Forestry-geological review [July 1934]

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMEN

Vol. 4

ATLANTA, GA., JULY, 1934

No.7

VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT

HELD JULY 16 TO AUGUST 4

FAVORS SOUTHERN

STILL LONGER LONGLEAF PINE NEEDLES REPORTED

Fourth Annual School Camp at

PAPER MILLS The Apparently Superior Pines Sug-

Baldwin College, Tifton, to Study Rousing Protest Against Policy gest Propagation of Planting

South Georgia Forests-Excur- that Would Favor Foreign Pro- 'Stock from the Seed

sions Include Seacoast

ducers and Discourage Erection

of Paper Mills in the South

District Forester H. D. Story, Jr., Al-

The fourth annual vocational forestry

bany, Ga., has sent to the headquarters of

camp will be held this year July 16 to The thesis of Dr. Mordecai Ezekial, the Georgia Forest Service longleaf pine

August 4 at Abraham galdwin Agricultural W'ashington official, against erecting new needles found near Sylvester, Ga., that

College, Tifton, where an opportunity will paper mills in this country in order to pro- measure 31 9-16 inches in length. W. D.

be given to study south Georgia forests. teet export b~lances, has been stricken Martin, vocational agricultural teacher, had

The three previous sessions were held in from the administration's Gospel of the previously sent in needles from the same

the mountains of north Georgia.

New Deal, thereby confirming a biblical vicinity that me:asures 26 to 27 inches in

One hundred students from rural con- statement that a prophet is not without length. An account of this with a challenge

solidated high schools having vocational honor save in his own country.

for any to report longer needles brought

agricultural teachers, will take courses in A furore was raised in the South when only one response, and that is reported

practical farm forestry. Half of this num- Ezekiel's proposition became known. News- above. The longer needles are from the

ber has already had three weeks camp paper interests, paper mill manufacturers, same grove of about 5 acres from which

work, and on the successful completion of timberland owners, congressmen, foresters the first samples wer reported.

six weeks camp work, they will receive a were up in arms against any proposition District Forester Story reports that the

certificate of vocational forester that re- that would discourage the paper production whole stand will show an average needle

commends them for non-technical forestry independence of this country. The South length of 20 to 24 inches. The trees are

work. Two classes have already received protested most vigorously, because as the about 25 years old.

such certificates, and several of the young men are engaged in forestry work.
The facilities of both Baldwin College and the Coastal Plain Experiment Station

result of experiments and demonstrations of Dr. Chas. H. Herty, southern pines are wen suited to m:aking paper, and it is held that there is enough pulpwood in the south

Such long needles suggest their splendid adaptability to weaving pine needle baskets and various articles, both useful and ornamental. Long, vigorous needles :also

are available for field work, likewise some to meet the entire paper needs of this suggest the possibility of large yields of

areas neaj:'by that are pr()ducing naval country now and through sustained yields, gum from such trees.

stores.

all the country's demands of the future,

.

.

I . Excursions are to be made to study for-
est conditions in that part of the state. Week-end trips include visits to St. Simons on the Coast and to Radium Springs near

an d

prov1"de

1t

more

ch eap1y

th an

1t

.
IS

now

bem g obtam ed f rom The net resuIts of

fthoere1t.egmn pseosutrcI.Sest.he

as-

surance of P res1dent RooseveIt tha t noth-

.In selectmg seed .for plantmg purposes, this long needle variPty would seem to offer ad. vantages, JUfl'.; a.s seed selec. ted from superiOr farm crops give better yields.

Albany.

ing adverse to the development of paper

The students attending the camp have mills in the south will be permitted.

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA

won camp scholarships in their respective schools by standing a competitive examination in forestry, by having home projects in forestry, by having high general scholarships and good moral character. All have had work in forestry under their vocational agricultural teachers, who have used school forests for practice. The management plans for these forests have been made by representatives of the Georgia Forest Service, who conduct forestry demonstrations at the schools two or more times each year.
The camp is conducted jointly by the

CYPRESS KNEE
The twelfth annual edition of the Cypress Knee, an annual issued by the Forestry Club of the University of Georgia, has appeared, this time in attractive immitation wood covers.
The publication is praiseworthy in every particular. Very fittingly, a memorial to Dr. Andrew M. Soule, founder of the School of Forestry, appears on the front pages. Excellent :articles, beautifully illustrated, sepia paper, brown ink, good typography, are features of the publication.
Of course the publication contains

ON CHEROKEE FOREST
One of the eight new experimental forests selected by the U. S. Forest Service is located in Georgia on the Toccoa river basin not far from Blu Ridge. The area is 2,315 acres and is taken from the Cherokee National Forest.
Other experimental areas in the south are 4,300 acres of the Nantahala National Forest in North Carolin:a; 2,500 acres of the Ozark National Forest, Arkansas; 3,280 acres of the Osceola National Forest,

Georgia Forest Service and the State De- sketches and pictures. of the graduating Florida.

partment of vocational agricultural educa- foresters. A fine, intelligent bunch of men It is stated that the eight experimental tion, the expenses being paid and the in- they :are, ready to take up their profession, forests are designed to provide region:al in-

struction given by the Georgia Forest Serv- and doubtless will reflect credit on their formation on problems of timber growing,

(Continued on Page 2, Col. 1)

alma mater.

watershed potection, erosion control, etc.

2

FORESTRY-CEOLOGICAL RVIW

Forestry-Geological Review
Published Monthly by the

Rooks, Dacula; Eugene English, Demorest; GRAZED CARPET GRASS

Dorsey King, Lavonia; Solon Owensby,

FOR FOREST FIREBREAKS

Franklin; Teney Hardwick Floyd, Ocilla;

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND Oliver C. Anderson, Matthews; Elton Rin- Elsewhere in this issue is an account of

GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

er, Kite; Edwin Lloyd, Stockton; Virgiree carpet grass being sown on firebreaks as a

State Capitol, Atlanta

Coleman, Plainfield; Alton Hodges, Ludo- means of maintaining their efficiency with-

C. A. WHITTLE, Editor

wici; 0. M. Cates, Jr., Meigs; Huie Brand out a!lnual plowing and at the same time O'Kelly, Danielsville; Holland Tuck, Ox- providing grazing.

Foteatry Diviaioa

ford; Paul Roby, Rabun Gap; J. H. Hollo- The degree of efficiency of the carpet man, Richland; Perry Foster, Jr., Leslie; grass firebreak depends on the closeness of

B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester and Secretary of Commission__Atlanta
. C. A. Whittle, Educational Mgr,,____Atlanta
H. M. Sebring, Asst. State Forester, Atlanta E. B. Stone, Jr. Dist. Forester____GainesviUe C. B. Beale, District Forester______Waycross W. D. Young, District Forester____________Rome
Jack Thur_m___o__n__d__,___D___i_s_t__r_i_c__t___F__o__r_e__s__t_e__r_,Savannah

Cecil Parks, Howard; Tharon Connell, Pavo; Russell Willis, Ty Ty; Wilber Blount, Vidalia; Shad Calloway, Hogansville; Austin Avery, Adrian; J. L. Spence, Waresboro; Dock Akin, Screven; Paul Rees, Preston; Tom Strickland, Dalton; Lee Sisson, Rayle; I. J. Medders, Sylvester; Keith Bar-

grazing. For nine or more months in the year carpet grass remains green and is therefore a natural firebreak. If it is allowed to come to seed, the grass will have a light combustible growth standing above the grassy mat, sufficient to carry fire. If grazed closely, this menace is removed.

C. N. Elliott, District Forester______Augusta nett, Bogart; Sam Loyd Whitmire, Easta- But the effectiveness of the carpet grass

H. D. Story, Jr., District Forester____Albany nollee.

firebreak also depends in a measure on how

W. G. Wallace, District Forester__Columbus First Year Students: Buell Carlan, Com- close the grazing as to how much of a mat

Mrs. N. N. Edwards, Secretary______Atlanta Mrs. R. S. Thompson, Treasurer______Atlanta

merce; James Jackson, Winder; Lehman Dekle, Register; King Godbee, Jr., Girard;

of carpet grass ground fire.

remains

for

carrying

a

Charles Lowry, Gore; Ellis Vinson, Meigs; There seems to be no doubt that carpet

Geological Diviaioa

Maurice Barton, A del; Howell Whelchel, g~ass is an effective firebreak while it is;

R. W. Smith, State Geologist___________ Atlanta Gainesville; John Henry Donalson, Dora- green, and that when not green, if it has;

G. W. Cric_k_m___a__y__,__A___s_s__t_.__S___t_a__t_e___G___e_o__l_o__g_Aistt,lanta
Lane Mitchell, Asst. State GeoL__Atlanta Miss Margaret Gann, Clerk______________Atlanta

ville; Rabun Gaines, Bowman; Edwin Drake, Adrian; Woodrow Ensley, Epworth; Jim Tatum, Alpharetta; George Brown, Carnesville; Charlie Burgess, Ellijay;

been grazed closely, it will so impede the: progress of a fire, if it does not stop it, as> to make the fire easy to control.
The arguments in favor of the carpet:

Extension Foresters

Glenn Fox, Calhoun; Tom Sawyer, Law- grass firebreak are that it introduces live-renceville; :Yirgil Wellborn, Clarksville; C. stock as an aid to the carrying charges; of

Bonnell Stone, Chairman,________________Oxford B. Chapman, Hartwell; John Miller, forest lands; better and longer grazi.ng is;

Dupre Barrett, __________________________________Athens Franklin; James Harden, OciUa; Olin Sea- afforded than is provided by wire and sedge

K. S. Trowbridge, ______________________________Tifton bolt, Commerce; Milford Jackson, Mat- grass, common to pine forests of the Coast-

thews; Cecil Attaway, Wrightville; I. B. al Plain; in addition, there is the encour-

Vocational Forestry Camp

Kirkland, Stockton; George Westbrook, agement that grazing gives to establish,

Held July 16 to August 4 Cadwell; Wysor Earl Floyd, Ludowici; Joe wider than usual firebreaks.

(Continued from Page 1)

Gandy, P-elham; Johnnie Ross Freeman, Carpet grass seed should be sown on1

ice, while the management of the camp and Danielsville; Ray Neal, Rabun Gap; Frank firm soil. A firebreak plowed in the fall:

transportation is handled by the vocational Downer, Richland; Henry Williams, Plains; should not be replowed in February for the,

teaching department. Seven to ten voca- Edward Rustin, Mauk; H. A. McKibben, sowing of carpet grass seed. If the groundi

tional agricultural teachers attend the Pavo; Brooks Brantley, Vidalia; Franklin is then weedy, it should be burned off and!

camp each year.

Perkins, Hoganville; Oswell Smith, Wares- the seed sown on the surface of the ground;.

The courses of study in the camp con- bore; Carlyle Green, Screven; Dreyfus Rolling the seed in with a log, or lightly;

sist of (a) Tree Identification, (b) Forest Fountain, Ft. Valley; Charlie Hair, Dalton; scratching the surface with a brush brings;

Management, which includes collecting and Hugh Lewis, Washington; Dewey Medders, the seed into better contact with the soil.

care of tree seed, growing planting stock, Sylvester; Charlie Jones, Rockingham; W. and improves germination.

planting trees, fire protection, thinning, R. Roberts, Nashville; John Thomas Pit- Of course carpet grass is suited especi-

improvement cutting and harvesting and tard, Winterville; Loyd Poitevint, Camilla; ally to low, moist soils; it does fairly wei~

marketing. (c) Mensuration, which in- Lonnie Tabb, Colquitt; Scott Walters, on slopes, but is not suited to coarse, sandy

cludes surveying., estimating the volume of Gore.

soils of sandy hills. On low, moist soils of

standing timber, mapping, log and lumber

lower Georgia, carpet grass remains green

measurement and (d) Wood Utilization. Damping Off Disease

the year round; on higher and less moist

This year special attention will be given

Of Tree Nursery Beds soil, the grass will be partially green or

to field studies of naval stores production. According to observations reported by dead for two to three months, especially

The students listed to attend the camp this George S. Barry in Service Letter (Pa.), in the upper costal plain. Carpet grass has

year are as follows:

young coniferous seedlings in nursery beds done fairly well in the lower piedmont 'area

Sec'ond year Students: Billie Garrett, suffered most from damping-off where the of the state, but is not well suited to the

Butler; Farris Carlan, Homer; Robe.rt soil is least acid and least where the soil is upper half of the piedmont area or to any

Smith, Lorane; Ralph Johnson, Winder; highly acid. This conclusion is reached aft- part of the state further no.rth.

J. W. Donalson, Jr., Register; Barron Coch- er several years of observation.

Once seeded, carpet grass perpetuates

ran, Girard; Render Rowe, Carrollton;

itself without annual reseeding.

Homer W\inkle, Armuchee; Robt. Poteete, Pine and Cherry Natural Graft
Kennesaw; Elmon Vickers, Norman Park;

Some Whoppers

Ashley Whitehurst, Adel; Jim Hulsey, The Alabama Forest News reports. an The Forest Log, Salem, Oregon, reports

Dawsonville; Chas. Head, Chamblee; Char- unusual natural grafting in three places of a giant tree age 432 years, with a produc-

lie Gunn, Vienna; Paul Jones, Middleton; a sho.rtleaf pine and wild cherry growing tion of 20,000 board fe-et.

Calvin Ellington, Summit; Howard Tatum, side by side. The remarkable fact is that A logging camp at Montesano, Washing-

Dawsonville; John Broadwell, Alpharetta; two such widely different species have made ton, cut :a spruce that measured 12 feet

Bill Oliver, Ma.rtin; Woodrow Osborn, El- vital contacts. The trees are growing near in diameter at the base and scaled 47,280

lijay; Harrell Russell, Calhoun; Quinton Grove Hill, Alabama.

board fe-et.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

3

SUMMARY e. C. C. WORK

PROGRESS SOUTHERN

PAVO SCHOOL STEPS OUT

UNDER GA. FOREST SERVICE

FOREST SURVEY

ON FORESTRY PROGRAM

A summary of CCC work accomplished The Southern Forest Survey expects to In 1933 the Pavo High School had a stu-

under the Georgia Forest Service for the complete the survey of approximately 47 dent, Herman Braddy, to win the Herty

month of May and cumulative report till million acres of land in the active naval- prize for doing the best work in forestry.

June 1, is as follows:

stores belt !of South Carolina, Georgia, This year the school is sending wood to

Average number camp workers per Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi by the the pulp and paper laboratory, Savannah,

month, 128.

end of the present naval-stores year (be- on which to print a forestry issue of the

Telephone lines, May, 35 miles.

fore March 31, 1935).

Pavo News.

Total telephone lines, 633 miles.

The object of this survey is threefold: The school has the distinction this year

Firebreaks, May, 255 miles.

(1) to give the present inventory of stand- of having students to use scientific names

Total firebreaks to June, 2,944 miles. Fire hazard reduction, May, 215 miles.

ing timber suitable for naval-stores oper- of trees in standing the examination for ation, for pulpwood, poles, posts, ties, and camp scholarship. One student of this

Total fire hazard reduction to June, 2,615 miles.
Roadside trails cleared, May, 33.2 miles. Total roadside trails cleared, to June,
477.6 miles. Lookout houses, May, None.

other wood products; (2) to ascertain the rate at which the supply of timber suitable for each of these uses is being increased through natural growth; and (3) to determine the rate !at which the supply of timber in these stands is being depleted through

school, Clarence Edmondson, who was among the first to receive a forestry camp certificate of vocational forester, is employed as assistant technician in the timber survey now being carried on in the south by the federal government. The vocational

Total lookout houses, 4.

industrial and other uses. Reliable data on agricultural teacher of this "forestry

Lookout towers constructed, May, 2.

these three phases of the survey work will minded" high school is J. D. Davis, who is

Total lookout towers constructed to June, 32.
Man days fire fighting, May, 833. Total man days fire fighting, to June,
28,294. Truck trails constructed, May, 37.4 miles. Total truck trails constructed, to June,
460 miles. Maintained truck trails, May, 40.2 miles. Total maintained tnick trails, 588.4 miles. Foot and horse trails, May, 15.7 miles. Total foot and horse trails, 129 miles. Permanent bridges, May, 2. Total permanent bridges, 16. Area type-mapped, May, 266.690 acres. Total area type-mapped, to June, 2,206,-
981 acres. Line surv-eys, May, 326.3 miles. Total line surveys to June, 1,513 miles. Number bridges constructed, May, 69. Totial number bridges constructed, to
June, 817. Acres landscaped on parks, May, .5
acres. Total acres landscaped, to June, 3.5
acres.

make possible the formulation of a rational entitled to much credit.

plan of land and timber management.

Field work on the timber inventory is

INTERESTING FORESTRY

being done by 12 crews, each made up of

FACTS

1 experienced timber cruiser and 2 assist-

ants. These crews are systematically grid- DID YOU KNOW THAT:

ironing the entire naval-stores belt, and, Intensively organized fire protection at

on 1-4 acre sample plots, are carefully an annual cost in 1932 of $14,475,000 has

measuring trees and recording data on the been put into effect on a total of 321 mil-

timber stand, its use for naval-stores pro- lion acres, of which about 290 million acres

duction, etc. Specialists on timber growth is commercial forest land.

and timber depletion are assigned to spec- There are 24 colleges in the U. S. giving

ial growth and depletion studies. Prior to instruction in forestry leading to a profes-

May 1, the field inventory had been made sional degree.

on approximately 16 million acres of land The putting of privately owned lands un-

in the naval stores belt.

der fire protection has resulted in insuring

Inventory work on the Southern Forest productivity on about 25 million acres of

Survey is also under way on land under private land, including the planting of 1.2

the jurisdiction of the Tennessee Valley million acres.

Authority in Tennessee and Virginia. Ap- A "beetle" is a heavy wooden mallet

proximately 1-2-million acres were survey- used in driving iron wedges or wooden gluts

ed prior to Mlay 1. Field work completed into timbers that are to be split open.

in the bottomland hardwood region of Mis- A "bug" is an improvised lantern made

sissippi and Luisiana and the shortleaf-lob- by fastening a candle in a tin can and

lolly pine uplands of Mississippi aggre- fitting the latter with a wire bail or

gates approximately 17 1-2 million acres, handle.

STEPHENS FOLIO PLAQUE mal):ing a total of 34 million acres already A "fool-killer" is a broken braneh left

The CCC Camp at Crawfordville has not surveyed.-Southern Forestry Experiment hanging in the top of a tree when another

only constructed a model of the Alex:ander Station.

tree is cut in logging.

H. Stephens home at Crawfordville good

R. D. FRANKLIN, Dist. Forester;

enough to find a place in the State Muse-

Woodpeckers Help



um, but clever workers in the camp have Woodpeckers last winter helped Governprovided a unique sign to go with the ment scouts to run down elm bark beetles,

New Wood Preserving Method

model. The sign is made from ash hewn insects that carry the Dutch elm disease Scientists in Germany discovered that to the shape of a large open book. On the now threatening the American elm with paste of some inert substances with a high

left page is 'a statement explaining the extinction. The woodpeckers, working on content of corrosive sublimate, or sodium

building, and on the other page the fact beetle-infested trees, removed the outer fluoride, when applied to dry posts, poles,

that it is made by the CCC camp at Craw- bark. The lighter-colored inner bark thus ties, etc., gradually penetl"ates the struc-

fordville.

exposed was a signal to inspectors looking ture and reduces the wood's susceptibility

The lettering is burned into the wood; for infested trees.

to decay. It may take three or more months -

likewise the imitation folios of the book, Crews under the direction of entomolo- for the preservative material to make com-

binding and cover. The plaque reflects gists and plant pathologists of the United plete penetration.

much credit on its makers, both for its States Department of Agriculture scouted

artistic execution and for its unique de- for diseased and beetle-infested elm trees "Erosion a;nd floods have caused the a- -

sign.

through Connecticut, New York, and New bandonment of at least 8% million acres of

Born to Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Wallace, Jersey, where the Dutch elm disease is the Piedmont and Coastal Plains from the

Theresa Ann W1allace, May 2. Mr. Wallace known to be present. A total of 2,138 di- Potomac to the Mississippi, in the last 20

is district forester with headquarters at seased or badly beetle-infested trees were years."-F. A. Silcox, Chief of U.S. FQrest

Columbus.

destroyed.

Service.

4

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

FORESTRY

PINE CANKER WIDE SPREAD IN SOUTHERN PINE BELT

FIRST DISTRICT

Russell Franklin, Dist. Forester

QUESTION BOX

From J. D. Diller, plant pathologist of

Rome

the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who

visited Georgia recently after making a GILMER COUNTY TO FRONT;

How does the Ginko rate as R shade survey from Virginia to Oklahoma, it is APPROPRIATES TO FORESTRY

tree?
Very high. The Ginko is among the oldest of'tree species, but while it has broad leav-

learned that the pine canker is prevalent through the south. A specimen of a canker found in Oklahoma showed that the disease had been there for more than 40 years.

County Funds to be used in Forestry Fire Protection and Educational Program

es, it is in fact a conifer, or cone bearer. For some reason this beautiful tree, once prevalent on this continent, disappeared but presisted in a limited way in China. Bec,ause it was favored for planting in temple gardens, is probably the main reason why it has not become extinct in that country. Now it is a favored shade tree in this country. In Georgia, the city of Augusta has shown greatest appreciation of this rare species and ha!! planted the Ginko along some of the streets.

Mr. Diller had previously inspected pine forests in Georgia and found the disease widely scattered, and had' previously carried on some eradication work in Treutlen county.
How damaging the disease may prove to be, Mr. Diller says, remains to be developed from further study. It is readily apparent, however, that it is capable of doing a great deal of damage in that it attacks the cambium of the tree and when it girdles the tree it kills it, but should it not entirely

Gilmer County has gone on record as being the first county in the State to appropriate money for education in forestry. The Grand' Jury recommended that $500 per year be paid to the Gilmer County TPO to be used as the TPO thinks necessary.
County Commissioner Hudson then authorized the County School Superintendent to pay this amount to the SecretaryTreasurer of the TPO. The TPO now plans to hire a man to carry on an extensive fire

girdle the tree then to the extent that it protection educational program in the

It is necessary to clear some pine land does the growth and naval stores produc- county.

this summer. Wlhat shall I do to keep tion are decreased.

Gilmer County is composed of approxi-

worms from attacking adjoining pine

mately 91 per cent fores.t lands, and with

woods?

the aid of the CCC camp located at Ellijay

It is always better to clear land in the late f,all and winter, but if you have to cut trees in the summer, get the timber off tJ.e land as quickly as possible and immediately burn the limbs and refuse, prefera!>ly placing the piles to be burned on the tops of the green stumps.
The destructive southern pine beetle producing the worms that feed on the cambium under the outer bark of the pine, kills a tree by girdling it, that is, by destroying the cambium through which the tree gets. its vital fluids. The beetles are attracted' by the odor of freshly cut wood and may concentrate in such numbers near by as to begin an infestation that may kill acres of pines.

Pruning Roots of Seedlings
A statement made in this publication, that pine seedlings should be planted without pruning the roots, has brought information from an authoritative source that pine seedlings with roots pruned have grown off in tests better than unpruned. The claim also is that the tap root pruned back to 8 or 10 inches, if longer, saves excavation cost. Pruning is more generally needed with longleaf pine, which had a haMt of centering growth on tap roots in its early life.
Example Planned Forest Management

is planning on having 100 per cent fire protection within the next few years. It is planned to locate at least two lookout towers in the. county, and these, with the one already completed' by the CCC camp, will be sufficient to cover the entire county. A system of telephone lines and patrol points has been worked out and partly completed. New roads and trails into inaccessible areas are planned, and, in some instances have been completed. The roads and trails that have been completed have opened up a large area, and, according to Patrolman M. E. Pinson, have reduced the fire hazard to a minimum.
Much credit is due E. T. Hudson, M. E. Pinson, County Commissioner Hudson, and the citizens that were on the Grand Jury

in making this work possible. They have all

Ia anything being done to prevent the

As .an example of the part that systematic and planned forest m~;~.nagement can

worked diligently in the interest of forestry and are responsible for Gilmer County

white pine blister from invading Georgia? play in the stabilization and development taking this pioneer step in forestry in the

Yes. A survey is being made to see if the disease has appeared in Georgia. The Blister Rust Division of the U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry in cooperation with the Georgi:a Department of Entomology, are making investigations from Dahlonega as headquarters for blister rust control in Georgia.

of community life, F. A. Silcox, Chief Forester of the United States, recently cited in a meeting at Hot Springs, Arkansas, a forest property in that state where close to half a million acres are being handled to supply a continous sustained yield of timber. Three sawmills and a number of affiliated plants are providing work for some 3,000 people year after year.

State.
SECOND DISTRICT W. D. Young, Dist, Forester,
Gainesville Farewell Party to CCC Men

The investigation includes a search for

Camp P-73 at Hiawassee held a farewell

the presence of this destructive disease on white pines, also for its appearance on secondary host plants such as gooseberries

Cardboard Made From Southern Pine Pulp

party on June 16 for enrollees going out the first of July after service of 12 months. These boys are reluctant to go and the

and currants, which are grown not only in Using pulp from the pulp and' paper lab- supervisory personnel feel that they are

gardens, but are found growing wild.

oratory, Savannah, Ga., the Crichton plant losing many good men. New enrollees wili

No report has been made that the disease of the Mobile Paper Mill Company made arrive semetime in July to fill the places of

exists in Georgi:a,, but a complete survey excellent cardboard, the first, it is claimed, the boys discharged, who have the best

has not yet been made. CCC men are used ever to be made from southern pines. Ac- wishes of the supervisory pdrsonnel of

in the work in the north and west where cording to a message from Mobile, the mill Camp P-73 and of the Georgia Forest Serv-

the disease is proving very destructive, by officials said it was better cardboard than ice.

eradiCJating the secondary host plants and that made from imported pulp regularly Camp P-79, Corneli:a, was abandoned on

destroying the infected pines.

used in the plant.

Wednesday, May 9. J. G. Ingram is care-

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

5

taker. The enrollees and equipment went reational purposes. Out-of-door recreation when Mr. Reed called for a vote on the

to Fort Pulaski, Savannah, Ga.

will be the key note in the planning and de- three cent assessment to buy the tower,

Camp P-69, Commerce, was abandoned velopment of this p:a.rk, the development every landowner present voted for it and

on June 14 and S. G. Swindle is caretaker. of which has already been started.

authorized the secretary-treasurer to buy

The enrollees went to Alabama and the

it.

tools and equipment went to Pittsb urg The district forester takes pleasure in The tower will be erected by the Camp

Landing, Tennessee.

the appointment of Mr. J. S. Green of But- looated at Bloomingdale, and the T. P . 0 .

Park Improvements Add Beauty ler as a new member of the Executive will hire and direct the lookout and two

Now that summer weather has come, Committee of the Georgia Forestry Asso- patrolmen during the coming fire season.

hundl'eds of people are thinking of trips to ciation. Past association with Mr. Green

the mountains. The beauty of Vogel Park has been enhanced, and when the planned improvements are comple.ted by the CCC Park Camp loc:tted there, it will be one of the finest state parks in the country. No one will make a mistake- by visiting Vogel Park and enjoy the new scenic views opened up by new trails.
District Boundary Changes
District lines of the Augusta and Gainesville districts have been changed. Effective May 1, the district was extended to include the counties of Stephens, Franklin, Hart, Madison and Elbert, all taken from Augusta district. The Augusta District is extended to include Walton, Rockdale, Newton and Butts counties, all taken from the Gainesville district.
Appalachian Trail Conference
The annual meeting of the Appalachain Trail Conference, an organization sponsor-

puts me in position to know that the IB.ssociation will be well served by Mr. Green.

Little River T. P. 0.
A new Timber Protective Organization

was recently organized, containing 16,000

acres, all of which is in a solid body and is

SIXTH DISTRICT

situated in southern Wheeler county.

Jack Thurmond, Dist. Forester 1 Jordan Brothers 1are the principal land-

Savannah

owners and R. F. Jordan is the T. P. 0 .

Carpet Grass Firebreaks
C. B. Pfeiffer, Sec.-Treas., of the Briar Creek T. P. 0. and owner of 10,000 acres of timber lands in Screven county, has planted carpet grass on his fire breaks.
Some 35 miles of primary firebreaks and truck tl' ans were constructed on Briar Creek T. P. 0. with CCC labor during the past winter. The question of maintaining the improvements put in with ECW funds came up to Mr. Pfeiffer, bought carpet grass seed and seeded in his truck trails and fire breaks.
To do well and stay green throughout

Sec.-Treas. Headquarters of the organization will be at Lumber City, Georgia, the home of the secretary-treasurer.
This T. P. 0. will construct 100 miles of secondary fire breaks using a Hester fire break plow and a deisel tractor. A patrolman will also be hired to aid in fire detection and suppression. He will work five months, starting in December.
The name of "Little River T. P. 0." was given the new organization at the meeting, as the land embraced in the T. P. 0 . is almost completely surrounded by the Little Ocmulgee river.

ing a hiking and horse trail along the crest the winter and fire season, carpet grass of the Appalachain mountains from Mt. must be heavily grazed and Mr. Pfeiffer

Tar City T. P. 0.

Oglethorpe, Ga. tG Mr. Katahdin, Maine, has about 200 head of cattle on the area At 1a recent meeting of the Tar City T .

will be held June 30, July 1 and 2 at Long at present. The grass is getting well estab- P. 0., the land owners voted to buy the ma-

Train Lodge near Rutland, Vermont.

lished and wili greatly reduce his maintain- terials to construct a 100-foot wooden tow-

Among those on the program is Warner ance cost during the fire season.

er to supplement the 100-foot steel lookout

H. Hall, Decatur, Georgia, president of the

tower, being bought for the T. P. 0. from

Georgia Appalachian Trail.

T. P. 0. Buys Lookout Tower ECW funds.

At a recent called mee-ting, the Ogee- M. V. Overstreet, president and pioneer

FOURTH DISTRICT
W. G. Wallace, District Forester Columbus

chee T. P. 0., covering lands in Chatham timber grower, presided at the meeting. and Eastern Bryan counties, voted to ass- This T. P. 0. grew from F. F . F. organiess themselves three cents per acre to buy zation in two years to a T. P. 0. of 50,000 and maintain a 100 foot steel lookout tow- acres, due to the unusual amount of inter-

E. C. W. Items

er during the coming fiscal year.

est shown in fire protection work. There

Elliott Reed, of Savannah, a large land- are some 400 acres of planted pines includ-

Fire lookout tower No. 17 constructed owner in the T. P . 0., is secretary and ed in the lands of the T. P. 0., Mr. Cox

at- Butler by P-78 for the Taylor-Talbot John Carter, of Bloomingdale, is president. and Mr. Overstreet b~-ing the principal T. P. 0. was struck by lightning June 2nd, Mr. Carter presided at the meeting and planters. caught fire, and was partially destroyed

even though the fire occurred during a hard

down pour of rain. Precautions are to be

taken to prevent further losses from this

cause.

Supt. Barrett at P-78, Butler, was very

much disappointed over the loss of his hard

wor'king Mississippi boys who were recently transferred to their home state. However,

II

he h1as a fine bunch of young men trans-

ferred from P-77, Tate, and he looks for

no let down in quantity or quality of work.

P-56, at Warm Springs has been transferred to the Park Service and is now kn ~wn as SP-7, but is still located at Warm Springs. Approximately 1500 acres of typically beautiful Pine mountain forest land has been acquired in Harris county to be developed into a State Park by SP-7 for rec-

View of Highest Ranking CCC Camp, located at Homerville, Ga.

6

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

Resigns to Accept Old Position
W. H. Carithers, foreman at Camp P-63 McRae, has resigned to accept his old position with the Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company. We regret to see Mr. Carithers leave, however, his position with the telephone company is a more permanent job.

EIGHTH DISTRICT H. D. Storey, Dist. Forester
Albany, Ga.
Forestry Exhibit at Flower Show
One of the exhibits at the largely attended and successful flower show at AI-

Planting Program for South
The U. S. Forest Service in its recently published report-"A National Plan for American Forestry"-sets up the following planting program for the South:
Acres Denuded or poorly stocked area___________-43,555,000 Submarginal agricultural land _______________19,000,000

bany, May 2, was a display made by the

Transferred

district forester representing two farms,

Mr. C. B. Ellington, formerly occupying one typifying prosperity with green forest

the position of Camp Superintendant at well protected, green fields, home with

P-57, Screven county, has been transferred shade trees. The other showed burned for-

to State Park Camp No. 5, located at ests, dead trees, eroding slopes, and an air

Crawfordville, Georgia.

, of desolation and poverty.

The exhibit attracted much attention.

McLeroy Promoted

The district forester watched the reaction

Mr. H: F .. McLeroy, ~oreman. at c.a~p on visitors, and found some returning to it

P-82, Reidsville, has resigned his position 1 the second time to study the picture of conto accept the position as Camp Superinten- trasts. School teachers especially pointed dent at the newly established camp at Fort out to their pupils the lesson to be learned Pulaski, near the mouth of the Savannah of the result of forest fires. river. Mr. McLeroy was very popular with

all the men and very efficient in his work.

Patrolman Employed

Total non-productive area available for forestry ------------------------------------------62,5 55,0 00
Area that will restock naturally ______________45,000,000
Area requiring planting ---------------------------17,555,000 Area to be planted during next
20 years ----------------------------------------------- 5,750,000
Of this areaof 5 3-4 million acres, the Service estimates that 1%-million acres should be planted purely to increase timber production on high quality land. The remaining 4%-million acres of planting is required chiefly for erosion control. To date, only about 62,000 acres in the South have been planted, so the program must obviously be greatly expanded.
Fire Losses In South

'SEVENTH DISTRICT C. Bernard Beale, Dist. Forester

The Flint River Timber Protective Or- According to the Southern Forest Exganization recently voted an assessment periment Station, New Orleans, the 5-year for paying a full time patrolman. The pa- period, 1928-32, inclusive, shows an aver-

Waycross

trolman is now at work on the organized age of more than 43 million acres of forarea. The interest shown by the members est land in the 11 Southern States burned

P-62-Baxley

of this organization promises to develop in- over annually. On the area under organized

The new contingent of boys who came to a very active and efficient organization. fire protection an average of 3.5 percent of

to Baxley last month earned their six

forest land burned over annually, whereas

months salary the first day of arrival when a woodpile caught on fire behind the camp

APRIL FIRE LOSSES

an average of 26 percent of the unprotected forest area burned over each year dur-

and would have burned the camp itself The forest fire reports for April sent in ing this 5-year period. Sound knowledge of

down had not 25 of the new men put fire- by superintendent of CCC camps operating all phases of the forest fire problems is es-

pumps on their backs for the first time under the state, show that for the month sential to the formulation of an adequate

and fought the scorching flames for an there were 349 fires burning over 88,179 program of forest land use in this region.

hour. They emerged with blistered faces acres, doing damage of $153,339.51. Of

and hands, but well broken-in to CCC life. this amount $49,784 is the result of the Pine Pole and Piling

Work has begun on the two 100 foot destruction of crude gum and turpentine

Association Formed

wooden lookout towers furnished by the Ap- cups in the forest.

pling County TPO. Foreman M. J. May- Twelve of the fires were attributed to The Southern Pine Pole and Piling As-

nard, formerly from P-79, Cornelia, is in campers, 4 to smokers, 38 to brush burners, sociation, consisting of producers, manu-

charge of construction., The towers are of 147 were purposely started, 7 to lumbering facturers and distributors, representing 17

the patented split-ring type, designed by operators, 5 to naval stores operators, 25 states, was formed in New Orleans M,a,y 21.

the Timber Engineering Company of Wash- range burning and 111 miscellaneous.

The officers are: President, A. N. Lewis,

ngton, D. C. The use of split-rings in

St. Louis, Mo.; Vice president, S. C. Bras-

wooden construction greatly increases the strength of joints, and therefore, allows

How Forests Hold Rainfall

elman, New Orleans, La.; Secretary-treasurer, E. H. Chapman, Memphis, Tenn.; di-

the use of much smaller wooden members Tests at the Lake Forest Experiment rectors, R. H. White, Jr., Atlanta, Ga.; J.

n construction. Plans for the construction Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, show that F. McDaniel, Norfolk, Va.; C. Gewalt, Mo-

of six such towers are underway in this after 3.37 inches rainfall, not more than bile, Ala.; and H. L. Trest, Louisville, Miss.

district.

a trickle of water came from the forested One of the objects of the organization,

area, with no sign of soil washing. From a it is stated, is to secure a separate pole and

General Notes

field area adjoining, the run-off was 29 piling NRA code.

Fire break construction and maintenance per cent of the precipitation and the soil

reached a higher degree of perfection when carried off was 5.4 tons per acre. road graders were shipped to camps in thiE

Cultivated Black Locusts

I district. While it takes a few more trips

The Southern Forest Experiment Sta-

with a grader than with the wheatland "The lumber industry in the South uses tion, New Orleans, shows, as the result of

plows, to construct a break, the break can 24 ~er cent of the people; .pays 10 per cent experiments with the cultivation of black

be traveled by trucks, is easier to maintain, of mdustry payrolls ~and Its products rep- locusts, th,at cultivated trees the first grow-

and has a ditch on each side making it more effective as a fire barri~r. The low

resent 10 per cent of the value of manufactured products."-Ed R. Lynn, Forester

ing season after planting had twice as many leaflets, four times the leaf area, 17

cost of repairs on the grader as against of the Hardwood Manufacturer's Institute. per cent higher growth and more branches

the upkeep cost on plows, will make fire

than the uncultivated.

break construction with graders more eco- C. J. Davison, president of the Woodville The cultivation in one instance consisted

nomical than with plows, it is believed, de- T. P. 0., recently died. His leadership will of two furrows plowed on each side of the

spite the extra trips required to construct be missed, not only in the organization, but row of trees, and in another instance, hoe-

a break.

in the community and county.

ing 18 inches around each tree.

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

7

cent or even more, and generally some co-

MINERALS OF GEORGIA

balt, but most peculiar and characteristic is their crystalline structure, well displayed

Brief Accounts of Occurences and Developments of the State's Leading Minerals

on etched surfaces, which is unknown in any terrestrial iron. The specific gravity of the "irons" is generally over 7.00 and in

Reported by THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

the case of the Paulding county "iron" is

nearly 8.00. In most cases meteorites can

be recognized by their pitted and fused

METEORITE'S FOUND IN

usual characteristics mentioned below, they surfaces, commonly of a darker color than

GEORGIA

attract attention. Of the 11 "finds" in Geor- the center. This characteristic surface

Geoffrey W. Crickmay

gia all a1e "irons" but of the 4 "falls" is well shown in the case of the Pitts "iron"

Meteorites are qf little value as sources three are "stones".

which fell on the morning of April 20, 19-

of minerals but to the scientists they are of The size of meteorites varies from dust- . 21, near the town of Pitts, Wilcox county.

singular interest, for, aside from the more sized particles to masses of many tons. The This meteorite attracted considerable at-

illusive light rays, they are the only tan- largest is the "Cape York" the weight of tention at the time for its path through

gible evidence we .have of the composition which is 36.! tom;. The immense "iron" the sky was visible from Henry county near

of the starry bodies. They come to the was found in Greenland and is now on ex- Atlanta, to as far south as Moultrie in

earth indeed as messengers from space. hibit at the American Museum of Natural Colquitt county. The "stones" are more

They are actual samples of matter from History in New York. The largest fall in difficult to recognize and generally certain

beyond the earth that can be weighed, ex- Georgi1a is the Social Circle "iron" with a "identification can be made only by micro-

amined under a microscope, and an1alyzed weight of 219 pounds which is now on ex- scope examination and: by chemical tests.

chemically. Each meteorite is named, usu- hibit in the mineral collections at the State The phenomena accompanying a mate-

ally for the locality where it is found, and Capitol; the smallest is the Stewart county orite's fall, mainly light and noise, are due

a record is kept of all its characteristics. "stone" whose weight is only 12.! oun- almost entirely to the resistanc e of the air

In the last 125 years hundreds of such ces. Many of the smaller meteorites, such which by friction slows down the speed of

records have been gathered: all over the as the three from Whitfield county, may be the fall and develops heat estimated to world from which scientists can tell us 1 fragments of larger masses that have brok- reach 7000 F. The heat is sufficient to

something of the message that a meteor : en up shortly before they struck the sur- melt the surface and the molten material

brings from space. Some .general conclus- face of the earth. Such is the case with is continnually blown off by air currants

ions regarding the meteorites are here re- I the Pitts "iron" of which four pieces were leaving a train of smoke behind the falling

body. In most cases the fall is accompanied

by a whizzing noise interrupted by explos-

ive outbursts that are described as similar

to thunder or cannon fire. These noises ap-

pear to be due to the explosive expansion of the air on sudden heating but it may be due in part to the sudden breaking up of the meteorite itself, brought about by the disruptive force of the air. The effect is the same as if an automobile were driven at 30 miles an hour into a stone wall, although in the case of a meteorite the speed is pos-
I sibly nearly as many miles in a second. By the time the meteorite strikes the ground it has been slowed up to about 500 feet a sec- ond (about 370 miles an hour) and it is "cool enough to be handled". If the meteorite strikes a soil covered spot its speed is, however, great enough to bury the mass in the ground to a depth of 1 to 3 feet.

It is important that any new falls or

finds be properly and thoroughly described

and to this end the public can render a

service by sending information to the Divi-

sion of Geology at the State Capitol in

Atlanta. If a meteorite is seen to fall a

Jron meteorite weighing 219 pounds found near Social Circle, Madison County, Georgia. On display in the State Museum, 4th floor of the Capitol, Atlanta.

careful record of its appearance and position should be kept. To the novice meteor-

vinred in the light of the 15 meteorites found, and this is probably only a small .ites may easily be mistaken for some of the

thll!t a-re known to have fallen in Georgia. fraction of the total number that fell. It ordinary rocks, particularly those rich in In the early ~ys of their study, meteo- has been estimated that there are on an iron, and some caution is necessary in se-
rites IW.er'e ciass:ified as "falls" and "finds" average over 200 individual meteorites in lecting specimens. Meteorites have been

depenffi4l_g .on whether they were seen to each fall, but this average includes some fall or W(f!r.e fCJJ:tll.d after their fall. A more special cases where a huge swarm of stones satisfactory classification, now generally fell in a cluster. used, divide.s them, on the basis of their In their structure and composition mete-

found in the .following counties: Chattooga, Cherokee, Forsyth, McDuffie, Monroe, Paulding, Pickens, Putnam, Stewart, Union, Walton, Whitfield, and Wilcox.

composition, :into "stones" and "irons". orites are so characteristic that identifica- The study of meteorites, meteoritics, was

there are mor.e ' \sto-nes" than "irons" seen tion of specimens not seen to fall can be in its infancy at the beginning of the last

to fall but th.e ''.fin.ds" are mainly "irons" made with some certainty. The "irons" al- century. At this time there was consider.because due to .tlu~ir ,weight and other un- ways contain nickel to the extent of 4-5 per able debate as to whether stones actually

8

FORESTRY-GEOLOGICAL REVIEW

fell from the heavens and in some circles GEORGIA SOCIETY FOR

60 inches. This heavy precipitation is typi-

it was considered almost sacriligious even

ARCHAEOLOGY MEETS

cal of northeast Georgia and southwestern

to consider such a possibility. But the af-

ATLANTA, CARTERSVILLE North Carolina.

firmative side soon won the argument for,

The United States Weather Bureau re-

as though to favor their cause, a number The Georgia Society for Archaeology held ports that it is not the result of a large

of meteorites fell during the period of the a dinner meeting on Friday, May 18th, at number of rainfalls as much as to the

argument from 1800 to 1830, which were the Capitol City Club in Atlanta, the prin- amount of precipitation of each rainfall.

seen by many witnesses. Not the least im- cipal speakers being Dr. C. C. Harrold, of

portant in this group was a 36-pound "stone" which fell in the afternoon of May 8, 1829, in central Monroe county. A full

Macon, President of the Society, and Clark Howell, Sr., Mrs. Wayne Patterson, and Ivan Allen, of Atlanta. The program was

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS CAMP SCHOLARSHIP TEST

description of the fall appeared in a scien- under the direction of Dr. A. V. Henry, of Examinations of Students Held

tific journal in 1830 and after that date no Georgia School of Technology. On Satur- April 28 to Determine Winners

one seriously questioned the extra-terres- day, May 19th, the society made a field trip of Scholarships for Vocational

trial origin of meteorites. But the question to the Etowah Indian mounds near Carters- Forestry Camp

of where they come from was still unanswered; were they fragments of stars, chips off the moon, or perhaps pieces of a comet? It is now generally agreed amongst authorities that meteorites are derived from comets that pass so close to the earth that part of their bulk is pulled away by gravity

ville and Fort Mountain near Chatsworth, with a luncheon at the Braban Hotel at Cartersville arranged by the Cartersville people.
Mrs. M. E. Judd and J. M. Mallory, members of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development, and State

---The list of questions given below was is-
sued in the annual contest for vocational forestry camp scholarships in each county
having rural consolidated high schools with vocational agricultural teachers. The examination was held April 28.

and falls through our .atmosphere as a meteor or falling star. If it is not destroyed by the terriffc frictional heat of passing through the air, it falls to the earth as a meteorite.
A discussion of meteorites is not complete without some mention of two more hypothetical cases of larger meteorites that have fallen in the past. The best known is

Geologist Richard W. Smith are members of the executive council of the Society and attended the meetings. The Georgia Society for Archaeology was organized last year to study and to preserve in Georgia for Georgians the relics of the prehistoric American Indian, and to prevent the promiscuous digging into Indian mounds and unscientific collection of the relics.

A scholarship entitles the holder, without expense, to attend six weeks of the vocational forestry school camp, a term of three weeks being conducted each summer. Those who complete the camp work satisfactorily receive a certificate of vocational forester.
Examination Questions for Awarding Camp Scholarships
1. What are the main reasons why fire

that of Meteor Crater in Arizona, which consists of a more or less circular depression 4200 feet from rim to rim and almost 600 feet deep. It is now generally agreed that this great hole was formed by the impact of a large meteorite which struck the earth with such force that it buried itself deep below the surface.

PRESERVATIVE METHODS FOR STORED TURPENTINE
Under ordinary methods of stored turpentine, rapid deterioration takes place. W.
C. Smith and H. P. Holman of the United States Bureau of Chemistry and Soils reported at the meeting of the American

should be kept out of the forests? 2. Name the kind of oaks found in your
community, 3. Name fourt leading species of pines in
the state; (a) Which kinds are found in your community?
4. At what time of the year should you gather pine seed? (a) How do you care for

Another and more theoretical case is that

Chemical Society, held at St. Petersburg, Florida, methods that they had devised re-

pine seed until time for planting?

of the Carolina "bays" which have gone suiting in long period preservation. They 5. Describe methods of making a seed

unnoticed until recent aerial mapping dis- recommended storage in air-tight metal bed; (a) Tell how to plant seed in seed

closed their presence on the coastal plain of tanks with interior shellaced, so arranged bed; (b) Tell how to take care of the seed

South Carolina.

They consist of shallow

that water settling out of the turpentine

bed and seedlings until time to plant. 6. Describe methods of planting pine

hollows of oval outline, all oriented with can be drawn off frequently at the base. seedlings in the field.

their longer dimensions in a northwest di- Kept in this way, the turpentine did not deteriorate when stored from 26 to 31

7. Which of the following trees are most

rection. A theory has been proposed which months.

durable in contact with the soil, and are

explains these unusual forms as the pits At the end of this storage, turpentine therefore best suited for fence posts?

formed by impact of a swarm of meteor- was stored in shellaced metal drums. At White oak, chestnut, young pines, cedar,

ites.

The orientation

of the

scars,

it is

the end of four years. most of the turpen-

Spanish oak, black locust, yellow poplar, cypress, black gum, sassafras.

claimed, is due to the oblique direction of tine was still in good, marketable condition. The chemists also claimed it was possi-

8. What does the white wood in an an-

the swarm's path. However, other authors ble to preserve turpentine by adding cer- nual growth ring represent, .and what does

have claimed, with some reason, that the tain chemicals, such as powdered lime, bi- the dark ring represent?

so-called meteor scars are a type of beach deposit and that their orientation is mere-
ly due to prevailing winds and water cur-

sulphite of solda, hydroquinone and pyro-
gallol, but these foreign substances have to be filtered out when the turpentine is used.

9. What are the main forestry subjects you have studied in school?
10. What pines of Georgia are chipped for turpentine?

rents. No entirely satisfactory explana- The economic result of preservative meth- 11, What are the main reasons for mak-

tion has been offered but if the meteor ods, it is claimed, will be that producers ing thinnings and improvement cuttings in

theory is correct a careful search should disclose fragments of meteorites possibly

can store turpentine when prices are abnormally low and sell as prices rise.

a forest? 12. Give reasons for planting trees
abandoned and eroded fields.

on

!iuried at some depth.

REGION OF HEAVIEST

13. What kinds of wood are best suited

References: "Meteorites"-0. C. Farring-

RAINFALL

to making axe handles, hoe handles, wagon

ton, Chicago, 1915; "The Pitts Meteorite"
-S. w.. McCallie, Georgia Geol. Survey,
Bull. 39, 1922; "Our Stone-Pelted Planet"
-H. H. Nininger, Cambridge, 1933.

The region of heaviest rainfall in the southern Appalachians is along the Blue Ridge in the vicinity of Highlands, N. C., where the normal annual rainfall exceeds

wheels and the like? 14. What methods are used for making
firebreaks? 15. Describe your home project in for-
estry and what you have done on it.