DISTRICT W. D. Young, Dist. Forester,
Gainesville
Autoing to the Top of Enotah Bald
It is estimated that 500 autos have been to the big spring near the top of Enotah Bald mountain in Towns county since the new truck trail was completed. A two-room breezeway cabin with kitchen has been constructed. At the end of the truck trail an area of about two acres has been fenced in from cattle and hogs, a picnic shelter has been constructed and an open air cooking furnace built. A number of people have taken advantage of the camping area afforded and claim that Bald mountain spring is the finest and coldest water in Georgia. Come and see for yourself.

THIRD DISTRICT

CCC Progress on Taylor-Talbot T. P. 0.

C. N. Elliott, District Forester

The Butler C. C. C. camp has construct-

Augusta

ed a system of firebreaks that will go a

New Officers-Woodville TPO

long way towards protecting 150,000 acres of timberland listed in the Taylor-Talbot

At a meeting held in Woodville on Mon. T. P. 0. This camp has found it necessary day night, August 13, new officers were to construct all of its firebreaks under con-

elected for the organization. M. M. Shaw, ditions that required clearing and grubbing

former vice president, was elected presi- of right-of-ways before plowing or scrap-

dent. Mr. Cab Durham was elected vice ing. This has taken much labor. This camp

president and R. I. Calloway, secretary and cannot boast of a large number of miles of

treasurer. Mr. C. J. Davison, the first pres- finished firebreaks, but it can boast of

ident of the organization, died recently. every mile of its firebreaks being well con-

Only a few members were present at the structed and located so as to give the meeting, and they voted to~ hold a barbecue greatest possible protection. The system

on August 28, and ask all members of the planned, however, will take about six

TPO to attend, at which time plans for the months to complete. I
work will be discussed. Attending the '

meeting were Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Sebring, from Atlanta, and Mr. C. B. Ellington, Camp Superintendent from SP-5, in Crawfordville.

It is easy to see why the new boys are doing such good work in the woods. They did an enormous amount of hard work around their camp during the conditioning

period. Their camp is very neat and at-

Sequoia Sempervirens

tractive and well worth seeing. They also reconstructed the broken dam of their

On the old Stetson plantation, near Au- swimming pool.

gusta, where the famous makers of hats

were raised, stands a large Redwood tree.

It was planted approximately seventy.five This camp constructed two excellent

years ago, and now stands eighty or more wooden fire towers with cabins but unfor-

feet in height and is almost two and a half tunately the lightning struck one of these,

feet in diameter. The tree seems to be starting fire which partially destroyed the

healthy and it shows every indication of structure. The tower is being reconstruct-

attaining as great an age as its ancestors ed, and precaution will be taken in the form

of the Pacific coast. It produces a large of a lightning protector system, to prevent

number of seed in a good year.

any recurrence of the misfortune.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

SIXTH DISTRICT
Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester Savannah

was in charge of the construction, which I SOSEBEE COVE YELLOW

was carried on from P-62, Baxley. The sec-

POPLAR GROWTH RECORD

ond wooden tower to be made from ma-

terials furnished by the Appling county T.

Good Supply of Pine Seed
Indications point to an extra large crop of longleaf pine seed in the Savannah district, also a moderate crop of slash and loblolly. The longleaf cones are found on trees in stands ranging in age from Hi to 70 years old, and are practically developed now.
Plans are being made in this district to

P. 0. is now under way south of Baxley. Foreman W. W. Garwood is in charge.
The erection of a similar tower at Winokur, in Charlton county, will begin at an early date, with Foreman Wilmer Jones in charge, working from P-70, Nahunta, in Brantley county. The Charlton county TPO has already purchased materials for two wooden towers, and plans to erect a third.

What has been designated as the finest stand of second growth yellow poplar in this country is in Sosebee Cove on the north side of Duncan Ridge of the Blue Ridge mountains in Union county, Georgia. The cove is between 3,000 and 3,400 feet elevation.
The Appalachian Forest Experiment Station recently issued a statement on this

use one foreman and CCC labor from each of the five camps, to collect cones from long-

Camp Transferred

yellow poplar stand, saying that it is under government ownership, that there has been

leaf, slash and loblolly pine. The cones will P-71, St. George, abandoned in July, was no past cutting of the stand, and that very

be stored in a central part of the district in moved to Douglas in Coffee county, to re- few fire scars appear, evidencing that the

a large building until the seed are extract- 1 establish P-68 which was abandoned last trees have been kept comparatively free

ed. A tobacco warehouse is ideal for work November. A new camp, P-84, will be es- from fire. The report deals with five acres

of this kind and efforts are being made to tablished at Folkston, in Charlton county occupied almost entirely by yellow poplar.

secure one for use in the storage of cones and extraction of the seed.
E. C. W. Notes
All of the camps in this district have been brought up to full strength, and a large number of men are getting into the

in October, first to finish working the Charlton county area. The new camp will
be located at the 4-H Club camp site about two miles from Folkston, which is an ideal spot due to its excellent drainage and generous stand of majestic live oaks.

The age of the stand is stated to be 53 to 65 years old. The number of yellow poplars 12 inches and larger at 41h feet from the ground is 90 and contain 23,295 board feet of lumber.
Only 21 other trees are found on the

woods each week. We have an average of about one hundred seventy to one hundred

Side Camps Planned

area, these being one black cherry, five black locusts, ten chestnuts, three bass-

seventy-five men per camp in the woods Plans have been completed for establish- woods, one white ash and one hickory. The

each week. This is greatly aiding the ing a side camp at Manor, from P-52, Hom- total board feet of yellow poplar and other

progress of the work, which is moving for- erville, and a side camp at Waynesville from species is 28,559.

ward at a nice pace.

P-70 Nahunta. These camps will be up to The average growth of all trees on the base camp standards as far as comfort of area is 492 board feet per acre annually.

We have just been advised that we will the men is concerned. They will permit The growth for the past ten years shows get a 99 foot tower for. the Tar City T. P. more economical working of large areas in only 392 board feet annually, the lower

0. in Tattnall county. We now have a crew those sections, and provide greater fire pro- rate being due, it is stated, to heavy stockworking at P-82, Reidsville, getting out tection this winter by having men closer ing.

cypress telephone poles that have been do- to the area.

nated by the landowners. The Tar City T. P. 0. is to purchase another tower,

Telephone System Extension

OAK FOR BEER BARRELS

wMch will give a two-tower system in The Consolidated TPO, Homerville, has

Tattnal! county.

purchased about twenty miles of telephone

wire and the necessary insulators and Inquiries indicate considerable interest

W. W. May, Jr., foreman at P-61, Sop- brackets, for the construction of additional in Georgia in selling oaks for making beer

erton, has been transferred to Camp P-63, telephone lines to complete the system con- barrels. White oak (Quercus alba) is the

McRae, to help out with the map work. structed from ECW funds. This will give species in demand for this purpose. While

Mr. May has been a foreman at the Soper- this TPO almost 100 miles of telephone tests show that other oaks can be used with

ton camp since the ECW work started. line.

proper treatment, none other than white

oak has yet become of commercial import-

Mr. J. W. Cone, foreman at P-53, Hinesville, has been transferred to Camp P-61, Soperton. He will be on duty at the Swainsooro side camp, which is part of the Soperton camp.
'SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester
Waycross
Lookout TO>Wer Construction
The first of July marked the completion of the first of six wooden 100 foot lookout towers to be constructed in this district. The tower, constructed in Appling county, is of heart cypress, built according to plans

U. S. FORESTERS WELCOMED
On July 28 the staff of the Georgia Forest Service gave a barbecue to the U. S. Forestry force that established southern headquarters in Atlanta July first. The barbecue was given at Warm Springs where the Georgia home of President Roosevelt is located.
The affair proved highly enjoyable and federal foresters expressed their appreciation of this manifestation of a welcome by state forestry agencies.
George D. Pratt, New York, for several years president of the American Forestry Association, has resigned because of ill

ance in making beer barrels.
In general it may be stated that the beer trade prefers white oaks grown on uplands. Only the best white oak logs, at least 20 inches in diameter are selected for staves. Staves must have no defects and must contain no sapwood.
The wood required for barrel heads must be of a quality equal to that for staves. Quarter sawed material is used.
Anyone desiring further information should write the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, and ask for a copy of a leaflet entitled "Brief Description of the Manufacture of Beer and Whiskey Barrels."

designed by the Timber Engineering Co., health, and Dr. Henry Solon Graves, dean of Washington, and is of the patented of the Yale Forestry School, has been se- Valet (to Master)-"Sir, your car is at
split-ring type of construction. Foreman lected to serve the remainder of Mr. Pratt's the door".

M. J. Maynard, formerly of P-79, Cornelia, term.

Master-"Yes, I hear it knocking".

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

The Etowah mounds and village site at

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

Cartersville, Georgia, were investigated during three seasons of 1925, 1926, and

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

1927 by the Department of Archaeology of the Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts, and excavations were made. The re-

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

port of this work and the interpretations

of the material found was presented in a

I THE MACON INDIAN MOUNDS Georgia, under the direction of the Smith-

by

sonian Institution. Careful excavation such

DR. C. C. HARROLD

as could probably never have been accomp-

lished or financed by local interests was be-

NOTE: The Indian mounds and remains gun in December, 1933. At times approxi-

of Georgia have been a source of mystery mately 600 persons were employed in the

and interest since the white man first in- excavation work and the building of roads

vaded the realms of the Creeks and the to the mounds. Two sites, the Ocmulgee

Cherokees. Many people in recent times fields in East Macon and the Lamar group

have dug into these remains searching for four miles south of Macon, were excavat-

relics and have consequently destroyed or ed. Many other mounds scattered all over
I carried away unlabeled much evidence of the state were visited and observed, all

valuable report by Dr. Warren K. Mooreheard entitled "Exporation of the Etowah Site in Georgia." This report was published in 1932 for the Phillips Academy by the Yale University Press.
The work at Macon has been followed with active interest by Dr. C. C. Harrold, the president of The Society for Georgia Archaeology. The State Geologist has requested Dr. Harrold to prepare the following report on the Old Ocmulgee Fields. R. W . Smith, S tate Geologist.

an ancient race. Lately, however, compe- available data being recorded. No other ex-

tent archaeologists have become interested in the remains with the double purpose of carefully and scientifically exploring them so that all that is found may be carefully

cavation work was attempted, however, in the above mentioned project.
Before this recent work, two other excavations have been scientifically made on

A bill creating a National Ocmulgee Monument passed both houses of congress at its recent session and has been signed by the President. This act provides that

approximately two thousand acres of land

must be purchased by interested citizens of

Georgia and presented to the U. S. Govern-

ment. These lands must lie close to Macon

and must embrace the sites of ancient In-

dian villages and mounds. Since work was

started under the Smithsonian Institution

with CWA funds in December, 1933, thous-

a nd s of Georgians arid vi sitors from other

states have visited the site of the proposed

uark. Engineers and the head of the his-

t oric section of the National Park Service

have visited and inspected the property as

well a s the heads of the Bureau of E th.

!'!Olcgy of The Smithsonian Institution.

A great deal of inter est has been aroused

Jy a group of house rings in the r iver

wa mp tw enty miles below Macon a s w ell

1s in th e large mounds which lie alm ost

1 wit hin the city limits. Very probably the >ingle f eature attracting the most attention

s t he Council House which is located on the

Dunlap lands in East Macon. This house

was f ound almost by accident as its loca-

ANCIENT PROTOMUSKHOGEAN COUNCIL HOUSE

tion is not on the highest point of the hill

OLD OCMULGEE FIELDS, MACON, GEORGIA ! which rises in the large plateau originally

Artist's Reproduction by Francis Etheridge

the prehistoric village site. On Christmas day, 1933, Dr. A. R. Kelly, whom the Smith-

Artists Conception Interior View-Floor Today as it was 800 to 1200 sonian .Institution had sent down to take Years Ago-Fallen Roof Timbers and Clay Roof Materials Found charge of the work, noticed a very small on Floor-Holes for Main Upright Supports for Roof in Evidence- insignificant rise a hundred and fifty feet Narrow Entrance, Partially Underground with Heavy Clay Pillars to the southeast of the hill which has turn.

Still Shows-Main Floor about Two and a Half Feet Beneath Gen- ed out to be a small house mound itself.

eral Level of Ground

This small rise was so insignificant that the writer thought it was nothing more than

interpreted, and for preserving the remains for Georgians and visitors to Georgia.
In October of 1933, a group of people interested in Indian lore banded together as The Society for Georgia Archaeology under the leadership of Dr. C. C. Harrold, of

Georgia mounds. In 1915 a joint expedition of the Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, and the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution excavated the Nacoochee mound near Mount Yonah in White county. The report

the site of an old burned negro cabin. Excavations a few weeks later revealed remnants of the round council house illustrated in this issue with a drawing by the artist, Francis Etheridge, who has made many splendid sketches of the remains.

Macon. It was through the efforts of this of this valuable exploration was published The council house is 42 feet in diameter.

society that the Government agencies of in 1918 by the Heye Foundation as "The The floor was only about three feet under

CWA and FERA were induced to investi- Nacoochee Mound in Georgia by George G. the ground but the heavy clay roof of the

gate certain mounds in and near Macon, Heye, F. W. Hodge, and George H. Pepper. house had so completely covered the floor

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

that it was perfectly preserved. The timbers and on this low mound are found two other which had supported the clay roof show as house sites, one just under the level of the radiating charcoal logs. A few of the large hisbric cultivated field and another house

GOLD INVESTIGATION COMPLETED

cross timbers and the remains of the four site four feet lower.

The investigation of the gold deposits of

upright logs also are still present on the The object of the Society for Georgia Ar- Georgia by Dr. Roy A. Wilson of the Unit-

floor. A temporary roof has been placed chaeology is to study such sites of the ed States Geological Survey, through funds

over the structure to preserve it until such above, to secure possession of them if pos- furnished by the Public Works Authority,

time as the National Park Service can build sible and to keep all artifacts found in were completed the first of September.

a suitable permanent roof.

Georgia when possible. For the past eight Through arrangements just completed by

The council house is unique in many fea- months work has been going on under tures. In some ways it is similar to the grants from CWA and FERA funds. From round council houses on the St. Mary's riv- the very beginning the Smithsonian lustier, described in 1580 and in 1690. In other tution has given perfect cooperation and respects it more closely resembles the proto- advice. The Smithsonian has had permiskivas in the Southwest described in 1929. sion from local authorities and groups inUnique features consist of fifty clay seats terested in the work to take various artiarranged around the outer rim of the cir~ facts to the museum in Washington. Very cular floor, the clay eagle on the floor, and few artifacts have been removed and cer-
I the three seats on the back of the eagle. tain of those will be returned at such time
In front of each of the fifty seats is a small ~s a mus~mm is. available for housing them hollow in the clay which is oval in outline m Georgia. It Is hoped that further work and about four or six inches deep. Each of will be done in other parts of the state these small pits would hold about three whenever the National Park Service takes quarts of water. There are many different over the Old Ocmulgee Fields in Macon and

the State Geologist, the first published results of this investigation will appear in the Forestry-Geological Review as a series of five articles by Dr. Wilson starting in the October issue. The first three articles will cover the occurrence, character, and origin of the gold deposits and their future possibilities. The other two articles will describe the present activity in the various gold districts. These authoritative articles should help guide future developments of gold in Georgia. A series of scientific papers on the technical aspects and a comprehensive report will appear in bulletin form later.

suggestions as to what these holes were used for. The suggestion of the school chi!dren is almost invariably that they were intended to place the heels in to help the man in council to sit more comfortably. The suggestion of Dr. John R. Swanton is that they were intended to hold the private valuables or tobacco of the man in council.
The narrow partially underground entrance is similar to the entrance to the proto-kiva found in the southwest, and so is .the sunken central fireplace. The eagie is similar to the eagle found in copper at Etowah and to the eagle found in Mexic) in Maya excavations and also to the eagle found at Moundville, Alabama in shell. The peculiar angular symbol under the eye is present in all of the above although its significance is not known. The three raised scats on the back of the eagle must certainly have been occupied by the chief and his assistants. To each side of the eagle the seats are wider and higher than their neighboring ones, decreasing in width until the door is reached where they again be-

makes them into the proposed National Ocmulgee Monument.
KYANITE FOUND TO BE ABUNDANT INN. GEORGIA
Government geologists have located within the past month large deposits of kyanite in Hab?rsham and Rabun counties according to Mr. L. M. Prindle, in charge of the investigation now being conducted by the Unit9d States Geological Survey with the C"~peration of the Georgia Division of Geology. Scattered occurrences of a kyanitemica fchist previously known in Habersham C0tmty proved to be part of a large US11anf'r! belt starting near Clarkesville and ext:nding more than ten miles northeastward into Rabun county. This belt varies in w:dth from 100 to about 1,000 feet and is cwite uniform in character throughout its length. The two arms of the belt are two or three miles apart. The northeastward limits of the belt have not yet been

Wood Preservative Treatment1933
According to the U. S. Forest Service, 22,696,565 crossties, 192,936,660 board feet of miscellaneous timber, 65,163,331 board feet of switch ties, 1,711,411 poles and 9,173,871 lineal feet of piling were creosoted in 1933.
Of the crossties 35.5 per cent were oak, 19.8 per cent southern pine, 11.4 Douglas fir, other woods 33.3 per cent. Of the poles, 1,067,854 of the 1,711,411 were southern 1ine.
Dr. Crickmay, Geologist, Returns To Georgia October First
Dr. G. W. Crickmay, assistant state gelogist of Georgia, who has been on leave :f absence to the U. S. Geological Survey ~or making a detailed geological survey at Warm Springs, Georgia, is nearing t:1e <:ompletion of the assignment, and will re~ume his duties as assistant state geologist on October first.

come wider.

found and it may prove to extend across

Pottery found in this council house and Rabun county into North Carolina.

PINE GROWING INDUSTRY

close to it in the cultivated corn field is ex- Mr. Prindle and his assistant, Mr. Charles GIVES ENCOURAGING RESULTS

tremely crude. Experts will give no approximate date for the building of the structure. All agree that the site was abandoned long before 1540 when DeSoto crossed the Ocmulgee somewhere to the south of Macon, and visiting archaeologists from Wash-
ington and other states believe that the council house itself is several hundred years older than the house sites which lie several feet under the ground close by, and

Greene, of Atlanta, will work from Rabun county westward into Towns, Union, Fannin, Gilmer, Pickens, and Cherokee counties searching for deposits of vermiculite and olivine as well as kyanite. Later, they will visit scattered kyanite deposits in the Piedmont Plateau in middle Georgia.
Kyanite and olivine are minerals now

Continued from Page 1)
young pine trees profitably with even a partially .open mind, it is easily possible to show him our tract and others in this section, and he must see the difference between the young growth on our land compared to the lack of young growth on lands where no such fire protection methods and reforestation have been practiced.

which were themselves deserted before used in the manufacture of heavy duty fire "Unless there is a concerted move on the

1540. Very close to the council house is brick and high temperature refractories, another house site, a square one which was / while vermiculite is used in heat and sound
also under the ground about three feet. I insulating brick and boards. The bronze
Then there is a buried corn field with j color of the vermiculite is sometimes utiliz-

part of land owners in this territory to develop the growth of young timber, the two industries that have meant so much in the development of our part of the state naval stores and lumber-will become a

about eight feet of dirt over it in places ed in the manufacture of inks and paints. thing of the past." 1