Forestry-geological review [Aug. 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPM

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., AUGUST, 1934

No.8

FORT MOUNTAIN PARK GIFT OF IVAN ALLEN
Crest of Picturesque Mountain With Stone Fort -of Unknown Origin Included in State Park AreaCCC Men Engaged in Dev~lopment.
Fort Mountain in the Cohutta range of North Georgia is the site of one of the. new state parks now being developed with CCC labor. It is through the generosity of Ivan Allen, a business man of Atlanta, that the state came into possession of this beautiful and interesting property. It is beautiful for scenic value in itself, and beautiful for sweeping views that its crest provides. It will be interesting because of the stone fort constructed by someone and for some purpose of which history bears no record.
Fort Mountain Park is near the scenic mountain highway connecting Chatsworth and Ellijay, being 12 miles from Chatsworth and about 20 miles from Ellijay. It is reached from the highway by a road 2% miles in length now being constructed.
The area donated by Mr. Ivan Allen embraces 119112 acres on the crest of Fort Mountain in which is located the prehistoric stone fortification about 885 feet in length made of loose stone and designed with military skill. While the wall of the fort is not more than two feet high, it has a base of about 12 feet. At fairly regular intervals in the walls are 29 pits, tfie purpose of which is not clear. The wall zigzags and bends irregularly and reaches from one precipice on very steep terrain, to another. At one point is a gateway where the masonry was heavier, but is closed by fallen stones. This gate led to a spring 1277 feet south. The remains of what were apparently two lookout towers are to be found.
This strange and unaccounted for fort has started historians and archaeologists into various speculations. A theory was advanced that DeSoto may have erected the fortress during his famous exploration in 1540, but historians who have checked up on the itinerary of DeSoto find that it is not likely that he had time or occasion for erecting a fort in Murray county. The Indian s were friendly and brought baskets of mulberries and nuts to DeSoto in a spirit of hospitality.

Dr. Warren K. Moorehead, eminent archaeologist, who has made a study of the fortification and sur roundings, gives as his opinion that a large force of Indians, hard pressed by enemies, hastily built a stone fort for defense, but he thinks that the expected assault never took place since no arrowheads 01re found t o witness a battle.
Another theory, and one held by Mr. Allen to be the most plausible, is that it was built by Spaniards who, while still holding Georgia, sent out mining parties with authority of the Governor at St. Augustine, Florida, to fo llow up clues that DeSoto's party brought back. One of the leaders was Juan Paedo, who came direct from Fort San Filipe, South Carolina. He, it is thought, erected a fort as a defense against the Cherokee Indians in whose domain the Spaniards were seeking gold and silver.
At any rate, the old fort remains an intriguing mystery. This state park, therefore, does not commemorate any historic event in a strict sense, but an event, if not prehistoric, then of lost history.
The state parks of Georgia are in charge of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development. Plans for the development of the parks originate with Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton, Park Authority for Georgia, and member of the Commission of For-
( Continued on Page 2, Col. 1)
Hon. Ivan Allen, Donor of Park Site on Fort Mountain

SUWANEE FOREST W. N. E. E. RADIO FIRE PROTECTION
Ranger Cars, Trucks, and Fire Crews Have Radio Equipment for Instantaneous Transmission of Messages - Quick Action in Fire Control on- Vast Acreage of Superior Pine Products Compa ny Thus Obtained.
By W . M. 0 ETT MEIER, FoT est 1Vlanage1
In t he past f ew months several publication s h ave carried articles concerning the use of rad io by Superi or Pine Product s Company on S uwannee Forest in its fire protection scheme. These articles were more or less in anticipation of what was hop ed co uld be achieved. H owever, in th e past few days the scheme has been very nearly co mpleted a n d is going to wo rk out as wei! or better t han orig inally hoped .
After co ns iderable delay and t hroug h much corresponden ce, the Federal Radio Commi ssion was prevailed upon to grant Su perior Pine P roducts Company a license for this work. A Special Emergency license authorizing operation on 2726 k ilocycles was issued with the call letters W -N-E-E. On the origin al license the power was li mited to 50 watts, but several t est s indi cat ed this power insuffi cient to cover Suwannee Forest, the longest airline distance being approximately 32 mi les . Consequently a construction permit was issued to install a 100 watt transmitter which on a number of tests here has proven adequate to handle the situation. The transmit ter now in use is a Collins 100 watt and has given a satisfactory acco unt of it self .
Rangers cars, fire crews and sever al CCC trucks a r e equipped with r ece ivers with fixed tuning. In other words, a ll that is necessary is to turn on the receiver, all t uning being eliminated by having the receiver tu ned exactly to the proper frequency. The main transmitting station at Fargo transmits a short test call ever y hour. This is mainly to insure the receiving end that signals are coming through satisfactorily. The receivers in the cars are kept on continu ously when the cars are in motion and w hen stopped the listen ing periods are of about two minutes duration of every fi ftee n.
( Continued on Page 3, Col. 1)

2

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Forestry-Geological Review
P\lblished Monthly by the DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND
GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT State Capitol, Atlanta
C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

Forestry Division
B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission __Atlanta
C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr., ____Atlanta H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester,_Atla~ta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____Gamesvllle C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________ Rome
Jack Thur_m___o__n__d__,___D___i_s_t_r__i_c__t__F___o__r_e__s__t_e__r_,Savannah
C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary ______ Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

Geological Division R. W. Smith, State Geologist____________Atlanta G. W. Crick___m__a__y__,___A___s_s__t_.__S___t_a__t_e___G___e__o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoL___Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk_____________Atlanta

Extension Foresters
Bonnell Stone, Chairman,________________ Oxford Dupre Barrett, ____ ____ __________________________Athens K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton

FORT MOUNTAIN PARK GIFT OF IVAN ALLEN

(Continued from Page 1)

estry and Geological Development. Approved by State Forester B. M. Lufburrow and representatives of the national park department at Washington, the plans for developing the parks are carried out by CCC
workers. The plans call for a two-way road from
the highway to the top of Fort Mountain. The road will be surfaced with gravel or cr~shed stone. Culverts are to be made of cement rubble. This road is to be landscaped with plantings along its borders of azaleas, rhododendron, kalmias, redbud, red maple and other native vegetation. A 45-foot stone observation tower, to be erected on top of the mountain, :vill be made of weathered stone.
The plans call for a two-story park inn of weathered stone construction 24 by 70 feet in dimension, with a Devonshire moss mottle green tile roof, hewn oak lintels and beams, and with brown creosote treatment of exterior wood. This structure will be erected just below the old fort and will face the valley to the west.
Eventually, it is hoped that through gifts the park area may be enlarged to join up with the Cherokee ,National Forest on the mountain side and extend into the valley below, where a lake and camp buildings may be constructed for public use.
The donor of this park site, Mr. Ivan

VIEWS OF FORT MOUNTAIN PARK
Top, View of Park Site. Middle, View of old Stone Fort. Bottom, Road under construction on mountain.

Allen, is a native of Dalton, Georgia, situated in a county adjoining that in which Fort Mountain is located. In his youth Mr. Allen developed a desire to own Fort Mountain. It was in 1926 that he found his dream realized, with the crest of the mountain and the strange fort his very own. His first thought was to bring the world to his beautiful mountain by constructing a hotel and making a beautiful resort. But that dream did not materialize, though his desire to draw people to the mountain top persisted. Happily, this desire is to mater-

ialize, but only through sacrifice. He has given his mountain to the state that it may become a public park, and after all become the glorified mountain of his dreams.
Three members of the Hardwood Manufacturer's Institute in the South, Lee Robinson, Mt. Vernon, Ala., John Raine, Rainelle, W est Va., and C. C. Sheppard, Clarke, La., with seven others from other sections, sail on July 26 for Germany and Austria to study European forest conservation methods.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

SUWANEE FOREST W. N. E. E. RADIO FIRE PROTECTION
(Continued from Page 1)

NOTES FROM VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP, TIFTON
As this issue of the Forestry-Geological Review goes to press, the fourth annual vo-

work of the U. S. Forest Service, spoke to the boys, giving them much valuable information out of his wide knowledge and experience.

Three lookout towers with lookouts on watch continuously during daylight hours report all smokes immediately to headquarters at Fargo, where the smoke is checked on a map by triangulation. If the fire checks on Suwannee FoNst or close enough to the boundary line to be dangerous the nearest fire crew and ranger is called, told of the location and told to proceed to it at once. At various points in the forest there are landline telephones and on coming by or near one of the phones the crew reports in to headquarters to indicate that it is on its its way to the fire, and to receive further instructions. After the crew arrives at the fire it keeps a constant watch on the radio, since the lookout towers can detect almost immediately any fresh breakout of the fire where it had already

cational forestry camp is in progress at the Abraham Baldwin College at Tifton. One of the best, if not the best is being held. The 95 boys from the rural consolidated schools with vocational agricultural courses are a fine bunch of young men who have won camp scholarships by high grades in forestry, by high general scholarship, and are recommended as having high moral standards.
Their course of study in classroom and field is being carried on with enthusiasm and earnestness. Gratifying school work is in progress. But it is not all work. Recreation is being emphasized, to make the camp pleasant. The food prepared under the direction of Miss Creswell is excellent. The splendid athletic fields and equipment are available.

ATLANTA MADE SOUTHERN FORESTRY HEADQUARTERS
Beginning with July 1, Atlanta became headquarters of the Southern National Forest Region and of state relations in the administration of the Clarke-McNary Law.
The new regional office handles the administration of national forests and states' relations in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Louisana, Texas, Arkansas, and part of Oklahoma. The office is in charge of Joseph C. Kircher. Other officials are: H. 0. Stabler, Chief of Operations; A. C. Shaw, Chief of Forest Management; Wm. P. Kramer, Chief of Division of Lands; and C. F. Evans, Chief of

been put out, or in other words, a break

States Relations. Assistants to Mr. Stabler

out behind the fire fighters. This informa- A new feature of the camp is daily in- are: James F. Brooks and G. C. Bell. Mr.

tion can be immediately passed on to the struction in swimming and life saving. Kramer's assistant is P. J. Paxton. Bencrew fighting the fire, which in many cases Through the generosity of the City of Tif- nett C. Hughes is an assistant to Mr. Shaw.

will be the means of preventing lost time ton, a swimming pool is obtained free of H. J. Ellerby will be under Mr. Evans, and

and lost effort.

charge. Through the liberality of the Red as inspector of the Gulf States, Mr. Ellerby

Radio will be a means of catching up with and apprehending persons maliciously stringing fire through the woods. The lookout towers can tell almost the exact course of the incendiarist by watching the various

Cross Society of America, two experts are made available for instruction in swimming and life saving. As a result of six weeks training, it is expected that a number of the boys. will qualify for certificates of life

will have headquarters at New Orleans.
H. B. Herms has charge of finances and accounts at the Atlanta office and R. E. Pidgeon is regional engineer; George Root, Darnall Burks and Wm. N. Sloan are as-

points from which smoke arises. By passing this information on to a ranger, the ranger in many cases will be in position to apprehend the person doing the firing.

savers. The two men assigned to the camp by
the Red Cross are J. H. Kinney, Moultrie, Ga., and S. P. Lane, Brevard, N. C.

sociate engineers.
The offices are in the Glenn building, corner Marietta and Spring streets, Atlanta.

At the present time only one way com-

munication is possible but it is hoped that in the near future a system may be worked out whereby it will be possible for the fire crew to acknowledge receipt of a message

The staff of camp teachers consists of the following: C. A. Whittle, Atlanta, director; M. D. Mobley, Atlanta, camp manager.

SUGGESTS LESPEDEZA AND CARPET GRASS FIREBREAKS

if only through a signal and not by voice.

C. N. Elliott, Augusta, teacher of tree Commenting on an article in the "Re-

Considering that up to date and during the poorest radio conditions communication was maintained between headquarters and a moving car thirty miles away it is firmly believed that radio will be a great asset and the means of saving many acres from destruction by fire.
Strength of Longleaf Pine Wood After 112 Years' Use
Interesting evidence of the durability of wood is found in a test conducted by students of the College of Civil Engineering at the University of Maryland.

identification; H. D. Story, Jr., Albany, teacher of forest management; W. D. Young, Gainesville, teacher of surveying and timber cruising; Russell D. Franklin, Rome, forest management; George Moseley, Waycross, teacher of forest management; Gordon Wallace, Columbus, teacher of surveying and timber cruising; K. S. Trowbridge, Tifton, teacher of naval stores practices. Mrs. M. D. Mobley, Atlanta, is camp secretary.
Vocational agricultural teachers assisting are T. G. Walters, Moultrie; Claud Bray, Hogansville; H. L. Simpson, Plains; J. N. Young, Armuchee.
One of the objects in holding the camp this year in South Georgia is to give the

view" concerning carpet grass on firebreaks, Gordon E. Reynolds, Reynolds Bros. Lumber Co., Albany, Ga., says:
"I want to supplement your suggestion with the statement that a combination of Lespedeza and carpet grass will be best because the carpet grass will not do well on high land and the Lespedeza will not thrive in low, wet land. Red or clay soil is best for the lespedeza. High, dry, sandy land will not produce either lespedeza or carpet grass, but at such poor places the wild vegetation will be small and will offer only the minimum of fire hazard.
"The coming of cattle industry into this section will prove valuable to forestry because the two go together so well. People are fast learning that the best pasture

Three compression specimens of longleaf boys some idea of how naval stores are lands are those that are not burned and

pine taken from timbers removed from the produced. Chipping, dipping and all the when this schooling is complete the burn-

White House roof in 1927, after they had steps in producing resin and turpentine ing of woods will be reduced to the very

been under stress for 112 years, were sub- were studied in the woods and at a distill- minimum.

jected to the test. The specimens, which ing plant recently constructed according to "The greater portion of the firebreaks

contained 11, 13, and 14 annular rings to modern methods. K. S. Trowbridge conduct- throughout our company's holdings will be

the inch each, showed an average unit ed the field studies. Lenthall Wyman, Lake permanently maintained by grazing of cat-

stress of 5,111 pounds to the square inch. City, Florida, in charge of naval stores tle on same."

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

=---------------------; I The azotobacter bacteria do fix nitrogen I

FORESTRY

independent of legumes, but these, too, are dependent for their energy of the carbon

QUESTION BOX

or organic matter ~at forest fires destroy. Moreover, the azotobacter bacteria have

never been found active in acid soils such as

FIRST DISTRICT Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester
Rome
T. P. 0. Notes

CONSERVING FOREST SOIL FERTILITY
c. By A. WHITTLE
Are there legumes in forests that add

universally prevail under forest conditions The Conasauga T. P. 0. is in process of

and which is not corrected by the ash left being enlarged.

by fires. It is not at all likely, according to I Signs showing location of towers, trails

findings of bacteriologists, that non-legume and large T. P. 0. signs are being painted

nitrogen fixing bacteria can fuuction under and are to be erected on the Gilmer, Pick-

forest cO'llditions.

ens and Cloudland areas. These signs will

nitrogen to the soil?
When the land is well stocked and the crowns of trees make a complete canopy, legume plants are not present. But if the trees are small or scattered, the open spots do afford an opportunity for wild legumes to grow. Among these, the most common in the south are lespedeza, beggarweed and black medic. Unfortunately, sedge grass, wire grass, palmettos and gall berries dominate the ground cover and suppress the less hardy legumes over a considerable portion of the southern pine belt.

Are l110t the minerals of wood ash more '
readily available as plant food than the same elements in organic compounds?
Yes. They are readily soluble, but the fact that they are readily soluble also results in unnecessary loss of these elements by surface wash, or, in the case of sandy soils, through leaching. Soluble nitrogen is even more subject to leaching than the mineral plant food elements.
A fact established by soil scientists long ago is that conservation of fertility is dependent in large measure, on most soils, by

be of much value from an educational standpoint.
E.C.W.
A trainload of new men arrived at SP-6 and every one was rather amused at their inability to handle tools. But the boys are rapidly getting in shape now, and will soon be men of the type turned out by the CCC.
Interesting Forestry Facts
Did you know that? "Dutchman" is a plank nailed to a tree

Does not the calcium, phosphorus and the presence of organic matter. Therefore, to prevent barbed wire or other wire from

potash, left as ash by forest fires promote conservation of the fertility of the forest cutting into the tree.

legume growth?

soil depends on keeping out fires.

A "Housewife" is a cloth or leather re-

On open spots in the forest, the readily soluble minerals, especially the calcium in the ash which is the most abundant of mineral salts, should promote the growth of legumes. Although fires destroy the nitrogen in the organic matter by sending it off in the air as gas, it may be possible for legumes on open forest areas to restore or even increase the soil nitrogen, but as a matter of course, the loss could not be restored by legumes on well stocked crowncovered land, where they do not and cannot grow.
Is it not claimed that the ash left by fires increase nitrification in the soil?

Southern forest soils are low in fertility. The best soils have been taken for agricultural crops. Waste of soil fertility through fires is most unfortunate.
Does the presence of organic maUer increase the store of moisture in the soil?
Numerous soil studies in this and foreign countries show that soils containing organic matter hold more water than soils containing little or no organic matter. Southern soils do not contain much organic matter, as a rule, because the processes of decay or oxidation are very active all the year. But the little that does exist is very important both in increasing the soil's store of water

ceptacle for sundries used in repairing clothes (term used by woodsmen in the Rockies).
The South contains 40 per cent of the forest area of the United States, but only 25 per cent of the total volume, and only 14 per cent of the saw timber.
That in 1930 54 per cent of the total requirements of wood pulp for the United States was supplied with foreign wood.
THIRD DISTRICT C. N. Elliott, District Forester
Augusta

Yes. Nitrification may be increased, but remember that nitrifying bacteria are constantly reducing the store of nitrogen in the soil, and never increase it as do the nitrogen fixing bacteria that operate on legume roots. Nitrifying bacteria convert the nitrogen in the organic matter in the soil into nitrates or that form of nitrogen that is available for plants to use. If the organic matter of the forest floor is burned off, then the nitrifying bacteria has less or-

for meeting the heavy moisture requirements of growing trees, and by checking leaching loss of soluble plant food in the soil.
No forest soil of the south can be burned over without suffering loss of plant food directly or indirectly, manifested sooner or later, and the soil will be reduced in moisture holding capacity, a very important factor affecting tree growth. (To be continued.)

Side Camp Approved for Milledgeville
Officials of the park service have approved a side camp for SP-5, Park camp at Crawfordville, to be set up on the state hospital grounds at Milledgeville. This camp will be composed of approximately 35 CCC boys and one foreman and will confine its activities to forestry work on the state hospital grounds. Such projects as thinning, fire break construction, and plant-

ganic matter on which to work. Until the

ing will be carried on in the system of man-

organic compounds of nitrogen in the soil are reduced to a low ratio, fires may increase the supply of available nitrogen, but it is doing this at heavy expense to the soil. It is like burning the candle at both ends. Eventually the available organic nitrogen

"The Ex-Kaiser's grandson, before marrying a commoner, was forced to give up his rights to the German thr,one. This must be almost the ultimate zero in concessions." -Southern Lumberman.

agement. Approximately six months work had been allotted to the state hospital from the main camp at Crawfordville.
Forestry Students at Watson Springs

in the soil will be so depleted that it will markedly reduce the growth rate of the trees. It cannot be otherwise.

Cypress sills embedded in the ground by Spaniards 150 years ago to form a founda-

University forestry school students are this year making their summer camp at Watson Springs in Greene county. Recent-

But is there not a class of nitrogen fix- tion for a brick fortress on marshy land of ly Colonel Watson gave this land to the

ing bacteria that do not operate in nodules Louisiana, not only served their purpose University of Georgia and the college turn-

of legumes whose activity can be stimu- well, but recent excavations revealed the ed it over to the forest school. The summer

lated by the fire ash?

cypress logs still sound.

camp, heretofore held each year in the

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

mountains of the state, was transferred to i ty to keep this sixty man camp busy for ap- member had 250 acres of land listed with

this new holding of the University. The proximately twelve months. To date, no the organization and his quarterly assess-

students are making a management plan of primary firebreaks have been constructed ment was 34 cents. It so happened that

the tract,, and expect to carry on some real on the T. P. 0. land by CCC labor. The when the secretary, assisted by the regu-

forestry work there.

T. P. 0. constructed some two hundred larly employed patrolman, made out the

Indian Springs Attracting Much Attention

miles of secondary firebreaks during the card notifying this member of the assesspast winter and spring, and when this work ment, he set the amount down thus: $0.34. is supplemented, by a system of primary Now the strange part of this story is

The trails which have been laid out in the park of Indian Springs have attracted much attention during the hot summer days. Persons coming to the spring usually

firebreaks, the landowners will receive that this owner was so interested and immore protection on their timbered lands. pressed with the protective work that he
1 made a mistake in reading his assessment
Grader Constructed Firebreaks j and mailed in a check for $80.34.

spend an hour or so walking in the park trails. Benches have been pJoaced all along the trails, and now and then a spring may be found. The huge trees, flowers and shrubs of this park area make it a delightful place on the hot summer days.

Since we now have a grader at most of the camps operating in this district, we are using them practically altogether in firebreak construction.
Before we had the use of the graders, all firebreaks were constructed with a Case-

CATOR WOOLFORD HONORED FOR PARK DONATION
On June 30, the citizens of Brunswick tendered a testimonial dinner of apprecia-

' Wheatland plow A firebreak of this type is tion to Cator Woolford, Atlanta, for his
,..-----S-I_X_T_H_D_I_S_T_R_I_C_T_ _ _ _--: very good, but will not compare with fire- donation to the state of the site for San

Jack ThurmSoanvdan, nDahist. Forester

breaks constructed by using a grader. The Domingo state park, the first state park to

advantages of grader constructed firebreaks be established on Georgia's seacoast, and

over the plowed ones are as follows:

the first to memorialize the early Spanish

Ocmulgee T. P. 0.

There are two ditches one on each side history of Georgia. On the park property, of the firebreak that will keep it well near the mouth of the Altamaha river, are

On July 11th, a meeting of the Ocmulgee T. P. 0. was held, the chief business of the meeting being to decide where the location of the tower the T. P. 0. is to buy will be.
There are approximately fifty thousand (50,000) acres of T. P. 0. lands that will be served by this one tower. The members are vitally interested in getting this tower up before the next fire season and they have hopes of getting one other tower from ECW funds to supplement the one that the T. P. 0. will buy.
A three cent~ per acre assessment was voted to cover the purchase of one 100-foot tower, which will be built by CCC labor. Enough surplus telephone wire is left over from some of the other camps in this district to put in a telephone system covering this one tower set-up.

drained and useful as a road, greatly aiding fire-fighting crews to get to a fire, after it has been reported.
The initial cost of grader constructed fire breaks is a little higher than the ones that are plowed, but the maintenance cost will be much less for the grader constructed firebreak, as they can stand at least two years without any great expense for maintenance, where the ones constructed with the plow must be replowed each year.
EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Story, Jr., Dist. Forester
Albany, Ga.
Due to a seed shortage this past fall, only a limited quantity could be purchased for planting in the state nursery located at Albany, but those planted germinated

the remains of a Spanish mission and fortress constructed between 1600 and 1610.
It was a memorable occasion attended by prominent citizens from various parts of Georgia and from Washington. Among those who spoke were United States Senator Walter F. George; Ivan Allen, Atlanta; Alfred Newell, Atlanta; M. B. McKinnon, Brunswick; Howard Coffin, Sea Island Beach; L. Y.l. "Chip" Robert, Washington, D. C., Alfred Jones, Sea Island Beach; a representative from Robert Fechner's office, Washington; and, of course, Cator Woolford, Atlanta.
NEW CCC ENROLEES BEGIN CAMP EMPLOYMENT
Enlisted men who had been employed in

Swainsboro Side Camp

, well and promise to develop into thrifty CCC camps for one year had to give up

C t t'

h S . b .d

I planting stock to be distributed to land their positions in July to new men on the

. o~s rue 1011 on t e wams oro s1 e camp owners over the state.

waiting list.

Is gomg forward rapidly and will probably b6otTh1epheT,eecrhoSdaSemoIt.l"rI.pdpOebeeIcnaertst"tcIeeoofadnnomf'rbopoyrGftWehttothehI.hr1eI.1grse1p2.heaa5sa1'st'vdhftweeoorhfesfco1'is.acxuJthmetruytrpIeshy.em.aWnsFeI.n1'Ib1m,reeobuebnennrtedhapem.skr-.

c. onstruction will In the Emanuel

be started County T.

on P.

land listed 0. just as

soon as the camp is finished, provided the

camp strength is brought up within the

next few days.

The camp in Swainsboro is located at the old fair grounds site, just off the U. S.

The demand f or p1antmg st ock I.S m creas- Eff'ICiency WI"II, of course, s1ump unti1 the

m. g and has been so great that orders tak- new men learn their jobs, but a higher de-

en for. last fall ,s plantm. g had to be pro 1 gree of efficiency is being obtained than

rated could

m be

ofurdrmer.shtheadt

those who a share of

placed orders the supply.

was possible when the first group of men went to work. Then, both men and super-

.

. .

daTi.lhyefrnoumrs

ery land

IS rece1vmg owners who

owr1d. sehrstoalpmlaonstt

visors were new on the job and in many cases not properly equipped with tools.

large tracts, and it is likely that orders will Now, the supervising personnel is trained

have to be pro rated again this year.

as well as a nucleus of enrolled men, equip-

Nursery D~elling Ready

ment is sufficient, and work planned. As a

The nurseryman's dwelling at the Albany consequence, much more work may be ex-

nursery has been completed and is ready to pected from the third six months than the

be occupied. It is made of logs, ceiled with first.

Highway No. l, and when all of the build-

ings are completed will be an attractive camp. This camp is

up so

-tloo-cdaatteed'

that they have the advantage of city lights

"pecky" cypress, provided with all conveniences and presents an attractive appearance both ms1de and outside.
Misread the Figures

Over 3,000 Georgians were called for to fill in camp vacancies. Many more were
I'eady to enl1'st
------------

and water, and the men who will be sta- Strange things are not always confined According to estimates made by experts

tioned here will have very comfortable and to "Believe It or Not" contributions in in Washington, the demand for lumber in

up-to-date living quarters.

newspapers, but often happen around us, as 11934 will be between 16 and 17 billion board

There is enough work in Emanuel coun- witnessed by the following: A T. P. 0. feet, or about what it was in 1931.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

SWIMMING AND FIRST AID

GEORGIA'S STATE PARKS

REGIONAL FORESTRY SCHOOL

BY RED CROSS EXPERTS DEVELOPING WITH ECW AID HOPE GEORGIA UNIVERSITY

Vocational Forestry Camp Boys Get Training This Year Through Splendid Cooperation of Red

Places of Beauty and Recreation Coming Into Existence With CCC Labor and Under the Guidance of

Scholarships. Available to Students Fr.om Other States-Survey Committee Recommends Georgia.

Cross.

Skilled Landscape Architects

A National Survey Committee reports

that there are too many forestry schools in

Through the generous cooperation of the Visit Indian Springs State Park, Vogel the United States, that there is a lack of an

Red Cross Society, the vocational forestry State Park, Alexander H. Stephens Mem- outstanding school in the South, .and that

camp boys are this year receiving the bene- orial Park, Fort Mountain State Park, San Georgia is the logical place to build up such

fits of expert training by Red Cross men, Domingo State Park and Pine Mountain a school in this section.

assigned by the regional office of this or- State Park and you will find crews of CCC The Board of Regents of the University

ganization. Arrangements were made for men busy developing plans for beautifying System has accepted the responsibility and

this service through Stone J. Crane, At- and improving these park areas.

has authorized a number of forestry schol-

lanta, a regional director. He assigned to The parks at Indian Springs, Vogel Park arships to southeastern states. It is learned

the camp J. H. Kinney of Moultrie and S. on the Blue Ridge in Union county and that over a hundred inquiries have come to

P. Lane, trained at brevard, North Caro- Stephens Memorial Park at Crawfordville the forest school from persons outside of

lina. Both rank high in this type of Red have more to show of accomplishments for Georgia, indicating that already this oldest

Cross work. They are giving daily instruc- the reason that work on them has been in training school for foresters in the south is

tion in swimming for the three weeks dura- progress for a year. Visitors will find roads, looked upon with general favor.

tion of the camp.

trails, buildings, bridges and landscaping Those desiring scholarships can get in-

It is hoped that this arrangement can be- for their enjoyment, and may visualize how formation by writing G. D. Marckworth,

come a permanent feature of the forestry the parks will appear when completed.

Professor of Forestry, University of Geor-

camp and that the training which each boy At Fort Mountain Park near Chatsworth, gia, Athens. A recently prepared announce-

receives during his six weeks camp of two San Domingo Park near Brunswick and ment of the school will also be received.

summers, will be such as to make them Pine Mountain near Warm Springs, work

efficient not only as swimmers, but qualify has been in progress only a short time. YIELDS EFFECT OF THINNING

them for life saving and first aid work in Visitors are welcome to visit the camps, APPALACHIAN HARDWOODS

their respective communities.

observe the progress, the park sites and the

plans for their development.

The yield of timber on a thinned hard-

BLUE STAIN NOT FACTOR

One other state park site on which no wood area at Berea, Kentucky, for a period work has yet been done is at Cloudland in of ten years, as shown by the Appalachian

IN PINE PULP MANUFACTURE northwest Georgia. Here visitors will find Forest Experiment Station, has been 182

natural beauty worth seeing, as well as the board feet per acre per year, aiil compared

Information sent out from Savannah beautifully developed resort area nearby. to an uncut comparable area of only 97

quotes Dr. Charles Herty to the effect that One or more state parks to serve other board feet. This indicates why the Lumber

pine wood put in storage under conditions parts of the state are expected as a state- Code calls for harvesting in a way to pro-

that developed blue mold or stain, has de- wide park system is developed.

mote sustained yields.

veloped beautiful white paper under the Careful consideration is given by skilled The average stand of the cut area in

usual 25 per cent introduction of sulphite landscape architects to each park site with trees 12 inches in diameter and above was

treated pulp.

the purpose of making Georgia's parks sec- 6,887 board feet. It was reduced by logging

This has apparently solved what at one ond to none for beauty and fitness to sur- to 1,237 board feet per acre. The growth in

time was thought might prove a serious roundings. Mrs. M. E. Judd, State Park Au- ten years brought the volume up to 3,063

problem in using stored pine wood for mak- thority and member of the Commission of board feet, or an average net annual growth

ing paper. The first step taken to avoid Forestry and Geological Development of of 183 board feet per acre.

blue stain was to use fresh cut wood in the State, is earnestly devoting her time The uncut area had an average stand of

which blue stain had not had time to de- and talents to this great undertaking.

5,141 board feet per acre, but its average

velop. The use of fresh wood proved entire-

annual yield per acre for ten years was

ly satisfactory. It was not until recently Erosion Work Popular

only 97 board feet.

that the Pulp and Paper laboratory attacked the problem of handling stained wood,

Farmers Demanding Increase

Basswood, red oak, sugar maple, hickory and white ash made up 75 per cent board

with the result mentioned. Therefore, the

foot volume of the original stand.

blue stain bugaboo has been routed.

According to H. H. Bennett, Washington, For the more rapid growth species of

Another significant statement that Dr. in charge of the expenditure of $10,000,000 trees, such as pines and yellow poplar, of

Herty has put out is that trees that have on soil erosion demonstrations, the projects course, the annual growth rate per acre

grown since the pine forests were cut in have been tripled in scope through the co- would even more justify thinning or harv-

the 90's are suitable for making pulpwood. operation of farmers. Instead of the eight esting for sustained yields.

In other words, investigations are reveal- projects it has grown to 24 and may be in-

ing that trees with some heartwood can be creased. used for pulpwood. This means that prac- One of these projects is located on Sandy

Ideal of Sustained Yields

tically all pine trees in the south are suited creek in Clarke county, Georgia. Mr. Ben-

to making white newsprint paper.

nett quotes from a letter written him by Whether they like it or not, the lumber

Dean Paul Chapman of the State College manufacturers are now embarked on a con-

of Agriculture, Athens, as follows:

servation program which is designed to em-

"Nikola Telsa has an invention that will "Soil erosion work has caught the inter- brace the development of all the timber re-

destroy 10,000 air planes 250 miles away, est of our people as nothing else. Delega- maining in this country. They are pledged

but

nobody seems

able

to

invent anything

tions of dozens of farmers have presented petitions for the extension of the Sandy

to do certain definite things for the purpose of protecting the young trees and encourag-

that will kill three mosquitoes on a sleep- creek control project. This was their own ing additional timber growth. In general,

ing porch.''-Southerp Lumberman.

idea."

(Continued on Page 8, Col. 3)

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

MINERALS OF GEORGIA
Brief A~counts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

used largely in the manufacture of lithapone for use in paint. It is also used in the manufacture of barium salts, in the refining of sugar, in glazing pottery and enameling iron, and as a filler in the manufacture of paper and rubber. All of the 1932

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

production came from the Cartersville district of Bartow county.

VALUE OF MINERAL PRODUC-

Bauxite: ' Bauxite, the oxide of alumThe collection of the statistics of the min- inurn, was first discovered in America in

TION OF GEORGIA FOR 1932 era! production of Georgia is undertaken by 1887 near Rome, in Floyd county, Gear-

by

the United States Bureau of Mines and the gia. Since that time it has been mined in

RICHARD W. SMITH and LANG MITCHELL- United States Bureau of Census, with the Floyd, Bartow, and Polk counties in North-

cooperation of the Division of Geology of west Georgia and in Wilkinson, Macon,

The value of the mineral production of the Georgia Department of Forestry and Schley, and Sumter counties in middle

Georgia, including water power, for 1932 Geological Development. The gathering of Georgia. The only baxite mined in 1932

was $16,727,365. Although this figure is less than the value reported for 1931 ($22,147,747), the excessive deflation of the period caused cessation of many mining activities

this information is a slow process, as many came from Sumter county and was largely firms do not ~eport their productions until used in the manufacture of alum salts for

considerable time has elapsed.

use as a water conditioner.

The completed summary for 1932, togeth- I

and a general decrease in value of the pro- er with notes on the uses of the various Pmtland Cement: Portland cement was

duction. A comparison of values of 1931 minerals, and a comparison of the figures manufactured from limestone and either

and 1932 reflects the nature of the mineral. with those of 1931, is given in Table I be- shale or clay at two plants in Polk county

Industrial minerals, used by large indus- low. The statistics for minerals of which and one in Houston county.

tries in large amounts, ii\uch as clay, iron there are less than three producers in Geor- Clay (Kaolin): Georgia produces over ore, barite, etc. showed large decreases in gia are confidential and cannot be reveal-~ half of the kaolin mined in the United

production and value. Materials which bring ed. These minerals are marked below, with States for use as a fillipg and coating clay

a high price for small amounts such as gold an asterisk (*) and their values have been in the manufacture of paper; as a filler in

mica, slate, etc. showed gains in production reported in combination with other such the manufacture of rubber, oil cloth, and

and value for 1932.

minerals so as to conceal individual values. other products; and for use in the manu-

Greater activity in 1933 is revealed by Asbestos: Short fiber asbestos, used for facture of china and other white ware. Sed-

the few preliminary reports which have insulating purposes and for the manufac- imentary kaolin was mined in the following

been received, and it is expected that the ture of asbestos shingles, was mined only counties, named in order of the value of

production in 1934 will show a considerable in White county.

production: Wilkinson, Twiggs, Richmond,

increase.

BarUe: Barite is a heavy white material Hancock, Glascock, Houston, and Taylor.

The tonnage produced decreased only

Material

TABLE I VALUE OF THE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF GEORGIA FOR 1932

1932 Value

Change from
1931 Value

slightly from that of 1931, but as the value per ton at the mine decreased from $6.00 in 1931 to $5.00 in 1932, the total value decreased markedly.
Clay Products: The value of the pro-

Marble

Granite Clay

Clay Productst

Bauxite* Fullers Earth*

l

I Portland Cement*

Limestone, Lime
*=~ce:tos* }

Slate*

Mica*

Chlorite Schist*

Sand and Gravel Barite* Ocher* Manganese* Coal* l:fon Ore* Gold

TOTAL Water Power

$1,551,752 1,340,047 1,197,078 1,000,000 1,569,882 503,932
160,645
127,655 218,509
49,526 5,769
$7,724,795 9,002,570

Over 50 o/o decrease :'14% decrease 28 ',/,) decrease
Over 50 ';0 decrease Slight decrease 40% decrease
27 '/o decrease 23 % decrease 60% decrease
7% increase Mica and Chlorite Schist
Over 900 o/o increase 38 o/o decrease 37% decrease Slight decrease 46 o/o decrease Slight increase 97 o/o decrease 216 o/o increase

GRAND TOTAL

16,727,365

f~ess. t~an three producers, so value of production cannot be shown separately.



011'1etaot1dsdt1ncsumfobrerveadl

ue y

of Clay ears. Th

Products are collEcted by the U. S. e value given above is an estimati

Bu on

reau base

o d

f C on

ensus only the value

Ported for the previous year.

ducts manufactured from clay in Georgia probably amounted to about a million dollars. These products include fire brick and other refractories manufactured from the sedimentary kaolins of the Coastal Plain; common and face brick from the alluvial clays of Middle Georgia; and sewer pipe, ,-,tructural and roofing tile, and common and face brick from the shales of northwest Georgia.
Coal: Only one coal mine is in operation in Georgia, that of the Durham Land Company on Lookout Mountain in W:alker county.
Fullers Earth: Fullers earth is a variety of clay used mainly in refining oils. That produced in Decatur county is used with mineral oils, whereas that mined in Twiggs and Wilkinson counties is used mainly with vegetable oils.
Gold: The value of the gold produced in 1932 was $5,769 as against only $1,827 in 1931. This increased activity in gold mining was due largely to the depression. It is expected that the production in 1933 will show a considerable increase over 1932. The 1934 production has been greatly stimulated by the drop in the price of the dollar.

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

gr

G1anite: anite in

19T~2heareteinn

counties producing I operation with the Georgia
order of the value of ] Geology, was begun, on J.uly

1D6i.tvhi,siaocncordo-f~[ bsoreuankdinag~

uevp~rthaeftoeldr

timber, which 100 !ears."

is

just as .

their productwn: DeKalb, Elbert, Warren, I ing to the State Geologist Richard W. , A wnter m a recent Issue of the A men-

Madison, Henry, Pickens, Greene, Ogle-~ Smith. The work is in charge of Mr. Louis cc.n Building Association News calls atten-

thorpe, Hancock, and Dawson.

M. Prindle of the United States Geological Lon to t:1e dance fioor stifl intact in the

hen 01e: Iron ore was mined in 19321 Survey, a g2ologist of wide experience in old Orleans Theatre in New Orleans. Made

by only one company, in Floyd county.

\ Alaska and in the East, where he has been of :l-inch cypress, it has withstood not only

Lime and Lime~ tone: .The. onJy plant r:-~ wcrking with rocks of t~e sam~ geol~gic age th:; wear of the thousands of feet which

porting a productwn of hme m 1932 was m as those of north Georgia. He IS assisted by slipped over its surface in the course of the

Bartow county. The eight counties produc- Mr. Charles F. Greene of Atlanta, a grad- mad masked balls of the decades long pre-

ing limestone, in order of the value of their uate of the Georgia School of Technology. ceding the Civil War, but the action of the

production, are: Houston, Gilmer, Hall, Mr. Prindle will first map the areas of elements throughout the years as well.

Pickens, Bartow, Chatooga, Polk, and Crisp. kyanite-mica schist in Habersham and Ra-

The larger part of this production was used bun counties where kyanite is already being M. D. Mobley, assistant supervisor of vo-

as a road material, but limestone, both mined and shipped to the manufacturers of cational agricultural education in Georgia,

crushed and ground, was used for many highgrade fire brick and other refractories. formerly located at Tifton, has been trans-

other purposes.

. .

I Thes~ manufact~rers grind the k_Yanite and ferred to the office of M. D. Collins, state

Manganese: Two compames m the Car- I add 1t to the mixtures from which the ~e superintendent of education, at the State

tersville district of Bartow county reported fractories are made. On firing such mix- Capitol, at Atlanta.

a production of manganese ore in 1932. tures, the kyanite recrystallizes and forms Mr. Mobley has been the effici&Jt camp

Mar'ble: The Georgia Marble Company, a mass of interlocking crystals which add manager of the vocational forestry camp

with quarries in Pickens and Cherokee greatly to the strength and heat resistance and in this and other cooperative forestry

counties, was the only producer of marble of the refractories. Deposits of massive educational work, has teamed efficiently

in 1932.

kyanite in Union, Fannin, Gilmore, Chero- with the Georgia Forest Service.

Mica and Chlmite Schist: A very small kee, and other counties will later be exam-

production of punch and sheet mica was re- ined.

There are more than 50 kinds of insects

ported from Elbert county in 1932. Chlor- Mr. Prindle will also examine the depos- that injuriously attack trees in the north-

ite schist, used principally as a filler, was it of vermiculite and olivine recently dis- eastern United States. They include seven

reported from Cherokee county and showed I covered in Rabun, Towns and other conn- wood borers, 25 leaf-feeders, and 1~ suck-

a large gain in production. .

.

I ties. Ver:niculite, a bronze-c.olored hyd~ous ing insects.

OcheT: Ocher, a hydrated Iron ox1de used mica whiCh swells on heatmg to a hght

-----------

in the manufacture of linoleum, oil cloth, fluffy powder, is now being mined jus~ There are three graduate forest schools

and as a coloring for mortars, was produc- across the Georgia line in North Carolina in the United States and 26 undergraduate

ed by two companies in the Cartersville for use as a heat-insulating material in schools. Canada has four forest schools.

district of Bartow county.

houses, refrigerators, and air-conditioned

Slate: Roofing slate and slate granules for the manufacture of artificial rooting were produced in Bartow and Polk counties.
Talc: Two companies near Chatsworth m. Murray county reported a production of ground talc and talc pencils.

Pullman cars, and as a bronze pigment in inks and paints. It is usually found associated with a massive granular green minera! called olivine which has recently been used as a refractory in the manufacture of basic open-hearth steel. It is expected that this investigation will result in the commer-

"Well stranger, I'm the mayor of these diggin's and I am for law enforcement. We've got an ordinance what says no dance hall shall be nearer than 300 feet from a church. I given 'em three days to move the church."-The Southern Lumber Journal.

WateJ PoweT: The amount of electricity cia! development of these minerals in Geor-

for public use generated by water power in gia.

"You see that girl? She's just got $2,000

Georgia in 1932 amounted to 900,257,000 State Geologist Smith states that the for a short love story."

kilowatt-hours, as compared to 680,928,- Georgia Division of Geology, 425 State "Good heavens, that's a lot of money for 000 kilowatt-hours in 1931. The 1932 pro- Capitol, Atlanta, Georgia, has just publi~h- a short story. Did she sell the cinema duction, figured at one cent per kilowatt- ed an information circular describing these rights?"

hour, gives a value of $9,002,570. The meth- minerals and their uses. A copy of this "No, she told it to a jury."-The Southod of calculating the value of the water circular will be mailed to anyone interested ern Lumber Journal.
power was changed in this table from that on receipt of a two-cent postage stamp.

of other years, this fact accounting for the appa.rent decrease in the value. Actually, 1932 showed a greater production of elec-

Durability of Wood

Ideal of Sustained Yields
(Continued on Page 8, Col. 3)

tricity from water power than did 1931. The rate of one cent per kilowatt-hour as a value for electricity at the 50urce of production was believed to be more consistant with the value of minerals at the mines. In previous years, the rate as delivered to consumer had been used.

Evidences of the durability of wood continue to present themselves. A general knowledge of the fact that there are wooden temples in Japan over a thousand years old and wooden dwellings in Scandinavia and Russia known to be over 600 years old, eclipses, in a measure, interest in structures

\ of lesser antiquity. Yet these are worthy of

INVESTIGATION OF THE KYA- attention.

NITE, VERMICULITE, AND OLIVINE DEPOSIT OF GEORGIA BEGUN

In a recent edition of the London Star appears an illustration showing the last stages of the demolition, at Davenport, of

the hull of the old flagship Defiance.

The investigation of the kyanite, ver- story accompanying the illustration de-

miculite, and olivine deposits of Georgia by clares that the work has taken much longer

the United States Geological Survey, in co- than anticipated, "Owing to the difficulty in

they will be required to follow practices designed to promote the ideal of sustained yield.
The fact that should not be overlooked, however, is that the obligations in this new forestry program are not entirely on the side of the lumbermen. The public (Which is just another name for the government) undertakes certain duties too. There is to be set up a nation-wide forest fire protection organizatioi, there is to be evolved an equitable s~tem of forest taxation, and there are hopes for a forest credit system which will facilitate the carrying of standing timber over long periods of time. Southern Lumberman.